Tucumã butter Astrocaryum vulgare

This species is native to the Amazonian region, possibly to the state of Pará, where it has its distribution center, and reaches French Guiana and Suriname. It is a characteristic palm of terra firme, low vegetation cover, or even open fields. There are two species of Tucuma in the Amazon, Tucuma-do-para (Astocaryum vulgare) and the Tucuma-do-amazonas (Astrocaryum tucuma). The tree of Tucuma-do-para is 10 to 15 m in height and regenerates quickly by growing multiple stems, while the Tucuma-do-amazonas can reach 25 m in height and forms a solitary trunk. Its fruits are also larger, and its pulp is fleshier, less fibrous, and less sweet than the pulp of Tucuma-do-para.

The Tucuma palm is considered a pioneer plant of aggressive growth, can grow new shoots after a fire, and mainly inhabits secondary forests and pastures. Seeds take up to 2 years to germinate. The plants grow slowly in cultivation and produce fruits after eight years. Some isolated oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) growers are beginning to replace the oil palm with Tucuma even without receiving support from research institutions to improve this species genetically. Its resistance to diseases and high productivity make this species an alternative for biodiesel production since the operating costs of an orderly plantation are much less than that of the oil palm.

The seed of Tucuma-do-para is covered externally with oily orange pulp. On average, the fruit weighs 30 g; 34% corresponds to the external pulp, with 14% to 16% of the oil when raw. A mature tree can produce up to 50 kg of fruits annually (25 kg per tree on average), corresponding to 2.5 kg of pulp and 1.5 kg of seed oil. Four hundred palm clusters can be planted in one hectare, each with three trunks. In total, this equals 1200 palm trunks and will result in 4.8 tons of fatty material per hectare, more than the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis, which produces only 4 tons of oil on average per hectare per year (assuming a harvest of 20 tons of fruits and an extraction of 22% oil). The advantage of Tucuma-do-para is that it forms clusters that do not need to be replanted, which is not the case for Elaeis guineensis.