dcsimg

Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / saprobe
pycnidium of Camarosporium coelomycetous anamorph of Camarosporium mori is saprobic on dead wood of Morus alba

Foodplant / saprobe
small, covered, then erumpent stroma of Cytospora coelomycetous anamorph of Cytospora atra is saprobic on dead, dry branch of Morus alba

Foodplant / spot causer
pseudothecium of Mycosphaerella mori causes spots on leaf of Morus alba
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent stroma of Nectria coccinea is saprobic on dead branch of Morus alba
Remarks: season: 9-5

Foodplant / feeds on
pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph of Phoma mororum feeds on Morus alba

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BioImages
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BioImages

Comments ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Morus alba is sometimes planted and possibly naturalized in Arizona, California, and New Mexico. It is reported from Washington as a local escape.

Mulberry leaves provide the natural food for silkworms. Commercially cultivated mulberries are varieties of Morus alba ; they are prized as shade trees with edible fruits.

Morus alba and M . rubra are both highly variable and are often confused. Both species have deeply lobed to entire leaves and are variable in pubescence. Some individuals are intermediate in leaf pubescence, suggesting the possibility of hybridization.

Native Americans used infusions made from the bark of Morus alba medicinally in various ways: as a laxative, as a treatment for dysentary, and as a purgative (D. E. Moerman 1986.

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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
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eFloras

Comments ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
The leaves provide food for silkworms, the bark fiber is used for textiles and paper, and the bark is also used for medicine.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of China Vol. 5: 23 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
projeto
eFloras.org
original
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site do parceiro
eFloras

Comments ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
The white mulberry tree is cultivated and subspontaneous in all . parts of Pakistan from sea level to 3500 m. It is grown for rearing silk worms and for its edible fruits which are cooling and laxative. The fruit is also used for sore throat, dyspepsia and melancholia. It is collected, dried and used as winter food by the Kalash tribes of the Bumboret and Ayun valleys in Chitral. The bark possesses vermifuge and purgative properties. The wood is used chiefly for making hockey sticks, badminton and tennis rackets, cricket bats and stumps. It is also suitable for house building, agricultural implements, furniture & fuel.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 50 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Shrubs or trees , to 15 m. Bark brown tinged with red or yellow, thin, shallowly furrowed, with long, narrow ridges. Branchlets orange-brown or dark green with reddish cast, pubescent or occasionally glabrous; lenticels reddish brown, elliptic, prominent. Buds ovoid, 4-6 mm, apex acute to rounded; outer scales yellow-brown with dark margins, glabrous or with a few marginal trichomes; leaf scars half round, bundle scars numerous, in circle. Leaves: stipules ovate to lanceolate, 5-9 mm, pubescent; petiole 2.5-5 cm, short-pubescent. Leaf blade ovate, often deeply and irregularly lobed, (6-)8-10 × 3-6 cm, base cuneate, truncate, or cordate, margins coarsely serrate to crenate, apex acute to short-acuminate; surfaces abaxially glabrous or sparingly pubescent along major veins or in tufts in axils of principal lateral veins and midribs, adaxially glabrous to sparsely pubescent. Catkins: peduncle and axis pubescent; staminate catkins 2.5-4 cm; pistillate catkins 5-8 mm. Flowers: staminate and pistillate on same or different plants. Staminate flowers: sepals distinct, green with red tip, ca. 1.5 mm, pubescent; filaments ca. 2.7 mm. Pistillate flowers: ovary green, ovoid, slightly compressed, ca. 2 mm, glabrous; style branches divergent, red-brown, 0.5-1 mm; stigma papillose. Syncarps red when immature, becoming black, purple, or nearly white, cylindric, 1.5-2.5 × 1 cm; achenes light brown, ovoid, 2-3 mm.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
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eFloras

Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Shrubs or trees, 3-10 m tall. Bark gray, shallowly furrowed. Branches finely hairy. Winter buds reddish brown, ovoid, finely hairy. Stipules lanceolate, 2-3.5 cm, densely covered with short pubescence. Petiole 1.5-5.5 cm, pubescent; leaf blade ovate to broadly ovate, irregularly lobed, 5-30 × 5-12 cm, abaxially sparsely pubescent along midvein or in tufts in axil of midvein and primary lateral veins, adaxially bright green and glabrous, base rounded to ± cordate, margin coarsely serrate to crenate, apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse. Male catkins pendulous, 2-3.5 cm, densely white hairy. Female catkins 1-2 cm, pubescent; peduncle 5-10 mm, pubescent. Male flowers: calyx lobes pale green, broadly elliptic; filaments inflexed in bud; anthers 2-loculed, globose to reniform. Female flowers: sessile; calyx lobes ovoid, ± compressed, with marginal hairs; ovary sessile, ovoid; style absent; stigmas with mastoidlike protuberance, branches divergent, papillose. Syncarp red when immature, blackish purple, purple, or greenish white when mature, ovoid, ellipsoid, or cylindric, 1-2.5 cm. Fl. Apr-May, fr. May-Aug.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of China Vol. 5: 23 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
A monoedous, deciduous, 8-15 m or rarely up to 20 m tall tree with a dense, compact leafy crown. Trunk c.1.5-2 m in circumference, with dark grey-brown, rough, vertically fissured bark, tender twigs hairy to glabrescent. Leaves. with a crisped hairy, filiform,1-3 (-3.5) cm long petiole; lamina narrow to broad. ovate, (2.5-) 5-15 cm long, (2.5-) 4-12 cm wide, 3-costate from truncate to shallowly cordate base, upper surface glabrous, midrib and principal wins pubescent, secondary veins and ultimate veinlets glabrous, margin regularly serrate or crenate-serrate or ± irregularly 2-serrate, apex obtuse, acute or shortly acuminate; stipules lanceolate, brownish membranous, hairy. Male catkins 10-20 (-30) mm long including slender, hairy peduncle, c. 5.6 mm broad, with lax flowers. Male flowers: sepals free, broadly ovate, c. 2.5 mm long, cucullate, obtuse, glabrous to ± hairy; staminal filaments ± equal to sepals, with ovate, exserted anthers. Female catkins ovoid, (2) 5-10 (-12) mm long, with out equally long or slightly longer peduncle. Female flowers: sepals suborbicular, c. as long as or slightly larger than of male flowers, glabrous or ± ciliate on margins; ovary with glabrous free styles. Sorosis ovoid, (10-) 15-25 mm long, 5-8 mm across, white to pinkish-purple or black, sweet, edible.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 50 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
introduced; Ont.; Ala., Ark., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.; Europe; native to e Asia.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Distribution: Native of China and probably in temperate Asia, now widely distributed in Japan, China, Malaya, Burma, Indo-Pak. Subcontinent westwards to N. Africa, South & Central Europe; introduced in the New world.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 50 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Flower/Fruit ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Fl. Per.: April-September.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 50 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Flowering/Fruiting ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Flowering spring-summer.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Disturbed areas, woodland margins, fencerows, dry to moist thickets; 0-1500m.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Habitat & Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
* Originally endemic to C and N China, now cultivated throughout China [widely cultivated throughout the world].
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of China Vol. 5: 23 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Synonym ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Morus alba var. tatarica (Linnaeus) Seringe; M . Tatarica Linnaeus
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Common Names ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
white mulberry

mulberry

Russian mulberry

silkworm mulberry
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Conservation Status ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Information on state-level noxious weed status of plants in the United States is available at Plants Database.
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: dioecious, fruit, monoecious, root crown, seed, shrub, tree

Botanical description: This description covers characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available (e.g., [11,25,44,56,57,60,105,122,148,173]).

Aboveground description: White mulberry grows as a dense, round-topped, perennial shrub or tree (review by [33]), reaching heights around 50 feet (15 m) [44]. The thin bark is shallowly furrowed and has long, narrow ridges [44]. White mulberry leaves are alternate, simple, ovate, 2 to 4 inches (6-10 cm) long and 1 to 2 inches (3-6 cm) wide, with margins varying from coarsely serrate to deeply lobed and serrate. Leaves exude a milky juice when broken. Staminate and pistillate flowers develop in separate catkins [143]. Plants are typically dioecious [18,48] and occasionally monoecious [21]. White mulberry fruits are cylindrical drupes, 0.5 to 1.0 inches (1.5-2.5 cm) long. Fruits may be black, purple, or white. The ovoid nutlet has a thin, soft shell [143], and the seed has a "hard bony coat" [85].

White mulberry fruit.

Belowground description: White mulberry has a wide, spreading root system ([41,138,143], review by [30]), with both a tap root and lateral roots [138]. Roots are large in diameter close to the root crown but decrease rapidly in size, branching within a few feet of the root crown into numerous fibrous roots [17]. Roots of a 21-year-old white mulberry penetrated approximately 7 feet (2 m) deep and had a 22-foot (7 m) lateral spread in silty clay loam soil in eastern Nebraska [138]. In Oklahoma, 5 planted white mulberry trees penetrated to a depth of 13 feet (4 m) in a deep silt loam. The longest lateral root extension was 42 feet (13 m). Most lateral roots occurred in the upper 1 to 3 feet (0.3-1 m) of soil, and no lateral roots occurred below 5 feet (2 m); average lateral root spread was calculated at 190 to 330 ft² [17].

Life span: White mulberry trees may have a long life span; at Mt. Vernon, a white mulberry planted by George Washington in 1785 was alive as of 1990 (review by [106]). There are records of 150-year-old white mulberry trees in Greece (review by [86]) and a 120-year-old planted white mulberry tree in Utah (review by [106]).

licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants

White mulberry is native to China [23,110,168] and was introduced to North America in the 1600s (reviews by [18,33]). In 1624 the legislature of Virginia required every male resident to plant at least 4 white mulberry trees to promote a North American silk industry. By the 1830s, the potential for a silk industry prompted a horticultural phenomenon known as "mulberry mania" in the eastern United States. In the late 1830s, white mulberry plantations in the Northeast were killed by cold winters and those in the South were killed by disease, halting the planting of white mulberry. However, white mulberry seeds were imported from Europe in the 1860s to promote a silk industry in Utah (review by [106]).

White mulberry has established outside of cultivation in many areas [11,25,56,57,96,105,110,122,148,168,173,179,180]. As of this writing (2009), white mulberry is widely distributed across North America, occurring across all of the United States with the exceptions of Nevada and Alaska. In Canada, it is found in British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec. Plants Database provides a distribution map of white mulberry.

licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Fire Management Considerations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire suppression, prescribed fire, restoration, seed, wildfire

Preventing postfire establishment and spread: While there is little documented information regarding the postfire establishment and spread of white mulberry (2009), the potential for vegetative regeneration from stumps [150] and roots (reviews by [21,136]), and the documentation of white mulberry sprouting 3 years following wildfire in New Mexico [161], suggest that managers should monitor top-killed white mulberry plants for any signs of regeneration. White mulberry seeds may survive in the soil seed bank or be dispersed from off-site sources, though it is not clear whether postfire conditions are conducive to white mulberry seed germination and seedling establishment (see Fire adaptations).

Preventing invasive plants from establishing in weed-free burned areas is the most effective and least costly management method. This may be accomplished through early detection and eradication, careful monitoring and follow-up, and limiting dispersal of invasive plant seed into burned areas. General recommendations for preventing postfire establishment and spread of invasive plants include:

  • Incorporate cost of weed prevention and management into fire rehabilitation plans
  • Acquire restoration funding
  • Include weed prevention education in fire training
  • Minimize soil disturbance and vegetation removal during fire suppression and rehabilitation activities
  • Minimize the use of retardants that may alter soil nutrient availability, such as those containing nitrogen and phosphorus
  • Avoid areas dominated by high priority invasive plants when locating firelines, monitoring camps, staging areas, and helibases
  • Clean equipment and vehicles prior to entering burned areas
  • Regulate or prevent human and livestock entry into burned areas until desirable site vegetation has recovered sufficiently to resist invasion by undesirable vegetation
  • Monitor burned areas and areas of significant disturbance or traffic from management activity
  • Detect weeds early and eradicate before vegetative spread and/or seed dispersal
  • Eradicate small patches and contain or control large infestations within or adjacent to the burned area
  • Reestablish vegetation on bare ground as soon as possible
  • Avoid use of fertilizers in postfire rehabilitation and restoration
  • Use only certified weed-free seed mixes when revegetation is necessary

For more detailed information on these topics see the following publications: [4,14,58,162].

Use of prescribed fire as a control agent: As of this writing (2009) there were no studies documenting the use of prescribed fire to control white mulberry. Control may be limited by the potential of white mulberry to sprout from the stump [150] or roots (reviews by [21,136]). One review suggests that white mulberry roots will continue to produce sprouts even if the plant is cut back every year [21], suggesting that repeated fires or integrated treatments may be needed to control mature white mulberry.

licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Fire Regime Table ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Fuels and Fire Regimes ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire exclusion, fire regime, fuel, hardwood

Fuels: As of 2009, no studies specifically addressed fuel characteristics of white mulberry. An ornamental white mulberry in Bakersfield, California, had a projected leaf mass per area of crown of 990 g/m² [77].

Where white mulberry occurs within the range of red mulberry and exhibits growth patterns similar to those of red mulberry, it is unlikely that local fuel characteristics would be altered. Fuel characteristics could potentially be altered in areas where white mulberry establishes in densities and/or growth patterns differing from those of native vegetation, such as where it develops in dense thickets (e.g., see [120]). It is also possible that white mulberry alters fuel characteristics in areas where post-settlement fire exclusion facilitated the establishment of woody species like white mulberry, as was documented in riparian forests in south-central Nebraska [130] and upland areas adjacent to hardwood gallery forests in the northern Great Plains [81].

FIRE REGIMES: It is not known what type of fire regime white mulberry is best adapted to. The current North American distribution of white mulberry includes ecosystems that historically experienced both frequent and infrequent fires of various severities. The impact of white mulberry on these FIRE REGIMES is largely unknown. One study suggests that fire exclusion in hardwood gallery forests in the northern Great Plains has facilitated spread of plants like white mulberry out of riparian corridors and into adjacent upland areas with historically high fire frequencies [81].

See the Fire Regime Table for further information on FIRE REGIMES of vegetation communities in which white mulberry may occur. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".

licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Germination ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cohort, scarification, seed, stratification

Greenhouse experiments show variable germination rates, with germination generally improving with cold stratification ([85], review by [33]), and variable results after ingestion by wildlife [12,85]. Wild-collected white mulberry seeds showed high germination rates (92.3%) in greenhouse trials where seeds were exposed to indirect sunlight and fluctuating temperatures from June to October. Germination rates were lower (78.3%) for seeds that had been ingested by box turtles prior to germination trials [12]. Another study found that dormancy of white mulberry seeds varies; seeds from the same cohort may exhibit seed coat dormancy, embryonic dormancy, or both. Seeds exhibiting all 3 types of dormancy showed improved germination following both cold stratification and digestion by American robins. Seeds had germination rates of 45.8% when just digested by American robins and 68.8% when digestion by American robins was combined with 90-day cold stratification. In contrast, control seeds with no treatment had a germination rate of 34.0% while those only exposed to cold stratification had a germination rate of 55.2%. Scarification of control seeds with a 15-minute sulfuric acid treatment reduced germination rates [85].

A forestry handbook from India reports that white mulberry seeds take 35 days to germinate [111], though one review reports an expected germination rate of 73% to 84% 8 to 12 days following 60-day stratification in sand [141].

licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

Raunkiaer [124] life form:
Phanerophyte
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Habitat characteristics ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forest, woodland

General site types: White mulberry establishes in a variety of site types, including largely native plant communities, as well as many sites associated with human disturbance. It commonly establishes in the understory of floodplain [3,35,47,52,60,65,72,82,98,142,144,152,170,178] or riparian [26,36,53,73,79,91,92,94,99,126,130,145,164,167,178] plant communities. Floras report white mulberry occurring in wooded areas [60], "woods" [168], forest or woodland edges ([41,44,153]), dry to moist thickets [44], low stream banks, drained woods [147], or prairie hills [143].

White mulberry establishes in disturbed [44,179,180], ruderal [25,28], and "waste" areas ([41,96,177], review by [30]), including areas along roadsides ([53,60,96,153,156], review by [30]), railroad tracks [108,168], levees [156], and near dwellings [122], and in vacant lots [168], pastures ([122,158], review by [30]), fields [45,153,168], fencerows ([28,41,44,60], review by [30]), hedgerows [144,168], or windbreaks [122].

Climate: Given the wide geographic range of white mulberry, climate does not seem to particularly restrict its establishment. White mulberry occurs in areas with subtropical humid climates like southeastern Alabama, with long hot summers and short, mild winters [132]. It also occurs in the semiarid and continental climate of eastern Colorado, with high daily and annual temperature ranges, high potential evapotranspiration rates, and strong winds [79]. White mulberry tolerates the cold temperatures of Massachusetts, where average January temperatures are 23 °F (-5 °C) and average July temperatures are 68 °F (20 °C) [7], as well as the warm temperatures of locations like northern Alabama where average January temperatures are 45.5 °F (7.5 °C) and average July temperatures are 80.1 °F (26.7 °C) [10]. However, reports from northwestern Oklahoma indicate the tips of branches are susceptible to freezing [64], and cold winters in the Northeast killed white mulberry plantations in the 1830s (review by [106]).

White mulberry tolerates a wide range of annual precipitation, occurring in areas where reported average annual precipitation ranges from 11 inches (286 mm) in central Arizona [178] to 60 inches (1,400 mm) in northern Alabama [10].

Reported average annual precipitation for locations where white mulberry occurs in the United States Location Average annual precipitation (mm)* Northern Alabama 1,270-1,400 [10] Central Arizona 286 [178] Eastern Colorado 470 [79]** Southwestern Indiana 1,140 [117] South-central Kansas 760 [119] Southeastern Kentucky 1,170 [133] Massachusetts 1,190 [7]** Southwestern Michigan 860 [45] West-central Ohio 945 [76] Northeastern Oklahoma 1,045 [54] West-central Oklahoma 760 [93] Southeastern Washington 330 [92]

*Values are for annual precipitation unless otherwise noted
**Annual rainfall

Elevation: In North America, white mulberry occurs from 0 to 5,000 feet (0-1,500 m) [44]. It does not appear to be restricted to particular elevations and may occur at high elevations outside North America.

Reported elevation of sites with white mulberry Location Elevation (feet) Central Arizona 2,000 [178] Grand Canyon area of northern Arizona 3,100 [145] Southwestern Indiana 434 [117] Southeastern Kentucky 801-1,610 [133] Massachusetts 300-1,000 [7] Central Missouri 540 [35] North-central Tennessee 350-380 [75] Northern Pakistan 8,500 [116]

Soil: White mulberry occurs on a variety of soil types. One review states that white mulberry prefers rich loamy soil [141]. It establishes on silt loam in southwestern Indiana [117], central Ohio [36], and northwestern Tennessee [22], clay loam in central Missouri [35], and sandy loam in southwestern Michigan [45] and central New Jersey [47]. In northwestern Oklahoma white mulberry tolerates both sandy and loamy soil textures [64]. It is associated with sandy soil in Kansas [82,119], northeastern Oklahoma [54], coastal Louisiana [39], and southeastern New York [90].

A manual to woody landscaping plants reports that white mulberry grows best in fertile soils [33], though one review states that it tolerates poor soils [30]. White mulberry occurred on nutrient-rich soils in southeastern New York [90].

White mulberry is adapted to a range of soil pH (review by [33]). It was found on neutral soils in both northern Alabama [10] and southeastern New York, but was not found on acidic soils in southeastern New York [90]. In north-central Texas, white mulberry established in limestone areas [32].

A manual to woody landscaping plants states that white mulberry grows best in moist, well-drained soils [33], though it has established in both well-drained ([16,36,39], review by [141]) and poorly drained soils [39].

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citação bibliográfica
Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Impacts and Control ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire management, invasive species, natural, prescribed fire

Impacts:
Native vegetation: There is widespread concern over white mulberry's hybridization with the native red mulberry ([18,153,171,174], review by [30]). In Ontario, resulting hybrids were more similar to white mulberry parents, suggesting the potential for a local extinction of red mulberry [18]. In 1963, white mulberry was more common than red mulberry in southeastern Kansas [55]. There is also some concern in the mid-Atlantic region that white mulberry may transmit a harmful root disease to red mulberry [153].

Though it generally grows at relatively low densities, white mulberry has the potential to exclude native vegetation (review by [51]), particularly where it grows in dense thickets. However, as of this writing (2009) there was little published information documenting this impact. On a dredge spoil island in South Carolina, 95% of a 22.5 acre (9.1 ha) area was covered by a closed-canopy, even-aged stand of white mulberry. No understory was present [120]. White mulberry also established in thickets in limestone areas in north-central Texas [32], though no impact on native vegetation was reported.

White mulberry infestation.

White mulberry may have allelopathic properties; in laboratory experiments, white mulberry leaf leachate inhibited the germination of India mustard (Brassica juncea) [2].

Other impacts: Spreading white mulberry roots damaged pavement and curbs in San Francisco (review by [33]).

Control: In all cases where invasive species are targeted for control, no matter what method is employed, the potential for other invasive species to fill their void must be considered [14]. Control of biotic invasions is most effective when it employs a long-term, ecosystem-wide strategy rather than a tactical approach focused on battling individual invaders [95].

As of this writing (2009), very little information was available regarding control of white mulberry. The potential of white mulberry to sprout from the stump [150], roots (reviews by [21,136]), or from cut stems buried in the soil (review by [30]) may complicate control efforts. Information presented in the following sections may not be comprehensive and is not intended to be prescriptive in nature. It is intended to help managers understand the ecology and control of white mulberry in the context of fire management. For more detailed information on control of white mulberry, consult the references cited here or local extension services.

Fire: For information on the use of prescribed fire to control this species, see Fire Management Considerations.

Prevention: Because white mulberry is often planted as an ornamental, one way to prevent future white mulberry establishment is to avoid planting it. In the mid-Atlantic region, native alternatives to white mulberry include red maple, hackberry, black tupelo, or sassafras [153].

It is commonly argued that the most cost-efficient and effective method of managing invasive species is to prevent their establishment and spread by maintaining "healthy" natural communities [95,135] (e.g., avoid road building in wildlands [160]) and by monitoring several times each year [74]. Managing to maintain the integrity of the native plant community and mitigate the factors enhancing ecosystem invasibility is likely to be more effective than managing solely to control the invader [67].

Weed prevention and control can be incorporated into many types of management plans, including those for logging and site preparation, grazing allotments, recreation management, research projects, road building and maintenance, and fire management [162]. See the Guide to noxious weed prevention practices [162] for specific guidelines in preventing the spread of weed seeds and propagules under different management conditions.

Cultural control: No information is available on this topic (2009).

Physical or mechanical control: White mulberry seedlings may be controlled by pulling. For larger white mulberry plants, stems may be cut and the stump ground [153]. Girdling is also an option for larger trees ([153], review by [30]). Mechanical control may be limited by the potential of white mulberry to sprout from the stump [150], roots (reviews by [21,136]), or from cut stems buried in the soil (review by [30]). One review suggests that roots will continue to produce sprouts even if the plant is cut back every year [21].

Biological control: Biological control of invasive species has a long history that indicates many factors must be considered before using biological controls. Refer to these sources: [165,176] and the Weed control methods handbook [159] for background information and important considerations for developing and implementing biological control programs.

As of this writing (2009) there were no biological control programs identified for the control of white mulberry. White mulberry is susceptible to several diseases in North America (review by [137]). In the southern United States, white mulberry may be susceptible to popcorn disease caused by the fungus Ciboria carunculoides [59].

Goat browsing was used to suppress white mulberry in prairie remnants in northwest Illinois [8].

Chemical control: Herbicides are effective in gaining initial control of a new invasion or a severe infestation, but they are rarely a complete or long-term solution to weed management [19]. See the Weed control methods handbook [159] for considerations on the use of herbicides in natural areas and detailed information on specific chemicals.

No detailed information was found describing the use of herbicides to control white mulberry (as of 2009), though 1 review states that herbicides may effectively control white mulberry [30]. One handbook on invasive species in the mid-Atlantic region suggests controlling white mulberry by cutting stems and painting the stump with glyphosate [153].

Integrated management: No information is available on this topic (2009).

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citação bibliográfica
Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, fruit, tree, woodland

Palatability and/or nutritional value: Both the foliage and fruit of white mulberry are edible to livestock and wildlife. White mulberry foliage contains high levels of protein, carbohydrates, fats, fibers, vitamins and minerals (review by [20]), though a high tannin content may limit its digestibility [5]. White mulberry foliage from Pakistan contained crude protein ranging from 13.7% to 17.6% of dry mass [5]. White mulberry foliage was eaten by domestic sheep and goats in Greece (review by [86]) and was browsed by reintroduced elk in southeastern Kentucky [133]. Consumption of white mulberry foliage by silkworms is the foundation of the international silk industry ([44,168], review by [20]). Grasshoppers defoliated white mulberry foliage in Utah (review by [106]).

White mulberry fruits from India were high in Vitamin C, and dry samples contained 5.5% protein and 87.55% carbohydrates [149]. White mulberry fruits are eaten by birds ([23,71,113,121,173], review by [30]), red foxes [83], northern raccoons, Virginia opossums, squirrels [71], and other mammals (review by [30]).

Cover value: White mulberry provides general cover, as well as foraging and nesting habitat, for many bird species. White mulberry is recommended as a shelterbelt tree to improve general wildlife habitat in the Great Plains [66] and to provide vegetative cover for bobwhite quail in northwestern Oklahoma [64]. In a floodplain woodland in southeastern Washington, white mulberry provided important summer foraging habitat for both summer- and permanent-resident birds; birds were observed gleaning insects off of living white mulberry branches and leaves [92].

Shelterbelt white mulberry provided nesting habitat for Mississippi kites in northwestern Oklahoma [94]. Wood thrushes nested in white mulberry in southeastern Pennsylvania [68]. Great blue herons, white ibises, glossy ibises, great egrets, black-crowned night herons, tricolored herons, and yellow-crowned night herons nested in a dense stand of white mulberry on a dredge spoil island in South Carolina [120]. On a coastal island in North Carolina, white mulberry was preferred by nesting great egrets, and also provided nesting habitat for snowy egrets, cattle egrets, little blue herons, and Louisiana herons [101].

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Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Other uses and values ( Inglês )

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More info for the terms: fruit, natural, tree

Silk production: White mulberry leaves provide the natural food for silkworms. Consequently, white mulberry has been widely planted throughout the world to develop the silk industry ([44,168,173], review by [106]).

Food value: White mulberry fruits are edible to humans ([32,116], reviews by [20,30]), though unripened fruit can cause stomach irritation, nervous system stimulation, and hallucinations (review by [30]). Dried white mulberry fruits may be ground up as flour and young shoots may be cooked as a vegetable [38]. White mulberry powder has been used as a preservative for wheat flour (review by [20]).

Medicinal value: White mulberry is used for a variety of medicinal purposes. The juice of white mulberry berries is used in the treatment of jaundice and hepatitis in rural areas in Pakistan [1]. It is valued for its antimicrobial properties, antioxidant potential, and in the prevention or treatment of diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, immunonutrition, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, and skin disorders (review by [20]). Native Americans used infusions made from white mulberry bark as a laxative, a treatment for dysentery, and a purgative [44].

Other value: White mulberry is widely planted as an ornamental shade tree [44,60] or is used in shelterbelts [60,122,143,168]. It has been evaluated for its potential to phytoremediate seleniferous soils in India [31]. White mulberry exhibited low survival and growth after planting on acidic surface-mine soils in Kentucky [118,157]. The leaves of white mulberry are used to make a yellow dye in Turkey [34].

The milky sap of white mulberry is toxic to humans and irritates the skin (review by [30]).

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Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Phenology ( Inglês )

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More info on this topic.

White mulberry generally flowers from April to May [32,49,60,105,119,177], with earlier flowering in March in the Carolinas [122], and later flowering into June in the upper Midwest (review by [30]). White mulberry fruits begin forming in May [60,119,122] and may continue developing into late July [140].
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Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Pollination and breeding system ( Inglês )

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More info for the terms: dioecious, monoecious

Pollination and breeding system: White mulberry is generally dioecious [18,48], though monoecious plants are occasionally found [21]. It is wind pollinated [181].
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Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Regeneration Processes ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: breeding system, seed

White mulberry reproduces by seed. Following injury, white mulberry may regenerate vegetatively via sprouting from the stump, roots, or cut stems, though this response is not widely documented.

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Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Seed banking ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: density, forest, presence, seed, shrub, woodland

A forestry handbook from India lists white mulberry seeds as viable for 720 days [111]. Tests at a nursery in Nebraska found that, while white mulberry seeds remained viable for at least a year when stored in cool, sealed conditions, they deteriorated rapidly upon removal from storage [154].

White mulberry seeds have been found in soil samples even when mature plants are not present in extant vegetation, though the seeds were not always viable. White mulberry was absent from aboveground vegetation but present at low density in the soil seed bank in deciduous forests in Bronx, New York, with viable seeds occurring at a soil depth of 0 to 4 inches (0-10 cm) [84]. White mulberry seeds were detected in 32% of soil samples taken from a woodlot in southern Ontario in November, occurring in samples at a density of 334.8 seeds/m². These seeds were not viable in seedling emergence trials [15]. In west-central Iowa, white mulberry seeds were present in the seed bank in coniferous woodland, deciduous shrub, tallgrass prairie, and midgrass prairie plant communities. Neither the viability of these seeds nor white mulberry's presence in the aboveground vegetation were reported [127]. In southeastern Arizona, white mulberry was found in the soil seed bank of a riparian deciduous forest but was not found in extant vegetation [125].

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Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Seed dispersal ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
White mulberry fruits are eaten and dispersed by animals, including birds ([23,71,113,121,173], review by [30]), red foxes [83], northern raccoons, Virginia opossums, squirrels [71], and other mammals (review by [30]). Box turtles may disperse white mulberry seeds [12]. Many seeds fall near the base of the parent plant [32].
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Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Seed production ( Inglês )

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More info for the term: seed

White mulberry reproduces by seed (review by [30]). In northeastern Kansas, white mulberry plants produced an average of 22.52 seeds/fruit, and fruits remained on plants an average of 3.1 days [140].
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citação bibliográfica
Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Seedling establishment and plant growth ( Inglês )

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More info for the terms: cover, natural

As of 2009, there was little published information regarding conditions conducive to the establishment of white mulberry. Though 1 review states that white mulberry cannot grow in shade (review by [30]), there are reports of white mulberry seedlings establishing under the cover of other vegetation [45,50,103]. In some areas, both natural [98,182] and anthropogenic [45,54,80,112,114,170,178] disturbances appear to favor the establishment of white mulberry, though not in all cases (e.g., see [70]). See Successional Status for additional information regarding white mulberry light preferences and response to disturbance.

Growth rate: A manual to woody landscaping plants reports that white mulberry has a fast growth rate, growing 10 to 12 feet (3-4 m) over a 4- to 6-year period (review by [33]).

White mulberry seedling.
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Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Successional Status ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: cover, forest, hardwood, natural

White mulberry is not restricted to any particular successional stage, occurring in early [45,54,103,112], mid-successional [9,47,89,115,117,121,175], and mature [169,171] plant communities. In some instances, white mulberry established secondarily after other woody species established and provided perches for seed-dispersing birds [45,102,103].

Light: White mulberry tolerates both open and shady conditions. A review states that it cannot grow in shade [30], and a manual to woody landscaping plants reports that it tolerates full sun to light shade [33]. In Ontario, white mulberry was generally found in more open conditions than the native red mulberry [18]. White mulberry seedlings grown in experimental field plots in Nebraska had a 53% higher growth rate when grown in sun compared to shade [100].

Though white mulberry may grow better in open conditions, it is commonly found in low-light areas such as canyon bottoms in west-central Oklahoma [93], lowland forests in southern Illinois [104], and old-growth oak-hickory forests in Indiana [171]. White mulberry seedlings established under the cover of planted pine groves in northeastern Kansas [50], eastern cottonwood in New York [103], and staghorn sumac in southwestern Michigan [45].

Disturbance: There is some evidence that disturbance is conducive to white mulberry establishment, though not in all cases.

Natural disturbance: In southeastern Iowa, white mulberry occurred in silver maple-eastern cottonwood floodplain plant communities, though only in gaps created by dead elms [98]. In contrast, in north-central Virginia, white mulberry had not established in debris avalanche areas 10 years after the disturbance, but was present in nearby reference mixed-hardwood forest [70]. Near Bronx, New York, white mulberry occurred as a relatively common species along edges and in gaps of both black locust and oak-maple plant communities [182]. In north-central Ohio, white mulberry was found in second-growth but not old-growth hardwood forests [175]. White mulberry also established in disturbed forests in Wisconsin [29] and Ontario [37], though no mechanism of disturbance was reported.

White mulberry occurs in many floodplain or riparian forests prone to flooding [6,16,26,35,36,47,61,75,109]. In central Ohio, white mulberry occurred in riparian bottomland forests experiencing groundwater flooding 1 to several times per year [36]. In central Missouri, white mulberry occurred on floodplain oak-hickory forests where inundation could last as long as 1 week [35]. In streamside forests in central Illinois, white mulberry occurred only at those elevational gradients experiencing flooding in 13% to 25% of years but was not present in areas experiencing more frequent flooding [6].

White mulberry is drought tolerant ([17,64,138], reviews by [30,33]), which may be attributed to its well-developed root system [138]. In the southern high plains of Oklahoma, 32.8% of planted white mulberry survived 7 years of drought [17].

Anthropogenic disturbance: In extreme southern Illinois, white mulberry established following salvage-logging after a tornado in a bottomland hardwood forest. It was not found in undisturbed forest or tornado-impacted areas without salvage logging [114]. In central Arizona, white mulberry was frequent on mesquite (Prosopis sp.) terraces characterized as "severely disturbed" following mesquite removal [178]. In southeastern Louisiana, white mulberry established on elevated spoil banks within the bottomland hardwood forest plant community [170]. White mulberry occurred at low levels on a 15- to 20-year-old revegetating lead and zinc mine spoil site in northeastern Oklahoma [54]. White mulberry established on 5- to 9-year-old revegetating landfill sites in South Korea [80]. White mulberry also established following old field abandonment in New Jersey [112] and southwestern Michigan [45].

Successional role: While 1 review suggests that white mulberry has the potential to exclude native vegetation [51], there is little documentation of this impact occurring. White mulberry would most likely alter successional trajectories where it develops in dense thickets, a relatively infrequent establishment pattern. However, on a dredge spoil island in South Carolina, white mulberry established in a thicket so dense that understory vegetation was suppressed [120].

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Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Taxonomy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants

The scientific name of white mulberry is Morus alba L. (Moraceae) [44,72].


In North America, white mulberry hybridizes with the native red mulberry (M. rubra)
([18,153,171,174], review by [30]).
Both species are highly variable and frequently confused with each other [44].


Numerous white mulberry cultivars occur in North America ([11,32,41], review by [33]).


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Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Vegetative regeneration ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
There is little evidence that white mulberry commonly regenerates vegetatively, though there are accounts of sprouting from stumps [150], roots (reviews by [21,136]), and cut stems buried in the soil (review by [30]). Stumps from 6-year-old plants of a white mulberry cultivar developed 5 to 8 sprouts that grew 16 to 20 inches (40-50 cm) in 1 year [150].
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Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Morus alba. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html

Distribution ( Português )

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Chile Central
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Universidade Estadual de CAMPINAS
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Distribution ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

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Chile Central
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Universidad de Santiago de Chile
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Witmoerbei ( Africâner )

fornecido por wikipedia AF

Die Witmoerbei (Morus alba) is 'n indringerplant en 'n groot, bladwisselende en bosserige boom met neerhangende buitetakke. Die boom word tot 15 m hoog en groei aan stroomoewers en woudrande. Die enkelvoudige blare is ovaal, blink en het 'n skerp punt. Die are is duidelik op die blaar, dit is heldergroen aan die bokant en ligter aan die onderkant. Die groenerige blommetjies verskyn in are gedurende September tot Oktober. Die vrugte is silindries en kan rooi, wit of pers wees. Voëls eet graag die vrugte en versprei so die saad. Die boom is inheems aan China en Japan, waar dit deel van die sybedryf is.

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Blare en vrugte
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Blomme in die lente

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Witmoerbei: Brief Summary ( Africâner )

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Die Witmoerbei (Morus alba) is 'n indringerplant en 'n groot, bladwisselende en bosserige boom met neerhangende buitetakke. Die boom word tot 15 m hoog en groei aan stroomoewers en woudrande. Die enkelvoudige blare is ovaal, blink en het 'n skerp punt. Die are is duidelik op die blaar, dit is heldergroen aan die bokant en ligter aan die onderkant. Die groenerige blommetjies verskyn in are gedurende September tot Oktober. Die vrugte is silindries en kan rooi, wit of pers wees. Voëls eet graag die vrugte en versprei so die saad. Die boom is inheems aan China en Japan, waar dit deel van die sybedryf is.

 src= Blare en vrugte  src= Blomme in die lente
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Ağ tut ( Azerbaijano )

fornecido por wikipedia AZ

Ağ tut (lat. Morus alba) — Moraceae fəsiləsindən bitki.

Azərbaycanda tut ağacının bir çox növləri yayılıb, eyni zamanda qiymətli bitki kimi respublikanın əksər rayonlarında çox qədimdən becərilir. Abşeronda qara və ağ tut daha geniş becərilir.

Dərman məqsədilə tut ağacının yarpaqlarından, meyvələrindən və bəzi qabıqlarından və budaqlarından istifadə olunur.

Ağ tut yarpaqlarında 0,75 % üzvi turşular, 50–60 mq % askorbin turşusu, 1,5 %–2 % şəkərli maddələr, 2–3 % aşı maddələri vardır. Meyvələrində 23–24 % şəkər, 2,5 % üzvi turşular, 70–80 mq % askorbin turşusu, pektin maddələri və s. müəyyən edilmişdir.

Ağ tut ağacının hündürlüyü 20 m-ə çatır. Qara xartutun ağacı isə bir qədər xırda olur. Tut ağacı çox yavaş böyüyür.

Meyvəverən tutların erkək və dişi çiçəkləri olur. Çiçəklər yarpaqlarla eyni vaxtda əmələ gələn kiçik meyvəciklərin üzərində açılır. Çiçəklər gödək saplaqla salxımda yerləşir. Erkək çiçəklərin 4 kasa yarpaqları və 4 yarpaqcığı vardır. Torbacıqlar partladıqdan sonra tozları tökülür. Dişi çiçəklər 4 kasacıq yarpaqlarından ibarətdir, 2 ağızcığı vardır. Hər çiçəkdən tək-tək balaca meyvələr əmələ gəlir və bunlar bir saplaq üzərində yerləşərək tutun əsas meyvəsini təşkil edirlər. Hər meyvəciyində bir ədəd yastı, sarı, xırda toxumu vardır. Toxumların ərafında olan sulu, şirin ətliyi yeyilir. Meyvəsi silindr şəklində, saplağı qısadır. Tutun meyvəsi mürəkkəb giləmeyvədir.

Ağ tut iyun-iyulda, xartut isə iyul-avqustda yetişir. Meyvələrin yetişməsi tədricən olur və 40 gün davam edir. Ağ tutun meyvəsi ağ-yaşılımtıl, ağ-sarımtıl və ya ağ-çəhrayı rəngdə, sulu və şirindir. Xartutun meyvəsi tünd qara, qırmızı və ya tünd bənövşəyi rəngdə sulu, turşaşirin dadlı və ətirlidir. Xartutdan başqa adi qara tut da vardır. Lakin bunların əksəriyyəti dadsız və yaxud kəmşirin olur. Qida üçün yararsızdır. Bunların yarpaqları barama qurdu üçün qida hesab edilir. Ağ tutun meyvələri tam yetişdikdə yerə tökülür. Odur ki, tutu yetişdikcə, hər iki gündən-bir səhər tezdən silkələyib xüsusi çadralara toplayırlar. Xartutun saplağı ağaca bərk yapışdığından əl ilə yığılır. Xartutun meyvəsi şüşə və emallanmış qablarda saxlanılmalıdır, mis qablarda saxlanması qorxuludur.

Ağ tutun meyvəsi şirin, dadlı, asan həzm olunduğundan təzə halda yeyilir. Tərkibində 23%-ə qədər şəkər, üzvi turşular, zülal, pektin, yağ, aşılayıcı və rəngləyici maddələr, vitaminlər və dəmir vardır. Xartutda dəmir ağ tuta nisbətən çoxdur.[1]

Təbabətdə

Xalq təbabətində ağ tutun qurudulmuş və xırdalanmış yarpaqlarından 1 xörək qaşığı bir stəkan qaynar suda dəmləyib, ürək ağrılarında içirlər.

Ağ tut meyvələri ürək zəifliyində, qan azlığında çox xeyirlidir. Meyvəsindən hazırlanan bəkməz və ya doşab, mürəbbə ürək zəifliyi müalicəsində və xroniki mədə xəstəliyində son dərəcə faydalıdır. Xalq təbabətində tut ağacının qol – budaqlarının qabıqlarından qurudub toz halına salandan sonra 1–2 çay qaşığı 1 stəkan qaynar suda dəmləyib, qarın ağrılarında və eləcə də qurdqovucu dərman kimi qəbul edirlər. Tut ağacı meyvələri can sağlığı mühafizəsində də çox xeyirlidir.

Təbii yayılması:

Vətəni Çin və Yаpоniyаdır.

Botaniki təsviri:

Hündürlüyü 15-25 m, diаmеtri 1 m-ə çаtаn, sıх, qаlın çətirli аğаcdır. Gövdəsinin qаbığı аçıq bоz rəngdə оlub, dаyаz çаtlıdır. Yаrpаqlаrı tünd yаşıl, üst tərəfdən pаrlаq, pаyızda sаrı sаmаn rəngi аlır. Yаrpаqlаrı budаq üzərində növbə ilə düzülmüş, gеniş, оvаlşəkilli, yumurtаvаrı, ürəkvаrı və dаirəvi fоrmаlı оlur, uc tərəfləri iti, kənаrlаrı isə müхtəlif fоrmаlı, dişlidir. Yаrpаqlаrı çılpаq və yа хırdа tükcüklərlə örtülmüşdür. Yаrpаq аyаsının uzunluğu 5-14 sm, yаrpаq sаplаğı isə qısа, nаzik оlur. Cаvаn budаqlаrı hаmаr, аçıq yаşıl və bоz rəngli оlur. Tumurcuqlаrı хırdа 3-7 pulcuqlа örtülmüşdür. Çiçəklər sırğа şəklində, qısа sаplаqlı, çiçək qrupu isə ikicinsli оlur. Еrkək çiçəkləri sеyrək, dişi çiçəkləri sıх, sırğаşəkilli hаmаş çiçək qrupunа yığılmışdır. Еrkək çiçəkləri 4 çiçək yаnlığındаn, 1,5 mm uzunluqdа yumurtаvаri, bir-birinin üzərində kirəmit fоrmаsındа оturmuş еrkəkcikdən ibаrətdir. Dişi çiçəkləri 4 hissəyə bölünmüş çiçək yаnlığınа mаlikdir. Yumurtаlığı 2 yuvаlıdır. Оduncаğı bərk, möhkəmdir. Apreldə çiçəkləyir, meyvələri mayda yetisır.

Еkоlоgiyаsı:

Təbii аmillərə аz tələbkаrdır, qurаqlığı yахşı kеçirir. Yüngül, gilli, qumlu, аz əhəngli (0,5-1% duzlu) tоrpаqlаrdа yахşı inkişаf еdir.

Аzərbаycаndа yаyılmаsı:

Nахçıvаn, Bаkı, Şəki, Gəncə və bаşqа Arаn-dаğ rаyоnlаrındа gеniş yаyılmışdır.

İstifаdəsi:

Bəzək аğаcı kimi yаşıllаşdırmаdа tək və qrup əkinlərində, cаnlı çəpərlər və хiyаbаnlаr sаlmаq üçün qiymətlidir.


Qalereya

Morusalbaleavesandflowersspring2500ppx.jpg

Çiçəklər

Morus-alba.jpg

Meyvə

Morus alba bark.jpg

Qabıq

Morus alba wood ray section 1 beentree.jpg

Oduncaq

İstinadlar

  1. Ə-C.İ.Əhmədov, N.T.Əliyev. Meyvə və tərəvəzin əmtəəşünaslığı (Dərslik). — Bakı, 2009.

Mənbə

http://dendrologiya.az/?page_id=112 Azərbaycan Dendroflorası III cild-Bakı:"Elm",2016,400 səh. T.S.Məmmədov

Məlumat mənbələri

  • Tofiq Məmmədov, Elman İsgəndər, Tariyel Talıbov. "Azərbaycanın Nadir Ağac və kol bitkiləri", Bakı: "Elm", 2014, 380 səh.

İstinad

  • Флора Азербайджана. т.5. 1954; Флора Kaвkaзa. т.5. 1954;
  • Azərbaycanın ağac və kolları. I cild. 1961;
  • Azərbaycan flora-sının konspekti. I-III cildlər. 2005; 2006; 2008;
  • Tofiq Məmmədov, Elman İsgəndər, Tariyel Talıbov. Azərbaycanın nadir ağac və kol bitkiləri", Bakı: "Elm", 2014, 380 səh
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia AZ

Ağ tut: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijano )

fornecido por wikipedia AZ

Ağ tut (lat. Morus alba) — Moraceae fəsiləsindən bitki.

Azərbaycanda tut ağacının bir çox növləri yayılıb, eyni zamanda qiymətli bitki kimi respublikanın əksər rayonlarında çox qədimdən becərilir. Abşeronda qara və ağ tut daha geniş becərilir.

Dərman məqsədilə tut ağacının yarpaqlarından, meyvələrindən və bəzi qabıqlarından və budaqlarından istifadə olunur.

Ağ tut yarpaqlarında 0,75 % üzvi turşular, 50–60 mq % askorbin turşusu, 1,5 %–2 % şəkərli maddələr, 2–3 % aşı maddələri vardır. Meyvələrində 23–24 % şəkər, 2,5 % üzvi turşular, 70–80 mq % askorbin turşusu, pektin maddələri və s. müəyyən edilmişdir.

Ağ tut ağacının hündürlüyü 20 m-ə çatır. Qara xartutun ağacı isə bir qədər xırda olur. Tut ağacı çox yavaş böyüyür.

Meyvəverən tutların erkək və dişi çiçəkləri olur. Çiçəklər yarpaqlarla eyni vaxtda əmələ gələn kiçik meyvəciklərin üzərində açılır. Çiçəklər gödək saplaqla salxımda yerləşir. Erkək çiçəklərin 4 kasa yarpaqları və 4 yarpaqcığı vardır. Torbacıqlar partladıqdan sonra tozları tökülür. Dişi çiçəklər 4 kasacıq yarpaqlarından ibarətdir, 2 ağızcığı vardır. Hər çiçəkdən tək-tək balaca meyvələr əmələ gəlir və bunlar bir saplaq üzərində yerləşərək tutun əsas meyvəsini təşkil edirlər. Hər meyvəciyində bir ədəd yastı, sarı, xırda toxumu vardır. Toxumların ərafında olan sulu, şirin ətliyi yeyilir. Meyvəsi silindr şəklində, saplağı qısadır. Tutun meyvəsi mürəkkəb giləmeyvədir.

Ağ tut iyun-iyulda, xartut isə iyul-avqustda yetişir. Meyvələrin yetişməsi tədricən olur və 40 gün davam edir. Ağ tutun meyvəsi ağ-yaşılımtıl, ağ-sarımtıl və ya ağ-çəhrayı rəngdə, sulu və şirindir. Xartutun meyvəsi tünd qara, qırmızı və ya tünd bənövşəyi rəngdə sulu, turşaşirin dadlı və ətirlidir. Xartutdan başqa adi qara tut da vardır. Lakin bunların əksəriyyəti dadsız və yaxud kəmşirin olur. Qida üçün yararsızdır. Bunların yarpaqları barama qurdu üçün qida hesab edilir. Ağ tutun meyvələri tam yetişdikdə yerə tökülür. Odur ki, tutu yetişdikcə, hər iki gündən-bir səhər tezdən silkələyib xüsusi çadralara toplayırlar. Xartutun saplağı ağaca bərk yapışdığından əl ilə yığılır. Xartutun meyvəsi şüşə və emallanmış qablarda saxlanılmalıdır, mis qablarda saxlanması qorxuludur.

Ağ tutun meyvəsi şirin, dadlı, asan həzm olunduğundan təzə halda yeyilir. Tərkibində 23%-ə qədər şəkər, üzvi turşular, zülal, pektin, yağ, aşılayıcı və rəngləyici maddələr, vitaminlər və dəmir vardır. Xartutda dəmir ağ tuta nisbətən çoxdur.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia AZ

Morera blanca ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

La morera blanca (Morus alba)[1] és un arbre de vida curta i creixement ràpid que arriba a fer de 10 a 20 metres d'alt.

Aquesta espècie és originària del nord de la Xina, i és cultivada per alimentar el cuc de seda i com a arbre ornamental en alineacions (també a Barcelona on es planta una varietat que no fa fruits).

 src=
Fruits en maduració

Les fulles joves tenen una morfologia diferent de les adultes, en el primer cas poden fer fins a 30 cm de llarg i amb lòbuls i en el segon cas fan de 5 a 15 cm de llarg i sense lòbuls. En climes temperats són arbres de fulla caduca però en els tropicals poden ser de fulla persistent.

Les flors són unisexuals en aments, essent més petites les flors femenines. Els fruits fan d'1 a 2,5 cm de llarg i el seu color no serveix per distingir-la de la morera negra, ja que tant poden ser blancs com vermells o negres. Són comestibles però més insípids que en l'altra morera.

Referències

  1. Pascual, Ramon. Guia dels arbres dels Països Catalans (en català). 3a edició. Barcelona: Pòrtic Natura, 1994, p. 166. ISBN 84-7306-390-2.
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licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CA

Morera blanca: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

La morera blanca (Morus alba) és un arbre de vida curta i creixement ràpid que arriba a fer de 10 a 20 metres d'alt.

Aquesta espècie és originària del nord de la Xina, i és cultivada per alimentar el cuc de seda i com a arbre ornamental en alineacions (també a Barcelona on es planta una varietat que no fa fruits).

 src= Fruits en maduració

Les fulles joves tenen una morfologia diferent de les adultes, en el primer cas poden fer fins a 30 cm de llarg i amb lòbuls i en el segon cas fan de 5 a 15 cm de llarg i sense lòbuls. En climes temperats són arbres de fulla caduca però en els tropicals poden ser de fulla persistent.

Les flors són unisexuals en aments, essent més petites les flors femenines. Els fruits fan d'1 a 2,5 cm de llarg i el seu color no serveix per distingir-la de la morera negra, ja que tant poden ser blancs com vermells o negres. Són comestibles però més insípids que en l'altra morera.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CA

Morušovník bílý ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Morušovník bílý (Morus alba) je menší opadavý strom z čeledi morušovníkovité (Moraceae). Morušovník bílý je vysoký přibližně 10–15 m. Jeho koruna je poměrně úzká, vysoká a působí křehkým dojmem.

Popis

 src=
Listy a plody morušovníku bílého

Větve jsou tenké, hladké a velmi křehké. Mladé větvičky jsou na koncích světle zelenavé či žlutohnědé a v některých případech úplně lysé. Nižší větvičky jsou tmavší, tupě hranatě oválné s roztroušenými lenticelami. Starší větvičky černošedé s bílou dření s malými dutinkami. Pupeny jsou 6–10 mm dlouhé se 3–5 pupenovými šupinami, které jsou světle hnědé s tmavým okrajem. Pupeny jsou krátce kuželovité a mírně zploštělé. Na kmenu je v mládí hladká světle hnědá kůra. Borka je hnědočervenavá nebo zelenavě šedá, podélně rozpukaná. Letorosty má poměrně rovné a slabé, zprvu jemně sametově chlupaté, později olysávající. Listy jsou tenké, vejčité, dlouhé 6–18 cm a široké přibližně 8 cm, nesouměrně dlanitě 3–5 laločnaté, v obrysu široce vejčité. Na bázi zaokrouhlené nebo šikmo srdčité, zubaté či laločnaté. Listy jsou na líci hladké a leskle zelené. Na rubu pouze na žilnatině pýřité. Listy vykazují Heterofylii, což je schopnost vytvářet na jednom exempláři odlišné tvary a velikosti listů. Palisty kopinaté, opadavé. Řapík je dlouhý kolem 2 cm, silněji chlupatý, na lící žlábkovitě vyhloubený. Listové jizvy jsou na značně vyniklých listových polštářcích. Květenství je jednodomédvoudomé v úžlabních vejčitých klasech. Samčí květy jsou ve dlouze stopkatých, světle žlutých jehnědách. Samičí květenství spíše hlávkovité až válcovité a vzpřímené. Blizny jsou lysé, plodenství je 10–25 mm velké, bílozeleně nebo načervenale zbarvené. Plod moruše dozrává v létě, dužnatí a uzavírá drobné nažky, celek je vejčitě válcovité plodenství. Zralá moruše má nažloutlé, jindy fialové až černé zbarvení, zralý plod je především velmi výrazně sladký, s typickou příchutí, podle zralosti a polohy je více či méně aromatický.

Rozšíření

Morušovník bílý pochází z Číny, ale je už staletí vysazován ve Středozemí nebo v teplejších krajích Střední Evropy.

Ekologie

Tento strom vyžaduje odvodněnou, dobře úrodnou půdu vystavenou horkému slunci. Jedná se o jeden z nejpozději jarně rašících stromů. Doba květu je v květnu a červnu.

Význam

Morušovník bílý je krmnou rostlinou housenek nočního motýla bource morušového (Bombyx mori). Ačkoliv imágo tohoto motýla potravu nepřijímá, housenky konzumují velké množství morušovníku. Sklízení listů morušovníku bílého je tradicí převzatou z východní Asie a ještě dnes se provádí ve velkém rozsahu ve Francii. V době druhé světové války měl být chov bource morušového zaveden v Německu. Proto také z této doby pochází vysazování morušovníku bílého ve školních zahradách. Aby se z co možno nejmenší produkční plochy sklidilo co nejvíce listí, tak se stromy často sestřihují, čímž se hustě rozvětví. Chov housenek bource morušového pro výrobu hedvábí z kokonů je v Evropě prokázán od 16. století. Často se také vysazuje v parcích, zahradách, podél cest pro sladkokyselé plodenství. V Čechách byl chov bource morušového zaveden v 17. století Albrechtem z Valdštejna. Československý hedvábnický průmysl měl v poválečných letech vysokou úroveň. Ročně se dováželo a zpracovávalo až 500 tun surového hedvábí. Bohužel bylo roku 1963 naše hedvábnictví zcela zrušeno.

Toxicita

Celá rostlina obsahuje toxické látky nebezpečné pro lidské zdraví. Latex vylučovaný rostlinou je toxický pro člověka, dráždivý při kontaktu. Pyl je vysoce alergenní a přispívá k senné rýmě.[1]

Toxikologické informační středisko u plodů Morus alba, Morus rubra, Morus nigra uvádí „téměř nejedovaté plody – nebezpečná může být dávka nad 20 plodů (bobulí, semen) po větším požitém množství se podává se aktivní uhlí nebývá nutná hospitalizace (jen u mimořádně citlivých osob při závažných příznacích), u zdravých jedinců se objevují nanejvýš zažívací potíže[2]

Další zdroje podávají jiné údaje o akutní a chronické toxicitě plodů. Zmiňují, že navzdory širokému použití moruší (Morus alba L.) nebylo podle zdroje provedeno žádné systematické hodnocení toxicity plodů moruše. Výsledky testů toxicity neukázaly žádné abnormality a histopatologické změny. Zmiňovány jsou pouze významně odlišné hodnoty glukózy v krvi. Výsledky tedy naznačují, že plody moruše nevyvolávají akutní nebo chronickou toxicitu.[3]

Jiný zdroj uvádí že jsou jedovaté všechny části bílé moruše, s výjimkou zralých plodů. I když lidé konzumují zralé plody moruše, může požití nezralých plodů vyústit v žaludeční nevolnost, podráždění nervového systému.[1]

Podobné druhy

Podobným druhem je morušovník černý (Morus nigra), což je teplomilný druh a v České republice se pěstuje zcela výjimečně. Jeho plody se v teplých oblastech Evropy vytvářejí pravidelně a chutnají lépe než plody morušovníku bílého. Plody jsou podobné černým malinám. V místech s horkými léty vyrostou morušovníky černé až v 15 m vysoké stromy.

Reference

  1. a b WHITE MULBERRY Morus alba [online]. OHIO STATE University [cit. 2015-07-29]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  2. Toxikologické informační středisko Kliniky pracovního lékařství Všeobecné fakultní nemocnice
  3. ACUTE AND SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY OF MULBERRY FRUITS [online]. [cit. 2015-07-29]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)

Literatura

  • ČERVENKA, CIGÁNOVÁ, Martin, Katarína. Klíč k určování dřevin podle pupenů a větviček. Praha: SPN, 1980. 272 s.
  • HEJNÝ, SLAVÍK, Slavomil, Bohumil. Květena České republiky, 1. díl. Praha: Academia, 1988. 557 s.
  • KREMER, B.P. Stromy. Praha: Ikar, 1995. 288 s. ISBN 80-7176-184-2.
  • VERMEULEN, Nico. Encyklopedie stromů a keřů, 2. vydání. Nizozemsko: Rebo, 1995. 288 s. ISBN 80-7234-093-X.
  • KISLINGOVÁ, Iva. Mgr.. Brno, 2006 [cit. 2.5.2014]. 60 s. Bakalářská práce. Masarykova univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta. Vedoucí práce RNDr.Pavel Hyršl, Ph.D.. Dostupné online.

Související články

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Morušovník bílý: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Morušovník bílý (Morus alba) je menší opadavý strom z čeledi morušovníkovité (Moraceae). Morušovník bílý je vysoký přibližně 10–15 m. Jeho koruna je poměrně úzká, vysoká a působí křehkým dojmem.

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Hvid morbær ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Hvid Morbær (Morus alba) er et løvfældende træ med en høj og smal krone. Grenbrud forekommer dog ofte, og så bliver kronen i stedet lav og hvælvet. Knopperne er først hvide (deraf træets navn), senere brune. Navnet sigter derimod ikke til frugterne, der i reglen er mørkerøde til sorte ved modenhed, selvom typer med helt bleghvide frugter findes. Bærrene er saftige og søde, omend noget fade i smagen.

Beskrivelse

Barken er først lysegrøn og svagt behåret. Senere bliver den grågrøn og efterhånden også rødbrun. Gamle grene og stammer kan få en opsprækkende, mørkebrun bark. Knopperne er spredtstillede, små, ægformede og først hvide (deraf træets navn) og senere brune.

Bladene er hele med grovtandet rand. Formen er meget variabel og spænder fra bredt ægformet til lappet. Stilkenden af bladet er i reglen afrundet eller hjerteformet. Oversiden er blank og græsgrøn, mens undersiden er lysegrøn med behårede bladribber. Bladstilken er furet og behåret og bærer foruden de gentlige blade også akselblade.

Blomstringen foregår i maj-juni, hvor man finder de uanselige blomster samlet i små hoveder på dværgskud. De enkelte blomster er énkønnede og uregelmæssige med svagt udviklede eller manglende kronblade. Frugterne er egentlig énkønnede rakler, men de fremtræder som samlefrugter, der ligner frugterne hos slægten Brombær. Hver delfrugt er en stenfrugt med én kerne. Trods navnet er frugterne i reglen mørkerøde til sorte ved modenhed, men typer med helt bleghvide frugter findes dog.

Rodnettet er kraftigt og dybtgående.

Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 10 x 8 m (30 x 30 cm/år). I hjemlandet kan træet dog blive betydeligt større.

Hjemsted

Arten havde sin naturlige udbredelse i det vestlige og centrale Kina, hvor den stadig findes som del af åbne skove på bjergskråningerne. Den foretrækker lysåbne voksesteder med en varm, fugtig og veldrænet lerjord, men den kan klare sig på grov råjord og tåler delvis skygge og en hel den tørke. Den overlever temperaturer ned til -27 °C, og den er forholdsvis salttålende, når den først har etableret sit rodnet.

På opgivne marker ved landsbyen Tshokothangkha i det vestlige Bhutan, Indien, danner arten pionerskov sammen med bl.a. Acer oblongum (en art af løn), Benthamidia capitata, Coriaria nepalensis (en art af garvebusk), Elaeagnus parvifolia (en art af sølvblad), Erythrina arborescens (en art af koraltræ), Quercus griffithii (en art af eg), Quercus lanata (en art af eg), Randia tetrasperma, Swida oblonga, Viburnum cylindricum (en art af kvalkved) og Zizyphus incurva (en art af jujube)[1]

Berømt

Arten er videnskabeligt berømt for den hastighed, den sender pollen ud fra hanblomsterne med. Støvknapperne virker som katapulter, der udløser deres energi på bare 25 µs (25 milliontedele af et sekund). Pollenkornets hastighed bliver ca. 560 km/t, hvilket er mere end halvdelen af lydens hastighed. Det gør pollenkornenes fart til den højeste hastighed indenfor planteriget[2].

Anvendelse

Bladene af Hvid Morbær er det bedste foder for silkeorme, men de bruges også som kreaturfoder i områder, hvor tørketiden begrænser mulighederne for at skaffe føde fra jorden. Frugten spises ofte i tørret form eller som marmelade eller til vin.[3][4]

I Anatolien omdanner man saften til en sirup, der bruges som lægemiddel mod forskellige småskader, eller som pålæg.




Noter

  1. ^ Pema Wangda og Masahiko Ohsawa: Vegetation succession and soil recovery in the abandoned field at Tshokothangkha in Nahi, Wangude (engelsk)
  2. ^ Philip Taylor, Gwyneth Card, James House, Michael Dickinson og Richard Flagan: High-speed pollen release in the white mulberry tree, Morus alba L i Sexual Plant Reproduction, 2006, 19, 1 side 19-24
  3. ^ J.M. Suttie: Morus alba (FAO Rapport)
  4. ^ W.J. Bean: Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles, 1978, ISBN 0-7195-2256-0
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Hvid morbær: Brief Summary ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Hvid Morbær (Morus alba) er et løvfældende træ med en høj og smal krone. Grenbrud forekommer dog ofte, og så bliver kronen i stedet lav og hvælvet. Knopperne er først hvide (deraf træets navn), senere brune. Navnet sigter derimod ikke til frugterne, der i reglen er mørkerøde til sorte ved modenhed, selvom typer med helt bleghvide frugter findes. Bærrene er saftige og søde, omend noget fade i smagen.

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wikipedia DA

Weiße Maulbeere ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Die Weiße Maulbeere (Morus alba) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Maulbeeren (Morus) innerhalb der Familie der Maulbeergewächse (Moraceae). Sie stammt aus China und wird vielfältig genutzt.

Beschreibung

 src=
Früchte und Blätter.
 src=
Blüten der Weißen Maulbeere
 src=
Querschnitt durch den Stamm

Die Weiße Maulbeere wächst als sommergrüner Baum und erreicht Wuchshöhen von 1 bis zu 16 Meter. Die Borke ist matt grau-grün bis rötlichbraun, an alten Bäumen dunkel orangebraun. Die Krone ist hoch und ziemlich schmal, Äste sind auffallend häufig gebrochen; manchmal entwickelt sich die Krone allerdings auch niedriger und gewölbt. Die Rinde der dünnen, geraden Zweige ist anfangs fein behaart.

Die Blattform ist sehr variabel; es kommen am gleichen Baum unregelmäßig gelappte, gespaltene und unzerteilte Blätter vor; die Blätter sind an der Basis stumpf bis herzförmig, die meisten sind eiförmig und spitz bis zugespitzt. Die Laubblätter sind in Blattstiel und Blattspreite gegliedert. Der Blattstiel ist bis etwa 5 cm lang, gefurcht und leicht behaart. Die Blattspreiten sind in der Regel bis zu 10 cm lang sowie bis 8 cm breit, einzelne bis zu 20 cm lang sowie 12 cm breit; am Rand sind sie grobgezähnt bis -gesägt; die Blattadern sind auf der Blattunterseite behaart. Kleine Nebenblätter sind vorhanden.

Es werden kleinere weibliche und größere männliche Kätzchen gebildet.

Durch einen speziellen Schleudermechanismus durch die hochschnellenden Staubfäden stäuben hier die Antheren ihren Pollen heraus.[1]

Die Früchte (Fruchtverband) sind weiß, später gelblich, aber häufig auch rosa- bis purpurfarben. Es werden kleine bräunliche Achänen gebildet.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 14, 28 oder 42.[2]

Inhaltsstoffe

In den Blättern ist 4-,5-Hydroxypipecolinsäure enthalten. Wenn die Blätter mit dem Pilz Fusarium solani infiziert sind, bilden sich Moracine als Phytoalexine. Im Holz kommt Morin vor, das als Reagenz zum Nachweis verschiedener Kationen dienen kann. In der Rinde kommen Mulberrofurane als teilweise farbige Lignane vor.

Verbreitung

Die Weiße Maulbeere war vor dem Anbau durch den Menschen in China beheimatet. Da sie die wichtigste Maulbeer-Art für die Seidenraupenzucht darstellt, wird sie auch in vielen anderen klimatisch geeigneten Regionen außerhalb Chinas gepflanzt. In Deutschland ist sie nicht nur recht häufig in Parks, sondern gelegentlich auch als Hecke anzutreffen.

In Südeuropa wie auch in Teilen von Deutschland finden sich Maulbeerbäume, die bis Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts gepflanzt wurden, um die Blätter zur Seidenraupenzucht zu verwenden.

Nutzung

Die Weiße Maulbeere stellt die wichtigste Maulbeer-Art für die Seidenraupenzucht dar.

In Europa werden, da die essbaren Früchte nicht haltbar sind, in Geschäften – wenn überhaupt – nur in getrockneter Form angeboten. Vom Geschmack her sind die saftigen weißen Maulbeeren sehr süß. In Anatolien wird aus dem Saft auch Sirup gewonnen, das als Heilmittel für verschiedene kleinere Leiden benutzt wird oder auch als Brotaufstrich.

Zuchtformen

 src=
Cultivar 'Pendula': Kleiner Maulbeerbaum mit schirmförmiger Krone und hängenden Zweigen
  • 'Fruitless': Eine männliche Form, die keine Früchte ansetzt.
  • 'Laciniata': Diese Form besitzt sehr tief eingeschnittene Blätter.
  • 'Mapleleaf': Eine männliche Form, die keine Früchte ansetzt. Die tief gelappten Blätter erinnern im Aussehen an Ahornblätter.
  • 'Nuclear Blast': Die Blätter dieser Form sind zu Fransen und Bändern reduziert; der Strauch wirkt dadurch krank und verkümmert; der englische Sortenname spielt auf dieses Aussehen („wie nach einer radioaktiven Verstrahlung“) an.
  • 'Pendula': Bei dieser Form sind alle Zweige hängend. Sie wächst als kleiner Baum mit schirmförmiger Krone. Die Blätter sind mit etwa 20 cm Länge und 12 cm Breite wesentlich größer als beim Typ. Es werden Früchte gebildet.
  • 'Urbana': Eine hängende Form ähnlich 'Pendula', die jedoch keine Früchte ansetzt.

Sonstiges

Die ab Juni reifenden Früchte fallen teilweise schon im grünen Zustand vom Baum und werden beispielsweise von Enten gerne gefressen.

Quellen

Einzelnachweise

  1. Aimée Sakes, Marleen van der Wiel, Paul W. J. Henselmans et al.: Shooting Mechanisms in Nature: A Systematic Review. In: PLOS ONE. 11(7), 2016, e0158277, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158277.
  2. Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. 8. Auflage. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5, S. 320.
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Weiße Maulbeere: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Die Weiße Maulbeere (Morus alba) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Maulbeeren (Morus) innerhalb der Familie der Maulbeergewächse (Moraceae). Sie stammt aus China und wird vielfältig genutzt.

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Ciévësë gghiangh ( Napolitano )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Nòm sciëndífëchë

Morus alba L.

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Puting moras ( Tagalo )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Para sa ibang gamit, tingnan ang Moras (paglilinaw).

Ang puting moras[1] o puting amoras (Ingles: white mulberry; sa agham: morus alba) ay isang punong may maikling buhay, mabilis lumaki, may maliit hanggang hindi kalakihang sukat na tumataas hanggang 10 hanggang 20 metro. Katutubo ito sa kanlurang Tsina, at malawakan ding inaalagaan sa ibang pook.[2][3] Kilala din ito bilang tuta sa Sanskrit at tuti sa Marathi.

Sanggunian

  1. "Moras, amoras". English, Leo James. Tagalog-English Dictionary (Talahulugang Tagalog-Ingles). 1990.
  2. Flora of China: Morus alba
  3. Suttie, J. M. (walng petsa). Reportahe ng FAO: Morus alba L.


Usbong Ang lathalaing ito ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa nito.

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Puting moras: Brief Summary ( Tagalo )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
Para sa ibang gamit, tingnan ang Moras (paglilinaw).

Ang puting moras o puting amoras (Ingles: white mulberry; sa agham: morus alba) ay isang punong may maikling buhay, mabilis lumaki, may maliit hanggang hindi kalakihang sukat na tumataas hanggang 10 hanggang 20 metro. Katutubo ito sa kanlurang Tsina, at malawakan ding inaalagaan sa ibang pook. Kilala din ito bilang tuta sa Sanskrit at tuti sa Marathi.

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Yuraq murira ( Quíchua )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Yuraq murira (Morus alba) nisqaqa Asyapi wiñaq murira sach'am.

Llipipipiq q'aytu (seda) nisqata chaskinapaqqa, Iwrupapi, huk allpa pachakunapim tarpunku. Murira pillpintu nisqap murira kuru nisqa qirisan murirap raphinkunata mikhuspa kawsanku. Siminmanta hamuq q'aytunkunatam runakuna hurqunku llipipipiq q'aytupaq.

Pukyukuna

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Yuraq murira: Brief Summary ( Quíchua )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Yuraq murira (Morus alba) nisqaqa Asyapi wiñaq murira sach'am.

Llipipipiq q'aytu (seda) nisqata chaskinapaqqa, Iwrupapi, huk allpa pachakunapim tarpunku. Murira pillpintu nisqap murira kuru nisqa qirisan murirap raphinkunata mikhuspa kawsanku. Siminmanta hamuq q'aytunkunatam runakuna hurqunku llipipipiq q'aytupaq.

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शहतूत ( Hindi )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
 src=
शहतूत के फूल
 src=
शहतूत की डाली, पत्तियाँ एवं फल
 src=
शहतूत की पत्ती पर रखे शहतूत के फल
Bombyx mori Morus Zetarra marugatze zuhaitzean1.JPG

शहतूत (वानस्पतिक नाम : Morus alba) एक फल है। इसका वृक्ष छोटे से लेकर मध्यम आकार का (१० मीटर से २० मीटर ऊँचा) होता है और तेजी से बढ़ता है। इसका जीवनकाल कम होता है। यह चीन का देशज है किन्तु अन्य स्थानों पर भी आसानी से इसकी खेती की जाती है। इसे संस्कृत में 'तूत', मराठी में 'तूती', तुर्की भाषा में 'दूत', तथा फारसी, अजरबैजानी एवं आर्मेनी भाषाओं में 'तूत' कहते हैं

रेशम के कीड़ों को खिलाने के लिये सफेद शहतूत की खेती की जाती है। यह भारत के अन्दर खासकर उत्तर भारत में उत्तर प्रदेश बिहार झारखण्ड मध्य-प्रदेश हरियाणा पंजाब हिमाचल-प्रदेश इत्यादि राज्यों में अत्यधिक इसकी खेती की जाती है।

बाहरी कड़ियाँ

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शहतूत: Brief Summary ( Hindi )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
 src= शहतूत के फूल  src= शहतूत की डाली, पत्तियाँ एवं फल  src= शहतूत की पत्ती पर रखे शहतूत के फल Bombyx mori Morus Zetarra marugatze zuhaitzean1.JPG

शहतूत (वानस्पतिक नाम : Morus alba) एक फल है। इसका वृक्ष छोटे से लेकर मध्यम आकार का (१० मीटर से २० मीटर ऊँचा) होता है और तेजी से बढ़ता है। इसका जीवनकाल कम होता है। यह चीन का देशज है किन्तु अन्य स्थानों पर भी आसानी से इसकी खेती की जाती है। इसे संस्कृत में 'तूत', मराठी में 'तूती', तुर्की भाषा में 'दूत', तथा फारसी, अजरबैजानी एवं आर्मेनी भाषाओं में 'तूत' कहते हैं

रेशम के कीड़ों को खिलाने के लिये सफेद शहतूत की खेती की जाती है। यह भारत के अन्दर खासकर उत्तर भारत में उत्तर प्रदेश बिहार झारखण्ड मध्य-प्रदेश हरियाणा पंजाब हिमाचल-प्रदेश इत्यादि राज्यों में अत्यधिक इसकी खेती की जाती है।

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Iboberi ( Quinharuanda )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging_languages
 src=
Iboberi

Iboberi cyangwa Ibobere (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Morus alba) ni igiti n’urubuto.

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Morus alba ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Morus alba, known as white mulberry, common mulberry and silkworm mulberry,[2] is a fast-growing, small to medium-sized mulberry tree which grows to 10–20 m (33–66 ft) tall. It is generally a short-lived tree with a lifespan comparable to that of humans, although there are some specimens known to be more than 250 years old.[3] The species is native to China and India[4] and is widely cultivated and naturalized elsewhere (including United States, Mexico, Australia, Kyrgyzstan, Argentina, Turkey, Iran, and many others).[5][6][7][8][9][10]

The white mulberry is widely cultivated to feed the silkworms employed in the commercial production of silk. It is also notable for the rapid release of its pollen, which is launched at greater than half the speed of sound.[11] Its berries are edible when ripe.

Description

Iranian fruits
Leaves and fruit

On young, vigorous shoots, the leaves may be up to 30 cm (12 in) long, and deeply and intricately lobed, with the lobes rounded. On older trees, the leaves are generally 5–15 cm (2.0–5.9 in) long, unlobed, cordate at the base and rounded to acuminate at the tip, and serrated on the margins. Generally, the trees are deciduous in temperate regions, but trees grown in tropical regions may be evergreen.

The flowers are single-sex catkins; male catkins are 2–3.5 cm (0.8–1.4 in) long, and female catkins 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) long. Male and female flowers are usually found on separate trees although they may occur on the same tree.[12][13] The fruit is 1–1.5 cm (0.4–0.6 in) long. In the wild it is deep purple, but in many cultivated plants it varies from white to pink. It is sweet but bland, unlike the more intense flavor of the red mulberry and black mulberry. The seeds are widely dispersed in the droppings of birds that eat the fruit.[5][6][14]

The white mulberry is scientifically notable for the rapid plant movement involved in pollen release from its catkins. The stamens act as catapults, releasing stored elastic energy in just 25 μs. The resulting movement is approximately 380 miles per hour (610 km/h), about half the speed of sound, making it the fastest known movement in the plant kingdom.[11]

Taxonomy

Two varieties of Morus alba are recognized:[5]

  • Morus alba var. alba
  • Morus alba var. multicaulis

Cultivation

Mulberry leaves placed on trays with silkworms (Liang Kai's Sericulture c. 1200s)

Cultivation of white mulberry to nourish silkworms began more than 4,700 years ago in China and has since been introduced in other countries. The Ancient Greeks and Romans cultivated the mulberry for silkworms. At least as early as 220 AD, Emperor Elagabalus wore a silk robe.[15] It was introduced into other parts of Europe in the twelfth century and into Latin America after the Spanish conquest in the fifteenth century.[16] In 2002, 6,260 km2 of land were devoted to the species in China.[6]

It has been grown widely from the Indian subcontinent[6] west through Afghanistan and Iran to southern Europe for more than a thousand years for leaves to feed silkworms.[14]

More recently, it has become widely naturalized in disturbed areas such as roadsides and the edges of tree lots, along with urban areas in much of North America, where it hybridizes readily with the locally native red mulberry (Morus rubra). There is now serious concern for the long-term genetic viability of the red mulberry because of extensive hybridization in some areas.[17]

The species is now extensively planted and widely naturalized throughout the warm temperate world and in subarctic regions as well, and would survive in elevations as high as 4,000 metres (13,000 ft). They thrive in mildly acidic, well drained, sandy loam and clayey loam soils, though they can withstand poor soils as well.[16]

Toxicity

Tests on laboratory rats have not found mulberry extract to present significant toxicity.[18][19]

According to a coroner's report, Lori McClintock, wife of US politician Tom McClintock, died in December 2021 from dehydration due to gastroenteritis caused by "adverse effects of white mulberry leaf ingestion"; the leaf is used as a dietary supplement or herbal remedy for weight loss and diabetes.[20]

Uses

Ppongnip-cha (mulberry leaf tea)

White mulberry leaves are the preferred feedstock for silkworms, and are also cut for food for livestock (cattle, goats, etc.) in areas where dry seasons restrict the availability of ground vegetation. The leaves are prepared as tea in Korea. The fruit are also eaten, often dried or made into wine.[6][14]

For landscaping, a fruitless mulberry was developed from a clone for use in the production of silk in the U.S. The industry never materialized, but the mulberry variety is now used as an ornamental tree where shade is desired without the fruit.[21]

White mulberry, Morus alba 'Pendula', is used as an ornamental plant.[22] It was planted at several grand stations built along the Lackawanna Railroad in New Jersey during the late 1800s and early 1900s. The species is a lawn tree across the desert cities of the southwestern United States, prized for its shade and also for its cylindrical berry clusters composed of sweet, purplish-white fruits.[23] The plant's pollen is problematic in some cities where it has been blamed for an increase in hay fever.[24][25][26]

In popular culture

  • In the 14th century Chinese historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the big morus alba tree is said to be in Liu Bei's house.
  • 1986 Korean erotic film Mulberry is about a woman who picks mulberry leaves to feed silkworms.

See also

Gallery

References

  1. ^ "Morus alba L.". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  2. ^ Morus alba L. by Weeds of Australia - Biosecurity Queensland Edition (Queensland Government)
  3. ^ "The thickest, tallest, and oldest white mulberry trees (Morus alba)".
  4. ^ Patel, Raman; Hazra, Taposhi; Rana, Rajendra Singh; Hazra, Manoshi; Bera, Subir; Khan, Mahasin Ali (2021). "First fossil record of mulberry from Asia". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 292: 104459. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104459. ISSN 0034-6667.
  5. ^ a b c Wu, Zhengyi; Zhou, Zhe-Kun; Gilbert, Michael G. "Morus alba". Flora of China. Vol. 5. Retrieved 27 June 2013 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Morus alba". Flora of China. 5: 23. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  7. ^ Wunderlin, Richard P. (1997). "Morus alba". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  8. ^ "Morus alba". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  9. ^ Atlas of Living Australia, Morus alba L., White Mulberry
  10. ^ SEINet, Southwestern Biodiversity, Arizona chapter photos, description, distribution map
  11. ^ a b Taylor, Philip; Gwyneth Card; James House; Michael Dickinson; Richard Flagan (2006-03-01). "High-speed pollen release in the white mulberry tree, Morus alba L". Sexual Plant Reproduction. 19 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1007/s00497-005-0018-9. S2CID 39703983.
  12. ^ Schaffner, John H. 1919. The nature of the diecious condition in Morus alba and Salix amygdaloides. Ohio Journal of Science 18: 101-125.
  13. ^ Purdue University. Center for New Crops & Plant Products. NewCROP: Morus alba.
  14. ^ a b c Bean, W. J. (1978). Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles. John Murray ISBN 0-7195-2256-0.
  15. ^ Lyle, Katie Letcher (2010) [2004]. The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants, Mushrooms, Fruits, and Nuts: How to Find, Identify, and Cook Them (2nd ed.). Guilford, CN: FalconGuides. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-59921-887-8. OCLC 560560606.
  16. ^ a b White mulberry (Morus alba) by Feedipedia.org
  17. ^ Burgess, K.S., Morgan, M., Deverno, L., & Husband, B. C. (2005). Asymmetrical introgression between two Morus species (M. alba, M. rubra) that differ in abundance. Molec. Ecol. 14: 3471–3483.
  18. ^ Hong, Min; Lu, Min; Qian, Yimin; Wei, Liping; Zhang, Yaqun; Pan, Xueying; Li, Hua; Chen, Huaying; Tang, Naping (2021). "A 90-day Sub-chronic Oral Toxicity Assessment of Mulberry Extract in Sprague Dawley Rats". INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing. SAGE Publications. 58. doi:10.1177/00469580211056044. ISSN 0046-9580. PMC 8613892. PMID 34812659.
  19. ^ Li, Yuzhe; Zhang, Xiaopeng; Liang, Chunlai; Hu, Jing; Yu, Zhou (2018). "Safety evaluation of mulberry leaf extract: Acute, subacute toxicity and genotoxicity studies". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 95: 220–226. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.007. ISSN 0273-2300. PMID 29530616. S2CID 4859424.
  20. ^ Young, Samantha (August 24, 2022). "Congressman's wife died after taking herbal remedy marketed". NBC News. Kaiser Health News.
  21. ^ Howstuffworks.com
  22. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Morus alba". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
  23. ^ Little, Elbert L. (1994) [1980]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region (Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 424. ISBN 0394507614.
  24. ^ Pollen Library, White Mulberry (Morus alba)
  25. ^ Thermo Scientific,
  26. ^ University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, Yavapai County, Plants That May Cause Allergies in Yavapai County Archived 2016-06-16 at the Wayback Machine

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Morus alba: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Morus alba, known as white mulberry, common mulberry and silkworm mulberry, is a fast-growing, small to medium-sized mulberry tree which grows to 10–20 m (33–66 ft) tall. It is generally a short-lived tree with a lifespan comparable to that of humans, although there are some specimens known to be more than 250 years old. The species is native to China and India and is widely cultivated and naturalized elsewhere (including United States, Mexico, Australia, Kyrgyzstan, Argentina, Turkey, Iran, and many others).

The white mulberry is widely cultivated to feed the silkworms employed in the commercial production of silk. It is also notable for the rapid release of its pollen, which is launched at greater than half the speed of sound. Its berries are edible when ripe.

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Morus alba ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Morus alba, comúnmente morera blanca, es una especie de árbol del género Morus, familia de las moráceas.

Descripción

 src=
Alba

Árboles de hasta 15 m de altura, con ramas jóvenes grisáceas. Hojas con pecíolo de 1,5-2 cm y limbo de 4-6 por 4-5 cm, más o menos ovado, subagudo, irregularmente dentado o lobado, oblicuamente cordado, delgado, glabro excepto a lo largo de la nerviación, verde claro. Infrutescencias (sorosis) de la longitud de sus pedúnculos (2,5 por 1 cm), blancas o blanco-rosadas, que son las moras.[1]

Florece en abril; fructifica en mayo (en el hemisferio norte).

Distribución

Son árboles oriundos de las zonas templadas de Asia central y del Este (China, Manchuria y Corea) y muy cultivado en Asia, Europa y América.

Usos y cultivo

La especie se cultiva por sus hojas, único alimento de los gusanos de seda, cuyos capullos se utilizan para fabricar seda.

Aparte de su uso como árboles de cultivo se utilizan como ornamentales en jardines, paseos y calles.

Su fruto es comestible, su aroma es escaso o muy suave.[2]

 src=
Sorosis de mora blanca cosechada el 30 de mayo de 2019 en Valencia (España)

Beneficios para la salud

Las hojas de morera blanca son altamente apreciadas por sus extensas propiedades. Estas tienen un componente natural llamado DNJ (desoxinojirimicina), que es un azúcar nitrogenado que actúa como inhibidor competitivo de las alfa-glucosidasas en el intestino. Esto quiere decir que, al ingerir la infusión de Morera Blanca que contiene DNJ, se puede evitar la absorción parcial de los carbohidratos (azúcar) en el cuerpo.

Variedades

  • Morus alba var. alba (sinónimos: Morus alba var. atropurpurea (Roxb.) Bureau
  • Morus alba var. bungeana Bureau, Morus atropurpurea Roxb.[3]

Sinonimia

  • Morus acidosa Griff.
  • Morus alba var. indica Bureau
  • Morus alba var. latifolia (Poir.) Bureau
  • Morus alba var. multicaulis (Perr.) Loudon
  • Morus alba var. nigriformis Bureau
  • Morus alba var. stylosa Bureau
  • Morus alba var. tatarica (L.) Ser.
  • Morus australis Poir.
  • Morus australis var. hastifolia (F.T.Wang & T.Tang ex Z.Y.Cao) Z.Y.Cao
  • Morus australis var. incisa C.Y.Wu
  • Morus australis var. inusitata (H.Lév.) C.Y.Wu
  • Morus australis var. linearipartita Z.Y.Cao
  • Morus australis var. oblongifolia Z.Y.Cao
  • Morus bombycis Koidz.
  • Morus bombycis var. angustifolia Koidz.
  • Morus bombycis var. bifida Koidz.
  • Morus bombycis var. longistyla Koidz.
  • Morus bombycis var. tiliifolia Koidz.
  • Morus cavaleriei H.Lév.
  • Morus chinensis Lodd. ex Loudon
  • Morus formosensis Hotta
  • Morus hastifolia F.T.Wang & T.Tang ex Z.Y.Cao
  • Morus intermedia Perr.
  • Morus inusitata H. Lév.
  • Morus latifolia Poir.
  • Morus longistylus Diels
  • Morus multicaulis Perr.
  • Morus nigriformis (Bureau) Koidz.
  • Morus stylosa var. ovalifolia Ser.
  • Morus tatarica L.[3]

Nombres vernáculos

Castellano: mora (3), mora blanca (3), mora encarnada, mora negra, mora rosada, moral (5), moral blanco (8), moras de morera, moreda blanca, moreda colorada, morera (31), morera blanca (12), morera clara, morera común, morera de Filipinas, morera negra, moreras, parra. Entre paréntesis, la frecuencia del vocablo en España.[4]

Véase también

Referencias

  1. Morus alba en Flora vascular de Andalucía occidental
  2. P. Kremer, Bruno (2010). Árboles. Barcelona: Blume. p. 152. ISBN 978-84-8076-921-1. |fechaacceso= requiere |url= (ayuda)
  3. a b Morus alba en The Plant List
  4. Anthos, RJB/CSIC, Madrid

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Morus alba: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Morus alba, comúnmente morera blanca, es una especie de árbol del género Morus, familia de las moráceas.

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Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
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Valkomulperi ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Valkomulperi (Morus alba) eli varsinainen silkkiäispuu on Kiinasta kotoisin oleva nopeakasvuinen puu, jota kasvatetaan laajalti lehtiensä takia. Lehtiä käytetään silkkiä tuottavien mulperiperhosen toukkien ravintona. Pohjois-Amerikassa valkomulperista on jalostettu myös hedelmäpuuna kasvatettavia lajikkeita.[1]

Valkomulperin liuskaiset lehdet ovat päältä kiiltävät, alapuolelta valkonukkaiset, halkaisijaltaan noin 20 cm. Kukat ovat valkoiset. Hedelmä muistuttaa vadelmaa ja on raakana valkoinen, kypsänä punainen. Linnut syövät hedelmiä ja levittävät siten siemeniä.

Valkomulperia voi kasvattaa eteläisimmässä Suomessa.[2]

 src=
Valkomulperipuu.
 src=
Valkomulperin puuainesta

Lähteet

  1. a b Mitchell, A. & Wilkinson, J. (suomentanut A. Kurtto): Euroopan puuopas, s. 160. Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava, 2009. ISBN 951-1-14705-6.
  2. Kukkatalo Pirilä

Aiheesta muualla

Tämä kasveihin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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original
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Valkomulperi: Brief Summary ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Valkomulperi (Morus alba) eli varsinainen silkkiäispuu on Kiinasta kotoisin oleva nopeakasvuinen puu, jota kasvatetaan laajalti lehtiensä takia. Lehtiä käytetään silkkiä tuottavien mulperiperhosen toukkien ravintona. Pohjois-Amerikassa valkomulperista on jalostettu myös hedelmäpuuna kasvatettavia lajikkeita.

Valkomulperin liuskaiset lehdet ovat päältä kiiltävät, alapuolelta valkonukkaiset, halkaisijaltaan noin 20 cm. Kukat ovat valkoiset. Hedelmä muistuttaa vadelmaa ja on raakana valkoinen, kypsänä punainen. Linnut syövät hedelmiä ja levittävät siten siemeniä.

Valkomulperia voi kasvattaa eteläisimmässä Suomessa.

 src= Valkomulperipuu.  src= Valkomulperin puuainesta
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original
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Mûrier blanc ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Morus alba

Le Mûrier blanc (Morus alba L.), Mûrier commun, Mulberry (anglais) ou Morera blanca (espagnol)[1], est une espèce de Mûriers, des arbres fruitiers de la famille des Moracées. Originaire de Chine, le Mûrier blanc fut largement cultivé pour ses feuilles, aliment exclusif du ver à soie.

Histoire

Le Mûrier blanc est cultivé depuis l'Antiquité de la Chine au Proche-Orient, son expansion dans le bassin méditerranéen vers le VIIIe siècle est liée la sériciculture.

Quelques plants de ce mûrier sont transportés en France sous Charles VII, sa culture débute sous Charles IX mais se développe surtout sous l'impulsion d'Henri IV avec Olivier de Serres qui introduit en 1601 le premier sujet au jardin des Tuileries et assure en avoir planté 15 000 à 20 000 pieds à l'extrémité de ce jardin[2].

Il a ensuite été largement diffusé dans toutes les régions subtropicales et tempérées du monde.

Description

 src=
Mûrier blanc au jardin du Pré-Catelan
 src=
Mûrier blanc à Villars (Provence)

Le Mûrier blanc est un arbre monoïque pouvant atteindre 30 mètres de haut. Il doit plus son nom à la couleur de ses bourgeons qu'à la couleur de ses fruits. Comme toutes les moracées, le mûrier blanc produit du latex.

Ses feuilles caduques, alternes, le plus souvent de forme ovale acuminée mesurent 5 à 12 cm et peuvent avoir des formes assez distinctes même si elles proviennent du même arbre. Leur pétiole est cannelé et muni de stipules. Elles sont glabres sur les deux faces, vert clair et irrégulièrement dentées sur les bords.

Les fleurs mâles sont réunies en chatons cylindriques, les femelles en chatons subsphériques; une fois fécondés, ces derniers se transforment en groupe de fruits blancs, roses ou violets, appelés mûres.

Ses fruits en syncarpe sucrés, comestibles, peuvent être de différentes couleurs.

Différences entre Mûriers blanc et noir

 src=
Mûres posées sur une feuille de mûrier blanc. Sur la feuille de gauche, on peut voir quelques graines.

Bien que certaines sources indiquent que le Mûrier blanc produit des fruits blancs et le Mûrier noir des fruits noirs, c'est faux. Le Mûrier noir porte toujours des fruits violet foncé ou noirs. Par contre, selon les variétés, le mûrier blanc porte des fruits blancs, rosés, violets ou noirs[3].

  • Les feuilles du Mûrier blanc mesurent de 5 à 12 cm, sont frêles et souvent lobées alors que celles du mûrier noir sont plus grandes (jusqu'à 18 cm), épaisses, rugueuses et rarement lobées.
  • Le fruit du Mûrier blanc est mûr à la fin du printemps alors que celui du Mûrier noir n'est mûr qu'à la fin de l'été.
  • Le fruit du Mûrier blanc présente un pédoncule long (parfois de la longueur du fruit) alors que le mûrier noir n'a pour ainsi dire pas de pédoncule, ou un pédoncule très court.
  • Le fruit du Mûrier blanc est douceâtre avant maturité, alors qu'au même stade celui du Mûrier noir est très acide. À complète maturité, celui du Mûrier blanc est assez fade et très sucré, celui du Mûrier noir est sucré et légèrement acidulé.
  • La saveur des fruits du Mûrier noir plaît à la quasi-totalité du grand public. Les fruits du Mûrier blanc sont généralement peu estimés en France, mais ceux des cultivars sélectionnés pour leurs fruits ont une valeur gustative élevée. Ils sont très appréciés dans les pays qui les cultivent, au Moyen-Orient (Iran, Syrie, Liban, Israël) notamment.

Culture

Il pousse vite dans ses premières années puis a une croissance plutôt lente.

Le mûrier aime le soleil mais est rustique jusqu'en zone USDA 4. Il supporte la sécheresse et le vent mais pas les expositions maritimes.

Il supporte la taille.

À la différence des Mûriers rouges et noirs, le mûrier blanc se multiplie bien par bouturage sur bois tendre.

Ses racines à la fois pivotantes et traçantes sont fragiles et il apprécie peu la transplantation.

Une expérimentation de la chambre d'agriculture de l'Ariège[4] consiste à le mener comme une plante prairiale, en très courte rotation (2 pâturages par an), concrétisant des hypothèses émises par de nombreux agriculteurs et agronomes.

Menaces

Xylotrechus chinensis, une espèce de Coléoptère asiatique au potentiel invasif et fortement xylophage, est signalée en Europe depuis 2007 (Allemagne, Espagne, Crète, France, etc.). Elle affecte des Moraceae (Morus alba et Morus australis)[5].

Utilisation

 src=
Ver à soie (Bombyx mori) sur un Mûrier blanc

Pour la sériciculture, le mûrier blanc est souvent cultivé sous forme de haie pour faciliter la récolte des feuilles.

Avec l'écorce interne des tiges, les papetiers de Chine fabriquent un papier traditionnel depuis un millénaire et demi. Actuellement, ce papier est fabriqué à Hotan 和田 au Xinjiang, Qian'an 迁安 (Hebei) et Qianshan 潜山 (Anhui)[6].

Ses feuilles peuvent servir de fourrage pour le bétail[7] et ses fruits de complément alimentaire pour la volaille. Séchées, les feuilles sont commercialisées pour faire de la tisane ou thé de feuille de mûrier réputé pour son action antioxydante[8] et anti-diabétique [9] en expérimentation animale.

Les variétés fruitières donnent des fruits qui se consomment crus ou secs (parfois désignés par le terme anglais "mulberry"), on peut aussi en faire du vin[10].

Le Mûrier blanc est traditionnellement un arbre d'alignement, un arbre de route, son ombre dense est agréable l'été, ses fruits ne tachent pas à la différence de ceux du mûrier noir. Dans cet usage, on le conduit sur tige de 1,50 m.

Ses racines permettent d'empêcher l'érosion des sols. Il s'adapte à la pollution atmosphérique.

Notes et références

  1. Fabrice et Valérie Le Bellec, Le verger tropical : Cultiver les arbres fruitiers, Saint-Denis (Réunion), Orphie, décembre 2007, 266 p. (ISBN 978-2-87763-384-0)
  2. Joseph Roque, Nouveau traité des plantes usuelles : spécialement appliqué à la médecine domestique, P. Dufart, 1837 (lire en ligne), p. 431
  3. Pierre Meynadier, « Recensement et introduction de cultivars fruitiers de mûriers »
  4. Projet Agrosyl
  5. Caravelia.com, « Xylotrechus chinensis : nouvelle espèce invasive arrivée d’Asie », sur Passion Entomologie, 15 juillet 2019 (consulté le 15 janvier 2020)
  6. 易晓辉 Yi Xiaohui, « 传统手工纸的纤维原料及其分类 », sur National Library of China (consulté le 20 février 2022)
  7. Mulberry: an exceptional forage available almost worldwide! - FAO - Voir aussi Mulberry for animal production: proceedings of an electronic conference... Par Manuel D. Sánchez, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
  8. (en) Anjali Raj, Kenganora Mruthunjaya, Subba Rao Venkata Madhunapantula et Santhepete Nanjundaiah Manjula, « Comparative Assessment of the Anti-oxidant and Anti-clastogenic Activity of Morus alba Leaves », Free Radicals and Antioxidants, vol. 7, no 1,‎ 1er janvier 2017 (lire en ligne, consulté le 4 février 2017)
  9. Attila Hunyadi, Ana Martins, Tusty-Jiuan Hsieh et Adrienn Seres, « Chlorogenic Acid and Rutin Play a Major Role in the In Vivo Anti-Diabetic Activity of Morus alba Leaf Extract on Type II Diabetic Rats », PLOS ONE, vol. 7, no 11,‎ 21 novembre 2012, e50619 (ISSN , PMID , PMCID , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 4 février 2017)
  10. (en) Kim, Yong-Suk, Jeong, Do-Yeong et Shin, Dong-Hwa, « Optimum Fermentation Conditions and Fermentation Characteristics of Mulberry (Morus alba) Wine », Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 40, no 1,‎ 1er janvier 2008 (ISSN , lire en ligne, consulté le 4 février 2017)

Voir aussi

Références taxinomiques

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia FR

Mûrier blanc: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Morus alba

Le Mûrier blanc (Morus alba L.), Mûrier commun, Mulberry (anglais) ou Morera blanca (espagnol), est une espèce de Mûriers, des arbres fruitiers de la famille des Moracées. Originaire de Chine, le Mûrier blanc fut largement cultivé pour ses feuilles, aliment exclusif du ver à soie.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FR

Bijela murva ( Croato )

fornecido por wikipedia hr Croatian

Bijela murva (bijeli dud, lat. Morus alba) je brzo rastuće srednje veliko drvo kuglaste krošnje, srednje dugog životnog vijeka, koje naraste do nekih 20 metara visine, tj. nešto više nego crna murva. Pradomovina ovog stabla je sjeverna Kina, a danas je posvuda rasprostranjena[1]. Listovi su nazubljeni i prema vrhu oštri, mogu biti i do 30 cm dugački premda su najčešće između 5 i 15 cm[2]. Lišće u hladnijim predjelima otpada zimi, a u toplim predjelima ovo stablo je vazdazeleno. Cvjetovi su jednospolni, a na stablu su prisutni cvjetovi oba spola, muški veličine 2–3,5 cm, a ženski nešto manji (1–2 cm). Plodovi su jagodastog oblika, bjelkaste do roza boje, veličine 1,5-2 cm. Beru se od lipnja do kolovoza. Razne ptice konzumiraju plodove što omogućava širenje sjemenki.

Uzgoj

Uzgoj bijele murve za potrebe proizvodnje svile je počeo prije 4000 godina u Kini. Danas je u Kini oko 6,260 km² posađeno bijelom murvom. U Indiji je također rasprostranjena i to na oko 2,820 km². Uzgoj je raširen i na druge krajeve svijeta, a u SAD su je za potrebe uzgoja križali s crvenom murvom, dobijajući poseban hibrid.[3] Zbog toga je stavljena na popis invazivnih vrsta u dijelovima Sjeverne Amerike.[4]

Uporaba

Lišće bijele murve je glavna hrana ličinki dudovog svilca, ali se isto tako upotrebljava i u ishrani domaćih životinja. Plodovi imaju široku uporabu, od konzumacije sirovih plodova ili preradom. Plod bijele murve sadrži slobodne organske kiseline, vitamin C, karotin, pektin, invertni šećer, sluz, gume i smolu. Prerađen plod bijele murve pomaže kod upale krajnika, želučanih problema, groznice i proljeva, a koristi se i za tretman groznice, glavobolju, upale očiju, kašlja,...U tradicionalnoj kineskoj medicini koriste se i kora , te listovi i mlade grančice ove biljke.[5]

Ime

 src=
Plodovi bijele murve.

U Hrvatskoj u uporabi je i naziv bijeli dud koji dolazi iz turskog jezika (tur. dut), te se udomaćio u većem dijelu Hrvatske. Bijela murva je hrvatski naziv za ovu biljku a porijeklom iz latinskog (morum), od čega je u Poljskoj, nastao naziv morwa.

Izvori

  1. Flora of China: Morus alba
  2. Suttie, J. M. (undated). FAO Report: Morus alba L.
  3. Burgess, K.S., Morgan, M., Deverno, L., & Husband, B. C. (2005). Asymmetrical introgression between two Morus species (M. alba, M. rubra) that differ in abundance. Molec. Ecol. 14: 3471–3483.
  4. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MOAL
  5. Bean, W. J. (1978). Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles. John Murray ISBN 0-7195-2256-0.

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Bijela murva: Brief Summary ( Croato )

fornecido por wikipedia hr Croatian

Bijela murva (bijeli dud, lat. Morus alba) je brzo rastuće srednje veliko drvo kuglaste krošnje, srednje dugog životnog vijeka, koje naraste do nekih 20 metara visine, tj. nešto više nego crna murva. Pradomovina ovog stabla je sjeverna Kina, a danas je posvuda rasprostranjena. Listovi su nazubljeni i prema vrhu oštri, mogu biti i do 30 cm dugački premda su najčešće između 5 i 15 cm. Lišće u hladnijim predjelima otpada zimi, a u toplim predjelima ovo stablo je vazdazeleno. Cvjetovi su jednospolni, a na stablu su prisutni cvjetovi oba spola, muški veličine 2–3,5 cm, a ženski nešto manji (1–2 cm). Plodovi su jagodastog oblika, bjelkaste do roza boje, veličine 1,5-2 cm. Beru se od lipnja do kolovoza. Razne ptice konzumiraju plodove što omogućava širenje sjemenki.

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Běła marušnja ( Sorábio superior )

fornecido por wikipedia HSB

Běła marušnja (Morus alba) je štom ze swójby marušnjowych rostlinow (Moraceae).

Wopis

Stejnišćo

Rozšěrjenje

Wužiwanje

Nóžki

  1. Pawoł Völkel: Prawopisny słownik hornjoserbskeje rěče. Hornjoserbsko-němski słownik. Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, Budyšin 2005, ISBN 3-7420-1920-1, str. 249.
  2. W internetowym słowniku: Maulbeerbaum

Žórła

  • Aichele, D., Golte-Bechtle, M.: Was blüht denn da: Wildwachsende Blütenpflanzen Mitteleuropas. Kosmos Naturführer (1997)
  • Brankačk, Jurij: Wobrazowy słownik hornjoserbskich rostlinskich mjenow na CD ROM. Rěčny centrum WITAJ, wudaće za serbske šule. Budyšin 2005.
  • Kubát, K. (Hlavní editor): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. Academia, Praha (2002)
  • Lajnert, Jan: Rostlinske mjena. Serbske. Němske. Łaćanske. Rjadowane po přirodnym systemje. Volk und Wissen Volkseigener Verlag Berlin (1954)
  • Rězak, Filip: Němsko-serbski wšowědny słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. Donnerhak, Budyšin (1920)
licença
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Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia HSB

Běła marušnja: Brief Summary ( Sorábio superior )

fornecido por wikipedia HSB

Běła marušnja (Morus alba) je štom ze swójby marušnjowych rostlinow (Moraceae).

licença
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Wikipedia authors and editors
original
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site do parceiro
wikipedia HSB

Morus alba ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Il gelso bianco o moro bianco[1] (Morus alba L.) è un albero da frutto appartenente alla famiglia delle Moraceae e al genere Morus, contenente lattice, originario della Cina settentrionale e della Corea.

Descrizione

 src=
Illustrazione di foglie e fiori di gelso bianco

Portamento

Il gelso bianco è un albero caducifoglie e latifoglie, ad accrescimento piuttosto rapido, è longevo e può diventare secolare, alto fino a 15–20 metri, con tronco che si presenta irregolarmente ramificato, chioma densa, ampia e arrotondata verso la sommità. Presenta radici di colore aranciato carico, robuste, profonde ed espanse, poco adatte a terreni secchi e aridi, pur presentando un fitto capillarizio che gli consente di sopravvivere anche in condizioni di moderata siccità. Vegeta in luoghi soleggiati o al massimo a mezz'ombra, e necessita di ampio spazio in quanto raggiunge notevoli dimensioni. Allo stato naturale e se non capitozzato può vivere fino a 300 anni e più.

Corteccia e legno

La corteccia è giallo-grigiastra con toni più o meno aranciati e cosparsa di numerose lenticelle giallino-biancastre nella pianta giovane, in seguito diviene marrone-brunastro scura, profondamente solcata e screpolata in fasci fibrosi più o meno verticali formanti piccole scaglie allungate. Il legno è duro, compatto, resistente e robusto, ottimo come combustibile e per piccoli lavori d'intarsio. Il durame è bruno scuro, mentre l'alburno è chiaro e di colore bianco-giallastro. Particolarità del gelso bianco è l'avere il cambio cribro-vascolare attaccato alla corteccia, e non all'alburno, come nella stragrande maggioranza delle piante vascolari, e questo ha particolare interesse soprattutto per quanto riguarda le tecniche d'innesto. Tutta la pianta è percorsa, al disotto dei tessuti di rivestimento (corteccia, derma fogliare ecc...), da una fitta rete di canali laticiferi apociziali, ossia formati a partire da poche cellule originarie embrionali polinucleate senza membrane divisorie, che si sono sviluppate e accresciute e ramificate per tutta la pianta, pur non anastomizzandosi con i tessuti circostanti formando un vero e proprio apparato escretore interno. Il lattice, elemento molto comune nella famiglia delle Moracee di cui il gelso bianco fa parte, contenuto nei canali laticiferi è denso e di colore bianco latte ed è irritante. I succhi intracellulari e le foglie contengono elevate quantità di alluminio, variabile in base alla tipologia di terreno in cui un singolo esemplare sviluppa, e vi è motivo di credere che esso non rappresenti un costituente casuale, ma abbia importanza nel chimismo della pianta. Il legno presenta, inoltre, varie molecole come fitoalessine e composti organici ad alto peso molecolare, e trova uso come reagente per la rilevazione chimica di numerosi cationi.

Foglie

Le foglie si presentano caduche, alterne, distiche, portate da un picciolo scanalato e ornato da piccole stipole laterali caduche. Presentano un elevato polimorfismo, generalmente hanno forma ovato-acuta asimmetrica alla base, ma non di rado sono cuoriformi e in forme intermedie tra le due appena citate. La lunghezza varia dai 7 ai 14 cm e la larghezza è compresa tra i 4 e i 6 cm. La lamina si presenta intera, trilobata nelle foglie tripartite dei polloni basali. I margini sono dentato-seghettati (dentatura triangolare), l'apice acuto e la base leggermente cordata. Entrambe le pagine (superiore ed inferiore) si presentano glabre (senza peluria), di colore verde chiaro in primavera-estate e giallo carico in autunno. Quella superiore è lucida e liscia, quella inferiore scarsamente tomentosa sulle nervature. Il picciolo, leggermente tomentoso, è lungo 2-3 centimetri e presenta scanalature e stipole caduche. Le gemme sono piccole, larghe alla base ed appuntite all'apice, ognuna di esse è formata da 13 a 24 perule e nel fusticino da 5 a 12 foglioline. I giovani sono grigio-verdi, di aspetto liscio e con lunghi internodi, anche se non di rado presentano una fine tomentosità.

Fiori

 src=
Foglie e frutti immaturi di gelso bianco. L'intero frutto è in realtà un'infruttescenza (sorosio) formata da un frutto vero rivestito da un falso frutto, la polpa, che deriva da una parte del calice fiorale ingrossata e divenuta carnosa

I fiori unisessuali sono raramente ermafroditi. Quelli maschili (staminiferi) formano infiorescenze ad amento di forma cilindrica lunghe circa 2-3,5 cm, sono dotati di perianzio quadripartito segmentato e 4 stami producenti polline con filamenti inflessi nel bocciolo immaturo ed eretti durante l'antesi. È presente anche un rudimentale pistillo sterile. Quelli femminili (pistilliferi) si presentano come amenti globosi lunghi 1–2 cm, dotati di perianzio a quattro lacinie glabre erette, opposte a due a due (le esterne di dimensioni maggiori), e pistillo con ovario uniovulato. Lo stigma è glabro. L'ovario si presenta diviso in 2 parti, una delle quali abortisce (pistillo uniovulato), contenenti ciascuna un solo ovulo pendulo campilotropo; lo stilo centrale è diviso fin quasi alla base in due lobi stimmatici ricurvi e l'embrione che si forma a seguito della fecondazione si presenta curvo e accompagnato da albume carnoso, con cotiledoni incombenti e radichetta supera.

Solitamente i due fiori di diverso sesso sono portati da piante separate, cioè piante dioiche, anche se non sono rari i casi di esemplari con ambedue le infiorescenze sulla stessa pianta. Il Morus alba fiorisce in aprile-maggio. Entrambe le infiorescenze sono peduncolate (il fiore femminile presenta peduncolo lungo quanto se stesso) e a prima vista, specie se immaturi, assomigliano a tanti piccoli lamponi verdi di diversa lunghezza. Possono anche fiorire in capolini diclini ascellari. Unica nel regno vegetale è la velocità di emissione di polline dalle infiorescenze maschili, i cui stami, tramite un rapido movimento, liberano polline espellendolo a circa 560 km/h (oltre la metà della velocità del suono), rilasciando l'energia elastica accumulata durante la crescita in soli 25 µs (microsecondi), il che lo rende il movimento più veloce e rapido conosciuto finora nel regno vegetale[2].

Frutti

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Sorosi maturi di gelso bianco
 src=
Sorosi di gelso bianco.

I frutti, chiamati impropriamente more di gelso, sono infruttescenze composte formate dall'unione di un frutto vero e proprio, le nucule, e un falso frutto, che costituisce la polpa. Il nome corretto di questa infruttescenza è sorosio (botanicamente un falso frutto) e somiglia ad un piccolo lampone o ad una mora di rovo, ma è più grosso ed allungato. I sorosi hanno forma ovato-arrotondata e lunghezza da 1 a 3 cm. Sono costituiti da tante piccole sferule carnose unite tra loro, formate a loro volta da una nucula (frutto vero) ricoperta da un rivestimento polposo, derivato direttamente dal perianzio modificato del fiore femminile che l'ha originata (falso frutto). Queste sferule si fondono tra loro grazie ai rispettivi perianzi che, tramite complesse modifiche fisiologiche, divengono un'unica massa carnosa e succulenta che circonda tutte le varie nucule, formando il sorosio. Queste piccole unità carnose sono false pseudodrupe, hanno forma rotondeggiante (sferica) schiacciata ai bordi e presentano esocarpo sottile, mesocarpo carnoso e succulento ed endocarpo crostoso. Ognuna contiene un piccolo frutto vero, la nucula, dal guscio duro, coriaceo e legnoso e forma rotonda. Il perianzio modificato serve a potenziare la disseminazione dei semi, essendo molto appetito dagli uccelli, che cibandosi dei sorosi assumono anche le nucule contenenti i semi, che poi disperderanno con le feci.

Il colore dei sorosi di Morus alba è bianco-giallognolo o rosa-violetto (può esserci confusione con quelle di Morus nigra), e sono portati da un breve picciolo. Sono commestibili, la polpa è dolciastra con punte acidule già prima della maturazione, sebbene siano meno gustosi di quelli del gelso nero. Contengono il 22% di zuccheri, e hanno potere edulcorante, sia freschi che ridotti in farina. Una volta fermentati ci si può ottenere un liquore alcolico. I semi sono piccoli, sferici e sono diffusi principalmente dagli uccelli, che si cibano dei sorosi. In Italia e in Europa meridionale il gelso bianco ha trovato un habitat ideale, idoneo alla sua crescita e sviluppo, e in molte zone conclude il ciclo riproduttivo (messa a seme) senza particolari problemi, riproducendosi e moltiplicandosi spontaneamente per seme che, a differenza di molte piante esotiche o importate, non mostra alcun problema di sterilità o difficoltà di germinazione, dimostrando l'ampia adattabilità e naturalizzazione di questa specie.

Tassonomia

Sinonimi e binomi obsoleti

  • Morus acidosa Griff.
  • Morus alba var. indica Bureau
  • Morus alba var. latifolia (Poir.) Bureau
  • Morus alba var. multicaulis (Perr.) Loudon
  • Morus alba var. nigriformis Bureau
  • Morus alba var. stylosa Bureau
  • Morus alba var. tatarica (L.) Ser.
  • Morus australis Poir.
  • Morus australis var. hastifolia (F.T.Wang & T.Tang ex Z.Y.Cao) Z.Y. Cao
  • Morus australis var. incisa C.Y. Wu
  • Morus australis var. inusitata (H.Lév.) C.Y. Wu
  • Morus australis var. linearipartita Z.Y. Cao
  • Morus australis var. oblongifolia Z.Y. Cao
  • Morus bombycis Koidz.
  • Morus bombycis var. angustifolia Koidz.
  • Morus bombycis var. bifida Koidz.
  • Morus bombycis var. longistyla Koidz.
  • Morus bombycis var. tiliifolia Koidz.
  • Morus cavaleriei H. Lév.
  • Morus chinensis Lodd. ex Loudon
  • Morus formosensis Hotta
  • Morus hastifolia F.T. Wang & T. Tang ex Z.Y. Cao
  • Morus intermedia Perr.
  • Morus inusitata H. Lév.
  • Morus latifolia Poir.
  • Morus longistylus Diels
  • Morus multicaulis Perr.
  • Morus nigriformis (Bureau) Koidz.
  • Morus stylosa var. ovalifolia Ser.
  • Morus tatarica L.[3]

Specie simili

Specie molto caratteristica, il gelso bianco ha particolarità morfologiche che lo differenziano in modo netto all'interno del regno vegetale, e lo rendono inconfondibile anche dalle altre specie di Morus. L'unico albero con cui questa moracea potrebbe venire confusa è il gelso nero (Morus nigra), una specie affine originaria delle zone temperate dell'Asia minore, che presenta però alcune differenze e particolarità più o meno evidenti:

  • Portamento: il gelso nero si presenta più basso, meno slanciato e con chioma più arrotondata di quella del gelso bianco.
  • Corteccia: quella del gelso Nero è più spessa e legnosa.
  • Foglie: quelle del gelso nero sono più scure e ricoperte da una fitta peluria (tomento) su entrambe le pagine, sono cuoriformi alla base e ruvide sulla pagina superiore.
  • Fiori: quelli maschili del gelso nero sono più allungati e presentano stami rosati portati su lunghe antere, quelli femminili sono più piccoli e rotondeggianti rispetto al gelso bianco e presentano stigmi e lacinie del perigonio villose.
  • Frutti: i frutti del Morus nigra sono più allungati, più grossi, succosi e molto più scuri rispetto a quelli del Morus alba, anche se a volte i colori si assomigliano (ce ne sono varietà con tonalità simili al Morus nigra). Sono aciduli prima della maturazione, ma in seguito molto dolci, più di quelli del gelso bianco.

Coltivazione e usi

Venne introdotto in Europa verso il XV secolo, principalmente per l'uso delle sue foglie in bachicoltura come alimento dei bachi da seta e si rinviene sporadicamente a seguito di vecchie coltivazioni datate in Europa meridionale, specie in Italia e Spagna, dove la bachicoltura era particolarmente diffusa fino agli anni cinquanta.

 src=
Vecchio gelso bianco allevato a fustaia per l'utilizzo del fogliame in bachicoltura. Si può notare come, a seguito dell'abbandono della gelsicoltura, si sia assistito ad una lenta rigenerazione della chioma da parte della pianta, facendo partire nuovi polloni da vecchie e corte branche precedentemente capitozzate, ricostituendo una forma più naturale

Pianta di recente introduzione in Europa il gelso bianco, assieme al gelso nero, era utilizzato per l'allevamento dei bachi da seta (bachicoltura), pratica impossibile da attuare in assenza di gelsicoltura, essendo le foglie di gelso l'alimento principale degli insetti e utilizzabili anche come foraggio per il bestiame, specie in quelle zone povere di erbacee nei pascoli estivi o che presentano solamente prati magri e radi. Di scarsa rilevanza è il suo impiego come specie da frutto, anche se sono presenti alcune varietà di vecchia data dal frutto più grosso e colorito, mentre alcune varietà dal fogliame particolare a volte vengono impiegate nei giardini come ornamentali.

La quasi totalità degli esemplari ancora viventi sono piante innestate appartenenti alla varietà fruitless, ossia il gelso sterile, che produce foglie più grandi e in abbondanza rispetto al selvatico e non ha l'inconveniente di sporcare il terreno sottostante e le foglie con i frutti maturi. Un tempo la varietà fruitless copriva il 100% degli esemplari italiani mentre oggi si è ridotta in seguito a vari fenomeni e processi più o meno naturali tra cui l'inselvatichimento sporadico di vecchie piante, con la conseguente messa a seme che ha portato alla nascita di selvatici in varie zone incolte e boschive, e all'introduzione di nuove varietà da giardino, non più impiegate a scopo utilitaristico ma ornamentale.

Il gelso bianco cresce su qualsiasi tipologia di terreno, dall'argilloso al sabbioso, presentando un'elevata rusticità e capacità di adattamento, e ha trovato nelle zone italiane l'habitat ideale di crescita, compiendo senza problemi la messa a seme e la conseguente riproduzione della specie. Necessita di terreno umido, anche se non bagnato costantemente. Tipiche erano le coltivazioni in Pianura Padana lungo i canali e i fossi per lo scolo dell'acqua, dove interi filari di gelsi delimitavano i bordi dei campi, beneficiando dell'ambiente umido e acquoso che i canali stessi garantivano. In Italia centrale è particolarmente diffuso nella zona collinare, pur presentandosi sparso un po' ovunque, dalla pianura sino agli 800 m di quota, dove alcuni esemplari sono sfuggiti alle coltivazioni e si rinvengono nei boschi che circondano i campi. Nelle zone meridionali è particolarmente abbondante nei monti Nebrodi in Sicilia. Come tipologia di allevamento il gelso bianco si presta al ceduo (raramente, con una durata economica di 15 anni circa) e alla fustaia (la più diffusa, con una durata di circa 60-100 anni). Per l'allevamento a ceduo si formerà un cespuglio e si praticheranno tagli rasente a terra ogni anno regolarmente (in tarda primavera), non appena i polloni nati dalla ceppaia hanno raggiunto altezze adeguate e fogliame abbondante, mentre per la fustaia sarà necessaria un'impalcatura dei rami alta e aperta (utile a favorire lo sviluppo di una densa e ricca chioma) e la pratica di due defogliazioni, una a primaverile e una autunnale, per non debilitare troppo la pianta.

Questo gelso venne introdotto in Europa grazie a monaci italiani di ritorno dai loro viaggi di evangelizzazione in Asia, assieme ad alcuni bachi da seta, anche se solo nel XII secolo si ebbe una massiccia diffusione, grazie al contributo di Ruggero di Sicilia che importò nel suo reame esemplari di gelso bianco assieme a numerosi bachi e ad alcuni prigionieri in grado di lavorare la seta. Una legislazione particolare tendeva alla tutela degli alberi di gelso, dapprima favorendone l'impianto[4], poi vietandone l'abbattimento. Nell'Ottocento in molte regioni italiane era diventata una coltura fondamentale e questa importanza persistette sino agli anni '50 del secolo scorso, quando venne a mancare a causa dell'introduzione di fibre sintetiche e di nuovi tessuti che decretarono la fine dell'importanza che la seta ebbe fino ad allora.

La decadenza dell'allevamento del baco da seta, non solo in Italia, ma nell'intera Europa, ha portato alla quasi scomparsa di un qualsiasi interesse agricolo verso questa specie, almeno in tali parti del mondo.

Interessante il suo uso odierno come ornamentale sia per il portamento sia per il colore dorato del fogliame in autunno e a tale scopo ne sono state selezionate alcune varietà pendule, come ad esempio Morus alba v. pendula con chioma espansa e rami ricadenti. Di scarso interesse il suo uso come pianta da frutto, pur essendo presenti diverse varietà selezionate a questo scopo, che presentano frutti migliorati e più pregiati.

In Asia il legno di gelso bianco veniva utilizzato per la costruzione di archi compositi, mentre in Emilia-Romagna ancora oggi il legno di questa pianta è fondamentale per la produzione dell'Aceto balsamico tradizionale di Modena, ed è utilizzato per la costruzione di botti per-regina che conferiscono un particolare aroma al prodotto.

Patologie

Il gelso bianco è una pianta rustica e resistente, e raramente si ammala, ad eccezione dei vecchi esemplari nei quali la carie del legno è piuttosto comune. Le principali patologie che possono intaccare questa moracea sono:

Agenti fungini

Agenti animali

Fitoterapia e usi medicinali

In fitoterapia l'estratto meristematico (dalle gemme) e fogliame di gelso bianco viene impiegato come ipoglicemizzante[5][6][7]. La corteccia ha proprietà antibatteriche e un tempo veniva masticata contro la carie, la polvere di sorosio ha effetti ipolipidici, antiossidanti e neuroprotettivi[8], gli estratti di radice trattata al metanolo hanno funzione anti stress.

Un estratto di foglie di Morus alba è stato studiato contro gli effetti del veleno della vipera indiana Daboia russelii ed è emerso che la sostanza ha completamente neutralizzato l'attività proteolitica e ialuronolitica in vitro del veleno, eliminando in modo efficiente anche gli effetti secondari come edema, emorragia e necrosi. Inoltre l'estratto ha parzialmente inibito l'attività pro-coagulante e completamente abolito la degradazione di una catena α del fibrinogeno umano, altrimenti duramente intaccati dal veleno del serpente[9].

Due nuovi composti chimici di interesse farmaceutico sono stati scoperti grazie al gelso bianco, il primo è l'Albanol A, isolato dell'estratto di corteccia della radice e in corso di sperimentazione come trattamento contro la leucemia[10], il secondo è il kuwanon G., estratto sempre dalla corteccia della radice essiccata tramite trattamento con etanolo, che presenta attività antibatteriche paragonabili a quelle di clorexidina e vancomicina (1 µg ml–1).[11]

Altri composti isolati nel gelso bianco sono il Moracin M, il Steppogenin-4′-O-β-D-glucoside e il Mulberroside, tutti rinvenuti in tracce nella corteccia della radice. Hanno effetti ipoglicemici; in particolare il Mulberroside A, un glucoside stilbenoide, può essere utile nel trattamento di iperuricemia e gotta[5].

Altri usi

Un estratto in soluzione metanolica acidificata del frutto di Morus alba può essere utilizzato come indicatore acidi-basico nelle titolazioni acido-base[12].

Note

  1. ^ Nicola Zingarelli, Vocabolario della lingua italiana, 11ª ed., Bologna, Zanichelli, 1988.
  2. ^ Philip Taylor, Gwyneth Card, James House, Michael Dickinson, Richard Flagan, High-speed pollen release in the white mulberry tree, Morus alba L, in Sexual Plant Reproduction, vol. 19, n. 1, 1º marzo 2006, pp. 19–24, DOI:10.1007/s00497-005-0018-9.
  3. ^ Morus alba en The Plant List
  4. ^ Buonalombardia - More di Gelso cotte
  5. ^ a b Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit in hyperlipidaemia rats Yang X., Yang L., Zheng H. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2010 48:8-9 (2374-2379)
  6. ^ Mulberroside A Possesses Potent Uricosuric and Nephroprotective Effects in Hyperuricemic Mice Wang C.-P., Wang Y., Wang X., Zhang X., Ye J.-F., Hu L.-S., Kong L.-D. [Article in Press] Planta Medica 2010
  7. ^ JK Kim, M Kim, SG Cho, MK Kim, SW Kim e YH Lim, Biotransformation of mulberroside a from Morus alba results in enhancement of tyrosinase inhibition, in Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology, vol. 37, n. 6, 2010, pp. 631–7, DOI:10.1007/s10295-010-0722-9, PMID 20411402.
  8. ^ Mulberry fruit protects dopaminergic neurons in toxin-induced Parkinson's disease models. Kim H.G., Ju M.S., Shim J.S., Kim M.C., Lee S.H., Huh Y., Kim S.Y., Oh M.S. The British journal of nutrition 2010 104:1 (8-16)
  9. ^ Neutralization of local and systemic toxicity of Daboia russelii venom by Morus alba plant leaf extract Chandrashekara K.T., Nagaraju S., Usha Nandini S., Basavaiah , Kemparaju K. Phytotherapy Research 2009 23:8 (1082-1087)
  10. ^ Albanol a from the root bark of Morus alba L. induces apoptotic cell death in HL60 human leukemia cell line Kikuchi T., Nihei M., Nagai H., Fukushi H., Tabata K., Suzuki T., Akihisa T. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2010 58:4 (568-571)
  11. ^ "Kuwanon G: an antibacterial agent from the root bark of Morus alba against oral pathogens"
  12. ^ Morus alba fruit- herbal alternative to synthetic acid base indicators Pathade K.S., Patil S.B., Kondawar M.S., Naikwade N.S., Magdum C.S. International Journal of ChemTech Research 2009 1:3

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Morus alba: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Il gelso bianco o moro bianco (Morus alba L.) è un albero da frutto appartenente alla famiglia delle Moraceae e al genere Morus, contenente lattice, originario della Cina settentrionale e della Corea.

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Morus alba ( Latin )

fornecido por wikipedia LA

Morus alba (binomen a Carolo Linnaeo anno 1753 statutum) est species plantarum florentium generis Mori et familiae Moracearum in Asia orientali iam diu culta, cuius folia cibum praebent insectis speciei Bombycis mori, bombycinum sericum producentibus.

Notae


Bibliographia

Fontes antiquiores

Nexus externi

Wikidata-logo.svg Situs scientifici: TropicosTela BotanicaGRINITISPlant ListNCBIBiodiversityEncyclopedia of LifePlant Name Index • "Morus alba" apud Plants for a FuturePlantes d'AfriqueFlora of ChinaINPN FranceFlora of North AmericaUSDA Plants Database Wikispecies-logo.svg Vide "Morus alba" apud Vicispecies.
Commons-logo.svg Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Morum albam spectant.
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Morus alba: Brief Summary ( Latin )

fornecido por wikipedia LA

Morus alba (binomen a Carolo Linnaeo anno 1753 statutum) est species plantarum florentium generis Mori et familiae Moracearum in Asia orientali iam diu culta, cuius folia cibum praebent insectis speciei Bombycis mori, bombycinum sericum producentibus.

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Witte moerbei ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL
 src=
stamdoorsnede

De witte moerbei (Morus alba) is een plant uit de moerbeifamilie (Moraceae). De soort komt oorspronkelijk uit China. Omdat dit de belangrijkste moerbei voor de zijderups is, wordt de soort ook buiten China in veel gebieden met een geschikt klimaat aangeplant.

Tweehuizig of dakmoerbei

De witte moerbei is een tot 16 m hoge boom met variabele kenmerken, met over het algemeen een brede habitus. De soort is in principe eenhuizig, met de mannelijke en vrouwelijke bloemen aan hetzelfde exemplaar. Maar er zijn ook selecties met uitsluitend mannelijke of vrouwelijke bloemen. Een mannelijke vorm wordt gebruikt als kleine schaduwboom of 'dakmoerbei' op tuinterrassen, omdat hij geen vruchten krijgt die vlekken zouden kunnen geven.[1]

Kenmerken

De schors is grijsgroen tot roodbruin, die van een oude boom donker oranjebruin. De twijgen zijn grijsgroen tot bruin en aanvankelijk iets behaard. Het gezaagde blad is variabel van vorm, maar meestal eirond en spits tot toegespitst, maar de bladtop kan evengoed afgerond zijn en de bladvoet zowel hartvormig als afgerond.[2] Vooral aan jonge scheuten en langloten kan het diep ingesneden en gelobd zijn, zoals bij de papiermoerbei.[3] Het blad is meestal kaal, of aan de onderzijde langs de nerven behaard. Het blad kan aan één exemplaar zowel vrij klein als tamelijk groot zijn (van 5x8 cm tot 15x20 cm.). De bladsteel is gevoord en licht behaard.

De bloemen zitten in een korfvormig katje. Bij de vrouwelijke bloemen groeit dit katje uit tot een schijnvrucht, met in elk compartiment een vlezig omhulsel. Als bestuiving uitblijft, bevat dit omhulsel geen zaad.

De schijnvruchten zijn aanvankelijk wit en worden roze tot lichtpaars. De cultivar 'White Berry' heeft vruchten die doorzichtig wit afrijpen. De vruchten van de Witte moerbei smaken vaak niet lekker, maar cultivars als 'Issai' en 'Damas' leveren zoete vruchten.[1]

Stuifmeelkampioen

De witte moerbei is ook interessant vanwege het record voor de snelste beweging in de plantenwereld. De meeldraden schieten het stuifmeel weg in een beweging die slechts 25 μs duurt. De beweging bereikt daarbij een snelheid van meer dan de helft van de geluidssnelheid[4].

Externe link

Referenties

  1. a b Morus - Moerbei, Dendroflora, nr. 35, 1998, blz. 45-57
  2. Botanisch Woordenboek, KNNV Zeist, 2e herziene druk, 2010
  3. Dendrologie van de Lage Landen, KNNV Uitgeverij, Zeist, 2e druk, blz. 362
  4. Taylor, P.E., G. Card, J. House, M. H. Dickinson & R.C. Flagan 2006. High-speed pollen release in the white mulberry tree, Morus alba L.. Sexual Plant Reproduction 19(1): 19–24. DOI:10.1007/s00497-005-0018-9
 src=
Witte moerbeiboom
Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Morus alba van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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Witte moerbei: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL
 src= stamdoorsnede

De witte moerbei (Morus alba) is een plant uit de moerbeifamilie (Moraceae). De soort komt oorspronkelijk uit China. Omdat dit de belangrijkste moerbei voor de zijderups is, wordt de soort ook buiten China in veel gebieden met een geschikt klimaat aangeplant.

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Hvitmorbær ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Hvitmorbær (vitenskapelig navn: Morus alba) er et tre som blir plantet som prydtre over hele verden. Det blir mellom 5 og 6 meter høyt, (men kan bli inntil 15 meter høyt). Treet har en vekstform som kan være svært variabel, det er løvfellende og har mellomgrønne, bredt eggformete, grovtannete blader. Blomstene kommer i mai. Det er separate hann- og hunnblomster, men de sitter på samme treet. De er små og gjør lite av seg, men hunnblomstene etterfølges av 2–2,5 cm lange frukter som først er hvite, men som senere blir rødlige til mørkt purpurfargede. Fruktene er spiselige og har en søt, men litt blass smak. Treet krever en lun vokseplass og en næringsrik jord. Formeres med frø eller stiklinger. I Norge kan arten dyrkes som et prydtre i strøk med godt klima, men fruktene rekker sjelden å modnes i Norge.

Blader fra treet brukes i produksjon av silke som mat for silkeormene.

Eksterne lenker

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Hvitmorbær: Brief Summary ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Hvitmorbær (vitenskapelig navn: Morus alba) er et tre som blir plantet som prydtre over hele verden. Det blir mellom 5 og 6 meter høyt, (men kan bli inntil 15 meter høyt). Treet har en vekstform som kan være svært variabel, det er løvfellende og har mellomgrønne, bredt eggformete, grovtannete blader. Blomstene kommer i mai. Det er separate hann- og hunnblomster, men de sitter på samme treet. De er små og gjør lite av seg, men hunnblomstene etterfølges av 2–2,5 cm lange frukter som først er hvite, men som senere blir rødlige til mørkt purpurfargede. Fruktene er spiselige og har en søt, men litt blass smak. Treet krever en lun vokseplass og en næringsrik jord. Formeres med frø eller stiklinger. I Norge kan arten dyrkes som et prydtre i strøk med godt klima, men fruktene rekker sjelden å modnes i Norge.

Blader fra treet brukes i produksjon av silke som mat for silkeormene.

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Morus alba ( Pms )

fornecido por wikipedia PMS
Drapò piemontèis.png Vos an lenga piemontèisa Për amprende a dovré 'l sistema dle parlà locaj ch'a varda sì.

La Morus alba a l'é n'erbo.
Costo artìcol a l'é mach në sbòss. Da finì.

Distribussion

Da finì.

Notissie

Ant la meisin-a tradissional piemontèisa as dovrava ël frut tanme purgativ e purificant.

Arferiment bibliogràfich për chi a veul fé dj'arserche pì ancreuse

  • Morus alba L.
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Morus alba: Brief Summary ( Pms )

fornecido por wikipedia PMS

La Morus alba a l'é n'erbo.
Costo artìcol a l'é mach në sbòss. Da finì.

Distribussion

Da finì.

Notissie

Ant la meisin-a tradissional piemontèisa as dovrava ël frut tanme purgativ e purificant.

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Morwa biała ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Morwa biała (Morus alba L.) – gatunek niewielkich drzew liściastych z rodziny morwowatych.

Rozmieszczenie geograficzne

Pochodzi z Chin[2]. Od wieków była tam uprawiana. Później zaczęto ją uprawiać również w innych rejonach świata. Rozprzestrzeniła się z upraw i obecnie rośnie dziko w Afryce, Ameryce Północnej i Południowej oraz na wyspach Pacyfiku[2]. W Europie zaczęto ją uprawiać od XI wieku. W Polsce występuje często, jako jedyny gatunek morwy. Ze względu na fioletowo-czarną barwę owoców morwa biała bywa mylnie brana za morwę czarną (Morus nigra) lub czerwoną (Morus rubra).

 src=
Kwiaty morwy
 src=
Pędy z dojrzewającymi owocami
 src=
Korowina morwy
 src=
Drewno morwy

Morfologia

Pokrój
Drzewo do 15 m wysokości. Roślina posiada przewody mleczne wytwarzające sok mleczny[3].
Pień
Kora brunatnoczerwonawa lub zielonkawoszara, z płaskimi zagłębieniami o łukowatym przebiegu, sękata[4].
Kwiaty
Rozdzielnopłciowe, ale występujące na tym samym drzewie (roślina jednopienna)[3]. Są czterodzielne, kwiaty męskie podłużnie walcowate z 4 pręcikami, w jasnożółtych kotkach, kwiaty żeńskie główkowate wzniesione, z 1 słupkiem.
Liście
Jajowate, bardzo zmienne, niepodzielone lub różnie wcinane, do 18 cm długości. Miękkie, płaskie i cienkie. Od góry lekko błyszczące, od dołu prawie nagie lub z włoskami na większych nerwach. Ogonek z rynienkowatym rowkiem.
Owoce
Drobne niełupki obrośnięte są soczystymi osnówkami powstałymi z okwiatu. Zebrane w walcowate owocostany o długości ok. 2 cm. Barwa owoców różna – biała, różowa, fioletowoczarna. Smak słodki i nieco mdły.

Zastosowanie

  • Od dawna uprawiana była w Chinach w związku z hodowlą jedwabnika morwowego. Jej liście stanowią pożywienie dla gąsienic tych owadów.
  • Morwy białe są często sadzone jako rośliny ozdobne, m.in. przy drogach, w parkach. Nadają się również na wysokie żywopłoty.
  • Liście morwy białej wykazują właściwości lecznicze. Działają stabilizująco na poziom cukru we krwi, ograniczając jego przyswajanie przez organizm, dlatego mogą być polecane pomocniczo w cukrzycy typu 2 oraz przy odchudzaniu.
  • Owoce są jadalne.
  • Drewno wykorzystywane jest do produkcji mebli i do wyrobów tokarskich[3].
  • Pędy i liście zawierają hormon wzrostu - w Chinach napar podawano dzieciom wątłym i wolno rosnącym[5].

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2010-01-19].
  2. a b Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [dostęp 2010-03-26].
  3. a b c Zbigniew Podbielkowski: Słownik roślin użytkowych. Warszawa: PWRiL, 1989. ISBN 83-09-00256-4.
  4. Bruno T. Kremer: Drzewa. Warszawa: Świat Książki, 1996, s. 130-131. ISBN 83-7129-141-8.
  5. Marcin Molski: Nowoczesna Kosmetologia. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2014, s. 19. ISBN 978-83-01-17976-2.

Bibliografia

  1. Włodzimierz Seneta, Jakub Dolatowski: Dendrologia. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Naukowe PWN, 1997. ISBN 83-01-12099-1.
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Morwa biała: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Morwa biała (Morus alba L.) – gatunek niewielkich drzew liściastych z rodziny morwowatych.

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Morus alba ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

A morus alba, comummente conhecida como amora-branca[1], é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Moraceae.

A autoridade científica da espécie é L., tendo sido publicada em Species Plantarum 2: 986. 1753. Pertence ao tipo fisionómico das mesofanerófitos.[2]

Trata-se de uma espécie ruderal que floresce entre Maio e Maio[2]

Portugal

Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português, nomeadamente em Portugal Continental.

Em termos de naturalidade é introduzida na região atrás indicada, encontrando-se naturalizada nas zonas do Centro-oeste olissiponense e do Centro-sul plistocénico.[2]

Protecção

Não se encontra protegida por legislação portuguesa ou da Comunidade Europeia.

Referências

  1. Infopédia. «amora-branca | Definição ou significado de amora-branca no Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa». Infopédia - Dicionários Porto Editora. Consultado em 20 de julho de 2021
  2. a b c «Morus alba». Jardim Botânico Utad. Consultado em 27 de junho de 2021
  • Morus alba - Checklist da Flora de Portugal (Continental, Açores e Madeira) - Sociedade Lusitana de Fitossociologia
  • Checklist da Flora do Arquipélago da Madeira (Madeira, Porto Santo, Desertas e Selvagens) - Grupo de Botânica da Madeira
  • Morus alba - Portal da Biodiversidade dos Açores
  • Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 24 de dezembro de 2013 http://www.tropicos.org/Name/21300010>
  • Morus alba - The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ (consultado em 24 de dezembro de 2013).
  • Morus alba - International Plant Names Index
  • Castroviejo, S. (coord. gen.). 1986-2012. Flora iberica 1-8, 10-15, 17-18, 21. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid.

 title=
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Morus alba: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

A morus alba, comummente conhecida como amora-branca, é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Moraceae.

A autoridade científica da espécie é L., tendo sido publicada em Species Plantarum 2: 986. 1753. Pertence ao tipo fisionómico das mesofanerófitos.

Trata-se de uma espécie ruderal que floresce entre Maio e Maio

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Dud alb ( Romeno; moldávio; moldavo )

fornecido por wikipedia RO

Dudul alb (Morus alba - L.), în Ardeal numit și frăgar alb este o plantă medicinală din familia Moraceae (dud).

 src=
Morfologia

Descriere

Dudul alb are o viață scurtă, crește rapid. Este un copac mic de dimensiuni medii, care crește până la 10–20 m. Specia este nativă din nordul Chinei și este larg cultivată și naturalizată în altă parte. Dudul alb este cunoscut ca शहतूत în limba hindi, Tuta în sanscrită și Tuti în limba marathi.

Dudul alb are frunzele asimetric lobate, de culoare verde și coroana este globulară. Florile au culoarea albă, înflorește în luna mai - iunie. Fructele se coc în luna august și sunt zemoase și cărnoase, de culoare albă.[1]

Răspândire

În România, dudul alb este foarte răspândit la câmpie și la deal, dar este cultivat și de-a lungul drumurilor.

Utilizare

Coaja rădăcinii, ca infuzie, se folosește la gastrită, enterite cronice, viermi intestinali, ulcer.Scoarța dudului alb, infuzie sau decoct, se folosește la scorbut, boli de ficat, tenie, icter, ca laxativ, la diabet, constipații. Frunzele, infuzie sau decoct, se folosesc la diaree.

Galerie

Morusalbaleavesandflowersspring2500ppx.jpg

Flori

Morus-alba.jpg

Fructe

Morus alba bark.jpg

Scoarță de copac

Morus alba wood ray section 1 beentree.jpg

Secțiune în lemn

Note

Legături externe

v d m
Plante medicinale (Listă) Specii
AbiuAbrus precatoriusAglicăAcacia catechuAcacia senegalAcokanthera abyssinicaAconitum feroxAconitum napellusAfinAgrișAlbăstreaAloe veraAmăralaAnasonAnemone ranunculoidesAngelicăAnghinareArborele de cacaoArmurariuArnicaArnicăBambusBrad argintiuBrustureBrândușă de toamnăBusuiocCapereCartofCătină albăCerențelChimenChimionCicoareCimbrișor de câmpCiuboțica cuculuiCiulinCiumăfaieCoacăz roșuCoada-caluluiCoada șoriceluluiCoada raculuiCoriandruCrețișoarăCrețușcăCrușinCurcumaCânepă indianăCălinCătină de garduriDafinDracilăDumbravnicEfedraFecioricăFeniculFloarea patimilorGălbeneleGențianăGhimbirGhimpeGhințură (galbenă) • HameiHasmațuchiIarbă mareIederăIenupărInIpcărigeaIsopIzmă bunăJneapănLavandulaLemn dulceLiliacLimba cerbuluiLimba mieluluiLumânăricăMandragorăMăceșMaghiranMăselarițăMătrăgunăMerișorMurMușchi de piatrăMușețelMuștar albMuștar negruNalbă mareObligeanăOsul iepureluiPanseluțăPapayaPăpădiePătlaginăPătlăgeaua roșiePătrunjelPiper de baltăPirPlămânăricăPăducelPelinPodbalPopilnicPorumbarRăchitanRăcovinăRoibaRoinițăRostopascăRozmarinRoșcovRușcuță de primăvarăSalvieSăpunărițăScai vânătSchindufSchinelSoc (negru)SpilcuțăSunătoareSulfinăȘovârfTagetesTalpa gâștiiTătăneasăTeiTraista-ciobanuluiȚintaurăTrei-frați-pătațiTroscotTurița mareUngurașUrzicăUrzică moartă albăValerianăVentrilicăViolaViță de vieVolburăVâsc europeanZămoșiță
Floare de gălbenele

Wikipedia book Carte · Categorie Categorie · Portal Portal · WikiProject WikiProiect
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Dud alb: Brief Summary ( Romeno; moldávio; moldavo )

fornecido por wikipedia RO

Dudul alb (Morus alba - L.), în Ardeal numit și frăgar alb este o plantă medicinală din familia Moraceae (dud).

 src= Morfologia
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Bela murva ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia SL

Bela murva (znanstveno ime Morus alba) je listopadno drevo iz družine murovk z užitnimi plodovi, ki izvira iz Kitajske.

Opis

Bela murva zraste od 10 do 18 metrov visoko in ima nepravilno razvejano široko krošnjo. Skorja drevesa je sprva siva, nato pa postane podolgem razpokana in rjava.

Listi so na veje nameščeni premenjalno, nasajeni pa so na žlebastem peclju, ki ima na bazi podporni list. Obe strani lista sta gladki in živo zeleni, oblika listov pa je jajčasto koničasta in trikrpa. Rob je nazobčan. Na mladih vejah so listi lahko dolgi do 30 cm, na starejših vejah pa so običajno dolgi med 5 in 15 cm.

 src=
Zoreči plodovi bele murve

Cvetovi so enospolni. Moški so združeni v valjasta socvetja - mačice, ženski pa v kroglaste mačice. Moške so dolge med 2 in 3,5 cm, ženske pa med 1 in 2 cm. Oplojeni cvetovi se razvijejo v bela, rožnata ali vijolična soplodja, dolga med 1 in 2,5 cm, ki so sladka že, ko še niso zrela.

Razširjenost in uporabnost

Belo murvo so v Evropo najverjetneje zanesli v 12. stoletju, predvsem zaradi sviloprejk, ki se prehranjujejo samo z murvinim listjem. [1] Danes izjemno dobro uspeva v sredozemskih državah, saj ima rada sončne lege. Razmnožuje se s semeni in s potaknjenci. Semena naokrog raznašajo ptice, ki se rade hranijo s sladkimi sadeži[2].

Sklici in reference

  1. Lanzara, P.; Pizetti, M. (1984). Drevesa. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga. COBISS 14998529.
  2. Flora of China: Morus alba

Viri

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Bela murva: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia SL

Bela murva (znanstveno ime Morus alba) je listopadno drevo iz družine murovk z užitnimi plodovi, ki izvira iz Kitajske.

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Avtorji in uredniki Wikipedije
original
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wikipedia SL

Vitt mullbär ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Vitt mullbär (Morus alba) är en art i mullbärssläktet och familjen mullbärsväxter. Arten är utbredd från Centralasien till Kina och är mest känd för att vara foderväxt till silkesfjärilens larver.

Vitt mullbär är en mångformig art som blir en buske eller ett träd på upp till 15 meter. Unga grenar är dunhåriga, men blir senare kala. Bladen är skaftade (1,5-2,5 cm) och äggrunda, vanligen hela men ibland med tre flikar. De blir 7-30 cm långa och 5-15 cm breda, bladbasen är hjärtlik, medan spetsarna är spetsiga till rundade. Bladen är kala på ovansidan, men har några hår i nervernas vinklar på undersidan. Hanblommornas ax blir cirka 2,5 cm långt. Frukten är en skenfrukt, den blir vid mognaden vit till rosa, eller svart, med en söt smak.

Varieteter

Flera varieteter erkänns:

  • var. alba - trädlik med vita till rosa frukter.
  • var. multicaulis - är en månggrenig buske med nästan svarta frukter.

Sorter

Fruktsorter

Sorter med svarta frukter har förädlats ut var. multicaulis.

  • 'Aureifolia' - har gulgröna blad och vita frukter.
  • 'Beautiful Day' - får medelstora till stora frukter som blir rent vita som mogna. Fruktköttet är sött och lämpar sig att ätas färskt eller torkas. Blir ett medelstort, lättskött träd.
  • 'Downing' - (var. multicaulis) från 1846 får medelstora frukter (3 × 1,5 cm) som blir svarta som mogna. De är söta utan syra. Andra kloner säljs ibland under detta namn.
  • 'Fegyvernekiana' - buskartad dvärgform.
  • 'Gamette Hative' - har svarta frukter.
  • 'Hunza Seedless' - har medelstora, rent vita frukter som saknar frön. De torkas vanligen och är stapelföda för människor i Hunza.
  • 'Italica' - har svarta frukter.
  • 'Laciniata' - har djupt flikiga blad.
  • 'Morettii' - är en svartfruktig sort.
  • 'Nana' ('Globosa') - är en dvärgform som bara bildar buskar.
  • 'Pakistan' - från Islamabad, Pakistan, är en av de mest storfruktiga sorterna, med vita frukter. Fruktköttet är fastare än hos de flesta andra sorterna, det är välsmakande med bra balans mellan sötma och syra.
  • 'Platanifolia' - är en sort av var. multicaulis som har lönnlika, flikiga blad.
  • 'Pendula' - har hängande grenar. Frukterna är svarta välsmakande. Säljs ibland som svart mullbär.
  • 'Romana' - har svarta frukter.
  • 'Russian' ('Tatarica', var. tatarica), tatarmullbär - introducerades från Kina för cirka 1500 år sedan. Det har rödsvarta frukter som har god kvalitet när de mognat. Trädet blir upp till 10 meter och är härdigt och tåligt mot drag.
  • 'Spirata' - är en sort av var. multicaulis med grenar som växer i zick-zack.
  • 'Tehama' ('Giant White') - har stora, upp till 7 cm långa, mycket söta, frukter. Bildar vackra, storbladiga träd.
  • 'Tut Badena' - är en vitfruktig sort.

Några andra fruktsorter är; 'California Giant' (var. multicaulis), 'Georgeous' (var. multicaulis), 'Large Black' (var. multicaulis), 'New American', 'Queensland Black' (var. multicaulis), 'Trowbridge' och 'Thorburn'.

Sorter utan frukter

Dessa sorter är hankloner och är lämpliga där frukterna kan vara ett problem, som i häckar, till gatuträd och till odling av blad.

  • 'Bellaire'
  • 'Chaparral'
  • 'Hempton'
  • 'Stribling'
  • 'Urban'.

Synonymer

var. alba

Ficus indica L.
Morus acidosa C. K. Schneider
Morus alba var. aureifolia Tsen = 'Aureifolia'
Morus alba var. indica (L.) Bureau
Morus alba var. integrifolia K.Koch
Morus alba var. macrophylla Loudon
Morus alba var. tatarica (L.) Seringe = 'Russian'
Morus alba var. vulgaris Bureau
Morus atropurpurea Roxb.
Morus bombycis Koidzumi
Morus bombycis f. caudatifolia Koidzumi
Morus bombycis f. dissecta Nakai
Morus bombycis f. kase Uyeki
Morus bombycis var. maritima Koidzumi
Morus bombycis var. rubricaulis Uyeki
Morus byzantina Siebold
Morus constantinopolitana Poir.
Morus heterophylla Loudon
Morus indica L.
Morus kagayamae Koidzumi
Morus macrophylla (Loud.) Moretti
Morus morettiana Jacques ex Burr.
Morus nervosa Deless. ex Spach
Morus pumila Balbis
Morus rubra Lour. nom. illeg.
Morus sylvestris Forssk.
Morus tatarica Pall. = 'Russian'
Morus tortuosa Moretti

var. multicaulis (Perr.) Loudon

Morus alba f. pendula' Dippel = 'Pendula'
Morus alba var. italica Spach = 'Italica'
Morus alba var. latifolia (Poiret) Bureau
Morus alba var. morettii Seringe
Morus alba var. pendula (Dippel) C.K.Schneid. = 'Pendula'
Morus cucullata Bonaf.
Morus latifolia Poiret
Morus multicaulis Perr.
Morus multicaulis var. planifolia Seringe
Morus platanifolia hort. = 'Platanifolia'
Morus (alba var.?) romana Loddiges
Morus tookwa Siebold ex Miq.

Externa länkar

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original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia SV

Vitt mullbär: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Vitt mullbär (Morus alba) är en art i mullbärssläktet och familjen mullbärsväxter. Arten är utbredd från Centralasien till Kina och är mest känd för att vara foderväxt till silkesfjärilens larver.

Vitt mullbär är en mångformig art som blir en buske eller ett träd på upp till 15 meter. Unga grenar är dunhåriga, men blir senare kala. Bladen är skaftade (1,5-2,5 cm) och äggrunda, vanligen hela men ibland med tre flikar. De blir 7-30 cm långa och 5-15 cm breda, bladbasen är hjärtlik, medan spetsarna är spetsiga till rundade. Bladen är kala på ovansidan, men har några hår i nervernas vinklar på undersidan. Hanblommornas ax blir cirka 2,5 cm långt. Frukten är en skenfrukt, den blir vid mognaden vit till rosa, eller svart, med en söt smak.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia SV

Beyaz dut ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Beyaz dut (Morus alba), dutgiller (Moraceae) familyasından anavatanı doğu Asya olan hızlı büyüyen 15–20 m'ye kadar boylanabilen orta büyüklükte bir dut türü.

Kalın dallı, geniş tepeli bir ağaçtır. Uç tomurcuğu pseudoterminal, yan tomurcuğu kızıl kestane renklidir. Genç ağaçlarda yapraklar 20 cm uzunluğunda, loplu olup yuvarlaktır. Yaşlılarda genellikle 8–15 cm, tam, kalp şeklinde, tabanı asimetrik, kenarları testere dişlidir.

Sürgünler kesildiğinde süt gibi salgılar akar. Meyveler olgunlaşınca beyaz renk alır; tatlıdır. Bazı varyete ve formları park ve bahçelerde süs bitkisi olarak yetiştirilir. Odunu sarı renkli dayanıklıdır. Tarım aletleri, müzik aletleri yapımında kullanılır.

Ayrıca bakınız

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia yazarları ve editörleri
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia TR

Beyaz dut: Brief Summary ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Beyaz dut (Morus alba), dutgiller (Moraceae) familyasından anavatanı doğu Asya olan hızlı büyüyen 15–20 m'ye kadar boylanabilen orta büyüklükte bir dut türü.

Kalın dallı, geniş tepeli bir ağaçtır. Uç tomurcuğu pseudoterminal, yan tomurcuğu kızıl kestane renklidir. Genç ağaçlarda yapraklar 20 cm uzunluğunda, loplu olup yuvarlaktır. Yaşlılarda genellikle 8–15 cm, tam, kalp şeklinde, tabanı asimetrik, kenarları testere dişlidir.

Sürgünler kesildiğinde süt gibi salgılar akar. Meyveler olgunlaşınca beyaz renk alır; tatlıdır. Bazı varyete ve formları park ve bahçelerde süs bitkisi olarak yetiştirilir. Odunu sarı renkli dayanıklıdır. Tarım aletleri, müzik aletleri yapımında kullanılır.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia yazarları ve editörleri
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia TR

Шовковиця біла ( Ucraniano )

fornecido por wikipedia UK

Опис

Однодомне, рідко дводомне, з розкидистою кроною дерево родини шовковицевих, до 12 м заввишки. Листки м'які, чергові, черешкові, яйцеподібні. Квітки одностатеві, зібрані пазушними циліндричними, густими колосоподібними суцвіттями. Оцвітина проста, чотирироздільна, дзвоникувата. Цвіте у травні. Плід — горішки; на час достигання плодів оцвітина стає м'ясистою і квітки зростаються між собою, утворюючи овальне біле або червонувате, ягодоподібне супліддя. Плоди достигають у липні — серпні.

Шовковицю культивують у садах і парках.

Біла шовковиця відома, як рослина, що швидко рухається, завдяки вивільненню пилку з її сережок. Тичинки спрацьовують як катапульти, вивільняючи збережену пружну енергію всього за 25 мкс. Наслідком є рух зі швидкістю близько 560 км/год, тобто, більше половини швидкості звуку в повітрі. Цей рух є найшвидшим з відомих у царстві рослин.[1]

Застосування

Для виготовлення галенових препаратів використовують кору з гілок і коренів (лат. Cortex Mori albae), плоди (Fructus Mori albae) і листя (Folia Mori albae). Кору з гілок заготовляють весною, з коренів — восени. Листя заготовляють у період цвітіння рослини. Плоди — у липні-серпні.

Листя шовковиці містить альдегіди, стероїди, флавоноїди (рутин, кверцетин, кемпферол), органічні кислоти (яблучну, лимонну, бурштинову, виннокам'яну, щавлеву), вітаміни (А, В, С, РР), ефірні олії, жирні кислоти.

Свіжі плоди шовковиці посилюють кровотворення, нормалізують обмін речовин, покращують роботу серця і шлунково-кишкового тракту.

Застосовують при анемії, гастритах, ентеритах, колітах, гепатитах, холециститах, міокардіодистрофії, бронхітах, виразковій хворобі шлунка і дванадцятипалої кишки, цукровому діабеті, гіпертонічній хворобі, кашлі. Відвар кори вживають при статевій слабкості (імпотенції). Настій листя має більш виражену гіпоглікемічну дію.

Внутрішньо — свіжі плоди їсти 5 разів на день після їжі по 250 г (при захворюваннях серця). Настій свіжих плодів (2 столові ложки на 200 мл окропу) приймати по 2 столові ложки 4 рази на день перед їжею. Настій листя (2 ст ложки сировини на 400 мл окропу) пити по 50 мл 4 рази на день перед їжею.

Зовнішньо — полоскання розведеним соком або настоєм. Для лікування ран і виразок готують олію з кори гілок: (10 г сировини заливають 200 мл очищеної рафінованої олії, ставлять у тепле місце на 10 днів, час від часу збовтують).

Примітки

  1. Taylor, Philip; Gwyneth Card; James House; Michael Dickinson; Richard Flagan (2006-03-01). High-speed pollen release in the white mulberry tree, Morus alba L. Sexual Plant Reproduction 19 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1007/s00497-005-0018-9.

Див. також

Література

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Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
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wikipedia UK

Dâu tằm trắng ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI
Đối với các định nghĩa khác, xem Dâu ta.

Morus alba, hay dâu tằm trắng, dâu tằm thường, dâu trắng, dâu ta là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Moraceae Chi Dâu tằm. Loài này được Carl Linnaeus mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[1]

Phân bố

Có nguồn gốc ở khu vực phía đông châu Á. Dâu tằm được trồng phổ biến tại các khu vực có nhiệt độ thích hợp là 25-32 °C, như các vùng nhiệt đớicận nhiệt đới của Bắc bán cầu, cũng như được tự nhiên hóa trong các khu vực dân cư của Hoa Kỳ, tại đây nó được lai giống với dâu tằm đỏ Morus rubra là loại cây có nguồn gốc ở Mỹ. Điều này dẫn đến việc một số người lo ngại về khả năng tồn tại về mặt di truyền dài hạn của cây dâu tằm đỏ do việc lai giống tích cực tràn lan trong một số khu vực Hoa Kỳ.

Đặc điểm

 src=
Một nhánh dâu tằm với những quả chín (đỏ) và gần chín (vàng cam)
 src=
Quả và lá dâu tằm trắng khi chín

Nó là một loài cây gỗ từ nhỏ đến nhỡ, lớn nhanh, có thể cao tới 15–20 m. Thông thường nó sống từ 8-12 năm, nhưng nếu đất tốt và chăm sóc tốt thì tuổi thọ tới 50 năm. Thân cành nhiều nhựa không gai, trên thân cành có nhiều mầm, mầm đỉnh, mầm nách, khi cắt tỉa mầm có khả năng cho bật mầm. Lá hàng năm rụng vào mùa đông. Rễ ăn sâu và rộng 2–3 m, nhưng phân bố nhiều ở tầng đất 10–30 cm và rộng theo tán cây. Quả dâu tằm chín có vị ngọt thanh, hơi chua, không đậm đà bằng hương vị của các loại dâu khác như dâu đỏdâu đen. Quả của nó có màu từ trắng đến hồng đối với các loại cây được nuôi trồng, nhưng màu quả tự nhiên của loài này khi mọc hoang là màu tía sẫm.

Trên các cây non và khỏe mạnh, lá dâu tằm có thể dài tới 20 cm, có dạng thùy sâu và phức tạp, với các thùy tròn. Trên các cây già, chiều dài trung bình của lá khoảng 8–15 cm, có hình tim ở gốc lá, nhọn ở chóp lá và có các khía răng cưa ở mép lá.

Các nhị duỗi thẳng và các cánh đài phản xạ của Morus alba được thông báo là có chuyển động nhanh nhất trong số các loài thực vật đã biết, với tốc độ đạt tới một nửa tốc độ âm thanh (Taylor et al. 2006)[2].

Sử dụng

 src=
Thân cây dâu tằm cắt ngang

Lá của cây dâu tằm là thức ăn ưa thích của tằm dâu (Bombyx mori). Đây là nguồn gốc của tên gọi cây dâu tằm. Nó cũng được sử dụng làm thức ăn cho gia súc (, v.v) trong các khu vực mà trong mùa khô bị hạn chế về các loại thức ăn như cỏ.

Loại cây trồng có cành rủ xuống của loài dâu tằm Morus alba 'Pendula' là một loại cây cảnh thông thường. Cây cảnh này được nhân giống bằng cách ghép cành của loại cây có cành rủ xuống lên trên phần thân cây của loại không có cành rủ xuống.

Cây dâu tằm có tác dụng bổ gan, thận, mát phổi, có thể được dùng làm thuốc.

Cây dâu tằm về mặt khoa học nổi tiếng nhất nhờ chuyển động thực vật nhanh của nó. Hoa của nó gieo rắc phấn hoa vào không khí rất nhanh (25 μs) bằng cách giải phóng năng lượng lưu trữ tại nhị hoa. Tốc độ của chuyển động tạo ra đạt trên một nửa vận tốc âm thanh trong không khí, điều này làm cho nó là chuyển động nhanh nhất trong giới thực vật.

Dâu trong văn hóa Việt Nam

Gỗ cây dâu tương truyền có phép trừ ma quỷ nên các thầy pháp thường dùng cây roi bằng gỗ dâu trong các động tác phù chú theo tín ngưỡng dân gian.

Văn học

Áng văn Nôm Chinh phụ ngâm khúc với bản dịch của Đoàn Thị Điểm có câu:

Ngàn dâu xanh ngắt một màu
Lòng chàng ý thiếp ai sầu hơn ai?

Thơ của Nguyễn Bính có câu:

Em ơi! Em ở lại nhà
Vườn dâu em đốn mẹ già em thương

Bản nhạc "Trăng sáng vườn chè" của Văn Phụng thì nhắc đến:

tằm tôi phải chạy dâu
Vì chồng tôi phải qua cầu đắng cay

Xem thêm

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Stace (1991), p. 24.
  2. ^ Taylor P. E., Card G., House J., Dickinson M. H., Flagan R. C. 2006. High-speed pollen release in the white mulberry, Morus alba L. Sex. Plant Reprod. 19: 19-24.

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Dâu tằm trắng
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Dâu tằm trắng: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI
Đối với các định nghĩa khác, xem Dâu ta.

Morus alba, hay dâu tằm trắng, dâu tằm thường, dâu trắng, dâu ta là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Moraceae Chi Dâu tằm. Loài này được Carl Linnaeus mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Шелковица белая ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Ветка белой шелковицы. Фото С. М. Прокудина-Горского (1909—1915)

Шелковица белая происходит из восточных районов Китая, где она культивируется уже около четырёх тысяч лет в качестве корма для тутового шелкопряда. Из Китая шелковица распространилась в Среднюю Азию, Афганистан, Северную Индию, Пакистан, Иран, несколько позднее — в Закавказье. Примерно в VI веке появилась в Грузии, в Европе известна с XII века, в Америке — не раньше XVI века. В XVII веке разводилась в Москве, однако климат оказался слишком суровым для неё, и выращивание шелковицы переместилось в Нижнее Поволжье и на Северный Кавказ[2].

Широко натурализовалась от Индии, Афганистана и Ирана до Испании и Португалии. В середине XX века получила широкое распространение на юге европейской части СССР, в связи с проведением агролесомелиоративных работ по борьбе с засухой и созданием лесозащитных полос[3].

Химический состав

 src=
Белая шелковица

В листьях шелковицы белой содержатся дубильные вещества (3,2-3,7 %), флавоноиды (до 1 %), кумарины, органические кислоты, смолы, эфирное масло (0,03-0,04), стерины (β-ситостерин, капестерин).

В плодах содержится до 12 % сахаров (иногда и до 23 %), представленных в основном моносахаридами, около 1,5 % азотистых веществ, 0,1 % фосфорной кислоты, флавоноиды, каротин, пектин, органические кислоты (яблочная, лимонная), немного витамина С и дубильных веществ.

Значение и применение

Использование в медицине

Издавна применяется в народной медицине разных стран.

Кора стволов и корней в виде водного отвара употребляется при кашле, бронхите, бронхиальной астме, как отхаркивающее, мочегонное, а также при эпилепсии и гипертонии.

Сок коры корней пьют натощак как противоглистное средство.

Листья в виде настоя используют как жаропонижающее при простудных заболеваниях.

Сок свежих листьев успокаивает зубную боль.

Свежие плоды применяют при язве желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки.

Сироп (дошаб), сваренный из плодов шелковицы, применяют при сердечно-сосудистых заболеваниях, малокровии, как кровоостанавливающее при послеродовых, маточных кровотечениях, крапивнице и скарлатине.

Применение в сельском хозяйстве

Листья белой шелковицы являются предпочтительной пищей для шелкопрядов и могут использоваться для питания крупного рогатого скота и коз.

Применение в деревообрабатывающей промышленности

Древесина шелковицы может использоваться для изготовления хозяйственных поделок, музыкальных инструментов, посуды.

С 2011 года заготовка древесины шелковицы в России запрещена[4].

Morusalbaleavesandflowersspring2500ppx.jpg

Цветки

Morus-alba.jpg

Плоды

Morus alba bark.jpg

Кора

Morus alba wood ray section 1 beentree.jpg

Древесина; продольный спил

Morus alba pendula Syrets1.JPG

Плакучая форма кроны

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. Вехов В. Н. и др. Культурные растения СССР / Отв. ред. Т. А. Работнов. — М.: Мысль, 1978. — С. 76. — 336 с.
  3. Постановление Совета Министров СССР и ЦК ВКП(б) от 20.10.1948 № 3960.
  4. Приказ Рослесхоза от 05.12.2011 № 513 «Об утверждении Перечня видов (пород) деревьев и кустарников, заготовка древесины которых не допускается»
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Шелковица белая: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Ветка белой шелковицы. Фото С. М. Прокудина-Горского (1909—1915)

Шелковица белая происходит из восточных районов Китая, где она культивируется уже около четырёх тысяч лет в качестве корма для тутового шелкопряда. Из Китая шелковица распространилась в Среднюю Азию, Афганистан, Северную Индию, Пакистан, Иран, несколько позднее — в Закавказье. Примерно в VI веке появилась в Грузии, в Европе известна с XII века, в Америке — не раньше XVI века. В XVII веке разводилась в Москве, однако климат оказался слишком суровым для неё, и выращивание шелковицы переместилось в Нижнее Поволжье и на Северный Кавказ.

Широко натурализовалась от Индии, Афганистана и Ирана до Испании и Португалии. В середине XX века получила широкое распространение на юге европейской части СССР, в связи с проведением агролесомелиоративных работ по борьбе с засухой и созданием лесозащитных полос.

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白桑 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
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白桑Morus alba)是一種壽命短、生長快速的桑樹,屬於小型到中型的落葉喬木,高度約10–20 米。白桑原生於中國北部,並廣於世界各地種植[1][2]。由於白桑是养业的重要饲料,很早就在中国培育,果实称为桑椹,初生白色,成熟后成为紫黑色。根皮(桑白皮)、桑椹、桑叶都可以作为中药使用。此外桑椹可以酿,树皮可以造纸,造出的纸称为“桑皮纸”。

名稱

概述

白桑幼苗的葉可長達30 cm,會變異產生裂紋,裂紋呈圓形,而且深入、錯綜複雜。

用途

 src=
桑葚

白桑的嫩葉可用於餵養絲蠶,以便生產高品質的絲[3];而在氣候較乾燥的地方,當地面的植被未能為牲口提供食糧時,白桑葉亦會用於餵飼牲口。白桑的果實叫做桑椹,可吃;亦有用來製作乾果釀酒[2]

在傳統中醫藥,桑椹可用於治療過早出現的白髮,亦可淨化血液,解便秘,治消渴,去水腫。對於其淨化血液的功能,主要在於其嫩葉的葉綠素含量豐富[4],而葉綠素可被身體吸收,其與血紅素近似的化學結構可為身體輸送氧氣及帶走血液裡的廢物,加速體內的淨化[5],且不會對人體帶來副作用白桑的樹皮可止咳、利尿,亦可退燒、止頭痛、眼紅及眼乾。

白桑椹的生長周期短,而且其釋放花粉的速度也非常快,比音速的一半還要快[6]

药理性能

由於白桑是中國最常見的桑樹品種,藥書裡提及的桑樹,一般都專指白桑。以下為白桑各部份的藥理性能:

  • 桑葉: 味苦甘,性寒,疏解風熱,清肝明目。
  • 桑椹: 味甘酸,性平,滋陰補血。
  • 樹枝: 味苦,性平,祛風通絡,解熱,鎮痛。
  • 樹根: 味甘,性寒,止咳平喘,利水消腫。

圖庫

  •  src=

    植株

  •  src=

  •  src=

    果實 (桑椹)

  •  src=

    葉與花

  •  src=

    木材紋理

參考資料

  1. ^ Morus alba. Flora of China (英语).
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Suttie, J. M. Morus alba L.. FAO Report. (undated) (英语). 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
  3. ^ Nn 液状叶绿素:常見問題. [2011-08-05]. (原始内容存档于2009-08-22) (中文(简体)‎).
  4. ^ Nn 液状叶绿素:介紹. [2011-08-05]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-03) (中文(简体)‎).
  5. ^ >Nn 液状叶绿素:背景. [2011-08-05]. (原始内容存档于2013-12-17) (中文(简体)‎).
  6. ^ Taylor, Philip; Gwyneth Card, James House, Michael Dickinson, Richard Flagan. High-speed pollen release in the white mulberry tree, Morus alba L. Sexual Plant Reproduction. 2006-03-01, 19 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1007/s00497-005-0018-9. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助); 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
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白桑: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

白桑(Morus alba)是一種壽命短、生長快速的桑樹,屬於小型到中型的落葉喬木,高度約10–20 米。白桑原生於中國北部,並廣於世界各地種植。由於白桑是养业的重要饲料,很早就在中国培育,果实称为桑椹,初生白色,成熟后成为紫黑色。根皮(桑白皮)、桑椹、桑叶都可以作为中药使用。此外桑椹可以酿,树皮可以造纸,造出的纸称为“桑皮纸”。

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
维基百科作者和编辑
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 中文维基百科

뽕나무 ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

 src=
Morus alba

뽕나무(라틴어: Morus alba, 영어: Mulberry)는 장미목 뽕나무과의 식물이다. 중국 원산으로 학명은 Morus alba이다.

생태

겨울에 잎이 지는 큰키나무다. 누에를 치기 위하여 심어 기른다. 잎은 어긋나고 달걀 모양이며 끝이 뾰족하고 가장자리에 톱니가 있으며 부드러운 털이 있고 모양의 변이가 많아 한 가지에서도 서로 다른 모양으로 잎이 자란다. 잎을 따면 흰 즙이 나온다. 암수딴그루로 5~6월에 꽃이 핀다. 어린 가지의 잎겨드랑이에 꽃이삭이 달린다. 수꽃은 길이 4~7cm 정도이고, 암꽃은 0.5~1cm 정도이다. 5~6월에 타원형의 열매가 여는데 검게 익는다. 이 열매를 오디라 하는데 맛이 달고 부드러우며, 으로도 만들어 먹는다.

비슷한 나무

산에서 저절로 흔히 자라는 산뽕나무(Morus bombycis)가 있다. 뽕나무와 구분할 수 없을 만큼 비슷한데, 산뽕나무의 잎은 끝이 꼬리처럼 길고, 뽕나무의 잎은 끝이 점점 뾰족해진다. 역시 산에서 자라며 가지에 굵고 거친 털이 나고 잎 앞면도 털이 나 거친 돌뽕나무(Morus cathayana)도 있다.

사진

같이 보기

참고 문헌

  • 김용식; 송근준; 안영희; 오구균; 이경재; 이유미 (2000). 《조경수목 핸드북》. 광일문화사. ISBN 89-85243-25-X.
  • 윤주복 (2004). 《나무 쉽게 찾기》. 진선출판사. ISBN 978-89-7221-414-4.
  • 박상진 (2001). 《궁궐의 우리 나무》. 눌와. ISBN 89-950852-6-6.

외부 링크

 title=
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뽕나무: Brief Summary ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과
 src= Morus alba

뽕나무(라틴어: Morus alba, 영어: Mulberry)는 장미목 뽕나무과의 식물이다. 중국 원산으로 학명은 Morus alba이다.

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cc-by-sa-3.0
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Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자