Fig 1.
Relative abundances of the most representative prokaryotic (A) and eukaryotic (B) phyla from the intestinal microbiota of Fasciola-negative and Fasciola-positive cattle. The circles at the bottom of each sample indicate the coinfections detected by parasitological analysis (red) and next-generation read identification in the samples (blue). For the 16S gene, the category “others” contains the following phyla: Acidobacteriota, Campylobacteriota, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, Deinococcota, Dependentiae, Desulfobacteroidota, Elusimicrobiota, Fibrocateriota, Fusobacteriota, Gemmatimonadota, Halacoccotamo, Nitrospirota, and Symrostanergotta. For the 18S gene, the category “others” contains the following classes: Apusomonadidae, Bicoecaea, Bastocladiomycota, Breviatea, Chlorophyta, Choanoflagellatea, Coccidiomorphea, Colpodea, Colpodellidea, Colponemea, Cryptomycota, Dictyochophyceae, Eugleomyyphenozoin, Filosebytestriida, Gregaromyrinhophethyyphethyobia, Filosethulosa, Gregarophyterolho-phecyphozoin, Filosethrocetam Lithostomatea, Lobosa, Mucoromycota, Mycetozoa, Nassophorea, Nemátoda, Oligohymenophorea, Oomycota, Opalinata, Palmophyllophyceae, Platyhelminthes, Spirotrichea, Syndiniales, Tubulinea, Variosea, and Zoopagomycota.
Fig 2.
(A) Heatmap of the relative abundances at family level for the Bacteroidetes phylum and (C) for the Ascomycota phylum among the Fasciola-positive bovine group and the Fasciola-negative group. (B) Boxplot of the diversity indices (Shannon, Simpson (1-D), and Observed) for prokaryotes and (D) for eukaryotes that distinguish between the Fasciola states.
Fig 3.
Analysis of the principal coordinates by Bray-Curtis distance of the microbial communities of Fasciola-negative and Fasciola-positive cattle.
(A) PCoA for analysis of prokaryotic microbial communities. (B) PCoA for analysis of eukaryotic microbial communities.
Fig 4.
LEfSe analysis for the identification of differentially abundant taxa between Fasciola states.
(A) Histogram showing the different taxa between the Fasciola-positive bovine group and the Fasciola-negative bovine group as classified by the effect sizes. (B) Taxonomic representation of statistically and biologically different taxa between the two infection states.
Fig 5.
Analysis of the correlations observed between prokaryotic and eukaryotic members of the bovine intestinal microbiota by Fasciola state.
Fasciola-positive bovine group (A), Fasciola-negative bovine group (B). Red cells represent a statistically significant positive correlation (p-value < 0.05) between genera, while the blue ones represent a statistically significant negative correlation. Cells in which we did not find correlations were filled with grey.