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PEST AND PEST CONTROL
- 1. PEST AND PEST CONTROL Herbal Pharmacognosy B.Pharm Name: KRUPA BAROT KASHVI DESAI
- 2. Pest and Pest control Introduction: Pest: : pest are insects or small animals which damage crops or food supplies. :pest is any animal, plant or microorganism that is causes trouble, injuries or destruction, therefore pesticide may be defined simply as chemical agents used to control or eliminate pest. :Many kinds of insects transmit serious diseases, such as malaria and typhus. :Some insects destroy or cause heavy damage to valuable crops such as corn, cotton, wheat and rice. :Other common pests include bacteria, fungi, rays and such weed as ragweed and poison ivy.
- 3. PEST AND PEST CONTROL • Any animal , insect, plant which are hazardous to host; are called pest. TYPES OF PESTS: 1. FUNGI AND VIRUSES 2. INSECTS 3. WEEDS 4. NON-INSECT PEST
- 4. 1)FUNGI AND VIRUSES -Ascochyta atropae causes the formation of greyish – white irregular spots which further cause necrosis of leaves. Which is called leaf necrosis. -Cercospora atropae causes round to angular spots with chestnut colored margins on both sides of leaves. Which is called as leaf spot. -Many different viruses are responsible for some plant diseases. They are mosaic causing necrosis of leaves , petioles and stem of different solanaceous plants. -Tabacco mosaic virus , cucumber mosaic virus and tobacco ring spot virus are observed on digitalis and a strain of cucumber mosaic virus is detected on hyoscyamus. 2)INSECTS -Throughout the world, about one million species of insects have been reported. -various insect pests which attack medicinal plants are agrotis species and heliothis armigera. Flea beetle and phytomyza atricornis are the insects pests which afflict the menthe species. 3)WEEDS - A weed is an undesired plant. Weeds are considered as dreadful pests because losses due to them are estimated to be more than those occurring due to other pests and diseases combined together. 4)NON-INSECT PESTS -vertebrates : rats , monkeys etc. -Invertebrates : nematodes, crabs , snails etc.
- 5. What are Biopesticides? Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. For example, canola oil and baking soda have pesticidal applications and are considered biopesticides. As of April 2016, there are 299 registered biopesticide active ingredients and 1401 active biopesticide product registrations. Advantages of using biopesticides: Biopesticides are usually less toxic than conventional pesticides. Biopesticides generally affect only the target pest and closely related organisms, in contrast to broad spectrum, conventional pesticides that may affect organisms as different as birds, insects and mammals. Biopesticides often are effective in very small quantities and often decompose quickly, resulting in lower exposures and largely avoiding the pollution problems caused by conventional pesticides. biopesticides can greatly reduce the use of conventional pesticides, while crop yields remain high.
- 6. METHODS OF PEST CONTROL: 1)Mechanical method 2)Agricultural method 3)Biological control 4)Chemical control • Rodenticides • Insecticides • Acaricides (miticides) • Fungicides • Herbicides
- 7. 1)MECHANICAL METHOD: - It employs manual labour along with different devices for collection and destruction of pests. - The simple techniques are hand-picking, pruning, burning and trapping of pests. - A proper approach is made for collection of eggs, larvae, pupae and adults of insects. - A better way for protection from rodents like rats is construction of concrete ware houses. - The method adopted for trapping flying insects is to emplace funnel shaped containers containing flavoured attractants . 2)AGRICULTURAL METHOD: - It covers advanced plant breeding techniques capable of including genetic manipulations resulting in production of pest-resistant species. - Another aspect in control is a deep plough to eradicate weeds, as well as, early stages of insects. - Crop rotation , and by changing environment which in many cases may lead to obstruction in their life cycle. 3)BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: - It’s practiced by combating the pests, mostly the insects, with other living organisms. - Sex pheromones… eg,7,8-epoxy-2 methyloctadecane from gypsy moth.
- 8. 5)CHEMICAL CONTROL: - The control of pests is brought about with the use of chemicals. 1.RODENTICIDES - Warfarin , strychnine , arsenic trioxide, thallium sulphate etc. 2.INSECTICIDES - DDT, gammaxene, rotenoids, methoxychlor etc. 3.ACARICIDES(miticides) - Tetradiflon , chlorobenzolate. 4.FUNGICIDES - Bordeaux mixture, chlorophenols, antibiotics, quarternary ammonium compounds etc. 5.HERBICIDES - 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid , calcium arsenate, sulphuric acid etc.