Definition, Characteristics, Nutrition, Special Structures, Reproduction, Naming and Classification (Old and New) of Fungi
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This Lecture Include the Definition, Main Characteristics, Nutrition, Special Structures, Reproduction (Asexual and Sexual), Naming and Classification (Old and New)of Fungi.
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Definition, Characteristics, Nutrition, Special Structures, Reproduction, Naming and Classification (Old and New) of Fungi
- 1. Fungi Fungus, pl. Fungi Latin world Sfungus meaning- mushroom “eukaryotic, spore bearing, achlorophyllous organism that generally reproduce sexually and asexually, and whose usually filamentous, branched somatic structures are typically surrounded by cell walls containing chitin or cellulose or both of these substances, together with many other complex molecules.”
- 2. Characteristics of Fungi 1. Distribution- Cosmopolitan 2. Habitat- Ubiquitous 3. Thallus - Plasmodial, Pseudomycelial, mycelial, unicellular, multicellular 4. Cell wall- Chitin and Cellulose (Oomycetes)
- 3. 5. Nuclear status- Eukaryotic, homokaryotic, hetrokaryotic, uninucleate, binucleate, multinucleate 6. Nutrition- absorptive 7. Sexuality –asexual, sexual 8. Life cycle- Simple to complex
- 4. Mycelium
- 5. Hyphae
- 10. Binucleate
- 11. Multinucleate
- 12. Nutrition in Fungi Heterotrophic, Absorptive A. Parasite (i). Obligate parasites Survive on living organism Can not grown on culture media Exp. Erysiphe, Albugo (ii). Facultative saprophytes Long time - living organism Short time - dead organism Exp. Helminthosporium, smut
- 13. (iii). Facultative parasites Long time - dead organism Short time - living organism Exp. Pythium, Rhizoctonia (2). Saprophytes Food only from dead materials Exp. Mucur, Aspergillus (3). Symboints Mutual relationship Exp. Lichen
- 14. Reproduction in Fungi A. Asexual reproduction 1. Fragmentation of the mycelium 2. Budding 3. Fission 4. By asexual spores (i). Sporongiospore (ii). Conidiospore (iii). Arthospore or oidia (iv). Chlamydospore
- 15. 1. Fragmentation of the mycelium
- 18. (1). Sporangium
- 19. (A). Zoospore
- 21. (B). Aplanospore
- 22. 2. Conidiospore
- 25. 3. Arthospore or Oidium
- 27. (B). Sexual Reproduction 1. Plasmogamy 2. Karyogamy 3. Meiosis
- 30. Method of Sexual Reproduction 1. Planogametic Copulation or Conjugation (i). Isogamy (ii). Anisogamy (iii). Hetrogamy (2). Gametangial contact or Gametangy (3). Gametangial Copulation/ Gametangiogamy (4). Spermatization (5). Somatogamy or Pseudomixis
- 33. Nomenclature (Naming) of Fungi International code of Botanical Nomenclature A. Taxonomic Categories 1. Kingdom Fungi 2. Division mycota 3. Sub division mycotina 4. Class mycetes 5. Sub class mycetidae 6. Order ales 7. Family aceae 8. Genus - 9. Species -
- 34. B. Ending Binomeal Nomenclature Genus Capital (Noun) Species Small (Adjective) Exp. Albugo candida or Albugo candida
- 35. Classification of Fungi G. C. Ainsworth, 1966,1971,1973 Fungi = Mycota Myxomycota Eumycota Class Subdivision 1. Acraseiomycetes 1. Mastigomicotina 2. Hydromyxomycetes 2. Zygomycotina 3. Myxomycetes 3. Ascomycotina 4. Plasmodiophoromycetes 4. Basidiomycotina 5. Deuteromycotina
- 36. 1. Mastigomycotina Class 1. Chytridiomycetes 2. Hypochytridiomycetes 3. Oomycetes
- 37. Oomycetes Order -Pernosporales Family- 1. Pythium 1.Pythiaceae 2. Phytophthora 2. Albuginaceae 1. Albugo 3. Pernosporaceae 1. Sclerospora
- 38. 1. Pythiaceae 1. Phytium 1. Saprophytic and some are pathogenic 2. Mycelium–Delicate, 5µm-10 µm 3. Shape of sporangia- hyphal or spherical 4. Oospore is colourless
- 39. 2. Phytophthora Phyton + Phthora (plant) (destruction) 1. Saprophytic but majority are pathogenic 2. Mycelium- Cocenocytic or aseptate 3. Formation of haustoria 4. Asexual reproduction – Zoopore 5. Sexual reproduction - Oospore 6. Sporangia are terminal but later on lateral 7. Shape of sporangia - Pyriform
- 40. 1. Albugo 1. Mycelium – nonseptate, intercellular 2. Haustoria- nobed shape 3. Asexual reproduction - Conidia 4. Conidia arrange in basipital chain 5. Sexual reproduction – Oospore 6. Exp. Albugo candida
- 41. 1. Sclerospora 1. Obligate parasites and cause Downey Mildew 2. Mycelium – aseptate and intercellular 3. Dicotomus branched 4. Haustoria – present 5. Sporangiophore come out by stomata 6. Asexual reproduction – sporangia, conidia 7. Sexual reproduction – Oospore 8. Exp. Sclerospora gaminicola
- 42. Specialized somatic structures 1. Rhizoids
- 43. 2. Appresorium
- 44. 3. Haustorium
- 45. Fungal like Organism or Pseudo fungi • Kingdom - Protozoa • Phylum I - Mixomycota • Class - Myxomycetes • Order - Physarales • Genera – (i). Fuligo (ii). Mucilago (iii).Physarum
- 46. • Phylum II–Plasmodiophoromycota • Class - Plasmodiophoromycetes • Order - Plasmodiphorales • Genera - (i). Plasmodiophora (ii). Polymyxa (iii). Spongospora
- 47. • Kingdom - Chromista • Phylum – Oomycota • Class - Oomycetes • Order I - (i). Saprolegniales • Geneus – (i). Aphanomyces • Order II - Peronosporales • Family 1- Phythiaceae • Genera - (i). Phythium (ii). Phytophthora
- 48. Family 2 - Peronosporaceae Genera - (i). Peronospora (ii). Sclerospora (iii). Plasmopara (iv). Bremia (v). Pseudoperonospora (vi). Peronosclerospora Family 3 - Albuginceae Genus - (i). Albugo
- 49. The True Fungi • Kingdom - Fungi • Phylum - (i). Chytridiomycota (ii). Zygomycota (iii). Ascomycota (iv). Basidiomycota
- 50. Fungi Group
- 51. Phylum I - Chytridiomycota • Class – Chytridiomycetes • Order 1 – Spizellomycetales • Genera - (i). Rozella (ii). Olpidium • Order 2 – Neocallimasticales • Genus (i). Neocallimastix
- 52. Order 3- Chytridiales Genera - (i). Synchytrium (ii). Rhizophydium (iii). Chytriomyces (iv). Nowakowskiella
- 53. Order 4 - Blastocladiales Genera - (i). Allomyces (ii). Blastocladiella (iii). Blastocladia (iv). Coelomyces (v). Cateneria (vi). Physoderma (vii). Urophlyctis Order 5. Monoblepharidales Genera - (i). Monoblepharis (ii). Monoblepharella (iii). Oedogonomyces
- 54. Phylum II: Zygomycota • Class - Zygomycetes • Order 1- Mucorales • Genera - (i). Mucor (ii). Rhizopus (iii). Choaneophora • Order 2 – Glomales • Genera - (i). Glomus (ii). Acaulospora (iii). Gigaspora (iv). Seutellospora
- 55. Phylum III - Ascomycota • Class 1 - Archiascomycetes • Order I - Taphrinales • Genus - Taphrina • Class 2 - Saccharomycetes • Genera - (i). Saccharomyces (ii). Glactomyces
- 56. • Class 3 - Filamentous ascomycetes • Order I - Erysiphales • Genera - (i). Erysiphe (ii). Blumeria (iii). Leveillula (iv). Microsphaera (v). Podosphaera (vi). Sphathaerothica (vii). Uncinula
- 57. • Class I - Pyrenomycetes • Order 1 - Hypocreales • Genera - (i). Hypocrea (ii). Melanospora (iii). Ophiostoma (iv). Nectria (v). Gibbrella (vi). Claviceps (vii). Epichole (viii). Balansia (ix). Atkinsonella (x). Myriogoenospora
- 58. Order 2 - Microascales Genera - (i). Ceratocystis (ii). Monosporacus Order 3- Phyllachorales Genera - (i). Glomerella (ii). Phyllachora Order 4– Ophiostomatales Genus - (i) . Ophiostoma
- 59. • Order 5 - Diaporthales • Genera - (i). Diaporthe (ii). Gnomonia (iii). Gaeumannomyces (iv). Magnaporthe (v). Cryptonectria (vi). Leucostoma
- 60. • Order 6- Xylariales • Genera - (i). Hypoxylon (ii). Rosellinia (iii). Xylaria (iv). Eutypa • B. Loculoascomycetes • Order 1 - Dothideales • Genera - (i). Mycosphaerella (ii). Elsinoe
- 61. • Order 2- Capnodiales • Genus – (i). Capnodium • Order 3 - Pleosporales • Genera -(i). Cochliobolus (ii). Pyrenophora (iii). Setosphaera (iv). Pleospora (v). Leptosphaeria (vi). Venturia (vii). Guignardia (viii). Apiosporina
- 62. • Class C - Discomycetes • Order 1- Rhytismales • Genera - (i). Hypoderma (ii). Lophodermium (iii). Rhytisma • Order 2 - Helotiales • Genera - (i). Monilina
- 63. (ii). Sclerotinia (iii). Stromatinia (iv). Diplocarpon (v). Pseudopeziza Class D- Deuteromycetes Genera - (i). Botrytis (ii). Rhizoctonia (iii). Verticillum etc.
- 64. Phylum IV - Basidiomycota • Order 1 – Ustilaginales • Genera - (i). Ustilago (ii). Tilletia (iii). Urocystis (iv). Sporisorium (v). Sphacelotheca (vi). Tolyposporium • Order 2 – Uredinales • Genera - (i). Puccinia (ii). Uromyces (iii). Melampsora (iv). Phragmidium (v). Hemileria (vi). Cronartium (vii). Phakopsora
- 65. • Order 3- Exobasidiales • Genus (i). Exobasidium • Order 4 – Ceratobasidales • Genera - (i). Thnatephorus (ii). Typhula • Order 5- Agaricales • Genera – (i). Armillaria (ii). Marasmius (iii). Pleurotus (iv). Pholiota
- 66. • Order 6 – Aphyllophorales • Genera – (i). Aethalium (ii). Corticum (iii). Heterobasidion (iv). Ganoderma (v). Postia (vi). Peniophora (vii). Polyporus etc.