Gerbera.pptx

Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment-
Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and
fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special
horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders
and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Lecture No.:13
Dr. M. Kumaresan
Assistant professor
Dept. of Horticulture
Adhiparasakthi Horticultural College

 Botanical name: Gerbera jamesonii
Named after German naturalist, ‘Traugott Gerber’
 Family: Compositae/ Asteraceae
Chromosome number: 2n=50
 Native: South Africa
 Popularly called as ‘ Transvaal daisy’, ‘Barbeton daisy’, ‘African daisy’
 Wide range of type, size and colour and also ‘forms’ are available
•Excellent cut flower - floral arrangements
• For beds, borders, pots and rock gardens
Gerbera - INTRODUCTION

Importance
 The major gerbera producing states are Karnataka, Maharashra, Tamil
Nadu, West Bengal, Uttrakhand, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, J & K and
Chandigarh
 Both garden display and cut flower
 The black centered varieties have more demand in the national and
international market
 It is also used as a potted flowering plant
 Good export potential
 Bouquet preparation

Botany
• Plants – stemless, tender perennial herbs
• Leaves are radical, deeply lobed, sometimes leathery,
narrow at base, wide at the top, arranged in a rosette at the base
• Flower heads - Solitary, many flowered with visible ray florets
in one or two rows
• Flower colour - many - yellow, orange, cream white, pink, brick red,
scarlet, salmon and intermediate shades

Classification I
(Based on The Florets)
Single:
 One or two rows of the ray floret on the periphery of
the disc
Double:
 Two or more rows of the ray florets
RAY
DISC

Classification II
(Based on The Size & Shape of the Flowers)
• Standard
Aida, Alegro, Blue Baby, Dalma etc
• Spider
Chili, Spanky, Spiky, Vicky etc
• Mini (Ultra Small sized Ray & Disc floret)
Alami, Jimmy, Lily, Nikky, Siby, Victory etc
(Bhattacharjee & De. (2003)

TYPES
• Single or daisy-type flowers
- tight group of short disk flowers
with ordinary petals
- surrounded by one or two rows
of long outer ray flowers
• Intermediate flower type
- 1or 2 rows of long outer ray flowers
- Several rows of medium-length ray flowers
- A tight group of short disk flowers in the center.
• Crested flower type
- Many ray flowers almost covering the disk flowers
- The outer rows are longer than the inner rows
- The flower head is rounded

Species
The genus Gerbera consists of about 40 species of half-
hardy and perennial flowering plants.
Out of all the recorded species, only Gerbera jamesonii is
under cultivation.
Gerbera jamesonii
Hairy throughout. Base woody. Leaves lobed.
Many solitary orange –scarlet heads. 7.5-12.5 cm or more
across are borne from May to August.
Single or double flowered cultivars and hybrids in attractive
pastel colours are generally available.

Other Species are
Gerbera asplenifolia
Leaves narrow, 10-15 cm long, more or less deeply lobed,
leathery, glossy above, lobes roundish, concave margins.
Flower heads purple on a hairy scape.
Gerbera aurantiaca
Leaves lanceolate to oblong, acute, 12.5-15 cm long, entire,
or toothed. Flower heads are orange and anthers yellow.

Gerbera kunzeana
Himalayan species.
Gerbera viridifolia
Leaves elliptical or oblong, obtuse, green on both
sides and smooth or nearly so. Flower stalk short.
Flower heads dirty white and small.

Gerbera viridifolia Gerbera jamesonii
Gerbera cantabrigiensis syn. Gerbera hybrida
First hybrid by R. I. Lynch in the late 19th century

Few varieties…
RED PINK YELLOW WHITE PURPLE
Dusty
Terraqueen Uranus Balance Lancaster
Fredorella Flemingo Double touch Delta Explorer
Vesta Player Ozone Albino Crush
Colt Yucatan Kayak Silver star Okura
Player Kimsy Aloha Avemaria Onix
Suri Valentine Fire starer Iceberg Caprice
Dune Intense Nuance
Accenti Pink Fantasy

YCD1 YCD2
TNAU Varieties
Use : Garden display, bedding, edging

YCD 1
 Released in 1992
 Perennial
 Yield: 60 flowers/plant/year
 It is a clonal selection and the flowers are double in form with
cherry red colour.
 Free from the disorders like bent neck, petal necrosis (during
vase life) and temporary wilting in field are absent
 Plants flower earlier (within 45 days after planting) and
produce about 60 flowers per plant per year
 Flowers vase life of 7 days

YCD 2
 Released in 1995
 Perennial
 80 flowers/plant/year
 It is a cut flower variety and rosy pink in colour and
the flowers have a vase life of 15days in hills and 10
days in plains

ARKA KRISHIKA, released by IIHR Bangalore, yield- 400-425 flower/m2/year
Use as cut flower for floral decoration. Suitable for open field.

Growing structure / systems
NATURALLY VENTILLATED AERO-DYNAMIC STRUCTURE

Climatic Requirement
• Optimum night temperature : 15 -16⁰C
• Day temperature : 23-25⁰C
• Temperature leaf unfolding 25-27 ⁰C .
flower initiation 23⁰C
• The flowering of Gerbera is injured below 12⁰C and
above 35⁰C
• 12⁰C 35⁰C
Bud initiation will stop flower frequency low
bud abortion
• RH : 80-90%

Soil and water
Soil
• PH : 5.5 -6.5
• EC : 0.25-0.75 mmhos
• Highly porous and well drained – better rooting – 50-70 cm
Water
Requirement : 4-6 litres/day/sq.m
PH : 5.4-6.8
EC Water : 0.3- 0.5 mS/cm
Water with fertilizer : 1.2 – 1.5 mS/cm

• Soil sterilization - to control soil borne phytophthora, fusarium and
pythium
• Dazomet: Also known as Basamid granules
• When mixed with soil, releases biologically active gases like methyl
isocyanate, H2S, etc which penetrates between soil particles
• Covered with plastic sheet for 3 day
• Leaching of chemical
• It leaves no harmful residues Dosage 30-40 gm/ sqm
Fumigation/ Sterilization of soil

Soil preparation
 Soil is ploughed, clods are broken to prepare the land to fine tilth and then leveled
Soil –Slightly acidic (pH – 5.5 to 6.5)
Media must be
 Free from diseases and insects
 Porous and well drained
Basalapplication Organic
/ compost
FYM
Neemcake
DAP
Superphosphate
MgSO4
= 300 – 400 g/m2
= 40g/m2
= 500g/m2
= 100g/m2
= 25g/m2
= 50g/m2

Width – 1 m
Walking space - 30
cm
Bed height – 45 cm
Bed preparation
Plant spacing – 30 x 40 or 25x 30 cm
Plant density : 6-7 plants/m2

Vegetative Propagation:
Division:
• Involves in dividing large clumps into smaller units
• Practiced in June when the plant may be out in the field.
Cutting:
• The buds in the axils of the leaves are detached and rooted in
rooting medium.
• They are ready for transplanting in 2 or 3 months.
• 40-50 plants can be produced in 2-3 months from a single
mother plant.
• Young stem cuttings produce roots and shoots much easily and
quickly under intermittent mist.
Micro-propagation :
• Highly suitable for commercial production of large number of
plants.

Planting
• Commercially propagated through division of suckers
and tissue culture plants
• Proper hardened plants should be selected is case of
tissue cultured plantlets
• Planting should not be too deep
• Crown should be 1-2 cm above soil
• 2 rows are planted in 1 bed
• Deep planting – high disease incidence
• Shallow planting – plants would be pulled easily while
harvesting
• Between the row: 30-40 cm
• With in the row:25-35 cm
• 6-7 plants/ m2

Layout of Drip irrigation
• First 3 weeks overhead irrigation
• After 3rd week drip irrigation once
in 2-3 days
• 500-700ml of water/day/plant
• Drip system with drippers at 30 cm
spacing
• Over watering and poor drainage
cause root death and stunted
growth
• Water logging would cause
deprival of oxygen to plants

Gerbera cultivation under protected conditions

 Growing in soil less system is getting more popular
 Better performance of gerbera under soilless growing media i.e cocopeat+
sawdust+ sand (1:1:1 v/v) has been found under protected cultivation in
Himachal Pradesh
 Growth of gerbera plant containing peat, perlite, vermiculite is most
effective for seedling growth due to higher porosity, water holding capacity
of media, air permeability etc.
Soil less media

Special Cultural Practices in gerbera
De-leafing: Leaves are removed periodically to discard old,
diseased leaves
Raking: It is done regularly. Main purpose is to
 To loose top soil
 Aeration
 Weeding

Harvesting Techniques
• Flowering : Starts flowering 8-12 weeks after planting
• Harvest index : 2-3 rows of disc florets
perpendicular to the stalk
• Base of stalk is cut about 2-3cm above the base and kept in fresh
chlorinated water
• Grading : Based on stem length and diameter - A, B, C and D
grades
Average yield : 175-200 flowers/m2/year
• Economic life : 2 years

Post Harvest Handling
Precooling :
• Sensitive to ethylene
• Flowers are conditioned in 2-3 cm water for 4 hours at 14-15⁰C.
• Pulsed with 10 % sucrose + 1 mm STS for 8-10 hrs before transportation to
improve storability and vase life
Holding solution
 10 to 15 days – under holding solution (citric acid 300 ppm + sucrose 1.5
%)
Packing
 CFB box
 Bunches of 25 flowers
 25 flowers per bunches wrapped in cellophane sleeves
 Corrugated card board boxes 98 x 40 x 12 cm (l x w x h) 250-300 cut
flowers

Advantage of gerbera cups
• No more damaged gerberas
• Ideal packaging for online sales
• Reducing transport loss by up to 50%
• Easy to transport in water
• The cost of the sleeves are low
• Easy to remove from the gerbera flower
• Reduce botrytis or mould in the transport period
because the flower stays open
• Gerbera cup-machine to put the cups on, which
saves labour
• Visually more attractive

International standard for stalk length and flower size in gerbera
per recommendation of Aalsmeer Flower Auction Association
Grade Flower character
Stalk length (cm) Flower diameter (cm)
Fancy >50 >9
Standard > 40 >7
(Ranjan et al., 2013)

Grade code According to dutch auctions
Grade code Minimum Flower diameter (cm)
08 8
09 9
10 10
11 11
12 12
Grade code increases with increase in flower diameter
Flower diameter grade is mentioned during trading using trade code
(Sheela, 2008)

Quality requirements in the international market
 Flowers should be uniform in thickness, sturdiness and
volume
 Batch should not have limp neck
 Flowers should be free from growth defects
 Maximum permitted bacterial count in the stem is 1 million
bacteria per stem
 Grading and packing criteria to be followed properly

S.No. Box
Dimensions
Stem Length Stem per
bunch
Number of
bunches per
box
Total Stems
1. 100 cm X 45
cm X 20 cm
40 cm 10 stems 35 bunch 350 stems
2 100 cm X 45
cm X 21 cm
40 cm 10 stems 35 bunch 350 stems
For domestic market 3 ply corrugated boxes are used for Gerbera cut flowers

Export packaging- Dipping of gerbera stem in water
Export packaging- Corrugated box on conveyer belt

Export packaging- Drying of gerbera stems
Export packaging- Corrugated boxes packaging of Gerbera

Domestic packaging of Gerbera in plastic sleeves and in boxes

Storage
2-4°C at 90% RH for one week in nutritive solution to prevent
sleepiness.
Gerbera flowers are highly susceptible to gray mould so it should be
sprayed with fungicides before storage.

Transportation
Transportation is done in refrigerated van at 2-4°C
temperature to maintain the cold chain up to cargo. However
for local market it can be done by trains, buses and trucks
during night hours

Physiological disorders
Bent neck
Caused by loss of cell turgidity.
Ca deficiency
Spray Calcium Nitrate @ 0.2 %
Double faced flower
Imbalance of nutrients and excessive vegetative growth while the flower duds are
very small.
Balance application of fertilizer.
Non uniform flower blooming
Caused due to physical injury to flower stem, pest damage, phytotoxicity.
Avoid application of excess fertilizer
Short stem length
High salinity level, moisture stress, low soil temp.
Controlled by maintaing moisture status in soil

Major pest and diseases
1. Foot and Root rot
2. Powdery mildew
3. Gray mould
4. Leaf spot
5. Blossom blight
1. Thrips
2. Aphids.
3. Leaf Miner.
4. Red spider mite
5. White fly
Diseases Pests

Major Diseases
Foot rot
Symptoms
Killtheplantsstartingfromnurserytofull
growingstage
Blackeningandrottingofstem,dryingofflowers
Stuntedplantgrowthanddryingofentireplant
Severeinhighhumidcondition
Control
Soilsterilization
Sanitation
Removalof diseasedplants
Caused by Pythium irregularae,
Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora cryptogea

Powdery Mildew
Causedby Erisiphe cichoracearum and oidium erysiphoises
Symptoms
White powdery covering on stems and leaves, occasionally on flowers
Control
Spray wettable Sulphur @ 2g/l
Proper spacing
Good ventilation

Grey mould
Caused by Botrytis cinerea
Symptom
Affects young apical portion of plant
and flower
Lesions appear on flower as small
black spots on ray florets
Humid and wet condition
favourable for the disease
development
Control
Spraying 0.1% Captan

Leaf spot
Caused by Phyllosticta gebericola
Symptom
Buff coloured and then saffron
coloured spot
Control
Spraying 0.1%bavistin, or 0.2% Dinane
Z-78

Blossom Blight and Stalk Rot
Caused by Phytophthora palmivora
Symptom
Brown irregular water soaked spots on flower stalks and petals which mered
to form lesions
In severe cases flower heads gets infected and develop blossom blight and
stalk rot symptoms
Control Soil sterilization and spraying with copper oxychloride (0.3%)

Causal organism
Thrips tabaci
Symptoms
 White specks or stripes on ray florets
 Flowers heads are deformed
 Silvery greyish spot on leaves and brown
spot on leaf petiole and mid vein
Chemical control.
Spray Fipronil @ 2 ml/l or Dimethoate 30EC
@ 2 ml/l
Major Pests
Thrips

Aphids
Control
Apply Imidacloprid 17.8 %
SL @ 1 ml/l or Dimethoate
30 EC @ 2 ml/l
Caused by Myzus persicae and Aphis fabae
Symptom
Infest young leaves and buds, cause injury
by sucking sap
Excrete honeydew on which sooty mould
develop
Yellow sticky traps

Causal organism- Liriomyza trifolii
 Adults of these small insect lay eggs on leaves.
 Produces clean, white coloured mines
Control- Cypermethrin @ 0.1%
Leaf Miner

Red spider mite
Causal organism- Hemitarsonemus latus and Stenotarsonemus pallidus
Symptom-
Flowers malformed and unsaleable, leaves distorted
Control-
Spray Abamectin 1.9 EC @ 0.4 ml/l or Propargite @ 1 ml/l

Causal organism
Trialeurodes vaporariorum
Symptoms
 Suck sap from plants
 Affects leaves
 Hot and dry climate favours incidence
Chemical control
Spray Imidacloprid 17.8 % SL @ 2 ml/l or
Dimethoate 30 EC @ 2 ml/l
White fly

Deficiency Symptoms
• Nitrogen : General yellowing
• Potassium : Marginal necrosis of old leaves
• Calcium : Extreme yellowing of young leaves
• Magnesium : Interveinal chlorosis on older leaves; thick and succulent leaves
• Molybdenum : Chlorosis on the edges of leaves
• Boron :Younger leaves are black coloured
• Cupper : Chlorosis of younger leaves
• Iron : Interveinal chlorosis of young leaves
• Zinc : Leaves become chlorotic, one half of leaf blade ceases to expand and
develop while other half normal, i.e ‘C’ shaped leaves

Boron deficiency
NPK Deficiency

Gerbera.pptx

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Gerbera.pptx