FLORISTIC DIVERSITY AND CHOROTYPE ANALYSIS OF TERICH VALLEY CHITRAL: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE FLORA OF HINDUKUSH RANGE, NORTHERN PAKISTAN
A. Zaman and L. Badshah
Phytoecology Lab, Department of Botany University of Peshawar, Pakistan
Corresponding auther email: akhtarzaman@uop.edu.pk
ABSTRACT
Terich valley in district Chitral, Hindukush Range, being a remote area remained unexplored regarding plant resources. The present study was conducted during 2017-2019 in different seasons for the documentation of species diversity, phyto-climatic spectrum and Chorotype. Floristic inventory of the study area showed that there were 445 species belonging to 272 genera and 71 families. The ecological adaptation of plant species was determined using Raunkiaer's method and chorotype by indispensible references.The dominant families were Asteraceae (88 Species, 19.73%), Poaceae (49 Species, 10.73%), Papilionaceae (34 Species, 7.6%) and Brassicaceae (30 Species, 6.62%). Among the exsiting genera there were 29 monotypic genera, 11 genera with two species, 10 genera with three species and the other with low diversity. Out of 273 genera, Taraxacum (12 Species),Astraglus and Cousinia (9 Species each), Artemisia and Silene (8 Species each) and (Bromus 7 Species) were the richest genera. The most extended Chorotype (233 Species, 53%) was related to Irano-Turanian elements (52 Species, 12%) and endemic taxa. The current work showed that the flora of the valley is diverse due to climatic conditions, altidutinal variation, slope and tophography. This study is the first inventory of the valley which provides baseline information for the future prediction regarding plant resources.
Keywords: Flora, Biological spectrum, Chorotype, Terich Valley
https://doi.org/10.36899/JAPS.2021.6.0376
Published online March 31, 2021
INTRODUCTION
This study was conducted in Terich Valley, Chitral of Hindukush region throughout the growing seasons from 2017 to 2019. This valley is located between 72o 07/ to 73o 97/ E longitude and 35o 20/ to 36o 55/ N latitude, the altitude ranges from 2850 m at Rayeen to 7685 m at Terich Mir (Fig. 1). The area of Terich Valley is 1275km2 with a total population of 32537 individuals. Rugged and uneven terrain characterizes the Valley. Temperature ranges from -12 0C in winter to 30 0C in summer. Phytogeographically, Terich Valley lies in Irano-Turanian floristic region. Floristically, Irano-Turanian region is luxuriant occupied by 45.6 % of the flora of Pakistan (Ali and Qaiser, 1986). Floristic diversity depends upon the altitudinal gradient, climatic and habitat conditions (Raunkiaer, 1934). Floristic study is a basic prerequisite for much of the essential exploration of tropical community ecology, such as showing dynamics of species diversity and understanding the pattern of species distribution (Perveen et al., 2008). In 1934, Raunkaier coined the term 'biological spectra' referring to their annual buds and environmental conditions. Leaf size also helps to provide information on the relationship between plants and the physiological cycle of individual plant species (Odland, 2009). Alsherif, (2013) for floristic composition of the Khulais Region, Western Saudi Arabia, Perveen et al., (2008) Dureji Khirthar Range, Durrani et al., (2010) Aghberg Rangelands, Balochistan, Amjad et al., (2012) Sakardu Gilget District, has conducted different studies on our research. There are three major phytochorias, including Irano-Turanian, Saharo-Sindian and Sino-Japanese, dominated by the introgression of Euro-Siberian (boreal), Mediterranean species (Vetaas and Grytnes, 2002). There is, however, no reference to the Terich Valley floristic research, so the present study aims to explore the species diversity, biological spectrum and chorotype of the valley.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A detailed inventory of the flora of Terich valley, Chitral was prepared through collection of plant specimens in different seasons. The Plant specimens were collected from five selected ecological zones Shagrom, Warimon, Zondrangam, Rosh Gol and Ghari, then hard-pressed and identified according to the Flora of Pakistan (Nasir and Ali, 1970-1989, Ali and Nasir, 1989-1991, Ali and Qaiser, 1993-2018) in Herbarium Department of Botany, University of Peshawar. In this study, the Chorotype of plants was determined by using Flora of Pakistan. Also, the endemic species of the Terich valley have been specified by different references (IUCN, 2010).
The life form and leaf size spectrum were determined through Raunkier’s classification
Raunkiaerian Life form spectrum= × 100
Raunkaierian Leaf Size Spectrum = × 100
Fig 1.Geo-reference Map of Terich valley, Chitral
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the present analysis, 445 species were reported belongings to 272 genera and 71 families were identified (Table 1). The dominant families with a significant number of species in the area studied were Asteraceae (88 species, 19.73 %), Poaceae (49 species, 10.73 %), Papilionaceae (34 species, 7.6 %) and Brassicaceae (29 species, 6.62 %). Of the 272 genera, Taraxacum (12 species), Astraglus and Cousinia (9 species each), Artemisia and Silene (8 species each and (Bromus 7 species) were the richest genera. Different aspects about flora were studied by other reserchers Shah et al. (2006) reported 63 plant families with 218 species from the summer vegetation of Mastuj, Chitral, Hussain et al. (2015) described 571 plant species with 104 families from the Mastuj Valley, Chitral and Asteraceae, Papilionaceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae and Rosaceae as dominant families in the locality. Our findings are similar with results of Ali et al. (2016), who collected 463 species of plants from Chail Valley, Swat, in which Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, Papilionaceae and Apiaceae were also prominent families. Variation in species diversity of the Terich Valley is due to transition altitude, tophography, slope, habitat and climatic conditions. Life form is the main character of a plant that suggests a morphophysiological adaptation to certain environmental conditions (Odland, 2009). Life form or growth form shows the prevailing micro and macroclimatic conditions of the region (Raunkiaer, 1934), whereas the phytoclimatic range is useful for the evaluation of geographically diverse plant communities and is used as an indicator for the persistence of the ecological conditions of the area (Sharma et al., 2014) which may be modified due to overgrazing, browsing and anthrophogenicity. In this analysis, Therophytes (174 species, 39.46 %), Hemicryptophyte (139 species, 31.23 %), Chamaephytes (58 species, 13 %), Nanophanerophytes (29 species, 6.50 %), Geophytes (23 species, 5.15 %), Megaphanerophytes (9 species, 2.01 %), Mesophanerophytes (10 species, 2.24 %) and Microphanerophytes (4 species, 0.89 %). In the present study, Therophytes (174 Species, 39.46 %), Hemicryptophyte (139 Species, 31.23 %), Chamaephytes (58 Species, 13%), Nanophanerophytes (29 Species, 6.50 %), Geophytes (23 Species, 5.15 %), Megaphanerophytes (9 Species, 2.01 %), Mesophanerophytes (10 Species, 2.24%) and Microphanerophytes (4 Species, 0.89 %) (Fig. 2).
Our findings are in line with that of Al-Yemeni and Sher, (2010); Ali et al., (2016); Samreen et al., (2016). Therophytes adapted to the dryness of the valley because these plants, in the form of seeds, spend vegetative time and increase the density of short-lived species (Asri, 2003). Our findings are also confirmed by Alsherif et al., (2013); Ilyas et al., (2012) that biotic pressure on flora has a major effect on their survival in wild habitats.
The information of leaf size spectrum is useful for understanding the morpho-physiological processes of plant species and their communities (Oosting, 1956). In the current analysis, the leaf size spectra reveals that the prominent leaf size class was nanophylls (136 Species, 30.49 %) followed by leptophylls (107 Species, 23.99 %), microphylls (97 Species, 21.74 %) mesophylls (86 Species, 19.28 %), macrophylls (8 Species, 1.79 %), megaphylls (5 Species, 1.12 %) while aphyllous plants were described (7 Species, 1.56 %) (Fig. 3). Seasonal variations occur in the leaf spectrum due to annual herbaceous flora in the region, as reported by various researchers from other regions Ali et al., (2016); Al-Yemeni and Sher, (2010). Our findings are also consistent with the work of (Qadir and Tareen, 1987) who identified the same leaf size of dry-temperate plants of Quetta.
Chorotype is the distribution of plant species that represents prevailing climatic conditions (Azizi and Keshavarzi, 2014). Considering the mountainous tophography of the Terich valley (226 species, 52.92 %) of the plants are Irano-Turanian elements, we can infer that this area belongs to the phytogeographical region of Irano-Turanian (Table 1, Fig. 4). Due to the proximity of the Mediterranean and Euro-Siberian areas, there are distributional elements restricted to this region. The presence of endangered species (60 species, 14.05 %) in the valley is due to the climax and dry-temperate climate (Fig. 5). Our findings support the statement that the proportion of endemic plants increases with increasing altitude (Pauli et al., 2007; Vediya and Kharadi, 2011). Approximately 47% of the species described have two or multi-regional phytochoria. The presence of multi-regional elements is the explanation for the overlapping of many geographical areas in this valley. The taxonomic similarities of most endemic species suggest that the origin of the alpine flora of the Terich Valley is of the Iranian-Turanian type (Table 2).
Table 1. Floristic list, Biological spectrum and Chorotype of flora of Terich Valley, Chitral
Division/ Family
|
Botanical Name
|
Life from
|
Leaf size
|
Chorotype
|
A. Pteridophytes
|
|
1. Aspleniaceae
|
1. Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm.
|
G
|
L
|
IT, SJ
|
2. Asplenium viride Huds.
|
G
|
L
|
IT
|
2. Dryopteridaceae
|
3. Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh.
|
G
|
Mic
|
IT, SJ
|
3. Adiantaceae
|
4. Adiantum venustum D. Don
|
G
|
L
|
IT, SJ
|
4. Equisetaceae
|
5. Equisetum ramossimum Desf.
|
G
|
Aph
|
IT, SJ
|
B. Gymnosperms
|
|
5. Cupressaceae
|
6. Juniperus communis L.
|
Np
|
L
|
IT, SJ
|
7. Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
|
Megp
|
L
|
IT, SS
|
6. Ephedraceae
|
8. Ephedra gerardiana Wall.ex Stapf
|
Ch
|
Aph
|
IT
|
9. Ephedra intermedia Schrenk & Meyer
|
Ch
|
Aph
|
IT
|
C. Angiosperms
|
|
(I) Monocots
|
7. Alliaceae
|
10. Allium chitralicum Wang & Tang
|
G
|
Mes
|
END
|
11. Allium barszczewskii Lipsky
|
G
|
Mes
|
IT
|
12. Allium caroliniannum DC.
|
G
|
Mes
|
IT
|
8. Asphodelaceae
|
13. Eremurus stenophyllus subsp. stenophyllus S. I. Ali
|
H
|
Mac
|
IT
|
9. Convallariaceae
|
14. Polygonatum geminiflorum Decne
|
G
|
N
|
IT, SJ
|
10. Cyperaceae
|
15. Carex chitralensis Nelmes.
|
G
|
L
|
END
|
16. Carex vulpinaris Nees.
|
Ch
|
L
|
END
|
17. Carex stenocarpa Turcz.ex V. Krecz
|
G
|
L
|
IT
|
18. Carex stenophylla Wahlenb. subsp. stenophylloides (V. Kreez.) Egor.
|
Ch
|
L
|
IT
|
19. Cyperus nutans subsp.
eleusinoids (Kunth) T.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT
|
20. Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani.
|
H
|
N
|
IT, SJ
|
21. Kobresia laxa Nees, Contr.
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
22. Kobresia pygmaea (C. B. Clarke) C. B. Clarke
|
H
|
N
|
IT
|
23. Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla subsp. tabernaemontani (C. C. Gmel) A. & D. LÖve.
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
11. Iridaceae
|
24. Iris hookeriana Foster.
|
G
|
Mes
|
IT, SJ
|
12. Juncaceae
|
25. Luzula spicata (L.) DC.
|
H
|
N
|
IT
|
13. Liliaceae
|
26. Fritillaria imperialis var.
chitralensis Hort.
|
G
|
Mic
|
END
|
27. Gagea gageoides (Zucc.) Vved.
|
G
|
L
|
IT
|
28. Gagea alexia Ali.
|
G
|
L
|
IT
|
29. Gagea chitralensis Dasgupta & Deb.
|
G
|
L
|
END
|
14. Orchidaceae
|
30. Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo
|
G
|
N
|
IT, SJ
|
31. Dactylorhiza kafiriana Renz Marshe
|
H
|
N
|
IT
|
32. Dactylorhiza umbrosa (Kar. & Kir.) Nevski
|
H
|
N
|
IT, SJ
|
33. Epipactis gigantea Douglas ex Hook.
|
Ch
|
Mic
|
IT
|
15. Poaceae
|
34. Agrostis nervosa Nees ex Trin.
|
H
|
N
|
COS
|
35. Agrostis viridis Gouan, Hort.
|
H
|
N
|
COS
|
36. Arthraxon prionodes (Steud.) Dandy
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
37. Avena sativa Retz.
|
Th
|
N
|
COS
|
38. Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P. Beauv.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
39. Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
40. Bromus danthoniae Trin.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT
|
41. Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murr
|
Th
|
L
|
COS
|
42. Bromus oxyodon Schrenk.
|
Ch
|
N
|
IT
|
43. Bromus pectinatus Thunb.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT
|
44. Bromus persicus Boiss.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
45. Bromus ramosus Huds.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT
|
46. Bromus tectorum L.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT, Med
|
47. Calamagrostis decora Hook.f. Fl. Brit.
|
Ch
|
Mes
|
END
|
48. Calamagrostis pseudophragmites subsp. speudophragmites (Hall.f.) Koel.
|
Ch
|
Mic
|
IT, ES
|
49. Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Hook. f.) R. R. Stewart
|
Ch
|
Mes
|
IT, ES
|
50. Cymbopogon commutatus
(Steud.) Stapf
|
H
|
L
|
IT, ES
|
51. Cynodon dactylon (L.)Pers.
|
H
|
Mic
|
COS
|
52. Dactylis glomerata L.
|
H
|
N
|
COS
|
53. Dicanthium annulatum Forssk. Stapf.
|
H
|
L
|
IT, SJ
|
54. Elymus repens (L.) Gould.
|
H
|
L
|
COS
|
55. Elymus dahuricus Turcz.ex. Grieseb.
|
Ch
|
L
|
IT
|
56. Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Lut.ex F.T. Hubbard
|
Th
|
N
|
IT, SS
|
57. Festuca olgae (Regel) Krivot.
|
H
|
N
|
IT, Med
|
58. Helictotrichon pratense (L.) Pilger
|
Ch
|
N
|
IT, SJ
|
59. Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult.
|
Ch
|
N
|
IT, SS
|
60. Lolium temulentum L.
|
H
|
N
|
IT, SS
|
61. Melica persica Kunth, Rev. Gram.
|
Ch
|
L
|
IT
|
62. Pennisetum flaccidum Griseb
|
Ch
|
L
|
IT, SS
|
63. Piptatherum gracile Mez.
|
H
|
L
|
IT, SJ
|
64. Piptatherum laterale (Munro ex Regel) Rozhev
|
H
|
N
|
IT
|
65. Piptatherum hilariae Pazij
|
H
|
L
|
IT, SS, SJ
|
66. Poa alpina L.
|
Ch
|
N
|
IT
|
67. Poa versicolor subsp. araratica (Trautv.) Tzvelev
|
H
|
N
|
IT, SJ
|
68. Poa bulbosa L.
|
G
|
N
|
IT, Med
|
69. Poa pratensis subsp. pratensis
|
Th
|
N
|
COS
|
70. Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf
|
H
|
L
|
IT, SS, SJ
|
71. Puccinellia minuta Bor.
|
H
|
N
|
IT
|
72. Setaria gluea (Retz.) Trin ex Steud.
|
H
|
N
|
IT, SJ
|
73. Setaria intermedia Roem & Schult.
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
74. Schizachyrium impressum (Hack.) A.Camus
|
H
|
N
|
END
|
75. Stipa chitralensis Bor.
|
H
|
L
|
END
|
76. Stipa capillata L.
|
H
|
N
|
IT
|
77. Tetrapogon villosus Desf.
|
H
|
N
|
IT, SS, SJ
|
78. Trisetaria loeflingiana (L.) Paunero
|
Th
|
L
|
IT, SJ
|
79. Trisetum clarkei (Hook.f.) R. R.
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
80. Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richt.
|
H
|
N
|
COS
|
81. Triticum aestivum L.
|
Th
|
Mic
|
COS
|
82. Zea mays L.
|
Th
|
Mes
|
COS
|
(II) Dicots
|
|
16. Amaranthaceae
|
83. Amaranthus viridis L.
|
Th
|
Mic
|
IT, SJ
|
17. Anacardiaceae
|
84. Pistacia atlantica subsp. cabulica
|
Mesp
|
Mic
|
IT
|
18. Apiaceae
|
85. Ammi visnega (L.) Lam.
|
Ch
|
L
|
IT, SJ
|
86. Anethum gravelons L.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT, SJ
|
87. Bunium persicum (Boiss.) Fedtsch. Rastit
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
88. Bupleurum gilesii Wolf.
|
H
|
Mic
|
IT
|
89. Bupleurum kohistanicum E. Nasir
|
H
|
Mic
|
IT, Med
|
90. Coriandrum stivum L.
|
Th
|
L
|
COS
|
91. Dacus carota L.
|
G
|
Mes
|
COS
|
92. Ferula hindukushensis Kitamura.
|
H
|
Meg
|
IT
|
93. Ferula jaeschkeanaVatke.
|
G
|
Meg
|
IT, SJ
|
94. Ferula narthex Boiss.
|
H
|
Meg
|
IT
|
95. Fonniculum vulgare Miller.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT, SS, SJ
|
96. Heracleum polyadenum Rech.f. & Riedl.
|
H
|
Mic
|
IT
|
97. Pleurospermum stylosum C.B. Clarke
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
98. Pimpinella stewartii Dunn. Nasir
|
Th
|
Mic
|
IT, SJ
|
99. Prangos pabularia Lindl.
|
H
|
N
|
IT
|
100. Scaligera chitralica Hiroe
|
Th
|
L
|
END
|
101. Scandix pecten-veneris L.
|
Th
|
Mic
|
IT, SJ
|
102. Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link.
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT, SJ
|
103. Trachydium depressum ssp. chitralicum
|
H
|
Mic
|
END
|
104. Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spargue.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT, SS
|
19. Asclepiadaceae
|
105. Cynanchum acutum L.
|
H
|
Mes
|
IT, Med
|
20. Asteraceae
|
106. Achillea millefolium subsp.
chitralensis
|
H
|
L
|
END
|
107. Ajania fruticulosa (Ledeb.) Poljakov
|
Np
|
Mic
|
IT
|
108. Allardia glabra Decne., Voy.
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
109. Allardia stoliczkae C.B. Clarke
|
H
|
N
|
IT
|
110. Allardia tridactylites (Kar. & Kir.) Schultz
|
H
|
L
|
IT, SJ
|
111. Anaphalis chitralensis Qaiser & Rubina
|
Ch
|
Mes
|
END
|
112. Anaphalis stantonii Y. Nasir
|
H
|
L
|
END
|
113. Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) C.B Clarke
|
Ch
|
Mic
|
IT
|
114. Anthemis cotula L.
|
H
|
N
|
IT, SJ
|
115. Artemisia biennis Willd.
|
Ch
|
Mic
|
IT, ES
|
116. Artemisia brevifolia Wall ex DC.
|
H
|
N
|
IT
|
117. Artemisia rutifolia Spreng., Syst.
|
Ch
|
L
|
IT, ES
|
118. Artemisia elegantissim Pamp., Nuovo Giorn.
|
H
|
L
|
IT, ES
|
119. Artemisia parviflora Roxb ex. D. Don
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT, ES
|
120. Artemisia persica Boiss, Diagn.
|
H
|
L
|
IT, ES
|
121. Artemisia scoparia Waldst.& Kit.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT, ES
|
122. Artemisia sieversiana Ehrh.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
123. Askellia flexuosa (Ledb.) W.A. Weber
|
H
|
N
|
IT, SJ
|
124. Aster flaccidus Bunge.
|
H
|
Mes
|
IT, SJ
|
125. Bellis perennis L.
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT, Med
|
126. Brachyactis roylei (Candolle)
Wendelbo.
|
H
|
Mic
|
IT, SJ
|
127. Carthamus tinctorus L.
|
H
|
Mes
|
IT
|
128. Calendula officinalis L.
|
Th
|
Mic
|
COS
|
129. Centaurea iberica Trev.ex. Sprengel.
|
Th
|
N
|
COS
|
130. Cichoriun intybus L.
|
H
|
Mes
|
IT
|
131. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.
|
Th
|
Mic
|
IT
|
132. Cirsium wallichii var. glabratum (Hook. f.) Wendelbo
|
Th
|
Mic
|
IT
|
133. Cirsium rhizocephalum C. A. Mey
|
H
|
Mic
|
IT
|
134. Cirsium griffithii Boiss.
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT
|
135. Cnicus benedictus L.
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT, SJ
|
136. Conyza aegyptiaca (L.) Dryand. ex Aiton
|
Th
|
N
|
COS
|
137. Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist.
|
Th
|
N
|
COS
|
138. Cousinia buphthalmoides Regel
|
H
|
Mes
|
IT
|
139. Cousinia chitralensis Rech.
|
Th
|
Mic
|
END
|
140. Cousinia khashensis Rech.f.
|
Ch
|
Mic
|
IT
|
141. Cousinia chionophila Rech.f.
|
Ch
|
Mic
|
IT
|
142. Cousinia haeckeliae Bornm.
|
H
|
Mes
|
IT
|
143. Cousinia oxytoma Rech.f.
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT
|
144. Cousinia multiloba DC.
|
Np
|
Mic
|
IT
|
145. Cousinia pycnoloba Boiss.
|
Np
|
Mic
|
IT
|
146. Cousinia eriobasis Bunge.
|
H
|
Mic
|
IT
|
147. Crepis sancta (L.) Babc. ssp. sancta
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
148. Crepis aitchisonii Boiss.
|
H
|
N
|
IT
|
149. Crepis multicaulis Ledeb.
var. congsta
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
150. Crepis pulchra L.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
151. Echinops echinatus Roxb.
|
Th
|
Mic
|
IT
|
152. Echinops chloroleucus Rech.f.
|
H
|
Mes
|
IT
|
153. Filago germanica (L.) Huds
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
154. Frolovia gilesii (Hemsl.) B.A. Scherip
|
Ch
|
Mic
|
IT
|
155. Heteracia szovitsii Fisch. & C.A. Mey.
|
Th
|
Mic
|
IT
|
156. Heteropappus altaicus
(Willd.) Novopokr.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT
|
157. Inula obtusifolia Kerner.
|
Ch
|
Mes
|
IT, SJ
|
158. Koelpinia linearis Pall. Var. linearis
|
Th
|
N
|
IT, SJ
|
159. Lactuca serriola L.
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT, ES
|
160. Lactuca tatarica (L.) C.A. Mey.
|
Th
|
Mac
|
IT
|
161. Launaea acanthodes (Boiss.) Kuntze.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT, SS
|
162. Matricaria chamomilla L.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT, SJ
|
163. Myricatis wallichii Less.
|
Th
|
Mic
|
IT
|
164. Pseudognaphalium luteo-album (L.), O. M. Hilliard & B. L Burtt
|
Th
|
Mic
|
IT, SJ
|
165. Psychrogeton chitralicus Grierson.
|
H
|
Mes
|
END
|
166. Saussurea leptophylla Hemsl.
|
Ch
|
Mac
|
IT
|
167. Saussurea jacea (Klotzsch) C.B.Clarke.
|
Th
|
Mac
|
IT
|
168. Saussurea elliptica C. B. Clarke
|
H
|
Mes
|
IT
|
169. Scorzonera virgata DC.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
170. Senecio analogus DC.
|
H
|
N
|
IT
|
171. Senecio chrysanthemoides DC.
|
Ch
|
L
|
IT
|
172. Seriphidium brevifolium
(Wall. ex DC.) Ling & Y. R. Ling
|
Ch
|
Mic
|
IT
|
173. Seriphidium chitralense
(Podlech)Y. R. Ling
|
H
|
Mic
|
END
|
174. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
175. Tanacetum griffithii (C. B. Clarke) Muradyan.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT, Med
|
176. Tanacetum chitralense (Podlech) K.
|
H
|
L
|
END
|
177. Taraxacum brachyglosoides Soset.
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT
|
178. Taraxacum brevirostre
Hand.-Mazz.var. lanatum
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT
|
179. Taraxacum elegantiforme Soest.
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT
|
180. Taraxacum chitralense Soest
|
Th
|
Mes
|
END
|
181. Taraxacum longirostre Schischk var. tirichinse (Soest) S.Abedin
|
H
|
Mic
|
IT
|
182. Taraxacum polyodon Dahlst.
|
H
|
Mes
|
IT
|
183. Taraxacum pseudotenebristylum Soest
|
Th
|
Mic
|
IT
|
184. Taraxacums quarrosiceps
Soest
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT
|
185. Taraxacum tricolor V. S
|
Th
|
Mic
|
IT
|
186. Taraxacum wendelboanum Soest
|
Th
|
Mes
|
END
|
187. Taraxacum officinale Weber.
|
Ch
|
Mes
|
IT
|
188. Taraxacum obtusum (Soest) R. Doll
|
Th
|
Mes
|
END
|
189. Tragopogon gracilis D.Don.
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
190. Tricholepis toppinii Dunn.
|
Ch
|
Mac
|
END
|
191. Tussilago farfara L.
|
Ch
|
Mic
|
IT, SJ, Med
|
192. Xanthium strumarium L.
|
Th
|
Mac
|
COS
|
193. Youngia japonica (L.) DC.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT, SJ
|
21. Berberidaceae
|
194. Berberis calliobotrys Aitch.ex Koehne.
|
Np
|
N
|
IT
|
195. Berberis lyceum Royle.
|
Np
|
Mic
|
IT, SJ
|
196. Berberis parkeriana Schneid
|
Np
|
N
|
IT
|
22. Betulaceae
|
197. Betula chitralica Browicz
|
Mesp
|
Mes
|
END
|
198. Betula utilis D.Don
|
Mesp
|
Mes
|
IT
|
23. Boraginaceae
|
199. Arnebia euchroma (Royle ex Benth.) I .M. Johnston
|
Ch
|
N
|
IT
|
200. Arnebia griffithii Boiss.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
201. Arnebia hispidisma (Lehm.) A. DC
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT
|
202. Asperugo procumbens L.
|
H
|
L
|
IT, ES
|
203. Cynoglossum lanceolatum Wall.ex. Benth.
|
Ch
|
Mes
|
IT
|
204. Cynoglossum glochidiatum Wall.ex Benth.
|
H
|
N
|
IT
|
205. Lappula barbata (M. Bieb) Gurke.
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
206. Lindelofia stylosa (Kar. & Kir.) Brand, Pflanzenr.
|
Ch
|
L
|
IT
|
207. Lindelofia anchusoides (Lindl.) Lehm.
|
Ch
|
L
|
IT
|
208. Myosotis avensis (L.) Hill.
|
H
|
Mic
|
IT
|
209. Onosma chitralicum I. M. Johiston
|
H
|
N
|
END
|
210. Pseudomertensia chitralensis (Riedl) Riedl
|
Ch
|
Mes
|
END
|
211. Rochelia chitralensis Y. Nasir
|
Th
|
L
|
END
|
212. Solenanthus circinnatus Ledeb
|
H
|
N
|
IT, Med
|
24. Brassicaceae
|
213. Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande
|
H
|
Mes
|
IT, ES, Med
|
214. Arabidopsis wallichii (Hook. f. & Thoms.) N. Busch
|
H
|
Mes
|
IT
|
215. Brassica campestris L.
|
Th
|
Mic
|
IT, SS, SJ
|
216. Capsella bursa-pestoris L.
|
Th
|
Mic
|
COS
|
217. Conringia orientalis (L.) Andrz.
|
H
|
Mes
|
IT
|
218. Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT, SS, Med
|
219. Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb & Berth.
|
H
|
N
|
IT, ES, Med
|
220. Draba olgae subsp. chitralensis (O. E. Schultz) Jafri
|
Ch
|
N
|
END
|
221. Draba korshinskyi
(O. Fedtschenko) Pohle.
|
Ch
|
L
|
IT, ES
|
222. Draba stenocarpa Hook.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT, ES
|
223. Draba tibetica var. chitralensis (O. E. Nasir) Jafri.
|
Ch
|
L
|
END
|
224. Draba pakistanica Jafri.
|
Th
|
N
|
END
|
225. Erysimum erosum O.E Schultz
|
H
|
Mic
|
END
|
226. Goldbachia laevigata (M. Bieb.) DC.
|
H
|
Mes
|
IT, SS
|
227. Graellsia chitralensis O.E. Schulz
|
H
|
Mes
|
END
|
228. Isatis tinctoria L. subsp. tinctoria
|
Th
|
Mic
|
IT, ES, Med
|
229. Cardaria draba (L.) Desv
|
Th
|
N
|
IT, SJ
|
230. Lepidium apetalum H. & T.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT, SJ, Med
|
231. Malcolmia cabulica
var. topppinii (O.E. Schulz) Nasir
|
Th
|
N
|
IT, SJ
|
232. Malcolmia intermedia C.A. Mey.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT, SJ
|
233. Matthiola flavida Boiss.
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT
|
234. Nasturtium officinale R. Br.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT, SS, Med
|
235. Neslia apiculata Fisch., C.A. Mey. & Ave
|
Th
|
L
|
IT, SS
|
236. Parrya chitralensis Jafri.
|
Th
|
Mes
|
END
|
237. Raphanus raphanistrum L.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT, SS
|
238. Raphanus sativus L.
|
Th
|
Mac
|
IT, SS
|
239. Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbas
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
240. Sisymbrium brassiciforme C. A. Mey.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT
|
241. Thlaspi perfoliatum L
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT
|
25. Buxaceae
|
242. Buxus wallichiana Baill, Monogr. Bux.et Styloc.
|
Np
|
Mic
|
IT
|
26. Campanulaceae
|
243. Campanula staintonii Rech.f. & Schimann-Czeike
|
Th
|
Mes
|
END
|
244. Asyneuma strictum Wendelbo.
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT
|
245. Codonopsis clematidea
(Schrenk) C.B. Clarke
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
27. Capparaceae
|
246. Capparis spinosa L.
|
H
|
Mic
|
IT, SS, Med
|
28. Caprifoliaceae
|
247. Lonicera asperifolia (Decne.) Hk. f.
|
Np
|
Mic
|
IT
|
248. Lonicera griffithii Hook.f. & Thoms.
|
Np
|
Mic
|
IT
|
249. Lonicera myrtillus Hook. f. & Thoms.
|
Np
|
Mic
|
IT, SJ
|
29.Caryophyllaceae
|
250. Arenaria orbiculata Royle ex Edgew.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
251. Acanthophylum laxiflorum Boiss.
|
H
|
N
|
IT
|
252. Cerastium cerastioides (L.) Britton.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
253. Dianthus angulatus Royle ex Benth.
|
H
|
N
|
IT
|
254. Dianthus orientalis Adams.
|
Ch
|
L
|
IT
|
255. Lepyrodicalis holosteoides (C.A.M.) Fenzl
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
256. Minuartia hybrida (Vill.) Schischkin. subsp. hybrida
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
257. Silene affghanica Rohrb.
|
H
|
N
|
IT
|
258. Silene conoidea L.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
259. Silene gonosperma (Rupr.) Bocquet
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
260. Silene stantonii S. A. Ghazanfar
|
H
|
L
|
END
|
261. Silene joerstadii Wendelbo
|
H
|
L
|
END
|
262. Silene viscosa (L.) Pers.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
263. Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT
|
264. Silene longisepala E.Nasir
|
Th
|
N
|
END
|
265. Stellaria decumbens Edgew
|
Th
|
L
|
IT
|
266. Stellaria media (L.)Vill.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
30. Chenopodiaceae
|
267. Atriplex schugnanica Iljin.
|
H
|
N
|
IT, SS
|
268. Chenopodium botrys L.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT, SS, SJ
|
269. Chenopodium foliosum (Merrich.) Aschers
|
Th
|
N
|
IT, SS, SJ
|
270. Chenopodium murale L.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT, ES
|
271. Kochia indica Wight, Icon.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT, SS
|
272. Haloxlon griffithii subsp.grifthii Moq.
|
Ch
|
Mic
|
IT, SS
|
31. Convolvulaceae
|
273. Convulvulus arvensis L.
|
Th
|
Mes
|
COS
|
32. Cuscutaceae
|
274. Cuscuta lupuliformis Krocker
|
Th
|
Aph
|
IT
|
275. Cuscuta capitata Roxb.
|
Th
|
Aph
|
IT
|
276. Cuscuta villosa L.
|
Th
|
Aph
|
END
|
33. Cucurbitaceae
|
277. Citrulus vulgaris L.
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT
|
278. Cucurbita maxima Duch ex Lam.
|
Th
|
Meg
|
IT
|
34. Crassulaceae
|
279. Orostachys thyrsiflora (DC.) Fischer ex Sweets
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT
|
280. Rhodiola heterodonta
(Hook.f. & Thomson) Boriss.
|
H
|
Mes
|
IT
|
281. Rhodiola wallichiana (Hook.) S.H.
|
H
|
Mic
|
IT
|
282. Rosularia adenotricha subsp. adenotricha
|
H
|
Mes
|
IT
|
283. Rosularia adenotricha subsp. chitralica
|
H
|
Mes
|
END
|
284. Rosularia alpestris (Kar & Kir) Boriss.
|
H
|
Mic
|
IT
|
285. Hylotelephium ewersii (Ledeb.) H. Ohba
|
G
|
N
|
IT
|
35. Dipsacaceae
|
286. Scabiosa olivieri var. olivieri
|
Th
|
N
|
IT, ES, Med
|
36. Elaeagnaceae
|
287. Elaeagnus angustifolia var. angustifolia
|
Micp
|
Mic
|
IT, ES
|
288. Hippophae rhamnoides Rousi.
|
Np
|
N
|
IT
|
37. Euphorbiaceae
|
289. Euphorbia wallichii Hk.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
290. Euphorbia thomsoniana Boiss.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
291. Euphorbia osyridea Boiss.
|
Ch
|
N
|
IT
|
38. Fumariaceae
|
292. Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley.
|
Th
|
L
|
COS
|
39. Gentianaceae
|
293. Aloitis smithii Omer
|
Th
|
L
|
END
|
294. Gentianodes argentea (Royle ex D.Don) Omer
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT
|
295. Lomatogonium spathulatum (Kern.) Fernald.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT
|
40. Geraniaceae
|
296. Geranium wallichianum D.
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT, ES
|
41. Grossulariaceae
|
297. Ribes orientale Desf.
|
Ch
|
Mes
|
IT
|
42. Hypericaceae
|
298. Hypericum scabrum L.
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
299. Hypericum perforatum L.
|
H
|
Mic
|
IT
|
43. Juglandaceae
|
300. Juglans regia L.
|
Mesp
|
Mic
|
IT, ES
|
44. Lamiaceae
|
301. Alajja rhomboidea (Benth.) Ikonn.
|
G
|
N
|
IT
|
302. Dracocephalum nutans L.
|
Ch
|
N
|
IT
|
303. Dracocephalum stamineum
Kar. & Kir.
|
Ch
|
L
|
IT
|
304. Eremostachys edelbergii Rech.f.
|
H
|
Mes
|
IT
|
305. Eremostachys speciosa Rupr.
|
H
|
Mes
|
END
|
306. Lagochilus cabulicus Bth.
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
307. Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds.
|
H
|
N
|
IT, SS, SJ
|
308. Mrrubium vulgare L.
|
Ch
|
Mes
|
IT
|
309. Nepeta cataria L.
|
Ch
|
Mes
|
IT
|
310. Nepeta clarkei Hook.f.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
311. Nepeta floccosa Benth.
|
Th
|
Mic
|
IT
|
312. Nepeta podostachys Benth.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
313. Peroviskia atriplicifolia Benth.
|
Ch
|
Mic
|
IT
|
314. Scutellaria heydei Hook.
|
H
|
N
|
IT
|
315. Scutellaria multicaulis Boiss.
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
316. Thymus linearis Benth. subsp. linearis Jalas.
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
317. Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT
|
45. Malvaceae
|
318. Alcea nudiflora (Lindl.) Boiss
|
Th
|
Mac
|
IT
|
46. Meliaceae
|
319. Melia azedarach L.
|
Megp
|
Mic
|
IT, SS, SJ
|
47. Moraceae
|
320. Morus nigra L.
|
Megp
|
Mes
|
IT, SS, SJ
|
321. Morus alba L.
|
Megp
|
Mes
|
IT, SS, SJ
|
48. Oleaceae
|
322. Fraxinus hookerrii Wenzig
|
Megp
|
Mic
|
IT
|
323. Fraxinus xanthoxyloides (G. Don) DC.
|
Megp
|
Mic
|
IT
|
49. Onagraceae
|
324. Epilobium angustifolium L.
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT
|
325. Epilobium chitralensis Raven.
|
Th
|
N
|
END
|
326. Epilobium hirsutum L.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT,SJ,Med
|
327. Epilobium royleanum
Hausskn, Oesterr.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
50. Orbancaceae
|
328. Orobanche cernua Leofl.
|
H
|
Aph
|
IT
|
51. Papaveraceae
|
329. Corydalis urosepala Fedde.
|
Th
|
Mes
|
END
|
330. Papaver nudicaule L.
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT
|
52. Papilionaceae
|
331. Astragalus affghanus Boiss.
|
Th
|
N
|
END
|
332. Astragalus amberstianus Bth.ex. Royle.
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
333. Astragalus coluteocarpus Boiss.ssp. chitralensis Wenninger, Mitt.
|
Ch
|
L
|
END
|
334. Astragalus imitensis Ali
|
H
|
N
|
END
|
335. Astragalus chitralensis Ali
|
H
|
N
|
END
|
336. Astragalus laspurensis Ali
|
H
|
L
|
END
|
337. Astragalus minuto-foliolatus Wendelbo.
|
H
|
L
|
END
|
338. Astragalus toppinianus Ali
|
H
|
L
|
END
|
339. Astragalus edelbergianus Sirj & Rech.f.
|
H
|
N
|
END
|
340. Chesneya cuneata (Benth.) Ali.
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
341. Chesneya depressa (Oliv.) Pop.
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
342. Cicer macranthum M. Popov
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
343. Cicer nuristanicum Kitamura.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
344. Colutea paulsenii Freyn.ssp. mesantha, (Shap. ex Ali) Ali.
|
Np
|
N
|
IT
|
345. Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera (Waldst. & Kit.) Boiss.
|
G
|
Mes
|
IT
|
346. Galegia officinales L.
|
H
|
Mic
|
IT
|
347. Hedysarum folconeri Baker.
|
Ch
|
Mic
|
IT
|
348. Hedysarum minjanense Rech.f.
|
H
|
Mic
|
IT
|
349. Hedysarum cachemirianum Benth. ex Baker
|
Ch
|
Mic
|
IT
|
350. Hedysarum alpinum L.
|
H
|
Mic
|
IT
|
351. Lotus corniculatus var. tenuifolius L.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT, SJ
|
352. Medicago lupulina L.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT, ES, Med
|
353. Medicago sativa L.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT, ES, Med
|
354. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall., Reise.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT, ES, Med
|
355. Melilotus indica (L.) All.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT
|
356. Oxytropis crassiuscula A. Boriss
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
357. Oxytropis chitralensis Ali.
|
H
|
L
|
END
|
358. Psoralea drupaceae Bunge.
|
Th
|
Mic
|
IT
|
359. Sophora mollis subsp. duthiei (Prain) Ali Comb.nov
|
Np
|
N
|
END
|
360. Trifolium resupinatum L.
|
Th
|
Mic
|
IT, ES
|
361. Trifolium repens L.
|
H
|
Mic
|
IT, ES
|
362. Trigonella incisa Benth.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT, SJ
|
363. Vicia bakeri Ali.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT
|
364. Vicia sativa L.
|
Th
|
N
|
COS
|
53. Plantaginaceae
|
365. Plantago major L.
|
Th
|
Mes
|
IT, Med
|
54. Platanaceae
|
366. Platanus orientalis L.
|
Megp
|
Mes
|
IT, SJ
|
55. Plumbaginaceae
|
367. Acantholimon leptostahyum Aitch.
|
Ch
|
L
|
IT
|
368. Acantholimon longiflorum Boiss.
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
369. Acantholimon lycopodioides (Girard.) Boiss.
|
Np
|
N
|
IT
|
370. Acantholimon polystachyum Boiss.
|
Ch
|
L
|
IT
|
371. Acantholimon stocksii Boiss.
|
Ch
|
N
|
IT
|
372. Acantholimon longiscapum Bokhari.
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
56. Polygalaceae
|
373. Polygala sp.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT
|
57. Polygonaceae
|
374. Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill, Hort.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT, ES
|
375. Polygonum cognatum
subsp. chitralicum (Rech. f. Schiman-Czeika) Qaiser
|
Th
|
L
|
END
|
376. Polygonum paronychioides C.A. Mey.f
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
377. Rheum webbianum Royle.
|
G
|
Meg
|
IT
|
378. Rumex hastatus D. Don
|
Ch
|
Mes
|
IT, SS
|
58. Primulaceae
|
379. Androsace harrissii Duthie subsp. harrissii
|
Np
|
Mic
|
END
|
380. Androsace mucronifolia Watt.
|
H
|
Mic
|
IT
|
381. Androsace stantonii Y. Nasir.
|
Th
|
Mic
|
END
|
382. Primula macrophylla var.
macrophylla D. Don
|
H
|
Mes
|
IT
|
59. Ranunculaceae
|
383. Adonis aestivalis L.
|
H
|
Mic
|
IT, SJ
|
384. Anemone rupicola var. sericea Hook.f.& Thomson
|
H
|
Mic
|
IT
|
385. Aquilegia pubiflora Wall. Ex Royle
|
H
|
Mic
|
IT
|
386. Clematis alpina var. sibirica (L.) O. Kuntze, Verh.
|
Ch
|
N
|
IT, SJ
|
387. Clematis aspleniifola Schrenk
|
Ch
|
N
|
IT
|
388. Clematis graveolens Lindl.
|
Ch
|
Mic
|
IT
|
389. Clematis orientalis L.
|
Np
|
N
|
IT, Med
|
390. Delphinium chitralense H. Riedl
|
H
|
Mes
|
END
|
391. Delphinium nordhagenii Wendelbo.
|
Ch
|
Mic
|
END
|
392. Ranunculus laetus Wall.ex Hook.f. & Thoms.
|
H
|
N
|
IT, ES
|
393. Thalictrum foetideum L.
|
H
|
N
|
IT
|
394. Thalictrum alpinum L.
|
H
|
N
|
IT, SJ
|
395. Trollius acaulis Lindl.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT
|
60. Rhamnaceae
|
396. Rhamnus prostrata Jacq.ex Parker
|
Np
|
Mic
|
IT, ES, Med
|
61. Rosaceae
|
397. Cotoneaster affinis var. bacillaris (Lindl.) Schneider.
|
Mesp
|
Mes
|
IT, SJ
|
398. Cotoneaster nummularia Fisch. & Mey.
|
Np
|
N
|
IT
|
399. Cotoneaster racemiflorus (Desf.) Booth ex Bosse
|
Np
|
L
|
IT
|
400. Crataegus songarica C. Koch.
|
Micp
|
Mic
|
IT
|
401. Crataegus wattiana Hemsl.
|
Mesp
|
Mic
|
IT
|
402. Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke
|
H
|
Mic
|
IT, SJ
|
403. Fragaria nubicola (Hook.f.) Lindl.ex Lacaita
|
Th
|
Mic
|
IT, SJ
|
404. Potentilla desertorum Bunge.
|
H
|
N
|
IT
|
405. Potentilla grisea Juz.var. grisea
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
406. Prunus prostrata Labill.
|
Mesp
|
Mic
|
IT, ES
|
407. Prunus jacquemontii Hook.f.
|
Mesp
|
Mes
|
IT
|
408. Prunus griffithii (Boiss.) C.K.
Schneid
|
Micp
|
Mic
|
IT
|
409. Prunus kuramica (Korsh.) Kitamura.
|
Mesp
|
Mic
|
IT, SJ
|
410. Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
|
Micp
|
Mes
|
IT, SJ
|
411. Rosa ecae Aitch.
|
Np
|
N
|
IT
|
412. Rosa beggeriana Schrenk.
|
Np
|
Mic
|
IT
|
413. Rosa webbiana Wall.ex. Royle.
|
Np
|
Mic
|
IT, SJ
|
414. Rubus sanctus Schreb., Icon. Descr
|
Np
|
Mes
|
IT, SJ
|
415. Spiraea pilosa Franch
|
Np
|
Mic
|
IT
|
416. Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehder var. tomentosa
|
Np
|
Mic
|
IT, SJ
|
62. Rubiaceae
|
417. Asperula oppositifolia Reg. & Schmalh.
|
Np
|
N
|
IT
|
418. Rubia chitralensis Ehrend.
|
Ch
|
Mic
|
END
|
419. Rubia tibetica Hook.f.
|
H
|
L
|
IT, Med
|
420. Gaillonia chitralensis Nazim.
|
Np
|
L
|
END
|
421. Galium chitralensis Nazim.
|
Th
|
N
|
END
|
63. Rutaceae
|
422. Haplophyllum dubium Korov.
|
H
|
N
|
IT, SJ
|
64. Salicaceae
|
423. Salix turanica Nasarov.
|
Megp
|
Mic
|
IT
|
424. Salix pycnostachya Andersson.
|
Micp
|
Mic
|
IT
|
425. Salix acmophylla Boiss.
|
Megp
|
Mic
|
IT
|
65. Scrophulariaceae
|
426. Linaria odora (M.B.) Fisch.
|
H
|
L
|
IT
|
427. Linaria vulgaris Miller, Gard.
|
Th
|
L
|
IT
|
428. Pedicularis bicornuta Klotzsch.
|
Ch
|
N
|
IT
|
429. Pedicularis caruleolbescans Wendelbo.
|
H
|
N
|
END
|
430. Pedicularis stantonii Y. Nasir
|
Th
|
Mes
|
END
|
431. Scrophularia scabiosifolia Benth.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
432. Scrophularia striata Boiss.
|
Th
|
N
|
IT
|
433. Verbascum thapsus L.
|
Th
|
Mac
|
IT, SJ
|
434. Veronica anagalis-aquatica L.
|
Th
|
Mic
|
IT, SJ
|
66. Solanaceae
|
435. Lycopersicum esculentum L.
|
Th
|
Mic
|
COS
|
436. Solanum nigrum L.
|
Th
|
Mes
|
COS
|
437. Solanum tuberosum L.
|
G
|
Mes
|
COS
|
67. Tamaricaceae
|
438. Myricaria squamosa Desv.
|
Mesp
|
Mic
|
IT
|
439. Tamaricaria elegans (Royle) Qaiser & Ali
|
Np
|
L
|
IT, SJ
|
68. Verbenaceae
|
440. Verbena officinalis L.
|
H
|
Mes
|
IT
|
69. Valerianaceae
|
441. Valeriana hardwickii var. hoffmeisteri (Kl.) Clarke
|
H
|
Mes
|
IT
|
70. Vitaceae
|
442. Vitis jacquemontii Parker
|
Np
|
Mes
|
IT
|
71. Violaceae
|
443. Viola rupestris Schm.
|
Th
|
Mic
|
IT
|
444. Valerianella szovitsianaFisch. & C.A. Mey.
|
Th
|
Mic
|
IT, SJ
|
445. Valerianella dentata (L.) Poll.
|
Th
|
Mic
|
IT, SJ
|
Key to Abbreviations:
Life form H= Hemicryptophyte, G=geophyte, Th=Therophyte, Ch=Chamaephyte, Np=Nanophanerophyte, Micp=Microphanerophyte, Mesp= Mesophanerophyte,
Megp=Megaphanerophyte, Leaf size Aph=Aphyllous, L=Leptophyll, N=Nanophyll, Mic=Microphyll, Mes=Mesophyll, Mac=Macrophyll, Meg=Megaphyll, ChorotypeSS: Saharo-Sindian, SJ: Sino-Japanese, M: Mediterranean, IT: Irano-Turanian, ES: Euro-Siberian, COS: Cosmopolitan, End: Endemic
Table 2. Phytogeographical distribution of taxa
Distribution of taxa
|
No of taxa
|
% age
|
a. Uniregional elements
|
Irano-Turanian Species
|
226
|
52.92
|
Endemic Species
|
61
|
13.70
|
b. Biregional elements
|
Irano-Turanian, Sino-Japanese Species
|
59
|
13.81
|
Irano-Turanian, Saharo-Sindian Species
|
14
|
3.27
|
Irano-Turanian, Euro-Siberian Species
|
20
|
4.68
|
Irano-Turanian, Mediterranean Species
|
11
|
2.57
|
c. Plurriregional elements
|
Irano-Turanian, Sino-Japanese, Mediterranean
|
2
|
0.46
|
Irano-Turanian, Saharo-Sindian, Mediterranean
|
3
|
0.70
|
Irano-Turanian, Euro-Siberian, Mediterranean
|
8
|
1.87
|
Irano-Turanian, Saharo-Sindian, Sino-Japanese
|
6
|
1.40
|
Cosmopolitan Species
|
18
|
4.21
|
Fig 2. Life form of species in Terich valley
Fig 3. Leaf size of species in Terich valley
Fig 4. Phytochorya of Terich valley
Fig 5. Distribution Map of SS: Saharo-Sindian, SJ: Sino-Japanese,
Med: Mediterranean, IT: Irano-Turanian, ES: Euro-Siberian,
COS: Cosmopolitan, End: Endemic elements in Terich Valley
Conclusions: The present exploration of Species diversity revealed that 445 species belong to 272 genera and 71 families are present in Terich Valley, Hindukush Range, Chitral. Phytoclimatic spectra of the area are Therophytic type and the climatic conditions of the valley are influenced by grazing and landsliding which supports short lived species. Chorotypically flora of Terich valley was diverse and having dominant Irano-turanian elements. This study offers baseline information on the flora, and further research is recommended for exploring quantitative vegetation attributes.
Acknowledgment: This work is a part of Ph. D research of first auther.
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