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Jurnal Mikologi Indonesia
ISSN: 2579-8766
Online
Sphaerobolus stellatus: Cannonball Mushroom from West Java
Rudy Hermawan1, Indra Maulana1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Dramaga Campus,
Bogor 16680, Indonesia
1
Hermawan R, Maulana I. 2020 ˗ Sphaerobolus stellatus: Cannonball Mushroom from West
Java. Jurnal Mikologi Indonesia 4(2), 218-222. doi:10.46638/jmi.v4i2.86
Abstract
Cannonball mushroom is known as the unique genera in Basidiomycetes. This micromushroom is the first recorded in Indonesia. The specimen was deposited into Herbarium
Bogoriense with code BO 24422. The Sphaerobolus was found on the rotten wood in
Landscape Arboretum of IPB University. The fruiting body has similar morphology between
Geastrum and Pilobolus. The mushroom has an exoperidium (like Geastrum outer) and
endoperidium (like Pilobolus head). The basidiospore is hyaline, globose to elongate, and
having circular gradation on the surface. Sphaerobolus is known as lignicolous, phototrophic,
and sometimes as coprophilous fungus. Sphaerobolus was classified into Geastrales and
Sphaerobolaceae. BO 24422 specimen is classified as S. stellatus.
Keywords – Herbarium Bogoriense – lignicolous – phototropic fungi – unusual-shaped
mushroom
Introduction
Cannonball mushroom is known as a unique micro-mushroom because of the unusual
shape of the fruiting body. This micro-mushroom commons with the name “Artillery
Fungus” (Walker, 1927; Brantley et al., 2001a). The genus of this cannonball or artillery
fungus is Sphaerobolus (Leonard & Volk, 2005). Sphaerobolus was built by Tode in 1790
and previously known as the other name, Carpobolus by Micheli (1729). The shape looks
like Geastrum with exoperidium and endoperidium. This peridium (endoperidium) is capable
of ejecting toward its environment (Buller, 1933). Despite Sphaerobolus is a unique
mushroom, it is not really popular. The current study of this genus is limited.
Geml et al. (2005a) studied about the systematics of Sphaerobolus. The phylogram
showed three species i.e. S. ingoldii, S. iowensis, and S. stellatus with good clades separated
from each species. In a previous study, the genus contains two species, S. stellatus (Tode)
Pers. and S. iowensis Walker (Hawksworth et al., 1996). Then, Gem et al. (2005b) found one
specimen in Sphaerobolus called undescribed Sphaerobolus. The continued study by Geml et
al. (2005a) built the specimen as a new species in Sphaerobolus, namely S. ingoldii. The
morphology of this genus must show the specific character of Gastromycetes fungi. The other
genera such as Cyathus, Geastrum, Lycoperdon, and Lysurus are same as the member
(Hosaka et al., 2006). Literally, Ulloa & Hanlin (2000) classified Sphaerobolus into
Nidulariales. Nevertheless, the current study from Hosaka et al. (2006) classified
Sphaerobolus into Geastrales.
The distribution of Sphaerobolus is more often reported in America and the
Netherlands (Geml et al., 2005a). In Asia, Sphaerobolus stellatus was found and reported in
Dikirimkan 8 Agustus 2020, Diterima 26 November 2020, Terbit online 15 Desember 2020
Corresponding Author: Rudy Hermawan, e-mail: hermawan_rudy@apps.ipb.ac.id
Hermawan & Maulana, 2020
the Philippines (Global Fungal Red List Initiative, 2015). While, in Indonesia is not reported
yet for the distribution. This fungus is known as artillery fungus, and sometimes also known
as a lignicolous and as a coprophilous fungus (Geml et al., 2005b). Moreover, the
Sphaerobolus had been reported as a pest (McRitchie, 1995) and black spot on the house
woody furniture (Lehman, 1985).
Materials and Methods
Site and Time of Sampling and Experiment
The sampling of the cannonball mushroom was conducted on 5 January 2020 and was
located in Landscape Arboretum of IPB University, West Java, Indonesia. The sampling site
was specifically around the litter, debris, or rotten wood. The characterization of fruiting
body was conducted in the mycology laboratory, Biology Department, Mathematics and
Natural Science Faculty, IPB University.
Morphological Observation
Mushrooms were documented on the spot and collected, then observed the fresh
fruiting body. The important characters of fruiting body such as shape, size, ornamentation,
and spores were observed and documented. The fruiting body was preserved in FAA
(Kottapalli et al., 2016) and deposited in Herbarium Bogoriense, LIPI, Indonesia.
Results
Specimens
Cannonball mushroom was found in Landscape Arboretum only on rotten wood
(Figure 1a). It was found gregarious on the spot, occasionally solitary. The fruiting body was
found for two types. The first type is a fruiting body that out of endoperidium, and the other
is completed with endoperidium (Figure 1b-d). The fruiting bodies were attached to the rotten
wood without the stem. The morphology only like exoperidium and endoperidium. The
specimen was deposited into Herbarium Bogoriense, LIPI, Indonesia, with the code BO
24422. It was collected by Rudy Hermawan and Indra Maulana on 5 January 2020.
Description
The mature fruiting body has two parts, i.e. exoperidium and endoperidium. It
resembles with Geastrum morphology, but different on endoperidium. The endoperidium is
light orange with globose to ellipsoid (Figure 1b-d) shape and 15‒19 × 8‒11 mm. The
endoperidium will explode when the light is enough for energy (Figure 1e). The young stage
of Sphaerobolus looks like the egg covered by whitish mycelia (Figure 1f2). Then, the next
development is that herein with the exoperidium is opened and shows the young
endoperidium (Figure 1f1). The endoperidium contains basidiospores. Basidiospores are
ellipsoid and sometimes globose (Figure 1g); free ornament; appeared of gradation line
circular inside; hyaline; and 7.0–8.7 × 4.0–5.2 µm.
Discussion
The unusual-shaped mushrooms are rarely to be explored in Indonesia. Hermawan et
al. (2020) had reported some of the unusual mushrooms which were found on the harsh land
in South Kalimantan, such as Ramaria and Lycoperdon. Other unusual-shaped mushrooms
also come from the micro-mushroom group. Sphaerobolus is one of the unique and unusualshaped micro-mushrooms. The fruiting body has a similarity between Geastrum and
Pilobolus. The similarity of Geastrum is in the exoperidium part. In contrast, the morphology
of peridiole (endoperidium or sometimes called gleba) is same as the head of Pilobolus.
Although Sphaerobolus has a similar part to Pilobolus, the order of Sphaerobolus is classified
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Hermawan & Maulana, 2020
into Geastrales. Hosaka et al. (2006) confirmed and classified the Sphaerobolus into the
Geastrales.
a
b
c
d
e
g
f
1
2
Figure 1. Sphaerobolus stellatus. (a) Sphaerobolus on rotten wood; (b-d) fruiting body of
Sphaerobolus; (e) peridiole or endoperidium broken; (f) endoperidium appeared (1),
immature fruiting body (2); (g) basidiospores. Scale bars: 1 cm (b-f); and 10 µm (g).
The morphological characters are really supported when the shape of Sphaerobolus
has globose-shaped when the young stage and looks like an egg phase in Geastrum. Hosaka
et al. (2006) showed the relationship between Sphaerobolus and Geastrum is really closer
based on the phylogenetic using multigene analyses in Bayesian analyses, i.e. LR0R–LR3
region for nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (nucLSU-rDNA); MS1–MS2 region for
mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA (mt-SSU-rDNA); ATPase subunit 6 (atp6);
bRPB2–6F-bRPB2-7R region for the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase (RPB2); and
EF1-983F–EF1-1567R region for translation elongation factor subunit 1a (EF-1a).
The young stage (Figure 1f2) of Sphaerobolus looks like an egg wrapped by white
cottony hyphae. According to Birchfield et al. (1957), the egg or tiny sphere will develop
inside the wrapped hyphae. The egg attains to 0.2 cm. This shape is the immature phase of
Sphaerobolus. Some fruiting bodies develop with the mucilage inside the developed egg.
This mucilage has been mentioned by Ingold (1971) who observed the development of the
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Hermawan & Maulana, 2020
Sphaerobolus peridiole (endoperidium). In the previous report, Sphaerobolus is classified
into Nidulariaceae, same as Cyathus. Because of the naming of peridiole, the Sphaerobolus is
usually considered as a “flying” spore packet, exactly like the spore dispersal system in
Cyathus. Some previous reports also had called Sphaerobolus as phototropic fungi, such as
Dasyobolus, Pilobolus, and Podospora (Ingold, 1972). Ingold observed the parallel
adaptation for phototropic response between Dasyobolus, Pilobolus, Podospora, and
Sphaerobolus. Among those fungi, Sphaerobolus is the range shooter that can shoot the
basidiospores to the environment.
The fruiting body has yellow with a cannonball shaped-like. Sometimes the
exoperidium has 6-8 triangular of the outer skin and peel erected. Sphaerobolus has six layers
when the egg phase (immature phase) (Ingold, 1972). When becoming a mature fruiting body,
it will have a thin layer in endoperidium (peridiole). According to figure 1e, there is liquid
inside the peridium which bears the basidiospores. Naturally, the thin layer will be broken by
the light energy absorption. Based on Ingold (1972), Sphaerobolus can discharge the
basidiospores until 200 cm of length from the fruiting body. The basidiospore of
Sphaerobolus is elongated to globose. There is a pattern on the surface that seems like
circular gradation. This type is unique among other genera of micro-mushroom. Based on the
morphological characters, the BO 24422 specimen is Sphaerobolus stellatus. Geml et al.
(2005b) mentioned the different sizes and characters among three species in Sphaerobolus.
The spore discharged is usually helped by insects like ants. According to our field
exploration, some ants touch and break the endoperidium naturally. They distribute the spores
when the ants walk and move to many areas on rotten wood. These micro-mushrooms have a
cosmopolitan distribution (Geml et al., 2005b) and are usually decaying wood (Lehman,
1985). Therefore, Sphaerobolus can be called as white rotting fungi. The potency of
Sphaerobolus is not reported yet. Nevertheless, Sphaerobolus was reported that be a pest to
the foliage industry (McRitchie, 1995). On the other hand, Brantley et al. (2001a) had studied
about controlling Sphaerobolus stealus using mulch products to avoid their sporulation. But
there was no mulch that can control their sporulation. Then, Brantley et al. (2001b) reported
controlling of Sphaerobolus. The study resulted in the isolates of Trichoderma harzianum
and Bacillus subtilis can control the S. stellatus growth in vitro.
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