processes
Article
Lipid Isolation Process and Study on Some Molecular
Species of Polar Lipid Isolated from Seed of
Madhuca ellitica
Doan Lan Phuong 1,2 , Tran Quoc Toan 1,2 , Ly P. T. Dang 1 , Andrey B. Imbs 3 ,
Pham Quoc Long 1,2, *, Tran Dinh Thang 4 , Bertrand Matthaeus 5 , Long Giang Bach 6,7 and
Le Minh Bui 6,7, *
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST),
18 Hoang Quoc Viet road, Caugiay district, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; doanlanphuong75@gmail.com (D.L.P.);
tranquoctoan2010@gmail.com (T.Q.T.); phuongly1412@gmail.com (L.P.T.D.)
Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST),
18 Hoang Quoc Viet road, Caugiay district, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Vladivostok 690041, Russia; andrey_imbs@hotmail.com
School of Chemistry, Biology and Environment, Vinh University, Vinh City, Vietnam 46000;
thangtd@vinhuni.edu.vn
Working Group of Lipid Research, Department of Safety and Quality of Cereals Max, Federal Research
Institute for Nutrition and Food, Rubner-Institut, Schutzenberg 12, DE-32756 Detmold, Germany;
bertrand.matthaeus@mri.bund.de
NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam; blgiang@ntt.edu.vn
Center of Excellence for Biochemistry and Natural Products, Nguyen Tat Thanh University,
Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
Correspondence: mar.biochem@fpt.vn (P.Q.L.); blminh@ntt.edu.vn (L.M.B.)
Received: 18 May 2019; Accepted: 10 June 2019; Published: 17 June 2019
Abstract: This study attempted the lipid extraction process from the seeds of Madhuca ellitica,
a lipid-rich plant, and conducted a lipidomic analysis on molecular species of the obtained product.
Total lipids of the crude seeds were found to contain 11.2% of polar lipids. The major fatty
acids (FAs) of the polar lipids were palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1n-9), and linoleic
(18:2n-6) acids, which amounted to 28.5, 12.5, 44.8, and 13.2% of total FAs, respectively. The
content and chemical structures of individual molecular species of phosphatidylglycerol (PG),
phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidic
acid (PA), and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) were determined by HPLC with a tandem
high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The major molecular species were 18:1/18:2 PE, 16:0/18:1
PC, 18:1/18:2 PC, 16:0/18:2 PG, 16:0/18:1 PG, 16:1/18:1 PI, 16:0/18:1 PI, 18:0/18:2 PI, 16:0/18:1 PA, 18:1/18:2
PA, 16:0/18:1 SQDG, and 18:0/18:1 SQDG. The application of a tandem HRMS allows us to determine
the content of each isomer in pairs of the monoisotopic molecular species, for example, 18:0/18:2 and
18:1/18:1. The evaluation of the seed polar lipid profile will be helpful for developing the potential of
this tree for nutritive and industrial uses.
Keywords: Madhuca ellitica; lipid molecular species; phospholipids; sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol;
seeds; tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry
1. Introduction
Buttercup tree or mahua, Madhuca elliptica (Pierre ex Dubard) H.J.Lam, Madhuca longifolia
(Koenig) J.F. Macb (Synonyms, Madhuca indica Gmelin, Madhuca latifolia Macb., Bassia latifolia Roxb.;
Processes 2019, 7, 375; doi:10.3390/pr7060375
www.mdpi.com/journal/processes
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Family, Sapotaceae) is a commercially important tree cultivated throughout the subtropical region
of the Indo-Pak subcontinent and regarded highly for its flowers, fruits, timber, and seeds [1–3].
Previous reports have pointed out a myriad of valuable compounds, especially compounds of
low molecular-weight including saponins, carbohydrates, triterpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, and
glycosides, have been isolated from Madhuca [4–7]. Among these compounds, carotinoids, existing
dominantly in the seeds of Madhuca, figure in certain medicinal applications for treatments of skin
disease, rheumatism, headache, piles, and use as a laxative [8–10]. The Madhuca seed is also rich in fat
(up to 58%) [11,12], suggesting potential use of the seed in the manufacture of laundry soaps, lubricants
and biodiesel [13,14].
The base of the oil seeds of the plant is constituted of triacylglycerols (TG), which are neutral lipids.
Also, natural seed fats contain a number of polar lipids, which are usually separated and lost during oil
manufacturing. Among polar lipids, phospholipids hold great importance due to their nutritional value
and bioactivities [15]. Each phospholipid class is a complex mixture of individual compounds, termed
as “molecular species”. Structures of phospholipids consists of the same polar group but different
acyl chains of their molecules, which defines their nutritional value and bioactivities of phospholipid
molecular species. Therefore, unambiguous identification of molecular species profile of the oilseed,
through a lipidomic approach, may introduce possible application in the cosmetic, nutraceutical,
and pharmaceutical industries [16,17]. Even though plant lipids and TG molecular species have
been studied extensively in terms of compositional structure [18–20], information on the molecular
species composition of phospholipids is scanty. For M. elliptica, previous studies have revealed its
TG molecular species profile in seed fat and its solid and liquid fractions [21]. In addition, fatty acid
(FA) composition of polar lipids and individual phospholipid class content of mahua butter from
M. elliptica have been described [10]. The present work aimed to identify the chemical structure and
quantitative composition of phospholipid molecular species from the M. elliptica seeds. The molecular
species of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols (SQDG), which contain a charged chemical group like
phospholipid molecules, were also investigated. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),
in tandem with high -resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), was used as a lipidomic method [22].
Some important papers concerning molecular species of polar lipids in marine species, such as corals
and red (hot) algae, have been recently published. For example, a previous study that investigated
the distribution of tetracosapolyenoic acids (TPA) in molecular species of different phospholipid (PL)
classes in the soft corals Sinularia macropodia and Capnella sp. from shallow waters of Vietnam showed
some interesting results [23]. To be specific, Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine
(PC), phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidylinositol (PI) were found to be major PL classes of
S. macropodia and Capnella sp. and more than 32 molecular species of these four PL classes were
determined by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The major molecular species of PL in
both coral species were 18:1e/20:4 PE, 18:0e/20:4 PC, 18:0e/24:5 PS, and 18:0/24:5 PI. In two model
red algae, Polysiphonia sp. and Porphyridium sp., forms of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG)
and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), the two most commonly found galactolipids in chloroplast
membranes, were determined via positive-ion electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS)
and ESI/MS/MS [24]. In the study of Honda et al. (2019) the characteristics of glycerolipids, which
are the substrates of eicosanoids production of A. chilensis, were investigated and compared to the
reported values of A. vermiculophyllum. The results showed that monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG),
digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), and phosphatidylcholine
(PC) were the major lipid classes in A. chilensis and accounted for 44.4% of the total lipid extract [25].
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
Ripe fruits of M. ellitica (1000 g) were collected from a plantation in Binh Duong province of
Vietnam in February 2016 and were botanically identified by Dr. Nguyen Quoc Binh, Vietnam National
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Museum of Nature—Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. Seeds were cleaned, dried in
cabinet dryer at 50 ◦ C for 12 h, and stored at 4 ◦ C after collection. Water content (%) in the M. ellitica
seed was 10.27%. To prepare the sample for analysis, 100 g of sample seeds were finely ground
using an electric grinder (KIKA Labortechnik M20), after which they were immediately subjected
to lipid extraction. Neutral lipid standards, phospholipid standards (phosphatidylglycerol (PG),
phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidic
acid (PA)), and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co.
(St. Louis, MO, USA).
2.2. Extraction of Total Lipids (TL)
M. ellitica powder was then extracted for TL following a previously described method of
Folch et al. (1957) [26] in which a Soxhlet extractor in combination with a solvent mixture of
CHCl3 /MeOH (2:1, v/v) and aqueous solution of sodium chloride (0.75%) were used. After being
separated overnight at 4 ◦ C, the CHCl3 layer was recovered and dehydrated with sodium sulfate. The
extract was filtered and subjected to a rotary evaporator at 40 ◦ C, and TL obtained were dissolved in
CHCl3 and stored at −20 ◦ C. The content of TL was determined gravimetrically.
2.3. Lipid Fractionation
A column incorporated with 100 g of silica gel 60 (70–230 mesh, Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis,
MO, USA) was loaded with TL (3.4 g). Neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids were eluted
with CHCl3 (450 mL), acetone (230 mL), MeOH (60 mL), and MeOH/water (200 mL, 95:5, v/v). The
MeOH-contained fractions were combined, taken to dryness, and polar lipids obtained were dissolved
in CHCl3 and stored at −20 ◦ C.
2.4. Analysis of Lipid Class Compositions
One-dimensional thin layer chromatography (TLC) using precoated silica gel plates (6 cm ×
6 cm) Sorbfil PTLC-AF-V (Sorbfil, Krasnodar, Russia) was employed to analyze TL composition.
The development of plates commenced with n-hexan/Et2 O/AcOH (70:20:1, v/v/v) to their full length,
followed with CHCl3 /MeOH/C6 H6 /NH4 OH (65:30:5:10, v/v/v) to 25% length. Following that, plates
were subjected to a stream of air for drying, sprayed with 10% H2 SO4 in MeOH and heated at 240 ◦ C
for 10 min. An image scanner (Epson Perfection 2400 PHOTO) operating in grayscale mode was used
to record the chromatograms. An image analysis software (Sorbfil TLC Videodensitometer, Krasnodar,
Russia) was used to determine percentages of lipid contents based on band intensity. Peak areas and
lipid class percentages were calculated according to Hamoutene (2008) [27]. In the first and second
direction of separation of polar lipids using two-dimensional silica gel TLC, CHCl3 /MeOH/C6 H6 /28%
NH4 OH (65:30:10:6, v/v/v) and CHCl3 /MeOH/AcOH/CH3 COCH3 /C6 H6 /H2 O (70:30:4:5:10:1, v/v/v)
were used, respectively. Identification of phospholipids on TLC plates was made using aforementioned
authentic standards and the specific spray reagents [28]. The phospholipid content was evaluated with
spectrophotometry following the digestion with perchloric acid [29].
2.5. Analysis of Lipid Class Compositions
To obtain fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), the lipids, contained in a screw cap vial, were
treated with 2% H2 SO4 in MeOH for 2 h at 80 ◦ C under Ar. The purification was performed by TLC
development in benzene. The preparation of 4,4-Dimethyloxazoline (DMOX) derivatives of FAs from
FAMEs follows the study of Svetashev (2011) [30].
FAMEs were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) employed on a Shimadzu GC-2010
chromatograph (Kyoto, Japan) at 210 ◦ C. GC was performed in tandem with a flame ionization
detector on a SUPELCOWAX 10 (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA) capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm×
0.25 µm). Temperatures of both injector and detector were maintained at 240 ◦ C. Carrier gas was He at
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30 cm/s. The identification of FAMEs was made by comparison with authentic standards (Supelco 37
Component FAME Mix; Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA) and a table of equivalent chain-lengths [31].
To identify structural composition of FAs, corresponding methyl esters and DMOX derivatives
were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) on a Shimadzu GCMS-2010
instrument (Kyoto, Japan) (electron impact at 70 eV) with a MDN-5s (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA)
capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm ID). Carrier gas was He at 30 cm/s. The temperature parameter
for analysis of FAMEs started at 160 ◦ C, followed by an increase of 2 ◦ C/min to 240 ◦ C that was held
for 20 min. Temperatures for both injector and detector temperatures were maintained at 250 ◦ C. For
analysis of GC–MS of DMOX derivatives, the temperature started at 210 ◦ C, increased by 3 ◦ C/min to
270 ◦ C that was held for 40 min. The injector and detector temperatures were 250 ◦ C for this analysis.
The mass spectra of FAMEs were compared with the Mass Spectral Library: WILEY275.L and NIST
98 [32].
2.6. Analysis of Molecular Species of Polar Lipids
Determination of chemical structures and molecular species of PL was performed by high
performance liquid chromatography, in conjunction with high-resolution mass spectrometry
(HPLC−HRMS). In the HPLC separation of the polar lipids, content of Et3 N/AcOH (0.08:1, v/v)
was fixed in the solvent system [33]. This permits an efficient electrospray ionization (ESI) and
stabilizes ion signal by the simultaneous registration of positive and negative ions. A Shimadzu
Prominence liquid chromatograph (Kyoto, Japan) was used to perform the HPLC−HRMS analysis of
polar lipids. The instrument was equipped with two LC-20AD pump units, a high pressure gradient
forming module, CTO-20A column oven, SIL-20A auto sampler, CBM-20A communications bus
module, DGU-20A3 degasser, and a Shim-Pack diol column (50 mm × 4.6 mm ID, 5 µm particle size)
(Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). Two solvent mixtures, A and B, formed the binary solvent gradient for
HPLC separation. The mixture A consisted of n-hexane/2-propanol/AcOH/Et3 N (82:17:1:0.08, v/v/v/v)
and mixture B consisted of 2-propanol/H2 O/AcOH Et3 N (85:14:1:0.08, v/v/v/v). The acceleration of
gradient started at 5% of mixture B and reached 80% throughout the course of 25 min. After 1 min, the
composition changed to 5% of mixture B over 10 min and maintained at 5% for another 4 min (the
total run time was 40 min). The flow rate was 0.2 mL/min. Determination of lipids was performed by
a high resolution tandem ion trap time of flight mass spectrometry with a Shimadzu LCMS-IT-TOF
instrument (Kyoto, Japan). The instrument operates at both positive and negative ion mode during
each analysis under ESI conditions. Temperature for ion source was set to 200 ◦ C. The range of
detection was m/z 100–1200. Negative and positive modes had their potential set at-3.5 and 4.5 kV,
respectively. The drying gas (N2 ) pressure was 200 kPa. The nebulizer gas (N2 ) flow was 1.5 L/min. For
identification of lipids, authentic standards were compared with the samples, which was performed
using Shimadzu LCMS Solution control and processing software (v.3.60.361). Molecular species of
each phospholipid class were determined by HRMS fragmentation pathways in comparison with
standards [30]. Individual molecular species within each polar lipid class were quantified with respect
to the peak areas for the individual extracted ion chromatograms [34].
3. Results
3.1. Total Lipid Composition
Total lipids (TL) constituted 34.0 ± 0.2% of the seed. The composition of TL is presented in Table 1
and Figure 1. The level of triacylglycerols (TG) was highest (63.2% of TL), followed by waxes (WX, 9.28%
of TL), free fatty acids (FFA, 6.14% of TL), and diacylglycerols (DG, 5.17% of TL). Polar lipids constituted
11.2% of TL and contained glycolipids (GL, 6.78% of TL) and phospholipids (PL, 4.45% of TL). Five major
classes were found in the total PL including Phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine
(PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidic acid (PA). These five
classes amounted to 13.2, 13.1, 7.7, 4.9, and 2.9% of total PL, respectively.
−
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Table 1. Lipid class composition (% of total lipid) and Phospholipid (PL) class (% of total Phospholipids)
obtained from Madhuca ellitica seeds.
Lipid Class
Content (%)
Phospholipid (PL) Class
Content (%)
Waxes
Triacylglycerols
Diacylglycerols
Free fatty acids
Glycolipids
Phospholipids
5.28 ± 0.1
63.2 ± 1.5
5.17 ± 0.9
6.14 ± 0.6
5.78 ± 0.2
14.43 ± 1.3
PC
PE
PI
PG
PA
LPE
30.7 ± 0.4
29.6 ± 0.3
17.2 ± 0.1
10.9 ± 0.2
6.8 ± 0.1
4.8± 0.1
Results are given as the average of triplicate determinations ± standard deviation. PC: phosphatidylcholine; PE:
phosphatidylethanolamine; PI: phosphatidylinositol; PG: phosphatidylglycerol; PA: phosphatidic acid; LPE: Lyso-PE.
Figure 1. Lipid classes of the M. ellitica on Sorbfil thin layer chromatography (TLC).
3.2. Fatty Acid Composition of Total Lipids and Lipid Fractions
The FA composition of TL and their fractions, obtained from of M. elliptica seeds, is presented
in Table 2. Oleic (18:1n-9), palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), and linoleic (18:2n-6) acids were the major
FAs, collectively composing more than 98% of the total identified FAs. In general, the prevalence of
unsaturated FAs is the major characteristic of the FA composition of TL. Oleic acid was the main FA
(49.5%) followed by palmitic acid. The FA profiles of TL, neutral, and polar lipid fractions were similar.
In addition, low levels of myristic (14:0), α-linolenic (18:3n-3), and arachidic (20:0) acids were detected.
Table 2. Fatty acid composition (% of total fatty acids) of total, neutral, and polar lipids obtained from
Madhuca ellitica seeds.
Fatty Acids
Total Lipids
Neutral Lipids
Polar Lipids
14:0
16:0
16:1n-7
18:0
18:1n-9
18:2n-6
18:3n-3
20:0
Σ SFA
Σ UFA
SFA/UFA
0.1 ± 0.1
24.4 ± 1.2
0.1 ± 0.1
11.5 ± 0.5
49.5 ± 3.5
13.6 ± 1.1
0.1 ± 0.1
0.4 ± 0.2
36.4 ± 0.4
63.3 ± 1.7
0.58
0.2 ± 0.1
25.7 ± 1.4
0.1 ± 0.1
13.5 ± 2.3
46.1 ± 2.8
13.6 ± 0.9
0.2 ± 0.1
0.4 ± 0.2
39.8 ± 0.6
60.0 ± 1.1
0.66
0.1 ± 0.1
28.5 ± 1.7
nd
12.5 ± 1.8
44.8 ± 2.9
13.2 ± 1.3
0.3 ± 0.1
0.3 ± 0.1
41.4 ± 0.5
58.3 ± 1.3
0.71
nd: not detected or under 0.1% of fatty acid composition in each type phospholipid; SFA: saturated fatty acids.
UFA: unsaturated fatty acids.
3.3. Chemical Structure of Molecular Species of Polar Lipids
The phospholipid classes of M. ellitica seeds were separated by HPLC−HRMS. The retention
times of different molecular species of PE, PG, PA, PC, and PI were 5.90–6.87 min, 8.54–8.89 min,
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9.18–9.37 min, 9.84–10.35 min, and 12.31–13.28 min, respectively. Among molecular species, four
species including PE, PG, PA, and PI were revealed to be detectable at the MS2 stage, whereas PC
species were identified at the MS3 stage [35]. HRMS spectra of PE molecular species are presented in
detail as the examples of MS fragmentation (Figure 2A–D).
Figure 2. The high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) spectra of (A) negative quasi-molecular
− −
and (B) positive cluster ions [M + H + (C2 H5 )3 N]+ of phosphatidylethanolamine
ions [M − H]
−
− [M
(PE) molecular species, MS2 spectra of negative quasi-molecular ions
− H]− at m/z 714.4988 (A),
716.5163 (B), 738.4975 (C), and 740.5140 (D) corresponded to 16:0/18:2 PE, 16:0/18:1 PE, 18:2/18:2 PE, and
18:1/18:2 PE molecular species of phosphatidylethanolamine MS2 spectra of negative quasi-molecular
ions [M −−H]−−at m/z 742.5296 (A) and 744.5436 (C) corresponded to a mixture of 18:1/18:1 PE + 18:0/18:2
PE and 18:0/18:1 PE molecular species of phosphatidylethanolamine from Madhuca longifolia seeds. The
sub-pictures (B) and (D) show the spectra in a large scale.
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Six signals of negative quasi-molecular ions [M − H]−− at m/z
714.4988, 716.5163, 738.4975, 740.5140, 742.5296, and 744.5436, as well as six signals of positive cluster
ions [M + H + (C2 H5 )3 N]+ at m/z 817.6365, 819.6499, 841.6331, 843.6484, 845.6627, and 847.6749, were
observed in the HRMS spectra of PE of M. ellitica seeds (Figure 1). Other less intensive peaks on
Figure 1 corresponded to the signals of isotopic ions.
−
−
Six components were analyzed as described below. The MS2 spectrum of the ions [M − H]
of component 1 (m/z 714.4988) (Table 3) contained the signal at m/z 452.2697 formed by the loss
of neutral fragment of 262.2291 (C18 H30 O, calculated 262.2297) (Figure 2A). This neutral fragment
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corresponded to dehydrated 18:2 acid. The MS2 spectrum also contained the signals of carboxylate
anions of 16:0 and 18:2 acids at m/z 255.2294 ([C16 H31 O2 ]− , calculated 255.2324) and m/z 279.2284
([C18 H31 O2 ]– , calculated 279.2324), respectively. According to the elemental composition calculated
and the value of monoisotopic molecular mass, component 1 was identified as palmitoyl linoleyl
glycerophosphoethanolamine, 16:0/18:2 PE (Table 3). The MS2 spectrum of the ions [M − H]− of
component 2 (m/z 716.5163) contained the signal at m/z 452.2713 formed by the loss of neutral
fragment of 264.2450 (C18 H32 O, calculated 264.2453) (Figure 2B). This neutral fragment corresponded
to dehydrated 18:1 acid. The MS2 spectrum also contained the signals of carboxylate anions of 16:0 and
18:1 acids at m/z 255.2294 ([C16 H31 O2 ]– , calculated 255.2324) and m/z 281.2443 ([C18 H33 O2 ]– , calculated
281.2480), respectively. Component 2 was identified as palmitoyl oleoyl glycerophosphoethanolamine,
16:0/18:1 PE (Table 1).
The MS2 spectrum of the ions [M − H]– of component 3 (m/z 738.4975) contained the signal at m/z
476.2778 formed by the loss of dehydrated 18:2 acid (262.2197, C18 H30 O, calculated 262.2297) (Figure 2C).
Only one signal of carboxylate anions at m/z 279.2283 ([C18 H31 O2 ]– ) was found. This result showed that
two acyl groups were identical. Component 3 was identified as dilinoleyl glycerophosphoethanolamine,
18:2/18:2 PE (Table 3).
The MS2 spectrum of the ions [M − H]– of component 4 (m/z 740.5140) contained the signals at m/z
478.2854 and 476.2705 formed by the loss of neutral fragments of dehydrated 18:2 (262.2286, C18 H30 O,
calculated 262.2297) and 18:1 acids (264.2435, C18 H32 O, calculated 264.2453) (Figure 2D). The other two
signals at m/z 281.2444 and 279.2284 were attributed to the anions of 18:1 and 18:2 acids, respectively.
Component 4 was identified as oleoyl linoleyl glycerophosphoethanolamine, 18:1/18:2 PE (Table 3).
The MS2 spectrum of component 5 [M − H]– , m/z 742.5296) contained six signals formed two
compact groups (Figure 2A). Three major signals at m/z 283.2545 ([C18 H35 O2 ]− ), 281.2443 ([C18 H33 O2 ]− ),
and 279.2285 ([C18 H31 O2 ]− ) (Figure 2B) corresponded to the anions of 18:0, 18:1, and 18:2 acids,
respectively. Three weak signals at m/z 478.2866, 476.2707, and 460.2808 were formed by the loss of
neutral fragments of 264.2430 (C18 H32 O, calculated 264.2453), 266.2589 (C18 H34 O, calculated 266.261),
and 282.2488 (C18 H34 O2 , calculated 282.2559), respectively.
These neutral fragments also originated from 18:1 and 18:2 acids. Component 5 was identified
as a mixture of isomeric dioleoyl glycerophosphoethanolamine (18:1/18:1 PE) and stearoyl linoleyl
glycerophosphoethanolamine, 18:0/18:2 PE (Table 3). The ratio between 18:1/18:1 PE and 18:0/18:2
PE was 4.4/1 according to the intensity of the corresponding ion peaks. The MS2 spectrum of the
ions [M − H]– of component 6 (m/z 744.5436) showed the signals at m/z 480.3046, 283.2577, and
281.2441 (Figure 2C,D). Similar to components 1 and 2, component 6 was identified as stearoyl oleoyl
glycerophosphoethanolamine, 18:0/18:1 PE (Table 3).
Thus, seven PE molecular species, such as 16:0/18:2 PE, 16:0/18:1 PE, 18:2/18:2 PE, 18:1/18:2 PE,
18:1/18:1 PE, 18:0/18:2 PE, and 18:0/18:1 PE, were identified.
Phosphatidylcholine (PC). Six signals of negative acetylated molecular ions [M + CH3 COO]– at
m/z 816.5760, 818.5889, 820.5943, 840.5712, 842.5888, and 844.6059, as well as six corresponded signals
of positive quasi-molecular ions [M+ H]+ , were observed in the HRMS spectra of PC of M. ellitica
seeds (Table 4). The ions [M + CH3 COO]– of each component lost methyl acetate (CH3 COOCH3 ) at
the MS2 state. The subsequent fragmentation formed the anions characterized acyl groups of most
components at the MS3 stage. In MS3 spectra of ions [M − H − CH3 COOCH3 ]– , the signals at m/z
255.2320, 283.2602, 281.2474, and 279.2332 indicated the presence of acyl groups of 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, and
18:2 acids, respectively. According to the MS3 data, the elemental composition calculated, and the
value of mono-isotopic molecular mass, we identified components 1, 2, and 5 as 16:0/18:2 PC, 16:0/18:1
PC, and 18:1/18:2 PC, respectively (Table 4). Component 6 were identified as a mixture of 18:1/18:1 PC
and 18:0/18:2 PC with the ratio 1.58:1. We could not observe MS3 fragmentation of components 3 and 4
because of their low concentration. We suggest that these components are 16:0/18:0 PC and 18:2/18:2
PC on the base of their elemental composition and mono-isotopic molecular mass (Table 4).
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Table 3. Molecular species of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) from Madhuca ellitica seeds.
ESI-MS
No.
Molecular Species
[M + H + Et3 N]+ m/z
MS2
Monoisotopic Molecular Mass
[M − H]– m/z
Measured
Calculated
Molecular Formula
Fragment Ion [M − H − X]– *
m/z
Composition
X
1
16:0/18:2 PE
817.6365
714.4988
715.5061
715.5152
C39 H74 NO8 P
452.2697
279.2284
255.2294
C21 H44 NO7 P
C18 H31 O2
C16 H31 O2
C18 H30 O
C21 H43 NO6 P
C23 H43 NO6 P
2
16:0/18:1 PE
819.6499
716.5163
717.5236
717.5309
C39 H76 NO8 P
452.2713
281.2443
255.2294
C21 H44 NO7 P
C18 H33 O2
C16 H31 O2
C18 H32 O
C21 H43 NO6 P
C23 H45 NO6 P
3
18:2/18:2 PE
841.6331
738.4975
739.5048
739.5152
C41 H74 NO8 P
476.2778
279.2283
C23 H44 NO7 P
C18 H31 O2
C18 H30 O
C23 H43 NO6 P
4
18:1/18:2 PE
843.6484
740.5140
741.5213
741.5309
C41 H76 NO8 P
478.2854
476.2705
281.2444
279.2284
C23 H46 NO7 P
C23 H44 NO7 P
C18 H33 O2
C18 H31 O2
C18 H30 O
C18 H32 O
C23 H43 NO6 P
C23 H45 NO6 P
C23 H46 NO7 P
C23 H44 NO7 P
C23 H44 NO6 P
C18 H35 O2
C18 H33 O2
C18 H31 O2
C18 H32 O
C18 H34 O
C18 H34 O2
C23 H43 NO6 P
C23 H45 NO6 P
C23 H47 NO6 P
C23 H48 NO7 P
C18 H35 O2
C18 H33 O2
C18 H32 O
C23 H45 NO6 P
C23 H47 NO6 P
5
18:1/18:1 PE (4.4)
18:0/18:2 PE (1)
845.6627
742.5296
743.5369
743.5465
C41 H78 NO8 P
478.2866
476.2707
460.2808
283.2545
281.2443
279.2285
6
18:0/18:1 PE
847.6749
744.5436
745.5509
745.5622
C41 H80 NO8 P
480.3046
283.2577
281.2441
ESI-MS: electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. * Precursor ion [M − H]– .
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Table 4. Molecular species of phosphatidylcholine (PC) from Madhuca ellitica seeds.
ESI-MS
No.
Molecular Formula
[M + CH3 COO]− m/z
1
16:0/18:2 PC
MS2
Monoisotopic Molecular Mass
Molecular Species
816.5760
Measured
757.5621
Calculated
757.5622
C42 H80 NO8 P
MS3
Fragmentation **
Fragment Ion *
[M + CH3 COO − C3 H6 O2 ]− m/z
m/z
Composition
742.5389
279.2274
C18 H31 O2
C18 H33 O2
C16 H31 O2
-
2
16:0/18:1 PC
818.5889
759.5750
759.5778
C42 H82 NO8 P
744.5532
281.2462
255.2320
3
16:0/18:0 PC
820.5943
761.5804
761.5935
C42 H84 NO8 P
746.5599
ND
4
18:2/18:2 PC
840.5712
781.5573
781.5622
C44 H80 NO8 P
766.5309
ND
C18 H33 O2
C18 H31 O2
C18 H35 O2
C18 H33 O2
C18 H31 O2
5
18:1/18:2 PC
842.5888
783.5749
783.5778
C44 H82 NO8 P
768.5511
281.2432
279.2352
6
18:1/18:1 PC (1.58)
18:0/18:2 PC (1)
844.6059
785.5920
785.5935
C44 H84 NO8 P
770.5674
283.2602
281.2474
279.2332
ND: not detected. * Precursor ion [M+CH3 COO]– . ** Precursor ion [M+CH3 COO–C3 H6 O2 ]– .
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Phosphatidylinositol (PI). The main molecular species of PI from M. ellitica seeds produced five
negative quasi-molecular ions [M − H]– at m/z 833.5188 ([C43 H78 O13 P]– ), 835.5328 ([C43 H80 O13 P]– ),
857.5155 ([C45 H78 O13 P]– ), 861.5463 ([C45 H80 O13 P]– ), 863.5635 ([C45 H82 O13 P]– ) (Table 5). These five
components constituted more than 96% of total PI. Positive quasi-molecular ions also formed.
MS2 fragmentation of the ions [M − H]– of PI were more complex than that of PE or PC and gave
more ions. Generally, the MS2 spectra the ions [M − H]– of PI contained the signals of FA carboxylate
anions and several fragments, which arise from the loss of each FA, each dehydrated FA, two FAs, two
dehydrated FAs, and different combinations of inositol and acyl fragments.
As an example, MS2 fragmentation of the ions [M − H]– of component 1 (m/z 833.5188) is
explained in detail (Table 5). The ions at m/z 281.2474 [C18 H33 O2 ]– , 279.2307 [C18 H31 O2 ]– , and 255.2346
[C16 H31 O2 ]– corresponded to carboxylate anions of 18:1, 18:2, and 16:0, respectively.
The loss of neutral acids 16:1, 16:0, and 18:2 gave ions at m/z 579.2901 ([M − H − C16 H32 O2 ]– ),
577.2784 ([[M − H − C16 H30 O2 ]– ), and 553.2813 ([M − H − C18 H32 O2 ]– , calculated 553.2783), respectively.
The loss of dehydrated 18:2 and 16:0 led to the formation of ions at m/z 571.2904 ([M − H − C18 H30 O]– )
and 595.2769 ([M − H − C18 H30 O]– ), respectively. The appearance of ions at m/z 297.0388 (calculated
297.0381) was caused by the simultaneous loss of 16:0 and 18:2 (or 16:1 and 18:1). The ions at m/z
315.0464 (calculated 315.0487) were formed by the simultaneous loss of dehydrated 16:0 and 18:2 (or
16:1 and 18:1). The loss of inositol and acyl fragments, namely ([C6 H10 O5 + C16 H30 O2 ], ([C6 H10 O5
+ C16 H32 O2 ], and ([C6 H10 O5 + C18 H32 O2 ], gave the ions at m/z 417.2418, 415.2268, and 391.2253,
respectively, characteristic for PI. Thus, compound 1 was identified as a mixture of 16:1/18:1 PI and
16:0/18:2 PI. Similar to our approach described above, compounds 2, 3, and 5 were identified as
individual 16:0/18:1 PI, 18:2/18:2 PI, and 18:0/18:1 PI, respectively, whereas compound 4 contained a
mixture of 18:0/18:2 PI and 18:1/18:1 PI (Table 5).
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG). Molecular species of PG of M. ellitica seeds were identified according
to the monoisotopic molecular mass of negative quasi-molecular ions [M − H]– , their elemental
compositions, and MS2 fragmentation indicated acyl groups of PG molecules. Six major signals of the
negative quasi-molecular ions [M − H]– at m/z 745.4944, 747.5092, 749.5212, 771.5092, 773.5253, and
775.5380 were observed in the HRMS spectra (Table 6). MS2 spectra of the ions [M − H]– contained the
signals of carboxylate anions of 16:0 ([C16 H31 O2 ]– ), 18:0 ([C18 H35 O2 ]– ), 18:1([C18 H33 O2 ]– ), and 18:2
([C18 H31 O2 ]– ) acids. The signals of the ions, which lost neutral FAs, or dehydrated FAs, or glycerol
fragment (C3 H6 O2 ) were also observed in some MS2 spectra of the ions [M − H]– of PI molecular
species. According to MS/MS data, the molecular species 16:0/18:0 PG, 16:0/18:1 PG, 16:0/18:2 PG,
18:0/18:1 PG, 18:0/18:2 PG, 18:1/18:1 PG, and 18:1/18:2 PG were identified (Table 6). These seven
molecular species constituted about 99% of total PG.
Phosphatidic acid (PA). Six signals of the negative quasi-molecular ions [M − H]– at m/z 671.4643,
673.4798, 695.4660, 697.4803, 699.4949, and 701.5098 were detected in the HRMS spectra of molecular
species of PA from M. ellitica seeds (Table 7). Similar to other phospholipid classes, MS2 spectra
of the ions [M − H]– of PA contained the signals of carboxylate anions of 16:0 ([C16 H31 O2 ]– ), 18:0
([C18 H35 O2 ]– ), 18:1([C18 H33 O2 ]– ), and 18:2 ([C18 H31 O2 ]– ) acids. The signals of the ions [M − H]– ,
which lost two neutral FAs or two dehydrated FAs, were also observed in these MS2 spectra. The
components, which produced ions related to three FAs, were considered as a mixture of two isotopes.
For example, compound 5 (m/z 699.4949, [M − H]– ) was identified as a mixture of 18:1/18:1 PA and
18:0/18:2 PA. On the whole, the molecular species 16:0/18:1 PA, 16:0/18:2 PA, 18:0/18:1 PA, 18:0/18:2 PA,
18:1/18:1 PA, 18:1/18:2 PA, and 18:2/18:2 PA were identified (Table 7).
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Table 5. Molecular species of phosphatidylinositol (PI) from Madhuca ellitica seeds.
ESI-MS
No.
1
Molecular Species
16:1/18:1 PI
16:0/18:2 PI
[M − H]– m/z
833.5188
MS2
Monoisotopic Molecular Mass
Molecular Formula
Measured
834.5256
Calculated
Fragment Ion *
[M − H − X]− m/z
X
834.5258
C43 H79 O13 P
595.2769
579.2901
577.2784
571.2904
553.2813
417.2418
415.2268
409.2352
391.2253
297.0388
281.2474
279.2307
255.2346
C16 H30 O
C16 H30 O2
C16 H32 O2
C18 H30 O
C18 H30 O2
C22 H40 O7 (C6 H10 O5 + C16 H30 O2 )
C22 H42 O7 (C6 H10 O5 + C16 H32 O2 )
C24 H40 O6 (C6 H10 O5 + C18 H30 O)
C24 H42 O7 (C6 H10 O5 + C18 H32 O2 )
C34 H64 O4 (C16 H32 O2 + C18 H32 O2 )
C25 H45 O11 P
C25 H47 O11 P
C27 H47 O11 P
597.3036
579.2939
571.2876
553.2805
435.2438
417.2389
409.2351
391.2250
297.0373
281.2484
255.2337
C16 H30 O
C16 H32 O2
C18 H32 O
C18 H34 O2
C22 H40 O6 (C6 H10 O5 + C16 H30 O)
C22 H42 O7 (C6 H10 O5 + C16 H32 O2 )
C24 H42 O6 (C6 H10 O5 + C18 H32 O)
C24 H44 O7 (C6 H10 O5 + C18 H34 O2 )
C34 H64 O4 (C16 H32 O2 + C18 H34 O2 )
C25 H47 O11 P
C27 H49 O11 P
577.2805
415.2264
279.2337
C18 H32 O2
C24 H42 O7 (C6 H10 O5 + C18 H32 O2 )
C27 H47 O11 P
2
16:0/18:1 PI
835.5328
836.5401
836.5415
C43 H81 O13 P
3
18:2/18:2 PI
857.5155
858.5228
858.5258
C45 H79 O13 P
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Table 5. Cont.
ESI-MS
No.
4
5
Molecular Species
18:0/18:2 PI
18:1/18:1 PI
18:0/18:1 PI
[M − H]– m/z
861.5463
863.5635
MS2
Monoisotopic Molecular Mass
Molecular Formula
Measured
862.5536
864.5708
Calculated
Fragment Ion *
[M − H − X]− m/z
X
862.5571
C45 H81 O13 P
599.3202
597.3037
595.2894
581.3095
579.2945
577.2775
437.2665
435.2511
433.2306
419.2571
417.2394
415.2241
297.0370
283.2622
281.2484
279.2328
C18 H30 O
C18 H32 O
C18 H34 O
C18 H32 O2
C18 H34 O2
C18 H36 O2
C24 H40 O6 (C6 H10 O5 + C18 H30 O)
C24 H42 O6 (C6 H10 O5 + C18 H32 O)
C24 H44 O6 (C6 H10 O5 + C18 H34 O)
C24 H42 O7 (C6 H10 O5 + C18 H32 O2 )
C24 H44 O7 (C6 H10 O5 + C18 H34 O2 )
C24 H46 O7 (C6 H10 O5 + C18 H36 O2 )
C36 H68 O4
C27 H45 O11 P
C27 H47 O11 P
C27 H49 O11 P
C45 H83 O13 P
701.5027
599.3203
597.3032
581.3097
579.2943
419.2573
417.2393
297.0376
283.2627
281.2485
C6 H10 O5
C18 H32 O
C18 H34 O
C18 H34 O2
C18 H36 O2
C24 H44 O7 (C6 H10 O5 + C18 H34 O2 )
C24 H46 O7 (C6 H10 O5 + C18 H36 O2 )
C36 H70 O4
C27 H47 O11 P
C27 H49 O11 P
864.5728
* Precursor ion [M − H]– .
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Table 6. Molecular species of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) from Madhuca ellitica seeds.
ESI-MS
No.
Molecular Species
MS2
Monoisotopic Molecular Mass
Molecular Formula
[M − H]– m/z
Measured
Calculated
Fragment Ion *
[M − H − X]− m/z
X
1
16:0/18:2 PG
745.4944
746.5017
746.5098
C40 H75 O10 P
391.2224
279.2303
255.2336
C21 H38 O4 (C3 H6 O2 + C18 H32 O2 )
C22 H43 O8 P
C24 H43 O8 P
2
16:0/18:1 PG
747.5092
748.5164
748.5254
C40 H77 O10 P
281.2482
255.2323
C22 H43 O8 P
C24 H45 O8 P
3
16:0/18:0 PG
749.5212
750.5285
750.5411
C40 H79 O10 P
283.2598
255.2321
C22 H43 O8 P
C24 H47 O8 P
4
18:1/18:2 PG
771.5092
772.5164
772.5254
C42 H77 O10 P
491.2788
281.2477
279.2325
C18 H32 O2
C24 H43 O8 P
C24 H45 O8 P
5
18:1/18:1 PG
18:0/18:2 PG
773.5253
774.5326
774.5411
C42 H79 O10 P
283.2598
281.2478
279.2328
C24 H43 O8 P
C24 H45 O8 P
C24 H47 O8 P
C42 H81 O10 P
493.2940
491.2773
419.2554
417.2406
283.2608
281.2478
C18 H34 O2
C18 H36 O2
C21 H40 O4 (C3 H6 O2 + C18 H34 O2 )
C21 H42 O4 (C3 H6 O2 + C18 H36 O2 )
C24 H45 O8 P
C24 H47 O8 P
6
18:0/18:1 PG
775.5380
776.5524
776.5567
* Precursor ion [M − H]– .
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Table 7. Molecular species of phosphatidic acid (PA) from Madhuca ellitica seeds.
ESI-MS
No.
1
Molecular Species
16:0/18:2 PA
[M − H]– m/z
671.4643
MS2
Monoisotopic Molecular Mass
Molecular Formula
Measured
672.4716
Calculated
Fragment ion *
[M − H − X]− m/z
X
672.4730
C37 H69 O8 P
409.2375
391.2271
279.2274
255.2313
C18 H30 O
C18 H32 O2
C19 H37 O6 P
C21 H37 O6 P
C16 H32 O2
C18 H32 O
C18 H34 O2
C19 H37 O6 P
C21 H39 O6 P
2
16:0/18:1 PA
673.4798
674.4871
674.4887
C37 H71 O8 P
417.2394
409.2332
391.2242
281.2469
255.2318
3
18:2/18:2 PA
695.4660
696.4727
696.4730
C39 H69 O8 P
433.2324
415.2228
279.2319
C18 H30 O
C18 H32 O2
C21 H37 O6 P
C39 H71 O8 P
435.2511
433.2351
417.2405
415.2241
281.2458
279.2316
C18 H30 O
C18 H32 O
C18 H32 O2
C18 H34 O2
C21 H37 O6 P
C21 H39 O6 P
C39 H73 O8 P
437.2641
435.2511
419.256
417.2382
415.2223
283.2608
281.2479
279.2322
C18 H30 O
C18 H32 O
C18 H32 O2
C18 H34 O2
C18 H36 O2
C21 H37 O6 P
C21 H39 O6 P
C21 H41 O6 P
C39 H75 O8 P
437.2633
435.2503
419.2546
417.2385
283.2621
281.247
C18 H32 O
C18 H34 O
C18 H34 O2
C18 H36 O2
C21 H39 O6 P
C21 H41 O6 P
4
5
6
18:1/18:2 PA
18:0/18:2 PA 18:1/18:1
PA
18:0/18:1 PA
697.4803
699.4949
701.5098
698.4876
700.5022
702.5171
698.4887
700.5043
702.5200
* Precursor ion [M − H]– .
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3.4. Composition of the Molecular Species of the Phospholipids
The percentages of the individual molecular species described above within each phospholipid
class (PE, PC, PI, PG, and PA) are combined in Table 8. The composition of total phospholipids (Table 1)
was used to determine the percentages of the individual molecular species within total phospholipids
of M. ellitica seeds (Table 8). The weight content of each molecular species was calculated with regard to
the content of phospholipids in total seed lipids (44.5 g/kg). Five molecular species (16:0/18:1, 16:0/18:2,
18:1/18:1, 18:1/18:2, and 18:2/18:2) amounted about 91% of total PE. The major molecular species of PC
were 16:0/18:1, 18:0/18:2, and 18:1/18:2. It was found that 16:0/18:1 was the main molecular species of
both PI and PG.
Table 8. Content of molecular species of phospholipids obtained from Madhuca ellitica seeds.
Concentration
Phospholipid
Class
Molecular Species
PE
% of Each
Phospholipid Class
% of Total
Phospholipids
mg/kg of Total
Lipids
16:0/18:1 PE
16:0/18:2 PE
18:0/18:1 PE
18:0/18:2 PE
18:1/18:1 PE
18:1/18:2 PE
18:2/18:2 PE
19.21
16.13
4.64
3.96
17.43
27.18
11.44
5.77
4.85
1.39
1.19
5.23
8.16
3.44
2567
2158
620
529
2329
3632
1529
PC
16:0/18:0 PC
16:0/18:1 PC
16:0/18:2 PC
18:0/18:2 PC
18:1/18:1 PC
18:1/18:2 PC
18:2/18:2 PC
3.96
30.11
13.27
17.10
10.79
19.78
4.98
1.19
9.05
3.99
5.14
3.24
5.94
1.50
530
4026
1774
2287
1443
2645
666
PI
16:0/18:1 PI
16:0/18:2 PI
16:1/18:1 PI
18:0/18:2 PI
18:1/18:1 PI
18:2/18:2 PI
Other PI
44.18
1.01
20.92
23.08
5.25
2.02
3.54
7.70
0.18
3.65
4.02
0.92
0.35
0.62
3427
78
1623
1790
407
157
275
PG
16:0/18:0 PG
16:0/18:1 PG
16:0/18:2 PG
18:0/18:1 PG
18:0/18:2 PG
18:1/18:1 PG
18:1/18:2 PG
Other PG
9.42
43.47
22.05
7.93
2.77
8.32
5.14
0.90
1.06
4.87
2.47
0.89
0.31
0.93
0.58
0.10
469
2167
1099
395
138
415
256
45
PA
16:0/18:1 PA
16:0/18:2 PA
18:0/18:1 PA
18:0/18:2 PA
18:1/18:1 PA
18:1/18:2 PA
18:2/18:2 PA
29.01
15.98
7.05
4.74
18.19
19.62
5.41
1.91
1.05
0.47
0.31
1.20
1.29
0.36
852
469
207
139
534
576
159
Results are given as the average of triplicate determinations. PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PC: phosphatidylcholine;
PI: phosphatidylinositol; PG: phosphatidylglycerol; PA: phosphatidic acid.
About 82% of PA were comprised of four molecular species (16:0/18:1, 16:0/18:2, 18:1/18:1, and
18:1/18:2). Overall, three molecular species, namely 16:0/18:1 PC (9.05%), 18:1/18:2 PE (8.16%), and
16:0/18:1 PI (7.7%), were mostly abundant in total phospholipids. Total phospholipids contained 32.05,
38.68, 15.97, and 5.65% of the unsaturated molecular species with one, two, three, and four double
bonds in their acyl groups, respectively. The content of saturated molecular species was low (2.25%
of total phospholipids). Molecular species with 18:3 were not identified, probably, because of their
low concentrations.
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3.5. Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG)
A pure SQDG fraction was isolated from polar lipids by preparative TLC and analyzed by
HPLC–HRMS. Ten major signals of the negative quasi-molecular ions [M − H]– .at m/z 765.4858,
793.5157, 815.4939, 817.5106, 819.5253, 839.4893, 841.5061, 843.5215, 845.5368, and 847.5527 were
detected in the HRMS spectra of the SQDG fraction (Table 9). The elemental composition and the value
of monoisotopic molecular mass confirmed the presence of SQDG in total lipids of M. ellitica seeds.
The signals of carboxylate anions in MS2 spectra of the ions [M − H]– of SQDG allowed us to identify
fourteen molecular species which constituted about 99% of total SQDG. There were 14:0/16:0, 16:0/16:0,
16:0/18:1, 16:0/18:2, 16:0/18:3, 16:1/18:1, 18:0/18:1, 18:0/18:2, 18:0/18:3, 18:1/18:1, 18:1/18:2, 18:1/18:3,
18:2/18:2, and 18:2/18:3 SQDG (Table 9).
The main molecular species was 16:0/18:1 SQDG (28.09%), followed by 18:0/18:1 SQDG (17.97%),
and 16:0/18:2 SQDG (12.65%). Unsaturated components predominated in the SQDG fraction, whereas
the content of saturated molecular species was low (7.51% of total SQDG). Several molecular species of
SQDG contained one 18:3 acyl group, but a component with two 18:3 acyl groups was not found.
Table 9. Molecular species of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) from Madhuca ellitica seeds.
No.
Molecular
Species
Content,
mol. %
ESI–MS
Monoisotopic
Molecular Mass
Measured Calculated
Molecular
Formula
1
14:0/16:0
0.36
765.4858
766.4901
672.4730
C39 H74 O12 S
2
3
4
16:0/16:0
16:0/18:3
16:0/18:2 +
16:1/18:1
7.15
2.04
12.65
4.72
793.5157
815.4939
817.5106
794.5198
816.5011
818.5179
794.5214
816.5057
818.5214
C41 H78 O12 S
C43 H76 O12 S
C43 H78 O12 S
5
16:0/18:1
28.09
819.5253
820.5325
820.537
C43H80O12S
6
18:2/18:3
0.77
839.4893
840.4965
840.5057
C45 H76 O12 S
7
18:2/18:2 +
18:1/18:3
2.44
0.75
841.5061
842.5134
842.5214
C45 H78 O12 S
8
18:0/18:3 +
18:1/18:2
0.99
5.76
843.5215
844.5287
844.537
C45 H80 O12 S
9
18:0/18:2 +
18:1/18:1
7.12
8.75
845.5368
846.5441
846.5527
C45 H82 O12 S
10
18:0/18:1
17.97
847.5527
848.5599
848.5683
C45 H84 O12 S
a
MS2
Fragment Ion a
[M − H − X]− m/z
X
537.2731
509.2461
537.2723
559.2593
563.2875
561.2734
537.2730
563.2892
537.2747
561.2694
559.2581
563.2841
561.2733
559.2638
565.3002
563.2883
561.2728
559.2573
565.3005
563.2894
561.2738
565.3009
563.2903
C14 H28 O2
C16 H32 O2
C16 H32 O2
C16 H32 O2
C16 H30 O2
C16 H32 O2
C18 H32 O2
C16 H32 O2
C18 H34 O2
C18 H30 O2
C18 H32 O2
C18 H30 O2
C18 H32 O2
C18 H34 O2
C18 H30 O2
C18 H32 O2
C18 H34 O2
C18 H36 O2
C18 H32 O2
C18 H34 O2
C18 H36 O2
C18 H34 O2
C18 H36 O2
Precursor ion [M − H]– .
4. Discussion
The seeds of Madhuca are the base of numerous food products including a variety of lipid
substances. Some of which are commonly referred to as “fat”, “oil” or “butter” [13]. Technologies of
their manufacturing are adopted to obtain the substances with target properties. Different methods are
used for lipid analysis of these seed products and fresh seeds. Therefore, the comparable information
on the lipid composition of M. ellitica seeds is limited.
The seeds of M. ellitica were found to be rich in lipids. The seed contains a considerable amount of
crude non-polar compounds (up to 61% of dw), which can be extracted by organic solvents. However,
the lipid percentage does not seem to exceed 50% and depends on the extraction method [10,11,13].
Classic Folch’s method yielded 34% of total lipids from fresh seeds and indicated that the lipid
contents in M. ellitica seeds and other oilseed crops are similar [23]. Quality and utility of seed oils are
mainly determined by their FA composition. The previous studies of the FA composition of total lipids
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have shown that 16:0 (11.7–25.9%), 18:0 (19.1–32.2%), 18:1n-9 (32.9–48.6%), and 18:2n -6 (9.4–15.4%)
were the major FAs found in Indian M. longifolia seeds [8,13,21].
The FAs of total lipids of our samples (Table 2) contained 18:0 at low content (11.5%) and 18:1n-9 at
high content (49.5%). The oils with the high content of 18:1n-9 and the very low level of 18:3n-3 (0.1%)
are suitable for some cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations. Some polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs),
such as 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, were earlier detected in mahua butter from the Indian buttercup [10]
but were not found in the present study (Table 2). To our knowledge, these n-3 PUFAs are common
for marine plants and animals. The enrichment of the polar lipid fraction with PUFAs was reported
for animal lipids, but not for plant lipids (Table 2). The FA profiles of total, neutral, and polar lipids
from M. ellitica seeds were quite similar (Table 2). Unusual FAs were not found in neutral lipids from
M. ellitica seeds, in spite of the fact that seed TG often contain rare FAs [32]. The elevated content of 16:0
in the polar lipids (Table 2) has been previously observed in M. ellitica seeds [10]. In total lipids (TL) of
oil seeds, the level of neutral lipids is highest, followed by glycolipids (GL) and phospholipids (PL).
Neutral lipid classes, first of all, triacylglycerols (TG), prevailed in TL from M. ellitica seeds (Table 1).
Extraction with hexane produced TL containing 91.2 and 0.2% of TG and PL, respectively [10]. The use
of Folch’s method [23] showed that M. ellitica seed TL contained 4.5% of PL (Table 1). According to
Ramadan and others (2006), the predominant PL subclasses were PE (57.7%) followed by PC (30.6%),
while PI and PS were isolated in smaller quantities [10]. Our results confirmed that PE, PC and PI
were the major PL subclasses, while PG was detected instead of PS. Additionally, PA was observed in
the lipids of M. ellitica seeds. It is undoubted that the lipids of M. elliptica contained PG because its’
chemical structures were confirmed by mass-spectrometry (Table 6). Generally, both PG and PS are
known to be in seed lipids [19]. The discrepancy in PL class composition of M. ellitica may be explained
by different extraction methods applied for TL preparation.
Phospholipids (PL) are recognized to play multiple roles in cell processes. PL form a bilayer of cell
membranes and, therefore, are involved in important functions of the cell, such as energy transduction,
signal transduction, trans-membrane transport and cell-cell recognition. The wide range of these
biochemical processes explains the need for high diversity in phospholipid structure [36]. At the
same time, only a few molecular species within each PL class demonstrate high biological activities.
A potential pharmaceutical importance of an individual molecular species mainly depends on the
chemical structure of its acyl groups [37–39]. Thus, common chemical characteristics, such as lipid class
composition and total FA composition of each lipid class, are not enough for the detailed description of
polar components of seed lipids. A lipidomic study of lipid molecular species is necessary for the use
of these seeds effectively [40].
Fast determination of the profile of lipid molecular species became available as a result of the
development of chromatography–mass-spectrometry [41–43]. The amounts of neutral lipids in seed
oils are known to be the highest, followed by glycolipids and phospholipids [44]. Correspondingly,
analysis of molecular species of neutral lipids and glycolipids are performed on a regular basis [19,45],
but data on PL molecular species are scanty [46]. For M. ellitica seeds, molecular species profiles of TG
of different fat products were earlier described [21], but data on PL molecular species were absent.
In the present study, the chemical structure and the content of PL molecular species of M. ellitica
seeds were determined for the first time by a high-resolution tandem mass-spectrometry. This MS
method allows both the detection of lipid molecular species in a presence of other low-molecular
weight compounds and the determination of acyl group chemical structures of each lipid molecular
species [22]. Thirty-four molecular species belonging to five PL classes were identified (Table 3). It
is likely that using the molecular species profile as a description of the PL class may be preferable
to using the FA profile. Indeed, total FAs of PL contained 58.3% of unsaturated FAs (Table 2),
while unsaturated PL molecular species amounted to 97.7% of total PL (Table 3). In animal PL,
polyunsaturated components are concentrated in position sn-2 with saturated FAs most abundant in
position sn-1. In plants, the differences between the two positions are relatively minor. We did not
determine the positional distributions of FAs in PL from the seeds of M. longifolia, but we showed
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that half of the molecular species contain two unsaturated acyl groups (Table 8). This distribution
is explained by some differences between lipid metabolism in plants and other organisms [43]. The
results will be important to determine nutraceutical and economical utility of M. ellitica seeds. Similar
to PL, a charged group presents in molecules of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), which is one
of the important glycolipid (GL) classes in plants [47]. Membranes of chloroplasts and other plastids
are enriched in GL. Thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts are the site of the light reactions of
photosynthesis. According to the important role of GL, these classes have been found in all seed oils.
However, Kadri recently observed a lack of SQDG in polar lipids of Pinus halepensis seeds [19]. SQDG
has been previously detected in the seeds of M. longifolia by Ramadan and others [10]. To confirm the
presence and the structure of SQDG, this lipid class was obtained during the isolation of the polar
lipid fraction from the seeds of M. ellitica. A profile of molecular species of SQDG was investigated
similarly to that of PL. Among fourteen molecular species, three major species (16:0/18:1, 18:0/18:1,
and 16:0/18:2) amounted to 58.7% of total SQDG (Table 9). The molecular species of SQDG containing
two unsaturated acyl groups (for example, 18:1/18:1, 18:1/18:2, 18:2/18:2, 18:2/18:3) were also found.
The compositions of the SQDG molecular species have been described in different phyla, for example,
a soil bacterium [48], cyanobacteria [49,50], microalgae, seaweeds [51], Arabidopsis leaves [45], and sea
urchin [52]. These molecular species were characterized by the high degree of saturation of FAs and
contained one or two saturated acyl groups. Antibacterial, antitumor, and antiviral activities were
reported for SQDG. Since the biological activities depend on a FA saturation degree, we suppose that
unsaturated molecular species of SQDG from the seeds of M. ellitica enhance the pharmacological
potential of these compounds.
5. Conclusions
The seed oil from the buttercup tree M. ellitica is widely used in India and Indochina. However,
a detailed analysis of its polar lipid fractions has not been performed. A lipidomic approach showed
that the seeds of M. ellitica contain a variety of polar lipid compounds with both biotechnological
potential and pharmaceutical interest. Our research enhances the industrial potential of M. ellitica and
shows that their seeds may be a good source of polar lipids, which contain about 95% of unsaturated
components. Further studies are needed to extend knowledge concerning the distribution of SQDG
molecular species between oil seeds.
Author Contributions: Investigation, D.L.P., T.Q.T., L.P.T.D., A.B.I., T.D.T., B.M. and L.G.B.; Supervision, P.Q.L.
and L.M.B.; Writing—original draft, D.L.P.
Funding: This research received no external funding
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest
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