Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-022-00513-0 Fungal diversity notes 1512–1610: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa Ruvishika S. Jayawardena1,2 · Kevin D. Hyde1,2,3 · Song Wang1 · Ya‑Ru Sun1,2,4 · Nakarin Suwannarach5,6 · Phongeun Sysouphanthong1,2,7 · Mohamed A. Abdel‑Wahab8 · Faten A. Abdel‑Aziz8 · Pranami D. Abeywickrama1,2,9 · Vanessa P. Abreu10 · Alireza Armand1,2 · André Aptroot11 · Dan‑Feng Bao1,12,13 · Dominik Begerow14 · Jean‑Michel Bellanger15 · Jadson D. P. Bezerra16 · Digvijayini Bundhun1,2 · Mark S. Calabon1,17 · Ting Cao18,19 · Taimy Cantillo20 · João L. V. R. Carvalho21 · Napalai Chaiwan1,2 · Che‑Chih Chen22 · Régis Courtecuisse23 · Bao‑Kai Cui24 · Ulrike Damm25 · Cvetomir M. Denchev26,27 · Teodor T. Denchev26,27 · Chun Y. Deng28 · Bandarupalli Devadatha29,46 · Nimali I. de Silva5,6 · Lidiane A. dos Santos30 · Nawal K. Dubey31 · Sylvain Dumez23 · Himashi S. Ferdinandez32 · André L. Firmino33 · Yusufjon Gafforov34,35 · Achala J. Gajanayake1,2 · Deecksha Gomdola1,2 · Sugantha Gunaseelan36 · Shucheng‑He1,2,37 · Zin H. Htet1,2 · Malarvizhi Kaliyaperumal36 · Martin Kemler14 · Kezhocuyi Kezo36 · Nuwan D. Kularathnage1,2,3,61 · Marco Leonardi38 · Ji‑Peng Li28 · Chunfang Liao1,2,3 · Shun Liu24 · Michael Loizides40 · Thatsanee Luangharn1 · Jian Ma1,2,41 · Hugo Madrid42 · S. Mahadevakumar43,62 · Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura44 · Dimuthu S. Manamgoda32 · María P. Martín45 · Niranjan Mekala46,47 · Pierre‑Arthur Moreau23 · Yan‑Hong Mu18,19 · Pasouvang Pahoua1 · Dhandevi Pem1,2 · Olinto L. Pereira10 · Wiphawanee Phonrob48 · Chayanard Phukhamsakda1,39 · Mubashar Raza49 · Guang‑Cong Ren1,2 · Andrea C. Rinaldi50 · Walter Rossi38 · Binu C. Samarakoon1,2 · Milan C. Samarakoon13 · Vemuri V. Sarma51 · Indunil C. Senanayake3,61 · Archana Singh31 · Maria F. Souza11 · Cristina M. Souza‑Motta21 · Adriano A. Spielmann11 · Wenxin Su39 · Xia Tang1,2,63 · XingGuo Tian1,2,41,52 · Kasun M. Thambugala53 · Naritsada Thongklang1,2 · Danushka S. Tennakoon5,6 · Nopparat Wannathes48 · DingPeng Wei1,13,37 · Stéphane Welti23 · Subodini N. Wijesinghe1,2 · Hongde Yang1,2,37 · Yunhui Yang1,2,3 · Hai‑Sheng Yuan18 · Huang Zhang37 · Jingyi Zhang1,2,41 · Abhaya Balasuriya1 · Chitrabhanu S. Bhunjun1,2 · Timur S. Bulgakov54 · Lei Cai49 · Erio Camporesi55,56,57 · Putarak Chomnunti2 · Y. S. Deepika58 · Mingkwan Doilom3 · Wei‑Jun Duan59,64 · Shi‑Ling Han49 · Naruemon Huanraluek1 · E. B. Gareth Jones60 · N. Lakshmidevi58 · Yu Li39 · Saisamorn Lumyong5,6 · Zong‑Long Luo41 · Surapong Khuna5,6 · Jaturong Kumla5,6 · Ishara S. Manawasinghe3 · Ausana Mapook1 · Wilawan Punyaboon1 · Saowaluck Tibpromma52 · Yong‑Zhong Lu41 · JiYe Yan9 · Yong Wang4 Received: 12 September 2022 / Accepted: 6 December 2022 / Published online: 23 February 2023 © The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Mushroom Research Foundation 2023 Abstract This article is the 14th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein we report 98 taxa distributed in two phyla, seven classes, 26 orders and 50 families which are described and illustrated. Taxa in this study were collected from Australia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, China, Cyprus, Egypt, France, French Guiana, India, Indonesia, Italy, Laos, Mexico, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. There are 59 new taxa, 39 new hosts and new geographical distributions with one new combination. The 59 new species comprise Angustimassarina kunmingense, Asterina lopi, Asterina brigadeirensis, Bartalinia bidenticola, Bartalinia caryotae, Buellia pruinocalcarea, Coltricia insularis, Colletotrichum flexuosum, Colletotrichum thasutense, Coniochaeta caraganae, Coniothyrium yuccicola, Dematipyriforma aquatic, Dematipyriforma globispora, Dematipyriforma nilotica, Distoseptispora bambusicola, Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis, Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis, Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis, Fusarium purpurea, Gerronema atrovirens, Gerronema flavum, Gerronema keralense, Gerronema kuruvense, Grammothele taiwanensis, Hongkongmyces changchunensis, Hypoxylon inaequale, Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum, Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum, Kirschsteiniothelia extensum, Kirschsteiniothelia septemseptatum, Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum, Lecanora Handling Editor: Jian-Kui Liu. Extended author information available on the last page of the article 13 Vol.:(0123456789) 2 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 immersocalcarea, Lepiota subthailandica, Lindgomyces guizhouensis, Marthe asmius pallidoaurantiacus, Marasmius tangerinus, Neovaginatispora mangiferae, Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum, Pestalotiopsis piraubensis, Phacidium chinaum, Phaeoisaria goiasensis, Phaeoseptum thailandicum, Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum, Pseudocercospora vernoniae, Pyrenophora verruculosa, Rhachomyces cruralis, Rhachomyces hyperommae, Rhachomyces magrinii, Rhachomyces platyprosophi, Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum, Skeletocutis cangshanensis, Skeletocutis subchrysella, Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae, Tetraploa dashaoensis, Tomentella exiguelata, Tomentella fuscoaraneosa, Tricholomopsis lechatii, Vaginatispora flavispora and Wetmoreana blastidiocalcarea. The new combination is Torula sundara. The 39 new records on hosts and geographical distribution comprise Apiospora guiyangensis, Aplosporella artocarpi, Ascochyta medicaginicola, Astrocystis bambusicola, Athelia rolfsii, Bambusicola bambusae, Bipolaris luttrellii, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Chlorophyllum squamulosum, Colletotrichum aeschynomenes, Colletotrichum pandanicola, Coprinopsis cinerea, Corylicola italica, Curvularia alcornii, Curvularia senegalensis, Diaporthe foeniculina, Diaporthe longicolla, Diaporthe phaseolorum, Diatrypella quercina, Fusarium brachygibbosum, Helicoma aquaticum, Lepiota metulispora, Lepiota pongduadensis, Lepiota subvenenata, Melanconiella meridionalis, Monotosporella erecta, Nodulosphaeria digitalis, Palmiascoma gregariascomum, Periconia byssoides, Periconia cortaderiae, Pleopunctum ellipsoideum, Psilocybe keralensis, Scedosporium apiospermum, Scedosporium dehoogii, Scedosporium marina, Spegazzinia deightonii, Torula fici, Wiesneriomyces laurinus and Xylaria venosula. All these taxa are supported by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses. This article allows the researchers to publish fungal collections which areimportant for future studies. An updated, accurate and timely report of fungus-host and fungus-geography is important. We also provide an updated list of fungal taxa published in the previous fungal diversity notes. In this list, erroneous taxa and synonyms are marked and corrected accordingly. Keywords 59 New taxa · 39 New records · Ascomycota · Basidiomycota · Dothideomycetes · Lecanoromycetes · Leotiomycetes · Sordariomycetes · Ustilaginomycotina Table of contents Phylum Ascomycota R.H. Whittaker Subphylum Pezizomycotina O.E. Erikss. & Winka Class Dothideomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka Subclass Dothideomycetidae P.M. Kirk et al. Mycosphaerellales (Nannf.) P.F. Cannon Mycosphaerellaceae Lindau 1512. Pseudocercospora vernoniae Archana Singh & N.K. Dubey, sp. nov. (contributed by A. Singh and N.K. Dubey) Subclass Pleosporomycetidae C.L. Schoch et al. Kirschsteiniotheliales Hern.-Restr. et al. Kirschsteiniotheliaceae Boonmee & K.D. Hyde 1513. Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum S. Wang, Q. Zhao & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. (contributed by S. Wang and Y.R. Sun) 1514. Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum S. Wang, Q. Zhao & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. (contributed by S. Wang and Y.R. Sun) 1515. Kirschsteiniothelia extensum. S. Wang, Q. Zhao & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. (contributed by S. Wang, K.D. Hyde and Y.R. Sun) 1516. Kirschsteiniothelia septemseptatum S. Wang, Q. Zhao & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. (contributed by S. Wang and Y.R. Sun) 13 1517. Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum S. Wang, Q. Zhao & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. (contributed by S. Wang and Y.R. Sun) Pleosporales Luttrell ex M.E. Barr Amorosiaceae Thambug. & K.D. Hyde 1518. Angustimassarina kunmingense H.D. Yang & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. (contributed by H. Yang, K.D. Hyde and C. Bhunjun) Bambusicolaceae D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde 1519. Bambusicola bambusae D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, new host/substrate record from Thailand (contributed by D.F. Bao and K.D. Hyde) 1520. Corylicola italica Wijesinghe, Camporesi, Yong Wang bis & K.D. Hyde, new host record from Italy (contributed by P. Pahoua and E. Camporesi) 1521. Palmiascoma gregariascomum Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, new host record from Thailand (contributed by M.C. Samarakoon) Coniothyriaceae W.B. Cooke 1522. Coniothyrium yuccicola Chaiwan, Jayaward., Bulgakov & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. (Contributed by N. Chaiwan and T.S. Bulgakov) Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Didymellaceae Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley 1523. Ascochyta medicaginicola Q. Chen & L. Cai, new host record from Russia (contributed by N. Chaiwan and T.S. Bulgakov) Didymosphaeriaceae Munk 1524. Spegazzinia deightonii (S. Hughes) Subram., new host record from Thailand (contributed by D. Bundhun and B.C. Samarakoon) Lindgomycetaceae K. Hiray. et al. 1525. Hongkongmyces changchunensis Phukhams., W.X. Su, & Y. Li, sp. nov. (contributed by C. Phukhamsakda, K.D. Hyde and W.X. Su) 1526. Lindgomyces guizhouensis J. Ma, Y.Z. Lu & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. (contributed by J. Ma, J. Y. Zhang and Y.Z. Lu) Lophiostomataceae Sacc 1527. Neovaginatispora mangiferae Tennakoon, M.S. Calabon, E.B.G. Jones, K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. (contributed by M. S. Calabon, K.D. Hyde and D.S Tennakoon) 1528. Vaginatispora flavispora M.S. Calabon, E.B.G. Jones, K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. (contributed by M. S. Calabon, K.D. Hyde and E.B.G. Jones) Phaeoseptaceae S. Boonmee, Thambugala & K.D. Hyde 1529. Phaeoseptum thailandicum Samarak. & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. (contributed by M. C. Samarakoon and K.D. Hyde) 1530. Pleopunctum ellipsoideum N.G. Liu, K.D. Hyde & J.K. Liu, new host record from Thailand (contributed by Y.R. Sun) Phaeosphaeriaceae M.E. Barr 1531. Nodulosphaeria digitalis W.J. Li, Camporesi, Bhat & K.D. Hyde, new host record from Italy (contributed by D. Bundhun) Pleosporaceae Nitschke 1532. Bipolaris luttrellii Alcorn, new host record from China (contributed by K.M. Thambugala and R.S. Jayawardena) 1533. Curvularia alcornii Manamgoda, L. Cai & K. D. Hyde, new host record Sri Lanka (contributed by H.S. Ferdinandez and D.S. Manamgoda) 1534. Curvularia senegalensis (Speg.) Subram., new host record from Sri Lanka (contributed by H.S. Ferdinandez and D.S. Manamgoda) 1535. Pyrenophora verruculosa Madrid & Cantillo, sp. nov. (contributed by H. Madrid and T. Cantillo) 3 Tetraplosphaeriaceae Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray 1536. Tetraploa dashaoensis C.F. Liao & Doilom, sp. nov. (contributed by C.F. Liao, K.D. Hyde and M. Doilom) Torulaceae Corda 1537. Torula fici Crous, new host record from Taiwan and Thailand (contributed by B.C. Samarakoon, D.S. Tennakoon and P. Chomnunti) 1538. Torula sundara (Subram.) Y.R. Sun, Yong Wang bis & K.D. Hyde, comb. nov. (contributed by Y.R. Sun) Periconiaceae (Sacc.) Nann., 1539. Periconia byssoides Pers., new host and geographical record from India (contributed by S. Mahadevakumar, Y.S. Deepika, N. Lakshmidevi and S. S. N. Maharachchikumbura) 1540. Periconia cortaderiae Thambugala & K.D. Hyde, new host and geographical record from Russia (contributed by B.C. Samarakoon and T.S. Bulgakov) Tubeufiales Boonmee & K.D. Hyde Tubeufiaceae M.E. Barr 1541. Helicoma aquaticum Y.Z. Lu, J.C. Kang & K.D. Hyde, new host record from Thailand (contributed by X. Tang) Wiesneriomycetaceae Suetrong, Rungjind., Somrith. & E.B.G. Jones 1542. Wiesneriomyces laurinus (Tassi) P.M. Kirk, new host record from China (contributed by Y. Yang and I.S. Manawasinghe) Dothideomycetes orders incertae sedis Asterinales M.E. Barr ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss Asterinaceae Hansf 1543. Asterina brigadeirensis A.L. Firmino & O.L. Pereira, sp. nov. (contributed by O. L. Pereira and A. L. Firmino) 1544. Asterina lopi A.L. Firmino & O.L. Pereira, sp. nov. (contributed by O. L. Pereira and A. L. Firmino) Botryosphaeriales C.L. Schoch, Crous & Shoemaker Aplosporellaceae Slippers, Boissin & Crous 1545. Aplosporella artocarpi Trakun., L. Lombard & Crous, new host record from Thailand (contributed by Z. H. Htet and A. Mapook) Botryosphaeriaceae Theiss. & Syd. [as 'Botryosphaeriacae'] 1546. Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & De Not., new geographical and habitat record from China (contributed by H. Yang and R.S. Jayawardena) 13 4 Class Laboulbeniomycetes Engler Laboulbeniales Lindau Laboulbeniaceae G. Winter 1547. Rhachomyces cruralis W. Rossi & M. Leonardi, sp. nov. (contributed by W. Rossi & M. Leonardi) 1548. Rhachomyces hyperommae W. Rossi & M. Leonardi, sp. nov. (contributed by W. Rossi & M. Leonardi) 1549. Rhachomyces magrinii W. Rossi & M. Leonardi, sp. nov. (contributed by W. Rossi & M. Leonardi) 1550. Rhachomyces platyprosophi W. Rossi & M. Leonardi, sp. nov. (contributed by W. Rossi & M. Leonardi) Class Lecanoromycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka Subclass Lecanoromycetidae P.M. Kirk et al. Caliciales Bessey Caliciaceae Chevall 1551. Buellia pruinocalcarea Aptroot, M.F. Souza & Spielmann, sp. nov. (contributed by Aptroot, Souza and Spielmann) Lecanorales Nannf Lecanoraceae Körb 1552. Lecanora immersocalcarea Aptroot, M.F. Souza & Spielmann, sp. nov. (contributed by Aptroot, Souza and Spielmann) Teloschistales D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss Teloschistaceae Zahlbr 1553. Wetmoreana blastidiocalcarea Aptroot, M.F. Souza & Spielmann, sp. nov. (contributed by Aptroot, Souza and Spielmann) Class Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka Phacidiales C.E. Bessey Phacidiaceae Fr 1554. Phacidium chinense G.C. Ren & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. (contributed by G.C. Ren and K.D. Hyde) Class Sordariomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka Subclass Diaporthomycetidae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde Diaporthaceae Höhn. ex Wehm 1555. Diaporthe foeniculina (Sacc.) Udayanga & Castl., new host record from Italy (contributed by P. D. Abeywickrama and E. Camporesi) 1556. Diaporthe longicolla (Hobbs) J.M. Santos, Vrandečić & A.J.L. Phillips, new host record from India (contributed by S. Mahadevakumar, Y.S. Deepika, N. Lakshmidevi and S. S. N. Maharachchikumbura) 1557. Diaporthe phaseolorum (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc., new host record from India (contributed by S. 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Mahadevakumar, Y.S. Deepika, N. Lakshmidevi and S. S. N. Maharachchikumbura) Melanconiellaceae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde 1558. Melanconiella meridionalisVoglmayr & Jaklitsch, new host and geographical record from Italy (contributed by N. I. de Silva and E. Camporesi) Pararamichloridiales Crous Pararamichloridiaceae Crous 1559. Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum J.Y. Zhang, Y.Z. Lu & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. (contributed by J.Y. Zhang, J.Ma, Y.Z. Lu, and K.D. Hyde) Distoseptisporales Z.L. Luo, K.D. Hyde & H.Y. Su Distoseptisporaceae K.D. Hyde & McKenzie 1560. Distoseptispora bambusicola X. Tang, Jayaward., J.C Kang & K.D. Hyde sp. nov. (contributed by X. Tang). Glomerellales Chadef. ex Réblová et al Glomerellaceae Locq. ex Seifert & W. Gams 1561. Colletotrichum aeschynomenes B.S. Weir & P.R. Johnst., new host record from Thailand (contributed by D. Gomdola and R.S. Jayawardena) 1562. Colletotrichum flexuosum Damm, sp. nov. (contributed by U. Damm) 1563. Colletotrichum pandanicola Tibpromma & K.D. Hyde, new host records from India and Thailand, geographical record from India (contributed by S. Mahadevakumar, Y.S. Deepika, N. Lakshmidevi, S. S. N. Maharachchikumbura and R.S. Jayawardena) 1564. Colletotrichum thasutense Armand, K.D. Hyde, Jayaward., sp. nov. (contributed by A. Armand and R.S. Jayawardena) Hypocreales Lindau Nectriaceae Tul. & C. Tul 1565. Fusarium brachygibbosum Padwick, new host record from India (contributed by S. Mahadevakumar, Y.S. Deepika, N. Lakshmidevi and S.S.N. Maharahchikumbura) 1566. Fusarium purpurea S.L. Han, M. Raza, W.J. Duan & L. Cai, sp. nov. (contributed by S.L. Han and M. Raza) Microascales Luttr Microascaceae Luttr. ex Malloch 1567. Scedosporium apiospermum Sacc. ex Castell. & Chalm., a new host record from Thailand (contributed by A. J. Gajanayake) 1568. Scedosporium dehoogii Gilgado, new record from India (contributed by Devadatha and Sarma) 1569. Scedosporium marina Devadatha & V.V Sarma, sp. nov. (contributed by Devadatha and Sarma) Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Hypocreomycetidae incertae sedis (Rhexoacrodictys and Dematipyriforma clade) 1570. Dematipyriforma aquatica Abdel-Aziz &AbdelWahab, sp. nov. (contributed by Abdel-Aziz and Abdel-Wahab) 1571. Dematipyriforma globispora Abdel-Aziz &AbdelWahab, sp. nov. (contributed by Abdel-Aziz and Abdel-Wahab) 1572. Dematipyriforma nilotica Abdel-Aziz &AbdelWahab, sp. nov. (contributed by Abdel-Aziz and Abdel-Wahab) Subclass Savoryellomycetidae Hongsanan, K.D. Hyde & Maharachch Coniochaetales Huhndorf, A.N. Mill. & F.A. Fernández Coniochaetaceae Malloch and Cain 1573. Coniochaeta caraganae D. Pem, Bulgakov & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. (Contributed by D. Pem, T.S. Bulgakov and M. Raza) Pleurotheciales Réblová & Seifert Pleurotheciaceae Réblová & Seifert 1574. Rhexoacrodictys erecta (Ellis & Everh.) W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones, in Baker, Partridge & Morgan-Jones, Mycotaxon 82: 99 (2002) new host record from Thailand (contributed by X.G. Tian and S. Tibpromma) 1575. Phaeoisaria goiasensis H.M. Silva, A.D. Cavalcanti & J.D.P. Bezerra, sp. nov. (contributed by H.M. Silva, A.D. Cavalcanti and J.D.P. Bezerra) 1576. Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum J. Ma, Y.Z. Lu & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov (contributed by J. Ma, J.Y. Zhang and Y.Z. Lu) Subclass Xylariomycetidae O.E. Erikss & Winka Amphisphaeriales D Hawksw & OE Erikss Apiosporaceae K.D. Hyde, J. Fröhl., Joanne E. Taylor & M.E. Barr 1577. Apiospora guiyangensis Samarak., Jian K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, new host record from China (contributed by D.P. Wei) Sporocadaceae Corda 1578. Bartalinia bidenticola Htet, Mapook & K.D. Hyde, sp.nov (contributed by Z. H. Htet, K.D. Hyde and A. Mapook) 1579. Bartalinia caryotae Senan., Kular. & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. (contributed by I.C. Senanayake and N. D. Kularathnage) 1580. Pestalotiopsis piraubensis V.P. Abreu & O.L. Pereira, sp. nov. (contributed by V.P. Abreu and O.L. Pereira) 5 Xylariales Nannf Diatrypaceae Nitschke 1581. Diatrypella quercina (Pers.) Cooke, new host record from Russia (contributed by S. N. Wijesinghe and T.S. Bulgakov) Hypoxylaceae DC 1582. Hypoxylon inaequale S.C. He & Jayaward., sp. nov (contributed by S.C. He) Xylariaceae Tul. & C. Tul 1583. Astrocystis bambusicola R.H. Perera & K.D. Hyde, new host record from China (contributed by D.P. Wei) 1584. Xylaria venosula Speg., new geographical record from India (contributed by M. Niranjan and V. V. Sarma) Phylum Basidiomycota R.T. Moore Subphylum Agaricomycotina Doweld Class Agaricomycetes Doweld Agaricales Underw Agaricaceae Chevall 1585. Chlorophyllum squamulosum A.K. Dutta, Soumili Bera & K. Acharya, new record from Thailand (contributed by J. Kumla and N. Suwannarach) 1586. Lepiota metulispora (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., new record from Laos (contributed by P. Sysouphanthong and N. Thongklang) 1587. Lepiota pongduadensis Sysou., new record from Laos (contributed by P. Sysouphanthong and N. Thongklang) 1588. Lepiota subthailandica Sysouph., K.D. Hyde & Thongkl., sp. nov (contributed by P. Sysouphanthong and N. Thongklang) 1589. Lepiota subvenenata Hai J. Li, Y.Z. Zhang & C.Y. Sun, new record from Laos (contributed by P. Sysouphanthong and N. Thongklang) Atheliales Jülich Atheliaceae Jülich 1590. Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C.C. Tu & Kimbr., new record from India (contributed by S. Mahadevakumar, Y.S. Deepika, N. Lakshmidevi and S. S. N. Maharachchikumbura) Hymenochaetales Oberw Hymenochaetaceae Donk 1591. Coltricia insularis P.-A. Moreau, Bellanger, Loizides & A. Rinaldi, sp. nov. (contributed by P.-A. Moreau, Bellanger, Loizides and A. Rinaldi) 1592. Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis Kezo, K., Gunaseelan, S., & Kaliyaperumal, M., sp. nov. (contributed by K. Kezo, S. Gunaseelan, M. Kaliyaperumal and T. Luangharn) 13 6 1593. Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis Gunaseelan, S., Kezo, K. & Kaliyaperumal, M., sp. nov. (contributed by contributed by K. Kezo, S. Gunaseelan, M. Kaliyaperumal and T. Luangharn) 1594. Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis Gunaseelan, S., Kezo, K. and Kaliyaperumal, M., sp. nov. (contributed by contributed by K. Kezo, S. Gunaseelan, M. Kaliyaperumal and T. Luangharn) Hymenogastraceae Vittad 1595. Psilocybe keralensis K.A. Thomas, Manim. & Guzmán, new record from Thailand (contributed by N. Suwannarach and J. Kumla) Marasmiaceae Roze ex Kühner 1596. Marasmius pallidoaurantiacus Wannathes, N. Suwannarach, J. Kumla & S. Lumyong, sp. nov. (contributed by N. Wannathes, N. Suwannarach, J. Kumla and S. Lumyong) 1597. Marasmius tangerinus Wannathes, N. Suwannarach, J. Kumla & Lumyong, sp. nov. (contributed by N. Wannathes, N. Suwannarach, J. Kumla and S. Lumyong) Physalacriaceae Corner 1598. Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum Chun Y. Deng, J.P. Li & Gafforov, sp. nov. (contributed by Chun Y. Deng, J.P. Li and Y. Gafforov) Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Agaricales genera incertae sedis 1605. Gerronema atrovirens Wannathes, N. Suwannarach, J. Kumla, Phonrob & S. Lumyong, sp. nov. (contributed by N Wannathes, N Suwannarach J Kumla and S Lumyong) 1606. Gerronema flavum Wannathes, N. Suwannarach, J. Kumla, Phonrob & S. Lumyong, sp. nov. (contributed by N Wannathes, N Suwannarach J Kumla and S Lumyong) 1607. Gerronema keralense K. P. D. Latha & Manim, new record from Thailand (contributed by N Wannathes, N Suwannarach J Kumla, S Khuna, W Phonrob and S Tabtan) 1608. Gerronema kuruvense K. P. D. Latha & Manim, new record from Thailand (contributed by N Wannathes, N Suwannarach J Kumla, S Khuna, W Phonrob and S Tabtan) 1609. Tricholomopsis lechatii Courtec., S. Dumez, S. Welti & P.-A. Moreau, sp. nov. (contributed by Courtec., S. Dumez, S. Welti and P.-A. Moreau) Subphylum Ustilaginomycotina Doweld Class Ustilaginomycetes R. Bauer et al. Ustilaginales G. Winter Ustilaginaceae Tul & C. Tul 1610. Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae T. Denchev, Denchev, Kemler, M.P. Martín & Begerow, sp. nov. (contributed by T. Denchev, Denchev, Kemler, M.P. Martín and Begerow) Introduction Polyporales Gäum Polyporaceae Fr. ex Corda 1599. Grammothele taiwanensis C.C. Chen, sp. nov. (contributed by C.C. Chen) Incrustoporiaceae Jülich 1600. Skeletocutis cangshanensis B.K. Cui & Shun Liu, sp. nov. (contributed by B.K. Cui and Shun Liu) 1601. Skeletocutis subchrysella B.K. Cui & Shun Liu, sp. nov. (contributed by B.K. Cui and Shun Liu) Psathyrellaceae Vilgalys, Moncalvo & Redhead, 1602. Coprinopsis cinerea (Schaeff.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo, new record from India (contributed by S. Mahadevakumar, Y.S. Deepika, N. Lakshmidevi and S.S.N. Maharachchikumbura) Thelephorales Corner ex Oberw Thelephoraceae Chevall 1603. Tomentella exiguelata Y.H. Mu & H.S. Yuan, sp. nov. (contributed Y.H. Mu, T. Cao and H.S. Yuan) 1604. Tomentella fuscoaraneosa Y.H. Mu & H.S. Yuan, sp. nov. (contributed Y.H. Mu, T. Cao and H.S. Yuan). 13 Fungi play a key role in many biological processes, influencing ecosystems (Schimann et al. 2017). They are saprobes, epiphytes, endophytes, animal and plant pathogens or symbionts (Chethana et al. 2021a, b). High species diversity in fungi exhibits a huge variation in morphology, lifestyles and the mode of dispersal (Hyde et al. 2018). Fungi are also important in biotechnological applications (Hyde et al. 2019). The current estimate of fungal diversity is highly uncertain, ranging from 1.5 to 12 million species (Wu et al. 2019; Hyde et al. 2021; Bhunjun et al. 2022). Of this massive number, only around 150,000 species have been named and classified to date. With the introduction of DNA-based techniques in species delimitation, the newly described taxa per year have dramatically increased. Whether these newly introduced taxa are novel is another challenge the mycologists face. With only 10% of fungi being named and classified, many species remain to be discovered (Hyde et al. 2021). Some species are poorly described and lack molecular data. This can be overcome if we collect, isolate, sequence and provide new data on fungi from different hosts and habitats. Identification of new taxa, recollection of already known Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 taxa, the establishment of reference specimens and epitypification or neo-typification of taxa with fresh material and cultures are necessary as they contribute to providing a stable taxonomy for fungi Chethana et al. (2021a) as well as for carrying out assays to identify any potential compounds that can be harnessed at the industrial level. Identification and documentation of the host and the geographical range of a fungus can be particularly important in disease management (Dugan et al. 2009). In order to provide an outlet for the mycologists to publish their findings in mycology, different publication series such as AJOM new records and collections of fungi (Hyde et al. 2019; Chethana et al. 2021b), Fungal Diversity notes (Liu et al. 2015; Ariyawansa et al. 2015; Hyde et al. 2017, 2019, 2020; Tibpromma et al. 2018; Wanasinghe et al. 2018; Phookamsak et al. 2019; Boonmee et al. 2021), Fungal planet (Crous et al. 2015a, b, c, 2017, 2018) and Mycosphere notes (Thambugala et al. 2015; Hyde et al. 2018, 2021; Jayawardena et al. 2018; Manawasinghe et al. 2022), are now available. As a result, numerous new taxa, geographical and host records, new combinations, and reference data were introduced along with morphological and multigene analyses. This is the 14th in the series of Fungal Diversity Notes with entries mainly collected from Australia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, China, Cyprus, Egypt, France, French Guiana, India, Indonesia, Italy, Laos, Mexico, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. We aim to provide new data including morphological, geographical and sequence data for a stable taxonomy and phylogeny, which become significantly important for the accurate identification of fungi as suggested by Cao et al. (2021), Chethana et al. (2021a), Manawasinghe et al. (2019), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2021), Jayawardena et al. (2021b) and Pem et al. (2021). We provide a detailed description and an updated tree for the genus or family of each entry. The ‘notes’ under each entry discuss how the new taxa are established, including the host and geographical ranges. The data compiled in this study can be used by future researchers for a better understanding of the taxonomy of each different group of fungi. 7 Indonesia, Italy, Laos, Mexico, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. Taxa were described and illustrated based on morphological features, coupled with phylogenetic analyses performed by maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BYPP) criteria. Colour codes followed the Methuen Handbook of Colour (Kornerup and Wanscher 1978). Phylogenetic analyses were performed based on details outlined by Dissanayake et al. (2020). Details of each analysis are given in Supplementary Table 1. The pairwise homoplasy index (PHI) test was carried out when necessary, using Split Trees as described by Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) to determine the recombination level within phylogenetically closely related species. The new taxa are justified based on the guidelines of Cao et al. (2021), Chethana et al. (2021a, b), Manawasinghe et al. (2021), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2021), Jayawardena et al. (2021b) and Pem et al. (2021). Results Ascomycota R.H. Whittaker Notes: We follow the latest treatments and updated accounts of Ascomycota in Wijayawardene et al. (2020, 2022). Subphylum Pezizomycotina O.E. Erikss. & Winka Class Dothideomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka Notes: We follow the latest treatments and updated accounts of Dothideomycetes in Hongsanan et al. (2020a, b) and Wijayawardene et al. (2020, 2022). Subclass Dothideomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon, J.C. David & Stalpers ex C.L. Schoch, Spatafora, Crous & Shoemaker Materials and methods Mycosphaerellales (Nannf.) P.F. Cannon Notes: Abollahzadeh et al. (2020) based on LSU, tef1 and rpb2 sequence data revalidated Mycosphaerellales as a separate order. Mycosphaerellales include species that are saprobes, ectophytes, plant pathogens and lichenised fungi. This order includes eight families viz. Cystocoleaceae, Dissoconiaceae, Extremaceae, Mycosphaerellaceae, Neodevriesiaceae, Phaeothecoidiellaceae, Schizothyriaceae and Teratosphaeriaceae (see Abdollahzadeh et al. 2020). Materials and methods follow the previous fungal diversity notes (Hyde et al. 2016, 2020a, b, c; Tibpromma et al. 2017; Wanasinghe et al. 2018; Phookamsak et al. 2019; Boonmee et al. 2021 and Senanayake et al. 2020). When specific details are available for material and methods they are given in the ‘notes’ section of each taxon. Taxa described in this study were collected from Australia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, China, Cyprus, Egypt, France, French Guiana, India, Mycosphaerellaceae Lindau, Nat. Pflanzenfamilien: 421(1897) Notes: Mycosphaerellaceae was established by Lindau (1896) with Mycosphaerella as the type genus. This is one of the largest families including asexual morphs, asexual holomorphs or species with mycosphaerella-like sexual morphs. The majority of them are parasitic or saprobic on plants, fungi and lichens (Hyde et al. 2013). Wijayawardene 13 8 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 et al. (2022) accepted a total of 119 genera having molecular data under Mycosphaerellaceae. wide range of climatic conditions including cool temperate, sub-tropical and tropical regions (Crous et al. 2014). Pseudocercospora Speg., Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Buenos Aires 20 (13): 438 (1910) Notes: Pseudocercospora was established by Spegazzini (1910) with P. vitis as the type genus. The genus is characterized by conidiophores solitary, fasciculate, synnematal or arranged in sporodochia, conidia coloured, scars unthickened or slightly thickened (Crous and Braun 2003; Crous et al. 2014). They are mostly plant pathogenic fungi associated with leaf and fruit spots and are widely distributed in a Pseudocercospora vernoniae Archana Singh & N.K. Dubey, sp. nov Mycobank Number: MB 834618, Facesoffungi number: FoF 07979, Figs. 1, 2 Etymology: Based to the host genus from which the taxon was isolated Holotype: AMH:10043 Asexual morph: on leaf spots of Vernonia cineria, hypophyllous later amphiphyllous, 2–5 mm, angular, vein limited, Fig. 1 Pseudocercospora vernoniae (AMH: 10043, Holotype) a Habit of infected plant Vernonia cineria. b Symptoms on the upper leaf surface. c Symptoms on the lower leaf surface. d Culture after 3 weeks. e–o Conidia. k Conjugating conidia. p–q Fascicle of conidiophores. Scale bars: e–j = 20 µm, k–o = 10 µm 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 9 Fig. 2 Scanning Electron Micrographs of Pseudocercospora vernoniae. a Fasciles of conidiophores arising from stomata of the host plant. b Single fascicle of conidiophores. c Conidia attached to conidiophores. d Conidiogenous cells with scars. Scale bars: a–c = 10 µm, d = 2 µm discrete and later forming irregular larger patches, grayish brown on lower surface and dark blackish- brown on upper surface. Caespituli hypophyllous later amphiphyllous, dark brown, erumpent. Stromata substomatal, few cells to welldeveloped, made up of oval to round 3–5 µm wide pseudoparenchymatous cells, median to dark brown. Conidiophores fasciculate, unbranched or rarely branched, geniculate, 1–8-septate, light brown 13.6–40.3 (50) × 3.5–5.5 µm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, polyblastic, cicaterised. Conidia septate (1–7), catenate in branched chains, straight to curved, cylindrical, constricted at septa, olivaceous brown, subcylindrical, base obclavate to obconico truncate, tip subacute to obtuse 21.7–44.8 (92) × 4.5–5.5 µm. Sexual morph: Not observed. Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Colonies very slow growing, velvety, greyish brown; reaching 2–5 mm diam., in 28 days at 27 °C, margin circular to irregular, reverse blackish brown raising centrally, of dense cottony mycelium and hard texture. Mycelium smooth, branched, asexual and sexual spores not formed within 60 days. Material examined: India, Sonebhadra U.P., on living leaves of Vernonia cineria (L.) Less (Asteraceae), Dec 2017, AMH: 10043 (Holotype), culture ex type NFCCI: 4441. GenBank numbers: MN691042 (LSU); MN691041 (ITS); MT106617 (act); MT106618 (tef1) Notes: Pseudocercospora species are mostly host-specific (with few exceptions) related to a single host species, host genus or closely related host genera (Braun et al. 2013; Crous et al. 2013). Two species of Pseudocercospora has been reported earlier on Vernonia, Pseudocercospora cinereae (Deighton 1976) and Pseudocercospora vernoniacearum (Shukla et al. 1982). Pseudocercospora cineriae has dark brown circular, coalescing leaf spots and P. vernoniacearum has oval, effuse leaf spots whereas P. vernoniae has grayish brown, angular and vein limited leaf spots. Conidiophores are much smaller (14–40 µm) and more septate (1–8) in P. vernoniae compared to previously described species P. cinereae (1–3 septate, 40–150 × 3.5–5 µm) and P. vernoniacearum (44–133 × 3.5–5.4 µm). Conidia are simple and longer in P. cinereae (28.5–145 × 2.8–5.7 µm) and P. vernoniacearum (40–100 × 3.5–5.4 µm). The presence of catenate conidia in branched chains with smaller and variable in size 21.74– 44.76 × 4.5–5.5 µm) differentiate P. vernoniae from the previously described species. Molecular analysis based on combined gene analysis of LSU, ITS, act and tef1 (Fig. 3) reveals that P. vernoniae clusters with P. hakeae (CBS 144520) with moderate support. Subclass Pleosporomycetidae C.L. Schoch, Spatafora, Crous & Shoemaker Kirschsteiniotheliales Hern. -Restr., R.F. Castañeda, Gené & Crous Kirschsteiniotheliales was introduced by (HernandezRestrepo et al. 2017) based on phylogenetic analysis. Kirschsteiniotheliales consists with Kirschsteiniotheliaceae, and two genera incertae sedis, viz. Brachysporiella, Taeniolella (Hongsanan et al. 2020a; Wijayawardene et al. 2020) Kirschsteiniotheliaceae Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, in Boonmee et al., Mycologia 104(3): 705 (2012) The monotypic family, Kirschsteiniotheliaceae, was introduced by Boonmee et al. (2012) to accommodate Kirschsteiniothelia species based on morphology and phylogenetic 13 10 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 3 Maximum likelihood tree illustrating the phylogeny of Pseudocercospora vernoniae with related species in Pseudocercospora based on LSU, ITS, act and tef1 concatenated sequences. Branches are labelled with ML and MP values ≥ 50% and BYPP ≥ 0.95 are indi- cated above the node respectively. The ex-types/reference strains are in bold; the new species is in blue. The tree is rooted with Pallidocercospora heimii (CPC:11716) analyses. Kirschsteiniotheliaceae species are mostly saprobes on dead wood from terrestrial and aquatic habitats in tropical and subtropical regions (Boonmee et al. 2012; Su et al. 2016; Mehrabi et al. 2017; Bao et al. 2018; Sun et al. 2021). Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum S. Wang, Q. Zhao & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF559759; Facesoffungi number: 1FoF1799; Fig. 4 Etymology: Named after the acute conidia Holotype: MFLU 21-0127 Saprobic on decaying plant substrates. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Colonies effuse, scattered, dark-brown to black, glistening, hairy, sparse. Mycelium partly superficial, partly immersed in the substratum, Kirschsteiniothelia D. Hawksw., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 91: 182 (1985) We follow the latest treatment and updated accounts of Kirschsteiniothelia in Sun et al. (2021) 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 11 Fig. 4 Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum (MFLU 21–0127, holotype) a–c Colonies on dead wood. d, e Conidiophore with conidia. f, g Conidiogenous cells and conidia. h Conidiogenous cell. i–m Conidia. n Germinating conidium. Scale bars: a = 100 μm, b = 200 μm, c–e = 100 μm, f, g = 50 μm, h = 20 μm, i–n = 50 μm composed of dark brown, septate, branched hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, solitary, cylindrical, straight or slightly flexuous, dark brown, slightly tapering towards the apex, 8–12 septate, truncate at the apex, 180–260 µm ( x̄ = 230 µm, n = 10) long, 7–12.5 μm ( x̄ = 9 µm, n = 10) wide. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, monoblastic, cylindrical and brown, calyciform. Conidia acrogenous, solitary, obclavate to obspathulate, tapering to the apex, rostrate, 7–12-euseptate, mid to dark brown, becoming pale brown to pale towards the apex, truncate at the base, 75–120 µm ( x̄ = 92 µm, n = 15) long, 10.5–19.5 μm ( x̄ = 15 µm, n = 15) wide. Material examined: Thailand, Chiang Mai Province, saprobic on decaying wood at the Mushroom Research Center (MRC), August 2020, Song Wang, SW231 (MFLU 21-0127, holotype). GenBank numbers: ON980758 (LSU); ON980754 (SSU); OP120780 (ITS); OP009582 (rpb2) Notes: Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum shares similar characteristics with K. fluminicola in having 13 12 macronematous, unbranched, cylindrical, septate, conidiophores and solitary, obclavate, septate, conidia. However, Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum differs from K. fluminicola in having a gelatinous rounded sheath at the apex of shorter and thinner conidia (33–43 × 7.5–8.5 μm vs 47.5–86.5 × 8–10 μm). Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum phylogenetically creates an independent branch with 100ML/100MP/1.00BYPP support (Fig. 5). Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum S. Wang, Q. Zhao & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF559760; Facesoffungi number: FoF11802; Fig. 6 Etymology: Referring to the conidial ‘shell’ shape. Holotype: MFLU 21-0129 Saprobic on decaying bamboo culms. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Colonies effuse, scattered, dark brown to black, glistening, hairy, sparse. Mycelium partly superficial, partly immersed in the substratum, composed of dark brown, septate, branched hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, solitary, cylindrical, straight or slightly flexuous, brown to dark brown, slightly tapering towards the apex, 4–8 septate, truncate at the apex, 60–170 µm ( x̄ = 128 µm, n = 15) long, 6.5–10.5 μm ( x̄ = 8 µm, n = 15) wide. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, monoblastic, cylindrical and calyciform, brown, 9–16 µm ( x̄ = 12 µm, n = 15) long, 5.5–8 μm ( x̄ = 6.5 µm, n = 15) wide. Conidia acrogenous, solitary, obclavate to obspathulate, globose to the apex and hyaline to light brown, rostrate, 5–6-euseptate, mid to dark brown, becoming pale brown to pale towards the apex, truncate at the base, 45–75 µm ( x̄ = 55 µm, n = 20) long, 10–18 μm (x̄ = 14 µm, n = 20) wide. Material examined: Thailand, Nang Lae, Mueang Chiang Rai, Chiang Rai Province, saprobic on decaying bamboo, submerged in a freshwater stream, July 2020, Rongju Xu, MD71 (MFLU 21–0129, holotype) GenBank numbers: MW851854 (LSU); MW851849 (ITS) Notes: Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum shares similar morphology with K. rostrata in having macronematous, unbranched, cylindrical, septate, conidiophores and solitary, obclavate, septate, conidia. However, conidiophores of Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum (60–170 × 6.5–10.5 μm) are much shorter than those of K. rostrata (up to 280 μm long, 12 μm wide). Conidia of K. crustaceum (45–75 × 10–18 μm) are much shorter than those of K. rostrata (up to 115 μm long, 15 μm wide) also. The combined LSU, SSU and ITS phylogenetic analysis show that Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum represents a sister taxon to K. rostrata with good separation (89ML/1.00BYPP) (Fig. 5). Kirschsteiniothelia extensum. S. Wang, Q. Zhao & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Index Fungorum number: IF559761; Facesoffungi number: FoF11803; Fig. 7 Etymology: Referring to the conidiophore extending characteristic Holotype: MFLU 21-0130 Saprobic on decaying wood. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Colonies effuse, scattered, brown or black, hairy, glistening. Mycelium partly superficial, partly immersed in the substratum, composed of brown, septate, branched hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, solitary, cylindrical, straight or slightly flexuous, dark brown, unbranched, thick-walled, smooth, slightly tapering towards the apex, 4–9 septate, truncate at the apex, 80–230 µm ( x̄ = 140 µm, n = 15) long, 6.5–9.5 μm ( x̄ = 7.5 µm, n = 15) wide. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, monoblastic, percurrent, pale brown, cylindrical, 11–19 µm ( x̄ = 15 µm, n = 15) long, 4–7.5 μm ( x̄ = 6 µm, n = 15) wide. Conidia acrogenous, solitary, smooth, obclavate, straight or slightly curved, tapering to the apex, 5–8-euseptate, becoming pale brown to pale towards the apex, truncate at the base, 45–120 µm ( x̄ = 60 µm, n = 30) long, 5–12 μm ( x̄ = 9 µm, n = 30) wide. Material examined: Thailand, Nang Lae, Mueang Chiang Rai, Chiang Rai Province, saprobic on decaying wood, July 2020, Rongju Xu, MD73 (MFLU 21-0130, holotype). GenBank numbers: MW851855 (LSU); MW851850 (ITS) Notes: Kirchsteiniothelia extensum is introduced here based on both morphology and molecular data. Kirchsteiniothelia extensum forms a distinct clade within Kirschsteiniotheliaceae and is sister to K. submersa (Fig. 5). The difference between them is that conidiophores of Kirschsteiniothelia extensum (80–230 × 6.5–9.5 μm) are much shorter than those of K. submersa (220–280 × 6–7 μm) Kirschsteiniothelia septemseptatum S. Wang, Q. Zhao & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF559762; Facesoffungi number: FoF11800; Fig. 8 Etymology: Referring to the number of septa mostly observed in conidia Holotype: MFLU 21–0126 Saprobic on decaying wood. Sexual morph: Not oberved. Asexual morph: Colonies on natural substrate, scattered or fascicular, effuse, hairy, dark brown to black, glistening. Mycelium partly superficial, partly immersed in the host tissue, composed of smooth, light brown, branched, septate. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, single to loosely fasciculate, erect, straight to slightly flexuous, branched at the apex, dark brown, multiseptate, 9–16 septate, 250–580 µm (x̄ = 415 µm, n = 20) long, 6.5–14.5 μm (x̄ = 10 µm, n = 20) wide. Conidiogenous cells mostly Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 5 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined LSU, SSU, ITS sequence data. Forty-six taxa were included in the combined analyses, which comprised 2,104 characters (LSU = 1–788 bp, SSU = 789–1,632 bp, ITS = 1,633–2,104 bp), including alignment gaps. Among them, 1,191 characters were constant, 239 characters were singleton sites, and 674 characters were 13 parsimony informative. The best scoring RA × ML tree is presented. Bootstrap support values for ML and MP ≥ 75% and BYPP ≥ 0.95 are given above the nodes. Pseudorobillarda eucalypti (MFLUCC 12–0422) and P. phragmitis (CBS 398.61) were used as the outgroup taxa. The newly generated sequences are indicated in red. The ex-type strains are indicated in bold 13 14 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 6 Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum (MFLU 21–0129, holotype) a, b Colonies on dead wood. c Conidiophore with conidia. d–g Conidiogenous cells and conidia. h–k Conidia. l Germinating conidium. m Culture on MEA. Scale bars: b–e = 50 μm, f = 20 μm, g = 50 μm, h–l = 20 μm polytretic, sometimes monotretic, integrated, discrete, terminal and lateral, calyciform, 2 septate, 9.5–21 µm (x̄ = 16 µm, n = 20) long, 4–8 μm (x̄ = 6 µm, n = 20) wide. Conidia acrogenous, solitary, dry, olivaceous brown to brown, pale at apex, obclavate, rostrate, smooth, straight or curved, truncate at base, 5–8– euseptate, 25–55 μm (x̄ = 41 µm, n = 20) long, 6.5–12.5 µm ( x̄ = 10.5 μm, n = 20) wide. Material examined: Thailand, ChiangMai Province, saprobic on decaying wood at MRC, July 2020, Song Wang, SW212, (MFLU 21–0126, holotype) GenBank numbers: ON980757 (LSU); ON980752 (SSU); OP120779 (ITS); OP009581 (rpb2) Notes: Kirschsteiniothelia septemseptatm shares similar characteristics with K. fluminicola in having macronematous, 13 unbranched, cylindrical, septate, conidiophores and solitary, obclavate, septate, conidia. However, K. cangshanensis differs from K. fluminicola in having a gelatinous rounded sheath at the apex of shorter and thinner conidia (33–43 × 7.5–8.5 μm vs 47.5–86.5 × 8–10 μm). In our phylogetic analyses, K. septemseptatum forms an independent branch with 91ML/95MP/1.00BYPP support (Fig. 5) Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum. S. Wang, Q. Zhao & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF559763; Facesoffungi number: FoF11801; Fig. 9 Etymology: Referring to the long conidia Holotype: MFLU 21-0128 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 15 Fig. 7 Kirschsteiniothelia extensum (MFLU 21–0130, holotype) a, b Colonies on dead wood. c, d Conidiophore with conidia. e Conidiophore. f–h Conidiogenous cells and conidia. i–k Conidia. l Germinating conidium. m Culture on MEA. Scale bars: c–e = 50 μm, f–l = 20 μm Saprobic on decaying wood. Sexual morph: Not oberved. Asexual morph: Colonies effuse on natural substrate, scattered or fascicular, hairy, black, glistening. Mycelium partly immersed, partly superficial in the substrate, composed of pale brown, ranched hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, solitary or sometimes caespitose, cylindrical, wide at base, tapering towards apex, straight or slightly flexuous, smooth, light brown to dark brown, unbranched, 6–12 septate, 70–128 µm (x̄ = 100 µm, n = 15) long, 7.5–12.5 μm (x̄ = 9 µm, n = 15) wide. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, monoblastic, integrated, terminal, determinate, cylindrical, smooth, mid to dark brown. Conidia acrogenous, solitary, dry, olivaceous brown to brown, pale at apex, obclavate, rostrate, smooth, straight or curved, truncate at base, 8–23– euseptate, sometimes with a mucilaginous sheath, 90–139 μm (x̄ = 113 µm, n = 15) long, 9.5–16.5 µm (x̄ = 14 μm, n = 15) wide. Material examined: Thailand, Chiang Mai Province, saprobic on decaying wood at MRC, August 2020, Song Wang, SW280 (MFLU 21–0128, holotype) 13 16 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 8 Kirschsteiniothelia septemseptatum (MFLU 21–0126, holotype) a–c Colonies on dead wood. d, e Conidiophore with conidia. f–h Conidiogenous cells and conidia. i–m Conidia. n Germinating conidium. Scale bars: a = 500 μm, b = 200 μm, c = 50 μm, d, e = 100 μm, f–n = 20 μm GenBank numbers: OP077294 (LSU); ON980753 (SSU) Notes: In the phylogenetic analyses our strain is closely realted with K. tectonae (Fig. 5). Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum shares similar characteristics with Kirschsteiniothelia tectonae in having macronematous, 13 unbranched, cylindrical, septate, conidiophores and solitary, obclavate, septate, conidia. However, K. spatiosum differs from K. tectonae in having a gelatinous rounded sheath at the apex of shorter and thinner conidia and in having shorter and thinner conidia (90–139 × 9.5–16.5 μm Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 17 Fig. 9 Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum (MFLU 21–0128, holotype) a–c Colonies on dead wood. d, e Conidiophore with conidia. f Conidiogenous cells and conidia. g Conidiophore. h–l Conidia. m Germinating conidium. Scale bars: a–c = 100 μm, d–g = 50 μm, m = 100 μm vs 135–150 × 16–19 μm). Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum differs from K. tectonae in having shorter conidiophores (70–128 × 7.5–12.5 μm vs 200 × 4–8 μm). Pleosporales Luttrell ex M.E. Barr. Notes: We follow the latest treatments and updated accounts of Pleoporales in Hongsanan et al. (2020b) and Wijayawardene et al. (2022). 13 18 Amorosiaceae Thambug. & K.D. Hyde Thambugala et al. (2015) introduced this family to accommodate Amorosia Mantle & D. Hawksw. and Angustimassarina Thambug., Kaz. Tanaka & K.D. Hyde. The family is characterized by immersed or semi-immersed ascomata with a short, crest-like papilla, and hyaline ascospores with a mucilaginous sheath (Thambugala et al. 2015). Wijayawardene et al. (2022) accepted five genera in this family. Angustimassarina Thambug., Kaz. Tanaka & K.D. Hyde Fig. 10 Angustimassarina kunmingense (YHD216, holotype). a, b Ascomata immersed on host surface. c Section through ascoma. d, e Peridium. f, g Mature bitunicate asci (g. asci stained with Congo red). h–k Ascospores. l Gemmating ascospores. m, n Colonies on PDA. Scale bars: c–d = 100 μm, e = 50 μm, l = 30 μm, f–g = 20 μm, i–k = 10 μm, h = 5 μm 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Thambugala et al. (2015) introduced this genus to accommodate fungi that have ascospores resembling Massarina, while being narrowly fusiform. There are 12 species listed in the Index Fungorum (accessed on 30 August 2022). In this study, we introduce a new species from China based on molecular phylogeny and morphology. Angustimassarina kunmingense H.D. Yang & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 19 Index Fungorum number: IF559764; Facesoffungi number: FoF11804; Fig. 10 Etymology: Referring to the collecting site, Kunming City, Yunnan, China. Holotype: HKAS123210 Saprobic on dead aerial stem of Camellia semiserrata. Sexual morph: Ascomata (162–)190–332(–333) × (119– )142–289(–300) μm (x̅ = 261 × 221 μm, n = 5), scattered, gregarious, immersed to semi-immersed in the host tissue, black, globose to subglobose, ostiolate. Ostiole in the centre, crest-like, rounded, papillate, with a pore-like opening. Peridium 27–56 μm thick, comprised of 5–10 layers of cells of textura angularis, cells smaller at the base and the apex, and larger at the side, brown to hyaline. Hamathecium composed of 1.2–2 μm (x̅ = 1.6 μm, n = 30) wide, numerous, septate, clamped, unbranched, hyaline, pseudoparaphyses, embedded in a gelatinous matrix, longer than asci. Asci (56–) 60– 74(–77) × (7.2–)7.5–8.7(–9.3) μm (x̅ = 68 × 8.1 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindric-clavate, with short pedicel at the base, rounded at the apex with a minute ocular chamber. Ascospores (18–)20–22(–23) × (3.1)3.3–3.8(–4.1) μm (x̅ = 20 × 3.5 μm, n = 30), 1–2 overlapping seriate, hyaline, fusiform, dimidiate, widest at the centre and tapering toward the ends, with 1–3 constricted septate septum, filled with 1–2 guttules per cell, smooth-walled and surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Not observed. Culture characteristics: Ascospores germinating on PDA within 24 h and producing germ tubes from both ends and sides. Colonies on PDA reaching 28 mm diam. after 33 days at 20 °C, nearly circular, flat, dense, radial sulcate, edge entire, smoke grey to grey-white on the surface, dark brown on the reverse and becoming grey-white at the margin. Material examined: China, Yunnan Province, Kunming City, Panlong District, on Camellia semiserrata C.W. Chi (Theaceae), 25° 8′ 29.27″ N, 102° 44′ 16.03″, 17 Dec 2021, Hongde Yang, (HKAS123210, holotype); ex-type living culture, KUNCC22-10799. GenBank numbers: ON352672 (ITS); ON352671 (LSU); ON352675 (SSU); ON364144 (tef1); ON791602 (act); ON791682 (tub2) Notes: Species of Angustimassarina are broadly distributed in Belgium, Germany and Italy (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c; Phukhamsakda et al. 2020), but, have never been reported from China. Our collections from China are morphologically and phylogenetically related to Angustimassarina. Our new species Angustimassarina kunmingense resembles other Table 1 Synopsis of mainly morphological characteristics of Angustimassarina species Taxa Host Ascomata (µm) Peridium Asci (µm) (µm) Ascospores (µm) Locality References Angustimassarina acerina MFLUCC 14–0505 Acer platanoides 200–350 × 164–183 15–26 92–105 × 7.5–8.6 21–23 × 4.1–4.6 Germany Thambugala et al. (2015) A. alni MFLUCC 15–0184 Alnus glutinosa 160–250 × 130–200 28–44 71–89 × 8–10 19–22 × 3–4 Germany Tibpromma et al. (2017) A. arezzoensis MFLUCC 13–0578 Salvia sp. 169–234 × 166–245 22–41 67–95 × 10–15 19–21 × 5–6 Italy Tibpromma et al. (2017) A. camporesii MFLU 18–0057 Galium sp. 130–240 × 130–190 15–21 62–88 × 10–13 15–18 × 4–5 Italy Hyde et al. (2020a, b, c) A. coryli MFLU 15–2603 Corylus avellana 150–250 × 500–750 8–12 95–110 × 8– 12 21–25 × 4–5 Italy Hyde et al. (2017) A. italica MFLUCC 15–0082 Ilex aquifolium 127–159 × 97–131 23–40 78–103 × 10–12 15–22 × 3–6 Italy Tibpromma et al. (2017) A. kunmingense YHD216 Camellia japonica 162–333 × 119–300 27–56 56–77 × 7.2– 9.3 18–23 × 3.1– 4.1 China This study A. lonicerae MFLUCC 15–0087 Lonicera sp. 193–203 × 170–220 10–18 55–81 × 9–13 19–25 × 4–7 Italy Tibpromma et al. (2017) A. populi MFLUCC 13–0034 Populus sp. 125–175 × 100–120 14–32 80–95 × 9.5–13 19–22 × 3.2–5.5 Italy Thambugala et al. (2015) A. premilcurensis MFLUCC 15–0074 Carpinus betulus 231–238 × 290–311 20–30 64–93 × 11–15 19–23 × 4–7 Italy Tibpromma et al. (2017) A. quercicola MFLUCC 14–0506 Quercus robur 200–250 × 150–265 14–27 60–94 × 8.8–13 17–21 × 4–6 Germany Thambugala et al. (2015) A. rosarum MFLU 17–1513 Clematis viticella, Rosa canina 221–306 × 267–400 14–40 77–85 × 10–16 17–23 × 4–4.5 Italy Wanasinghe et al. (2018) A. sylvatica MFLU 15–2603 Fagus sylvatica 180–260 × 150–200 8–12 95–110 × 8– 12 21–25 × 4–5 Italy Hyde et al. (2019) 13 20 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Angustimassarina species in terms of ascomata, asci and ascospores (Table 1) and the new species was isolated from similar habitat to other Angustimassarina species (Thambugala et al. 2015). However, the taxon is charactered by slender asci and ascospores. The megablast search of the ITS and tef1 sequences show the highest similarity with Angustimassarina populi (457/463, 98%) and Angustimassarina populi (827/830, 99%), respectively. In the phylogenetic analysis, Angustimassarina kunmingense formed a well-supported monophyletic clade basal to Angustimassarina species (97ML/1.00BYPP). Our phylogenetic tree was constructed using multi gene loci (ITS, SSU, LSU and tef1, Fig. 11). However, most taxa were not strongly supported. This could suggest that additional markers are required to achieve a Fig. 11 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS, SSU, LSU and tef1 sequence data of Angustimassarina. Twenty strains were included in the analysis of the combined loci which comprised 2700 characters. The tree is rooted with Guttulispora crataegi (MFLUCC 13–0442) and Lophiostoma caulium (KT794). Bootstrap support values ≥ 50% in ML and BYPP ≥ 0.95 are given at the nodes. The ex-types and reference strains are in bold; the new isolate is in blue 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 more accurate identity, thus we also provide protein gene act and tub2 herein. Bambusicolaceae D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, in Hyde et al., Fungal Diversity 63: 49 (2013) Notes: Bambusicolaceae was placed in Dothideomycetes by Hyde et al. (2013) to accommodate Bambusicola (Dai et al. 2012; Liu et al. 2015; Jayasiri et al. 2019; Yang et al. 2019; Bhunjun et al. 2021; Calabon et al. 2022). Four genera viz. Bambusicola, Corylicola, Leucaenicola and Palmiascoma are accepted in this family (Wijayawardene et al. 2022). Bambusicolaceae are characterized by solitary, scattered, immersed, semi-immersed to erumpent and conical or globose to subglobose ascomata, anastomosing, branching interascal filaments, cylindrical to clavate asci with a short furcate or rounded to obtuse pedicel and slightly broad-fusiform or clavate to ellipsoidal, hyaline or yellowish to brown, single-septate ascospores with a gelatinous sheath (Dai et al. 2012; Hyde et al. 2013; Liu et al. 2015; Dai et al. 2017). Bambusicola D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, in Dai, Bhat, Liu, Chukeatirote, Zhao & Hyde, Cryptog. Mycol. 33(3): 367 (2012) Notes: Bambusicola is a well-studied genus, established by Dai et al. (2012). There are 15 species accepted in the genus and all species have sequence data in GenBank (Dai et al. 2012, 2015, 2017; Thambugala et al. 2015; Yang et al. 2018; Dong et al. 2020; Monkai et al. 2021). Both sexual and asexual morphs of Bambusicola are reported (Dai et al. 2012, 2015, 2017; Thambugala et al. 2015; Yang et al. 2018; Dong et al. 2020; Monkai et al. 2021). The sexual morph of Bambusicola is characterized by gregarious, immersed or semi-immersed, globose to subglobose, uni- to multiloculate, coriaceous ascomata, bitunicate, cylindrical or cylindric-clavate, short pedicellate asci with a shallow or well-developed chamber and fusiform, septate, hyaline to pale brown ascospores mostly surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. The asexual morph of Bambusicola is characterized by pycnothyrial, immersed to semi-immersed, acerose or subglobose, pyriform or irregular, uni- to multi-loculate conidiomata, holoblastic, annellidic, discrete, cylindrical conidiogenous cells and cylindrical to ellipsoidal, pale brown to brown, septate conidia (Dai et al. 2012, 2017; Thambugala et al. 2015; Dong et al. 2020; Monkai et al. 2021). Bambusicola species have been reported from both terrestrial and freshwater habitats in China and Thailand (Dai et al. 2012, 2015, 2017; Thambugala et al. 2015; Yang et al. 2018; Dong et al. 2020). Most Bambusicola species are reported as saprobes on bamboo. In this study, we report a new record of Bambusicola bambusae on submerged decaying wood from freshwater habitats for the first time. 21 Bambusicola bambusae D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, Cryptog. Mycol. 33(3): 372 (2012) Index Fungorum number: IF 801046; Facesofungi number: FoF11797; Fig. 12 Saprobic on decaying wood in a freshwater stream. Ascomata 135–175 µm high × 190–245 µm diam. ( x̄ = 155 × 216 µm, n = 10), solitary, scattered to gregarious, immersed under the host tissue, conical in section, brown to dark brown, coriaceous, subglobose, ostiolate. Ostiole crestlike, central, elongated to papillate, with a pore-like opening, plugged by hyaline, filamentous hyphae. Peridium comprising host and fungal tissues, 17–31 μm thick, composed of brown to dark brown cells of textura angularis intermingled with host cells. Hamathecium composed of numerous, filamentous, hyaline, septate, branched, 1.0–1.5 μm, pseudoparaphyses. Asci 55–75 × 7.5–9.5 μm ( x̄ = 66.3 × 8.5 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with a shallow apical chamber and a short furcate pedicel. Ascospores 19–21 × 4.0–4.5 μm ( x̄ = 20 × 4.5 μm, n = 30), 2–3-seriate, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, slightly broad fusiform, tapering towards the ends, occasionally with large upper cell, with narrowly rounded ends, hyaline, guttulate, smooth-walled. Culture characteristics: Ascospores germinating on PDA within 24 h and germ tubes produced from both ends. Colonies growing on PDA, reaching a diam. of 20–25 mm after 20 d at 25 °C, surface smooth to velvety, with entire to slightly undulate edge, greenish in the centre, white at the edge; reverse dark greenish to black in the centre, white at the edge. Material examined: Thailand, Tao Ngoi, Sakon Nakhon, on decaying wood submerged in a river, 12 November 2017, D.F. Bao, B110 (MFLU 22–0080), living culture, MFLUCC 22–0021. Host/Substrate: Bamboo (Poaceae) (Dai et al. 2012); decaying wood submerged in a river (this study) Distribution: Thailand (Dai et al. 2012; this study) GenBank numbers: ON764309 (ITS); ON764310 (LSU); ON764313(SSU); ON788004 (rpb2) Notes: In the phylogenetic analysis, our new isolate B110 clustered with the ex-type strain of Bambusicola bambusae (MFLUCC 11–0614) with 98% ML/1.00 BYPP support (Fig. 13). The morphology of our collection is almost identical to the holotype of Bambusicola bambusae except for the size of ascomata and the sheath of the ascospores. The ascomata of our collection are smaller than the holotype (190–245 vs. 450–70 µm diam) and the holotype of B. bambusae has ascospores with a thick sheath (Dai et al. 2012), whereas, the sheath of ascospores were not observed in our collection. A comparison of the ITS and rpb2 gene regions of MFLUCC 11–0614 and B110 revealed 0 and 3 base pair differences and therefore we identified our new collection as 13 22 Fig. 12 Bambusicola bambusae (MFLU 22–0080, new record). a–c ascomata on wood d section of ascoma e peridium, f, g ostiole. h pseudoparaphyses. i–k asci. l–p ascospores. q Germinating 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 ascospore. r, s culture on PDA from surface and reverse. Scale bars: b, f = 100 μm, e = 50 μm, g = 30 μm, h–k = 20 μm, l–q = 10 μm Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 23 Fig. 13 Phylogram generated from ML analysis, based on combined ITS, LSU, SSU, tef1 and rpb2 sequence data for Bambusicolaceae. The combined dataset comprises 37 strains with 4617 characters including gaps (LSU: 854 bp, SSU: 1016 bp, ITS: 805 bp, tef1: 950 bp, rpb2: 992 bp). The tree is rooted with Murilentithe- cium lonicerae (MFLUCC 18–0675) and M. clematidis (MFLUCC 14–0561). Maximum likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 75% and baysian BYPP ≥ 0.95 are displayed on the nodes, respectively. Newly introduced taxa are indicated in red. Ex-type and representative strains are in bold Bambusicola bambusae as recommended by Pem et al. (2021). Bambusicola bambusae was described by Dai et al. (2012), it was collected on bamboo from terrestrial habitats in Thailand. Our collection was from freshwater habitats and this is the first time this species reported from freshwater habitats. Corylicola was introduced by Wijesinghe et al. (2020). This genus is characterized by uniseriate, fusiform to ellipsoidal, yellowish to pale brown, single-septate, echinulate ascospores, accumulating as yellowish-brown masses at the apices of ascomatal neck (Wijesinghe et al. 2020). We provide a new host record of Corylicola italica from Rubus sp. in Italy. Corylicola Wijesinghe, Camporesi, Yong Wang bis & K.D. Hyde, in Wijesinghe et al., Biodiversity Data Journal 8(e55957): 8 (2020) Corylicola italica Wijesinghe, Camporesi, Yong Wang bis & K.D. Hyde, in Wijesinghe et al., Biodiversity Data Journal 8(e55957): 8 (2020). 13 24 Fig. 14 Corylicola italica (MFLU 20–0251, new host record). a–b Appearance of ascomata on a twig of Rubus sp. c–d Section through ascomata. e Close-up of ostiole. f Pseudoparaphyses. g Peridium. h–j Asci. k–n. Ascospores. o. Culture characteristics on PDA after 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 20 days from above. p Culture characteristics on PDA after 20 days from below. Scale bars: c–d = 50 μm, e–g = 20 μm, h–j = 10 μm, k–n = 5 μm Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Index Fungorum number: IF557768; Facesofungi number: FoF08684; Fig. 14 Saprobic on a dead branch of Rubus sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata 109–141 high, 91.5–106 µm diam. (x̄ = 128.5 × 101.5 µm; n = 4), solitary, scattered, immersed, erumpent at maturity, raised as brown to dark spots on the substrate, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, uni-loculate with an ostiole. Ostiole 46–68 µm wide, central, papillate, lined with hyaline periphyses. Peridium composed of two layers, unequally thickened, 15–29 µm wide comprising brown, blackish to dark brown cells of textura angularis fused with host tissues, inner layer comprising hyaline cells of textura prismatica. Hamathecium comprising numerous pseudoparaphyses 1–2 µm wide (x̄ = 1.6 µm, n = 6), filamentous, cellular, with distinct septa, not constricted at the septa, branching and anastomosing above the asci. Asci 52–74 × 4–6 µm (x̄ = 61 × 5 µm, n = 5), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, short distinct pedicel with furcate ends, apically rounded, well-developed ocular chamber. Ascospores 10–12 × 3–4 µm (x̄ = 10 × 3.6 µm, n = 11), overlapping, uni-seriate, fusiform to ellipsoidal, 1-septate straight, hyaline and yellowish when young, becoming pale brown at maturity. Asexual morph: Not observed. Culture characteristics: Spore germinating on PDA within 24 h from singles pore isolation. Colonies on PDA reaching 10 mm diam. after 20 days at 20 °C, circular, submerged, crenated edge, flat with dense, brown to whitish in the middle, grey at the edges from upper and reverse brownish-black in the lower surface of the colony. Material examined: Italy, Forlì-Cesena Province near Meldola, on dead aerial branches of Rubus sp. (Rosaceae), 4 February 2020, Erio Camporesi IT-4596C (MFLU 20–0251); living culture MFLUCC 21-0118. Host/Substrate: Corylus avellana (Betulaceae) (Wijesinghe et al. 2020); Rubus sp. (Rosaceae) (this study) Distribution: Italy (Wijesinghe et al. 2020; this study). GenBank numbers: OM471788 (ITS), OM630433 (tef1). Notes: Wijesinghe et al. (2020) reported this species from Corylus avellana. Morphologically our collection resembles the ex-type strain of this species. Based on our phylogenetic analyses, our strain MFLUCC 21-0118 clustered together with MFLU 19–0500 and MFLUCC 20–0111 (Fig. 13) with 100/ML and1.00/BYPP support. Therefore, we introduce our collection as a new host record. Palmiascoma Phook. & K.D. Hyde, in Liu et al., Fungal Diversity: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0324-y, [65] (2015). Notes: Palmiascoma was introduced by Liu et al. (2015) and is typified by P. gregariascomum collected from a dead frond of a palm. Palmiascoma is similar to Didymosphaeria in having didymosporous, brown, and echinulate ascospores, but differs in phylogeny. Monkai et al. (2021) introduced the 25 second species into the genus as P. qujingense isolated from dead twigs of Fagaceae sp. in Yunnan, China. Palmiascoma gregariascomum Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, in Liu et al., Fungal Diversity: https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s13225-015-0324-y, [65] (2015). Index Fungorum number: IF550927; Facesoffungi number: FoF00429; Fig. 15 Saprobic on dead twigs of Rosa sp. Sexual morph: See Liu et al. (2015). Asexual morph: Conidiomata 140–200 μm high, 130–220 μm diam. (x̅ = 172 × 165 μm, n = 5), pycnidial, solitary or aggregated, immersed, erumpent neck, visible as black, uni- to multi-loculate, globose to subglobose, rarely irregular, glabrous, ostiole central, with minute papilla. Conidiomata walls 14–38 μm (x̅ = 27 μm, n = 8), wide, thick-walled, of equal thickness, composed of several layers of hyaline to dark brown, pseudoparenchymatous cells, outer layers comprising 4–5 cell layers of 6–12 × 2–5 μm (x̅ = 8.7 × 3.4 μm, n = 15), thick-walled, dark brown to black, organized in a textura angularis to textura prismatica cells, inner layers comprising 2–3 layers of 3–8 × 2–4 μm (x̅ = 5.3 × 3.2 μm, n = 15), thin-walled, hyaline, organized in a textura angularis. Conidiophores arising from basal cavity of conidiomata mostly reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 5–7 × 1–2 μm (x̅ = 5.8 × 1.6 μm, n = 25), holoblastic, phialidic, discrete, ampulliform to cylindrical, hyaline, aseptate, smooth-walled, guttulate. Conidia 3.2–4.5 × 1.7–2.4 μm (x̅ = 3.7 × 2.1 μm, n = 35), in culture Conidia 3.4–4.7 × 1.6–2.5 μm (x̅ = 4.1 × 2.1 μm, n = 35), solitary, one-celled, oblong to ellipsoidal, with rounded or obtuse ends, initially hyaline, becoming brown at maturity, smooth-walled. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA fast growing, 33–37 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25–30 °C, greenish-grey to grey, forming white tufts on surface, slightly radiating; reverse brown to dark brown at the margin, dark brown to black in the centre; medium dense, circular, flattened to slightly raised, dull to rough with entire edge, fairy fluffy to velvety, slightly radially furrowed. Material examined: Thailand, Mueang, Chiang Rai District, Chiang Rai 57100, (20° 03′ 24.7′′ N, 99° 52′ 23.5′′ E), dead twigs of Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 20 August 2017, MC. Samarakoon, SAMC070 (MFLU 18–0845, HKAS 102350), living culture MFLUCC 18-0505. Hosts: on dead frond of palm (Liu et al. 2015), Rosa sp. (this study) Distribution: Thailand (Liu et al. 2015; this study) GenBank numbers: OM293742 (LSU), OM293753 (SSU), OM305060 (tef1), OM305066 (tub2) Notes: Our new collection of Palmiascoma gregariascomum is described on dead twigs of Rosa species from Thailand. We found the asexual morph of the taxon with a similar range of conidiogenous cells (5–7 × 1–2 μm 13 26 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 15 Palmiascoma gregariascomum (MFLU 18–0845, new host record) a-c Conidiomata on the substrate. d Vertical section of conidioma. e Peridium. f–h Conidiogenous cells and conidiogenesis. i,o Conidia (o in culture), j Top view of culture in PDA. k Reverse view of culture. l,m Conidiomata on PDA. n Peridium. Scale bars: a,l = 1000 µm, b = 500 µm, c,m = 200 µm, d = 50 µm, e = 20 µm, n = 10 µm, f-i,o = 5 µm vs 5–12 × 2–4 μm) and conidia (3.2–4.5 × 1.7–2.4 μm, 3.4–4.7 × 1.6–2.5 μm vs 4–6 × 2–3 μm) in morphologies compared to the type species (MFLU 11-0211). In multigene phylogeny, our strain clusters with MFLU 11–0211 with high statistical (81/ML, 1.00 BYPP) support. Based on similar morphology and phylogenetic analyses, here we provide a new host record of Palmiascoma gregariascomum on Rosa sp. from Thailand (Fig. 16). Coniothyriaceae W.B. Cooke, Revta Biol., Lisb. 12: 289 (1983) [1980–1983] Notes: Coniothyriaceae was introduced by Cooke (1983) to accommodate species of Coniothyrium. Kirk et al. (2008) synonymized Coniothyriaceae with Leptosphaeriaceae. De Gruyter et al. (2013) based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses showed that the type species C. palmarum is distinct from Leptosphaeriaceae and reinstated Coniothyriaceae in Pleosporales. Wijayawardene 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 27 Fig. 16 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined LSU, SSU and tef1 sequenced data for Bambusicola and allied genera Twenty-two strains are included in the combined sequence analyses, which comprise 2761 characters with gaps. Murilentithecium clematidis (MFLUCC 14–0562) is used as the outgroup taxon. Tree topology of the ML analysis was similar to the BYPP. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 50% and BYPP ≥ 0.95 are given above the nodes. New strain is in red. Ex-type and representative strains are in bold et al. (2022) accepted Coniothyrium, Foliophoma, Neoconiothyrium, Ochrocladosporium and Staurosphaeria in this family. 250–450 μm (x̅ = 329 μm, n = 10) diam., superficial on or immersed in the host. Conidiophores not present. Conidiogenous cells lining entire cavity, hyaline, cylindrical, 8 ± 15 (x̅ = 11.9 μm) 3 ± 8 μm (x̅ = 5.1 μm), longer in culture than on host plants. Conidiogenesis holoblastic, proliferating percurrently. Conidia cylindrical, broadly rounded at apex, initially somewhat truncate at base, produced deep within the conidiogenous cells, secession rhexolytic, outer wall of conidiogenous cell often remaining on conidium, except at base, eventually disintegrating, olivaceous brown, 3-septate, lightly punctate, (2–)6.6–10. 5(–14) × (1–)2–5(–6) μm (x̅ = 7.3 × 3.6 μm, n = 40) brown, smooth-walled or verruculose, aseptate, curved, both sides gradually tapering towards the round to slightly acute apex and truncate base, guttulate. Sexual morph: Not observed. Material examined: Russia, Donetsk People's Republic, Donetsk City, Donetsk Botanical Garden, flowerbed, on dying peduncle stem and live leaves of Yucca filamentosa L. (Asparagaceae), 20 May 2017, Timur S. Bulgakov, DNK108 (MFLU 17–2529, holotype); ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18–0456. GenBank numbers: OM235094 (SSU); OM235097(LSU) Coniothyrium Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 4: 38 (1840) The genus is typified with C. palmarum Corda. In earlier studies Contiothyrium was considered as the asexual morph of Leptosphaeria, Mycosphaerella and Massarina (Sivanesan 1984). However, later studies based on molecular data transferred many species from Contiothyrium (Verkley et al. 2014; Hongsanan et al. 2020b). De Gruyter et al. (2013) reinstated Coniothyriaceae and included Coniothyrium as the family type. Coniothyrium yuccicola Chaiwan, Jayaward., & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF559467; Facesoffungi number: FoF08170; Fig. 17 Etymology: Referring to the host Yucca Holotype: MFLU 17–2529 Pathogenic on living leaves and peduncle stems of Yucca filamentosa. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 13 28 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 17 Coniothyrium yuccicola (MFLU 17–2529, holotype) a Specimen with conidiomata. b Black acervuli. c Brown setae. d Conidiophores with basal parts of setae. e Hyaline conidiogenous cells. f Conidiomata on PDA. g Hyaline conidia. h Germinating conidium. i Appressoria. j Reverse view of the colony. k Upper view of the colony. Scale bars: a = 1000 μm, b = 500 μm, c = 20 μm, d = 15 μm, e, f = 10 μm Notes: Coniothyrium yuccicola is an asexual morph. Based on our phylogenetic tree this species is closely related to C. concentricum (Fig. 18). Conidia of this species are brown aseptate, bacilliform, ellipsoid and often thick-walled (Fig. 17). Three Coniothyrium species are recorded on Yucca species (Farr and Rossman 2022): Coniothryrium bartholomaei from the USA (Oregon), C. herbarum from the USA (California), and C. yuccae from Argentina. Coniothyrium bartholomaei was reported as a plant pathogen that caused leaf spots of Yucca in Oregon (USA) (Pscheidt and Ocamb 2018; Barr 1992). Coniothyrium herbarum is known from USA (California) on the leaves of several closely related plants: Dracaena indivisa, Sansevieria sp. and Yucca angustifolia (Cash 1952), however, this species is invalid. Coniothyrium yuccae was found on dead leaves of Yucca gloriosa in Argentina (Buenos-Aires) (Farr 1973). Phaeosphaeriopsis yuccae is another morphologically similar taxon described from living leaves of Yucca filamentosa from Russia, Rostov region, Botanical Garden of Southern Federal University (Tibpromma 2017). (Hongsanan et al. 2020b). Forty-four genera are accepted in this family (Wijayawardene et al. 2022) Didymellaceae Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Mycol. Res. 113(4): 516 (2009) Members of this family have a wide host range and have different life modes: endophytic, pathogenic and saprobic 13 Ascochyta Lib., Pl. crypt. Arduenna, fasc. (Liège) 1(Praef.): 8 (1830) Notes: Ascochyta was introduced by Libert (1830) with A. pisi as the type species. Species of Ascochyta are characterized by the globose locules with perithecial protuberances immersed in the stroma (Chen et al. 2015). Species are mostly endophytes, pathogens and saprobes with a wide host range and a geographical distribution (Hongsanan et al. 2020b; Farr and Rossman 2022). We provide a new host record of Ascochyta medicaginicola from Prunus cerasifera in Russia. Ascochyta medicaginicola Q. Chen & L. Cai, in Chen et al., Stud. Mycol. 82: 187 (2015) Index Fungorum number: IF814129; Facesoffungi number: FoF08216; Fig. 19 Pathogenic on living twigs of Prunus cerasifera, noticeable as black, circular dots on the host surface. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 165–190 μm high, 170–210 μm wide, black, scattered or gregarious, superficial to immersed, black, subglobose to globose, uniloculate. Ostiolar neck Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 29 Fig. 18 Phylogram generated from ML analysis based on combined LSU and SSU sequence data of selected taxa. The combined dataset comprises 41 strains with 1834 characters including gaps. The tree is rooted to Aposphaeria populina (CBS543.70) and Westerdykella capitulum (CBS 337.65). Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 65% and BYPP ≥ 0.90 are displayed on the nodes, respectively. Newly introduced taxa are indicated in red. Ex-type and representative strains are in bold 25–50 μm long, 3–5 μm wide, covered with 1-celled, thickwalled, dark brown to almost black. Peridium 15–25 μm wide at the base, 30–80 μm wide at the sides, thick, comprising 3–4 layers, outer most layer heavily pigmented, thick-walled, comprising blackish to dark brown loosely packed cells of textura angularis, inner layer composed 3–5 layers, pale brown to hyaline, cells towards the inside lighter, 13 30 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 19 Ascochyta medicaginicola (MFLU 17–2138, new host record) a-c Conidia observed on host substrate. d-e Conidiomata. f–h Conidia i, k-l Conidia j Conidiodenous cell. Scale bars: a = 500 µm, b-e, g = 100 µm, f, h = 50 µm, i-l = 10 µm flattened, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Sexual morph: Not observed. 13 Material examined: Russia, Rostov region, Shakhty, near a railroad, on dead twigs of Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 31 (Rosaceae), 11 May 2017, Timur S. Bulgakov, T-1832 (MFLU 17–2138); living culture MFLUCC 18–0453. Hosts: Medicago albus, Medicago sativa, Medicago sp. (Fabaceae, Hyde et al. 2020), Prunus cerasifera (Rosaceae, this study), Scabiosa sp. (Caprifoliaceae, Tibpromma et al. 2017) and Trichosanthes dioica (Cucurbitaceae, Sarkar et al. 2018-pathogenicity data are available). Distribution: Canada, Czech Republic, France, Italy, USA (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c), India (Sarkar et al. 2018), Thailand (this study) GenBank number: OM235096 (ITS) Notes: Our collection shares similar morphological characteristics with the ex-type strain of A. medicaginicola (Boerema et al. 2004; Chen et al. 2013). The multigene Fig. 20 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined, ITS, LSU and tub2 sequence data of selected taxa. Related sequences were obtained from GenBank. Forty-one strains are included in the analyses, which comprise 633 characters including gaps. The tree was rooted with Phoma herbarum (CBS 377.92 and CBS 502.91). The maximum likelihood bootstrap (ML) values > 65%) are given above the nodes. The new isolate in red bold 13 32 phylogenetic analysis shows that our specimen groups in the Ascochyta medicaginicola clade with 96/0.90 ML/ BYPP support (Fig. 20). Four Ascochyta species have been recorded based on the morphological description from Rosaceae plants in Russia (Melnik 2000; Farr and Rossman 2022): Ascochyta idaei on Rubus idaeus in the Leningrad region, Kursk region, and Stavropol region; A. potentillarum on Potentilla reptans in Arkhangelsk region (Melnik 2000), Lipetsk region (Sarycheva et al. 2009), Republic of Crimea (Ovcharenko 2011) and Voronezh region (Melkumov 2015); A. pruni on Prunus padus in Leningrad region; Ascochyta sorbina on Sorbus torminalis in Stavropol region. As these species were identified based on morphology alone, correct species identification is yet to be done. Our collection provides the first host record of Ascochyta medicaginicola on Rosaceae based on both morphological and phylogenetic data. Didymosphaeriaceae Munk, Dansk bot. Ark. 15(no. 2): 128 (1953). Didymosphaeriaceae represents an important family in Dothideomycetes. The family is typified by Didymosphaeria, with D. epidermidis as the type species (Hongsanan et al. 2020b). While taxa of Didymosphaeriaceae are often endophytic, pathogenic or saprobic on various plant hosts (Gonçalves et al. 2019; Hongsanan et al. 2020b), they can sometimes also be pathogenic to human beings (Hongsanan et al. 2020b). Species of Didymosphaeriaceae are mainly characterised by brown, 1–3-septate or muriform ascospores and cellular or trabeculate pseudoparaphyses in their sexual morphs while their asexual morphs are fusicladium-like or phoma-like (Hyde et al. 2013; Hongsanan et al. 2020b). After several taxonomic revisions, 32 genera have been accepted in the family (Hongsanan et al. 2020b). Spegazzinia Sacc., Spegazzinia: [1] (1879) Spegazzinia was introduced by Saccardo (1880), with S. ornata as the type species and it currently comprises hyphomycetous taxa. The genus was initially accommodated in Apiosporaceae (Sordariomycetes) based on morphology (Hyde et al. 1998). It was then transferred to Didymosphaeriaceae (Dothideomycetes) based on molecular evidence (Tanaka et al. 2015). Taxa in this genus are mainly characterised by a distinctive conidiophore ontogeny as well as two types of conidia (Samarakoon et al. 2020; Hongsanan et al. 2020b). The latest two taxa added to Spegazzinia are S. musae, reported as a saprobe on Musa sp., and S. camelliae, isolated as an endophyte from Camellia sinensis var. assamica (Samarakoon et al. 2020; Suwannarach et al. 2021). Spegazzinia deightonii (S. Hughes) Subram., J. Indian bot. Soc. 35: 78 (1956). 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Index Fungorum Number: IF306062; Facesoffungi number: FoF07238; Fig. 21 Saprobic on palm stem. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Sporodochia powder-like, dark, dense, dry, 1–3.5 mm in diameter. Conidiophores 65–120 × 1–3 μm (x̅ = 93.5 × 2.4 μm, n = 15), macronematous, micronematous, narrow, subspherical to doliiform, flexuous or erect, unbranched, hyaline to pale brown, verruculose. Conidiogenous cells 10–20 × 2–4 μm (x̅ = 15.8 × 3 μm, n = 15), basauxic, terminal, erect, unbranched, hyaline to pale brown, verruculose, each producing a single, holoblastic conidium at the conidiophore apex. Conidia two types, disc-like and stellate; disc-like conidia 20–28 × 17–19 μm (x̅ = 25.2 × 18.1 μm, n = 20), usually 8-celled, solitary, hyaline when immature, pale to dark brown on maturity, crossseptate, slightly constricted at the septa, with short and blunt spines at the periphery, frequently accompanied by attached conidiogenous cells post splitting from the conidiophores; stellate conidia 18–27 × 16–29 μm (x̅ = 22.6 × 24.3 μm, n = 20), globose or variously shaped, frequently 4- to 6-celled, solitary, septate, deeply constricted at the septa, pale to dark brown, comprising spines 4–5 μm long. Sexual morph: Not observed. Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA within 16–18 h. Colonies growing on PDA, reaching a diameter of 55 mm after 14 days at 25 °C, aerial, moderately dense, undulate margine, middle grey, periphery olive green at immature stage and brownish gray at maturity; reverse greyish white to white. Material examined: Thailand, Chiang Rai, on dead stem of palm (Arecaceae), 20 December 2019, Binu C. Samarakoon, E003 MFLU 22-0277), living culture MFLUCC 22-0180. Hosts: Spegazzinia deightonii has been reported from several hosts, including, Andropogon glomeratus (Arnold 1986), Areca catechu (Tianyu 2009; Matsushima 1980), Arundo donax (Tanaka et al. 2011), Bambusa vulgaris (Camino-Vilaro et al. 2019), Calathea makoyana (Tianyu 2009), Cocos nucifera (Tianyu 2009), Imperata cylindrical (Thaung 2008), Musa sp. (Samarakoon et al. 2018), Panicum maximum (Lu et al. 2000; Wong and Hyde 2003), Phoenix hanceana (Tianyu 2009), Quercus xalapensis (Heredia et al. 1995), Saccharum spontaneum (Mel'nik et al. 2000), Thysanolaena latifolia (Mel'nik et al. 2000) and Tillandsia sp. (Delgado-Rodriguez et al. 2002). Distribution: China (Tianyu 2009), Cuba (Arnold 1986; Delgado-Rodriguez et al. 2002; Camino-Vilaro et al. 2019), Hong Kong (Lu et al. 2000; Wong and Hyde 2003), Japan (Tanaka et al. 2011), Mexico (Heredia et al. 1995), Myanmar (Thaung 2008), Philippines (Whitton et al. 2012), Taiwan (Matsushima 1980), Thailand (Samarakoon et al. 2020), United States (Delgado 2008), Vietnam (Mel'nik et al. 2000). Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 33 Fig. 21 Spegazzinia deightonii (MFLU 22-0277, new host record) a Host. b Close-up of conidia on host. c Mass of conidia. d Conidiogenous cell of stellate conidia. e Stellate conidium on a conidiophore. f Stellated conidium. g Disk-liked conidium. h Disk-like conidium with attached conidiogenous cell. Scale bars: c–h = 10 μm GenBank numbers: ON885254 (SSU); ON873996(LSU); ON873998(ITS); ON885741 (tef1) Notes: Our isolate (MFLUCC 22-0180) clusters with other strains of Spegazzinia deightonii with 95% ML, statistical support in the multi-loci phylogenetic tree (Fig. 22). Pairwise comparison of DNA sequence data shows insignificant differences among our strain (MFLUCC 22-0180) and the other strains of S. deightonii, following which our isolate is considered as S. deightonii. Furthermore, the isolate in the present study shares similar features with other strains of S. deightonii, including two types of pale to dark brown conidia which are multi-cellular, constricted at the septa and comprise either long (stellate conidia) or short (disc-like conidia) spines (Ellis 1961; Tanaka et al. 2011; Samarakoon et al. 2018). Small differences in sizes may be accounted for by host variations. Spegazzinia deightonii has been reported on a palm substrate in China, Taiwan and the United States (Matsushima 1980; Delgado 2008; Tianyu 2009). We recovered the species from Thailand and thus report it as a new record on Palm from Thailand. Recently this species was also reported to occur in Thailand, in the same Province and area, on Musa sp. (Samarakoon et al. 2020). Lindgomycetaceae K. Hiray., Kaz. Tanaka & Shearer, in Hirayama et al., Mycologia 102(3): 733 (2010) Notes: Lindgomycetaceae was introduced by Hirayama et al. (2010) with Lindgomyces (L. ingoldianus) as the generic type. Most Lindgomycetaceae members have been recorded from freshwater habitats and the freshwater isolates form a distinct lineage from other Dothideomycetes taxa based on ribosomal sequence data (Zhang et al. 2013; Hyde et al. 2013; Dong et al. 2021). There are seven 13 34 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 ◂ Fig. 22 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined LSU, SSU, ITS and tef sequence data of selected taxa in Didymosphaeriaceae. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 65% and BYPP ≥ 0.95 are indicated above or below the branches. Ex-type strains are in bold. The new isolate is in blue. The tree is rooted with Laburnicola zaaminensis (TASM 6152) and L. murtfirmis (MFLUCC 16-0290). genera in the family, including Hongkongmyces which is also associated with human diseases (Tsang et al. 2014; Linqiang et al. 2020). The genus forms a close relationship to Aquimassariosphaeria, Clohesyomyces, Lolia, and Trematosphaeria in the phylogenetic analyses of the ribosomal DNA and protein-coding genes such as tef (AbdelAziz and Abdel-Wahab 2010; Hyde et al. 2016). We, therefore, encourage further taxonomic studies to include protein-coding regions for a better resolution of taxa in Lindgomycetaceae (Fig. 24). Hongkongmyces Tsang et al., Medical Mycol. 52(7): 740 (2014) Hongkongmyces was introduced as a monotypic genus associated with human infections, and typified by H. pedis (Tsang et al. 2014). Six species H. aquaticus, H. brunneosporus, H. kokensis, H. pedis, H. snookiorum, and H. thailandicus are listed in Species Fungorum (2022a, b). The species are commonly associated with freshwater habitats as saprobes. Hyde et al. (2016) introduced the second species of Hongkongmyces based on sexual morph characters, which was collected on submerged wood in a stream in Thailand. Later, an asexual morph of H. snookiorum was isolated from submerged wood (Crous et al. 2018). Hongkongmyces snookiorum was reported as an opportunistic fungal infection in a transplant patient (Deng et al. 2020). Schoch et al. (2012) and Aime et al. (2021) recommend using the fungal barcode locus such as the ITS region as well as any additional secondary barcode locus such as protein-coding region for the introduction of new species. Most Hongkongmyces species lack barcodes in public databases, and therefore, delineating species in the genus is a challenging task. In this paper, we introduce a new species of Hongkongmyces which was collected in a freshwater pond in Jilin Province of China based on comprehensive morphology and phylogeny analyses (Figs. 23 and 24). Hongkongmyces changchunensis Phukhams., W.X. Su, & Y. Li, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF559493; Facesoffungi number: FoF10725; Fig. 23 Etymology: The epithet reflects the locality, Changchun. Holotype: HMJAU 60185. Saprobic on decaying Betula twigs submerged in a freshwater stream. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 77–188 × 85–174 μm diam, pycnidia 35 scattered, semi-immersed, globose or ellipsoidal, black, coriaceous, ostiolate. Peridium 10–28 μm thick, composed of large, irregular, and dark brown cells arranged in a textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 2.6–23.5 × 1.6–4.9 μm (x̅ = 10 × 3 μm, n = 20), enteroblastic, phialidic, determinate, cylindrical to subcylindrical, hyaline, thin-walled. Conidia 10–18 × 7–13 μm (x̅ = 13 × 10 μm, n = 43), ellipsoidal, obovoid or irregular, aseptate, guttulate, hyaline, thin-walled, lacking mucilaginous sheath, turning brown at senescence stage. Culture Characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 20 mm in 7 days at 20 °C, flat with entire margin, circular, grey to black, aerial mycelium becoming grey towards the edge; reverse grey-olivaceous to black, smooth. Material examined: China, Jilin Province, Changchun District, Jingyuetan National Scenic Areas, on the submerged twigs in a stream of Betula sp. (Betulaceae), 12 May 2021, Chayanard Phukhamsakda (SWX32), (HMJAU 60185, holotype); ex-type living culture, CCMJ5008. GenBank numbers: OL897173 (LSU), OL891809(SSU), OL996122 (ITS), OL944603 (tef1), OL944507(rpb2). Notes: Phylogenetic analyses of LSU, SSU, ITS and tef sequence data show that Hongkongmyces changchunensis (CCMJ5008) is related to the type species Hongkongmyces thailandicus (MFLUCC 16–0406), with good support (92% ML/0.93 BYPP; Fig. 23). Hongkongmyces changchunensis was collected from submerged substrates in a freshwater habitat in Jilin Province of China. Both species were collected from fresh water habitats, but from different country (Hyde et al. 2016). Hongkongmyces changchunensis is similar to Hongkongmyces aquaticus in having phialidic conidiogenous cells and hyaline, variable shaped conidia, but it lacks sympodial proliferations (Dong et al. 2020). Hongkongmyces changchunensis is characterized by wet, globular, mass of conidia on natural substrates after drying and smooth surfaced conidia containing multiple small bubbles. Herein, we propose a new species based on both morphology and phylogenetic analyses. Lindgomyces K. Hiray., Kaz. Tanaka & Shearer, in Hirayama et al., Mycologia 102(3): 733 (2010) Notes: Lindgomyces was introduced in Lindgomycetaceae by Hirayama et al. (2010) based on the type species L. ingoldianus (Shearer & K.D. Hyde) K. Hiray., Kaz. Tanaka & Shearer. The morphology of the species of Lindgomyces is similar to Massarina eburnea and Lophiostoma macrostomum, but they differ from ascomata and ascospores (Raja et al. 2013; Hirayama et al. 2010). There are 14 epithets listed in Lindgomyces in Index Fungorum (2022a, b). Keys to the species of Lindgomyces were provided by Dong et al. (2020). In this study, we describe a novel species, Lindgomyces guizhouensis based on the unique morphological features 13 36 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 23 Hongkongmyces changchunensis (HMJAU 60185, holotype) a, b Appearance of conidiomata on host surface. c Vertical section through conidioma. d Ostiole canal. e Section of partial con- idioma peridium. f–h Conidiogenous cells and developing conidia. i–l Developmental state of conidia. Scale bars: a = 500, b = 200 µm, c = 100 µm, d, e = 50, f, l = 20 µm, g–k = 10 µm and multi–gene phylogenetic analysis of a combined LSU and ITS sequence data (Fig. 26). erumpent, subglobose to broadly conical, with a centrally located ostiole. Peridium 44–79 μm thick, thick–walled, composed of pale brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 1–2 μm wide, septate, branched, pseudoparaphyses above the asci. Asci 110–154 × 15–28 μm, bitunicate, fissitunicate, apically rounded with an indistinct ocular chamber, subsessile, broadly cylindrical to clavate. Ascospores 30–51 × 8–12 μm, (x̅ = 44.7 × 10.5 μm, n = 25), obliquely uniseriate to 2–3–seriate, fusiform, slightly curved with narrowly rounded ends, 1–septate, 2–4 guttules in each cell, wall gray while in the ascus, smooth or slightly verruculose. Sexual morph: Not observed. Lindgomyces guizhouensis J. Mai, Y.Z. Lu & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF559506; Facesoffungi number: FoF 10676; Fig. 25 Etymology: Referring to collecting site in Guizhou Province, China. Holotypus: GZAAS 21–0383 Saprobic on decaying wood in terrestrial habitats. Asexual morph: Ascomata 396–548 μm high × 466–514 μm diam., superficial, black, smooth, scattered, solitary, 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 37 Fig. 24 Phylogram generated from Bayesian 50% majority-rule consensus phylogram based on combined LSU, SSU, ITS and tef sequence data of Lindgomycetaceae. The topology and clade stability of the combined gene analyses was compared to the single gene anal- yses. The tree is rooted with members of the Aigialaceae. Bootstrap values ≥ 50% (MP and ML) and BYPP ≥ 0.90 are given at the nodes. The type-delivered strains are in bold; the new isolates are in blue Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 43 mm in 20 days at 25 °C, flat, filiform, gray to near–black from center to edge, with moderate aerial mycelium, smooth, irregular; In reverse, gray to pale brown. Material examined: China, Guizhou Province, Longli, on decaying wood submerged in a freshwater stream, 2 September 2020, Jian Ma, LLSB06 (GZAAS 21–0383, holotype); ex–type living culture, GZCC 21–0669. GenBank numbers: OM339435 (ITS), OM339432 (LSU). Notes: In a BLASTn search of NCBI GenBank, the closest match of LSU and ITS sequence data for Lindgomyces guizhouensis is 99.54% and 96.96% similar to L. pseudomadisonensis (KT 2742). The multi–loci phylogenetic 13 38 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 25 Lindgomyces guizhouensis (GZAAS 21–0383, holotype). a–c Superficial ascomata on unidentified plant substrate. d Vertical section of an ascoma. e Peridium. f Hamathecium g Asci with hamathecium h–i Asci j–n Ascospores o Germinating ascospore p–q Colony on PDA from above and below. Scale bars: d, e = 100 μm, f–o = 20 μm analyses of the combined LSU and ITS sequence dataset confirmed the new strain obtained belonging to Lindgomyces, where it is sister to L. griseosporus with 99% ML and 1.00 BYPP support (Fig. 25). Morphologically, L. guizhouensis is also most similar to L. griseosporus in having superficial, black with roughened surface ascomata; a thick 13 peridium; bitunicate, clavate, subsessile asci and fusiform, 1-septate, guttules ascospores. However, our new collection differs from L. griseosporus in having larger ascomata (396–548 × 466–514 μm vs 240–290 × 320–350 μm), fragile peridium and smaller asci (110–154 × 15–28 μm vs Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 39 Fig. 26 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined LSU and ITS sequence data. Twenty– two taxa were included in the combined analyses, which comprised 2096 characters (LSU: 841, ITS: 1255) after alignment. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 50% and BYPP ≥ 0.95 are given above the nodes. Hongkongmyces aquaticus (MFLUCC 18–1150), H. pedis (HKU35) and H. thailandica (MFLUCC 16–0406) were used as the outgroup taxa. The newly generated sequence is indicated in blue. The ex–type strains are indicated in bold 140–180 × 24–30). Therefore, we introduce Lindgomyces guizhouensis as a new species. Lophiostomataceae Sacc. Lophiostomataceae, typified by Lophiostoma, was first erected by Nitschke (1869) as ″Lophiostomeae″, but it was established by Saccardo (1883) as ″Lophiostomaceae″ and placed in Pleosporales. Lophiostomataceae species are mostly characterized by slot-like ostiole on apex of a flattened neck that are usually saprobes that grow on herbaceous and woody plants from terrestrial and aquatic environments (Holm and Holm 1988; Mugambi and Huhndorf 2009; Thambugala et al. 2015; Hashimoto et al. 2018). The historical account of Lophiostomataceae and recent generic notes of Lophiostomataceae were provided by Hyde et al. (2013) and Hongsanan et al. (2020a, b), respectively. Wijayawardene et al. (2022) outlined and accepted 30 genera of Lophiostomataceae with Lophiostoma as speciose genera (ca. 100). Calabon et al. (2022) listed 20 species under 10 genera of Lophiostomataceae from freshwater environments. In this series, we introduced two new species of Lophiostomataceae from terrestrial and freshwater habitats. Neovaginatispora A. Hashim., K. Hiray. & Kaz. Tanaka. Notes: Neovaginatispora, typified by N. fuckelii, was introduced by Hashimoto et al. (2018) based on their phylogenetic analysis and morphological differences of peridium (i.e., thinner peridium that is uniformly thick and composed of two cell layers) compared to Vaginatispora 13 40 (Thambugala et al. 2015). Recent phylogenetic analysis shows that Neovaginatispora strains form a separate subclade with Lentistoma and Vaginatispora (Bao et al. 2019; Phukhamsakda et al. 2020; Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c). Two Neovaginatispora species are accepted, N. fuckelii and N. clematidis. Neovaginatispora fuckelii has a cosmopolitan distribution that thrives on various hosts in terrestrial habitats (Wang and Lin 2004; Thambugala et al. 2015; Hyde et al. 2016; Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c) while Bao et al. (2019) reported this on freshwater habitats. The second species, N. clematidis, was introduced by Phukhamsakda et al. (2020) from the dead stems of Clematis viticella in Belgium. Neovaginatispora clematidis differs from N. Fig. 27 Neovaginatispora mangiferae (MFLU 18–0069, holotype). a Appearance of ascomata in host substrate. b Vertical section of ascoma. c Peridium. d Pseudoparaphyses. e Ostiole with numerous periphysis. f, g Bitunicate asci. h–k Ascospores in different stages of maturity. Scale bars: b = 100 µm, c, d, h–k = 5 µm, e, f, g = 20 µm 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 fuckelii on their ascospore morphology (broad fusiform with a single eusepta). In this study, the third Neovaginatispora species is introduced based on the collection from dead stems of Mangifera indica in Taiwan. Neovaginatispora mangiferae Tennakoon, M.S. Calabon, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF559843; Facesoffungi number: FoF12720; Fig. 27 Etymology: Name reflects the host Mangifera indica, from which the holotype was collected. Holotype: MFLU 18–0069 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Saprobic on decaying stem of Mangifera indica. Sexual morph: Ascomata 430–500 μm high, 320–350 μm diam., scattered, semi-immersed to immersed, papilla erumpent through host surface, coriaceous to carbonaceous, dark brown to black, globose to subglobose, ostiolate. Ostiole crest-like, variable in shape, central, periphysate, broadly papillate, with an irregular pore-like opening. Peridium 25–40 μm wide, thick, composing two layers of irregular cells arranged in a textura angularis, outer layer with darker, light brown to brown flattened cells, inner layer comprising several layers of hyaline cells. Hamathecium 1.5–3 μm wide, massive, long cylindrical cellular, anastomosed, cellular pseudoparaphyses, hyaline, septate with small guttules. Asci 60–80 × 7–9 μm (x̅ = 60.9 × 7.2 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical to cylindric-clavate, short pedicellate with furcate to obtuse ends, apically rounded with an indistinct ocular chamber. Ascospores 13–17 × 3.0–5.5 μm (x̅ = 15.1 × 3.7 μm, n = 25), biseriate, overlapping, fusiform to sunbfusoid, strongly constricted at the median septum, straight or slightly curved, 1-septate at the center, enlarged near the septum at the upper cell, hyaline, guttulate, smoothwalled, mostly with 4 guttules, with a helmet-shaped to subcylindrical mucilaginous sheath at each end when immature, invisible at maturity, 2.1–5.6 μm long, 2.2–4.4 μm wide. Asexual morph: Not observed. Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on potato dextrose agar (PDA) within 24 h. Germ tubes produced from the apical cell of conidia. Colonies growing on PDA, reaching 25–30 mm in 2 weeks at 25 °C. Mycelia superficial, medium dense, irregular, flat, slightly raised, surface smooth with crenate edge, fluffy to velvety with smooth aspects, zonate with different sector yellowish-brown to moss brown at the margin brownish-grey at the center; from below, light moss brown at margin, dark gray at the middle, brown at the center, no pigmentation and sporulation. Material examined: Taiwan, Chiayi, Fanlu Township area, Dahu village, dead stems of Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), 5 August 2017, D.S. Tennakoon, DTW 018C (18–0069, holotype), ex-type living culture, MFLUCC 17–2652. GenBank numbers: MG931027(LSU), MG931030 (SSU), MG931033 (ITS). Notes: The isolate MFLUCC 17–2652 has formerly identified as Neovaginatispora fuckelii by Tennakoon et al. (2018) but in our phylogenetic analysis, it clustered with Neovaginatispora sp. MFLUCC 11–0577, and forms a separate subclade with N. fuckelii and N. clematidis with 100% MP, 1.00 BYPP support (Fig. 28). The pairwise nucleotide comparison of LSU and ITS of N. mangiferae MFLUCC 17–2652 show 2 bp (0/24%, 838 bp) and 1 bp (0.23%, 442 bp) differences with Neovaginatispora sp. MFLUCC 11–0577, respectively, with no differences on SSU sequence data. For this reason, we named the 41 unidentified Neovaginatispora species (strain MFLUCC 11–0577) as another strain of N. mangiferae. In pairwise nucleotide comparisons of Neovaginatispora mangiferae MFLUCC 17–2652 with N. fuckelii MFLUCC 17–1334, there is a nucleotide difference of 6.94% (30/432 bp) in ITS, and 2.71% (22/813 bp) in LSU genes. A pairwise nucleotide comparisons of LSU, SSU, and ITS sequence data of N. mangiferae MFLUCC 17–2652 and N. clematidis reveals 22 bp (2.72%, 810 bp), 6 bp (0.64%, 938 bp), and 27 bp (7.03%, 384 bp) differences, respectively. Neovaginatispora mangiferae differs from N. fuckelii KT 634 by having larger ascomata (430–500 × 320–350 μm vs 150–180 × 200–250 μm) and thicker peridium (25–40 μm vs 15–25 μm), and periphyses in ostiole. The asci and ascospores are similar in size but ascospores of N. mangiferae is fusiform with acute ends but N. fuckelii has a fusiform ascospores with obtuse ends (Thambugala et al. 2015; Tennakoon et al. 2018; Bao et al. 2019). Neovaginatispora mangiferae has larger ascomata (430–500 × 320–350 μm vs 145–250 × 108–160 μm), shorter asci (60–80 × 7–9 μm vs. 53–105 × 9–12 µm), and smaller ascospores (13–17 × 3.0–5.5 μm vs. 16–19 × 5–7 µm) compared to N. clematidis (Phukhamsakda et al. 2020). Vaginatispora K.D. Hyde, amended Saprobic on submerged wood, intertidal wood, dead twigs, endocarp or fallen fruit pericarp. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary or scattered, immersed to erumpent, uniloculate, subglobose, glabrous, dark brown to black. Ostiolar neck slit-like, elongate, laterally compressed, composed of globose to elongate, brown to black cells, with a pore-like opening and hyaline periphyses. Peridium unequal in thickness, two-layered, outer layer comprising somewhat flattened cells, fusing and indistinguishable from the host tissues, inner layer comprising lightly pigmented to hyaline cells. Pseudoparaphyses numerous, cellular, hypha-like, hyaline, septate, anastomosing above the asci. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, with a short or long pedicel, apically round with an ocular chamber. Ascospores uni- to bi-seriate, narrowly ellipsoidal or fusiform, straight to slightly curved, hyaline when immature, becoming yellow when mature, 1-septate, occasionally producing pseudosepta, septum mostly median, upper cell slightly broader than lower cell, smooth, thin-walled, with or without bipolar appendages or entire sheath. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Hyphae septate, hyaline to lightly pigmented, mostly smooth, thick-walled, moniliform. Chlamydospores numerous, mostly in chains, globose to subglobose, smooth, initially hyaline then lightly pigmented at maturity, arising from the mycelium, formed intercalarily or terminally. Type species: Vaginatispora aquatica K.D. Hyde 13 42 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 ◂ Fig. 28 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined LSU, SSU, ITS, tef1, and rpb2 sequence data representing Lophiostomataceae (Pleosporales). Eighty-one strains are included in the combined analyses which comprised 3726 characters (741 characters for LSU, 973 characters for SSU, 526 characters for ITS, 1001 characters for tef1, and 1011 characters for rpb2) after alignment. Angustimassarina acerina (MFLUCC 14–0505) and Angustimassarina populi (MFLUCC 13–0034) in Amorosiaceae (Pleosporales) were used as the outgroup taxa. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 75% are given above the nodes (left side) and BYPP ≥ 0.95 are given above the nodes (right side). Ex-type strains are in bold and newly generated sequences are in blue Notes: Hyde (1995) introduced Vaginatispora to accommodate Vaginatispora aquatica K.D. Hyde (= Lophiostoma vaginatispora Huang Zhang & K.D. Hyde), which was previously placed in Massarinaceae. Eight species are included in this genus and members are characterized by depressed globose ascomata, immersed beneath a blackened neck, with a slot-like ostiole, numerous filamentous pseudoparaphyses, cylindrical to clavate asci and narrowly ellipsoidal, hyaline, 1-septate ascospores with a mucilaginous collar around its equator, having large guttules in each cell, and a spreading papilionaceous sheath (Thambugala et al. 2015; Hashimoto et al. 2018). We followed the treatment of Dong et al. (2020) and Hongsanan et al. (2020a, b) in this genus. Vaginatispora lignicola M.S. Calabon, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF559844; Facesoffungi number: FoF12721; Fig. 29 Etymology: Referring to this taxon dwelling on wood Holotype: MFLU 22–0116 Saprobic on decaying wood submerged in freshwater habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata 200–360 × 220–415 µm diam. (x̅ = 269 × 294 µm; n = 10), scattered to gregarious, immersed to semi-immersed, erumpent at maturity, coriaceous, black, subglobose, ostiolate. Ostiole slot-like, central, elongated, pore-like opening, plugged by hyaline, filamentous hyphae, periphysate. Peridium 40–65 µm wide, circular, symmetric, outermost layer heavily pigmented, comprising a blackish to dark brown amorphous layer, flattened and loosely packed cells of textura angularis, inner layer composed of hyaline cell layers, flattened, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 1.3–2.5 µm wide (x̅ = 1.9 µm, n = 30) comprising numerous, filamentous, branched, septate, pseudoparaphyses. Asci 125–145 × 15–30 µm (x̅ = 137 × 23 µm, n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindricalclavate, short-pedicellate, apex rounded with a minute ocular chamber. Ascospores 50–72 × 14–17 µm (x̅ = 62 × 16 µm, n = 30), uniseriate to bi-seriate, overlapping, straight or slightly-curved, initially hyaline, becoming yellowish at maturity, fusiform, mostly with narrow acute ends, 1–3-septate, strongly constricted at the septa, 43 smooth-walled, with numerous small guttules and 2 distinct large guttules. Asexual morph: Hyphae 2–5 μm wide, septate, hyaline to lightly pigmented, mostly smooth, thick-walled, moniliform. Chlamydospores 6–19 × 4.5–16 (x̅ = 10.9 × 8.4, n = 50), numerous, mostly in short chains, globose to subglobose, smooth, initially hyaline then becoming light brown at maturity, arising from the mycelium, formed intercalarily or terminally. Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on malt extract agar (MEA) within 24 h. Germ tubes produced from the basal and apical cell of conidia. Colonies growing on MEA, reaching 20–25 mm in 2 weeks at 25 °C. Mycelia superficial, circular, with entire margin, flat, smooth, from above greyish brown to grey, from below dark grey to black. Material examined: Thailand, Tak Province, Tha Sing Yang, Ban Mae Ja Wang on decaying wood submerged in a freshwater river, 17 October 2019, N. Padaruth, CC43 (MFLU 22–0116, holotype), ex-type living culture, MFLUCC 22–0078. GenBank numbers: MW287233 (LSU), MW287229(SSU), MW260329(ITS), MW512605(tef1), OP251197(rpb2) Notes: Three species of Vaginatispora are recorded in freshwater habitats: V. aquatica (Hyde 1995; Tsui et al. 2000; Zhang et al. 2014a, b), V. armatispora (Hu et al. 2010; Bao et al. 2019; Hyde et al. 2019), and V. nypae (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c; Boonmee et al. 2021). In this series, we introduce another novel species of Vaginatispora, V. lignicola, from a freshwater habitat in Thailand. Vaginatispora lignicola (MFLUCC 22–0078) confirms with the generic ascomatal morphology (erumpent, uniloculate, glabrous, slotlike ostiole, with numerous hyaline periphyses) but differs from the known members of the genus in having ascospores without a wide papilionaceous sheath or distinct hyaline appendages at both ends. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU, SSU, ITS, tef1, and rpb2 sequence data, V. lignicola is basal to V. aquatica with high bootstrap support (97 ML and 1.00 BYPP) (Fig. 28). The former differs from V. aquatica in the measurement (50–72 × 14–17 µm vs 36–48 × 11–16) and color of the ascospores (initially hyaline then becoming yellowish at maturity vs hyaline), and the absence of a sheath when stained in Indian ink wherein the latter have wide papilionaceous sheaths (Hyde 1995). The novel taxon differs from the freshwater strains of V. armatispora and V. nypae by having larger ascospores (50–72 × 14–17 µm vs 22–30 × 5.5–8 µm vs 26–29 × 6–7 µm) without a mucilaginous sheath and hyaline appendages at both ends (Bao et al. 2019; Hyde et al. 2019; Boonmee et al. 2021). Multi-locus phylogenetic analyses showed that V. lignicola is a distinct taxon in Vaginatispora with 49 bp (9.32%, 526 bp) and 14 bp (1.74%, 804) nucleotide differences in the ITS and LSU sequence data of the type 13 44 Fig. 29 Vaginatispora lignicola (MFLU 22–0116, holotype). a Host twig. b, c Appearance of erumpent ascomata in host substrate. d Vertical section of ascoma. e Slot-like ostiole with numerous periphysis. f Peridium. g Pseudoparaphyses. h Bitunicate asci. i Ocular chamber. j–n Ascospores in different stages of maturity. o 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Germinated ascospore. p Culture on MEA. q–s Hyphae. (t) Terminally and (u) intercalary swollen cells. v–x Moniliform hyphae with constricted septa. y–ab Multicellular bodies. Scale bars: a = 2 mm, b–d = 200 µm, e, g = 20 µm, f = 50 µm, h, j = 100 µm, k–o, y, z = 50 µm, q–x, aa = 20 µm Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 species, V. aquatica, respectively. The present work is the first report also of the morphological characteristics of the asexual morph of Vaginatispora. A simplified key to species of Vaginatispora is provided herein. Key to species of Vaginatispora 1 Ascospores yellow at maturity, without sheath or appendages……………………………………V. lignicola 1 Ascospores hyaline, with either sheath or appendages……………………………………………………… 2 2 Ascospores with wide papilionaceous sheath, lacking appendages………………………………………V. aquatica 2 Ascospores with or without a mucilaginous sheath, with distinct hyaline appendages………………………………3 3 Ascospores < 25 μm long………………V. scabrispora 3 Ascospores > 25 μm long……………………………4 4 Ascomata lack slit-like ostiole………………V. nypae 4 Ascomata with slit-like opening……………………5 5 Appendages 2–8 μm long…………V. microarmatispora 5 Appendages 6–8 μm long……………………………6 6 Ascomata > 450 μm wide, peridium up to > 40 μm thick……………………………………………V. amygdali 6 Ascomata < 450 μm wide, peridium up to < 40 μm thick………………………………………………………7 7 Ascospores up to < 40 μm long…………V. armatispora 7 Ascospores up to > 40 μm long………………………8 8 Ascospores 40–45 × 10–15 μm……………………… ……………………………………………V. appendiculata 8 Ascospores 23–45 × 6–9 μm…………………V. palmae Phaeoseptaceae S. Boonmee, Thambugala & K.D. Hyde, Mycosphere 9(2): 323 (2018). Notes: Phaeoseptaceae was introduced by Hyde et al. (2018) to accommodate Phaeoseptum, Lignosphaeria and Neolophiostoma. The LSU-SSU-rpb2-tef1 multigene phylogeny in Hyde et al. (2018) showed a well-supported Phaeoseptaceae clade sister to Halotthiaceae. The species in Phaeoseptaceae share immersed or erumpent ascomata, dark brown to black outer peridium, cylindrical, branched, septate pseudoparaphyses, 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical-clavate, long pedicellate asci, and brown, muriform ascospores. Based on morphology and phylogeny, Thambugala et al. (2015) treated Lignosphaeria in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis, and Liu et al. (2019a, b, c, d) treated Neolophiostoma in Halotthiaceae. In a recent revision of Dothideomycetes, Hongsanan et al. (2020b) accepted only Phaeoseptum and Pleopunctum in Phaeoseptaceae which was followed by Wijayawardena et al. (2020, 2022). Phaeoseptum Ying Zhang, J. Fourn. & K.D. Hyde, in Zhang, Fournier, Phookamsak, Bahkali & Hyde, Mycologia 105(3): 606 (2013) Notes: Zhang et al. (2013) introduced Phaeoseptum, which differs from Mauritiana in having dictyosporous 45 ascospores. There are six Phaeoseptum species: P. aquaticum (on driftwood of Salix sp., France), P. carolshearerianum (on decaying wood of Avicennia marina, India), P. hydei (on dead twigs of Delonix regia, Thailand), P. mali (on dead stems of Malus halliana, China), P. manglicola (on decaying wood of Avicennia marina, India) and P. terricola (on dead wood, Thailand). Phaeoseptum thailandicum Samarak. & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov Index Fungorum number: IF559754; Facesoffungi number: FoF11798; Fig. 30 Etymology: The specific epithet reflects the name of Thailand, where the species was collected. Holotype: MFLU 19–2136 Saprobic on dead branches in terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata 270–350 μm high, 160–305 μm diam. (x̅ = 309 × 230.3 µm, n = 10), scattered to gregarious, fully immersed under a small blackened pseudoclypeus, if appearing as black, elongated regions on host surface 540–915 μm (x̅ = 640 µm, n = 8) length; ascomata depressed spherical, laterally flattened. Pseudoclypeus composed of host cells with black deposits. Peridium 6–22 µm (x̅ = 640 µm, n = 8) wide, pseudoparenchymatous, of thin-walled cells, at apex comprising isodiametric angular cells that are more pigmented outwardly, at sides with flattened hyaline cells, at base of angular pigmented cells. Hamathecium comprising 1.4–2.5 μm (x̅ = 1.9 µm, n = 20), wide septate, cellular pseudoparaphyses, situated between and above the asci, embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 100–155 × 20–28.5 μm (x̅ = 129 × 23.9 μm, n = 25), 8-spored, rarely 32-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical-clavate, with a distinct pedicel, apically rounded with a minute ocular chamber. Ascospores 25–35 × 8–11.8 μm (x̅ = 30 × 9.9 μm, n = 30), uniseriate at base and overlapping 2–3-seriate at apex, pale to dark brown, broadly fusoid with broadly rounded ends, slightly curved, 11 (9–12-transversally septate, with a vertical septum in nearly all median cells, not constricted at the septa, the septa partly pale brown, having at maturity a thickened and heavily pigmented appearance, wall smooth, without sheath or appendages. Asexual morph: Not observed. Material examined: Thailand, Nan, Pua District, on an unidentified dicotyledonous dead branch, 29 January 2019, MC Samarakoon (SAMC216), (MFLU 19-2136, holotype; HKAS 106993, isotype), Phrae, on an unidentified dicotyledonous dead branch, 24 January 2019, MC Samarakoon (SAMC203), (MFLU 19–2126; HKAS 106983, paratypes). GenBank numbers: MFLU 19-2126—OM293748 (ITS), OM293743 (LSU), OM293754 (SSU), OM305061 (tef1), OM305067 (tub2) MFLU 19-2136—OM293749 (ITS), OM293744 (LSU), OM305056 (rpb2), OM293755 (SSU), OM305062 (tef1), OM305068 (tub2) 13 46 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 30 Phaeoseptum thailandicum (MFLU 19–2136, holotype) a,b Substarte, c,d Appearance of ascomata on the host, e,f Vertical section through ascoma, g Peridium, h Pseudoparaphyses, i–l Asci, m–r Ascospores. Scale bars: a,b = 1 cm, c,d = 1000 μm, e,f = 15 μm, g-i = 10 μm, m-r = 5 μm HKAS 106993—OM293750 (ITS), OM293745 (LSU), OM305057 (rpb2), OM293756 (SSU), OM305063 (tef1), OM305069 (tub2) Notes: Our two new collections of Phaeoseptum thailandicum share similar morphology of Phaeoseptum in having immersed ascomata under a small blackened pseudoclypeus, cylindrical-clavate asci with a distinct pedicel and broadly fusoid, brown ascospores with multi-transverse septa. Combined phylogeny shows that the novel taxon is sister to P. mali + P. manglicola clade with high statistical support (Fig. 31). Notes: Pleopunctum was introduced to accommodate two hyphomycetous species based on phylogenetic analyses and divergence time which is the first asexual morph genus in Phaeoseptaceae (Liu et al. 2019a, b, c, d). There are five Pleopunctum species are accepted in Species Fungorum (2022a, b) with molecular data and all of them were found from China and Thailand in terrestrial habitate (Liu et al. 2019a, b, c, d; Phukhamsakda et al. 2020; Boonmee et al.2021). Pleopunctum N.G. Liu, K.D. Hyde & J.K. Liu, in Liu et al., Mycosphere 10(1): 767 (2019) 13 Pleopunctum ellipsoideum N.G. Liu, K.D. Hyde & J.K. Liu, in Liu et al., Mycosphere 10(1): 767 (2019). Index Fungorumnumber: IF556523; Facesoffungi number: FoF06114; Fig. 32 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 47 Fig. 31 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined LSU, ITS and tef1sequence data of Phaeoseptaceae. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ than 75% and BYPP ≥ 0.95 are given above the nodes. The ex-types are in bold; the new isolates are in blue. The tree is rooted with Amorosia littoralis (NN 6654) and Angustimassarina populi (MFLUCC 13–0034) Saprobic on decaying wood. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies on natural substrate forming sporodochial conidiomata, superficial, black, scattered, velvety, glistening, orbicular. Mycelium immersed, composed of branched, septate, subhyaline to pale brown hyphae. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells not observed. Conidia 33–45 × 16–20 μm ( x̄ = 38 × 18 μm, n = 35), acrogenous, solitary, oval to ellipsoidal, muriform, constricted at septa, yellowish brown to dark brown, broadly obtuse at apex, truncate at base. Basal cell 6.5–10.5 × 9.5–11.5 μm ( x̄ = 9–10.5 μm, n = 35), hyaline, elliptical to subglobose, smooth walled. Sexual morph: Not observed. Culture characteristics: Conidium germinated on PDA within 12 h. Colonies on PDA reaching 20 mm in 4 weeks at 26 °C. Mycelia superficial, circular, entire, flat, rough, grey brown from above, dark brown from below. Material examined: Thailand, Chiang Mai Province, Mae Taeng District, MRC, on bamboo culms, 15 July 2020, Y.R. Sun, M10 (MFLU 21–0091); living culture, MFLUCC 21–0064. Hosts: decaying wood (Liu et al. 2019a, b, c, d) and bamboo (this study) Distribution: China (Liu et al. 2019a, b, c, d) and Thailand (this study) GenBank numbers: OM250079 (ITS), OM258687 (LSU) Notes: Pleopunctum ellipsoideum was isolated from decaying wood in China by Liu et al. (2019a, b, c, d). The morphological characters of our collection are the same as in P. ellipsoideum (MFLUCC 19-0390). Phylogenetic analysis based on a combined LSU, ITS and tef1 sequence data indicated that our isolate and P. ellipsoideum (MFLUCC 19–0390) clustered together with high support (ML 100% and 0.99 BYPP; Fig. 31). Based on both morphology and phylogeny, we identified our taxon as P. ellipsoideum. This is the first geographical and host report of P. ellipsoideum on bamboo in Thailand. 13 48 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 32 Pleopunctum ellipsoideum (MFLU 21–0091, new record) a, b Colonies on natural substrates c–i Conidia with basal hyaline cells j Germinated conidium k, l Colonies on PDA media. Scale bars: a = 500 μm, b = 200 μm, c = 50 μm, d–j = 20 μm Phaeosphaeriaceae M.E. Barr, Mycologia 71(5): 948 (1979) Phaeosphaeriaceae has been subjected to various taxonomic changes since its establishment by Barr (1987). The inception of multi-gene phylogenetic analyses coupled with morphology has greatly resolved many taxonomic inconsistencies along with the introduction of several novel taxa 13 (Phookamsak et al. 2014, 2017; Li et al. 2016; Crous et al. 2018; Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c). However, confusion in the placement of many taxa in the family still remains uncertain and problematic (Hongsanan et al. 2020b). Phaeosphaeriaceae at present accommodates more than 80 genera, with the taxa mainly exhibiting an endophytic, pathogenic Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 and saprobic or hyperparasitic lifestyles (Hongsanan et al. 2020b). Nodulosphaeria Rabenh., Klotzschii Herb. Viv. Mycol., Edn Nov, Ser. Sec., Cent. 8: no. 725 (in sched.) (1858) Nodulosphaeria, was introduced by Rabenhorst (1858) and typified by N. hirta and was accommodated in Phaeosphaeriaceae by Barr (1987). The genus comprises endophytic, saprobic and pathogenic taxa which occur on a variety of hosts (Mapook et al. 2020; Chaiwan et al. 2019; Pasouvang et al. 2021). Nodulosphaeria taxa are principally characterised by ascomata with brown setae at the ostiole and three-to multi-septate ascospores with a swollen cell and often with terminal appendages (Shoemaker 1984; Mapook et al. 2016; Chaiwan et al. 2019). Molecular data for several Nodulosphaeria species listed in MycoBank (http://www. mycobank.org/, 07/2022) and Index Fungorum (http://www. indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp, 07/2022) are unavailable. A reference specimen for the type species N. hirta was recently designated by Mapook et al. (2016), who also provided molecular data for the same. Nodulosphaeria digitalis W.J. Li, Camporesi, Bhat & K.D. Hyde, in Li et al., Mycosphere 6(6): 683 (2015) Index Fungorum number: IF551664; Faces of fungi number: FoF 01302; Fig. 33 = Nodulosphaeria thalictri D. Pem, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, in Hyde et al., Fungal Diversity: https://doi.org/10. 1007/s13225-019-00429-2, [56] (2019) Saprobic on stem of Solidago virgaurea. Sexual morph: Ascomata 185–200 µm high, 200–225 µm diam. (x̅ = 192.3 × 213.1 µm, n = 5), appearing as black dots on host surface, immersed, unilocular, perithecial, solitary, usually scattered, globose to subglobose, dark brown, ostiolate. Ostioles 45–55 µm wide (x̅ = 52.2 µm, n = 5), centric, comprising internal dark brown setae. Ascomatal wall 14–23 µm at the sides and base, 4–5-layered; 25–35 µm near the apex, 5–7-layered; outer layers made up of thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura angularis, innermost layer comprising thin-walled, pale brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis or flattened cells. Pseudoparaphyses 1–3 µm wide, numerous, filiform, hyaline, branched. Asci 55–90 × 8–12 µm (x̅ = 74.1 × 9.2 µm, n = 40), 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindricclavate, slightly curved, sessile to short-pedicellate, apically rounded with a minute ocular chamber. Ascospores (17–)20–27 × 3–4 µm (x̅ = 22.6 × 3.7 µm, n = 45), overlapping 1–2-seriate, hyaline when immature, becoming yellowish-brown at maturity, long fusiform, ellipsoidal to subcylindrical, straight or slightly curved, with 4–5 transverse septa, second cell from the apex slightly swollen, constricted at second septum from the apex, thick- and smooth-walled, with rounded ends, with hyaline appendages (1–2.5 µm long, 49 2.5–4 µm wide) at both ends. Asexual morph: Illustrated in Li et al. (2015). Material examined: Italy, Forlì Cesena, Valico del Tramazzo, on dead aerial stem of Solidago virgaurea L. (Asteraceae), 19 June 2021, Erio Camporesi, IT4714 (MFLU 22-0278) Hosts: Campanula trachelium (Campanulaceae, Chaiwan et al. 2019), Dactylis sp. (Poaceae, Li et al. 2015), Solidago virgaurea (Asteraceae, this study), Thalictrum sp. (Ranunculaceae, Hyde et al. 2019) Distribution: Italy (Li et al. 2015; Chaiwan et al. 2019; Hyde et al. 2019; this study) GenBank numbers: ON873995 (LSU); ON873997(ITS); ON885742 (tef1) Notes: The strain MFLU 22-0278 clustered with the strains Nodulosphaeria digitalis MFLUCC 15-2716 (type strain) and MFLUCC 17-2418, and Nodulosphaeria thalictri MFLUCC 18-1138 with a good statistical support (99% ML, 0.98 BYPP) in the SSU-LSU-ITS-tef1 phylogenetic tree. Pairwise comparison among the two strains of N. digitalis MFLUCC 15-2716 and MFLUCC 17-2418, and N. thalictri MFLUCC 18-1138 is as follows: one base pair (bp) difference out of 1000 bp (0.1%) in SSU between N. thalictri MFLUCC 18-1138 and N. digitalis MFLUCC 17-2418; no bp difference among the three strains out of 844 bp in LSU and 504 bp in ITS respectively; two bp differences out of 891 bp (0.2%) in tef1 between N. thalictri MFLUCC 18-1138 and N. digitalis MFLUCC 17-2418. The pairwise identity therefore reveals insignificant differences among the three strains (N. digitalis MFLUCC 15-2716 and MFLUCC 17-2418, and N. thalictri MFLUCC 18-1138) according to Jeewon and Hyde (2016). Therefore, N. thalictri MFLUCC 18-1138 is another strain of N. digitalis. Morphologically, there are some differences between ‘N. thalictri’ and N. digitalis in terms of the position of ascomata (immersed or semi-immersed in ‘N. thalictri’ while superficial to semi-immersed in N. digitalis), ostiole (comprising internal brown to dark brown cells of textura globulosa in ‘N. thalictri’ while no such observation was made for N. digitalis) (Chaiwan et al. 2019, Hyde et al. 2019). Furthermore, there are some differences in size of the morphological structures between ‘N. thalictri’ and N. digitalis (Table 2) (Chaiwan et al. 2019; Hyde et al. 2019). However, all these differences may be the result of phenotypic plasticity which has arisen from the need to adapt to environmental variations and/or different hosts (Hyde et al. 2019). The differences in the morphological characters are not being reflected by any significant phylogenetic difference herein. Such occurrence has also been observed for other taxa (Mapook et al. 2016; Hyde et al. 2019; Pasouvang et al. 2021). Based on the above morpho-phylogenetic approach, ‘N. thalictri’ is considered as N. digitalis. 13 50 Fig. 33 Nodulosphaeria digitalis (MFLU 22-0278). a Ascomata on dead aerial stem of Solidago virgaurea. b Close-up of ascomata on host. c Vertical section through an ascoma. d Close-up of an ostiole. e Vertical section of ascomatal wall. f Pseudoparaphyses. g–i Imma- 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 ture and mature asci. j–l Immature and mature ascospores (j, l arrows indicate appendages). Scale bars: a–c = 100 µm, d, g–i = 20 µm, e, j–l = 10 µm, f = 3 µm Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 51 Table 2 Morphological comparison among strains of Nodulosphaeria digitalis with sexual morph described Strain Host Ascomata (μm) Ostioles N. digitalis MFLUCC 17–2418 Campanula trachelium 141.9 × 154 N. digitalis MFLUCC 18–1138 Thalictrum sp. 263.7 × 217.9 N. digitalis MFLU xx 192.3 × 213.1 Solidago virgaurea Fig. 34 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined SSU, LSU, ITS and tef sequence data of selected taxa in Phaeosphaeriaceae. Bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood ≥ 65% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95 are indi- 52.5 μm diam No setae 71.2 µm diam No setae 52.2 µm diam Setae present Asci (μm) 83 × 9 Ascospores 25 × 5 μm; 4-septate 84.1 × 10.1 32.3 × 4.5 μm; 7–8-septate 74.1 × 9.2 22.6 × 3.7 µm; 4–5-septate Reference Chaiwan et al. (2019) Hyde et al. (2019) This study cated above or below the branches. Type strains are in bold; the new isolate is in blue. The tree is rooted with Bhagirathimyces himalayensis NFCCI 4580, Pseudoophiobolus galii MFLUCC 17–2257 and Pseudoophiobolus mathieui MFLUCC 17–1785 13 52 The strain MFLU 22-0278 in this study clusters with the three strains of N. digitalis with 99% bootstrap support and 0.98 BYPP. There is no significant difference in the pairwise comparison among strains MFLU 22-0278 and MFLUCC 15-2716, MFLUCC 17-2418 as well as MFLUCC 18-1138 with regards to the LSU, ITS and tef1 sequence data. Our strain MFLU 22-0278 resembles N. digitalis MFLUCC 17-2418 and MFLUCC 18-1138 (N. digitalis MFLUCC 15-2716 was described in its asexual morph) in having ascomatal wall made up of cells of textura angularis, sessile or short-pedicellate asci and septate ascospores with a swollen cell and terminal appendages (Chaiwan et al. 2019; Hyde et al. 2019). Our collection differs from N. digitalis MFLUCC 17-2418 and MFLUCC 18-1138 mainly in having ostioles with internal brown setae (Fig. 34). The morphological characters also vary in size (Table 2). This can be accounted for by environmental and host variations as stated above. These morpho-phylogenetic analyses therefore support MFLU 22-0278 as another strain of N. digitalis. The latter is herein reported as a new record from Solidago virgaurea in Italy. Pleosporaceae Nitschke, Verh. naturh. Ver. preuss. Rheinl. 26: 74 (1869) This family consists of endophytes, pathogens and saprobes and has a worldwide distribution (Hongsanan et al. 2020b). Twenty-three taxa are accepted in this family (Wijayawardene et al. 2022) Bipolaris Shoemaker, Can. J. Bot. 33:882(1959) Species of this genus are pathogens, saprobes and endophytes on a wide range of hosts with a worldwide distribution (Jayawardena et al. 2019a). Bhunjun et al. (2020), provided polyphasic approaches to delineate species in Bipolaris. There are 140 records in Index Fungorum (2022a, b) for this genus, however less than 50 species have molecular data. Bipolaris luttrellii Alcorn, Mycotaxon 39: 378 (1990) Index Fungorum number: IF127658; Facesoffungi number: FoF01302; Fig. 35 Saprobic on Poaceae sp. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Conidiophores up to 200 μm long and 7–10 μm thick, arising singly or in groups of a few conidia, simple, septate, straight or flexuous, sometimes geniculate at the upper part, smooth, pale to mid-brown. Conidiogenous nodes dark brown, distinct. Conidia (75–)90–125 × 17–26(–)28) μm ( x̄ = 107 × 21 μm, n = 30), straight or curved, broadly fusiform or obclavate fusiform, widest near centre, tapering towards rounded ends, pale to mid brown, 5–9-distoseptate, smooth-walled. Hilum slightly protuberant, single germ tubes arising from each end. Material examined: China, Guizhou Province, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, dead leaves of Poaceae sp., 20 July 2015, Kasun M. Thambugala CN020 (MFLU 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 16-2836), living culture MFLUCC 16–0281, GZCC 15–0045. Host: Dactyloctenium aegyptium, on dead leaves of unidentified Poaceae host (Alcorn 1990; This study) Distribution: Australia, China (Alcorn 1990; This study) GenBank numbers: OQ154965 (ITS) Notes: Bipolaris luttrelli is only known from the type specimen before this record. This species is morphologically similar to B. setarieae (Manamgoda et al. 2014). Bipolaris luttrelli can be distinguished from its sister taxa by having fewer conidiogenous loci on the conidiophores and its darker conidia with pale end cells (Manamgoda et al. 2014). In our phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 36), our strain clustered with the ex-type strain of B. luttrelli with a higher bootsrap support. There are 10 base pair differences between our strain and the ex-type strain in ITS. Both of these strains lack tef1 gene region. Therefore, we identified our strain as B. luttrelli and provides the first report from China. Curvularia Boedijn, Bull. Jard. bot. Buitenz, 3 Sér. 13(1): 123 (1933) This is a species-rich genus which comprised of numerous pathogenic, saprobic and epiphytic fungi (Manamgoda et al. 2012a, b, 2015; Jayawardena et al. 2019a). Phytopathogenic species have been recorded mostly on poaceous hosts as well as non-poaceous hosts. Several Curvularia spp. have also been reported as opportunistic human pathogens on immunocompromised patients (Madrid et al. 2014; Manamgoda et al. 2011, 2015; Danish Khan et al. 2017; Tóth et al. 2020). There are more than 200 epithets recorded in Index Fungorum (2022a, b). To date, 130 species of Curvularia have been accepted within the genus (Ferdinandez et al. 2021). Curvularia alcornii Manamgoda, L. Cai & K. D. Hyde, Sydowia 64(2): 259 (2012) Index Fungorum number: IF800665; Facesoffungi number: FOF10679; Fig. 37 Saprobic on dried leaf of Panicum virgatum. On CMA Hyphae 4–5 μm, septate, branched. Conidiophores up to 241 μm long, micronematous to macronematous, pale brown to dark brown, simple or branched, septate, flexuous, highly geniculate. Conidiogenous cells (8–)9–17(–19) × (4–)5–6 μm ( x̄ = 13 × 5 μm, n = 10), hyaline to pale brown, smooth–walled, terminal or intercalary, monotretic to polytretic. Conidia (18–)20–26(–31) × (7–)8–1 0(–11) μm ( x̄ = 23 × 9 μm, n = 30) apical and basal cells hyaline or pale brown, matured conidia brown, straight, rarely curved, inequilateral ellipsoidal or clavate, dark brown septa, 3–4-distoseptate, enlarged middle cells; hila 1–2 μm distinctly protuberant, darkened. Sexual morph: Not observed. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 57 mm in 7 days at 25 °C, slightly convex with entire margin, brown centre, sparse aerial mycelium becoming brown Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 53 Fig. 35 Bipolaris luttrelli (MFLU 16–2836, new host record) a, b, Conidiophores and conidia on the host c-f. Conidiophores g–k, Conidia. Scale bars: c–k = 25 µm to grey towards the edge, reverse black to dark brown, concentric. Colonies on CMA reaching 60 mm in 7 days at 25 °C, flat with entire margin, pale brown to dark brown, moderate aerial mycelium becoming dark brown to black towards the edge, reverse dark brown, concentric. Colonies on MEA reaching 67 mm in 7 days at 25 °C, flat with entire margin, dark green, sparse aerial mycelium becoming olivaceous green towards the edge, reverse black, concentric. Material examined: Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura District, Thuruwila, N 8° 14′ 50.53859″, E 80° 25′ 9.24013″, on dried leaf of Panicum virgatum L. (Poaceae), 13 June 2019, D.S. Manamgoda, USJ-H-075, living culture USJCC-0088. Hosts: Panicum spp., Pennisetum clandestinum, Oryza spp. and Zea mays (Manamgoda et al. 2012a, b; Khemmuk et al. 2016) Distribution: Australia and Thailand (Farr and Rossman 2022) GenBank numbers: MZ948821 (ITS), MZ971267 (gadph), MZ971253 (tef1) Notes: According to the phylogenetic result, isolate USJCC-0088 is identified as Curvularia alcornii. This taxon was originally described in Manamgoda et al. (2012a), as a saprobe on a leaf sample of Zea mays collected in Thailand (holotype MFLU 12-0397). In this study, the fresh isolate was identified as a saprobe on a dead leaf of Panicum virgatum (Fig. 38). To our knowledge, this is a new record from Sri Lanka and a new fungus-host association. Curvularia senegalensis (Speg.) Subram., Journal of the Indian Botanical Society. 35(4): 467 (1956) ≡ Brachysporium senegalense Speg., Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Buenos Aires 26: 133 (1914) Index Fungorum number: IF296254; Facesoffungi number: FoF13382; Fig. 39 Saprobic on dead panicle of Zea mays. On PDA Hyphae 3–4 μm, septate, branched. Conidiophores up to 219 μm long, micronematous to macronematous, pale brown to dark brown, simple or branched, septate, straight to 13 54 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 36 One of the most parsimonious trees obtained in the combined analyses of ITS-gapdh-tef1. Maximum Parsimony values ≥ 70% and BYPP ≥ 0.90 are indicated above the nodes. The ex-types and refer- ence strains are in bold; the new record is in blue. The tree is rooted with Curvularia buchloes (CBS 246.49) and C. subpapendorfii (CBS 656.74) flexuous, geniculate at the apex. Conidiogenous cells (8–) 9–15(–17) × 3–5 μm ( x̄ = 12 × 4 μm, n = 10), hyaline to pale brown, smooth–walled, terminal or intercalary, monotretic to polytretic. Conidia (17–)18–27(–34) × (7–)9–12(–13) μm ( x̄ = 22 × 11 μm, n = 30) apical and basal cells hyaline or pale brown, matured conidia brown, straight to curved, sometimes clavate, dark brown septa, 3–4-distoseptate, enlarged 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 55 Pinus caribaea, Pinus khasya, Quercus germana, Saccharum sp., Stigmaphyllon sagraeanum, Tamarindus indica, Thuja orientalis, Urena lobate, Vigna unguiculata, Zea mays (Farr and Rossman 2022) GenBank numbers: MT410577 (ITS), MZ971268 (GADPH), MZ971254 (tef1) Notes: Isolate USJCC-0025 is identified as Curvularia senegalensis based on morphology and phylogeny (Fig. 38). The fresh isolate was collected from a dead panicle of Zea mays. Curvularia senegalensis has so far recorded in Sri Lanka only from Hevea brasiliensis (Adikaram and Yakandawala 2020). Moreover, it has only been reported on Zea mays from Brazil, Malaysia and Nigeria. To our knowledge, this is the first record of Curvularia senegalensis on Zea mays from Sri Lanka. Fig. 37 Curvularia alcornii (USJCC–0088, new host and geographical record) a Seven-day old colony on PDA b Seven-day old colony on CMA c Seven-day old colony on MEA d, e Conidia attached to conidiophores f, g Conidia. Scale bars: d–g = 10 μm middle cells; hila 1–2 μm flat, darkened. Sexual morph: Not observed. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 73 mm in 7 days at 25 °C, flat with entire margin, grey to olivaceous black centre, abundant aerial mycelium becoming brown towards the edge, reverse black to dark brown, concentric. Colonies on CMA reaching 69 mm in 7 days at 25 °C, flat with entire margin, grey to pale brown, reverse white to pale brown, concentric. Colonies on MEA reaching 83 mm in 7 days at 25 °C, flat with entire margin, dark brown, abundant aerial mycelium becoming grey towards the edge, reverse dark brown to pale brown, concentric. Material examined: Sri Lanka, Matale District, Palapathwela, N 7° 33′ 22.8″, E 80° 36′ 38.2″, on panicle of Zea mays L. (Poaceae), 08 November 2018, D.S. Manamgoda, USJ-H-031, living culture USJCC-0025. Distribution: Australia, Brazil, China, Cuba, Hawaii, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Myanmar, Nigeria, Samoa, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, Texas, United States, Virginia and West Indies (Farr and Rossman 2022) Hosts: Andropogon caricosus, Archontophoenix alexandrae, Bauhinia purpurea, Carya illinoensis, Citrullus vulgaris, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Cynodon dactylon, Dichanthium caricosum, Gmelina arborea, Hevea brasiliensis, Hibiscus cannabinus, Jasminum sambac, Liquidambar macrophylla, Musa nana, Musa × paradisiaca, Oryza sativa, Ougeinia oojeinensis, Paspalum notatum, Paspalum paniculatum, Passiflora edulis, Persea Americana, Pyrenophora Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Sectio Post. (Stockholm): 397 (1849) Pyrenophora is a species-rich genus in Pleosporales which encompasses saprobic and phytopathogenic fungi associated mainly with poaceous hosts. The sexual morphs are characterized by black, thick-walled, subglobose to pyriform ascomata with an apical ostiole and conspicuous dark brown setae. Asci are bitunicate, show a large non-amyloid ring and usually contain eight pale yellowish brown or pale brown, muriform ascospores surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morphs show macronematous, brown, sympodial conidiophores with tretic conidiogenous cells and dematiaceous, rather straight, distoseptate conidia with a dark, non-protruding basal scar. Conidial germination occurs from polar or intermediate cells (Sivanesan 1987). This genus is monophyletic and genetically clearly distinct from other pleosporalean genera with a superficially similar conidial apparatus, such as Bipolaris, Exserohilum and Porocercospora. Multilocus DNA sequence data is currently available for at least 26 Pyrenophora species (Marin-Felix et al. 2019). Pyrenophora verruculosa Madrid & Cantillo, sp. nov. Mycobank number: 844464; Facesoffungi number: FoF10420; Fig. 40 Etymology: The name refers to the verruculose conidia produced by this species Holotype: SGO 168420 Probably saprobic or pathogenic to an unidentified member of Poaceae. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Vegetative hyphae septate, branched, light olivaceous to mid olivaceous brown, thin to thick-walled, smooth, 2–6 µm wide, anastomosing, occasionally showing deposits of a mucilaginous dark brown material. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, solitary, septate, simple, slightly flexuous to strongly geniculate, light olivaceous brown to dark brown, 13 56 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 38 Phylogram generated from parsimony analysis based on combined ITS, gadph and tef1 sequence data of Curvularia. Bootstrap support values of MP and ML ≥ 50% and BYPP ≥ 0.95 are indicated above the nodes. The ex-types are in bold; the new records are highlighted in greenish-blue. The tree is rooted with Bipolaris maydis (CBS137271/C5) often paler at the apex, smooth to verruculose, with cell walls often thicker than those of the supporting vegetative hyphae, 300–1270 × 5–9 µm with subnodulose to nodulose intercalary swellings up to 11 µm wide. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal and intercalary, mostly subcylindrical, mono- to polytretic, proliferating sympodially, 15–28 µm long. Conidia narrowly clavate, narrowly ellipsoidal to fusiform or subcylindrical, straight to slightly curved, light olivaceous brown to dark brown, verruculose, (26–)32–63(–74) × 12–21 µm, 3–5(mostly 4)-distoseptate, often constricted at the uppermost distoseptum, with a rounded apex and an obconically truncate or rounded base, basal cell sometimes delimited by a thick, dark septum. Hilum thick and dark. Microsclerotia abundant, mostly 45–240 µm wide. Culture characteristics: Colonies on water agar with sterilized maize leaves dark brown, hairy, with abundant clumps of microsclerotia. Material examined: Chile, El Loa Province, Atacama Desert, near Calama, isolated from unidentified dead Poaceae, 15 October 2015, H. Madrid & L. Linaje (SGO 168420, holotype). 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 57 Fig. 39 Curvularia senegalensis (USJCC–0025, new host record) a Host: dead panicle of Zea mays b Seven day old colony on PDA c Seven day old colony on CMA d Seven day old colony on MEA e Conidiophore f Conidia attached to conidiophore g Germinating conidium h, I Conidia Scale bars: e–i = 10 μm GenBank numbers: ON722346 (ITS), ON722346 (LSU), ON736764 (gpdh). Notes: Due to mobility restrictions during the SARSCoV-2 pandemic, the ex-type strain (HM 201), which had been preserved in sterile water, could not be properly maintained for several months. Recent attempts to reactivate the strain have been unsuccessful and the fungus probably died. However, the holotype was deposited at SGO and extype sequences of ITS, LSU and gpdh are available in GenBank. DNA sequence analyses revealed that Pyrenophora verruculosa is clearly distinct from all other members of Pyrenophora represented in GenBank. The closest hits in BLAST searches with the ITS sequence of strain HM 201 were Pyrenophora novozelandica (CBS 127934) (ex-type, GenBank MK539997, 96.55% similarity), P. fugax (CBS 509.77) (GenBank MK539985, 95.23% similarity), P. nisikadoi (CBS 190.29) (ex-type, as Bipolaris brizae, GenBank MH855213, 93.57% similarity), and P. nobleae (CBS 259.80) (GenBank MK539994, 91.33% similarity). BLAST searches with the gpdh sequence showed P. fugax (CBS 509.77) (GenBank AY004822, 95.70% similarity) and P. nobleae (CBS 966.87) (GenBank AY004824, 88.81% similarity) as the closest matches. With LSU, similar results were obtained, but with higher similarity percentages, as expected for this rather conserved locus. In the phylogenetic analysis, only ITS sequence data was used considering that LSU offers little resolution for closely related taxa in Pleosporales, and gpdh is available for a smaller number of species than ITS. In the ITS-based phylogenetic tree (Fig. 41), P. verruculosa, P. novozelandica and P. fugax formed a clade with 83% bootstrap support. These close relatives can easily be distinguished from P. verruculosa on the basis of conidial dimensions, i.e. smaller in P. novozelandica, 20.5–58 × 9.5–14 µm, and longer in P. fugax, 50–170 × 14–24 µm (Ellis 1961; Sivanesan 1987; Marin-Felix et al. 2019). Clumps of thickwalled, strongly pigmented cells superficially resembling the microsclerotia of P. verruculosa, have been reported in other Pyrenophora species, such as P. nisikadoi and P. 13 58 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 40 Pyrenophora verruculosa (SGO 168420, holotype). a, c, d Conidia attached to conidiogenous cells. b Conidium passively released from a conidiogenous cell. e–h Conidia (verruculose ornamentation can be observed in e). i Hyphae with mucilaginous dark brown material. j, k Mycelia with microsclerotia. Scale bars: a–d = 40 µm, e–i = 20 µm, j–k = 45 µm pseudoerythrospila (Marin-Felix et al. 2019). These species, however, are phylogenetically clearly distinct from P. verruculosa (Fig. 41). Tetraplosphaeriaceae Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., Stud. Mycol. 64: 177 (2009) 13 Tetraplosphaeriaceae was established to accommodate five genera, viz Polyplosphaeria, Pseudotetraploa, Quadricrura, Tetraplosphaeria with Tetraploa sensu stricto asexual morphs (the type genus) and Triplosphaeria (Tanaka et al. 2011). Hyde et al. (2013) later treated Tetraplosphaeria as a synonym of Tetraploa which has been applied previously. Up to now, nine genera are accepted in Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 41 Maximum likelihood tree based on ITS sequences, showing the phylogenetic relationships of Pyrenophora species. Bootstrap support values > 70% are shown near the internodes. The tree is rooted to Bipolaris maydis. GenBank accession numbers of ITS sequences 59 are given, in parentheses, after each strain number. Aauthentic strain, ex-type strain, ETex-epitype strain, HTholotype material. New species is in bold T 13 60 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 42 Tetraploa dashaoensis (KUN–HKAS 107,636, holotype). a–b. Conidia on host substrate; c–g. Conidia; k. Verrucose conidia; l. Germinating conidium; m. Colony on PDA (left-front, right-reverse); Scale bars: c–f, k = 50 μm, g–j, l = 100 μm Tetraplosphaeriaceae viz Aquatisphaeria, Byssolophis, Ernakulamia, Polyplosphaeria, Pseudotetraploa, Quadricrura, Shrungabeeja, Tetraploa and Triplosphaeria (Wijayawardene et al. 2022). Members of this family are mostly reported as saprobe from aquatic and terrestrial habitats (Tibpromma et al. 2018; Hongsanan et al. 2020a, b; Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c; Li et al. 2021a, b). 13 Tetraploa Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 2 5: 459 (1850) MycoBank: MB10199 = Tetraplosphaeria Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., in Tanaka et al., Stud. Mycol. 64: 177 (2009) Notes: Tetraploa was introduced by Berkeley and Broome (1850) with T. aristata as the type species. The sexual morph is characterized by small globose ascomata, narrowly fusiform ascospores and appendage-like sheath. The asexual Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 43 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis of Tetraploa including related genera based on a combined LSU, ITS, SSU, tub2 and tef1 sequence data. Relevant sequences were referred from Dong et al. (2020), Hyde et al. (2020a), and Li et al. (2021a, b). The data set consisted of 3720 characters with gaps. Tree topology 61 of the ML analysis was similar to the MP and BYPP tree topologies. Bootstrap support values of ML and MP ≥ 75% with BYPP ≥ 0.95 are given at the nodes. The ex-type cultures are indicated using ″T″; the new isolate is in blue 13 62 morph belonging to Tetraploa sensu stricto has a columnar conidial body, with several prominent setose appendages at the apex (Hyde et al. 2013; Li et al. 2021a, b). Hyde et al. (2013) transferred species in Tetraplosphaeria to Tetraploa. In this study, we introduce one new species to Tetraploa based on morphology and molecular analysis with full description and illustration. Tetraploa dashaoensis C.F. Liao & Doilom, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF559273; Facesoffungi number: FoF10585; Fig. 42 Etymology: In reference to the location where the fungus was collected. Holotype: KUN–HKAS 107636 Saprobic on dead stem of Saccharum arundinaceum. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: hyphomycetous. Colonies superficial, effuse, gregarious, brown to dull green. Mycelium partly immersed in natural substratum, brunched, septate, hyaline. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells micronematous, integrated, monoblastic, intercalary, short cylindrical. Conidia 25–43 × 13–36 µm ( x̄ = 31 × 23 µm, n = 30), solitary, straight, septate, unbranched, mostly smooth-walled at the base of immature conidia, becoming verrucose at mature conidia, composed of 1–4 columns at the base, 1–3-septate in each column, with 1–4 apical appendages. Appendage 148–258 µm long ( x̄ = 186 µm, n = 30), 6–15 µm wide at the base with dull green, 3–8 µm wide at the apex with hyaline, usually composed of three to four appendages, rarely one or two, euseptate, 6–23-septate, smooth, straight or divergent to intertwined; immature appendages 21–81 µm long ( x̄ = 43 µm, n = 30), with 1–5-septate. Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA, germination tube growing from both ends. Colonies on PDA reaching 10 to 14 mm diam. in 17 days at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C), mycelium dense, floccose, surface smooth, velutinous spot centre with flat substrate, circle or irregular margin, light brown to yellow–brown, dark brown towards to white margin in above; white at centre, dark brown towards margin in reverse. No pigment production. Material examined: China, Yunnan Province, Kunming City, from dead stem of Saccharum arundinaceum (Retz.) (Poaceae), 4 July 2020, C.F. Liao, (KUN–HKAS 107636, holotype), ex-type living culture KUMCC 21-0010. GenBank number: OL473549 (ITS), OL473555 (LSU), OL473556 (SSU), OL505601 (tub2), OL505599 (tef1). Notes: Phylogenetic analyses of the combined LSU, ITS, SSU, tub2 and tef1 sequence data showed that our new collection Tetraploa dashaoensis KUMCC 21-0010 is related to Tetraploa aquatica (MFLU 19-0995, MFLU 19-0996), but forms a distinct linage with 98% ML, 83% MP and 0.99 BYPP values (Fig. 43). Tetraploa dashaoensis shares some morphological characteristics with the phylogenetically 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 closest species T. aquatica in having cylindrical conidiogenous cells, a verrucose conidial base and 1–4 apical appendages with euseptate. However, T. dashaoensis differs from T. aquatica in having a different conidial colour (dull green vs. brown to pale brown), longer conidia (25–43 µm vs. 22.5–27 µm), longer appendages (148–258 µm vs. 98–134 μm), and more septate appendages (6–23-septate vs. 6–10-septate). In addition, T. dashaoensis has intertwined appendages, which were absent in T. aquatic (Li et al. 2021a, b). Phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters support our collection to be different species. Thus, we introduce T. dashaoensis as a new species based on morphology and phylogeny. Torulaceae Corda, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., 3 Abt. (Pilze Deutschl.) 2: 71 (1829) Notes: Sturm (1829) introduced Torulaceae with Torula as the type genus. There are six genera accepted in Torulaceae, namely Dendryphion, Neotorula, Rostriconidium, Rutola, Sporidesmioides and Torula (Hongsanan et al. 2020b). Torulaceae species are characterized by having erect, micro- or macronematous, straight or flexuous, subcylindrical conidiophores and doliiform to ellipsoid or clavate, brown, smooth to verruculose conidiogenous cells. Conidia are subcylindrical, phragmosporous, acrogenous, brown, dry, and smooth to verrucose, characteristically produced in branched chains (Hyde et al. 2016; Li et al. 2017a, b; Mapook et al. 2020). In this study, we follow Mapook et al. (2020) as the recent treatment for Torulaceae. Torula Pers, Ann. Bot. (Usteri) 15: 25 (1795) Notes: Persoon (1794) established Torula and was typified by T. herbarum. Torula species are characterized by having a terminal or lateral, monoblastic or polyblastic conidiogenous cells, which have a basally thickened and heavily melanized wall, with the apex thin-walled and frequently collapsing and becoming coronate (Crane and Miller 2016). There are 54 Torula species listed in Species Fungorum (2022a, b), however, only 18 taxa have molecular data. Torula fici Crous, IMA Fungus 6: 192 (2015). Index Fungorum number: IF816154; Facesoffungi number: FoF02712, Fig. 44 Saprobic on the dead pseudo stem parts of Musa sp. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Colonies effuse, black, powdery and thread-like. Mycelium slightly immersed, septate, branched, smooth, with pale brown hyphae. Conidiophores 2–3 μm long × 1–3 μm diameter ( x̄ = 2.77 × 1.91 μm, n = 10), macronematous, mononematous, solitary, erect, thick–walled, consisted of 2 distinct cells, first cell from the bottom is pale brown to sub hyaline, wide at the base and narrow at apex, the second Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 63 Fig. 44 Torula fici (MFLU 22-0251, new collection). Fungal colonies on host surface, b, c, e–p Budding, conidial formation and mature conidia, d Conidiogenous cell. Scale Bars: a = 500 μm, b, i, k, m = 20 μm, e–h, j, l, n–p = 15 μm, c, d = 5 μm cell is pale brown to brown, different from the first cell by shape, cylindrical to subcylindrical at the base and globose to subglobose at apex, conidiophore arising from prostrate hypha. Conidiogenous cells 2–3 μm long × 1–2 μm diam, ( x̄ = 2.18 × 1.33 μm, n = 10) polyblastic, and terminal, dark brown to black, verruculose, thick-walled, ellipsoid, paler or sub hyaline at apex, dark and black at the bottom. Conidia 19– 25 μm long 2–3.5 μm wide ( x̄ = 18.56 × 2.88 μm, n = 10) solitary to catenate, acrogenous, simple, phragmosporous, dark brown, apical cell often pale brown, minutely verruculose, often 3–4 septate, rounded at both ends, composed of subglobose cells, slightly constricted at some septa. Immature conidia are sub hyaline to pale brown and arising to multi-angles from mature conidia. Conidial secession is rheixolytic. Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA within 18 h and germ tubes produced from the tip cell. Colonies growing on PDA, reaching 5 cm in 5 days at 25 °C, mycelium partly immersed to superficial, slightly effuse, hairy, with regular edge, pink or pale brown. Material examined: Thailand, Chiang Mai, Mushroom Research Center, on dead plant material of Musa sp. (Musaceae), 30 December 2018, Binu Samarakoon, E001 (MFLU 22-0251), living culture MFLUCC 22-0176. Other material examined: Taiwan, Ali shan mountain, Fanlu Township area, Dahu forest, dead leaves of Ficus septica (Moraceae), 20 September 2018, D. S. Tennakoon, HAY029A (MFLU 19-2775); living culture, MFLUCC 20-0167, ibid., 10 July 2019, HAY029B (NCYU 19-0367); living culture, NCYUCC 19-0248. Known hosts: Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae), Ficus septica (Moraceae), Ficus religiosa (Moraceae), Garcinia sp. (Clusiaceae), Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae), Olea europaea (Oleaceae), Pandanus sp. (Pandanaceae), 13 64 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 ◂ Fig. 45 The best scoring RAxML tree for combined dataset of LSU, SSU, ITS, tef1 and rpb2 sequence data. The topology and clade stability of the combined gene analyses was compared to the single gene analyses. The tree is rooted with Neooccultibambusa chiangraiensis (MFLUCC 12–0559) and Occultibambusa bambusae (MFLUCC 13–0855). Ex-type strains are in bold and newly generated sequences are in red. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 60% and BYPP ≥ 0.90 are given above the nodes Musa sp. (Musaceae) (Crous et al. 2015a, b, c, Li et al. 2017a, b; Tibpromma et al. 2018; Jayasiri et al. 2019; Mapook et al. 2020; Samarakoon et al. 2021; Tennakoon et al. 2021; this study). Known distribution: Taiwan (this study), Cuba, South Africa, Thailand (this study) (Crous et al. 2015a, b, c, Li et al. 2017a, b; Tibpromma et al. 2018; Jayasiri et al. 2019; Mapook et al. 2020; Samarakoon et al. 2021; this study). GenBank numbers: MFLUCC 22-0176 – OP099550 (LSU), OP097673 (SSU), OP099562 (ITS), OP113821 (tef1) MFLUCC 20-0167 – MZ317501 (LSU); MZ317506 (ITS); MZ326657 (tef1); MZ326659 (rpb2) NCYUCC 19-0248 – MZ317502 (LSU); MZ317507 (ITS); MZ326658 (tef1); MZ326660 (rpb2) Notes: In the multi-gene phylogeny, our strain (MFLUCC 22-0176) grouped with T. fici strains with moderate statistical support in ML analysis and a higher support in Baysian analysis (81% ML, 0.98 BYPP) (Fig. 45). Morphological comparisons revealed that our collection is similar to the holotype of T. fici (Crous et al. 2015a, b, c) by the distinct shape of the conidiophores and having 3–4 celled conidia. In addition, the conidiogenous cells of the type specimen are identical in shape with our collection. Therefore, based on both morphology and phylogeny evidence, we identify our specimen (MFLU 22-0251) as T. fici from Chiang Mai, Thailand. Torula fici was previously found from China on Musa sp. by Samarakoon et al. (2021). In this study, we report T. fici on Musa sp. for the first time from Thailand as a new collection. In addition, our strains (MFLU 19-2775 and NCYU 19-0367) share the size range of the conidial characters with T. fici (Crous et al. 2015a, b, c; Tibpromma et al. 2018; Mapook et al. 2020). The phylogeny also indicates that both strains were nested with other Torula fici strains in a 100% ML, 1.00 BYPP supported clade (Fig. 45). We conclude that our stains (MFLU 19-2775 and NCYU 19-0367) also belong to T. fici which was reported on Ficus septica from Taiwan as a new host record. Torula sundara (Subram.) Y.R. Sun, Yong Wang bis & K.D. Hyde, comb.nov. ≡ Dwayabeeja sundara Subram., J. Indian Bot. Soc.37: 56 (1958) = Pseudotorula sundara (Subram.) J.L. Crane & A. Mill Index Fungorum number: IF559464; Facesoffungi number: FoF09933; Fig. 46 65 Saprobic on decaying bamboo culms in terrestrial habitat. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies on natural substrate superficial, powdery, dark brown to black. Mycelium immersed, composed of branched, septate, pale brown to brown hyphae. Conidiophores 2.5–4 μm wide, micronematous to semi-macronematous, mononematous, solitary, erect, sample, straight or slightly flexuous, unbranched, paler brown to brown, thin-walled, septate, with ampulliform cells, arising from prostrate hypha. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, terminal, with the apex thin-walled and freuently collapsing and becoming coronate, dark brown to black, ellipsoid to coronal. Conidia two types, short conidia and long conidia. Short conidia 41–60 × 9–15 μm ( x̄ = 53 × 12 μm, n = 30), acrogenous, phragmosporous, single or in chains, broadly fusiform, yellow brown to dark brown, 5–10-septate, slightly constricted at some septa, verruculose. Long conidia acrogenous, phragmosporous, single, straight or flexuous, cylindrical, up to 50-septate, constricted at the septa, brown to dark brown, up to 200 μm long. Sexual morph: Not observed. Culture characteristics: Conidium germinated on PDA within 12 h. Colonies on PDA reaching 20 mm in two weeks at 26 °C. Mycelia superficial, circular, entire, flat, white from above, pale brown from below. Material examined: Thailand, Chiang Mai Province, Mae Taeng District, MRC, on bamboo culms, 10 September 2020, H.W. Shen, M55 (MFLU 21-0089); living culture, MFLUCC 21-0067). GenBank numbers: OM276824 (ITS), OM287866 (LSU) Notes: Dwayabeeja sundara as the type species in Dwayabeeja was introduced by Subramanian (1958). It has dark blackish-brown colonies and two types of conidia. Crane and Miller (2016) transferred D. sundara to Pseudotorula based on catenate phragmoconidia. It was recollected and isolated from bamboo culms in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Here, we provided sequences for it. Phylogenetic analyses show it is a distinct clade in Torula and sister to T. acaciae with high support (ML 100% and 1.00 BYPP). According to the similarities in morphology along with phylogenetic analyses, we propose Pseudotorula sundara as a synonym of Torula sundara. Periconiaceae (Sacc.) Nann., Repertorio sistematico dei miceti dell'uomo e degli animali 4: 482 (1934). Periconiaceae was accommodated as a distinct lineage in Massarineae by Tanaka et al. (2011) based on morpho molecular data. Four genera (viz. Bambusistroma, Flavomyces, Noosia and Periconia) are accepted with endophytic, saprobic and pathogenic nutritional modes (Sarkar et al. 2019; Hongsanan et al. 2020b, Samarakoon et al. 2020; Wijayawardene et al. 2022). 13 66 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 46 Torula sundara (MFLU 21–0089, new combination). a, b Colonies on the host c–e Conidiophores and conidia f–l Conidia m Germinated conidium. Scale bars: c = 10 μm, d–m = 20 μm Periconia Tode, Fung. mecklenb. sel. (Lüneburg) 2: 2 (1791). Periconia was introduced by Tode (1791) and typified by P. lichenoides. The asexual morph of the genus has pale to dark brown branched or unbranched conidiophores (also referred to as stipe). Conidiogenous cells of Periconia are monoblastic or polyblastic, and formed at the terminal ends or intercalary parts of the conidiophore. Periconia produces spherical, asepete, catenate or solitary conidia in pale to dark-brown. Both sexual and hypomycetous asexual morphs are recorded in this genus (Tanaka et al. 2015; Liu et al. 2017). There are 187 epithets listed in Index Fungorum (2022a, b). Periconia has been reported as a plant pathogen, 13 endophyte and a common saprobe in terrestrial and aquatic habitats with a cosmopolitan distribution (Ellis 1961, 1976; Markovskaja and Kačergius 2014; Liu et al. 2017). Periconia byssoides Pers., Syn. meth. fung. (Göttingen)1: 18 (1801) Index Fungorum number: 144538; Faceoffungi number: FOF09319; Figs. 47, 48 Saprobic on leaves of Vigna unguiculata. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Conidiophores with conidial heads were observed on foliar lesions of cowpea. Conidiophores observed after 2–3 weeks, simple, micro- and semi-macronematous, unbranched and branched, initially Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 67 Fig. 47 Cowpea leaves showing the growth of Periconia byssoides on the necrotized lesions Fig. 48 Periconia byssoides (MD2, new host and geographical record): a–c Conidiophores terminating with heads of conidia d–e Heads of conidia showing phialides f – Basal part of conidiophores showing their distinct nature (color and septa) g Close view of the conidial head showing conidia and phialides h–j Conidia enlarged. Scale bars: a − g = 50 μm, h − j = 20 μm 13 68 13 Table 3 Comparative account of Periconia species with P. byssoides recorded on Cowpea from India Species Conidiophores Conidia Periconia byssoides Periconia cookei (Mason and Ellis 1953; Ellis 1971) Periconia shyamala (Ellis 1971; Storey 2002) Macronematous and proliferating with elongate apical cell and with branchlets Macronematous and proliferating with elongate apical cell and with branchlets Macronematous, with numerous proliferations and swollen apical cell without branchlets Macronematous and proliferations and swollen apex with without apical cell Macronematous with elongate apical cell and branchlets Periconia typhicola (Ellis 1976) Periconia prolifica (Anastasiou 1963; Vrijmoed et al. 1982) Macronematous branched inside the head Micronematous, semimicronematous with proliferations Periconia byssoides (Mason and Ellis 1953; Ellis 1971; Matsushima 1975) Periconia pseudobyssoides (Markovskaja and Kačergius 2014) Color Habit Reference Spherical, verrucose; 8.5–14.4 Pale brown to brown (18.2) µm in diam On cowpea leaves Present study Spherical, verrucose; 10–12 (17) µm in diam Pale brown to brown Terrestrial saprobe Markovskaja and Kačergius (2014) Spherical to verrucose (12)15–17(20) µm in diam Golden brown to reddish brown Terrestrial saprobe Markovskaja and Kačergius (2014) Spherical, verrucose 13–16 µm in diam Brown to dark brown Terrestrial saprobe Markovskaja and Kačergius (2014) Spherical, verrucose 13–16(18)-22(25) µm in diam Spherical, verrucose; 11–17 µm in diam Subglobose, smooth, 7.5–15 µm in diam Brown to dark brown Terrestrial parasite or saprobe Markovskaja and Kačergius (2014) Pale brown to brown Terrestrial saprobe Subhyaline to pale brown Marine saprobe Markovskaja and Kačergius (2014) Markovskaja and Kačergius (2014) Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 subhyaline to brownish, verruculose, and variable in length. Conidiogenous cells discrete, determinate, terminal or lateral, subglobose, mono- and polyblastic, smooth to verruculose, pale brown producing global verrucose conidia in acropetal chains (3–4 in number), 11.5–12.5 × 15 − 17 μm diam. (x̄ = 11.9 × 15.2 μm, n = 20), conidia pale brown to brown verrucose. Conidiogenous cells were formed on an apical cell and in the collar region around the septa, sometimes on short hyaline or subhyaline branchlets. From primary, hyaline, globose conidiogenous cells numerous secondary conidiogenous cells arise, which produce short chains of spherical, commonly verruculose but sometimes verrucose, pale brown to brown conidia measured 8.5–11.4 μm diam. Cultural characteristics: Culture on MEA reaching 35 mm after 20 days at 25 °C. Fungal colony appeared cottony with abundant white to orange-white aerial mycelium. In reverse colony dark olive to dark olivaceous-grey with concentric dark olivaceous-brown. Hyphae hyaline sometime greyish green, smooth and verruculose later becomes brown orange. Material examined: India, Karnataka, Mysore, Doddamaragowdanahally, on foliar lesions of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.- Fabaceae) 18 May 2020, S. Mahadevakumar, Y.S. Deepika, N. Lakshmidevi (Specimen UOM-IOE 18/21), living culture (MD2). GenBank numbers: OM811496 (ITS); OM811504 (LSU) Notes: Detail descriptions and illustrations are presented in Mason and Ellis (1953) and Markovskaja and Kačergius (2014). Morphological inspection and measurements of conidiophores and conidia revealed that the fungal specimens described by Markovskaja and Kaergius (2014) for several Apiaceae hosts correspond well with the P. byssoides, which was based on lectotype material (Fries 1832). Phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 49) This is the first time that P. byssoides is reported from Fabaceae on Vigna unguiculata representing a new host record and geographical record (Table 3). Periconia cortaderiae Thambugala & K.D. Hyde, in Thambugala et al., Mycosphere 8(4): 734 (2017) Index Fungorum number: IF553165; Facesoffungi number: FoF03226; Fig. 50 Saprobic on decaying leaves of Musa basjoo. Sexual morph: Not obersved. Asexual morph: hyphomycetous. Colonies on host black, powdery, conidial masses are clearly visible on the host. Mycelium sub hyaline to pale brown or brown branched, having black conidial clusters Conidiophores 60–130 × 3 − 4 μm (x̄ = 76.5 × 3.5 μm, n = 15), macronematous, mononematous, appear as single or a cluster, erect, rough-walled, sub hyaline, brown to dark brown, septate at some points, significantly branched and flexuous. Conidiogenesis can be observed at the apices of the branches or from the middle of the conidiophores. Conidiogenous 69 cells 3.5–4.5 μm × 2.5–3.5 μm (x̄ = 3.5 × 2.8 μm, n = 10), annellidic, monoblastic, discrete on the stipe, percurrent proliferations present as scars at the apex of the conidiophore. Conidia 4–8 × 4–7 μm (x̄ = 6.8 × 6.2 μm, n = 40), appear as chains or single, globose, one-celled, immature conidia are hyaline to pale brown, mature conidia are brown to dark brown, smooth or minutely verruculose, thick- walled. Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA within 36–48 h. Colonies on PDA, reach 15 mm after 18 days at 25 °C, at maturity, unevenly distributed radial furrows or linear marks were observed, surface notably rough at maturity with crenulate to crenate margin, the colony is completely black and powdery at maturity, moderately dense, reverse white to black. Material examined: Russia, Krasnodar region, Sochi, Khstinsky City District, M.V. Frunze Health Care Resort, park, on a dying leafstalk of Musa basjoo Siebold & Zucc. ex Iinuma (Musaceae), 15 October 2018, Timur S. Bulgakov, BNR-001 (MFLU 18–1896), living culture MFLUCC 22-0178. Known hosts: Cortaderia sp. (Poaceae, Monocotyledon) (Thambugala et al. 2017); on Caragana arborescens (Fabaceae, Dicotyledon) (Phookamsak et al. 2019); on Musa sp. (Musaceae, Monocotyledon) (Samarakoon et al. 2021 and this study). Distribution: From Russia (This study), from Thailand (Thambugala et al. 2017, Samarakoon et al. 2021; this study), from Yunnan, China (Phookamsak et al. 2019) GenBank numbers: OP097674 (LSU), OP099358 (SSU), OP099551 (ITS), OP113822 (tef1) Notes: Based on BLASTn search results of SSU, LSU, ITS sequence data, MFLUCC 22-0178, showed high similarity to Periconia cortaderiae (MFLUCC 18-0668) as follows; SSU = 99.76%, LSU = 99.88%, ITS = 99.80%. Our new collection is similar to the holotype of P. cortaderiae (Thambugala et al. 2017), except the length and the shape of the conidiophores. Our collection has short conidiophores with respect to the holotype (60–130 × 3–4 μm vs. 400–800 × 4–9.4 μm). The conidiophore of our strain is notably curved and branched compared to other collections. The conidiogenesis is also found as terminal and intercalary on the conidiophores in our strain. The other collections of P. cortaderiae only had terminal conidial formation with respect to our finding. There is no significant difference in the nucleotide base pair comparison of our strain with the ex-type strain. In our multigene phylogeny, MFLUCC 22-0178 grouped with P. cortaderiae (MFLUCC 15-0451, MFLUCC 18-0668, MFLUCC 20-0236) with strong statistical support (ML = 100%, BYPP = 1.00). In this study, we identify our new collection as P. cortaderiae, from Musa sp. (Monocotyledon), from Russia for the first time as a new geographical record. 13 70 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 ◂ Fig. 49 Maximum likelihood tree revealed by RAxML from an analy- sis of a concatenated SSU, LSU, ITS and tef1 sequence dataset of the species in Periconiaceae, showing the phylogenetic position of Periconia delonicis (MFLUCC 20–0235). Bootstrap supports ≥ 60% and BYPP ≥ 0.95 are given above the branches as ML/BYPP. The tree is rooted with Helminthosporium dalbergiae (MAFF 243853) and Massarina cisti (CBS 266.62). Strains generated in this study are indicated in red bold. Ex–type strains are indicated in black bold. The scale bar 0.02 represents the expected number of nucleotide substitutions per site Tubeufiales S. Boonmee & K.D. Hyde. Notes: Tubeufiales includes three families viz. Bezerromycetaceae, Tubeufiaceae and Wiesneriomycetaeae with 56 genera (Wijayawardene et al. 2022). Tubeufiaceae M.E. Barr, Mycologia 71(5): 948 (1979). Notes: Barr (1979) defined Tubeufiaceae based exclusively on the generic type, Tubeufia, and treated it in Pleosporales. Based on unique morphology and multigene phylogenetic investigations, Boonmee et al. (2012) formed the order Tubeufiales and designated Tubeufiaceae as the typical family. Previously, 19 genera were compared in Tubeufiaceae (Boonmee et al. 2012). Following that, Lu et al. (2018) reappraised Tubeufiaceae and accepted 43 taxa to this family based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological evidence. With the expansion of fungal investigations, the family Tubeufiaceae presently contains 47 genera (Lu et al. 2018; Liu et al. 2019a, b, c, d; Wijayawardena et al. 2022). Helicoma Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 1: 15 (1837) Notes: Helicoma was introduced by Corda (1837) who treated H. muelleri as the type species. It is one of the earliest described helicosporous hyphomycete genera (Liu et al. 2019a, b, c, d). Helicoma species have been found in tropical and temperate locations (Boonmee et al. 2012, 2014; Lu et al. 2018; Brahmanage et al. 2017), and there are 59 records in the genus (Lu et al. 2018; Liu et al. 2019a, b, c, d; Barreto et al. 2021). Helicoma aquaticum Y.Z. Lu, J.C. Kang & K.D. Hyde, in Lu et al. Fungal Diversity 92: 174 (2018). Index Fungorum: 554836; Facesoffungi number: FoF04712; Fig. 51 Saprobic on decaying fruits of Dipterocapus sp. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, helicosporous. Colonies on the substratum superficial, gregarious, brown. Mycelium composed of partly immersed, partly superficial, hyaline to pale brown, septate, hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, cylindrical, erect, straight, unbranched, septate, 119–180 μm long, 6.5–7 μm wide, the lower part brown to dark brown, the upper part pale brown, smoothwalled. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, mono- to polyblastic, integrated, intercalary, cylindrical, with denticles, 71 arising laterally from the lower part of conidiophores, 10–15 × 5–9 μm (x̅ = 12 × 7 μm, n = 20), brown, smoothwalled. Conidia solitary, pleurogenous, helicoid, tapering towards apex, rounded at tip, 33–37 μm diam. and conidial filament 3.5–6 μm wide (x̅ = 5 μm, n = 20), 290–376 μm long (x̅ = 321 μm, n = 20), 20–27-septate, constricted at septa, coiled 11/2–41/4 times, becoming loosely coiled or uncoiled in water sometimes, hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled. Sexual morph: Not observed. Culture characteristics: Colonies growing on PDA at 25 °C, edge undulate, flat, circular, spreading, with fluffy pale brown air-mycelium, pale brown to brown mycelium. reverse dark brown, pale brown at the edge side, lobate at the center, without pigmented. Material examined: Thailand, Chiang Mai Province, MRC, on dead fruits of Dipterocarpus sp. (Dipterocarpaceae), 15 August 2019, Xia Tang, Dip 18 (MFLU 21-0176), living culture MFLUCC 21-0141. GenBank numbers: OM232106 (ITS), OM248446 (LSU), OM272846 (tef1) Hosts: Unindentified submerged decaying wood (Lu et al. 2018), dead fruits of Dipterocarpus sp. (Dipterocarpaceae) (this study). Distribution: Thailand (Lu et al. 2018, this study). Notes: Helicoma aquaticum was described and illustrated by Lu et al. (2018) from an unidentified submerged decaying wood in Thailand. Based on the morphological characteristics, our collection shares similar morphology with the ex-type strain (Fig. 52). Comparisons of ITS, LSU and tef1 sequence data between our collection and the holotype showed that they are 2/ 549 bp (0.3%) of ITS, 9/1201 (0.7%) of LSU and 9/879 bp (1%) of tef1. We consider that our collection is the same as Helicoma aquaticum following the guidelines for species delineation proposed by Jeewon and Hyde (2016). This is the first report of Helicoma aquaticum on a Dipterocarpus sp. in Thailand. Wiesneriomycetaceae Suetrong, Rungjind., Somrith. & E.B.G. Jones Based on morphology and molecular phylogeny, Suetrong et al. (2014) introduced Wiesneriomycetaceae as order incertae sedis. Pratibha et al. (2015) placed Wiesneriomycetaceae in Tubeufiales. Bezerra et al. (2017) introduced Wiesneriomycetales to accommodate Wiesneriomycetaceae based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses. Based on phylogenetic inference and divergence times estimates, Liu et al. (2017) considered Wiesneriomycetales as a synonym of Tubeufiales. Hongsanan et al. (2020b) and Wijayawardena et al. (2020, 2022) accepted this family in Tubeufiales. Wiesneriomyces Koord., Verh. K. Akad. Wet., tweede section 13(4): 246 (1907). 13 72 Fig. 50 Periconia cortaderiae (MFLU 18–1896, new host and geographical record). a − b Colonies on host c − f, i, j Conidiophores bearing conidia g, h, k Conidiogenesis from terminal and intercalary 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 parts of the conidiophore l-p Conidial chains and conidia. Scale bars: a = 3 mm, b = 3.5 mm, c = 50 μm, e − j = 15 μm, d, k − p = 5 μm Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 73 Fig. 51 Helicoma aquaticum (MFLU 21–0176, new host record) a, b Host. c, d Conidiophores. e Conidiophore with conidiogenous cells. f–h Conidia. i Germinated conidium. Scale bars: b = 100 μm, c–e = 50 μm, f–h = 10 μm Notes: Wiesneriomyces species have setose, branched conidiophores, single-chain hyaline conidia, with a short isthmi separating the conidia (Suetrong et al. 2014; Hongsanan et al. 2020b). The sexual morph for this genus is not yet reported. Wiesneriomyces laurinus (Tassi) P.M. Kirk, Trans Br Mycol Soc 82: 748 (1984) Index Fungorum number: IF107371; Facesoffungi number: FoF09126, Fig. 53 Saprobic on dead leaves of Dimocarpus longan. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Colonies effuse, yellowish-brown. Conidiomata sporodochial, solitary, 3–10 setae arising from the margins of the sporodochial stalk. Setae 140–300 × 3–8 µm (x̄ = 180 × 5 μm, n = 30), subulate, apex acute, septate, thick-walled, deep brown, arising on leaf surface. Conidiophores 30–50 × 2–4 µm (x̄ = 40 × 3 μm, n = 21), emi-mucronematous, close to one another, brown to sub-hyaline at the base, hyaline towards the apex, septate, irregularly branched. Conidiogenous cells 6–9 × 2–4 µm (x̄ = 7 × 3 μm, n = 26), located at the conidiophores terminal, cylindrical, hyaline, integrated. Conidia 50–70 × 2–4 μm (x̄ = 60 × 3 μm, n = 30), solitary, clumped together into a semi-mucus, hyaline, smooth, sandy, cylindrical, taper towards both ends that are obtusely rounded, 5–6-septate, prominently constricted at septa, median cells 6–10 × 2–4 µm long, terminal cells 6–10 × 2–4 µm. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA, 37–42 mm diam. after 3 weeks, colonies from above: medium dense, flat, slightly raised, rough surface with irregular edges, fluffy not smooth, leaden grey to light grey at the margin, black to ollvnceous black in the centre; reverse: grey to light grey at the margin, grey-brown to grey in the centre. Material examined: China, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou City, Haizhu District, Zhongkai University of Agriculture Engineering, 23° 6′ 32″ N, 113° 16′ 37″ E, alt. 20 m, on the dead leaves of Dimocarpus longan Lour. (Sapindaceae), 13 74 Fig. 52 Phylogram generated from parsimony analysis based on combined ITS, LSU and tef1 sequence data of Helicoma. ML and MP bootstrap support values ≥ 70% are indicated above the nodes, and branches with Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95 are given above 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 the nodes. The ex-types (reference strains) are in bold; the new isolates are in blue bold. The tree is rooted with Kamalomyces thailandicus (MFLUCC 13–0233) and Kamalomyces thailandicus (MFLUCC 11–0158) Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 75 Fig. 53 Wiesneriomyces laurinus (ZHKU 22–0008, new host record) a–c Appearance of sporodochia on host. d Squash mount of sporodochium. e, f Conidiophores with setae. g–i Conidia. j Colonies on PDA. Scale bars: d = 100 µm, e, f = 20 µm, g, i = 25 µm 23 July 2021, YH. Yang & CF. Liao (ZHKU 22-0008); living cultures ZHKUCC 22-0008, ZHKUCC 22-0009. Known hosts: Carissa carandas (Apocynaceae), Clusia rosea (Clusiaceae), Hibiscus elatus (Malvaceae), Ficus ampelas (Moraceae), Gyranthera caribensis (Malvaceae), leaf litter of Caesalpinia echinata (Fabaceae), Laurus nobilis (Lauraceae), Ocotea leucoxylon (Lauraceae), Pandanus urophyllus (Pandanaceae), Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae), Roystonea regia (Arecaceae), Talipariti elatum, Theobroma cacao (Malvaceae), Thuja occidentalis (Cupressaceae), Dimocarpus longan (Sapindaceae) Distribution: Brazil (da Silva and Grandi 2008), China (this study), Cuba (Delgado-Rodriguez et al. 2002), Hong Kong (Lu et al. 2000; Zhuang 2001), Mexico (Begerow et al. 2018), Myanmar (Thaung 2008), Russia (Melnik and Popushoi 1992), United Kingdom (Dennis 1986), Venezuela (Castaneda-Ruiz et al. 2003). GenBank numbers: ZHKUCC 22-0008—OM780294 (LSU), OM780298 (SSU), OM780284(ITS) ZHKUCC 22-0009—OM780295 (LSU), OM780306 (SSU), OM780286 (ITS) Notes: Our two strains (ZHKUCC 22-008 and ZHKUCC 22-009) share similar characters with Wiesneriomyces 13 76 Fig. 54 The best scoring RAxML tree for Wiesneriomycetaceae, for combined dataset of LSU, SSU and ITS sequence data. The tree is rooted with Bezerromyces brasiliensis (URM7411) and Bezerromy- 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 ces pernambucoensis (URM7412). Ex-type strains are in bold and newly generated sequences are in red. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 50% and BYPP ≥ 0.95 are given above the nodes Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 77 Fig. 55 Asterina brigadeirensis (VIC 44217, holotype) a Colony with open thyriothecia and surface mycelium. b Ascomata opened by a central starshaped fissure. c Cross section of the ascomata. d Globose to pyriform unicelular appressoria. e Immature ascus with pseudoparaphyses. f Mature ascus. g Immature ascospores. h Brown and verruculose ascospore. Scale bars: a = 200 µm, b–c = 50 µm, d–e–f = 20 µm, d = 10 µm, g–h = 10 µm laurinus (Heredia et al. 2000; Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa 2000; Suetrong et al. 2014; Pratibha et al. 2015; Tennakoon et al. 2021). The phylogeny also showed that our strains (ZHKUCC 22-008 and ZHKUCC 22-009) clustered with other Wiesneriomyces laurinus strains (closer to BCC18609), with moderate statistical support (Fig. 54). This is the first report of Wiesneriomyces laurinus on Dimocarpus longan. Dothideomycetes orders incertae sedis Asterinales M.E. Barr ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss. Notes: The order was introduced by Hawksworth and Eriksson (1986), based on the type species of the order, Asterina melastomatis Léveillé, which had its DNA extracted, sequenced and studied phylogenetically for the first time by Guatimosim et al. (2015), demonstrating that the Asterinales is polyphyletic. Based on molecular data of the type species, Asterinales stricto sensu includes two 13 78 families, namely: Asterinaceae and Parmulariaceae (Guatimosim et al. 2015; Giraldo et al. 2017; Phookamsak et al. 2019; Johnston and Park 2019; Hongsanan et al. 2020a; Le Renard et al. 2020; Firmino and Pereira 2021). Asterinaceae Hansford, Mycol. Pap. 15: 188 (1946) Notes: Asterinaceae was proposed by Hansford (1946), undergoing several modifications over time in relation to the genera belonging to the family. Asterinaceae is polyphyletic and the Asterinaceae stricto sensu comprises the species grouping with the type species, Asterina melastomatis. Asterina Léveillé, Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 3: 59 (1845) Notes: The genus was described by Léveillé (1845), having Asterina melastomatis as the type species. The genus is characterized by having circular shaped ascomata, opening by a star-shaped fissure, with absence of hypostroma, adhering to the host by superficial hyphae with lateral appressoria (hyphopodia), bitunicate asci disposed as an upright palisade layer, and 2–celled brownish ascospores. Asterina brigadeirensis A.L. Firmino & O.L. Pereira, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF900066; Facesoffungi number: FoF13383; Fig. 55 Etymology: Name refers to the mountain range, where the fungus was collected, Serra do Brigadeiro. Holotype: VIC 44217 Sexual morph: Colonies amphigenous, circular to irregular, single to confluent, dark brown, black, 0.1–5 mm diam. Hyphae straight to slightly flexuous, branching irregularly, brown, septate, hyphal cells cylindrical, 4.5–7.5 μm diam., smooth. Appressoria numerous, entire to lobate, sessile, lateral, alternate to unilateral, never opposed, globose to pyriform, unicellular, straight to angular, 7.5–10 × 6–9.5 μm, brown, penetration peg central on the appressorial cell. Ascomata superficial, thyriothecia, scutiform, on top of mycelial mat, circular to ellipsoid, single to confluent, fringed at margins, randomly distributed in the colony, 135–262.5 μm diam., opening by a central star-shaped fissure to an irregular fissure, dark brown to black; wall of textura radiata to irregulate on cells isodiametric to cylindrical. Pseudoparaphyses cylindrical, filiform, septate, unbranched, hyaline, up to 2.5 μm wide. Asci bitunicate in structure, fissitunicate, disposed as an upright palisade layer, ovoid to cylindrical, 8-spored, hyaline, 65–95 × 35–45 μm. Ascospores cylindrical to oblong, ends rounded, straight or slightly arched, 1-septate, constricted at the median septum, hyaline, becoming brown at maturity, verruculose, 30–35 × 12.5–16 μm. Asexual morph: Not observed. Material examined: Brazil, Minas Gerais, Araponga, on living leaves of Miconia cinnamomifolia Naudin 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 (Melastomataceae), 10 September 2014, A.L. Firmino (VIC 44217, holotype). GenBank numbers: MZ475298 (LSU) Notes: Asterina brigadeirensis differs from the species previously reported on Melastomataceae (Léveillé 1845; Hennings 1904, 1909; Theissen 1912, 1913; Sydow and Sydow 1916; Yates 1917; Maublanc 1920; Ryan 1924, 1928; Sydow 1927, 1930; Sydow and Petrak 1929; Chardón and Toro 1930; Orejuela 1944; Petrak 1950; Hansford 1954; Yamamoto 1957; Hosagoudar and Abraham 2000). It is closest to A. venezuelana, which has smaller and ovoid to conoid appressoria, smaller and ovoid to clavate asci, and smaller and dark brown ascospores. Asterina brigadeirensis is easily separated from A. amadelpha, A. belluciae, A. centroniae, A. chrysophylli, A. confertissima, A. hypophyla, A. maublancii, A. melanotes, A. melastomatis, A. melastomatis-candidi, A. memecylonicae, A. pulla, A. schlechteriana, A. sinsuieiensis, A. uribei in having verruculose ascospores. Asterina antioquensis is distinct from the new species in having ovoid to ellipsoid appressoria, smaller asci, and smaller ascospores with an upper third septum. Asterina astroniae has narrow hyphae, smaller and ovoid appressoria, smaller and subglobose to ovoid asci, and finally smaller ascospores. Asterina denigrata differs from Asterina brigadeirensis in the hypophyllous colonies, smaller ascomata and asci with 2–6 spores, and smaller and dark brown ascospores. Asterina hughesii differs in the narrow appressoria, smaller and spatulate asci, lacking pseudoparaphyses, and smaller ascospores. Asterina melastomatacearum differs from Asterina brigadeirensis in the smaller asci, and smaller and ellipsoid-ovoidal ascospores. Asterina madikeriensis differs in the colonies epiphyllous, entire appressoria and smaller ascospores with tuberculate wall. Asterina melastomaticola differs in the narrow hyphae, lacking pseudoparaphyses, and much smaller ascospores with echinulate ornamentations. Asterina miconiae differs from Asterina brigadeirensis in the smaller and cylindrical to subglobose appressoria, smaller and ellipticalclavate asci, and smaller ascospores. Asterina miconiicola differs in the much smaller ascospores with an upper third septum. Asterina theissenii differs in having narrow and dark brown hyphae, cylindrical to hemispherical appressoria, lacking pseudoparaphyses, and much smaller asci and ascospores. Asterina transiens differs from new species in the cylindrical appressoria, smaller and elliptical asci, and much smaller ascospores. Asterina venezuelana differs in the narrow and dark brown hyphae, smaller and ovoid to clavate asci, and smaller and dark brown ascospores. Finally, Asterina lopi, described below differs from the new species in having smaller and cylindrical to globose appressoria, smaller and ovoid to subclavate asci, and much smaller ascospores. (Léveillé 1845; Hennings 1904, 1909a; Theissen 1912, 1913; Sydow and Sydow 1916; Yates 1917; Maublanc 1920; Ryan 1924, 1928; Sydow 1927, 1930; Sydow Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 79 Fig. 56 The phylogenetic tree was obtained by Bayesian inference methods using the sequences of the LSU region. The posterior probability values are indicated at the nodes. Strain numbers are indicated after species names. New sequence data is in bold and blue. The anal- yses included 33 strains including representative genera of Asterinales stricto sensu and Asterinales lato sensu. The tree is rooted with Venturia populina (CBS 256.38) and V. inaequalis (CBS 815.69) (Pleosporales) as outgroup and Petrak 1929; Chardón and Toro 1930; Orejuela 1944; Petrak 1950; Hansford 1954; Yamamoto 1957; Hosagoudar and Abraham 2000; Hosagoudar 2006). Based on our phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 56) and morphological analyses, herein we introduce a new species, A. brigadeirensis. Asterina brigadeirensis is the tenth species of Asterina reported on hosts belonging to Melastomataceae in Brazil, and the twelfth on Miconia. Sexual morph: Colonies epiphyllous, circular to irregular, single to confluent, black, 1–6 mm diam. Hyphae straight to flexuous, branching unilaterally or irregularly, brown, septate, hyphal cells cylindrical, 4–4.5 μm diam., smooth. Appressoria numerous, entire to irregularly lobate, sessile, lateral, alternate to unilateral, never opposed, cylindrical to globose, unicellular, straight to angular, 5–7.5 × 5–6 μm, brown, penetration peg central on the appressorial cell. Ascomata superficial, thyriothecia, scutiform, on top of mycelial mat, circular to ellipsoid, single to confluent, fringed at margins, randomly distributed in the colony, 112–212.5 μm diam., opening by a central star-shaped fissure, dark brown; wall of textura radiate to irregulata, cells isodiametric to cylindrical to irregular. Pseudoparaphyses cylindrical, filiform, septate, unbranched, hyaline, up to 2.5 μm wide. Asci bitunicate Asterina lopi A.L. Firmino & O.L. Pereira, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF900067; Facesoffungi number: FoF13384; Fig. 57 Etymology: The name refers to the mountain range, where the fungus was collected, Serra do Lopo. Holotype: VIC 44219 13 80 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 57 Asterina lopi (VIC 44219, holotype) a Colony with open thyriothecia and surface mycelium. b Ascoma opened by a central star-shaped fissure. c Cross section of the ascoma. d Cylindrical to globose unicelular appressoria. e Immature ascus. f Mature ascus. g Immature ascospores. h Mature brown ascospores. Scale bars: a = 200 µm, b = 50 µm, c–f = 20 µm, d–e = 10 µm, g–h = 5 µm in structure, fissitunicate, disposed as an upright palisade layer, ovoid to subclavate, 8-spored, and hyaline, 35–55 × 20–25 μm. Ascospores cylindrical to oblong, ends broadly rounded, straight, 1-septate, constricted at the median septum, hyaline, becoming pale brown to brown at maturity, verruculose, 12.5–15 × 6–7 μm. Asexual morph: Not observed. Material examined: Brazil, Minas Gerais, Extrema, on living leaves of Miconia sp. (Melastomataceae), 24 13 December 2014, A.L. Firmino & S.R. Pacheco (VIC 44219, holotype). GenBank numbers: MZ475299 (LSU) Notes: Twenty-seven species of Asterina have been reported previously in association with living leaves of melastomataceous hosts. Asterina guianensis on Miconia guianensis from Costa Rica and Miconia mirabilis from Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, A. racemosae on Miconia racemose from Puerto Rico, and A. tetrazygiae on Tetrazygia Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 81 Table 4 Host, country and source details of Asterina species in Melastomataceae Species on Host Source and country A. amadelpha Syd A. antioquensis (Toro) Garcés Conostegia oerstediana Miconia ciliate. M. milleflora and M. dodonaea Astronia sp. Bellucia sp. Miconia cinnamomifolia Sydow & Petrak (1929), Costa Rica Chardón & Toro (1930), Colombia, Venezuela Centronia excelsa Arthrostemma campanulare Miconia acinodendron, M. laevigata, M. prasina and Henriettea succosa Blakea sp. Miconia racemosa Melastomataceae member Miconia sp. Memecylon sp. Melastomataceae member Blakea sp. and Miconia granulosa Melastoma sp. Melastoma malabathricum Miconia sp. Melastoma candidum Memecylon edule Miconia sp. and M. rubiginosa Miconia racemosa Melastomataceae member Clidemia dentata Barthea formosana Miconia sp. Miconia candolleana Miconia toroi and M. ciliate Clidemia sp., C. bonplandii and C. hirta Petrak (1950), Ecuador Syd. & P. Syd. (1916), Brazil Guatimosim et al. (2015), Brazil, Trinidad and Tobago. Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands Sydow & Petrak (1929), Costa Rica Hosagoudar & Abraham (2000), Puerto Rico Berkeley ex Theissen (1912), Guatemala This study, Brazil Hosagoudar (2006), India Maublanc (1920), Brazil Sydow & Petrak (1929), Costa Rica, Colombia Theissen (1913), Brazil Hansford (1954), Indonesia Léveillé (1845), Brazil Yamamoto (1957), China Ryan (1928), India Theissen (1913), Brazil Ryan (1924), Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic Léveillé (1845), Bolivia Sydow (1927), Costa Rica Yamamoto (1957), China Ryan (1924), Puerto Rico Theissen (1913), Brazil Chardón & Toro (1930), Colombia, Venezuela Sydow (1930), Venezuela A. astroniae H.S. Yates A. belluciae Henn A. brigadeirensis A.L. Firmino & O.L. Pereira A. centroniae Petr A. confertissima Speg A. chrysophylli Henn A. denigrata Petr A. hughesii Hosag. & T.K. Abraham A. hypophyla Berk. ex Theiss A. lopi A.L. Firmino & O.L. Pereira A. madikeriensis Hosag A. maublancii (G. Arnaud) Maubl A. melanotes Syd A. melastomatacearum (Henn.) Theiss A. melastomaticola Hansf A. melastomatis Lév A. melastomatis-candidi W. Yamam A. memecylonicae R.W. Ryan A. miconiae Theiss A. miconiicola R.W. Ryan A. pulla Lév A. schlechteriana Syd A. sinsuieiensis W. Yamam A. theissenii R.W. Ryan A. transiens Theiss A. uribei Toro A. venezuelana Syd sp., and Tetrazygia elaeagnoides from Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, were described by Ryan (1924) and not used in the comparisons for having an ostiolar opening, a characteristic that does not belong to Asterina. Asterina lopi differs from the species previously reported on Melastomataceae (Léveillé 1845; Hennings 1904, 1909; Theissen 1912, 1913; Sydow and Sydow 1916; Yates 1917; Maublanc 1920; Ryan 1924, 1928; Sydow 1927, 1930; Sydow and Petrak 1929; Chardón and Toro 1930; Orejuela 1944; Petrak 1950; Hansford 1954; Yamamoto 1957; Hosagoudar and Abraham 2000; Hosagoudar 2006) in morphology and on host association (Table 4). It is morphologically closer to A. melastomatacearum, which has larger and ellipsoid-ovoidal ascospores. Asterina lopi is easily separated from A. amadelpha, A. belluciae, A. centroniae, A. chrysophylli, A. confertissima, A. hypophyla, A. maublancii, A. melanotes, A. melastomatis, A. melastomatis-candidi, A. H.S. Yates (1917), Philippines Hennings (1904), Brazil This study, Brazil memecylonicae, A. pulla, A. schlechteriana, A. sinsuieiensis, and A. uribei in having verruculose ascospores; A. antioquensis, A. madikeriensis, A. miconiae, A. transiens and A. venezuelana in having lobate appressoria. Asterina astroniae is distinct from the new species in having ovoid appressoria, ascomata with irregular fissure, wider asci, and larger ascospores. Asterina denigrata has hypophyllous colonies, wider and dark brown hyphae, dark brown and subglobose to conoid appressoria, wider and ovoid to ellipsoid asci with 2–6 spores, and larger and dark brown ascospores. Asterina hughesii differs from Asterina lopi in the wider hyphae, larger appressoria, narrow and spatulate asci, lacking pseudoparaphyses, and larger ascospores. Asterina melastomaticola differs in the pulvinate to conoid appressoria, globose to ovoid asci, lacking pseudoparaphyses, and larger ascospores. Asterina miconiicola differs from Asterina lopi in the wider hyphae, larger appressoria, and narrow ascospores with 13 82 an upper third septum. Asterina theissenii differs in having narrow and dark brown hyphae, globose to ovoid asci, lacking pseudoparaphyses, and larger ascospores (Léveillé 1845; Hennings 1904, 1909; Theissen 1912, 1913; Sydow and Sydow 1916; Yates 1917; Maublanc 1920; Ryan 1924, 1928; Sydow 1927, 1930; Sydow and Petrak 1929; Chardón and Toro 1930; Orejuela 1944; Petrak 1950; Hansford 1954; Yamamoto 1957; Hosagoudar and Abraham 2000). Based on our phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 56) and morphology, herein we introduce a new species, A. lopi. Asterina lopi is the ninth species of Asterina reported on hosts belonging to Melastomataceae in Brazil, and the eleventh on Miconia. Botryosphaeriales C.L. Schoch, Crous & Shoemaker. Notes: Botryosphaeriales was introduced to accommodate a single family Botryosphaeriaceae by Schoch et al. (2006). Schoch et al. (2009a) accepted its position in the Pleosporomycetidae. Later, Planistromellaceae was recognised as a distinct family within Botryosphaeriales (Minnis et al. 2012) Phyllostictaceae was reinstated for Phyllosticta (Wikee et al. 2013). Another three families were introduced by Slippers et al. (2013), namely Saccharataceae for Saccharata, Aplosporellaceae for Aplosporella and Melanopsaceae for Melanops. Wyka and Broders (2016) introduced Septorioideaceae for Septorioides. Yang et al. (2018) raised Endomelanconiopsis and Pseudofusicoccum to familial status as Endomelanconiopsidaceae and Pseudofusicoccaceae, respectively. Wijayawardene et al. (2018) accepted the above nine families in the order. However, Phillips et al. (2019) synonymised Endomelanconiopsidaceae with Botryosphaeriaceae, Pseudofusicoccaceae with Phyllostictaceae, and Septorioideaceae with Saccharataceae based on morphology, phylogeny and evolutionary divergence times. Therefore, six families, i.e. Aplosporellaceae, Botryosphaeriaceae, Melanopsaceae, Phyllostictaceae, Planistromellaceae, Saccharataceae, are phylogenetically proved in the order now (Hongsanan et al. 2020a, b; Wijayawardene et al. 2020). Aplosporellaceae Slippers, Boissin & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 76(1): 41 (2013) Aplosporellaceae was introduced in Botryosphaeriales with two genera Aplosporella and Bagnisiella (Slippers et al. 2013). Sharma et al. (2017) added Alanomyces as a new genus in this family based on four loci phylogeny. Two genera are accepted in Aplosporellaceae viz. Alanomyces and Aplosporella (Dissanayake et al. 2021a, b; Wijayawardene et al. 2022). Aplosporella Speg. Anal. Soc. cient. argent 10(4): 157 (1880). Aplosporella was treated as a type genus of Aplosporellaceae in Botryosphaeriaceae (Crous et al. 2006; Schoch et al. 2006; Damm et al. 2007; Liu et al. 2012). The genus 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 was established by Spegazzini (1880) and typified by Aplosporella chlorostroma. Later, Aplosporellaceae was introduced as a new family by Slippers et al. (2013). Wijayawardene et al. (2014a, b, 2016, 2020, 2022) also confirmed the phylogenetic placement and accepted Aplosporellaceae in Botryosphaeriaceae. There are 342 epithets of Aplosporella listed in Index fungorum (2022a, b). Aplosporella is characterized by muti-locular conidiomata, with hyaline to brown, aseptate conidia and, filiform paraphyses (Damm et al. 2007; Ekanayaka et al. 2016; Dissanayake et al. 2021a, b; Hyde et al. 2021). Aplosporella species are not easy to identify based on only morphology because of their wide range of host and morphological similarities. Many species were introduced based on their host occurrence and suggested that species in Aplosporella are not host-specific (Damm et al. 2007; Fan et al. 2015; Ekanayaka et al. 2016; Dou et al. 2017). Aplosporella artocarpi Trakun., L. Lombard & Crous, in Trakunyingcharoen et al., Persoonia 34: 91 (2014) Index Fungorum number: IF810167; Facesoffungi number: FoF10747, Fig. 58 Saprobic on dead stems of Chromolaena odorata. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Conidiomata (280–) 300–350 × 370–450 (–500) µm (x̄ = 300 × 415 µm, n = 5), solitary, immersed to semi-immersed with 2–3 locules, globose to subglobose, black. Ostiole absent. Peridium 45–50 (–60) µm wide, multi-layered, comprised of dark brown cells of Textura angularis. Hamanthecium 3–5 µm wide, numerous, hyaline, aseptate, paraphyses. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 1–2 µm wide, holoblastic, cylindrical, hyaline. Conidia 15–20 × 5–10 µm (x̄ = 17 × 7 µm, n = 15), aseptate, rough-walled, granular appearance, hyaline to dark brown, ellipsoidal, without appendages. Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA within 24 h, reaching 85 mm after 7 days at room temperature, concentric, flat, irregular, rough surface, greenish-grey. Material examined: Thailand, Chiang Rai Province, Doi Pui, on the dead stems of Chromolaena odorata (L.) (Asteraceae), 10 July 2020, Zin Hnin Htet, SW23 (MFLU 22–0108), living culture MFLUCC 22-0010. Known hosts and distribution: On asymptomatic twig of Artocarpus heterophyllus (Moraceae) in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand (Trakunyingcharoen et al. 2015); on asymptomatic leaves of Stoechospermum marginatum (Dictyotaceae) and Caulerpa taxifolia (Caulerpaceae) in India (Sahoo et al. 2021); on dead branches of Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) in China (Yang et al. 2022); on dead stems of Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand (this study) GenBank numbers: ON834371(LSU), ON823183(ITS) Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 83 Fig. 58 Aplosporella artocarpi (MFLU 22–0108, new host record). a, b Appearance of conidiomata on host substrate. c Section through conidoma. d Peridium. e Pseudoparaphyses. f Conidia on the conidiogenous cells. g-j Conidia. k Sporulation l–m Culture on PDA from surface and reverse. Scale bars. a = 1000 µm, b = 500 µm, c = 100 µm, d = 30 µm, e = 5 µm, f, l, m = 20 µm, g,h,I,j,k = 10 µm Notes: Aplosporella artocarpi was introduced by Trakunyingcharoen et al. (2015). The species has morphologically similar to other Aplosporella species such as A. hesperidica, A. prunicola, and A. thailandica in having dark-brown, multilocular conidiomata with aseptate, hyaline to dark-brown conidia (Damm et al. 2007; Ekanayaka et al. 2016; Dissanayake et al. 2021a, b). In our phylogenetic analysis, Aplosporella artocarpi (MFLUCC 22-0010) is closely related to Aplosporella artocarpi (CPC 22,791) with ML = 70%, BYPP = 0.54. (Fig. 59). According to BLASTn result, the closest match for the LSU sequence was Aplosporella artocarpi (CPC 22791) with 99.83% similarity. The closest match for the ITS sequence was Aplosporella prunicola (CBS 121167) with 97.81% similarity. Furthermore, comparisons of ITS region between our taxon, Aplosporella artocarpi (MFLUCC 22-0010) and ex-type strain of A. artocarpi (CPC 22791) show one base pair difference (0.18%) across 531 nucleotides. Aplosporella species can be found on a wide range of hosts such as Anacardiaceae, Asteraceae, Caulerpaceae, Cupressaceae, Dictyotaceae, Fabaceae, Gingkoaceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Proteaceae, and Rosaceae (Du et al. 2017; Mapook et al. 2020; Sahoo et al. 2021; Yang et al. 2021). We collected Aplosporella artocarpi (MFLU 22-0108) from Thailand and reported here as a new host record associated with Chromolaena odorata. Botryosphaeriaceae Theiss. & Syd. [as 'Botryosphaeriacae'], Annls mycol. 16(1/2): 16 (1918) 13 84 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 59 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined LSU, ITS, and tef1 sequence data for the Aplosporella. The combined dataset consists of 19 taxa from Aplosporella and our taxon, Aplosporella artocarpi (MFLUCC 22–0010). Melanops tulasnei (CBS 116805 and CBS 116806) are used as outgroup. The topology of the maximum likelihood analysis is similar to Bayesian analysis. Bootstrap support value for ML ≥ 60% and BYPP ≥ 0.95 are given above the branches. The ex-type strains are bold. The newly generated sequence is indicated in bold and red Notes: Botryosphaeriaceae was introduced by Theissen and Sydow (1918) for three genera, Botryosphaeria, Phaeobotryon and Dibotryon. Initially, the family had been successively put into the orders Dothideales (Müller and von Arx 1950) and Pleosporales (Luttrell 1955), until Schoch et al. (2006) raised Botryosphaeriaceae to orderal status as Botryosphaeriales. Over decades of taxonomic revisions and updates based on morphology, the family has become increasingly complex. Kirk et al. (2008) estimated that there are 26 genera and 1517 species in the family, while Liu et al. 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 85 Fig. 60 Botryosphaeria dothidea (IFRD500–008, new geographic and habitat record) a, b Appearance of ascomata on host substrate. c Section of ascomata. d Peridium. e Pseudoparaphyses and asci. f–i Asci. j–l Ascospores. m–n Colony on PDA (m from front, n from reverse). Scale bars: a = 500 μm, b = 200 μm, c, e = 100 μm, d = 30 μm, f–i = 20 μm, j–l = 10 μm (2012) accepted 29 genera and approximately 1485 species. Phillips et al. (2013) consider morphological characters alone as inadequate to define genera or identify species, and they detailed described 17 genera and 110 species which has molecular data. Thereafter, Dissanayake et al. (2017) introduced six new genera and 85 new species/species combinations. So far, 22 genera are accepted in Botryosphaeriaceae (Phillips et al. 2019; Hongsanan et al. 2020a). Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(fasc. 4): 211 (1863) Notes: Botryosphaeria was introduced by Cesati and De Notaris (1863) based on the type species B. dothidea. However, as the type material was immature, B. dothidea was epitypified by Slippers et al. (2004) based on morphology and phylogenetic data which combined ITS, tef1 and tub2 genes. The sexual morphs are characterized by brown to black, globose ascostromata, comprising a botryose aggregate, or sometimes solitary, with a central 13 86 ostiole, papillate or not, bitunicate, clavate asci, with a short pedicellate and a small ocular chamber, intermixed with hyphae-like, wide, septate pseudoparaphyses, and hyaline, aseptate, fusoid to ovoid ascospores, with or without a mucilaginous sheath (Liu et al. 2012). The asexual morphs of Botryosphaeria were reported as Dichomera, Diplodia, and Fusicoccum (Crous and Palm 1999; Slippers et al. 2004; Crous et al. 2006). They are characterized by uni- to multilocular pycnidial, frequently embedded in stromatic tissue, holoblastic, hyaline, subcylindrical conidiogenous cells, with 1–2 percurrent proliferation, and hyaline, aseptate, narrowly fusiform, or irregularly fusiform conidia, rarely forming a septum before germination, smooth with granular contents (Slippers et al. 2004). So far, 286 species names are recorded in Index Fungorum (2022a, b), in which 30 species known from culture are accepted in the genus. Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(fasc. 4): 212 (1863). See Species fungorum for synonyms. Index Fungorum number: IF183247; Faces of fungi number:FoF03512; Fig. 60 Saprobic on submerged wood of freshwater. Sexual morph: Ascomata 300–500 μm diam., black, circular or subglobose to globose, scattered, gregarious, uni- to multiloculate, immersed to erumpent on host tissue, with visible black dots or papilla. Ostiole circular, central, papillate. Peridium composed of two-layered locules, outer layer composed of dark brown or brown thick-walled cells of textura angularis, inner layer composed of hyaline thin-walled cells of textura angularis lining the locule. Pseudoparaphyses 2–4 μm wide, hyphae-like, septate. Asci 96–144 × 18–25 μm ( x̄ = 116 × 23 μm, n = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, short pedicellatea, pically rounded with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 21–32 × 10–14 μm ( x̄ = 26.3 × 11.7 μm, n = 40), biseriate, hyaline, aseptate, fusoid to ovoid, sometimes with tapered ends, spindleshaped, thin-walled, smooth with granular contents. Asexual morph: Not observed. Cultural characteristics: Ascospore germinating on PDA within 24 h. Colonies on PDA fast-growing, reaching 7–8 cm diameter in 50 days at 20–25 °C, with dense, hairy, black mycelium on the surface, reverse black. Material examined: China, Yunnan Province, a small river of Puzhehei wetland, on dead submerged decaying wood of unidentified plants, 23 June 2019, Hao Yang, p27 (IFRD500–008), living culture KUMCC 20–0186. Known hosts and distribution: broad range of hosts and wide geohraphical distribution (Farr and Rossman 2022) GenBank numbers: MT559116 (LSU), MT559099 (ITS) Notes: Botryosphaeria dothidea is the type species of the genus, and was reported extensively from all around 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 the world (Fries 1823; Arx and Müller 1954). It was epitypified by Slippers et al. (2004) based on morphology and phylogeny. This taxon was collected from southwest China and its ITS sequence data of our isolate are 100% identical to the verified sequences of B. dothidea (MH992666 and MH973592). Based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 61), we identify the strain as B. dothidea. It is a new geographic record from China and a new habitat record from freshwater. Class Laboulbeniomycetes Engler Laboulbeniales Lindau Notes: This order includes more than 2000 species described as obligate ectosymbionts on Arthropods. Wijayawardena et al. (2022) accepted three families viz. Ceratomycetaceae, Euceratomycetaceae and Laboulbeniaceae in this order. Laboulbeniaceae G. Winter [as 'Laboulbenieae'], Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 918 (1886) Notes: Goldman and Weir (2018) based on SSU rDNA sequence data identified this family to be consist of essentially terrestrial and sexually reproducing taxa with simple or compound endogenous antheridia. Santamaria and Pedersen (2021) accepted 147 genera in this family. Rhachomyces Thaxt., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 30: 468 (1895) [1894] Notes: Rhachomyces is quite numerous: with six species described very recently, the number of accepted species in the genus is now 91 (Rossi and Christian 2020; Rossi and Leonardi 2020; Santamaria et al. 2020; Buyck et al. 2021). This genus is characterized by a series of superposed, usually short cells forming an axis that remembers a spinal column (hence the name, from Greek rachis = spine); these cells produce laterally both sterile appendages of various lengths and antheridial appendages, the latter ending with a single antheridium consisting of a simple phialide. In mature thalli the perithecia are usually found in an apical position and more frequently are single, but can be two or even more in a few species. The cells forming the outer wall of perithecia are arranged in four rows, each consisting of four unequal cells. Most of the species of Rhachomyces occur on ground beetles (Carabidae), but a few are associated with rove beetles (Staphylinidae) and two were found on small carrion beetles (Leiodidae Cholevinae). A single sequence is available for species in this genus (Goldmann and Weir 2018). Rhachomyces cruralis W. Rossi & M. Leonardi, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF559505; Facesoffungi number: FoF13385; Fig. 62 Etymology: From Latin crus = leg, because the thalli of the new species are found only on the legs of the host insect. Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 87 Fig. 61 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS, and tef1 sequence data for the Botryosphaeria. The combined dataset consists of 23 taxa from Botryosphaeria with our strain. The tree is rooted with Macrophomina phaseolina (CBS 227.33). The topology of the maximum likelihood analysis is similar to Bayesian analysis. Bootstrap support value for ML ≥ 60% and BYPP ≥ 0.90 are given above the branches. The ex-type strains are in bold. The newly generated sequence is in red Holotype: FI WR1997 Axis of the receptacle is straight or slightly curved, consisting of 10–15 brownish cells gradually increasing in size and bearing a dark brown band in the lower portion. Appendages almost straight, more numerous in the upper portion of the thallus, usually consisting of 5–6 dark brown cells separated by back septa and slight constriction, the distal one being distinctly longer and gradually paler, with the lower portion slightly inflated and the tip hyaline or almost so. Antheridial appendages very few, consisting of a short and brownish lower cell followed by a straight hyaline antheridium. Perithecium reddish-brown, subsessile, symmetrically 13 88 Fig. 62 Rhachomyces cruralis (FI WR1997, holotype). Scale bar = 50 µm Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 64 Rhachomyces magrinii (FI WR4049, holotype). Scale bar = 100 µm of Pachydesus rufipes (Boheman) (Carabidae, Trechini) (FI WR1997, holotype). Same data as the type, M. Zapparoli legit (FI WR1987 and WR 2000, paratypes); same data as the type, A. Vigna Taglianti legit, FI WR1998 and WR1999, paratypes). Notes: The species is more similar to Rhachomyces cruralis and R. moreti W. Rossi et Proaño, parasitic on Trechisibus calathiformis Deuve from Ecuador. The latter fungus, however, has an oblong perithecium, the axis of the receptacle consists of 16–18 cells, and the appendages are paler and slenderer (Rossi and Proaño Castro 2009). Fig. 63 Rhachomyces hyperommae (FI WR2331, holotype). Scale bar = 50 µm elliptical, about twice as long as it is broad, regularly tapering to the darker, subconical tip and almost hyaline, rounded apex. Length from foot to perithecial apex 270–350 µm. Perithecium, including basal cells 125–175 × 60–80 µm. Longest appendages 100 µm. Material examined: South Africa, E Transvaal, Mt. Sheba Nat. Res., 14–15.II.1995, S. Zoia, on posterior legs 13 Rhachomyces hyperommae W. Rossi & M. Leonardi, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF559509; Facesoffungi number: FoF13386; Fig. 63 Etymology: Named after the host insect genus. Holotype: CAMB WR2331a Axis of the receptacle composed of 12–17 cells very different in size, shape, and color: the basal and the suprabasal are blackened, narrow, and elongate; the following 2 or 3 are relatively small, dark and isodiametric; the others gradually broader and paler from below upwards. Appendages short, stiff, one-sided, projected obliquely upwards, consisting of 4 cells, of which the lower 3 are dark brown while the upper has a paler and curved tip. Antheridial appendages similar to the sterile ones but shorter and paler, each bearing distally a brown, elongate antheridium tapering in a curved and truncate paler tip. Perithecium broadly fusiform, with the posterior side more convex, nearly hyaline or tinged with Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 89 pale yellow, brownish yellow near the base in older specimens, the hyaline and conical tip ending in a blunt apex. Length from foot to perithecial apex 280–380 µm. Perithecium, including basal cells 110–145 × 35–42 µm. Antheridia 20–25 µm. Longest appendage 90 µm. Material examined: Autralia, NSW Border Ranges N. P., Tweed Range Rd., 4.6 km SW of Bridle Ck. Rd., alt. 580 m, 4.II–9.IV.1993, M. Gray & G. Cassis, on a femur and the abdomen of Hyperomma sp. (Staphylinidae, Paederinae, Paederini, Cryptobiina), CAMB WR2331a, holotype; FI WR2331b isotype). Notes: The new species seems to be allied to Rhachomyces arbusculus Thaxt., described on an unidentified rovebeetle from Liberia, West Africa (Thaxter 1896). The two parasites have similar appendages and are also somewhat similar in the general habitat. However, R. abusculus is distinctly more slender and more elongate, with the cells forming the receptacle more numerous (20–25) and not strongly different from each other, and with a much narrower perithecium suffused with brown at the apex. Rhachomyces magrinii W. Rossi & M. Leonardi, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF559510; Facesoffungi number: FoF13387; Fig. 64 Etymology: Named after the entomologist Paolo Magrini, who supplied us with the material utilized for the description of the new species. Holotype: FI WR4048 Axis of the receptacle from almost straight to distinctly curved or slightly sigmoid, consisting of (14)18–29 cells; basal and suprabasal cells slender, elongate and dark brown colored, the others gradually larger and paler. Appendages occurring in the lower part of the thallus are slender, consisting of 5–6 brownish, elongate cells; these appendages are visible only on young thalli, but are broken off in very early stages of development. The upper and more lasting appendages are thicker, generally consisting of 5 relatively short, subequal cells, the series ending with a 6th cell distinctly longer and much paler, with an almost hyaline tip. Antheridial appendages consist of a single, pale brown cell bearing apically a hyaline antheridium with a tapering and distinctly curved efferent neck. Perithecium subsessile, pale grayish brown, more or less bent as to the axis of the receptacle, symmetrical or slightly asymmetrical, about three times longer than broad, slightly more inflated below, the truncate-conical and paler tip ending in a broad and blunt apex. Length from foot to perithecial apex 525–950 µm. Perithecium 135–180(200) × 45–60(70) µm. Antheridial appendages 40–45 µm. Longest sterile appendages 150 µm. Material examined: Mexico, Querétaro, Pinal de Amoles, Ojo de Agua, 9.III.2011, G. Trezzi, on Mexaphaenops elegans Barr (Carabidae, Trechini) (FI WR4048, holotype; FI WR4049, WR4488, paratype). Fig. 65 Rhachomyces platyprosophi (FI WR3973a, holotype). Scale bar = 100 µm Notes: The only previously described species in Rhachomyces on a cave-dwelling Trechini from Central America is R. quetzalcoatl Balazuc, occurring on Paratrechus spp. from Mexico and Guatemala. The two species of fungi share the absence of dark pigmentation on the perithecial tip and the structure of the upper appendages, but differ greatly in other characteristics, as the much shorter receptacle of R. quetzalcoatl, consisting of dozens of cells, and its more inflated perithecium (Rossi and Cesari-Rossi 1977, Fig. 63). Rhachomyces platyprosophi W. Rossi & M. Leonardi, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF559511; Facesoffungi number: FoF13388; Fig. 65 Etymology: Named after the host insect genus. Holotype: FI WR3973. Axis of the receptacle from almost straight to variably curved or sigmoid, consisting of 15–22 brownish cells gradually enlarging upwards and separated by oblique septa. Appendages spreading, nearly opaque except for the gradually paler and curved tip, longer and more numerous in the upper portion of the receptacle, reaching and sometimes exceeding the perithecial apex. Antheridial appendages relatively numerous, chestnut brown colored, consisting of a slender and elongate cell followed by a very slender 13 90 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 antheridium with a paler and sigmoid tip. Perithecium long and slender, subsessile, oblong, light brown colored, the tip gradually tapering, hardly distinguished except for the darker color, the apex hyaline and subtruncate. Length from foot to perithecial apex 500–830 µm. Perithecium 190–290 × 50 µm. Antheridial appendages 50–65 µm. Longest sterile appendage 520 µm. Material examined: Indonesia, Sumatra, Palembang, s. d., s. c. (from the collection of A. Fauvel in the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles, Bruxelles), on abdomen and legs of Platyprosopus indicus Motschulski (Staphylinidae, Staphylininae, Platyprosopini) (FI WR3973a, holotype; FI WR3973b and WR3973c isotypes). Notes: Due to the large dimensions and the oblong perithecium, the new species can be compared with Rhachomyces carbonii W. Rossi & M. Leonardi, recently described on a rove beetle from Sierra Leone, which however bears a slender and much darker receptacle, shorter and slender appendages and has perithecium with spirally twisted wall cells with an abruptly distinguished tip (Rossi and Leonardi 2018). Sexual morph: Thallus crustose, covering areas up to 20 cm diam., marginal 3 mm continuous, remaining parts rather regularly cracked with areoles flat, c. 0.5 mm diam., not corticate, dull, almost pure white, very regularly c. 0.3 mm thick, not surrounded by a prothallus, but margin thinner though at least 0.1 mm thick. Isidia and soredia absent. Ascomata numerous, singly or aggregated, partly in concentrical zones (especially the outer rim of apothecia at 3 mm from the margin), immersed, flush with the thallus, rather uniformly 0.3–0.5 mm diam., sparse, solitary, disc flat, grey, margin barely raised, c. 0.05 mm thick, white, both disc and margin densely white pruinose. Excipulum uniformly dark brown in section. Epihymenium a layer of c. 15 µm high of brown paraphysal tips overlain with an c. 25 µm high epipsamma composed of many grey crystals that do not dissolve in K (calcium oxalate). Hymenium 70–90 µm high, hyaline, not inspersed, amyloid, paraphyses 1–1.5 µm wide, with dark brown upper. Hypothecium dark brown, in the central part up to 75 µm high, towards the margin tapering to c. 25 µm high. Ascospores 8/ascus, brown, 1-septate, ellipsoid, 12–14 × 6–7 µm. Asexual morph: not observed. Class Lecanoromycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka Subclass Lecanoromycetidae P.M. Kirk et al. Caliciales Bessey. Notes: Caliciales is an order of lichenized fungi, including mostly crustose, but also foliose forms (Lücking et al. 2016) Chemistry: Thallus and apothecia UV + patchily salmonorange, especially in the submarginal zone, C–, P–, K–. TLC: nil. Ecology and distribution: On exposed limestone in Atlantic rain forest biome; only known from Brazil. Material examined: Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul: Serra da Bodoquena, Bodoquena, Dente de Cão, summit, alt. 450 m, 20° 47ʹ 05″ S, 56° 45ʹ 03″ W, on exposed limestone in Atlantic rain forest biome, 7 November 2018, Aptroot 77815 (holotype, CGMC). GenBank number: MW322683 (ITS). Notes: This species is not keyed out in Malme (1912). It shows similarities with species of the Buellia subalbula (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. aggregate (Bungartz et al. 2011) and seems most similar to Buellia amabilis de Lesd. (see Bungartz and Nash 2004), which differs by the ornamented ascospores and the apothecia that become more convex, and the absence of UV luminescence. Phylogenetically, it clusters deep inside Buellia De Not. in the current sense (Fig. 66). Sequences of other species of the B. subalbula aggregate are not available. As part of a continuous effort to explore lichenologically relatively unidentified regions in Brazil, we investigated the microlichens on an isolated limestone outcrop in a tropical south-western inland region, viz. the Dente de Cão in the Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, close to the borders with Paraguay and Bolivia. This range of hills is the only larger forested area still in existence in this state. Many microlichens were recently reported from the area (Aptroot and Spielmann 2020). This area is close to the venue of IAL9, the nearby town of Bonito. Caliciaceae Chevall. [as 'Calicineae'], Fl. gén. env. Paris (Paris) 1: 314 (1826) Notes: Caliciaceae is a family of lichenized fungi, including mostly crustose, but also foliose forms (Lücking et al. 2016) Buellia De Not., G. bot. ital. 2(1.1): 195 (1846) Notes: Buellia is a large, heterogeneous and probably a polyphyletic genus. Some species groups are relatively welldefined and may warrant formal recognition. This includes the Buellia subalbula (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. aggregate (Bungartz et al. 2011). Below we describe a new species that belongs to this group. Buellia pruinocalcarea Aptroot, M.F. Souza & Spielmann, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF900068; Facesoffungi number: FOF13389; Fig. 66 Saxicolous Buellia on limestone with thallus thick, white, apothecia flush with the thallus, densely white pruinose, and ascospores 12–14 × 6–7 µm. Holotype: Aptroot 77815. Etymology: Named after the white pruina and the calcareous habitat. 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 91 Fig. 66 Buellia pruinocalcarea (Aptroot 77815 holotype) a. habitat. b. Upper and lower left in daylight. c. lower right in 365 nm UV light. Scale bars: a-c = 20 mm The natural vegetation of the Serra da Bodoquena is the Atlantic rain forest, a biome that stretches all along the coast from north-eastern to south-eastern Brazil. In fact, it is the most western patch of Atlantic rainforest in existence, and as such unique. Exposed limestone outcrops occur in various places in the tropics, but their extent is often limited and they tend to be soon grown over by vegetation. The Dente de Cão is formed of white Precambrian (neoproterozoic, see Boggiani 1997) limestone known as the Bocaiana formation, and reaches 450 m alt. It weathers into karst and the name of the rock outcrop is after the sharp tooth-like rock points. Somewhat to our surprise, the exposed limestone outcrop, although only scarcely colonized by fanerogams, was not completely covered by lichens. Cyanobacteria were more abundant. The most common lichens were the species of Collemataceae and Lichinaceae (Fig. 67). Lecanorales Nannf. Notes: Lecanorales is the largest order of lichenized fungi, one of the largest containing crustose lichens and the largest containing foliose lichens (Lücking et al. 2016). Lecanoraceae Körb. [as 'Lecanoreae'], Syst. lich. germ. (Breslau): 104 (1855). Notes: Lecanoraceae is a family of lichenized fungi, one of the largest containing crustose lichens (Lücking et al. 2016). Lecanora Ach., in Luyken, Tent. Hist. Lich.: 90 (1809). 13 92 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 67 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on ITS. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 80% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95 are given near nodes respectively. The tree is rooted in Diplotomma rivas-martinezii (13365 BA). Ex-type strains are in bold. The newly generated sequences are indicated in bold blue Fig. 68 Lecanora immersocalcarea (Aptroot 77822, holotype). Habitat. Scale bar = 23 mm Notes: Lecanora is a large, heterogeneous and possibly paraphyletic genus. Some species of this group are welldefined. Below we describe a new species in the somewhat aberrant Lecanora marginata (Schaer.) Hertel & Rambold group (Rambold 1989). Lecanora immersocalcarea Aptroot, M.F. Souza & Spielmann, sp. nov. 13 I n d ex Fu n g o r u m n u m b e r: I F 9 0 0 0 6 9 ; Facesoffungi:FOF13390; Fig. 68 Saxicolous Lecanora on limestone with thallus 0.5–0.8(2.0) mm thick, very pale ochraceous white, apothecia immersed in the thallus, black, immature. Etymology: Named for the immersed apothecia and the calcareous habitat. Holotype: Aptroot 77822. Thallus crustose, superficial, covering areas up to 10 cm diam., dull, cretaceous, very pale ochraceous white, regularly cracked with the areoles angular, slightly convex and c. 0.5–0.9 mm diam., c. 0.5–0.8 mm thick but in some places with lobate superficial outgrowths of up to 2 mm thick, not surrounded by a prothallus, but margin thick and raised, sharply delimited, not lobed or fissured. Isidia and soredia absent. Ascomata immature apothecia, several per areole, flush with the thallus, rounded, 0.2–0.4 mm diam.; disc black, margin thin, black. Epihymenium grey, without crystals. Excipulum without crystals. Hypothecium hyaline. Mature ascospores not observed. Pycnidia not observed. Chemistry: Thallus UV–, C–, P + yellow, K + yellow. TLC: atranorin. Distribution: On exposed limestone outcrop in Atlantic rain forest biome; only known from Brazil. Material examined: Brazil. Mato Grosso do Sul: Serra da Bodoquena, Bodoquena, Dente de Cão, summit, alt. 450 m, 20° 47ʹ 05″ S, 56° 45ʹ 03″ W, on exposed limestone in an Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 93 Fig. 69 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on ITS. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 80% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95 are given near nodes respectively. The tree is rooted in Tephromela atra (L1489). Ex-type strains are in bold. The newly generated sequences are indicated in bold blue Atlantic rain forest biome, 7 November 2018, Aptroot 77822 (holotype, CGMC). GenBank number: MW322682 (ITS) Notes: This species is locally abundant. Fully fertile material was not found, but the type specimen was sequenced and clustered inside Lecanora Ach. in the current sense. Morphologically it would belong to the Lecanora marginata (Schaer.) Hertel & Rambold group, in which indeed calciferous species or at least specimens are known. Only one described species seems close, however, viz. Lecanora oreinodes (Körb.) Hertel & Rambold (Rambold 1989), which differs by the flatter, flush areoles and the somewhat fractured/lobate thallus margin, and which is not known to occur on pure limestone. Phylogenetically, it clusters deep inside Lecanora, where it clusters with several species with usnic acid instead of atranorin, but with low support (Fig. 69). Sequences of other species of the L. marginata group are not available. This species is described from the same locality as Buellia pruinocalcarea (for details see under Buellia pruinocalcarea). Teloschistales D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss. Notes: Teloschistales is a large order of lichenized fungi, one of the largest containing crustose lichens (Arup et al. 2013). Teloschistaceae Zahlbr. [as 'Theloschistaceae'], in Engler, Syllabus, Edn 2 (Berlin): 45 (1898). Fig. 70 Wetmoreana blastidiocalcarea (Aptroot 77,806, holotype). Habitat. Scale bar = 17 mm Notes: Teloschistaceae is a family of lichenized fungi, one of the largest containing crustose lichens. Most species are generally still treated under the genus Caloplaca Th. Fr. (Schumm and Aptroot 2019). Wetmoreana Arup, Søchting & Frödén, in Arup, Søchting & Frödén, Nordic Jl Bot. 31(1): 66 (2013) Notes: Wetmoreana is a recently split genus in Teloschistaceae (Arup et al. 2013). At the moment, three to five species are recognized in this genus, depending on whether or not Fulgogassparrea S.Y. Kondr., N.-H. Jeong, Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell & Hur (Kondratyuk et al. 2013) is recognized as a separate genus. 13 94 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 71 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on ITS. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 80% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95 are given near nodes respectively. The tree is rooted in Xanthoria parietina (pop4_26). Ex-type strains are in bold. The newly generated sequences are indicated in bold blue Wetmoreana blastidiocalcarea Aptroot, M.F. Souza & Spielmann sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF900070; Facesoffungi number: FOF13391; Fig. 70 Saxicolous Wetmoreana on limestone with thallus thick, yellow-orange, radially lobate, central part of the thallus areolate, covered by c. 0.05 mm diam, semiglobose corticate bulbs of thallus color that might serve as blastidia. Etymology: Named after the calcareous and the blastidious habitat. Holotype: Aptroot 77806. Thallus placodioid, up to 2 cm diam., corticate, dull, yellow-orange, white pruinose on the marginal lobes, up to 0.3 mm thick. The central part of the thallus areolate, covered by c. 0.05 mm diam, semiglobose corticate bulbs of thallus colour that might serve as (and would in former species of Fulgensia usually being called) blastidia, sometimes partly dissected into secondary lobes resembling the marginal lobes. Marginal lobes much radially divided into less than 0.1 mm wide lobuli, gradually thinning towards the margin. Isidia and soredia absent. Ascomata and pycnidia not observed. Chemistry: Thallus and apothecia UV + red, C−, P−, K+ crimson. TLC: anthraquinones. Distribution: On exposed limestone in Atlantic rain forest biome; only known from Brazil. 13 Material examined: Brazil. Mato Grosso do Sul: Serra da Bodoquena, Bodoquena, Dente de Cão, summit, alt. 450 m, 20° 47ʹ 05″ S, 56° 45ʹ 03″ W, on exposed limestone in Atlantic rain forest biome, 7 November 2018, Aptroot 77806 (holotype; CGMC). GenBank number: MW322681 (ITS). Notes: Morphologically, this species shows similarities with several genera in the Teloschistaceae. The corticated granules in the central part of the thallus resemble the blastidia known from several species of Fulgensia A. Massal. & De Not. In this sense, it was used for most of the past century. Sequencing of the type showed that this species belongs to Wetmoreana. None of the species in this genus are blastidiate. Phylogenetically, it clusters deep inside Wetmoreana (Fig. 71). Note that Caloplaca brouardii de Lesd. is phylogenetically also a Wetmoreana (Wilk et al. in prep). This species is described from the same locality as Buellia pruinocalcarea (for details see under that species). Class Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka Phacidiales C.E. Bessey Phacidiales was placed in Leotiomycetes by Bessey (1907). Quijada et al. (2018) included three families in Phacidiale (viz. Helicogoniaceae, Phacidiaceae, Tympanidaceae) and one informal taxonomic lineage with 29 genera. Wijayawardene et al. (2022) accepted two families viz. Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 95 introduce a new species of Phacidium from decaying wood in terrestrial habitats in China. Fig. 72 Phacidium chinense (KUN-HKAS 112899, holotype). a Herbarium. b Conidiomata on the host. c Vertical sections of conidioma. d Sections of peridium. e Conidiogenous cells and developing conidia. f–k Conidia. l Germinating conidium. m, n Culture on PDA. Scale bars: c = 100 µm, d = 50 µm, e, k = 10 µm, f–j = 5 µm, l = 20 µm Helicogoniaceae and Phacidiaceae in this order and accepted Tympanidaceae in Leotiales. Phacidiaceae Fr. [as 'Phacidiacei'], Summa veg. Scand., Sectio Post. (Stockholm): 367 (1849). Phacidiaceae was introduced by Fries (1849) and typified by Phacidium (Crous et al. 2014). Six genera (Allantophomopsiella, Allantophomopsis, Bulgaria, Darkera, Phacidium and Potebniamyces) were included in Phacidiaceae based on DNA sequence data (Crous et al. 2014; Li et al. 2020). Wijayawardene et al. (2022) accepted nine genera in this family. Phacidium Fr., Observ. mycol. (Havniae) 1: 167 (1815). The generic name Phacidium was introduced by Fries (1815) with Phacidium lacerum as the type species. Phacidium species are widely distributed throughout the globe and has been reported as pathogens on dead leaf tips and as saprobic on dead leaves of several host families (Crous et al. 2014; Li et al. 2020). Both asexual morph and sexual morph of this genus are known (Li et al. 2020). There are 43 taxa are listed in Species Fungorum (2022a, b) (http://www.speci esfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp). However, it is a poorly studied genus due to the lack of molecular data. Here we Phacidium chinense G.C. Ren & K.D. Hyde sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF559693; Facesoffungi number: FoF10836, Fig. 72 Etymology: The species epithet reflects the country where the species was collected. Holotype: KUN-HKAS 112899 Saprobic on dead wood of Rosa sp. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 170–200 μm high, 150–240 μm diam. ( x̄ = 180 × 200 μm, n = 5), black, pseudostromatic, solitary or gregarious, semi-immersed to superficial, multi-locular, with 3–10 locules embedded in the pseudostroma. Ostioles 60–85 × 45–70 ( x̄ = 73.5 × 58.5, n = 5) μm, centrally located, circular. Conidiomata wall 15–35 µm thick, 3–5 layered, comprising brown cells of textura angularis, thick-walled at basal, thin-walled at side. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 3.5–5.5 × 1.2–2.0 µm ( x̄ = 4.8 × 1.5, n = 10), hyaline, enteroblastic, phialidic, discrete, cylindrical, smoothwalled, arising from stratum. Conidia 4.5–6 × 2.0–2.4 µm ( x̄ = 5.2 × 2.1 µm, n = 30), hyaline, oblong, unicellular, thickand smooth-walled. Culture Characters: Colonies on PDA, reaching 80–90 mm diam., after four weeks at 20–25 °C, medium dense, circular, rough, fluffy, cotton, gray, with white papillate on the surface, reverse dark-gray. Material examined: China, Yunnan Province, Diqing Autonomous Prefecture, Xianggelila (27.28′ 8° N, 99.50′ 45° E), 2958 m, on dead wood of Rosa sp. (Rosaceae), 30 August 2020, Guang-Cong Ren, W06 (KUN-HKAS 112899, holotype), ex-type living culture KUMCC 20-0168. GenBank numbers: ON490924 (LSU), ON490925(ITS), ON506923(tef1), ON506922 (rpb2) Notes: Phacidium chinense is introduced as a new species based on its distinct morphology, which is supported by phylogenetic analyses. In the phylogenetic analyses, P. chinense is distinct from extant species in Phacidium and formed a sister clade to Phacidium calderae, however, there is no bootstrap support (Fig. 73). Phacidium chinense is different to P. calderae in having oblong conidia and phialidic, cylindrical conidiogenous cells, while P. calderae in having subcylindrical conidia with apical mucoid appendage and proliferating with periclinal thickening conidiogenous cells (Crous et al. 2014). Class Sordariomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka Subclass Diaporthomycetidae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde Diaporthales Nannf Diaporthales containing numerous important endophytic, saprobic and phytopathogenic ascomycetous families. Even 13 96 Fig. 73 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined LSU, ITS, tef1, and rpb2 sequence data. Fortyeight strains are included in the combined analyses which comprised 3378 characters (8200 characters for LSU, 546 characters for ITS, 879 characters for tef1, 1133 characters for rpb2) after alignment. The tree topology of the maximum likelihood analysis is similar to 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 the Bayesian analysis. The evolutionary model SYM + G applied to ITS sequence data, while SYM + I + G applied to LSU, GTR + G tef1 and rpb2 gene regions. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 80% and BYPP ≥ 0.95 are given near nodes respectively. The tree is rooted in Phlyctema vincetoxici (CBS 123,726). Ex-type strains are in bold. The newly generated sequences are indicated in bold red Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 97 Fig. 74 Diaporthe foeniculina (JZB320201, new host record) a. Appearance of conidiomata on the host. b. Section through the conidiomata. c. Mature conidia attached to the conidiophore and the conidioma cell wall. d. Alpha and beta conidia. e. Mature conidia. Scale bars: b, c = 20 µm, d, e = 5 µm though, families, and genera in this order showed high distinct morphological diversity, taxonomic placements are still problematic (Senanayake et al. 2017). Diaporthales introduced by Nannfeldt (1932), to accommodate Höhnel’s Eu-Diaportheen and Valseen taxa (Senanayake et al. 2018) and currently 30 families are in this order named: Apiosporopsidaceae, Apoharknessiaceae, Asterosporiaceae, Auratiopycnidiellaceae, Coryneaceae, Cryphonectriaceae, Cytosporaceae, Diaporthaceae, Diaporthosporellaceae, Diaporthostomataceae, Dwiroopaceae, Erythrogloeaceae, Gnomoniaceae, Harknessiaceae, Juglanconidaceae, Lamproconiaceae, Macrohilaceae, Melanconidaceae, Melanconiellaceae, Neomelanconiellaceae, Phaeoappendicosporaceae, Phaeochorellaceae, Prosopidicolaceae, Pseudomelanconidaceae, Pseudoplagiostomataceae, Schizoparmaceae, Stilbosporaceae, Sydowiellaceae, Synnemasporellaceae and Tubakiaceae (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c; Wijayawardena et al. 2022). Diaporthaceae Höhn. ex Wehm., Am. J. Bot. 13: 638 (1926) Diaporthaceae was introduced and placed in Diaporthales by von Höhnel (1917). The members of Diaporthaceae are known to be endophytic, pathogenic and saprobic. Species in Diaporthaceae mostly inhabit in terrestrial hosts and rarely on aquatic hosts (Udayanga et al. 2011; Dissanayake et al. 2017; Senanayake et al. 2017). There are 15 genera accepted in Diaporthaceae, viz. Apioporthella, Apiosphaeria, Chaetoconis, Chiangraiomyces, Diaporthe, Hyaliappendispora, Leucodiaporthe, Massariothea, Mazzantia, Ophiodiaporthe, Paradiaporthe, Phaeocytostroma, Phaeodiaporthe, Pustulomyces, and Stenocarpella (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c). Diaporthe Nitschke, Fungi rhenani exsic., suppl., fasc. 5: no. 1988 (1867) Diaporthe is the type genus of Diaporthaceae, and it was established by Nitschke (1867). Diaporthe species have been recorded as endophytes or saprobes on a wide range of host plants in different geographical areas (Udayanga et al. 2011; Dissanayake et al. 2017; Abeywickrama et al. 2020). Many economically significant crops are infected by pathogenic Diaporthe species leading to severe crop losses (Manawasinghe et al. 2019; Abeywickrama et al. 2020), with blights, fruit and root rots, cankers, diebacks, wilts and leaf spots (Manawasinghe et al. 2019; Abeywickrama et al. 2020). The genus contains 1152 epithets in Index Fungorum (assessed in 29.08.2022; Index Fungorum 2022a, b). Diaporthe foeniculina (Sacc.) Udayanga & Castl., in Udayanga et al., Persoonia 32: 95 (2014). Index Fungorum number: IF803929; Facesoffungi number: FoF02183; Fig. 74 Saprobic on dead aerial branch of Ficus carica. Sexual morph: See Udayanga et al. (2014). Asexual morph: coelomycetous. Conidiomata observed as small black dots on the host, semi-immersed to immersed, pycnidial, pyriform, scattered, ostiolate, 150–300 µm diam. Conidiomata wall consisting of 3–4 layers of pale brown, thickwalled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores hyaline, smooth, unbranched. Alpha conidia hyaline, smooth-walled, 13 98 Fig. 75 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on ITS, cal, his, tef1 and tub2 sequenced data of given Diaporthe species. Related sequences were obtained from GenBank, and 223 strains are included in the sequence analyses, with 2674 columns, 1972 distinct patterns 1439 parsimony-informative, 340 singleton sites, 894 constant sites. Diaporthella corylina (CBS121124) is used as the outgroup taxon. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 65%, BYPP ≥ 0.90 are given near the nodes. Type strains are in bold. Newly generated strains are in red bold 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 99 Fig. 75 (continued) bi- to multi-guttulate, ovate to ellipsoidal, base sub-truncate, 5–7.5 × 1.5–3 µm (n = 20). Beta conidia aseptate, hyaline, smooth, apex and base bluntly rounded, slightly curved, 15–25 × 0.5–2 µm (n = 10). Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA entirely white both on surface and reverse. Aerial mycelium cottony, colonies reaching 60 mm diam. after 7 days in room temperature. Material examined: Italy, Province of Forlì-Cesena [FC], near Pianetto—Galeata, on dead and aerial branch of Ficus carica L. (Moraceae), 21 December 2018, E. Camporesi, IT 4192 (JZBH 320201), living culture JZB 320201. Hosts: Wide host range, including Achillea, Ailanthus, Amorpha, Angelica, Arctium, Asparagus, Camellia, Castanea, Chenopodium, Citrus, Cupressus, Diospyros, Eucalyptus, Ficus carica Hemerocallis, Lunaria, Melilotus, Microcitrus, Persea, Platanus, Prunus, Rosa, Rubus, Vicia and Wisteria (Farr and Rossman 2022; this study). Distribution: Wide geographical range, including in Chile, Greece, Iran, Italy, Malta, New Zealand, Portugal, Serbia, South Africa, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, Uruguay, US (Farr and Rossman 2022; this study). GenBank numbers: OP002068 (ITS), OP837431(his), OP837429 (tub2) Notes: Diaporthe foeniculina (JZB 320201) was recovered from a dead aerial branch of Ficus carica in Italy. Our strain shared similar morphology with the type strain of D. 13 100 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 difference in HIS gene (94.23% similarity). We were unable to obtain cal and tef1 sequence data for our strain, and we could not compare the base pair difference for them. Thus, based on the multi-gene phylogeny and morphology; this study presents the first report of D. foeniculina from a Ficus carica from Italy. Fig. 76 Micromorphological features of D. longicolla (CPDl21, new host record) a. Cowpea stem affected by Diaporthe longicolla. b. Stereo view of infected region showing pycnidial structures. c–d. Stereo view showing cirri of spores erupted from pycnidia. e. SEM image of pycnidium. f. Conidia of D. longicolla observed in SEM. Scale bars: b = 10 mm; c– d = 2 mm; e – f = 10 µm foeniculina (CBS 111553) which was introduced by Udayanga et al. (2014), with minor dimensional differences. Conidiomata of our strain (JZB 320201) are comparatively smaller than those of D. foeniculina (CBS 111553) (150–300 μm diam. vs 400– 700 µm diam.). Further we have observed smaller alpha conidia in our strain than CBS 111553 (5–7.5 × 1.5–3 µm vs 8.8 ± 0.3 × 2.4 ± 0.1 μm) (Udayanga et al. 2014). These morphological differences probably due to environmental factors and host variations. Phylogenetic analyses using combined ITS, cal, his, tef1, tub2 sequence data confirmed that our strain is D. foeniculina and it is clade with the strain MFLUCC 20-0151 with high statistical support (92/1.00) (Fig. 75). Comparisons of base pair differences for ITS, tub2 and his genes between our strain (JZB 320201) and the ex-epitype strain of D. foeniculina (CBS 111553) reveal less than 1% base pair differences in ITS and tub2 gene regions (ITS = 0.57%, tub2 = 0.97%). However, we observe 5.77% base pair 13 Diaporthe longicolla (Hobbs) J.M. Santos, Vrandečić & A.J.L. Phillips, in Santos, Vrandečić, Čosić, Duvnjak & Phillips, Persoonia 27: 13 (2011) Index Fungorum number: IF164797; Faceoffungi number: FOF11682; Figs. 76, 77 Pathogenic and associated with stem of Vigna unguiculata. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 80–130 µm high, 230–320 µm diam. x̄ = 118 × 290 μm, n = 20, pycnidial, pyriform, initially immersed, erumpent at maturity, globose to pyriform, black, elongated neck, often with light yellowish white conidial cirrus extruding from ostiole. Pycnidial wall parenchymatous consisting of 4–7 layers of pale brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis, Pycnidia globose locules and prominent beaks, which immersed in medium, black, solitary, discoid or irregular. Conidiophores 4–7 × 4.1–7.3 μm ( x̄ = 4.4 × 6.3 μm, n = 30), ampulliform, straight to sinuous, unbranched, hyaline, smooth. Conidiogenous cells 7.8–13.8 × 1.4–2.7 μm ( x̄ = 10.9 × 2.1 μm, n = 30), phialidic, terminal, cylindrical, slightly tapering towards the apex. Alpha-conidia 5.1–7.5 × 1.2–3.4 μm ( x̄ = 6.1 × 2.6 μm, n = 20), aseptate, hyaline, smooth, ovate to ellipsoidal, guttulate. Beta-conidia 5.8–7.5 × 2.5–3.5 μm ( x̄ = 6.4 × 2.8 μm, n = 10), hyaline, filiform, hamate. Cultural characteristics: On potato dextrose agar, the fungus initially produced white fluffy aerial hyphae, forming relatively dense concentric pattern colony, which subsequently exhibited light yellow pigmentation. Material examined: India, Karnataka, Mysuru Doddamaragowdanahally, on infected stem of cowpea plants as pathogen. July, 2020, S. Mahadevakumar, Y.S. Deepika (UOM-IOE 20/25), living cultures CPDl21, CPDl22, MKSVu012. Hosts: Wide host range, including Abutilon, Acer, Actinidia, Ambrosia, Arachis, Chamaesyce, Cucumis, Euphorbia, Glycine, Helianthus, Ipomoea, Kalanchoe, Phaseolus, Pisum, Pyrus, Rumex, Solanum, Trichilia, Vigna and Xanthium (Farr and Rossman 2022; this study). Distribution: Wide geographical range, including in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, Croatia, Greece, India, Italy, Malaysia, Missouri, South Korea, US (Farr and Rossman 2022; this study). GenBank Numbers: CPDl21—MW737797 (ITS), OM934823 (tub2), OM934820 (tef1) CPDl22–MW737798 (ITS), OM934824 (tub2), OM934821(tef1) Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 101 Fig. 77 Micromorphological features of D. longicolla: a–d. Conidial mass with spores observed under compound microscope. e–g Beta conidia of Diaporthe longicolla recorded on cowpea plants. Scale bar: a–g = 20 µm MKSVu012– KT819767 (ITS), OM934825(tub2), OM934822 (tef1) Notes: The symptoms were observed on stems of cowpea. Initial symptoms appeared as small lesions, more or less circular, later elongated, blackish-brown lesions, eventually pycnidia developed (Fig. 76). Stem girdling occurs and the shoot above the infected area wilts and dries up. Pathogenicity tests were conducted and proved to be pathogenic on healthy cowpea plants. Morphologically our strain shares similar morphology with the ex-type strain of D. longicolla (Fig. 77). In the multigene phylogenetic analyses, our strain clusters with D. longicolla with a high bootstrap support (Fig. 75). Previously, Phomopsis longicolla is known to be associated with cowpea seeds. However, no reports are available on the association of D. longicolla of cowpea in India. This is the first report of D. longicolla associated with cowpea from India. Diaporthe phaseolorum (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc., Syll. Fung. (Abellini) 1: 692 (1882). Index Fungorum number: IF164797; Faceoffungi number: FoF10638; Figs: 78, 79. Pathogenic and associated with stem of Vigna unguiculata. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 105–192 µm high, 165–285 µm diam. x̄ = 122 × 255 μm, n = 30, pycnidial, pyriform, initially immersed, erumpent at maturity, globose to pyriform, black, elongated neck, often with light yellowish white conidial cirrus extruding from ostiole. Pycnidial wall parenchymatous consisting of 3–6 layers of pale brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Pycnidia globose locules and prominent beaks, which immersed in medium, black, solitary, discoid or irregular. Conidiophores 3.8–7.5 × 3.8–7.5 μm ( x̄ = 4.2 × 5.8 μm, n = 30), ampulliform, straight to sinuous, unbranched, hyaline, smooth. Conidiogenous cells 8.2–12.8 × 1.6–2.5 μm ( x̄ = 9.8 × 2.2 μm, n = 30), phialidic, terminal, cylindrical, slightly tapering towards the apex. Alpha-conidia 5.3–7.7 × 1.5–4.6 μm ( x̄ = 6.5 × 2.8 μm, n = 30), aseptate, hyaline, smooth, ovate to ellipsoidal, guttulate. Beta-conidia 13 102 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 78 Diagnostic features of cowpea stem blight and pod blight disease caused by Diaporthe phaseolorum and D. longicolla: a–b. field view of cowpea plants affected with Diaporthe stem blight and pod blight disease. c, d, g. Stem blight disease caused by D. longicolla. e,f,h,i. pod blight disease symptoms caused by D. phaseolorum 10.2–17.5 × 1.2–2.3 μm ( x̄ = 12.6 × 1.2 μm, n = 30), hyaline, filiform, hamate. Culture characteristics: On PDA, colonies with white, floccose, aerial mycelium were recorded after 7 days of incubation. Pure cultures obtained from the colonies expressed from infected pod and stem samples. Material examined: India, Karnataka, Mysuru Doddamaragowdanahally, on infected stem of cowpea plants as pathogen, July, 2020, S. Mahadevakumar, Y.S. Deepika, N. 13 Lakshmidevi (UOM-IOE 20/26), living cultures CPDp1, CPDp2. Hosts: Wide host range, including Acer, Actinidia, Aeschynomene, Arctium, Aspalathus, Aster, Calopogonium, Cannabis, Caperonia, Capsicum, Centrosema, Clitoria, Cyphomandra, Desmanthus, Desmodium, Eriobotrya, Euphorbia, Glycine, Helianthus, Hylocereus, Ipomoea, Jatropha, Lablab, Lupinus, Lycopersicon, Macroptilium, Macrotyloma, Maytenus, Ocimum, Olearia, Panicum, Phalaris, Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 103 Fig. 79 Cultural and micromorphological characteristics of Diaporthe phaseolorum isolated from Cowpea: a–c. Pure cultures of D. phaseolorum on PDA (15 days old). d–f. Alpha conidia of D. phaseolorum. Scale bar: d–f = 10 µm Phaseolus, Pyrus, Stokesia, Vigna, Vitis and Zea (Farr and Rossman 2022; this study). Distribution: Wide geographical range, including in Australia, Barbados, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Cameroon, Canada, China, Colombia, Cook Islands, Croatia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Fiji, India, Italy, Jamaica, Korea, Maryland, Mauritius, Missouri, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Spain, South Africa, Switzerland, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela and West Indies (Farr and Rossman 2022; this study). GenBank Numbers: CPDp1– MW737799 (ITS), OM934818 (tub2), OM934816 (tef1) CPDp2– MW737800 (ITS), OM934819 (tub2), OM934817 (tef1) Notes: Morphologically our strain is similar to the extype strain of D. phaseolorum (Fig. 78). In the multigene phylogenetic analyses, our strain clustered with the ex-type strain of D. phaseolorum (Fig. 75). Pathogenicity tests were conducted and proved to be pathogenic on healthy cowpea plants. Diaporthe longicolla causes stem blight of cowpea while D. phaseolorum causes pod blight of the same host (Fig. 79). This is the first report of D. phaseolorum associated with cowpea from India and worldwide. Melanconiellaceae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al., Stud. Mycol. 86: 275 (2017). Melanconiellaceae was invalidly introduced (Locquin 1984) for Melanconiella and it was validated by Senanayake et al. (2017). The type species of Melanconiella is M. spodiaea (Tul. & C. Tul.) Sacc. (Fan et al. 2018). Fan et al. (2018) accepted Melanconiella, Microascospora and Sheathospora and Senanayake et al. (2018) accepted Greeneria, Melanconiella and Microascospora in the family. Hyde et al (2020c) accepted five genera; Greeneria, Melanconiella, Microascospora, Septomelanconiella and Sheathospora in the family. Melanconiella Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 740 (1882) Melanconiella was established by Saccardo (1882) for the type species M. spodiaea Tul. & C. Tul. and second species M. chrysostroma (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul. Melanconiella species are found in overwintered plants as saprobes or as mild canker causing agents (Voglmayr et al. 2012; Senanayake et al. 2018). There are 40 species epithets recorded in Index Fungorum (January 2022). Melanconiella meridionalisVoglmayr & Jaklitsch, in Voglmayr et al., Fungal Diversity 57(1):33 (2012). Index Fungorum number: IF800123; Facesoffungi number: FoF10701, Fig. 80 Saprobic on dead twigs of Fagus sylvatica. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata indistinct, less commonly distinct and circularoutline, causing minute bumps in the bark. Ectostromatic disc flat, 2–2.3 mm long, well-defined, 13 104 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 80 Melanconiella meridionalis (MFLU 15–2604, new host and geographical record) a, b Appearance of pseudostromata on dead branch of Fagus sylvatica c Pseudostroma in transverse section d, e Pseudostroma in vertical sections f Peridium. g Paraphyses.h–j Asci. k–n Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 50 μm, e = 80 μm, f = 10 μm, h–j = 25 μm, k–n = 10 μm with circular or elliptic outline, cream, light or pale yellow. Central column dark brown. Entostroma yellowish hyphae. Ostiole central. Perithecia 200–600 μm, subglobose, immersed, coriaceous, brown to black, Perithecia wall 8–10 µm wide, comprising brown cells of textura angularis of inner layer and 15–18 µm wide, unequally thick, comprising irregular dark brown cells of textura prismatica of outer layer. Hamathecium comprising 1–1.5 µm septate, unbranched, cellular pseudoparaphyses. Asci (85–)95–100(–115) × (8–)10–12(–15) μm ( x̄ = 97 × 11 µm, n = 20), broadly cylindrical to fusoid, 13 8-spored, distinct apical ring with short pedicel or sessile. Ascospores uni- or irregularly biseriate, hyaline, fusoid, constricted at the septum, (20–)23–25(–28) × (4–) 5–6(–7) μm, ( x̄ = 24 × 5.2 µm, n = 30); ends rounded, upper cell mostly larger and some guttules. Asexual morph: Not observed. Material examined: Italy, Province of Forlì-Cesena, Santa Sofia, on twigs of Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae), 3 August 2015, E. Camporesi, IT2575 (MFLU 15-2604). Host and distribution: Ostrya carpinifolia in China (Voglmayr et al. 2012; Fan et al. 2018), Europe and North Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 105 Fig. 81 Phylogram generated from the maximum likelihood analysis based on combined LSU, ITS, rpb2 and tef1 sequence data representing family Melanconiellaceae. Related sequences are taken from Fan et al. (2018) and Senanayake et al. (2018). Melanconis stilbostoma (CFCC 50,480) and M. stilbostoma (MS) are used as the outgroup taxa. Twenty-eight strains are included in the combined gene analyses comprising 3380 characters after alignment (880 characters for LSU, 500 characters for ML ≥ 75% and BYPP ≥ 0.95 are given above the nodes. Ex-type strains are in bold and new strain is indicated in blue America (Voglmayr et al. 2012), Fagus sylvatica in Italy (this study). GenBank numbers: OM403250 (ITS), OM403249 (LSU) Notes: The new strain shares a close phylogenetic affinity to Melanconiella meridionalis in our combined LSU, ITS, rpb2 and tef1 sequence data analyses (Fig. 81). This species was previously recorded from dead corticated twigs and branches of Ostrya carpinifolia (Betulaceae) from different localities i.e. Australia, Croatia, Greece, Italy and Slovenia (Voglmayr et al. 2012). Melanconiella meridionalis has not been reported from Fagaceae and here we provide the first association of sexual morph of species with Fagus sylvatica. crown age of 50.08 Mya and stem age of 101.46 Mya (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c). The data of divergence time estimates for Pararamichloridiales is line with recommendations for ranking families. Pararamichloridiales Crous Notes: Pararamichloridiales was introduced by Crous et al. (2017) to accommodate a monotypic family including two genera, namely Pararamichloridium and Woswasia. However, Woswasia (Woswasiaceae) was treated in Diaporthomycetidae families incertae sedis by Zhang et al. (2017) based on morphological and phylogenetical analyses. This result was supported by Hyde et al. (2020a, b, c). Divergence time estimates for Pararamichloridiales are Pararamichloridiaceae Crous, in Crous et al., Persoonia 39: 357 (2017) Notes: Pararamichloridiaceae was introduced as a monotypic family by Crous et al. (2017) for Pararamichloridium Crous. However, Zhang et al. (2017) established a new family Woswasiaceae to accommodate Cyanoannulus and Xylomelasma while Woswasia was placed in Diaporthomycetidae families incertae sedis based on its close phylogenetic affinity, and this was conferred in later studies (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c; Wijayawardene et al. 2020). Members of Pararamichloridiaceae are pathogenic on plant leaves (Crous et al. 2017, 2018). Pararamichloridium Crous, in Crous et al., Persoonia 39: 357 (2017) Notes: Pararamichloridium, the type genus of Pararamichloridiaceae, was established by Crous et al. (2017) to 13 106 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 82 Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum (GZAAS 21–0382, holotype) a–b Colony on decaying wood c–e Conidiophores with attached conidia d–g Conidiogenous cells and conidia h Conidia i Germinating condium j–k Colony on PDA from above and below. Scale bars: c–e = 20 μm, f–i = 10 μm accommodate two species, P. livistonae Crous (as the type species) and P. verrucosum (V. Rao & de Hoog) Crous. Crous et al. (2018) introduced the third species of Pararamichloridium based on blast search and phylogenetic analysis. In this study, morphological characteristics and multi-gene phylogenetic analysis of a combined LSU and ITS sequence 13 data reveals the fourth new species of Pararamichloridium from dead wood collected in freshwater from China (Figs. 82, 83). Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum J.Y. Zhang, Y.Z. Lu & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 107 Fig. 83 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined LSU and ITS sequence data. Twenty–two taxa were included in the combined analyses, which comprised 1524 characters (LSU: 885, ITS: 639) after alignment. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 50% and BYPP ≥ 0.95 are given above the nodes. The tree is rooted with Diaporthe passiforae (CBS 132,527) and D. obtusifoliae (CPC 32,226). The ex–type strains are indicated in bold. The newly generated sequence is indicated in blue Index Fungorum number: IF559507; Facesoffungi number: FoF10677; Fig. 82 Etymology: Referring to the aquatic habitat and collecting site in subtropical country, China Holotype: GZAAS 21–0382 Saprobic on submerged decaying wood. Asexual morph: Colonies on natural substrate superficial, brown, smooth, solitary. Mycelium partly immersed, consisting of branched, smooth, brown hyphae. Conidiophores 119–202 × 2.6–4.7 μm ( x̄ = 161.4 × 3.6 μm, n = 24), macronematous, mononematous, sucylindrical, straight, unbranched, brown, smooth, 6–9-septate. Conidiogenous cells 27.3–37 × 2.6–3.8 μm ( x̄ = 27.6 × 3.3 μm, n = 15), holoblastic, polyblastic, integrated, terminal, subhyaline to pale brown, subcylindrical. Conidia 4–8 × 3–4.7 μm ( x̄ = 5.2 × 3.7 μm, n = 25), acrogenous, solitary, aseptate, pale brown, globose to subglobose. Sexual morph: Not observed. Culture Characters: Colonies on PDA reaching 33 mm in 44 days at 25 °C, flat, curler, near–round or round, gray, smooth, middle erumpent; In reverse, yellow at the center, lightly brown or gray at the margin. Material examined: China, Guizhou Province, Xishui County, on decaying wood submerged in a freshwater stream, 16 September 2020, Jian Ma, XY2(GZAAS 21–0382, holotype); ex–type living culture, GZCC 21–0668. GenBank numbers: OM339437 (ITS), OM339434 (LSU). Notes: The phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 83) revealed that Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum forms distinct lineage belonging to Pararamichloridium, where it is sister to P. caricicola with 100% BS, 1.00 BYPP, high support. Pararamichloridium caricicola is the closest species based on BLASTn result of LSU and ITS region with 99.55% and 96.11% similarity, respectively. Pararamichloridium caricicola is found in culture, while our new collection was saprobic on submerged decaying wood. Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum shares the same morphology with P. caricicola in having brown, septate, smooth conidiophores integrated, terminal, subcylindrical conidiogenous cells and ellipsoid, pale brown aseptate, conidia. However, P. 13 108 aquisubtropicum differs from P. caricicola by it darker and longer (119–202 × 2.5–4.7 μm vs 35–100 × 2.5–3 μm) conidiophores. Thus, P. aquisubtropicum is introduced here as a distinct novel species based on its distinct morphological features and phylogenetic placement. Distoseptisporales Z.L. Luo, K.D. Hyde & H.Y. Su Fungal Diversity 99: 482 (2019). Distoseptisporaceae was established by Su et al. (2016) with a single genus, Distoseptispora. Based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU, SSU, rpb2, and tef1 sequence data, Luo et al. (2019) established a new order, Distoseptisporales. Previously, the order Distoseptisporales was classified under the class Sordariomycetes, subclass Diaporthomycetidae. Aquapteridospora was described by Yang et al. (2015) and assigned to the Diaporthomycetidae genus incertae sedis. Later, Dong et al. (2021) performed a molecular phylogeny study using combined LSU, ITS, tef1, and rpb2 sequence data and established a new family, Aquapteridosporaceae K.D. Hyde & Hongsanan, to accommodate a single genus, Aquapteridospora, and placed Aquapteridosporaceae in the order Distoseptisporales. Distoseptisporales currently consists of two families (Aquapteridosporaceae and Distoseptisporaceae), with Distoseptisporaceae serving as the type family. Distoseptisporaceae K.D. Hyde & McKenzie, Fungal Diversity 80: 402 (2016) Su et al. (2016) identified two Sporidesmium-like taxa with distinct morphology and phylogenetic relationships. They can be distinguished from Sporidesmiaceae based on strong molecular evidence and morphological investigation. As a result, the family Distoseptisporaceae was established to include Sporidesmium-like species under the type genus Distoseptispora. In the previous study, there was no sexual morph known for this family (Su et al. 2016; Yang et al. 2018; Hyde et al. 2019, 2020a, b, c, 2021; Luo et al. 2019; Sun et al. 2020a, b). Recently, Yang et al. (2021) proposed a sexual morph of Distoseptispora and this is the first time that the sexual morph of Distoseptispora has been found. Distoseptispora K.D. Hyde, McKenzie, Maharachch. Fungal Diversity 80:375–409 (2016) Su et al. (2016) defined Distoseptispora as a genus with Distoseptispora fluminicola as the type species. Yang et al. (2018) updated the Distoseptispora genus description. In addition, the sexual morph of this species is unidentified in the previous study (Su et al. 2016; Yang et al. 2018; Hyde et al. 2019, 2020a, b, c; Luo et al. 2019; Sun et al. 2020a, b). There is only one species of sexual morph described in Distoseptispora (Yang et al. 2021). The sexual morph is characterized by being solitary or gregarious, immersed to semi-immersed, perithecial, subglobose to ellipsoidal, 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 ostiolate, dark brown ascomata with a short neck and hyaline, 0–3-septate, ascospores with a mucilaginous sheath (Yang et al. 2021). The asexual morph is distinguished by hyphomycetous, macronematous conidiophores, percurrent, elongate conidiogenous cells, olivaceous, brown, yellowish, or reddish brown, euseptate or distoseptate conidia, and rarely muriform conidia. (Su et al. 2016; Xia et al. 2017; Luo et al. 2018a, b; Tibpromma et al. 2018; Yang et al. 2018; Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c). The genus now has 46 recognized species, 14 of which are from terrestrial habitats and 32 from freshwater habitats (Su et al. 2016; Hyde et al. 2016, 2019, 2020, 2021; Xia et al. 2017; Yang et al. 2015, 2018; Luo et al. 2018a, b, 2019; Monkai et al. 2020; Song et al. 2020; Sun et al. 2020a, b; Li et al. 2021a, b; Yang et al. 2021, Hyde et al. 2021, Index Fungorum 2022a, b). Distoseptispora hyalina J. Yang and K.D. Hyde is the first sexual morph reported in the genus based on molecular DNA data (Yang et al. 2021). Distoseptispora bambusicola X. Tang, Jayaward, J.C Kang & K.D. Hyde sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF558533; Facesoffungi number: FoF09940; Fig. 84 Etymology: Named after the host bamboo from which the holotype was found. Holotypus: GZAAS21-0379. Saprobic on decaying stems of bamboo submerged in a freshwater stream habitat. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Colonies effuse, scattered, hairy, brown to dark brown. Mycelium mostly immersed, composed of branched, septate, brown, smooth hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, pale brown to brown, solitary, 4–7-septate, erect, straight or flexuous, unbranched, slightly constricted at septa, smooth, cylindrical, 64–116 μm × 4–7 μm ( x̄ = 90.5 × 5.5 μm, n = 30), truncate at the apex. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, monoblastic, integrated, terminal, determinate, brown, cylindrical. Conidia 72–193 μm × 7.5–14.5 μm ( x̄ = 126 × 14 μm, n = 30) acrogenous, solitary, obclavate or lanceolate, rostrate, straight or slightly curved, multi-distoseptate, up to 16-distoseptate, guttulate, pale brown, tapering towards the rounded apex, truncate at the base, slightly constricted at septa, smoothwalled, rounded at apex, with a truncate base and faintly to heavily pigmented scar. Culture characters: Colony grown on PDA in room temperature, circular, fluffy, white, dense in the center, but sparse, slightly olivaceous in the outside. In reverse, deeply olivaceous in the center, slightly yellow at the entire margin. Refer to the pigment produced on PDA and OA, purpure. Material examined: China, Guizhou Province, Zunyi City, on decaying stems of bamboo submerged in a freshwater stream, 21 February 2021, Xia Tang, K1 (GZAAS210379, holotype), ex-type living culture, GZCC21-0667. Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 109 Fig. 84 Distoseptispora bambusicola (GZAAS21-0379, holotype). a, b Colonies on dead wood c–e Conidiophores f Cnidiogenous cell g–n Conidia o Germinated conidia p, q Colony on PDA (up-front, down-reverse). Scale bars: c–j = 20 μm, k–o = 50 μm GenBank numbers: MZ474873 (ITS), MZ474872 (LSU), MZ474866 (SSU), OM272845 (tef1). Notes: Distoseptispora bambusicola clustered with D. hydei, D. obpyriformis, and D. rostrata with a 100%ML, 99%MP and 1.00 BYPP support. According to the morphological comparisons (Fig. 85), our novel species can be distinguished from closely related species. Distoseptispora bambusicola differs from D. rostrata by its smaller conidiophores (64–116 μm × 4–7 μm vs 82–126 μm × 5–7 μm), larger conidia (72–193 μm × 7.5–14.5 μm vs 115–155 μm × 9–11 μm) and less distosepta (16-distosepta vs 23-distosepta). Distoseptispora bambusicola 13 110 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 ◂ Fig. 85 Phylogram generated from parsimony analysis based on combined ITS, LSU, SSU, rpb2 and tef1 sequence data of Distoseptispora. The ML and MP bootstrap support values ≥ 70% are and branches with BYPP ≥ 0.95 are given above the nodes. The ex-types (reference strains) are in bold; the new isolates are in blue bold. The tree is rooted with Aquapteridospora fusiformis (MFLU 18–1601), Aquapteridospora lignicola (MFLUCC 15–0377) and Aquapteridospora aquatica MFLUCC 17–2371) shares similar morphological characteristics with D. obpyriformis in the size, shape, color of conidiophores, but differ in conidial size (72–193 μm × 7.5–14.5 μm vs 53–71 μm × 12–16 μm). Distoseptispora bambusicola differs from D. obpyriformis by having obclavate or lanceolate, 111 longer conidia. Distoseptispora bambusicola can be distinct from Distoseptispora hydei by conidal shape and size (72–193 μm × 7.5–14.5 μm vs 32–58 μm × 10–15 μm; obclavate or lanceolate vs obpyriform to fusiform). Distoseptispora hydei is characterized with a gelatinous sheath around the tip of conidia, while D. bambusicola lacks this character. According to the comparisons of our novel species with other phylogenetically related taxa based on a pairwise nucleotide comparison of ITS (Jeewon and Hyde 2016), D. bambusicola differs from D. rostrata in 13/ 517 bp (2.5%), D. hydei in 8/ 395 bp (2.0%) and differs from D. obpyriformis in 25/571 bp (4.0%). Pairwise nucleotide comparison of LSU and tef1 also showed that D. bambusicola Fig. 86 Colletotrichum aeschynomenes (MFLU 22–0148, new host record) a Shorea siamensis with leaf spots, which the fungus was isolated from b Front colony on MEA c Reverse colony on MEA d Orange coloured spore masses on MEA e–j Conidiogenesis k Conidia fused by conidial anastomosis tubes l–o Conidia. Scale bar. d = 1000 μm, e–o = 10 μm 13 112 differs from D. rostrata in 10/ 826 bp (1.2%) for LSU and 42/ 857 bp (4.9%) for tef1, differs from D. hydei in 7/ 848 bp (0.8%) for LSU, and differs from D. obpyriformis in 6/ 790 bp (0.7%) for LSU and 40/ 838 bp (4.7%) for tef1. Thus, we consider D. bambusicola as a novel species in Distoseptispora. Glomerellales Chadef. ex Réblová et al. Réblová et al. (2011) validated Glomerellales to accommodate the families Australiascaceae, Glomerellaceae and Reticulascaceae. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016) and Tibpromma et al. (2018) added Plectosphaerellaceae and Malaysiascaceae to this order. Glomerellaceae Locq. ex Seifert & W. Gams, in Zhang et al., Mycologia 98(6): 1083 (2007) [2006]. The monotypic family is characterised by a Colletotrichum asexual morph and a Glomerella sexual morph (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c). Colletotrichum Corda, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., 3 Abt. (Pilze Deutschl.) 3(12): 41 (1831). Colletotrichum comprises important plant pathogens, endophytes and saprobes as well as human and animal pathogens (Cannon et al. 2012; Jayawardena et al. 2021a; Talhinhas and Baroncelli 2021). Bhunjun et al. (2021) demonstrated that coalescent approaches and multi-locus phylogeny are vital in establishing species boundaries in Colletotrichum. Liu et al. (2022) accepted 280 species in 16 species complexes and 15 singleton species and established a genome tree comprising 94 species. Further 13 species were added by Alizadeh et al. (2022), Hassan et al. (2022) and Zheng et al. (2022). Colletotrichum aeschynomenes B.S. Weir & P.R. Johnst., in Weir, Johnston & Damm, Stud. Mycol. 73: 135 (2012). Index Fungorum number: IF563590; Facesofungi number: FoF11441; Fig. 86 Associated with leaf spots of Shorea siamensis. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Vegetative hyphae 1.5–4.5 µm diam. ( x̄ = 3.4, n = 15), hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, septate, branched. Pycnidia forming on MEA, 500–1000 μm diam. solitary or aggregated, globose to irregular, releasing conidia in milk-orange, slimy, glistening masses. Setae not observed. Conidiophores 8.0–53.0 × 1.5–4.5 μm ( x̄ = 25.1 × 2.8 μm, n = 20), hyaline to light brown, cylindrical to clavate, smooth-walled, septate, sometimes branched or reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 1.5–16 × 1.5–4 μm ( x̄ = 6.1 × 3.0 μm, n = 15), hyaline to pale brown, solitary or aggregated, cylindrical, ovoid or ampulliform, smooth-walled. Conidia 17.0–24.5 × 5–7.5 μm ( x̄ = 20.2 × 6.0 μm, n = 60), aseptate, hyaline, cylindrical, clavate or ellipsoidal, with slightly 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 curved basal end and mostly rounded apices, smooth-walled or slightly verruculose, guttulate, forming conidial anastomosis tubes. Conidial anastomosis tubes 2–10.5 × 2–3 μm ( x̄ = 4.6 × 2.4 μm, n = 15), hyaline to brown, smooth-walled, aseptate. Appressoria not observed. Culture characteristics: Colonies on MEA flat or effuse with entire margin. Greyish white, reverse olivatious, grey towards the edge, reaching approximately 70 mm diam. in 5 days at 25 °C, with 20-days for sporulation. Aerial mycelium dense. Material examined: Thailand, Chiang Mai Province, Omkoi, on leaf spots of Shorea siamensis (Dipterocarpaceae), 15 October 2019, D. Gomdola, MFLU22-0148; living culture MFLUCC 22-0086. Known host and distribution: Aeschynomene virginica (USA), Manihot esculenta (Thailand), Myrciaria dubia (Brazil), Platostoma palustre (Taiwan), Shorea siamensis (Thailand, this study), Theobroma cacao (Brazil) (Farr and Rossman 2022). GenBank numbers: OP278978 (ITS), OQ053325 (gapdh) Notes: Weir et al. (2012) introduced C. aeschynomenes from a stem lesion of Aeschynomene virginica. Colletotrichum aeschynomenes is a common phytopathogen known to cause anthracnose in leaves. Listed chronologically, the pathogen has been found to infect cassava in central Thailand (Sangpueak et al. 2018), and cause anthracnose on Theobroma cacao in Brazil (Nascimento et al. 2019), Myrciaria dubia in Brazil (Matos et al. 2020) and Ixora coccinea in China (Li et al. 2021a, b). Herein, C. aeschynomenes is associated with leaf spots of Shorea siamensis. To delineate C. aeschynomenes from C. fructicola, tub2 or gapdh gene regions are required (Weir et al. 2012). Phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated ITS and gapdh sequence data depict our isolate as C. aeschynomenes. The latter is located in the C. gloeosporioides complex and clusters with the ex-type strain (ICMP 17673) with 71% MP, 84% ML and 0.91 BYPP (Fig. 87). We report our collection as a new host of C. aeschynomenes on living leaves of Shorea siamensis. Colletotrichum flexuosum Damm, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF558527; Facesoffungi number: FoF10680; Fig. 88 Etymology: The species epithet is derived from the shape of the setae that are often flexuous. Holotype: CBS H-21899 Associated with leaf spots of Xanthophyllum sylvestre. Asexual morph on synthetic nutrient-poor agar medium (SNA): Vegetative hyphae 1.5–8 µm diam., hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, septate, branched. Chlamydospores not observed. Conidiomata absent, conidiophores and setae formed directly on hyphae. Setae medium brown, smooth-walled, verrucous (warts 1–2 mm Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 87 One of two most parsimonious trees obtained with PAUP v. 4.0b10 (Swofford 2003) from a heuristic search of the combined sequence alignment of ITS, gapdh, chs-1, act and tub2 of the Colletotrichum gleosporioides species complex, rooted with C. truncatum 113 (CBS 151.35). Bootstrap support values of MP and ML ≥ 70% and BYPP values ≥ 0.90 are shown at the nodes. Ex-type and reference strains are in bold. New sequence data are in red 13 114 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 88 Colletotrichum flexuosum (CBS 134419, ex-type living culture) a–b. Conidiomata. c, h. Tips of setae. d, i. Bases of setae. e–g, j–k. Conidiophores. m–r. Appressoria. s–t. Conidia. a, c–g, s. from Anthriscus stem. b, h–r, t. from SNA. a–b. Dissecting microscope (DM). c–t. Differential interference contrast illumination (DIC). Scale bars: a = 100 µm, e = 10 µm. Scale bar of a applies to a–b. Scale bar of e applies to c–t diam.) close to the tip, 80–140 µm long, 3–4-septate, base inflated, 6–10 µm diam., tip ± acute to round, often strongly bent. Conidiophores pale brown, smooth-walled, simple or septate, to 20 µm long. Conidiogenous cells pale brown, smooth-walled, cylindrical to subglobose, 9–20(–26) × 5–9 µm, opening 2–2.5 µm diam., collarette 1 µm long, periclinal thickening conspicuous. Conidia hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate (few septate conidia observed), straight, cylindrical, with both ends rounded, (14.5–)16.5–24(–21) × (6.5–)7–8.5(–9.5) µm, mean ± S D = 18.9 ± 2.3 × 7.8 ± 0.8 µm, L/W ratio = 2.4 (n = 30). Appressoria single, pale brown, smooth-walled, with a navicular to clavate outline and a lobate to crenate margin, (9–)12.5–18(–24) × (4–)5.5–8.5(–10) µm, mean ± SD = 1 5.1 ± 2.8 × 7.1 ± 1.4 µm, L/W ratio = 2.1 (n = 30). Sexual morph: not observed. Asexual morph on Anthriscus stem: Conidiomata, conidiophores and setae formed on medium brown, smoothwalled, roundish to angular cells, 5–11 µm diam. Setae medium to dark brown, smooth-walled, 100–180 µm long, 3–4-septate, straight to ± flexuous, base cylindrical or restricted, 4–8 µm diam., tip ± round to acute. Conidiophores pale to medium brown, smooth-walled, septate, branched, to 90 µm long. Conidiogenous cells pale to medium brown, smooth-walled, cylindrical to clavate, 15–32 × 5–8 µm, opening 1.5–2 µm diam., collarette 0.5–1 µm long, periclinal thickening distinct. Conidia hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, cylindrical, with both ends rounded, sometimes a distinct membranous appendage remains at the base, (21–) 23.5–28.5(–33.5) × (5–)6–7.5(–8) µm, mean ± SD = 25.9 ± 2.6 × 6.9 ± 0.8 µm, L/W ratio = 3.8 (n = 30). Sexual morph: not observed. Culture characteristics: Colonies on SNA flat with entire margin, hyaline to honey, agar medium, filter paper and Anthriscus stem partly covered with grey acervuli and short floccose white aerial mycelium, reverse hyaline to honey, agar medium, filter paper and Anthriscus stem partly pale grey; growth 13.5–18 mm in 7 days at 20 °C under near UV light with 12 h photoperiod (21–28 mm in 10 days). Colonies on OA flat with entire margin; buff, grey olivaceous to olivaceous grey, partly covered with short floccose white aerial mycelium and dark grey to black spots, reverse 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 89 One of two most parsimonious trees obtained with PAUP v. 4.0b10 (Swofford 2003) from a heuristic search of the combined sequence alignment (gene boundaries of ITS: 1–550, tub2: 551–1240, gapdh: 1241–1510, act: 1511–1756, chs-1: 1757–2007, his3: 2008– 2385) of the Colletotrichum gigasporum species complex, rooted with C. gloeosporioides CBS 112999 (sequences from Damm et al. 2012; Rakotoniriana et al. 2013; Liu et al. 2014; Silva et al. 2018; Zhou et al. 2019; Liu et al. 2022). Bootstrap support values (BS) above 70% (bold) and Bayesian posterior probability (BYPP) values above 0.90 are shown at the nodes. Bootstrap support values have been calculated based on 10 000 replicates, and a Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm was used to generate phylogenetic trees with Bayesian probabilities using MrBayes v. 3.2.6 (Ronquist et al. 2012). Numbers of ex-type strains are in bold olivaceous-grey, growth 20–21.5 mm in 7 days (30.5–32 mm in 10 days). Conidia in mass whitish. Material examined: Vietnam, Ninh Bình Province, Cúc Phương National Park, rain forest, from leaf spots of Xanthophyllum sylvestre (Polygalaceae), 6 December 2012, Ulrike Damm (CBS H-21899, holotype); ex-holotype living culture, CBS 134419. Ninh Bình Province, Cúc Phương National Park, rain forest, from leaf spots of Xanthophyllum sylvestre (Polygalaceae), 6 December 2012, Ulrike Damm, living culture CBS 137338. GenBank numbers: CBS 134419—MZ444580 (ITS), MZ444582 (tub2), MZ444584 (gapdh), MZ444586 (act), MZ444588 (chs-1), MZ444590 (his3). CBS 137338—MZ444581 (ITS), MZ444583 (tub2), MZ444585 (gapdh), MZ444587 (act), MZ444589 (chs-1), MZ444591 (his3). 115 Notes: Colletotrichum flexuosum was isolated from leaves of Xanthophyllum sylvestre, a tree species native to Laos, Thailand and Vietnam (http://www.plantsoftheworldonline. org). Few fungi were previously reported from Xanthophyllum, including an unidentified Colletotrichum species on X. octandrum in Australia (Simmonds 1966; Farr and Rossman 2022). No Colletotrichum species was previously described or reported from X. sylvestre. Based on blastn searches and sequence comparisons on NCBI GenBank, the closest neighbour of the strains from Xanthophyllum is C. vietnamense, belonging to the C. gigasporum complex. The ITS, tub2, gapdh, act, chs-1 and his3 sequences of this species were 80, 97, 91, 98, 98 and 96% identical (105, 23, 9, 4, 4and 15 nucleotides difference) with those of the ex-holotype strain of C. vietnamense (Liu et al. 2014). No strain was more than 82% identical with its ITS sequences. The closest match with the act sequences was Colletotrichum sp. gnqczg15 (KC293585, F. Huang, unpubl. study) with two nucleotides difference. In a phylogeny inferred from concatenated ITS, tub2, gapdh, act, chs-1 and his3 sequences of the C. gigasporum species complex (Fig. 89), the two strains formed a well-supported (BS 100%, BYPP 1) sister clade to C. vietnamense and a clade formed by two recently described species, C. subvariabile and C. variabile (Liu et al. 2022). Colletotrichum flexuosum can be identified with all loci included. The species from Xanthophyllum is morphologically different from all previously described species of the C. gigasporum complex. Its conidia are shorter than those of C. gigasporum (22–32 × 6–9 μm on PDA), C. magnisporum (av. 34.3 × 9.7 μm on SNA, av. 33.8 × 9.9 μm on Anthriscus stem), C. serranegrense (24–37 × 7–9 μm on MEA) and C. vietnamense (av. 31.2 × 9.6 μm on SNA, av. 32.3 × 9.5 μm on Anthriscus stem) and larger than those of C. jishouense (av. 10.8 × 3.7 μm on PDA). In contrast to C. arxii, C. jishouense, C. pseudomajus, C. radicis and C. vietnamense, neither curved nor clavate conidia were formed, while conidia with membranous appendages and distinctly flexuous setae as formed by C. flexuosum were previously not observed in the C. gigasporum complex (Rakotoniriana et al. 2013; Liu et al. 2014, 2022; Silva et al. 2018; Zhou et al. 2019). Conidiogenous cells with a distinct periclinal thickening are typical for species of the C. boninense complex; within the C. gigasporum complex this was previously only observed with C. zhaoqingense (Liu et al. 2022). However, in contrast to C. zhaoqingense, conidial bases of C. flexuosum sometimes end with a membranous appendage, while most species of the C. boninense and the C. dracaenophilum complexes develop a prominent scar (Damm et al. 2012, 2019; Liu et al. 2022). Colletotrichum pandanicola Tibpromma & K.D. Hyde, in Tibpromma et al., MycoKeys 33: 47 (2018). 13 116 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 90 Colletotrichum pandanicola (MFLU 18–1852, new host record) a Dead leaf of Mangifera indica. b Germinating spore. c Reverse view of the 7d old culture on PDA. d Upper view of the 7d old culture on PDA. e Setae. f Vegetative hyphae. g Conidiogenous cell. h Conidia. i–j Appressoria. Scale bars: e = 50 μm, b = 10 μm; scale bar of b applies to f–j Index Fungorum number: IF823841; Facesoffungi number: FoF05832; Figs. 90, 91 Saprobic on Mangifera indica and pathogenic on Alstonia scholaris. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: On PDA vegetative hyphae greyish white, dense, cottony. Conidiomata acervuli, black, circular to oval, submerged, solitary or aggregated. Sporulation abundant. Setae scattered, straight or ± bent, dark brown up to the tip, opaque, 2- to 4-septate, 50–80 µm long, smooth-walled, base cylindrical, 2–5 µm diam., tip acute. Conidiophores hyaline to light brown, cylindrical to clavate, smooth-walled, simple, occurring in densely arranged clusters. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical to slightly inflated, periclinal thickening not visible. Conidia 7–12 × 2–6 μm ( x̄ = 7 × 4 μm, n = 40), hyaline, smoothwalled, aseptate, ovoid, cylindrical or clavate with rounded apices, guttulate. Appressoria 9–16 × 5–6 μm ( x̄ = 13 × 5 μm, n = 10), solitary to aggregated, in small groups or short chains, medium to dark brown, smooth-walled, irregular, rarely lobed. 13 Culture characteristics: Colonies grown from single conidia on PDA 50–70 mm diam. in 7 days, at first white becoming dark grey, reverse pale yellow. Material Examined: Thailand, Chiang Rai Province, on leaf of Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), 19 May 2018, Ruvishika S. Jayawardena (MFLU 18-1852), living culture MFLUCC 18-1182. India, Karnataka, Mysuru on infected leaves of Alstonia scholaris (Apocyanaceae) as pathogen, May 2019, S. Mahadevakumar (UOM-IOE 19/15), living cultures (AsCs1, AsCs4). GenBank numbers: MFLUCC 18-1182-MK629453 (ITS), MK639363 (gapdh), MK639357 (chs-1), MK639359 (act) and MK639361 (tub2) AsCs1–OM912803 (ITS), OM934812 (gapdh), OM934814 (tub2) AsCs4–OM912804 (ITS), OM934813(gapdh), OM934815 (tub2) Notes: The species of the C. gloeosporioides species complex are mainly known as plant pathogens (Weir et al. 2012; Jayawardena et al. 2016, 2018, 2021a, b; Bhunjun et al. 2021), some species are also as endophytes or as Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 117 Fig. 91 a–b Leaf blight/early symptoms of anthracnose disease on Alstonia scholaris. c Complete death of infected branch due to anthracnose disease. d–e anthracnose symptoms appearing at the tip of the leaves caused necrosis. f a close view of anthracnose symptoms. g pure cultures of 10 days old Colletotrichum siamense on PDA. i–k Conidiogenous cells and conidia of C. siamense observed under a compound microscope (Scale bar: 10 µm) saprobes (Jayawardena et al. 2021a, b). Strain MFLUCC 18-1182 belongs to the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex and clusters with the ex-type of C. pandanicola (Fig. 87). However, strain MFLUCC 18–1182 differs from C. pandanicola by forming setae and appressoria, which were not observed in the ex-type strain of C. pandanicola (Tibpromma et al. 2018). This represents the first report of C. pandanicola on Mango from Thailand. Colletotrichum pandanicola was isolated from leaves of Alstonia scholaris, is an evergreen tropical tree and an important medicinal plant distributed throughout the Indian peninsula including Western Ghats regions of Karnataka. Colletotrichum gleosporioides has been reported as a pathogen on A. scholaris (Chandra 1974; Mathur 1979; Sarbhoy and Agarwal 1990; Sarbhoy et al. 1971). Pathogenicity tests were performed on healthy A. scholaris plants. After 10–12 days of pot inoculation, the initial necrotic spots developed on leaves were smaller and later coalesced to form larger necrotized lesions. The lesions developed on inoculated plants were fusiform and grayish brown. Phylogeny supports (Fig. 87) our strain to be C. pandanicola. This is a new report of C. pandanicola on Alstonia scholaris from India. Colletotrichum thasutense Armand, K.D. Hyde and Jayaward., sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF900127; Faceoffungi number: FoF13361; Fig. 92 Etymology: Referring to the sub-district where the specimen was collected. Holotype: MFLU 22-0206 Associated with leaf spot on Syngonium sp. Sexual morph: not observed. Asexual morph: On host: Acervuli present, setose, creamy to greyish white, subepidermal, produced solitary. Conidiophores rarely observed, hyaline, barrel shaped, 6.5–9 × 3–4 μm; Conidiogenous cells hyaline, cylindrical; 10.5–23 × 2.5–4 μm (x̄ = 16 × 3 μm, n = 20). Conidia aseptate, hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, mostly rounded ends, rarely obtuse at one end, 13.5–17.5 × 3.5–5 μm (x̄ = 15.5 × 4.5 μm, n = 20), Appressoria not observed. On PDA: Acervuli, Setae and Sclerotia absent. 13 118 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 92 Colletotrichum thasutense (MFLU 22–0206, holotype) a Host plant. b Host leaf with symptom. c Acervuli on the host. d setae. e–g Conidiogenous cells and conidia. h–j Conidia. Scale bars: d = 10 µm, e–g = 5 µm, h-j = 10 µm Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA white to pale yellow, reverse same color, reaching 70 mm diam. in 7 days at 28 °C. Colonies cottony, circular, slightly raised and depressed in the center, Aerial mycelia white and medium in dense. Material examined: Thailand, Chiang Rai, Mueang, ThaSut, from Syngonium sp. (Araceae), associated with leaf spot; 16 October 2021, A. Armand, A2 (MFLU 22-0206, holotype), living ex-type living culture MFLUCC 22-0173. GenBank numbers: OP821902 (ITS), OP831280 (act), OP831281 (chs-1),: OP831282 (gapdh), OP831283 (tub2). Notes: Based on the phylogenetic analyses, Colletotrichum thasutense is closely related to C. xishuangbannaense (Fig. 87). Morphologically, C. thasutense differs from C. xishuangbannaense by producing longer and thicker conidia. Colletotrichum xishuangbannaense has 9–12 × 3–4 µm conidia (de Silva et al. 2021), whereas C. thasutense has 13.5–17.5 × 3.5–5 μm conidia. Colletotrichum thasutense can be differentiated from C. xishuangbannaense in having slightly curved conidia and obtuse at one end. However, C. xishuangbannaense produces straight conidia with rounded ends. Moreover, C. thasutense bears longer and 13 thicker conidiogenous cells (10.5–23 × 2.5–4 μm) than C. xishuangbannaense (15–18 × 1.5–2 µm). Hypocreales Lindau Hypocreales includes 15 families, which are considered subtropical and tropical, namely Bionectriaceae, Calcarisporiaceae, Clavicipitaceae, Cocoonihabitaceae, Cordycipitaceae, Cylindriaceae, Flammocladiellaceae, Hypocreaceae, Myrotheciomycetaceae, Nectriaceae, Niessliaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae, Sarocladiaceae, Stachybotryaceae, and Tilachlidiaceae, based on the basis of molecular evidence (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c; Wijayawardene et al. 2022). These families differ in the presence of fleshy and colorful perithecial ascomata, ostiolate perithecia, varied ascospores, and pigment production. It has been estimated that Hypocreales diverged 229 million years ago (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c). Nectriaceae Tul. & C. Tul. [as 'Nectriei'], Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 3: 3 (1865) Nectriaceae was introduced by Tulasne and Tulasne (1865) and re-evaluated by Lombard et al. (2015) based on morphology and ten genes (acl1, act, cmdA, his3, ITS, Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 119 Fig. 93 Cultural and morphological features of Fusarium brachygibbosum: a–c pure cultures of F. brachygibbosum isolated on PDA medium (12 days old) (a–b Front view, c– reverse view); d–h Microscopic view of F. brachyggibosum conidia structures observed under compound microscope. Scale bar: d–h = 20 µm LSU, rpb1, rpb2, tef1 and tub2). This family includes 74 genera that are recognized by different perithecial pigments (Wijayawardene 2022; Lombard et al. 2015; Crous et al. 2021). The family contains a wide range of species, including plant pathogens, human pathogens, and industrial and commercial species (Rossman 1996; Luo and Zhuang 2008; Chaverri et al. 2011; Lechat et al. 2015; Lombard et al. 2015). Fusarium Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1– 2): 10 (1809). Fusarium is famous for its difficulty in identification and pathogenicity. It has been extensively discussed in recent decades as one of the most taxonomically confusing genus within Nectriaceae (Gräfenhan et al. 2011; O'Donnell et al. 2013; Crous et al. 2021; Geiser et al. 2021). Crous et al. (2021) and Wang et al. (2022) have updated the taxonomy of this genus to include 19 species complexes. In addition, a variety of species within this genus contain virulent crop pathogens, such as F. graminearum and F. oxysporun, two of the top ten most economically damaging fungal pathogens (Dean et al. 2012; Leslie and Summerell 2006). Fusarium brachygibbosum Padwick, Mycological Papers 12: 11 (1945). Index Fungorum number: IF286508; Faceoffungi number: FoF11683; Figs. 93, 94 Pathogenic on roots of Vigna unguiculata. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Conidiophores 27–58 µm long, carried on aerial mycelium, unbranched or irregularly and/or sympodially branched bearing a terminal phialide. Conidiogenous cells 8–22 × 2–4 µm, polyphialide, subulate to subcylindical, smooth. Macroconidia 15.2–22 × 2–3 µm, hyaline, slightly curved with five distinct septa, wide central cells, slightly sharp apexes, basal cells with foot like shape. Microconidia rarely observed. Chlamydospores 6–24 µm diam. abundant, spherical o globose, smooth, slightly verrucose, formed terminally or intercalary in chains of two or three, wall 1–1.5 µm. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 90 mm at 28 °C after 14 d in 12/12 dark, colonies appeared white to pink with abundant aerial mycelium. Materials examined: India, Karnataka, Mysuru, Doddamaragowdanahally, diseased root of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Fabaceae), May 2019, S. Mahadevakumar & Y.S. Deepika (UOM-IOE 19/16), living cultures CPFb1, CPFb2, CPFb3, CPFb4. 13 120 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 94 Morphological features of Fusarium brachygibbosum: a–b Conidial morphology of F. brachygibbosum under compound microscope; c–d hyphal structures and chlamydospores of F. brachygibbosum; e–f a single macroconidium enlarged. Scale bar: a–d 50 µm; e–20 µm; f– g 10 µm Hosts: Wide host range, including Allium, Beta, Cannabis, Citrullus, Citrus, Euphorbia, Glycine, Gossypium, Helianthus, Nerium, Nicotiana, Phoenix, Plasmopara, Prunus, Sansevieria, Sorghum, Triticum, Vigna and Zea (Farr and Rossman 2022; this study). Distribution: Wide geographical range, including in Australia, Azerbaijan, China, India, Iran, Malaysia, Oman, Qatar, Soudi Arabia, Tunisia, Turkey and United States (Farr and Rossman 2022; this study). GenBank numbers: CPFb1– MT804589 (ITS), OM938019 (tef1) CPFb2– MT804590 (ITS), OM938020 (tef1) CPFb3– MT804591 (ITS), OM938021(tef1) CPFb4– MT804592 (ITS), OM938022 (tef1) Notes: Fusarium brachygibbosum is known to associated with 19 host plants of which two records are represented from India (Sorghum vulgare, Plasmopara viticola) (Farr and Rossman 2022). This is the first record of F. brachygibbosum recorded on Cowpea (Fabaceae) from India (new host record) (Fig. 95). Fusarium purpurea S.L. Han, M. Raza, W.J. Duan & L. Cai, sp. nov. 13 Index Fungorum number: IF555883; Facesoffungi number: FoF10818; Fig. 96 Etymology: Refers to the pigment produced on PDA and OA, purpure. Holotype: HMAS 351947. Asexual morph: Hyphae 1.7–3.5 μm diam, hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched. Conidiophores arises on aerial mycelium, unbranched or irregularly branched, 11–29.5 × 2–4.5 μm ( x̄ = 19.9 × 3.0 μm, n = 35). Phialides mono- and polyphialide, subulate to subcylindrical, smoothand thin-walled, 4.8–17.4 × 1.6–3.9 μm, periclinal thickening inconspicuous or absent. Microconidia hyaline, smoothand thin-walled, two types, clavate with truncate base conidia (aseptate): 4.5–9.5 × 1.5–3.5 μm ( x̄ = 6.3 × 2.5 μm, n = 50); globose conidia (aseptate): 6.5–11 × 7–11.5 μm ( x̄ = 9.7 × 9.4 μm, n = 50). Sporodochia and chlamydospores not observed. Sexual morph: Not observed. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA slow growing, reaching 52–57 mm diam in 7 d after incubation at 25 °C in the dark, colony flat, medium, filamentous, felted to velvety, rhizoid; colony from above; raised, dull, wrinkled folded, surface orchid purple (14C8) in the center, white (–A1) at the margin; reverse beetroot purple (13D8) in the center, Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 121 Fig. 95 RAxML phylogenetic tree generated from tef1 sequence data of Fusarium sambucinum species complex. Maximum likelihood bootstrap support ≥ 75% (in blue) and BYPP ≥ 0.95 (in green) are indicated on the branches. Ex-type and epi-type cultures are indicated in bold with ‘T’ and ‘ET’ white (–A1) at the margin; odour absent, not producing pigment in PDA media. On OA reaching 41–49 mm in 7 d after incubation 25 °C in the dark; raised, felted to dusty, with abundant aerial mycelium, margin entire; surface amethyst (15C6) in the center, white (–A1) at the margin; reverse oak brown (5D6); odour absent. Material examined: Kazakhstan, intercepted at Alashankou Port, isolated at Ningbo Customs, from seeds of Triticum aestivum imported to China, Jan. 2019, W.J. Duan & W.Z. Li (HMAS 351947, holotype), ex-type living culture, CGMCC 3.23515 = LC15871. ibid., LC15872; ibid., LC15873; ibid., LC15874. GenBank numbers: CGMCC 3.23515 – ON365812 (CaM), ON365816 (rpb1), ON365820 (rpb2), ON365828 (tef1), ON365824 (tub2) 13 122 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 96 Fusarium purpurea (CGMCC 3.23515, ex-type living culture). a Colony on PDA. b Colony on OA. c-d Aerial conidiophores and phialides. e–f Microconidia. Scale bars = 10 μm Fig. 97 RAxML phylogenetic tree generated from combined CaM, rpb1, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 sequence data of Fusarium fujikuroi species complex. Maximum likelihood bootstrap support values greater than 75% (in blue) and Bayesian posterior probabilities > 0.95 (in green) are indicated on the branches. Ex-type and epi-type cultures are indicated in bold with ‘T’ and ‘ET’ LC15872 – ON365813 (CaM), ON365817 (rpb1), ON365821 (rpb2), ON365829 (tef1), ON365825 (tub2) 13 LC15873 – ON365814 (CaM), ON365818 (rpb1), ON365822 (rpb2), ON365830 (tef1), ON365826 (tub2) Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 LC15874 – ON365815 (CaM), ON365819 (rpb1), ON365823 (rpb2), ON365831 (tef1), ON365827 (tub2) Notes: Fusarium purpurea formed a well-supported sister clade to F. globosum with 100% ML and 1.00 Bayesian posterior probabilities (BYPP) support (Fig. 96). Fusarium purpurea differs by 3 bp in the CaM gene, 16 bp in the rpb2 gene, 6 bp in the tef1 gene, and 1 bp in the tub2 gene compared to F. globosum (Proctor et al. 2013; Yilmaz et al. 2021). Morphologically, F. purpurea differs in the types of microconida production and its number of septation. For example, F. purpurea produces two types of microconidia: clavate with a truncate base (aseptate) and globose (aseptate) without papilla, while three types of microconidia were found in F. globosum: clavate with a truncate base (0- to 3-septate), napiform/pyriform, and globose (0- to 1-septate) which often have a distinct papilla (Rheeder et al. 1996; Leslie and Summerell. 2006) (Fig. 97). 123 Microascales composed of seven families namely Ceratocystidaceae, Chadefaudiellaceae, Gondwanamycetaceae, Graphiaceae, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascaceae and Triadelphiaceae (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016; Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c; Wijayawardene et al. 2022). A total of 109 genera were accepted under Microascales which were distributed in seven families (Wijayawardene et al. 2022). Microascaceae Luttr. ex Malloch, Mycologia 62(4): 734 (1970) Microascaceae was confined by Luttrell (1951) in Microascales and authenticated by Malloch (1970) (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016). It includes saprobic, plant and opportunistic human pathogenic fungal genera (de Hoog et al. 2000; Sandoval-Denis et al. 2016; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016). Currently this family is composed of 23 genera (Wijayawardene et al.2022). Microascales Luttr. ex Benny & R.K. Benj. (1980). Scedosporium Sacc. ex Castell. & Chalm., Manual of Tropical Medicine: 1122 (1919) Fig. 98 Scedosporium apiospermum (MFLU 22-0160, new record) a. Contaminated oyster mushroom grow substrate. b,c. Colony on PDA. d. Sporulation of the colony on PDA. e-i. Conidial attachments and conidiogenous cells. j,k. Synnema with conidia. l. Conidia. Scale bars: a = 5 cm, b,c = 30 mm, d = 200 μm, e,f,l = 4 μm, g = 20 μm, h = 35 μm, i = 25 μm, j = 65 μm, k = 40 μm 13 124 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 ◂ Fig. 99 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS and tub2 sequence data representing the species of Scedosporium and related genera. Related sequences are taken from Zhang et al. (2021). Sixty-two taxa are included in the combined analyses. Microascus longirostris (CBS 196.61), Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (MUCL 40,726), Wardomyces anomalus (CBS 299.61) and Wardomyces giganteus (CBS 746.69) are used as the outgroup taxa. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 70% and BYPP ≥ 0.95 are given near the nodes. The newly generated sequence is in blue. The type strains are indicated in black bold Scedosporium is a ubiquitous filamentous fungus with a worldwide distribution. Pseudallescharia boydii is the sexual morph of Scedosporium apiospermum, which was first discovered in 1889 as a causative agent of human otitis (Siebenmann et al. 1899). Later Monosporium apiospermum was discovered as an anamorphic state of P. bodydii from a patient with human mycetoma in 1919 (Shear 1922). This genus is typified by a sexual morph (Pseudallescheria boydii) characterized by closed ascomata (cleistothecia), a peridium (ascomata wall) of ‘textura epidermoidea’, asci that are broadly clavate or spherical, and ascospores that are ellipsoidal or fusiform, which are symmetrical or nearly so (von Arx et al. 1988; De Hoog et al. 2000). The asexual morph includes: Scedosporium, characterized by hyaline, cylindrical conidiogenous cells arising from undifferentiated hyphae that produce obovoidal, hyaline, sticky conidia. Synnemata are characterized by large, erect bundles of hyphae terminating in a dense aggregate of conidiogenous cells. It produces conidia from a short extension of the conidiogenous cells with annellidic development (Gueho 1991; Lackner et al. 2014; Ramirez-Garcia et al. 2018). Scedosporium species have been reported commonly from natural substrates such as soil, water anthropogenic influenced habitats, cattle dung and sewage (De Hoog et al. 2000; Ramirez-Garcia et al. 2018). Seventeen species are accepted under Scedosporium and these include: S. americanum, S. angustum, S. apiospermum, S. aurantiacum, S. boydii, S. cereisporum, S. deficiens, S. dehoogii, S. desertorum, S. fusoideum, S. haikouense, S. hainanense, S. magalhaesii, S. minutisporum, S. multisporum, S. rarisporum and S. sclerotiale (http://www.indexfungorum.org). The disease caused by Scedosporium species is termed as Scedosporosis. The occurrence of Scedosporium apiospermum associated with mushroom cultivation and Scedosporium marina and S. dehoogii from the marine environment are reported here. Scedosporium apiospermum Sacc. ex Castell. & Chalm., Manual of tropical medicine (London): 1122 (1919). Index Fungorum number: IF432048; Facesoffungi number: FoF11704; Fig. 98 Growing on Oyster mushroom grow substrate. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: on host, Mycelium black powdery mass. On PDA, hyphomycetous, Hyphae 125 1.5–3.5 μm ( x̄ = 2.2 μm) wide, branched, septate, hyaline. Conidiophores solitary or synnematous, solitary conidiophores 75–128 × 1.8–3 μm ( x̄ = 102.5 × 2.6 μm, n = 10) hyaline, branched, forms 1–3 conidiogenous cells at the end. synnematous conidiophores 132–352 × 8.2–17.5 μm ( x̄ = 288.4 × 12.7 μm, n = 15) cylindrical stipe, erect, forms conidia at the end. Conidiogenous cells 4.8–25 × 1.2–2.5 μm ( x̄ = 15.2 × 1.3 μm, n = 10) lateral or terminal formation on solitary conidiophores, hyaline, cylindrical. Conidia hyaline, guttulate, conidia arising from conidiogenous cells 6.2–8.2 × 2–4.5 μm ( x̄ = 7.4 × 3.3 μm, n = 30) obvoid to ellipsoidal, conidia arising from synnematous conidiophores 6.4–9.2 × 1.7–3.5 μm ( x̄ = 7.5 × 2.8 μm, n = 35) cylindrical or claviform with a truncate base, conidia from undifferentiated hyphae 6–7.5 × 5.2–6.6 μm ( x̄ = 6.4 × 5.2 μm, n = 20) sessile, globose to subglobose. Culture characteristics: colonies on PDA attaining 65–75 mm diameter after 14 days at 25 °C, cottony, dense, lanose, light gray to dark grey, margins fimbriate and irregular; reverse dark grey to brown, grey to white margins. Material examined: Thailand, Phayao Province, growing on the oyster mushroom growing substrate, 06 June 2020, AJ. Gajanayake, AJ 072 (inactive dry culture, MFLU 22-0160, new host record), living culture, MFLUCC 22-0192. GenBank numbers: ON714510 (ITS), ON714511(LSU), ON730889 (tub2). Notes: Our isolate MFLUCC 22-0192, clusters within Scedosporium apiospermum with a 90% ML and 0.97 BYPP support (Fig. 99). Furthermore, the morphology of our isolate MFLUCC 22-0192 resembles the original description and illustrations for Scedosporium apiospermum by Saccarado in Castellani and Chalmers (1919) and the description and morphological illustrations by Gilgado et al. (2010). However, there are size differences of conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia, when we compare our strain with the strains described in Castellani and Chalmers (1919) and Gilgado et al. (2010). The reason for this may be the differences in the media in which the colonies were grown. Scedosporium apiospermum has been mainly identified as an opportunistic clinical pathogen relevant to many infections which commonly occur in the bones, central nervous system, lungs, paranasal sinuses, skin and soft tissues (Shinohara and George (2009); Goldman et al. 2016). Seephueak et al. (2017) isolated 21 fungal species from spent mushroom substrate of Pleurotus sp. collected from mushroom farms in southern Thailand. Among those 21 fungal species there were, Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Chaetomium sp., Cunninghamella spp., Fusarium spp., Lasiodiplodia sp., Neurospora sp., Penicillium spp., Rhizoctonia sp. and Trichoderma spp. (Seephueak et al. 2017). Suada et al. (2015) have reported Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Gliocladium sp., Mucor spp., Neurospora spp., Paecilomyces sp., 13 126 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 100 Scedosporium marina on a twig (AMH-9946, holotype). a. Colonies on decaying woody stem of Suaeda monoica. b − c Synnemata. d − e, h Head and conidiophores. f Apical part of synnema producing conidia. g Conidiogenous cells with annellidic conidia. i Subcylindrical conidia. k − l Claviform conidia. m − o Obovoid conidia. Scale bars: b = 50 µm, c = 100 µm d − o = 10 µm Penicillium spp., Pythium sp., Stachybotrys spp. and Trichoderma spp. as contaminants from oyster mushroom growing substrate. According to best our knowledge this is the first report of Scedosporium apiospermum as a contaminant of oyster mushroom growing substrate. Scedosporium marina Devadatha & V.V Sarma, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF558432, Facesoffungi number: FoF05035; Figs. 100, 101 Etymology: The specific epithet is in reference to the marine environment in which the fungus was collected. 13 Holotype: AMH-9946. Saprobic on decaying woody stem of the halophyte Suaeda monoica. Asexual morph: Colonies effuse, light brown. Mycelium immersed, composed of septate, branched, smooth, pale brown to hyaline hyphae. Synnemata solitary to gregarious, erect, dark brown, 170–1110 µm tall with a cylindrical stipe, 10–25 µm wide ( x̄ = 642 × 16 µm, n = 10), dark gray, smooth-walled, terminate into a slimy head of conidia, slimy head 60–140 µm long and 60–165 µm wide ( x̄ = 86 × 111 µm, n = 10). Hyphae interwoven at the base, unbranched in the stipe, Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 127 Fig. 101 Scedosporium marina in culture (NFCCI-4273). a Synnemata on PDA b − c Synnemata. g − h Culture on PDA after 14 days. d − e Slimy head and Conidiophores. f Conidiogenous cells with annellidic conidia. l Apical part of synnema producing conidia. m Subcylindrical conidia. n − r, s Sessile obovoid conidia o − q Claviform Conidia. Scale bars: b − c = 100 µm d = 50 µm, e − f, i − s = 10 µm branching at the apex to form conidiophores. Conidiophores synnematous, solitary, branched, often reduced to conidiogenous cells, growing laterally bearing a single verticil conidiogenous cell. Conidiogenous cells percurrent, terminal or lateral, hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical to slightly flask-shaped, 25–55 × 2–2.5 µm ( x̄ = 35 × 2.25 µm, n = 10). Conidiogenous cells arising from undifferentiated hyphae are cylindrical to slightly flask-shaped, producing slimy heads of one-celled, smooth-walled, sub hyaline, obovoid or sub-cylindrical conidia. Three types of conidia are produced: (i) those produced on solitary conidiophores sub hyaline, smooth-walled, obovoid, or sub cylindrical 7–13 × 2.5–5.5 µm ( x̄ = 10 × 4 µm, n = 20); (ii) those produced on synnemata predominantly cylindrical or claviform, 5–13 × 1–3 µm ( x̄ = 9 × 2 µm, n = 20) with a wide truncate base; (iii) those developed mainly from the undifferentiated hyphae of the substrate, sessile or on short 13 128 protrusions, solitary, lateral, brown, smooth, and thickwalled, mostly obovoid 2.5–10 × 2–2.5 µm ( x̄ = 9 × 2.3 µm, n = 20). Sexual morph: Not observed. Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on sea water agar within 24 h. Germ tubes produced from the conidial base. Colonies on PDA attaining 30–35 mm diameter after 14 days at 25 °C, circular, raised, light grayish at center and smoke gray at margins, cottony; yellow in reverse with entire margin. The optimum growth temperature was from 25 to 37 °C, and did not grow at 45 °C. Hyphae hyaline to pale brown, branched and septate, 3–7.5 µm wide. Synnemata developed after 30 days of incubation at 25 °C; synnemata solitary to gregarious, erect, dark brown, 190–1400 µm tall with a cylindrical stipe from 10 to 25 µm wide ( x̄ = 647 × 16.9 µm, n = 10), dark gray, smooth walled, terminated into a slimy head of conidia, 25–35 µm long and 35–50 µm wide ( x̄ = 30 × 36 µm, n = 10). Conidiophores solitary, branched, often reduced to conidiogenous cells growing laterally bearing single verticil of conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells terminal or lateral, hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical to slightly flask-shaped, 25–50 × 2–3 µm ( x̄ = 35 × 16 µm, n = 10). Conidiogenous cells arising from undifferentiated hyphae, cylindrical to slightly flaskshaped, producing slimy heads of one-celled, smoothwalled, sub-hyaline, obovoid or sub-cylindrical conidia. There were three types of conidia: (i) those produced on solitary conidiophores subhyaline, smooth-walled, obovoid or subcylindrical 5–10 × 1.5–3 µm ( x̄ = 6.8 × 2.3 µm, n = 20); (ii) those produced on synnemata predominantly cylindrical or claviform, 7.5–10 × 2–3 µm ( x̄ = 8.7 × 2.4 µm, n = 20) with a wide truncate base; (iii) those developing mainly from the undifferentiated hyphae of the substrate, sessile or on short protrusions, solitary, lateral, brown, smooth, and thick-walled, mostly obovoid 5–10 × 2–2.5 µm ( x̄ = 9 × 2.4 µm, n = 20). Sexual state not observed after incubation for 2 months at 25 °C. Material examined: India, Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur, Muthupet mangroves (10.4° N 79.5° E), on decaying woody stem of the halophyte Suaeda monoica Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel. (Amaranthaceae) 28 November 2015, B. Devadatha (AMH9946, holotype), ex-type living culture NFCCI-4273. GenBank numbers: MF182397 (ITS), KY863508 (LSU), MH571780 (SSU), MF687078 (tub2), MF182399 (tef1) Notes: Our present collection of Scedosporium marina (NFCCI-4273) has been assigned to Scedosporium based on its similar morphological characteristics in having Graphium-like synnemata and scattered, poorly differentiated, percurrent conidiogenous cells (Gueho 1991). The present taxon, Scedosporium marina (NFCCI-4273) and S. aurantiacum (FMR8630) share similar morphological characteristics in producing three different types of conidia like the obovoid, or sub cylindrical, cylindrical 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 or claviform, sessile obovoid conidia with overlapping conidial dimensions and yellow diffusible pigments on PDA. However, combined multigene phylogenetic anlayses of combined datasets of ITS and tub2 revealed that Scedosporium marina (NFCCI-4273) formed distinct lineage sharing a sister relation with Scedosporium aurantiacum with significant statistical support 100% ML, 97% MP (105). Morphologically S. marina (NFCCI4273) is distinct from S. aurantiacum (FMR8630) in having long and wide synemmata (170–1110 × 10–25 vs 330–750 × 7.5–17.5), smaller heads (60–140 × 60–165 vs 60–70 × 140). The condiogenous cells of S. marina (NFCCI-4273) are percurrent and long in contrast to S. aurantiacum (FMR8630) (25–55 × 2–2.5 vs 10–37 × 1.5 2.5). The optimum growth temperature of S. marina (NFCCI4273) was from 25 to 37 °C and did not grow at 45 °C whereas S. aurantiacum (FMR8630) was from 37 to 40 °C and growth was also found at 45 °C but the fungus did not grow at 50 °C (Gilgado et al. 2005). The ITS sequence comparison revealed more than 30 nucleotide base pair differences between two taxa, which supports the establishment of a new species for our new taxon. Furthermore, S. marina is a saprobe on decaying woody stem of the halophyte Suaeda monoica from a marine habitat unlike other species of Scedosporium which are known to be human pathogens. Scedosporium aurantiacum is clearly distinguished from S. marina as an opportunistic human pathogen that is known to cause various infections in lungs, ears, respiratory sinuses and subcutaneous abscess in patients of diabetes and malignant lymphoma (Kondo et. al 2018). Hence, based on the above mentioned morphological, cultural, molecular and habitat differences we introduce a new species, S. marina, in Scedosporium. Scedosporium dehoogii Gilgado, Cano, Gene´ Guarro in Journal of Clinical Microbiology 46: 2 (2008). Index Fungorum number: IF538388; Facesoffungi number: FoF04829; Fig. 102, 103 Saprobic on decaying woody of Avicennia marina. Asexual morph: Colonies effuse, light brown. Mycelium mostly immersed, composed of septate, branched, smooth, pale brown to hyaline hyphae. Synnemata solitary to gregarious, erect, dark brown, 190–390 µm tall with a cylindrical stipe from 10 to 30 µm wide ( x̄ = 242 × 16 µm, n = 10), dark gray, smooth-walled, terminated into a slimy head of conidia, slimy head 45–75 µm long, 55–80 µm wide ( x̄ = 60 × 64 µm, n = 10). Hyphae interwoven at the base, unbranched in the stipe, branched at the apex to form conidiophores. Conidiophores synnematous, solitary, branched, often reduced to conidiogenous cells which were subhyaline. Conidiogenous cells terminal or lateral, hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical to slightly flask-shaped, 25–40 × 2–3 µm ( x̄ = 31 × 2.5 µm, Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 129 Fig. 102 Scedosporium dehoogii (AMH 9945, new record) a Colonies on decaying woody stem of Suaeda monoica. b − c Synnemata. d − f Slimy head and conidiophores. g − h Conidiogenous cells with annellidic conidia. j Cylindrical and obovoid conidia. Scale bars: b = 50 µm c = 100 µm, d − j = 10 µm n = 10). Conidiogenous cells arise from undifferentiated hyphae, cylindrical to slightly flask-shaped, producing slimy heads of one-celled, smooth-walled, sub-hyaline, obovoid or sub-cylindrical conidia. Conidia: two types of conidia: (i) those produced on synnemata and solitary conidiophores were predominantly cylindrical or claviform, hyaline, 5–10 × 2–3 µm ( x̄ = 7.3 × 2.7 µm, n = 20) with a wide truncate base; (ii) those developed mainly from the undifferentiated hyphae of the substrate were sessile or on short protrusions, solitary, lateral, brown, smooth, and thick-walled, mostly obovoid 2.5–7.5 × 2–3 µm ( x̄ = 4.3 × 2.4 µm, n = 20). Sexual morph: Not observed. Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on Sea Water agar within 24 h. Germ tubes produced from the conidial base. Colonies on PDA fast growing, attaining 40–45 mm diameter after 14 days at 25 °C, circular, raised, with white to grey at centre and white to cream at margins, cottony; pale yellow in reverse with entire margin. The optimum growth temperature was from 25 to 37 °C. The fungus did not grow at 45 °C. Hyphae hyaline to pale brown, 13 130 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 103 Scedosporium dehoogii (NFCCI- 4274) a − b Cultures on PDA after 14 days. c − d Synnemata. e Slimy head and Conidiophores. f sessile obovoid conidia. g Conidiogenous cells with annellidic conidia. h. sub cylindrical conidia i − n Cylindrical and obovoid conidia and Scale bars: c = 50 µm d − n = 10 µm branched and septate, 1–3 µm wide. Conidiophores synemmatous; synnemata solitary to gregarious, erect, dark brown, 180–255 µm tall with a cylindrical stipe from 10–30 µm wide ( x̄ = 223 × 17 µm, n = 10), dark gray, smooth walled, terminating into a slimy head of conidia, 45–85 µm long and 55–90 µm wide ( x̄ = 63 × 66 µm, n = 10). Hyphae interwoven at the base, unbranched in the stipe, branching at the apex to form conidiophores. Conidiophores solitary, branched often reduced to conidiogenous cells which were sub-hyaline. Conidiogenous cells terminal or lateral, hyaline smoothwalled, cylindrical to slightly flask-shaped, 30–45 × 2–3 µm ( x̄ = 35 × 2.4 µm, n = 10). Conidiogenous cells arising from 13 undifferentiated hyphae, cylindrical to slightly flask-shaped, producing slimy heads of one-celled, smooth-walled, sub hyaline, obovoid or sub-cylindrical conidia. Conidia: two types: (i) those produced on synnemata and solitary conidiophores, predominantly cylindrical or claviform, hyaline, 5–15 × 2–5 µm ( x̄ = 10 × 3 µm, n = 20) with a wide truncate base; (ii) those developed mainly from the undifferentiated hyphae of the substrate were sessile or on short protrusions, solitary, lateral, brown, smooth, and thick-walled, mostly obovoid 2.5–9 × 2–5 µm ( x̄ = 5 × 3.5 µm, n = 20). Material examined: India, Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur, Muthupet mangroves (10.4° N 79.5° E), on decaying wood Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 104 Phylogram based on the RAxML analysis of a combined ITSrDNA and tub2 sequence dataset. Bootstrap support values for ML and MP higher than 70% values are given above each branch respectively. The new isolates are represented in blue. The tree is rooted to Parascedosporium sanyaense EM65901. Thirty-eight sequences are included in the phylogenetic analyses with 1159 char- 131 acters including gaps. The maximum parsimonious dataset consisted of 855 characters were constant, 166 parsimony-informative and 138 parsimony-uninformative. The parsimony analysis of the data matrix resulted in Two hundred and seventy equally parsimonious trees with a length of 486 steps (CI = 0.759, RI = 0.888, RC = 0.674, HI = 0.241) 13 132 of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. (Acanthaceae), 28 November 2015, B. Devadatha (AMH 9945), living culture, NFCCI- 4274. Hosts: Agricultural areas, playgrounds, riverbanks, Soil, Human infections (Rougeron et al. 2018) Distribution: Australia, Austria, Chile, India, Netherlands, Spain, Thailand (Rougeron et al. 2018) GenBank numbers: MH569493 (ITS), MH569492 (LSU), MH571777 (SSU) Notes: Multigene phylogenetic anlayses of combined datasets of ITS sequence data revealed that Scedosporium dehoogii (NFCCI-4274) clustered together with the type and other existing strains of S. dehoogii with moderate statistical 74% ML and 78% MP support (Fig. 103). Scedosporium dehoogii (NFCCI-4274) from decaying wood of Suaeda monoica and Avicennia marina and colonies on PDA also share similar morphological characteristics with S. dehoogii (CBS-117406) reported from the soil (Gilgado et al. 2008). Scedosporium dehoogii is a common environmental species occurs on locations with high human activities like soil, water, agricultural areas and not involved in human infections (Kaltseis et al. 2009). However, this is the first report of Scedosporium dehoogii (NFCCI- 4274) from marine habitats. Earlier Medicopsis romeroi has been reported from mangroves (Devadatha et al. 2020). Also, Calabon et al. (2018) reported S. aurantiacum from Sponges in mangroves. With the present two species from mangroves totally three Scedosporium spp. are recorded from marine environments (Figs. 103, 104). Hypocreomycetidae incertae sedis (Rhexoacrodictys and Dematipyriforma clade) Notes: In the current study, Rhexoacrodictys and Dematipyriforma form a distinct clade with a high statistical support (100/100/100 for ML/MP/BYPP, respectively) that is phylogenetically related to the orders Pleurotheciales and Savoryellales and might represent a new lineage (Fig. 105). The phylogenetic placement of Rhexoacrodictys is controversial in various studies. Shi et al. (2021) placed Rhexoacrodictys in Pleurotheciales, while Boonmee et al. (2021) placed the genus in Savoryellales. Sun et al. (2017) placed Dematipyriforma in Savoryellales where it forms a basal branch to representatives of the order. Dematipyriforma L. Y. Sun, Hai-Yan Li, Xiang Sun & L.D. Guo. Notes: Dematipyriforma is a monotypic genus typified by D. aquilaria L. Y. Sun, Hai-Yan Li, Xiang Sun & L.D. Guo that was isolated as an endophyte from a trunk of Aquilaria crassna in Laos (Sun et al. 2017). The genus is characterized by monoblastic, integrated, intercalary or terminal, pale brown to brown, determinate, cylindrical conidiogenous 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 cells; solitary, pyriform conidia with transverse and often oblique or longitudinal, usually with a single small basal cell; produce variously shaped Chlamydospores in culture (Sun et al. 2017). During an ongoing study of freshwater fungi from River Nile in Egypt (e.g. Abdel-Aziz 2016a, b, c, 2020), three new species of Dematipyriforma were recorded on submerged wood and date palm rachis in the River Nile, Egypt that are described in this article based on morphology and their phylogenetic placement. Species of Dematipyriforma are phylogenetically related to Rhexoacrodictys species, both genera have rhexolytic conidial secession, however the later genus has macronematous conidiophores and percurrently extending conidiogenous cells vs. absent or micronematous conidiophores and determinate conidiogenous cells in Dematipyriforma. Boonmee et al. (2021) described Rhexoacrodictys nigrospora Boonmee, D.F. Bao & K.D. Hyde from decaying wood in Thailand with micronematous or semi-macronematous conidiophores and determinate conidiogenous cells. They did not include the sequences of Dematipyriforma aquilariain their phylogenetic analyses and in our opinion R. nigrospora can be placed in Dematipyriforma based on morphology of the conidiophores (micronematous vs. macronematous with bulbous base) and conidiogenesis (determinate vs. percurrent proliferation in Rhexoacrodictys erecta (Ellis & Everh.) W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones) and the phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 105). Dematipyriforma aquatica Abdel-Aziz &Abdel-Wahab sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF900081; Facesoffungi number: FoF13400; Fig. 106 Etymology: Named after the aquatic habitat, where this fungus was collected. Holotype: SUMCC H-12001 (Sohag University Microbial Culture Collection) Saprobic on submerged wood in the River Nile. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Mycelium immersed and superficial, sub-hyaline to brown, septate, branched, smooth, 1.5–4 μm wide. Conidiophores absent or present, when present micronematous, mononematous, subhyaline to brown, flexuous, smooth, unicellular, 7–15 μm long, 1.5–4 μm wide. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, integrated, intercalary or terminal, sub-hyaline to brown, determinate, ampulliform, clavate, subglobose, smooth, 5–8 μm long, 5–6 μm wide. Conidial secession rhexolytic. Conidia solitary or aggregated, effuse and heavily covered the surface of the wood, intercalary or terminal, smooth, pyriform or subglobose, rounded at the apex, black, with brown to dark-brown basal cell, muriform, 4–10 cells, 3–5 transverse septa and 0–2 longitudinal septa, not or slightly constricted at the septa, 27–38 × 15–26 μm ( x̄ = 32.2 × 20.9 μm, n = 50), apex and basal cells are singles. Chlamydospores intercalary Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 133 Fig. 105 Phylogenetic relationship of Dematipyriforma with related taxa based on the nucleotide sequences of the combined SSU and LSU rDNA. The maximum likelihood (ML) tree was constructed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018). The maximum parsimonious data set of the combined genes consisted of 30 taxa with three representa- tives of Hypocreales used as outgroup. Phylogenetic trees obtained from ML, MP and BYPP were similar in topology. Bootstrap support on the nodes represents ML and MP ≥ 50%. Branches with a BYPP of ≥ 95% are in bold. The three new Dematipyriforma species are in blue or terminal, catenated, straight, or curved, brown to dark brown, smooth, granulate, phragmoseptate. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 25 mm diam after 3 weeks, at 25 °C, dark-brown to black, reverse dark-brown to black. Conidial dimensions and shapes are similar to those found on natural wood. Material examined: Egypt, Sohag City, the River Nile, on submerged wood, 14 August 2012, F. A. Abdel-Aziz, SUMCC H-12001, holotype, ex-type living culture, SUMCC 12101. GenBank numbers: MT522154 (SSU), MT522155 (LSU) Notes: Combined phylogenetic analyses of SSU and LSU rDNA placed the three new species of Dematipyriforma with the type species D. aquilaria with high statistical support as distinct new taxa. The three new species differ from D. aquilaria in having black conidia vs. pale grey olivaceous to pale 13 134 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 106 Dematipyriforma aquatica (SUMCC H-12001, holotype).a–j, l–pVariously shaped conidia at different stages of maturity. k Chlamydospores in culture. a–j Conidia from natural wood. g–j, l–p Conidia from pure culture. Scale bars: a–p = 10 µm brown in the latter species. Dematipyriforma aquilaria was isolated as an endophyte from a trunk of Aquilaria crassna in Laos (Sun et al. 2017), while the three new species are freshwater taxa. Conidia of D. aquilaria are evenly pigmented, while the three new species have black conidia with basal cells that are lighter. Chlamydospores of D. aquilaria have thick walls with axial perforative canals, these canals are absent in the three new species. A comparison of the 590 nucleotides of the D1/D2 region of the LSU rDNA of the three new species of Dematipyriforma with D. aquilarias hows 14 base pair differences (2.37%) which justifies the erection of the three new species following the guidelines of Jeewon and Hyde (2016). Dematipyriforma globispora Abdel-Aziz &Abdel-Wahab sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF900083; Facesoffungi number: FoF13865; Fig. 107 Etymology: Named after the shape of the globose shape of the conidia. Holotype: SUMCC H-12002 Saprobic on submerged wood in the River Nile. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Mycelium immersed and superficial, sub-hyaline to brown, septate, 13 branched, smooth, 2–4 μm wide. Conidiophores absent or present, when present micronematous, mononematous, subhyaline to brown, flexuous, smooth, unicellular, 6–12.5 μm long, 1.5–4.5 μm wide. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, integrated, intercalary or terminal, sub-hyaline to brown, determinate, clavate, smooth, 4–6.5 μm long, 2.5–4.5 μm wide. Conidial secession rhexolytic. Conidia solitary or aggregated, effuse and heavily covered the surface of the wood, intercalary or terminal, smooth, globose or subglobose, rounded at the apex, black, with brown to dark-brown basal cell, muriform, with irregular transverse, longitudinal and oblique septa and form mass of cells, not constricted at the septa, sometimes surrounded by network of hyphae, 17–37 × 15–30 μm ( x̄ = 27.7 × 20.9 μm, n = 60), smaller buds are produced from conidia that are yellow–brown to brown in color, muriform, 11–19.2 × 7.1–14.5 μm. Chlamydospores intercalary or terminal, catenated, straight, or curved, brown to black, smooth, form large, black muriform masses similar to conidia but much larger in size 37–120 × 17–30 μm. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 20 mm diam after 3 weeks, at 25 °C, dark-brown to black, reverse dark-brown to black. Conidial dimensions and shapes are similar to those found on natural wood. Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 135 Fig. 107 Dematipyriforma globispora (SUMCC H-12002, holotype).a–g, i–lVariously shaped conidia at different stages of maturity. h Chlamydospores in culture. a–e Conidia from natural wood. f–g, i–l Conidia from pure culture. c–d Conidia are surrounded by network of hyphae. e, l Conidia with small buds. Scale bars: a–l = 10 µm Material examined: Egypt, Sohag City, the River Nile, on submerged wood, 14 August 2012, F. A. Abdel-Aziz, SUMCC H-12002, holotype, ex-type living culture, SUMCC 12102. GenBank numbers: MT522158 (SSU), MT522153 (LSU). Notes: Dematipyriforma globispora differs from the other three species in having smaller conidia, that are mostly globose, sometimes surrounded by networks of hyphae and produce buds that are pale-brown to brown. Dematipyriforma globispora and D. aquatica are phylogenetically related, however, they differ in their morphology. Conidial cells in D. globispora are arranged irregularly and conidia are globose with small buds and surrounded by network of hyphae. Conidia in D. aquatica are pyriform or subglobose with 3 to 5 continuous transverse septa. Rhexoacrodictys nigrospora produce similar conidia with overlapping dimensions, however, conidia of D. globispora are surrounded by network of hyphae with brown buds. Mycelium in R. nigrospora are narrow (1–2 μm wide) with verruculose or finely echinulatewalled (Boonmee et al. 2021), while hyphae in D. globispora are 2–4 μm wide and smooth. A comparison of the 805 nucleotides of the LSU rDNA for D. globispora and R. nigrosporashows 11 base pair differences (1.36%) that confirm they are two different species. Dematipyriforma nilotica Abdel-Aziz &Abdel-Wahab, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF900084; Facesoffungi number: FoF13401; Fig. 108 Etymology: Named after the River Nile where the fungus was collected. Holotype: SUMCC H-12003 Saprobic on submerged date palm rachis in the River Nile. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Mycelium immersed and superficial, sub-hyaline to brown, septate, branched, smooth, 1.5–3.5 μm wide. Conidiophores absent or present, when present micronematous, mononematous, sub-hyaline to reddish-brown, flexuous, smooth, unicellular, 7–13 μm long, 2.5–4.5 μm wide. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, integrated, intercalary or terminal, sub-hyaline to brown, determinate, ampulliform, clavate, subglobose, cylindrical, smooth, 1.5–8.5 μm long, 4.5–6.5 μm wide. Conidial secession rhexolytic. Conidia solitary or aggregated, effuse and heavily covered the surface of the wood, intercalary or terminal, smooth, or surrounded by fine fibers, pyriform, globose or subglobose, rounded at the apex, conidial cells are filled gradually with black material, black when mature, with brown to dark-brown basal cell, muriform, 6–9 cells, 3–5 transverse septa and 0–2 longitudinal or oblique septa, not or slightly constricted at the septa, 31–45 × 21–37 μm 13 136 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 108 Dematipyriforma nilotica (SUMCC H-12003, holotype). a–l Variously shaped conidia at different stages of maturity. a–d Conidia from natural date palm rachis. e–l Conidia from pure culture. m Chlamydospores in culture. b,d Conidia surrounded by fine fibers. a–b, g–i Gradual filling of the conidial rows by black material. Scale bars: a–m = 10 µm ( x̄ = 37 × 26.3 μm, n = 50), basal cells are singles. Chlamydospores intercalary or terminal, dark-brown to black, smooth, form large, black muriform masses with irregular shapes. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 30 mm diam after 3 weeks, at 25 °C, brown to reddish darkbrown, reverse brown to dark-brown. Conidial dimensions and shapes are similar to those found on natural wood. Material examined: Egypt, Sohag City, the River Nile, on submerged date palm rachis, 14 August 2012, F. A. AbdelAziz, SUMCC H-12003, holotype, ex-type living culture, SUMCC 12103. GenBank numbers: MT522157 (SSU), MT522156 (LSU). Notes: Dematipyriforma nilotica differs from the other three species in having larger conidial dimensions that sometimes surrounded by fine fibres. Dematipyriforma nilotica is phylogenetically related with D. aquilaria, however, the first species have black and larger conidia (31–45 × 21–37 μm vs. 25–37 × 15–22 μm in D. nilotica and D. aquilaria respectively) and grow on decaying date palm rachis in freshwater habitat, while the latter species produce brown conidia and live as an endophyte. Chlamdydospores in D. aquilaria have perforative canal that is absent in D. nilotica. Both 13 D. aquatica and D. nilotica have 3–5 continuous transverse septa with 0–2 longitudinal septa, however, conidia in the latter species are surrounded by fine fibres and are larger in size (27–38 × 15–26 μm vs. 31–45 × 21–37 μm for D. aquatica and D. nilotica respectively). A comparison of the 800 nucleotides of the LSU rDNA for D. aquatica and D. niloticashows 15 base pair differences (1.87%) that confirm they are two different species. Key to Dematipyriforma species 1. Endophytic species, produce brown conidia……… ……………………………………………… D. aquilaria 1*.Saprobic species in freshwater habitat, produce black conidia…………………………… ………………………2 2. Conidial cells arranged in rows with continuous transverse septa………………………………………………… 3 2*.Conidial cells arranged irregularly, globose conidia with small buds and surrounded by network of hyphae………………………………………D. globispora. 3. Conidial width less than 30 µm; smooth conidial wall……………………………………………D. aquatica 3*.Conidial width more than 30 µm; conidial wall with fine fibres ……………………………………….D. nilotica. Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 137 Fig. 109 Coniochaeta caraganae (MFLU 17–2500, holotype). a, b. Appearance of conidiomata on host surface. c. Vertical section through the conidioma. d. Peridium. e, f. Conidiogenesis. g–k. Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 500 µm, c, d = 30 µm, e–k = 10 µm Subclass Savoryellomycetidae Hongsanan, K.D. Hyde & Maharachch. Coniochaetales Huhndorf, A.N. Mill. & F.A. Fernández, Mycologia 96(2): 378 (2004). Coniochaetales was introduced by Huhndorf et al. (2004) with Coniochaetaceae as the type family. Coniochaetales comprises two families namely Coniochaetaceae and Cordanaceae. Cordanaceae was previously accommodated in Cordanales. Hongsanan et al. (2017) treated Cordanales as a synonym of Coniochaetales based on molecular clock evidence. Hyde et al. (2020a, b, c) suggested the divergence time for Coniochaetales to be around 131 MYA. Coniochaetales comprises two families and five genera (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c). Coniochaetaceae Malloch and Cain (1971). Coniochaetaceae was introduced by Malloch and Cain (1971) to accommodate two genera Coniochaeta and Coniochaetidium (Sacc.). Coniochaetaceae is typified by Coniochaeta and accommodates two genera Barrina A.W. 13 138 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 ◂ Fig. 110 Phylogenetic tree generated from Maximum likelihood analysis (RAxML) based on combined ITS and LSU sequence data of Coniochaetaceae in the order Coniochaetales. Maximum likelihood bootstrap support values ≥ 70% (in blue) and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95 (in green) are indicated on the branches. The new isolate is in blue. The tree is rooted with Chaetosphaeria jonesii (MFLUCC 15–1015) and Chaetosphaeria garethjonesii (MFLUCC 15–1012) Ramaley and Coniochaeta (Sacc.) Cooke (Wijayawardene et al. 2020) based on multi gene phylogeny (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015a, b; Samarakoon et al. 2018). Species belonging to this family are saprobes and pathogenic on various decaying wood and plants or animals, respectively (Khan et al. 2013; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015a, b, 2016; Wijayawardene et al. 2017a, b; Samarakoon et al. 2018). Coniochaeta (Sacc.) Cooke, Grevillea 16(no. 77): 16 (1887) Coniochaeta was introduced by (Sacc.) Cooke (1887a, b) and is typified by Coniochaeta ligniaria (Grev.) Cooke. Coniochaeta is characterized by solitary or aggregated, typically setose, dark brown to black, pyriform to globose ascomata, membranaceous to pseudoparenchymatous or coriaceous peridium, paraphysate hamathecium, unitunicate and thin-walled asci with a small non-amyloid apical ring and one-celled, usually dark brown and often laterally compressed with a germ slit ascospores (Greville 1823–1824, Cooke 1887a, b). The hyphomycetous asexual morph is characterized by phialidic conidiogenous cells, previously described in Lecythophora (Weber 2002; Khan et al. 2013). In this study, we introduce a new species C. caraganae collected on dead twigs of Caragana frutex in Russia based on morphology and phylogenetic evidence. Coniochaeta caraganae D. Pem, Bulgakov & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF559528, Facesoffungi number: FoF08686; Fig. 109 Etymology: ″caraganae″ refers to the host plant from which the fungus was isolated. Holotype: MFLU 17-2500 Saprobic on dead branch of Caragana frutex. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 106–114 μm diam., 4–7 μm high (x̄ = 110.7 × 6.2 μm, n = 20), small, pycnidial, solitary, scattered, immersed, uniloculate, globose to subglobose, thin-walled. Peridium 26–32 μm composed of two layers. Inner layer consisting cells of textura prismatica, hyaline to subhyaline, strongly compressed. Outer layer consisting of densely packed, moderately thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis, tending to be darker and more isodiametric towards the outside. Conidiophores 7–10 × 2–3 μm (x̄ = 6.5 × 2.3 μm, n = 20), hyaline, straight or irregularly 139 bent, reduced to conidiogeneous cells. Conidiogenous cells 2–3 × 4–6 μm (x̄ = 3.1 × 5.1 μm, n = 20), holoblastic, annellidic, simple, determinate, hyaline, doliiform to cylindrical, smooth-walled. Conidia 3–4 × 5–6 μm (x̄ = 4.1 × 5.8 μm, n = 20) oblong to ovoid, straight, rounded at both ends, sometimes truncate at base, cylindrical, aseptate, smooth and thick-walled, eguttulate. Culture characteristics: colonies on MEA, reaching 25–35 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 25 °C, grey whitish, dense, effuse, with white hyphal stands towards the edge, rough surface towards centre, diffuse margin; reverse dark grey with whitish edges, grayish orange at the center, radiating, effuse and zonate. Material examined: Russia, Donetsk People's Republic, Shakhtersk district, regional landscape park «Donetsk ridge» (Rus. «Donetsky kryazh»), steppe near Leontievsky forest, on dead twigs of Caragana frutex (L.) K. Koch (Fabaceae), 19 May 2017, Timur S. Bulgakov (MFLU 17-2500, holotype); ex-type living culture MFLUCC 18-0780. GenBank numbers: MT573224 (ITS), MT573223 (LSU). Notes: Based on phylogenetic analyses, the new asexual species Coniochaeta caraganae is closely related with C. coluteae (Samarakoon et al. 2018; Fig. 110). The asexual morph of C. coluteae is hyphomycetous and has been obtained from culture. It is characterized by hyaline vegetative hyphae, hyphoide conidiophores, phialidic conidiogenous cells and one celled hyaline conidia. Our new species C. caraganae has been obtained from dead branch of Caragana frutex and is characterized by pycnidial conidiomata, hyaline conidiophores and oblong to ovoid conidia. In a comparison of the 565 ITS (+ 5.8S) nucleotides of these two strains C. coluteae MFLUCC 17-2299 to that of C. caraganae reveals 11 (1.9%) nucleotide differences which justifies these two isolates as two distinct taxa (Jeewon and Hyde 2016). Therefore, C. caraganae is introduced herein as a new species. Pleurotheciales Réblová & Seifert Notes: Pleurotheciales was introduced by Réblová et al. (2016) with Pleurotheciaceae as the type family. Wijayawardene et al. (2020, 2022) listed Pleurotheciales as a monotypic order and new taxa have been included in it (Boonmee et al. 2021; Crous et al. 2021; Dong et al. 2021). Pleurotheciaceae Réblová & Seifert, in Réblová, Seifert, Fournier & Štěpánek, Persoonia 37: 63 (2015) [2016] Notes: Wijayawardene et al. (2022) listed 14 genera in Pleurotheciaceae. Recently, Saprodesmium was introduced in this family for a saprobic fungus found on decaying wood submerged in freshwater in China (Dong et al. 2021). Pleurotheciaceae was introduced by Réblová et al. (2016) with Pleurothecium recurvatum as the type species. Fourteen genera viz. Adelosphaeria, Anapleurothecium, 13 140 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 111 Rhexoacrodictys erecta (MFLU 21–0277, new record). a, b Colonies on wood. c–f Conidiophore with conidia. g–i Conidia. j Germinating conidia. k, l Culture on PDA from surface and reverse. Scale bars: c–f, j = 20 μm, g–i = 10 μm Coleodictyospora, Dematipyriforma, Helicoascotaiwania, Melanotrigonum, Monotosporella, Neomonodictys, Phaeoisaria, Phragmocephala, Pleurotheciella, Pleurothecium, Saprodesmium, and Sterigmatobotrys are accepted in the family (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c; Boonmee et al. 2021; Dong et al. 2021; Bao et al. 2022). Species in Pleurotheciaceae are cosmopolitan with a wide range of hosts and substrates from terrestrial and freshwater habitats (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c; Dong et al. 2021; Boonmee et al. 2021; Bao et al. 2022). The sexual morphs of Pleurotheciaceae share perithecial, immersed to superficial, papillate ascomata, leathery to fragile, carbonaceous peridial walls, unitunicate, cylindrical, 8-spored, asci with a distinct non-amyloid apical annulus, abundant paraphyses and ellipsoidal to fusiform, septate, hyaline or versicolorous ascospores (Réblová et al. 2016; Luo et al. 2018a, b; Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c). The asexual morphs of Pleurotheciaceae have been reported as hyphomycetes forming indeterminate synnemata or loose fascicles. Conidiophores are macronematous or semimacronematous. Conidiogenous cells produce holoblastic conidia, with rhexolytic conidial secession on short 13 denticles or extending polyblastically on a sympodial rachis. Conidia are hyaline to brown, varied in shape, septate or aseptate (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c, Dong et al. 2021, Boonmee et al. 2021, Bao et al. 2022). Rhexoacrodictys W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones, Mycotaxon 82: 98 (2002) Rhexoacrodictys was introduced by Baker et al. (2002) to accommodate species previously identified as Acorcdictys (i.e., A. erecta, A. fimicola, A. fuliginosa and A. queenslandica) and wherein Rhexoacrodictys erecta was designated as the type. Two additional species R. martini and R. broussonetiae were subsequently added to the genus based on morphological characteristics (Delgado 2009; Xiao et al. 2018). While R. martini and R. queenslandica were transferred to Distoseptispora and Junewangia based on phylogenetic analysis (Xia et al. 2017). Currently, four species are accepted in Rhexoacrodictys (R. broussonetiae, R. erecta, R. fimicola, and R. fuliginosa). Rhexoacrodictys erecta (Ellis & Everh.) W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones, in Baker, Partridge & Morgan-Jones, Mycotaxon 82: 99 (2002) Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Refer to Species Fungorum (2022a, b) for synonyms. Index Fungorum number: IF381123; Facesoffungi number: FoF13392; Fig. 111 Saprobic on dead culms of bamboo. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Colonies on the substratum superficial, hairy, effuse, blackish, shining. Mycelium mostly immersed, cylindrical, brown to dark brown hyphae. Conidiophores 28–57 × 4–5 μm ( x̄ = 42.5 × 4.5 μm, n = 15), macronematous, mononematous, erect, single, straight or somewhat flexuous, cylindrical, smooth-walled, brown to dark brown, septate. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, pale brown to brown, integrated, terminal. Conidia 19–27.5 × 15–19 μm ( x̄ = 23.5 × 17 μm, n = 30), holoblastic, solitary, dry, broad oval to subglobose, muriform, acrogenous, transversely and longitudinally septate, dark brown to black, smoothwalled, narrowly truncate at the base. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA, 30 mm diam after two weeks at 28 °C, brown to blackish at the front and reverse sides, mycelium sparse; reverse blackish. Material examined: Thailand, Chiang Rai Province, Muang District, on dead culms of Bambusa sp. (Poaceae), 11 November 2020, X. G. Tian U–2–3 (MFLU 21–0277), living culture, MFLUCC 21–0157. Habitat: on submerged wood, Arundo donax, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa sp., Fagus crenata, palm tree, Saccharum officinarum, Sorghum bicolor, Sporoschisma saccardoi and Zea mays (Ellis 1961; Baker et al. 2002; Zhao et al. 2011; Xia et al. 2017; Shi et al. 2021). Distribution: Known from China, India, Japan, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Thailand, USA and Venezuela (Ellis 1961; Baker et al. 2002; Zhao et al. 2011; Xia et al. 2017; Shi et al. 2021; This study). GenBank numbers: OL606411 (ITS), OL606151 (LSU), OL606015 (SSU). Notes: This species was reported as Acrodictys erecta on Arundo donax in Venezuela and on Zea mays in USA by Ellis (1961). Baker et al. (2002) examined several type specimens of synonyms of this species and erected Rhexoacrodictys based on morphological analysis. Our new isolate (MFLUCC 21-0157) clustered with the strains of Rhexoacrodictys erecta (HMAS 245615, IFRD500–016 and HMAS 245616; Fig. 112). Morphologically, our new collection is similar to those of Rhexoacrodictys erecta (Ellis 1961; Baker et al. 2002). Based on nucleotide comparisons of ITS, LSU and SSU, our new strain (MFLUCC 21–0157) and three of Rhexoacrodictys erecta (HMAS 245615, IFRD500–016 and HMAS 245616) show no differences; however, the new strain (MFLUCC 21–0157) is different from Monotosporella seteosa (HKUCC 3712) in 14/516 bp (2.71%) of the LSU (data contains 6 gaps). Based on both phylogeny and morphology 141 showed that our strain (MFLUCC 21-0157) is identical to Rhexoacrodictys erecta. Phaeoisaria Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 330 (1909). Notes: Phaeoisaria is a genus of hyphomycetes (von Höhnel 1909) having morphological features mainly characterized by ‘indeterminate synnemata with aseptate or septate ellipsoidal, obovoidal, fusiform-cylindrical to falcate, hyaline conidia’ (Boonmee et al. 2021). We follow Crous et al. (2021), Boonmee et al. (2021) and Wijayawardene et al. (2022) for the classification and updated account of Phaeoisaria species. Phaeoisaria goiasensis H.M. Silva, A.D. Cavalcanti & J.D.P. Bezerra, sp. nov. MycoBank number: MB840294, Facesoffungi number: FoF09975, Fig. 113 Etymology: The name refers to the Brazilian state, Goiás, where the fungus was isolated. Holotypus: UFG 71083. Isolated from a Petri-dish with culture medium storage in a fridge. Asexual morph: Hyphae hyaline to pale brown with age, smooth wall, septate, 1.5–2.5(–3) µm wide. Synnemata erect, brown, smooth, indeterminate, composed of compactly and parallels conidiophores and commonly with conidiogenous cells in the above half, 93–147 × 3.5–4.5 µm. Conidiophores straight or slightly curved, septate, reduced to conidiogenous cell, cylindrical, hyaline to pale brown, smooth wall, (10–)15–49(–72) × (1.5–)2–2.5(–3.5) µm. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, integrated, terminal or intercalary, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth wall, (3–)3.5–9.5(–15.5) × (1.5–)2–3(–3.5) µm, forming conidia on denticles, 1–2 µm long, 0.5–1 µm wide, scattered or clustered in the apical region. Conidia ellipsoidal to obovoid, straight or slightly curved, rounded at the ends or occasionally tapering toward the base, hyaline, aseptate, guttulate, smooth wall, (4.5–) 7.5–9(–10.5) × (2–)2.5–3(–4) µm. Chlamydospores terminal, globose, pyriform, first hyaline and becoming brown to dark brown with age, (8–)8.5–10.5(–17) × (2–)7–8(–8.5) µm. Sexual morph: Not observed. Culture Charactersistics: Colonies grew in the dark for 7 days at 25 °C. On PDA, colonies elevated, aerial mycelium absent, irregular, greyish to dark grey with edge whitish, up to 15 mm. On MEA, colonies plane, aerial mycelium absent, greyish to dark grey with edge brown to dark brown, up to 10 mm. On oatmeal agar (OA), colonies growing up to 18 mm. At 36 °C, colonies are similar to at 25 °C, growing up to 8 mm on PDA, 9 mm on MEA, and 6 mm on AO. No growth at 10 °C. Material examined: Brazil, Goiás state, Goiânia City, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública (IPTSP), Laboratório de Micologia 13 142 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 ◂ Fig. 112 Combined phylogeny using ITS, LSU SSU, rpb2 and tef1 of selected members of four orders of the Hypocreomycetidae. The dataset of combined ITS, LSU, SSU, rpb2 and tef1 sequence data comprise 79 strains with 4413 characters including gaps (rpb2: 1–1051 bp, tef1: 1052–2046 bp, ITS: 2047–2623 bp, LSU: 2624–3413 bp, SSU: 3414–4413 bp). Leotia lubrica (AFTOL-ID1) and Microglossum rufum (AFTOL-ID 1292) were used as outgroup taxa. RAxML and Bayesian analyses were conducted and resulted in generally congruent topologies. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥75% and BYPP ≥0.95 are given as ML/BYPPP above the nodes. Newly obtained sequences are indicated in red and ex-type strains are in bold (LabMicol), isolated from a Petri dish with culture medium storage in a fridge, 19 November 2019, J.D.P. Bezerra & H.M. Silva (UFG 71083, holotype); ex-type living culture URM 8387 = FCCUFG 02; ibid. living culture FCCUFG 03. GenBank numbers: URM 8387 = FCCUFG 02 –MT210320 (ITS), MT375865 (LSU), MT384422 (tub2), MT384424 (tef1) FCCUFG 03 – MT210321 (ITS), MT375866 (LSU), MT384423 (tub2), MT384425 (tef1) Notes: Phaeoisaria was described by von Höhnel (1909) and has 32 records in the Index Fungorum and MycoBank databases (8 June 2022). Based on our phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 114), our isolates here are proposed for the new species P. goiasensis. Phaeoisaria goiasensis differs from P. annesophieae, which was isolated from soil in The Netherlands, by the presence of synnemata in old cultures (after 30 days) and defined conidiophores in P. goiasensis, and by the size of conidiogenous cells (12–39 × 1–3.5 µm), conidia (4.5–9 × 2–3.5 µm), and chlamydospores (9–18 × 7–9.5 µm) of P. annesophieae (Crous et al. 2017). The BLASTn searches (8 June 2022) using ITS sequences of P. goiasensis demonstrated that they are identical to sequences deposited as Phaeoisaria sp. INBio 4514E, which was isolated from substrate related to Passalidae galleries in decayed trunks (Vargas-Asensio et al. 2014), and to sequences obtained from submerged wood and deposited as Ascomycota (Brown et al. 2016). The ITS sequences from P. goiasensis also had highest similarity to P. annesophieae (strain CBS 143235, GenBank MG022180.1; Identities = 500/511 (98%), 0 gap (0%)). The LSU sequences had high identity to Phaeoisaria sp. INBio 4514E and P. annesophieae MFLU 19–0531, amongst other sequences deposited as Phaeoisaria species/isolates. The tef1 sequences had high similarity to P. filiformis MFLU 18-1462 and it was also 96.59% identical to P. sedimenticola S-908. The tub2 sequences had low identity to Sordariomycetes species. Pleurothecium Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 37: 154 (1919). Notes: Pleurothecium was introduced by Höhnel (1919) with Pleurothecium recurvatum (Morgan) Höhn as the type species. There are 11 species listed in Index Fungorum (June, 2022), and a new species, P. aquisubtropicum, is described and illustrated here (Fig. 5). 143 Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum J. Ma, Y.Z. Lu & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF559508, Facesoffungi number: FoF08709; Fig. 115 Etymology: Referring to the aquatic habitat and collecting site in subtropical country, China. Holotype: GZAAS 21–0384 Saprobic on decaying wood in a freshwater stream. Asexual morph: Colonies on natural substrate superficial, effuse, brown or dark brown, smooth. Mycelium immersed or superficial, smooth. Conidiophores 82–177 × 3.5–5.5 μm ( x̄ = 121.3 × 4.3 μm, n = 20), macronematous, mononematous, sucylindrical, straight, unbranched, smooth, septate, brown, paler towards the apex. Conidiogenous cells 25–38 × 2.7–3.8 μm ( x̄ = 29.6 × 3.2 μm, n = 15), holoblastic, polyblastic, integrated, terminal, subhyaline to pale brown, subcylindrical. Conidia 13.4–15.5 × 3.4–5.5 μm ( x̄ = 14.4 × 4.4 μm, n = 21), acrogenous, solitary, aseptate, pale brown, straight, guttulate, hyaline or pale green, smooth. Sexual morph: Not observed. Culture Characters: Colonies growing slowly on PDA, reaching 37 mm in 35 days at 25 °C, flat, filiform, round, gray or white, smooth; In reverse, milky at the center, brown or dark brown at the margin. Material examined: China, Guizhou Province, Xishui County, on decaying wood submerged in a freshwater stream, 13 February 2021, Jian Ma, TL2(GZAAS 21–0384, holotype); ex–type living culture, GZCC 21–0670. GenBank numbers: OM339436 (ITS), OM339433 (LSU) Notes: Our new collection fits well with the generic concept of Pleurothecium in having macronematous, mononematous, brown conidiophores, polyblastic, integrated conidiogenous cells and septate, smooth allantoid or fusiformis conidia. In our phylogenetic analyses, our new collection of Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum was placed within Pleurothecium and is basal to other Pleurothecium species (Fig. 116). Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum resembles P. aquaticum in the shape of the conidiophores, and conidia (Luo et al. 2018a, b). However, Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum differs from P. aquaticum by its darker and longer conidiophores (82–177 μm vs 53–65 μm) and smaller conidia (13.5–15.5 × 3–5.5 μm vs 19–21 × 4.5–5.5 μm). Hence, based on both morphology and phylogeny, we introduce our collection as a new species of Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum. Subclass Xylariomycetidae O.E. Erikss & Winka. Amphisphaeriales D Hawksw & OE Erikss. Amphisphaeriales was introduced by Eriksson and Hawksworth (1986). However, Amphisphaeriales was synonymized with Xylariales by Eriksson and Hawksworth (1987). Based on morphological and molecular data, these two orders were separated and Amphisphaeriales 13 144 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 113 Phaeoisaria goiasensis (UFG 71083, holotype) a–c Synnemata d Details of a synnema e–j Conidiophores and conidia k Conidia l–o Chlamydospores and conidia. Scale bars: 10 μm was resurrected (Senanayake et al. 2015). The evidence for the continuation of Amphisphaeriales and Xylariales as distinct orders in Xylariomycetidae is also provided in Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016), Samarakoon et al. 13 (2016a, b), Hongsanan et al. (2017) and Daranagama et al. (2018). Amphisphaeriales comprises with 17 families viz Amphisphaeriaceae, Apiosporaceae, Beltraniaceae, Castanediellaceae, Clypeophysalosporaceae, Cylindriaceae, Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 114 Phylogram generated from Bayesian analysis based on combined ITS and LSU rDNA sequence data of Phaeoisaria conducted in MrBayes on XSEDE in the CIPRES science gateway. Twenty-nine strains/isolates are included in the combined analysis, which comprised a total of 1435 characters (ITS = 591 and LSU = 844), including gaps. The substitution model GTR + I + G was used for ITS and LSU alignments. The tree is rooted with Pleurothecium semifecun- 145 dum CBS 131271 and Pleurothecium recurvatum CBS 138747 and the scale bar indicates the number of changes. The ex-types (reference strains) are in bold and the new isolates are in blue. Maximum likelihood bootstrap (ML-BS) support values obtained with RAxML using 1000 replicates greater than 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BYPP) greater than 0.95 are indicated near nodes 13 146 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 115 Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum (GZAAS 21–0384, holotype) a Colony on decaying wood b–c Conidiophores with attached conidia d–g Conidiogenous cells and conidia h–j Conidia k Germinating condium l–m Colony on PDA from above and below. Scale bars: b, c = 20 μm, d–k = 10 μm Hyponectriaceae, Iodosphaeriaceae, Melogrammataceae, Oxydothidaceae, Phlogicylindriaceae, Pseudomassariaceae, Pseudosporidesmiaceae, Pseudotruncatellaceae, Sporocadaceae, Vialaeaceae, and Xyladictyochaetaceae (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c; Wijayawardena et al. 2020). Pestalotiopsis, Pseudopestalotiopsis, Pseudosarcostroma, Robillarda, Sarcostroma, Seimatosporium, Seiridium, Sporocadus, Strickeria, Synnemapestaloides, Truncatella, Xenoseimatosporium (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c; Tibproma et al. 2020; Wijayawardene et al. 2020). Sporocadaceae Corda, [as 'Sporocadeae'], Icon. fung. (Prague) 5: 34 (1842). Sporpcadaceae was first established by Corda (1842) and typified by Sporodocadus Corda (1839). The members of Sporocadaceae can be found as saprobes, pathogens, and endophytes in a variety of habitats (Nag Raj, 2993, Tanaka et al. 2011, Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c). The family contains 32 genera viz Allelochaeta, Annellolacinia, Bartalinia, Broomella, Ciliochorella, Diploceras, Disaeta, Discosia, Distononappendiculata, Diversimediispora, Doliomyces, Heterotruncatella, Hyalotiella, Hymenopleella, Immersidiscosia, Monochaetia, Morinia, Neopestalotiopsis, Nonappendiculata, Parabartalinia, Bartalinia Tassi, Bulletin Labor. Orto Bot. de R. Univ. Siena 3: 4 (1900) Bartalinia was introduced by Tassi (1900) and belongs to Sporocadaceae, (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c; Wijayawardene et al. 2020). Bartalinia is morphologically similar to Heterotruncatella, Hymenopleella, Morinia, Parabartalinia, Pestalotiopsis, Pseudosarcostroma, and Truncatella. The characteristic features of Bartalinia are pycnidial conidiomata and fusiform, 3–4-septate, appendage bearing conidia with an acute or blunt apex (Senanayake et al. 2015). There are 22 Bartalinia species in the Species Fungorum (2022a, b) and a new species B. kevinhydei was introduced by Tibpromma et al. (2021). The generic and species boundaries of Bartalinia-like taxa are complicated 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 147 Fig. 116 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined LSU and ITS sequence data. Twenty–six taxa were included in the combined analyses, which comprised 1420 characters (LSU: 910, ITS: 510) after alignment. The best scoring RA × ML tree with a final likelihood value of is presented. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 50% and BYPP ≥ 0.95 are given above the nodes. The tree is rooted with Conioscypha lignicola CBS 335.93 and C. japonica CBS 387.84 due to overlapping morphological characteristics. Liu et al. (2019a, b, c, d) has revised the taxa with appendagebearing conidia in Sporocadaceae based on morphology and multigene phylogeny. A new genus Parabartalinia was introduced based on Bartalinia-like taxon. Bartalinia bidenticola Htet, Mapook & K.D. Hyde, sp.nov. Index Fungorum number: IF559553; Facesoffungi number: FoF10766; Fig. 117 Etymology: The name refers to the host plant from which it was collected Bidens pilosa. Holotype: MFLU 22-0103 Saprobic on dead stems of Bidens pilosa. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 120–130 × 190–200 μm ( x̄ = 123 × 196 μm, n = 5), uniloculate, solitary, immersed to semi-immersed, globose to subglobose. Ostiole absent. Peridium 23–30 μm wide, 3–4 layered, comprised of brown cells of textura globulosa. Conidiogenous cells 1–2 μm wide, filiform, hyaline. Conidia 23–27 × 4–6 µm, ( x̄ ± SD = 24.9 ± 0.8 × 4.9 ± 0.3 µm), fusoid to ellipsoid, straight to slightly curved at the apex, 4-septate, constricted ate the septa, brown in three middle cells and hyaline at the basal and apical cells; basal cells 2–4 µm long, hyaline, obconic to conic with a truncate base, thin-walled; three median cells 14–18 µm long, ( x̄ ± SD = 15.8 ± 0.8 µm), (second cell from the base pale brown, 6–7 μm long; third cell pale brown, 4–6 μm long; fourth cell pale brown, 4–7 μm long), doliiform, wall rugose, versicoloured; apical cells 3–6 µm long, hyaline, subcylindrical, smooth-walled; with 2–3 tubular appendages (mostly 2), unbranched, filliform (13–)17–24(–24) µm long, ( x̄ ± SD = 22.7 ± 2.7 µm); basal appendage single, tubular, unbranched, centric 4–8(–10) µm long. 13 148 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 (MFLUCC 12-0384) with 97.32% similarity and the closest match for ITS sequence was Bartalinia pondoensis (CCTU 459) with 98.85% similarity. Phylogenetic analyses of a combined ITS and LSU sequence dataset (Fig. 118) show that Bartalinia bidenticola (MFLUCC 22-0008) is phylogenetically well distinguished and branched off from all other species in Bartalinia with ML = 100% and BYPP = 1.00 support. We, therefore, identify our isolate as a new species which was found from Bidens pilosa. Fig. 117 Bartalinia bidenticola (MFLU 22–0103, holotype). a,b Appearance of conidiomata on host substrate. c Section through conidioma. d Peridium. e Conidia on the conidiogenous cells. f–i Conidia. J–k Germinating conidia. l–m Culture on MEA from surface and reverse. Scale bar a = 300 µm, b = 200 µm, c = 50 µm, d = 20 µm, e = 10 µm, f,g,h,I,j,k,l,m = 20 µm Culture characteristics: Spores germinating on MEA within 24 h, reaching 50 mm after 7 days at room temperature, irregular, undulate, concentric, flat, leathery surface, grey. Material examined: Thailand, Chiang Rai Province, Doi Pui, on the dead stems of Bidens pilosa Linn var radiata (Asteraceae), 10 July 2020, Zin Hnin Htet SW35 (MFLU 22-0103, holotype), ex-type living culture (MFLUCC 22-0008). GenBank numbers: ON715467(LSU), ON715520(ITS). Notes: Bartalinia bidenticola (MFLUCC 22-0008) resembles Bartalinia in having subcylindrical to fusoid, pale yellow septate conidia, with an apical cell modified into branched appendages. According to the BLASTn results, the closest match for the LSU sequence of Bartalinia bidenticola (MFLUCC 22-0008) was Bartalinia kevinhydei 13 Bartalinia caryotae Senan., Kular. & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF558407; Facesoffungi number: FoF10699; Fig. 119 Etymology: Species epithet refers to the host genus. Holotype: HKAS115853 Associated with leaf-tip spots of Caryota sp. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 55–75 × 115–140 μm ( x̄ = 62 × 120 μm, n = 15), pycnidial, superficial or rarely erumpent, solitary, scattered, dark brown, uniloculate, conical, glabrous, ostiolate, without a papilla. Conidiomata wall 3–8 μm wide ( x̄ = 6 μm, n = 5), comprising several layers of brown, pseudoparenchymatous cells of textura angularis, paler towards the inner layers. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 3–7 × 1.5–4 μm ( x̄ = 5 × 3 μm, n = 10), enteroblastic, annellidic, integrated, hyaline to subhyaline, ampulliform to subcylindrical, or obclavate, aseptate, thin- and smooth-walled. Conidia 17.5–19 × 5–7 μm ( x̄ = 18 × 6 μm, n = 20), subcylindrical, hyaline when immature, olivaceous when mature, straight to slightly curved, 4-septate, constricted at septa, smooth, with longest cell second from base, bearing appendages at both ends; basal cell 2–4 μm long, conical, hyaline, to pale brown, paler than middle cells; second cell from base 5–8 μm long, pale brown; third cell 3–5 μm long, pale brown; fourth cell 3–5 μm long, pale brown; apical cell 2–3 μm long, conical, hyaline, smooth-walled with a tubular, flexuous, divergently 3–4, unbranched, 20–30 μm long, tubular appendages arising from the tip of apical cell, with a basal 10–25 μm long, centric to eccentrically located, unbranched, flexuous, tubular to filiform appendage. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 2 cm diam. after 5 days at 16 °C, flattened, circular, smooth margin, white with off-white aerial mycelia; reverse cream. Material examined: China, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, Nanshan District, Mountain Yangtai Forest Park, 22° 39′ 21.26″ N 113° 57′ 18.53″ E, living leaves of Caryota sp (Arecaceae), 4 October 2019, ND Kularathnage, NDK 24, (HKAS115853, holotype), ex-type living culture, ZHKUCC 21–0093; China, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, Nanshan District, Mountain Yangtai Forest Park, 22° 39′ 21.26″ N 113° 57′ 18.53″ E, living leaves of Caryota sp Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 149 Fig. 118 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined LSU and ITS sequence data for Bartalinia. Twenty taxa were included in the combined analyses, which comprised 1479 characters (LSU = 897 bp, ITS = 582 bp) after alignment. Bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood (ML) ≥ 50% and clade credibility values ≥ 0.90 from Bayesian inference analysis are labelled at each node. Ex-type strains are in bold and the new isolate is indicated in blue bold. Hymenopleella endophytica (APBSWTPF108, EML AS5-1, EML AS5-2) were used as the outgroup taxa (Arecaceae), 15 September 2018, IC. Senanayake, SI 43, (ZHKU 21–0005, paratype), ex-paratype living culture, ZHKUCC 21–0094. GenBank numbers: ZHKUCC 21–0093 – MZ520792(ITS), MZ520794 (LSU). ZHKUCC 21–0094 –MZ520793(ITS), MZ520795 (LSU) Notes: In the combined ITS and LSU gene analysis, Bartalinia caryotae formed a distinct clade with (MP = 100 and BYPP = 1.00) support, basal to B. kevinhydei (Fig. 118). The comparison of the DNA sequence of ITS and LSU loci of Bartalinia caryotae with B. kevinhydei revealed base pair differences of 0.3% and 0.4% respectively. However, Bartalinia caryotae is morphologically different from Bartalinia kevinhydei in having small, conical conidiomata with large, 3–4 unbranched apical appendages (Liu et al. 2019a, b, c, d). Therefore, we introduce Bartalinia caryotae as a novel taxon from leaves of Caryota species and Bartalinia species are rarely reported on monocotyledon plants. Our species forms superficial to erumpent conidiomata on leaves. Pestalotiopsis Steyaert, Bull. Jard. bot. État Brux. 19: 300 (1949). Notes: Steyaert (1949), based on the conidial features, divided Pestalotia into three genera, namely Pestalotia, Pestalotiopsis and Truncatella. Species with 5-celled conidia (4-septate) were grouped within Pestalotiopsis. Based on multilocus phylogenetic and morphological analyses of Pestalotiopsis-like species, Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014) divided the complex into three genera: Pestalotiopsis, Neopestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis. Pestalotiopsis is characterized by median cells concolourous, i.e. three pale-pigmented median cells. Pestalotiopsis is a complex genus and has considerable phenotypic diversity (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014). Thus, the identification is complemented with DNA sequence data and phylogenetic analyses based on the combination of three gene regions (ITS, tub2 and tef1) (Jeewon et al. 2003; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2011, 2012, 2013; Geng et al. 2013). Pestalotiopsis piraubensis V.P. Abreu & O.L. Pereira, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF556023; Facesoffungi number: FoF04861; Fig. 120 13 150 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 119 Bartalinia caryotae (HKAS115853, holotype). a Specimen. b Conidiomata on substrate. c Cross section of conidiomata. d-f Conidia attached to conidiogeneous cells. g-j Conidia. Scale bars: c = 30 µm, d-f = 20 µm, g-j = 15 µm Etymology: Name refers to the city of Piraúba, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, where the fungus was collected. Holotype: VIC 44199 Asexual morph: Culture obtained by direct isolation from diseased guava fruits (Fig. 120a). On MEA, conidiomata sporodochial, globose, solitary, semi-immersed, black, exuding globose, dark brown to black conidial masses (Fig. 120d–e). Conidiophores indistinct, reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells discrete, cylindrical or spathulate, hyaline, smooth-walled, 4–10 × 1.5–3 μm. Conidia fusoid, ellipsoid, straight to slightly curved, 4-septate, 25–33.5 × 5–7.5 μm, basal cell conic, hyaline, smooth and thin-walled, 4.5–7.5 μm long; three median cells doliiform, 15.5–20.5 μm long, minutely verruculose, concolourous, pale brown, septa darker than the rest of the cell (second cell from the base 5–7.5 μm long; third cell 4.5–6.5 μm long; fourth cell 5–7 μm long); apical cell 3.5–6 μm long, hyaline, cylindrical to subcylindrical, thin- and smooth-walled; with 1–3 tubular apical appendages, arising from the apical crest, unbranched, filiform, flexuous 12–25.5 μm long; basal 13 appendage single, tubular, unbranched, centric, 2–6.5 μm long (Fig. 120f–h). Sexual morph: Not observed. Culture characteristics: Colonies on MEA attaining 43 mm diam after 7 days at 25 °C, with a regular edge, whitish to pale yellow-coloured, with dense aerial mycelium and dark brown to black conidial masses (Fig. 120b). Colonies on PDA attaining 68 mm diam after 7 days at 25 °C, with irregular edge, whitish to pale yellow-coloured, with sparse aerial mycelium on the central surface and dark brown to black conidial masses (Fig. 120c). Pathogenicity test: The inoculation method used consisted of the wounding of the detached fruits and on these, the mycelium plug, with the mycelial part facing the surface of the fruit was added. Causing fruit rot disease, seven days after the inoculation of healthy ripe guava fruits. Material examined: Brazil, Minas Gerais, Piraúba, in a commercial orchard, on fruits of Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), 20 January 2014, V.P. Abreu & O.L. Pereira (VIC 44199, holotype), ex-type living culture COAD 2165. GenBank numbers: MH627381 (ITS), MH643773 (tub2), MH643774 (tef1-α). Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 151 post-harvest management. The topology of the concatenated tree was similar to that of individual trees, thus, only the concatenated tree is presented here (Fig. 121). Molecular data showed that Pestalotiopsis piraubensis COAD 2165 did not group with any other species reported in the literature. Morphologically, P. piraubensis differs from P. trachicarpicola for presenting larger conidia. Pestalotiopsis piraubensis has 1–3 apical appendages and the other species have 2–4 (mostly 3). Pestalotiopsis kenyana and P. biciliata differ from P. piraubensis by having conidiomata pycnidial in culture on PDA. P. photinicola presents smaller conidia (18–24 × 4–5 μm) than P. piraubensis. Although most of the morphological characteristics did not differ so much, the most striking feature of P. piraubensis was the size of the conidiogenous cells, which was much smaller (4–10 × 1.5–3 μm diam), when compared to the other species. Phylogenetic analyses and morphological comparisons support the introduction of P. piraubensis as a new species within this genus. Besides that, this study may be helpful for further studies on the management of guava diseases. Fig. 120 Pestalotiopsis piraubensis (VIC 44,199, holotype) a disease symptom on the fruit of Psidium guajava in a commercial orchard in the city of Piraúba, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. b Colony on MEA (Malt Extract Agar) after 7 d at 25 ºC with a photoperiod of 12 h in the dark in Petri dishes (90 × 15 mm) (COAD 2165). c Colony on PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) after 7 d at 25 ºC with a photoperiod of 12 h in the dark in Petri dishes (90 × 15 mm) (COAD 2165). d Conidioma sporulating on PDA. e Conidial masses. f Conidia (1–3 apical appendages). Scale bars: e = 50 µm, f–h = 20 µm Notes: Pestalotiopsis spp. were previously considered opportunistic pathogens that affect stressed plants (Coyier and Roane 1987). Pirone (1978) reported different species of Pestalotiopsis causing leaf spots on a range of ornamentals. However, in recent years, there has been an increase in reports of these pathogens causing widespread damage to several economically important crops (Keith et al. 2006; Ko et al. 2007; Rodrigues et al. 2014; Rosado et al. 2015; Solarte et al. 2018). Therefore, the increase of guava planting areas has contributed to the emergence of several diseases, and there is no data on the environmental requirements of Pestalotiopsis infection on guavas in Brazil, nor any studies on field epidemiology for these diseases or Apiosporaceae K.D. Hyde, J. Fröhl., Joanne E. Taylor & M.E. Barr, in Hyde, Fröhlich & Taylor, Sydowia 50(1): 23 (1998). Notes: Apiosporaceae was introduced by Hyde et al. (1998), with Apiospora as the type genus. Description of Apiosporaceae has been provided in Hyde et al. (2020a, b, c), wherein the authors listed five genera in this family, Appendicospora, Arthrinium, Dictyoarthrinium and Endocalyx, Nigrospora. However, phylogenetic analysis resulted in the transfer of Dictyoarthrinium and Spegazzinia to Didymosphaeriaceae (Pleosporales) (Tanaka et al. 2015; Samarakoon et al. 2020). Apiospora Sacc., Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat., Padova, Sér. 4 4: 85 (1875). Notes: Apiospora is characterized by densely arranged perithecia arranged in a longitudinal stroma, clavate to broadly cylindrical asci and apiospores in the sexual morph and Arthrinium-like asexual morph (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c). Species of this genus commonly live as endophytes, epiphytes, saprobes on grass in Poaceae (Samarakoon et al. 2022). Apiospora and Arthrinium has no clear boundary as to the morphological characteristics. However, Apiospora and Arthrinium sensu stricto were recognized in Apiosporaceae as two independent lineages in this family (Pintos and Alvarado 2021). Apiospora guiyangensis Samarak., Jian K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, in Samarakoonet al., Fungal Diversity 112: 19 (2022). Index Fungorum number: IF558711; Facesoffungi number: FoF10187; Fig. 122 13 152 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 121 Phylogram generated from Bayesian Inference analysis based on combined ITS, tub2 and tef1 sequence data for several closely related species in Sporocadaceae. Sequence data of type cultures, ex-type or ex-epitype obtained from Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014), Chen et al. (2017a, b), Akinsanmi et al. (2017), Liu et al. (2017) were included in this study. The combined genes sequence analysis included 61 taxa, which comprise total 1994 characters (557 characters for ITS, 830 characters for tub2, 607 characters for tef1-α), and outgroup taxon Neopestalotiopsis saprophytica MFLUCC 12–0282. Bayesian posterior probability are indicated at the nodes, and values ≥ 0.95 are in bold. Isolate numbers are indicated after species names. The ex-type or ex-epitype strains are in bold and black. The newly generated sequence is indicated in bold and blue Saprobic on a dead twig of Bothriochloa ischaemum. Sexual morph: Stromata visible as fusiform, black, erumpent pustules with alongitudinal slit on the top. Ascomata 123–165 × 109–185 ( x̄ = 140 × 130, n = 10) μm, subglobose, unilocular, immersed, papillate, arranged in a linear row along with the thelongitudinal slit. Peridium 11–15 ( x̄ = 13, 13 n = 10) μm in width, consisting of dark brown cell of textura angularis, thin at base, becoming thicker near the ostioles, with a pseudoparenchymatous wall at the most inner layer. Paraphyses 3.6–7.6 ( x̄ = 5.2, n = 10) μm, hyaline, cylindrical, septate, guttulate. Asci 60–84 × 9.3–13 ( x̄ = 70 × 11, n = 20) μm, fusiform, unitunicate, 8-spored, apex lacking Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 153 Fig. 122 Apiospora guiyangensis (KUN-HKAS 125898, new host record)a Host. b, c Appearance of ascostroma on host. d, e Section through ascomata. f Peridium. g Paraphysis. h–j Asci (j is stained in cotton blue). k–m Ascospores. n Germinal spore. o Upper and reverse view of cultures on PDA at 8 days incubation. Scale bars: d = 300 μm, e = 50 μm, f, h–j, n = 20 μm, k–m = 10 μm apical mechanism, with a short basal pedicel. Ascospores 22–28 × 4.6–6.7 ( x̄ = 25 × 5.4, n = 30) μm, hyaline, ellipsoid to reniform, slightly curve, smooth-walled, aseptate, guttulate. Asexual morph: see description in Samarakoon et al. (2022). Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA rapid growing, reaching 45 mm diam. after 8 days at 20–25 °C, colonies medium dense, circular, mycelium superficial in media, cottony, round aspect, white from above and reverse. Material examined: China, Guizhou Province, Qianxinan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Ceheng County, Gaofeng Village, on dead culms of Bothriochloa ischaemum (Poaceae), 8 August 2018, D. P. Wei, GFC613 (KUN-HKAS 125898), living culture KUNCC22-12539. Known hosts and distribution: Poaceae (Guizhou, China) (Samarakoon et al. 2022). GenBank numbers: OQ029540 (ITS), OQ029613(LSU), OQ061263(SSU), OQ186444(tef1), OQ186446 (tub2). 13 154 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 123 RAxML tree inferred from combined ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2 sequence. Bootstrap support for maximum likelihood analysis ≥ 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95 are denoted next to the notes in this order. The new collection is marked in blue bold font Notes: Apiospora guiyangensis was introduced by Samarakoon et al. (2022) from an unidentified Poaceae species in Guizhou, China. Our species colonizing on dead column of Bothriochloa ischaemum (Poaceae) was collected from the same province of type strains of A. guiyangensis. Its sexual morph fits well to the description of A. guiyangensis in the linear stromata with a slit-like opening, immersed, subglobose, gregarious, ascomata and ellipsoid to reniform ascospores. Additionally, the phylogenetic analysis of a combination of ITS-LSU-tef1 -tub2 shows our isolate sisters to A. guiyangensis with ML = 100% and BYPP = 1.00 support (Fig. 123). Thus, we determine our isolate as a new collection of A. guiyangensis and this finding indicates that A. guiyangensis probably specific to Poaceae. Xylariales Nannf. Notes: Xylariales belongs to subclass Xylariomycetidae and the placement is confirmed by different phylogenetic and evolutionary studies (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016; Samarakoon et al. 2016a, b; Hongsanan et al. 2017). The continuous taxonomic studies expand the number of families 13 and genera in Xylariales. Twenty-one families and 183 genera are listed in this order (Konta et al. 2016; Dayarathne et al. 2017; Wijayawardene et al. 2022; Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c). Diatrypaceae Nitschke, [as 'Diatrypeae'], Verh. naturh. Ver. preuss. Rheinl. 26: 73 (1869). Notes: Diatrypaceae is a significant family in Xylariales introduced by Nitschke (1869) with the generic type Diatrype (Augusto et al. 2016; Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c; Boonmee et al. 2021). Numerous saprobic, endopytic and pathogenic diatrypaceaous taxa are available in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats worldwide (Dissanayake et al. 2021a, b; Zhu et al. 2021; Wijayawardene et al. 2020). The family is characterized by erumpent or immersed ascostromata that contain 8-spored or polysporous, long pedicel asci with allantoid ascospores in the sexual morph and coelomycetous or hyphomycetous asexual morphs (Konta et al. 2020; Carpouron et al. 2021; Dissanayake et al. 2021a, b). The early identification of Diatrypaceae species were based only on morphology. Currently most studies are performed by Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 155 Fig. 124 Diatrypella quercina (MFLU 18–1865, new host record). a-c. Appearance of ascostromata on a twig of Quercus petraea subsp. polycarpa host. d. Longitudinal section of an ascoma. e. Ostiole. f. Paraphyses. g. Peridium h–k. Asci l-n. Ascospores. a = 500 μm b-c, f = 200 μm, d-e = 100 μm, h–k = 20 μm, g = 10 μm, l-n = 5 μm using both morphological observations with ITS and tub2 sequence data analyses (Konta et al. 2020; Dissanayake et al. 2021a, b; Wijayawardene et al. 2022). However, many genera of the family are polyphyletic and further taxonomic studies still need to be performed for resolving diatrypaceous taxa (Dissanayake et al. 2021a, b). There are 22 genera in Diatrypaceae with more than 1500 species (Carpouron et al. 2021; Wijayawardene et al. 2020). In this study we discuss a novel host record of Diatrypella species collected from Russia. Diatrypella (Ces. & De Not.) De Not., Sfer. Ital.: 29 (1863) Diatrypella was established to constitute stromatic Sphaeriales with ovoid and multi spored asci (Croxall 1950, Carpouron et al. 2021). Diatrypella was introduced by Cesati and De Notaris (1863) and typified D. verruciformis. The genus is characterized by a libertella-like coelomycetous asexual morph. In the sexual morph, conical to truncate and discoid, cushion-like stromata are delimited by black zones on the substrates, umbilicate or sulcate ostiolar necks, long-stalked, cylindrical and polysporous asci with allantoid, hyaline or yellowish ascospores (Kirk et al. 2008; Dissanayake et al. 2020; Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c). Recently several Diatrypella species were introduced by different authors from different hosts (Dissanayake et al. 2020; Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c; Zhu et al. 2021). There are 84 records under Diatrypella in Species Fungorum (2022a, b) while, only 24 taxa have molecular data in GenBank. We follow the latest 13 156 treatment for Diatrypaceae in Boonmee et al. (2021) to resolve the taxonomic placements of our strain and updated phylogenetic tree is presented in Fig. 124. In this study, we discuss a new collection of Diatrypella quercina from Russia. Diatrypella quercina (Pers.) Cooke, J. Bot., Lond. 4: 99 (1866). Index Fungorum number: IF215896; Facesoffungi number: FoF11778; Fig. 124 Saprobic on dead twigs on Quercus robur. Sexual morph: Stromata 1.0–1.5 mm in diam., well-developed, solitary to gregarious, immersed to semi immersed, erumpent at the maturity, globose to subglobose, black. Ascomata 610–660 μm high, 550–600 μm diam. ( x̄ = 650 × 580 μm, n = 10), perithecial, surrounded by white entostroma, 6–8 perithecia arranged in a valsoid configuration, conical, individual ostiole with a long neck. Neck 450–490 μm long ( x̄ = 480 μm, n = 10), cylindrical, with periphyses. Peridium 20–30 μm wide ( x̄ = 26 μm, n = 10), composed outermost layers of brown, thick-walled cells in textura angularis, inner layers hyaline, cells forming of textura prismatica. Hamathecium comprises 1–2 μm wide ( x̄ = 1.5 μm, n = 20) paraphyses arising from base of perithecia, hyaline, long, narrow, unbranched, septate, guttulate, narrowing and tapering towards apex. Asci 70–120 × 10–15 μm ( x̄ = 100 × 14 μm, n = 30), polysporous, unitunicate, strongly curved, apically round, with a J-apical ring, long pedicellate (50–70 μm). Ascospores 6–9 × 1.8–2.3 μm ( x̄ = 7.5 × 2.0 μm, n = 30), overlapping, hyaline, yellowish in mass, allantoid, aseptate, guttulate, guttules conspicuous near to apex, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: see Adamčíková et al. (2013). Material examined: Russia, Sochi, Khostinsky City District, the territory of Subtropic Scientific Centre of Russia Academy of on a dead branch of Quercus petraea subsp. polycarpa (Schur) Soó (syn. Q. colchica Czeczott, Q. iberica Steven ex M. Bieb.) (Fagaceae), Timur S. Bulgakov, 4 August 2018, T-7330 (MFLU 18–1865). GenBank number: ON705330 (ITS), ON713468 (tub2). Notes: Ruhland (1900) considered Diatrypella quercina as a species in Diatrype because of strongly developed ectostromata. Later, Wehmeyer (1926) discussed the possibility of including this taxon in Diatrype. Croxall (1950) distinguished D. quercina from other Diatrypella species because of its strongly curved ascospores. Cryptovalsa and Diatrypella also have polysporous asci and cannot easily be distinguished, based on morphological comparisons (Acero et al. 2004; Vasilyeva and Stephenson 2005; Dissanayake et al. 2021a, b). A number of taxonomic studies have been done for D. quercina species based on morphological observations from different countries in the world (Farr and Rossman 2022). Adamčíková et al. (2011) reported the records of Libertella quercina based on their morphology on 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Castanea sativa from Slovakia. Libertella quercina was also reported on bark of Quercus in England and France (Grove 1937; Adamčíková et al. 2011). Saccardo (1906) described Cytosporina quercina (basionym Libertella quercina) on branches of Quercus and Castanea in Italy, France, and Germany and later, the taxon was identified as the asexual morph of Diatrypella quercina (Grove 1937). Popov et al. (2008) reported D. quercina on Quercus robur from Russia based on morphology while our strain MFLU 18–1865, was from Q. petraea subsp. polycarpa is also known as Georgian, or Colchician oak—the native oak species for western Caucasus. However, no genetic studies were reported from Russia for this taxon. There were only two studies providing molecular data for the species from Spain (on Quercus faginea) (Acero et al. 2004; Vu et al. 2019 taken from GenBank 2022). We provided a comprehensive taxonomic study for D. quercina based on their morpho-molecular and phylogenetic analyses. In our phylogenetic analyses our strain (MFLU 18–1865) grouped with other isolates of D. quercina (CBS 108.18 and DL30M) in Clade B, with 85% MLBS, 0.95 BYPP support. Also, our strain forms a sister lineage to CBS 108.18 and grouped with high bootstrap support (95% ML). In comparison of base pair differences between CBS 108.18 and DL30M (D. quercina), 6 bp differences (1.16%) have revealed by 513 nucleotides in ITS region while tub2 regions are not available. However, we provided tub2 sequence data for D. quercina in this study. We revealed 1 and 5 pb differences from 515 nucleotides (0.19% and 0.97%) in ITS regions when comparing our strain (MFLU 18–1865) with CBS 108.18 and DL30M respectively. Trimen et al. (1866, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/ 16233050) provided incomplete morphology for the taxa and these characters are matched with the morphology of our strain. Based on referred morpho-molecular data we conclude that our stain should be another collection of D. quercina from Russia. This is the first genetic study on D. quercina in Russia with detailed morphology and it is also the new host record on Q. petraea subsp. polycarpa. However, detailed morphological studies are suggested in future for this taxon (Figs. 124, 125). Hypoxylaceae DC., in Lamarck & de Candolle, Fl. franç., Edn 3 (Paris) 2: 280 (1805) Xylariales comprises with 26 families. Xylariaceae and Hypoxylaceae are two of the most diverse families in this order. Hypoxylaceae is represented by 16 genera including which comprises sexual morphs 16 and asexual morphs 11 genera (Wijayawardene et al. 2022). Hypoxylaceae are distributed in tropical, subtropical regions (Lambert et al. 2019), known for its huge species diversity and abundant bioactive secondary metabolites (Helaly et al. 2018) and plays an important ecological role in protecting host plants from pathogens (Song et al. 2022). The family is Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 125 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS and tub2 sequence data representing Diatrypaceae in Xylariales. Related sequences are taken from Boonmee et al. (2021) and additions according to the BLAST searches in NCBI. Hundred and thirty-five strains are included in the combined analyses which comprised 912 characters (517 characters for ITS and 157 395 characters for tub2) after alignment. Kretzschmaria deusta (CBS 826.72) and Xylaria hypoxylon (CBS 122,620) in Xylariaceae (Xylariales) were used as the outgroup taxa. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 75% are given above the nodes (left side). Bayesian posterior probabilities (BYPP) ≥ 0.95 are given above the nodes (right side). Ex-type strains are in bold and newly generated sequence is in red 13 158 Fig. 125 (continued) 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 159 Fig. 126 Hypoxylon inaequale. (HKAS123207, holotype) a Substrate. b, c Stromata showing ostioles. d, e Vertical section through stromata. f Perithecium. g Peridium. h–k asci. l paraphyses. m–q Immature to mature ascospores. r, s Germinating ascospores. t, u Culture on PDA. Scale bars: e–f, h = 200 μm, g = 100 μm i–l = 50 μm, m–s = 5 μm characterised by carbonised stromatal tissue. Stromata surface is usually blackened when mature, olivaceous, with %10 KOH are purplish or orange. Ostioles that are always higher than the level of stromatal surface (Cruz et al. 2021). Hypoxylon Bull., Hist. Champ. Fr. (Paris) 1(1): 168 (1791) Hypoxylon was introduced by Bulliard, that contains primarily saprotrophs and endophytes of angiospermous plants. The type genus Hypoxylon is the largest genus in the Hypoxylaceae, with more than 200 species (Pourmoghaddam et al. 2020). Members of the genus have a worldwide distribution, but they display a higher diversity in the tropics and subtropics (Kuhnert et al. 2014). In the twentieth century, the generic concept of Hypoxylon was based only on morphological characteristics (Ju and Rogers 1996). Currently, morphological, phylogenetic, and chemotaxonomic evidence, has also been used to infer species limits in inter- and intragenera in Hypoxylaceae (Sir et al. 2016). Hypoxylon is quite common in China; however, the occurrence of the species in China has not been confirmed by molecular phylogenetic 13 160 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 127 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS, tub2 sequence data representing Hypoxylaceae in Xylariales. Related sequences are taken from (Cedeño– Sanchez 2020) and additions according to the BLAST searches in NCBI. Seventy-two strains are included in the combined analyses which comprised 1654 characters (532 characters for ITS,1122 char- acters for tub2) after alignment. Biscogniauxia nummularia (MUCL 51,395) and Annulohypoxylon annulatum (CBS 140775) in Xylariales were used as the outgroup taxa. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 70% are given above the nodes (left side). Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95 are given above the nodes (right side). Ex-type strains are in bold and newly generated species is in red analyses, and the species diversity and distribution of the genus in China are unclear (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c). The aims of this study were to confirm the taxonomic status of the new species, explore the species diversity of Hypoxylon, and infer the evolutionary relationships of Hypoxylon. n = 15), glomerate, fawn, sessile, gregarious or solitary, with white ostioles. Perithecia 250–300 × 260–450 μm (x̄ = 275 × 365 μm, n = 15), spherical to obovoid, completely immersed in stromata. Ostioles 90–120 μm diam, umbilicate, white. Paraphyses 2.5 × 3.1 μm wide, copious, filiform, aseptate, unbranched. Asci 132 − 153 × 9–11 μm (x̄ = 142 × 10 μm, n = 10), cylindrical, 8-spored, uniseriate, stipitate, with apical apparatus colorless in Melzer’s reagent. stipe 40–112 μm (n = 10). Ascospores 9.8–11.8 × 5.0–5.9 μm (x̄ = 10.45 × 5.45 μm n = 20), pale dark brown when immature, becoming dark brown with age, ellipsoid-inequilateral with round ends, unicellular, with two round guttulae, obliquely arranged. Asexual morph: Not observed. Hypoxylon inaequale S.C. He & Jayaward., sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF900071; Facesoffungi number:FoF13393; Fig. 126 Etymology: Based on the inequilateral spore character. Holotypus: HKAS123207. Saprobic on dead stem plant from Itoa orientalis. Sexual morph: Stromata 40–50 × 20–30 mm (M = 45 × 25 mm, 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 161 Fig. 128 Astrocystis bambusicola (KUN-HKAS 125897, new record) a Substrate. b, c. Ascomata. d Section through ascoma. e–h Asci. i Paraphysis. j Asci with J.+ apical ring. k Ascospore. l, m Upper and reverse view of cultures on PDA at 8 days incubation. n Germinating spore. Scale bars: d, e = 50 μm, f–j = 30 μm, k, n = 10 μm. (j stained in Melzer's reagent) Culture characteristics: Culture was made from germinating ascospores and was incubated with PDA media at 25 ℃, reaching 2.2–2.4 cm in 24 days. The colony white, occasionally raised, fluffy, with dense mycelia, umbonate margin, reverse chrome yellow. Material Examined: China, Yunnan Province, Kunming City, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, on Itoa orientalis Hemsl. (Salicaceae), 30 August 2021,Shu-Cheng He, HSC20B (HKAS123207, holotype); ex-type living culture, KUNCC22-10798. GenBank numbers: ON329812 (ITS). Notes: Based on the multi-gene phylogenetic results, our specimen is closely related to Hypoxylon delonicis (Perera et al. 2020). Based on morphology, our strain differes from Hypoxylon delonicis by having wider asci and shorter and woder ascospores. Based on a megablast search of the NCBIs nucleotide database using the multi-gene sequence, the highest similarities ITS (GenBank KU683766; Identities = 480/541(89%), Gaps = 17/541(3%)), tub2 (GenBank AY951740; Identities = 1126/1265(89%), other species of 13 162 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 129 RAxML tree inferred from combined ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2 sequence. Bootstrap support for maximum likelihood analysis ≥ 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95 are denoted next to the notes in this order. The new collection is marked in blue bold font Hypoxylon delonicis with strong bootstrap support (82/0.99, Fig. 127). We identified Hypoxylon inaequale as a new species of Hypoxylon. Xylariaceae Tul. & C. Tul. [as 'Xylariei'], Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 2: 3 (1863). Notes: Xylariaceae is the type and largest family of Xylariales (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c). Number of genera in this family has been subjected to multiple revision in different articles. Kirk et al. (2001) and Eriksson (2007) estimated that there are 75 genera and about 800 species in Xylariaceae. Hyde et al. (2020a, b, c) counted 32 genera in this family and provided notes for each accepted genus. Wijayawardene et al. (2022) listed 38 genera in 13 Xylariaceae, without giving supported annotation. Xylariaceae can live as saprobes, pathogens, or endophytes, habiting wood, leaves and fruits (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c). Xylariaceae is characterized by perithecia embedded in erect, applanate or effuse-pulvinate, dark-coloured stromata, cylindrical asci with an amyloid apical ring, brown to black, 1–2-celled, ellipsoidal, subglobose or reniform, with with germ slits or pores (Tang et al. 2009; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016; Hyde et al. 2020). Xylariaceae was divided into two subfamilies including Xylaroideae and Hypoxyloideae based on their respective anamorphic types, their stromatal pigments and secondary metabolites. Xylaroideae generally is considered to comprise species with Nodulisporium-type anamorph and KOH+ stromatal Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 163 Fig. 130 Xylaria venosula (Herbarium AMH-10068, new record) a, d, e Stromata on decaying host, b Vertical section of stromata c Horizontal section of stromata f Paraphyses, g-i Asci j Textura intricata k Peridium, l m Germinating spore n, o Culture on MEA plates, p Hypha. Scale bars: k = 50 μm, f-i = 20 μm. j, m, n, p = 10 μm pigments, while it is Geniculosporium-type and KOH− in Hypoxyloideae. Multigene phylogenetic analysis based on LSU, SSU and rpb2 sequence well reflect these two subfamilies (Samarakoon et al. 2016a, b). Astrocystis Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14(no. 74): 123 (1873) [1875]. Notes: Astrocystis was introduced by Berkeley and Broome (1850) and typified by Astrocystis mirabilis. Index fungorum (2022a, b) lists 28 epithets in Astrocystis, while four of them have been excluded from this genus. Species of this genus mainly exist in saprobes on monocotyledonous substrates, such as bamboo, palm and Smilax (Laessøe and Spooner 1993). Astrocystis is characterized by uni- to multi-peritheciate stromata, carbonaceous peridium, asci with a relatively short stipe and small, amyloid, stoppershaped ascal ring (Pinnoi et al. 2010). It is widely accepted that Astrocystis bear similar morphology with Rosellinia, while the former genus can be distinguished from the latter by small and cylindrical or funnel-shaped apical ring of asci. Rosellinia has conspicous, barrel-shaped apical apparatus (Dulymamode et al. 1998). Astrocystis bambusicola R.H. Perera & K.D. Hyde, in Hyde et al., Fungal Diversity 87: 173 (2017). Index Fungorum: IF553799; Facesoffungi number: FoF10187; Fig. 128 Saprobic on dead culms of Microstegium sp. appearing as black raised spots on the host. Sexual morph: Ascomata up to 173 μm in width and 135 μm in high, subglobose, 13 164 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 ◂ Fig. 131 Maximum parsimony tree generated from by using the ITS sequences belongs to Xylariaceae species. The tree includes the ML, MP and BYPP values. In the phylogenetic tree the sequence analysis of Xylaria venosula NFCC-4520 (black bold letters) is shown with other species of Xylaria and Rosellinia australiensis as out-group black, perithecial, gregarious, superficial, 1–2-loculate, with flattened top and projecting papillas. Peridium 43–60 (x̄ = 50, n = 10) μm, composed of membranous inner wall and black, fragile, carbonaceous outer wall. Paraphyses 3.8–8.3 (x̄ = 6.2, n = 25) μm, septate, cylindrical, hyaline, unbranched, guttulate. Asci 84–121 × 6.8–11 (x̄ = 99 × 8.8, n = 30) μm, 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, with a short pedicel and J+ apical ring. Ascospores12–15 × 5.7–8 (x̄ = 14 × 6.5, n = 50) μm, reniform, dark brown to black, uniseriate, aseptate, guttulate, smooth-walled, with a germ-slit, without a gelatinous sheath. Asexual morph: Not observed. Culture characteristics: Culture was made from germinal ascospores that germinated on PDA within 24 h, at 23–25 °C. Colonies rapidly growing on PDA, reaching 30 mm at 8 days, white from above and reverse, cottony, circular, umbonate, edge irregular. Material examined: China, Guizhou Province, Qianxinan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Ceheng County, Gaofeng Village, on dead culms of Microstegium sp. (Poaceae), 8 August 2018, D. P. Wei, GFC612 (KUNHKAS 125898), living culture KUNCC 22-12539. Known hosts and distribution: Bamboo (Yunnan, China; Thailand) (Hyde et al. 2017, 2020a, b, c). Genbank numbers: OQ029540 (ITS), OQ029613 (LSU), OQ061263 (SSU), OQ186444 (tef1), OQ186446 (tub2). Notes: Astrocystis bambusicola has been reported on bamboo column from China and Thailand (Hyde et al. 2017, 2020a, b, c). Our isolate phylogenentically groups with Astrocystis bambusicola with great support (100% ML/1.00 BYPP, Fig. 129). Morphologically our isolate bears resemblance with Astrocystis bambusicola in the subglobose, black, superficial ascomata, carbonaceous peridium, cylindrical asci with J+ apical ring and reniform, dark brown to black ascospores with a germ-slit. We introduce our isolate as a new host record species of Astrocystis bambusicola from Microstegium sp. in Guizhou Province, China. Xylaria Hill ex Schrank, Baier. Fl. (München) 1: 200 (1786). Notes: Xylaria is one of the largest genera in Xylariaceae and it includes more than 600 species (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c; Boonmee et al. 2021). Its occurrence in diverse environments shows its unique role as saprobes, endophytes and as plant pathogens (Edwards et al. 2003; Ju et al. 2018; Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c). Xylaria species mostly have long stalked threadlike macro structures. A few species of this genus coexist with plants as endophytes (Chen et al.2013), which may later turn into saprobes (Promputtha et al. 2007) when plants die. They 165 also extend their habits as coprophilous and endolichenic (Piasai and Manoch 2009; Cañón et al. 2019). Most Xylaria species also serve as economically important compound producers (Ratnaweera et al. 2014; Adeleke and Babalola 2021; Wangsawat et al. 2021; Becker and Stadler 2021), which act as antibacterial, antifungal and/or biocontrol agents. Therefore, there is a need for the discovery of novel species and new geographical records of this genus. Annually ten or more, new species are introduced to this genus. For instance, in 2020, ten new species were discovered and in the next year, 15 species were discovered (Index Fungorum 2022a, b) by morphology and molecular data. Xylaria venosula Speg. Boletín de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Córdoba 11 (4): 511 (1889). Index Fungorum number: IF 247711; Facesoffungi number: FoF09866; Fig. 130 Saprobic on decaying twig. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 1 cm long, superficial, aggregated in clusters, surface undulated, rarely with parallel cracks, with acute apices. Ascomata 340–385 × 370–450 μm ( x̄ = 362 × 406 μm, n = 5), globose, erumpent, pulvinate, with central periphysate necks 90–120 × 60–100 μm ( x̄ = 101 × 75 μm, n = 5). Peridium 32 μm wide, with brown to hyaline, textura porrecta cell layers. Hamathecium: paraphyses septate, branched, 2.8 μm wide, longer than asci, sparsely present. Asci 110 –132 × 5.6–8 μm ( x̄ = 117.5 × 6.6 μm, n = 25), unitunicate, 8–spored, cylindrical, apically rounded with J + apical rings, rings 2.6–3.6 × 1.7–2.3 μm ( x̄ = 3.2 × 2 μm, n = 25), long-pedicellate, persistent. Ascospores 12.5 –15.5 × 4.7–7 μm ( x̄ = 13.6 × 5.7 μm, n = 25), overlapping uniseriate, hyaline to brown at maturity, oblong to navicular, with straight germ slits, uni-guttulate, obtuse ends, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Not observed. Distribution: Brazil, China, Ecuador, India and USA. GenBank numbers: MZ292933 (ITS). Material examined: India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, South Andaman, Mount Harriet, (11° 71′ 09.8″ N 92° 73′ 30.6″ E), recorded on an unidentified decaying log, 7 December, 2017, M. Niranjan and V. V. Sarma (PUFNI 1763). Herbarium submitted in Ajrekar Mycological Herbarium-AMH (AMH-10068) and Living culture (NFCC-4520) deposited in National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI), Pune. Notes: The references for descriptions of X. venosula could be found in Index Fungorum (https:// www. biodi versi tylib rary. org/ page/ 29371 43# page/ 534/ mode/ 1up) and the global fungal red list (http:// iucn. ekoo. se/ iucn/ speci es_ view/ 247711). The present taxon has morphological characteristics that are similar to the type and other with slight differences. The present collection consists of paraphyses, smaller asci (109 –132 × 5.6–8 vs. 90–400 × 7–9) and oblong to navicular, smaller ascospores 13 166 Fig. 132 Chlorophyllum squamulosum (SDBR-CMUNK0585, new record). a. Basidiomata. b. Basidiospores. c. Basidia. d. Cheilocystidia. Scale bars: a = 50 mm; b = 5 μm; c, d = 10 μm (12.5 –15.5 × 4.7–7 vs. 14 –18 × 6–7 μm). Geographical distribution of X. venosula in five countries mentioned in distribution (https://www.gbif.org/occur rence/search?q= Xylaria%20venosula&taxon_key=5487903) and this is the first report of X. venosula from the Andaman Islands, India and as such the present collection extends the geographical distribution and range of this taxon globally (Fig. 131). Basidiomycota R.T. Moore. We follow the latest treatments of Basidiomycota in Zhao et al. (2017), He et al. (2019) and Wijayawardene et al. (2022). Agaricomycotina Doweld. Agaricomycetes Doweld. Agaricales Underw. Agaricaceae Chevall. Notes: Agaricaceae was erected by Chevallier (1826) based on the type genus Agaricus L. Previously, this family contained only gilled fungi. However, research-based on molecular data transferred many non-gilled fungal families such as Lycoperdaceae, Nidulariaceae and Tulostomataceae to Agaricaceae. Now, it is represented by more than 1300 species belonging to 85 genera (Kirk et al. 2008; He et al. 2019; Wijayawardene et al. 2022). Some gasteroid pufball genera included in the Agaricaceae are Arachnion Schwein., Bovista Pers., Calvatia Fr. and Lycoperdon Pers. Chlorophyllum Massee, Bull. Misc. Inf., Kew (no. 138): 135 (1898). Chlorophyllum (Agaricaceae, Agaricales) was introduced by Massee (1898) with C. molybdites (G. Mey.) Massee as the type species. Chlorophyllum species are widely distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 areas throughout the world as saprobes (Ge and Yang 2006; Kirk et al. 2008; Crous et al. 2015a, b, c; Ge et al. 2018; Dutta et al. 2020). This genus is characterized by agaricoid, secotioid or sequestrate habits, a hymenidermal pileus covering and smooth stipe, white, green or brown basidiospores either lacking a germ pore or with a germ pore that is caused by a depression in the episporium (Ge and Yang 2006; Vellinga 2002, 2003a, 2004; Crous et al. 2015a, b, c; Loizides et al. 2020). Most Chlorophyllum species are known to be poisonous (Vellinga and de Kok 2002; Leudang et al. 2017). There are 28 accepted species of Chlorophyllum in Index Fungorum (2022a, b). Chlorophyllum is divided into six infrageneric sections: Chlorophyllum Massee, Ellipsoidospororum Z.W. Ge, Endoptychorum (Czern.) Z.W. Ge, Parvispororum Z.W. Ge, Rhacodium Z.W. Ge and Sphaerospororum Z.W. Ge based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses (Ge et al. 2018). Only four Chlorophyllum species, C. globosum (Mossebo) Vellinga, C. hortense (Murrill) Vellinga, C. molybdites (G. Mey.) Massee and C. rhacodes (Vittad.) Vellinga, have been reported from Thailand (Chandrasrikul et al. 2011; Leudang et al. 2017; Ge et al. 2018; Sysouphanthong et al. 2021; Suwannarach et al. 2022). Chlorophyllum squamulosum A.K. Dutta, Soumili Bera & K. Acharya, Phytotaxa 451: 121 (2020). Index Fungorum number: IF835117; Facesoffungi number: FoF10684. Fig. 132 Basidiomata agaricoid, medium to large. Pileus 50–75 mm in diam., convex to broadly convex, often with a shallow central depression, sometimes with an upturned margin with age; surface white to cream, covered with squamules, entire at the disc, elsewhere disrupting in some specimens, mostly small plate-like, arranged in a concentric manner from center towards the margin, flat or curved upwards, greyish brown (8E3) to reddish-brown (8E4) or dark brown (8F5) at the center, elsewhere greyish brown (8D3) to brownish grey (7C2) or dull red (9C3). Lamellae 4–6 mm broad, adnexed, crowded with two series of lamellulae, white to cream, concolorous; edge even to slightly wavy, yellowish with KOH. Stipe 60–90 × 9–12 mm, central, cylindrical, gradually broader towards the base, at base 15–27 mm wide and bulbous to subbulbous, hollow, white (6A1), turning brown (6D6–6E7) on bruising or with KOH. Annulus double; upper portion concolorous with the stipe surface; lower portion white to cream, sometimes with greyish brown (8D3) to reddish-brown (8E4) at the margin, rarely with a brownish border; edge sometimes floccose. Basidiospores 7.5–12 × 5–7.5 μm (n = 50), Q = 1.25–1.85, Qm = 1.5 ± 0.13, ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, dextrinoid, with a prominent wide germ-pore, truncated, thick-walled; apiculus short, 0.5–1 μm long. Basidia 25–50 × 8–10 μm, cylindrical to clavate or subclavate, thin-walled, 4-spored, Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 167 Fig. 133 Phylogenetic tree derived from maximum likelihood analysis of a combined ITS and LSU genes of 38 sequences and the aligned dataset was comprised of 1613 characters including gap. The average standard deviation of the split frequencies of the BI analysis was 0.00481. Agaricus megacystidiatus (MFLU 12–0137) and Xanthagaricus flavosquamosus (GDGM50918) were used as outgroup taxa. The numbers above branches are the bootstrap statistics percentages (left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right). Branches with bootstrap values ≥ 70% are shown at each branch and the bar represents 0.1 substitutions per nucleotide position. Hyphen (-) represents support values ≤ 70%/0.90. Ex-type strains are in black bold. The newly generated sequences are indicated in blue sterigmata upto 10 μm long, cylindrical. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia 17–25 × 7.5–12 μm, clavate or spheropedunculate, hyaline, thin-walled. Annulus hyphae 3–7 μm broad, tightly arranged, hyaline, often branched, hyphal end obtuse to clavate, thin-walled. Pileipellis (pileal squamules) a tightly packed hymeniderm, with cylindrical and flexuous, or narrowly clavate terminal elements, measuring 5–12.5 μm broad, with pale brown intracellular pigments, often incrusted, sometimes branched, thin-walled. Pileus trama hyphae 7–14 μm broad, incrusted, thin-walled. 13 168 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 134 Lepiota metulispora in habitat. a-c HNL503136 d-e HNL503151 Fig. 135 Lepiota metulispora (HNL503151, new record). a Basidiospores b Cheilocystidia c Pileus covering 13 Stipitipellis hyphae 5–10 μm broad, parallel to subparallel, light yellowish with KOH, sometimes branched, nonincrusted, thin-walled. Stipe trama hyphae 5–12 μm broad, incrustations present, parallel to subparallel, thin-walled. Caulocystidia absent. Clamp connections absent in all the tissues. Material examined: Thailand, Chiang Mai Province, Muang District, Chiang Mai University, 18°48′2″N 98°57′18″E, elevation 335 m, solitary on soil in grassland, 3 August 2019, J. Kumla, SDBR-CMUNK0585, 18°48′14″N 98°57′15″E, elevation 333 m, solitary on sandy humus mixed soil, 26 July 2020, J. Kumla, SDBR-CMUNK0731. Habitat: Solitary, on sandy humus mixed soil in the dry deciduous forests and grassland. Distribution: Known from India and Thailand (Dutta et al. 2020; this study). GenBank numbers: SDBR-CMUNK0585- MZ4502085 (ITS), MZ452086 (LSU) Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 SDBR-CMUNK0731- MZ4502084 (ITS), MZ452070 (LSU) Notes: Chlorophyllum squamulosum belongs to the Chlorophyllum section Rhacodium based on a combination of morphological and molecular data (Fig. 133). Morphologically, C. squamulosum is similar to C. nothorhacodes, C. rhacodes, C. olivieri and C. brunneum by its brownish to reddish colouration of the stipe upon bruising, truncated basidiospores and clavate cheilocystidia. The phylogenetic tree indicated that C. squamulosum formed a sister taxon to C. nothorhacodes. However, C. nothorhacodes differs from C. squamulosum by its much larger basidiocarp (pileus of up to 280 mm in diam. and stipe up to 250 mm × 25–60 mm) (Vellinga 2003a). Furthermore, C. rhacodes differs from C. squamulosum by its broader basidiospores (9.8–11.1 × 6.3–7.7 μm), comparatively larger cheilocystidia (16–43 × 8.5–25 μm) and the presence of clamp connections in the basidia, cystidia and tramal hyphae (Vellinga 2001, 2003b). Chlorophyllum olivieri has clamped basidia and broader cheilocystidia (35–45 μm) when compared with C. squamulosum (Vellinga 2001). Chlorophyllum brunneum differs from C. squamulosum by the presence of clamp connections at the base of the basidia and cystidia (Bougher and Syme 1998; Vellinga 2002, 2003a). Lepiota (Pers.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 601 (1821). Lepiota belongs to Agaricaceae, and is consisted of 450 species (He et al. 2019). Vellinga (2001) accepted Lepiota for six sections based on the morphology, which are Sect. Echinatae Fay., Sect. Fuscovinaceae Bon & Candusso, Sect. Lepiota (Pers.) Gray, Sect. Lilaceae M. Bon, Sect. Ovisporae (J.E. Lange) Kühner and Section Stenosporae (J.E. Lange) Kühner. However, the genus is not monophyletic according to many molecular studies (Vellinga 2003a, b; Liang et al. 2011; Hou and Ge 2020). In this study, three species of Lepiota are recorded for the first time in Laos, and a new species is described from Thailand. Lepiota metulispora (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 5: 38 (1887). Index Fungorum number: IF461315; Facesoffungi number: FoF09887; Figs. 134, 135 Pileus 30–65 mm, sub umbonate to umbonate, expanding to plano-concave, with inflexed margin; greyish orange to brownish orange (6B5-8, 6C7-8) glabrous at umbo, with concolorous squamules toward margin on white fibrillose background; margin sulcate, with partial veil remnants, with concolorous squamules on surface. Lamellae free, broadly ventricose, 3–5 mm wide, white, moderately crowded, with 3 length lamellulae, with eroded edge. Stipe 60–80 × 5–4 mm, cylindrical or slightly tapering to apex, 169 completely fibrillose or cortinate at annular zone, white, with white to greyish orange to brownish orange (6B5-8, 6C7-8) squamules under annular zone downward base, on white to orange-white (5A2) background. Annulus an annular zone, cortinate with white fibrils. Context in pileus white, up to 4 mm wide; in stipe hollow, concolorous with surface. Smell and taste unknown. Spore print white. B a s i d i o s p o re s [ 5 0 , 2 , 2 ] 1 3 – 1 6 . 5 × 4 – 5 µ m , avl × avw = 17.7 × 4.7 µm, Q = 2.91–3.30, Qav = 3.20, in side-view cylindrical, with attenuate or rounded apex, with straight abaxial side, with an inflexed hilar appendage, with suprahilar depression, fusiform to cylindrical in frontal view, slightly thick-walled, hyaline, dextrinoid, congophilous. Basidia 22–33 × 7–9 µm, clavate, slightly thick-walled, hyaline, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 15–35 × 5–20 µm, clavate to broadly clavate, sometimes utriform, branched or with septate under element cell, thick-walled, hyaline. Pileus covering a trichoderm made up of two layers of element; upper layers made up of cylindrical elements with rounded or attenuate apex, 70–190 × 5–13 µm, hyaline to pale brown, slightly thick-walled, smooth-walled, with parietal pigment; under layers made up of shortly clavate to clavate elements, 35–50 × 8–14 µm, smooth or rough-walled, with hyaline to parietal pale brown pigment. Stipe covering of squamules similar to pileus covering. Clamp connections present. Material examined: Laos, Oudomxay Province, Xay District, Houay Houm Village, N 20° 32′ 00.67″, E 101° 53′ 48. 17.16″. 917 m., 15 June 2014, P. Sysouphanthong, PS20141465 (HNL503136); ibidem, 20 July 2014, P. Sysouphanthong, PS2014-1480 (HNL503151). Habitat and distribution: solitary or grow in a small cluster with few basidiomes, on dead leaves and humus soil, saprotrophic. The species was only reported from tropical regions viz. Sri Lanka (Pegler 1972), India (Kumar and Manimohan 2009), China and Hong Kong (Liang et al. 2011), Tanzania (Pegler 1977), Thailand (Sysouphanthong et al. 2012). This is the first report of L. metulispora in northern Laos. GenBank numbers: HNL503136–MT436261 (ITS). HNL503151–MT436262 (ITS). Notes: Lepiota metulispora has a trichodermal pileus covering and penguin-shaped basidiospores, and it is placed in the section Lepiota (Vellinga 2001). The species is widespread in tropical countries. Lao specimens were found in the mature stage, colour of squamules on pileus is paler than Thai specimens, but the morphology is identical (Sysouphanthong et al. 2012). The type specimen of the species from Sri Lanka is closer to Lao and Thai specimens in morphology, but basidiospores are slightly larger and cheilocystidia are undetermined (Pegler 1972). Liang et al. (2011) studied the type material from Sri Lanka and compared it with the Chinese specimen, and the type specimen has a 13 170 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 171 ◂ Fig. 136 Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on nrITS sequences of Lepiota species. Bootstrap support ≥ 70% is indicated at the nodes. New sequences from this study are in blue. The GenBank accession numbers are indicated after the species name. Abbreviation L = Lepiota, M = Macrolepiota. The tree is rooted in Macrolepiota orientiexcoriata smaller basidiospore size. However, it seems that the size of basidiospores is not much different in all specimens found in China, Laos, Sri Lanka and Thailand; and the morphology and size can be minorly different in different specimens. According to the analysis of nrITS sequence data (Fig. 136), Lao specimens are identical to specimens from China with high (100%) bootstrap support. Lepiota thrombophora from Thailand is most similar to L. metulispora in morphology, but differ in smaller basidiospores size (10–14 × 3–5 μm) (Hyde et al. 2021); and the type specimen of L. thrombophora from Sri Lanka is different in dark brown squamules on pileus and shorter elements of pileus covering (25–100 × 5–15 µm). Liang et al. (2011) described L. thrombophora from China, based on its longer elements (up to 330 µm long). The analysis of nrITS sequence data showed that Chinese and Thai specimens of L. thrombophora are identical, and related to L. metulispora (Fig. 136). The type specimen of L. attenuata from China is closer to L. metulispora in morphology but differs in much longer elements on pileus covering (231 µm long), and basidiospores are more attenuated at the apex (Liang et al. 2011). Thai specimens of L. attenuata from Thailand have longer and typically attenuate elements (300 µm long) (Hyde et al. 2021). Other similar species to L. metulispora were discussed in Sysouphanthong et al. (2012). Lepiota pongduadensis Sysou., Hyde & Vellinga in Sysouphanthong et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 33(1): 37 (2012). Index Fungorum number: IF519961; Facesoffungi number: FoF09886 Figs. 137, 138 Fig. 138 Lepiota pongduadensis (HNL503131, new record). a Basidiospores b Cheilocystidia c Pileus covering Pileus 30–45 mm, campanulate, expanding to convex or umbonate with small umbo, applanate with low umbo, straight margin; glabrous to rough at umbo, brown to dark brown (6E5-8, 7F7-8), with light brown to brown (7D68, 7E7-8) glabrous around umbo, later surface broken in radial streaks from around umbo towards the margin, with concolorous tomentose to crowded squamules towards the margin, on white to yellowish-white (4A2) black ground; marginal zone broken, split, fringed, cortinate with write bibrils and light brown to brown (7D6-8, 7E7-8) partial veil remnants. Lamellae free, slightly crowded, ventricose to broadly, 3–5 mm wide, with 2 length lamellulae, white to yellowish-white (4A2), with concolorous eroded edge. Stipe 35–45 × 4–6 mm, cylindrical, fibrillose or cortinate at middle zone, then with light brown to brown (7D6-8, 7E7-8) squamules downwards base, with white to yellowish-white (4A2) Fig. 137 Lepiota pongduadensis in habitat. a-b HNL503131 c HNL503150 13 172 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 139 Lepiota subthailandica in habitat. a-b MFLU 09–0166 c-d MFLU 10–0616 (holotype) Fig. 140 Lepiota subthailandica (MFLU 10-0616, holotype). a Basidiospores b Basidia c Cheilocystidia d Pileus covering black ground from middle to apex, with reddish-white (7A2) below middle zone downwards base. Annulus an annular zone, cortinate with white fibrils. Context white and up to 3 mm wide in pileus; hollow and concolorous with surface. Smell and taste unknown. Spore print white. Basidiospores [50,2,2] 11.5–16.5 × 4–5.5 µm, avl × avw = 13.4 × 4.6 µm, Q = 2.8–3, Qav = 2.91, in sideview cylindrical amygdaliform, with attenuate apex, with straight abaxial side, with hilar appendage, with superhilar depression, in frontal view fusiform, hyaline, slightly thickwalled, dextrinoid, congophilous. Basidia 16–26 × 7–9 µm, 13 clavate, hyaline, thick-walled, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia abundant, 27–35 × 6.5–15 µm, mostly fusiform or clavate, sometimes utriform, thick-walled, hyaline. Pileus covering a trichoderm made up of narrowly cylindrical elements, normally wider at middle and narrow to apex, with attenuate apex 70–400 × 6–13.5 µm, thick-walled, with brown parietal and intracellular pigment, smooth, sometimes incrusted at base of element and hyphae. Stipe covering of squamules a trichoderm similar to pileus covering. Clamp-connections present. Material examined: Laos, Oudomxay Province, Xay District, Houay Houm Village, N 20° 32′ 00.67″, E 101° 53′ 48. 17.16″. 917 m., 10 July 2014, P. Sysouphanthong, PS2014-1460 (HNL503131); ibidem, 12 August 2014, P. Sysouphanthong, PS2014-1479 (HNL503150). Habitat and distribution: Growing solitary to a small group; saprotrophic and terrestrial on humus soil; originally described from northern Thailand (Sysouphanthong et al. 2012). This is the first report of L. pongduadensis in Laos. GenBank numbers: HNL503131–MT436259 (ITS). HNL503150–MT436260 (ITS). Notes: Lepiota pongduadensis is a new record from Laos; two Lao specimens were collected from Oudomxay Province of northern Laos, and they show similar morphology and nrITS sequences to the type specimen (Fig. 136). Lepiota pongduadensis was originally described from Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai Provinces of northern Thailand. The species is placed in the section Lepiota by Sysouphanthong et al. (2012) and is distinguished from other species in the section. Only a few species are similar to L. pongduadensis (Sysouphanthong et al. 2012). Lepiota attenuata, the type specimens from China, is similar to L. pongduadensis in morphology, but different in lacking a dark brown surface on umbo, lighter colour of squamules on pileus, and stipe covering (brownish-yellow to yellowish-brown), larger Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 basidiospores (14.5–19 × 4–5.5 mm), shorter elements of pileus covering (80–231 × 3.8–13 mm) (Liang et al. 2011). Lepiota subthailandica Sysouph., K.D. Hyde & Thongkl., sp. nov. MycoBank no: MB839987, Facesoffungi number: FoF09889; Figs. 139, 140 Etymology: the morphological characteristics of this species are similar to L. thailandica. Holotype: MFLU 10–0616 Diagnosis: similar to L. thailandica in morphology, but the difference in larger basidiomata, lacking of utriform or fusiform cheilocystidia and nrITS sequences. Pileus 10–16 mm diam., convex to umbonate, expanding to plano-concave, with straight margin; rough or with crowded squamules at center, light brown to brown (7D6-8, 7E7-8) at center, with concolorous squamules around umbo towards margin, slightly distant at marginal zone on white to orange-white (5A2) background; margin broken, sulcate or striate, appendicular, with concolorous squamules on the surface and white fibrillose remnants. Lamellae free, broadly 173 ventricose, 3–4 mm wide, white, moderately crowded, with 1 length lamellulae, with eroded edge. Stipe 25–30 × 3–4 mm, cylindrical, slightly wider at base; completely fibrillose, crowded at annular zone down toward base, white, with light brown to brown (7D6-8, 7E7-8) squamules at base zone, on white to orange-white (5A2) background. Annulus with an annular zone or cortinate with white fibrils. Context white in pileus, up to 1 mm wide; hollow in stipe, concolorous with surface. Taste and smell unknown. Spore print white. Basidiospores [50,2,2] 5–6 × 3.2–4 µm, avl × avw = 5.54 × 3.64 µm, Q = 1.45–1.57, Qav = 1.52, in side-view ellipsoid ovoid, in frontal view ovoid to, slightly thick-walled, dextrinoid, congophilous, cyanophilous, not metachromatic. Basidia 15–18 × 5–7 µm, clavate, slightly thick-walled, hyaline, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 18.5–29 × 5–10 µm, narrowly clavate to clavate, rarely broadly clavate, slightly thick-walled, hyaline. Pleurocystidia absent. Pileus covering a trichoderm made up of two layer of elements; upper layer made up of cylindrical to narrowly cylindrical elements with rounded apex, sometimes swollen at middle and tapering to base and apex, Fig. 141 Lepiota subvenenata in habitat. a-e HNL503121 13 174 Fig. 142 Lepiota subvenenata (HNL503121, new record). a Basidiospores b Basidia c Cheilocystidia d Pileus covering 60–140 × 9–17.5 µm, with pale brown parietal and intracellular pigment; underpayer made up of shortly clavate elements, 30–45.0 × 10.0–20 µm, with pale brown parietal and intracellular pigment. Stipe covering of squamules at base zone similar to pileus covering. Clamp connections present in all tissues. Material examined: Thailand, Chiang Mai Province: Mae Taeng district, Pha Deng village, N 19° 07.13′, E 98° 43.52′, 905 m, 04 July 2010, P. Sysouphanthong P98 (MFLU 09–0616, holotype); ibidem, 25 July 2008, P. Sysouphanthong PS093 (MFLU 09–0166, paratype). Habitat and distribution: solitary, saprotrophic, on decayed humus soil; found in high elevation deciduous forests of northern Thailand. GenBank numbers: MFLU 09–0616–MT436254 (ITS). MFLU 09–0166–MT436253 (ITS). Note: Lepiota subthailandica has a tiny basidioma, a trichodermal structure of pileus covering and ellipsoid ovoid basidiospores; and the species is located in Lepiota sect. Ovidsporae (J.E. Lange) Kühner (Vellingar 2001). In the same section, Lepiota subthailandica is very similar to L. thailandica Sysouph., K.D. Hyde, J.C. Xu & P.E. in morphology; and they are widespread in the same location of Chiang Mai, northern Thailand. However, L. thailandica has smaller basidiomata (3–4 mm diam. in pileus), utriform 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 and fusiform cheilocystidia, and shorter elements of pileus covering (55–95 × 5.5–22 µm) (Sysouphanthong et al. 2016). The second species, L. microcarpa Sysouph., K.D. Hyde & Vellinga, is similar in micromorphology with L. subthailandica. However, L. microcarpa has penguin-shaped basidiospores, and belongs to sect. Lepiota (Sysouphanthong et al. 2012). Based on the nrITS sequences analysis, two samples of L. subthailandica are not related to L. thailandica, and are separated from other species in the sect. Ovisporae (Fig. 136). Lepiota subvenenata Hai J. Li, Y.Z. Zhang & C.Y. Sun. Index Fungorum number: not found; Facesoffungi number: FoF09888; Figs. 141, 142 Pileus 30–50 mm diam., first subglobose, expanding to parabolic to convex or umbonate, plano-convex when mature, with straight margin; when young glabrous to granulose, completely light brown to brown (7D7-8), when mature surface breaking and leaving concolorous glabrous or granulose umbo, with concolorous squamules around umbo towards margin, on white to orange-white (5A2) background; margin with concolorous squamules and white partial veil remnants. Lamellae free, broadly ventricose, with 3 length lamellulae, up to 4 mm wide, white, crowded, with white eroded edge. Stipe 40–70 × 5–7 mm, cylindrical, with white fibrillose and light brown to brown (7D7-8) squamules at annular zone, with concolorous squamules under annular zone downwards base, on white to orange-white (5A2) background. Annulus an annular zone, with white fibrillose and concolorous squamules. Context in pileus white, 3–5 mm wide; in stipe hollow, concolorous with surface. Taste and smell unknown. Spore print white. Basidiospores [50,1,1] 4.5–6.3 × 2.5–3.5 µm, avl × avw = 5.02 × 3 µm, Q = 1.7–1.8, Qav = 1.75, in side-view oblong ovoid, in frontal view oblong, slightly thick-walled, hyaline, dextrinoid, congophilous. Basidia 18–23 × 7–10 µm, clavate, slightly thick-walled, hyaline, 4-spored, rarely 2-spored. Cheilocystidia 13–25 × 6–10 µm, cylindrical to irregular cylindrical, narrowly clavate to clavate, sometimes fusiform or utriform, slightly thickwalled, hyaline. Pleurocystidia absent. Pileus covering a trichoderm made up of cylindrical elements with rounded or attenuate apex, 60–170 × 7–13 µm, thick-walled, with parietal pale brown and intracellular pigment. Stipe covering of squamules similar to pileus covering. Clamp connections present. Material examined: Laos, Oudomxay Province, Xay District, Houay Houm Village, N 20° 32′ 00.67″, E 101° 53′ 48. 17.16″. 917 m., 25 July 2014, P. Sysouphanthong, PS20141450 (HNL503121). Habitat and distribution: Growing in a small group, on humus soil mixed with dead leaves; known from Yunnan province of Southwest China (Zhang et al. 2019). We report the first record of L. subvenenata from Laos in this study. Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 175 Fig. 143 a-c Field symptoms of sclerotial wilt under field conditions. d-f Collar region showing fungal pathogen colonizing the stem soil interface. g–i Sclerotia infecting leaves GenBank numbers: HNL503121–MT436258 (ITS). Notes: Lepiota subvenenata was described from Yunnan province of Southwest China. It is closely related to L. venenata Z. H. Chen & Zhu L. Yang in morphology. Lao specimens clustered with the type specimens in the nrITS phylogenetic analyses and share similar morphology (Fig. 136). Atheliales Jülich. Atheliales is an order mostly composed of corticioid fungi (Sulistyo et al. 2021). Based on phylogenetic analyses Sulistyo et al. (2021) accepted five families: Atheliaceae, Byssocorticiaceae, Lobuliciaceae, Pilodermataceae, and Tylosporaceae in this order. However, Wijayawardene et al. (2022) accepted only Atheliaceae and Lobuliciaceae in this order. Atheliaceae Jülich, Biblthca Mycol. 85: 355 (1982) [1981]. This is the type family of Atheliales. Jülich (1982) included the genera Athelopsis, Caerulicium, Confertobasidium, Leptosporomyces, and Luellia in Atheliaceae. Wijayawardene et al. (2022) accepted 20 genera in this family. Atheliaceae mainly consists with saprotrophic taxa, with one lichenicolous species (Athelia arachnoidea) (Sulistyo et al. 2021). Athelia Pers., Traité champ. Comest. (Paris): 57 (1818). Athelia is a genus of corticioid fungi. Some species are facultative parasites of plants and of lichens (Sulistyo et al. 2021). A species of Athelia also engaged in a symbiotic relationship with termites (Reticulitermes), in which the fungus forms sclerotia that mimic termite eggs and worker termites 13 176 Fig. 144 a Stem part showing the mycelial cords colonized on the surface. b Sclerotia observed under stereo zoom microscope. c-d Pure cultures of Athelia rolfsii on PDA medium. e–f Pathogenicity test performed under greenhouse showing the color rot symptoms handling the sclerotia as if they were eggs (Matsuura et al. 2005). Wijayawardene et al. (2022) accepted 32 species in this genus. Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C.C. Tu & Kimbr., Botanical Gazette Crawfordsville 139: 460 (1978). Index Fungorum number: IF309351; Faceoffungi number FoF13394; Figs. 143, 144 Pathogenic on roots and stem of Lablab purpureus. Sexual morph: not observed. Asexual morph: numerous globoid sclerotial bodies were developed on the collar region of infected Lablab purpureus plants at the stem soil interface. Sclerotia measured 1–3 mm in diam. (n = 50), initially whitish and later turned to brownish upon maturity. Cultural characteristics: On PDA, reaching 90 mm at 28 °C after 7 d in 12/12 h light/dark, dense white fluffy colonies developed rapidly over the culture plates and produced characteristic sclerotia near the edges of plates and on the upper lid surface. After, 12–15 days of incubation 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 sclerotia were recorded per plate ranging to 180 – 490 (mean 358 ± 24, n = 20). Colonies on PDA reaching 90 mm at 28 °C after 14 d in 12/12 dark, colonies appeared white to pink with abundant aerial mycelium. Material examined: India, Karnataka, Mysore, Doddamaragowdanahally, on infected plants of Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet (Fabaceae), 17 April 2013, S. Mahadevakumar (UOM-Sr-13–4), living culture Sr-LP3. Habitat: Wide range of hosts (Farr and Rossman 2022), Lablab purpureus (This study). Distribution: Brazil, China, Cuba, Fiji, New Zealand, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Phillippines, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, West Indies and USA (Farr and Rossman 2022), India (This study). GenBank number: KJ002765 (ITS). Notes: The characteristic foot-rot and leaf blight disease of Lablab purpureus are reported in the present study and the diagnostic features are presented. The disease was observed at all stages of plant growth. In the early infection stage, the collar rot affected seedlings collapsed. Initial symptoms appeared as tan water-soaked lesions usually near the stem-soil interface, with lesions that enlarged and expanded towards the shoot apex, causing rotting. Similarly, lesions expanded towards the roots causing root decay and death of the host plant. The pathogen produced numerous globoid sclerotial bodies over the surface of the host plants. The cabbage heads' rotting was recorded with sclerotia development over the head surface. The disease was most prevalent during the rainy season. In dry weather, infected tissues showed the presence of mycelial threads with very few hard, melanized sclerotial bodies. In USDA host fungal database, the record 51387 specifies a geographical record for India, which shows the sequences submitted by our group to GenBank in 2013 and referred by Paul et al. (2017), a new geographical record for Athelia rolfsii on Ipomoea batatas from Korea. Based on the morphological, and cultural characteristics and ITS-rDNA analysis, the fungal pathogen was identified as Athelia rolfsii (Fig. 145). This is the first report on the association of A. rolfsii causing root rot and leaf blight disease in L. purpureus from India and worldwide. Hymenochaetales Oberw. The concept of hymenochaetaceous fungi was initiated by Patouillard (1900) in Série des Igniaires, which includes xanthochoroid polypores with simple, clampless hyphae and setal elements. Later, Oberwinkler (1977) raised the order Hymenochaetales, based on the characteristics of the Hymenochaetoidae, Hymenochaetaceae (proposed earlier by Donk (1948)). Hymenochaetales comprises with homobasidiomycetes with diverse basidiomatal characters, annual to perennial, resupinate to pileate, stipitate to spathulate with smooth, poroid or hydnoid hymenophore. Microscopically, simple, clampless, mono to di or trimitic hyphal system with Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 177 Fig. 145 Phylogenetic tree for species of Athelia generated from maximum likelihood (RAxML) based on ITS gene regions. The Maximum likelihood bootstrap value ≥ 50% are given at the nodes. The newly generated sequences are in blue. The tree is rooted to Rhizoctonia solani (FX1 AG4.HG.1) smooth to ornamented, thin to thick-walled, hyaline to coloured, globose to cylindrical basidiospores are characteristic features. The presence or absence of sterile elements such as cystidia, cystidioles or seate also plays a vital role in identification (Fiasson and Niemela 1984). MycoBank recorded 19 associated families (http://www. mycobank.org) whereas 1530 taxa were submitted in GenBank (https:// www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov) (as of 17 January 2022). Wijayawardene et al. (2022) accepted six families in this order. surface, simple mono to dimitic hyphal system, presence or absence of setae, thin to thick-walled, hyaline or coloured basidiospores (Ryvarden 1991; Dai 2010). Sharma (1995) reported 16 genera and 91 species of Hymenochaetaceae under Indian Aphyllophorales. Hymenochaetaceae is one of the largest families in Basidiomycota (Kirk et al. 2008). Dai (2010) mentioned Phellinus sensu lato, Inonotus sensu lato and Hymenochaete as the three largest genera of Hymenochaetaceae. There are 71 associated genera documented in MycoBank (http://www.mycobank.org) and 1,103 taxa submitted in GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (as of 1 January 2022). Wijayawardene et al. (2022) accepted 42 genera in this family. Coltricia Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 644 (1821). The genus is typified by C. perennis (L.) Murrill. Species of this genus are cosmopolitan and have few species that have been found to be associated with plant roots (Tedersoo et al. 2007). Coltricia is characterized by poroid and stipitate basidiocarps, a monomitic hyphal system lacking clamp connections and coloured, ellipsoid Hymenochaetaceae Donk, Bull. Bot. Gdns Buitenz. 17(4): 474 (1948). Donk (1948) classified the xanthochroid Aphyllophorales under Hymenochaetaceae which comprises wood-decaying white-rot fungi and medicinal fungi with styrylpyrone pigments (which are responsible for a positive xanthochoric reaction) (Dai et al. 2007, 2009). Hymenochaetaceae are described by yellow to deep brown, resupinate to pileate or stipitate basidiomata with smooth to hydnoid hymenial 13 178 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 146 Coltricia insularis. a-c Basidiocarps. d Basidiospores. e, f Pileipellis. g Hymenial trama, longitudinal section. h Stipitipellis. All from LIP 0,401,817 (holotype, pictures by D. Borgarino (b) and P.-A. Moreau) except a (Hal-BP-72, sequence MT594499, picture by A. Rinaldi) and c (Hal-BP-19, sequence MT594498, picture by A. Rinaldi). Scale bars = 5 mm (a-c), 10 µm (d-g) to subglobose, smooth basidiospores (Dai 2010). Wijayawardene et al. (2022) accepted 40 species in this genus. Coltricia insularis P.-A. Moreau, Bellanger, Loizides & A. Rinaldi, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number IF900072; Faceoffungi number FoF13395; Fig. 146 Etymology. Insularis = of islands, a Latin adjective referring to Corsica, Cyprus and Sardinia, three Mediterranean islands in which the species was discovered. Holotype: LIP 0401817 Pileus 15–60 mm, irregularly infundibuliform, rough, sometimes weakly lobed, subtomentose or more distinctly tomentose to subhirsute towards the centre, radially corrugated or furrowed and usually with well-defined concentric 13 chromatic zones; colours ranging from brown, red-brown, grey-brown, purple, umber or ochraceous; margin often paler and somewhat undulating. Hymenial surface poroid, comprised of adnexed to irregularly decurrent, shallow, angular, or somewhat elongated pores, mostly 2–3 per mm, becoming poorly defined towards the margin and sometimes fusing to form sterile tomentose patches or a sterile marginal zone; warm grey to buff or ochraceous. Stipe 20–40 × 3–8 mm, usually irregularly furrowed, densely tomentose, buff or pale brown at the apex but quickly staining ochraceous or brown, darker chestnut to red-brown or orange-brown lower, deeply submerged into the substrate and often with sand and litter tightly adhered to it. Context corky, thick and indistinctly zonate in the pileus, darker in the stipe, chestnut to redbrown or umber. Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 179 Fig. 147 Phylogenetic analyses were conducted online at www.phylo ▸ geny.fr (Dereeper et al. 2008). Multiple sequence alignments were performed with MUSCLE v. 3.7 (Edgar 2004). Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis was achieved with PhyML v. 3.0 (Guindon et al. 2010), using the GTR + I + Γ model of evolution and the Shimodaira Hasegawa version of the approximate likelihood-ratio test (SH-aLRT) of branch support (Anisimova et al. 2011). Phylogram was built using TreeDyn 198.3 (Chevenet et al. 2006) and edited with Inkscape 0.91 (https://inkscape.org/fr). Newly generated sequences for this study are in bold. The tree is rooted by mid-point rooting method under PhyML (Guindon et al. 2010) Spores (6.8) 7.5–9 (10.2) × 3.2–3.9 (4.1) µm, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid or ovoid when immature, cylindrical to fusiform when projected, with a light supra-apicular depression, pale yellow in KOH and in Melzer’s, wall < 0.3 µm thick, smooth. Basidia 12–19 × 7–7.5 µm, 4-spored (partly 2-spored on immature specimens) with spindle-shaped straight sterigmata, shortly cylindrical, hyaline. Hymenophoral setae absent. Edges sterile, made of bunches of slender thin-walled hairs 2.3–3 µm wide, encrusted with yellowish granular deposits. Pileipellis 60–80 µm-thick, convoluted trichocutis, made of generative hyphae 3.5–6(7) µm wide, terminal elements 45–80 µm long, branching often with right-angled furcations, rounded to mucronate at the apex. Stipitipellis a trichocutis made of flexuose, mostly unbranched skeletoid hairs, 70–180 × 3.5–5.5 µm, with occasional secondary septa; wall smooth or with few hyaline mucoid deposits towards the apex, 0.8–1.2 µm thick, yellow in 5% KOH; apex rounded. Clamps absent from all observed septa. Smell weak, faintly acidic. Habitat and Distribution: Associated with Cistaceae (Cistus spp., Halimium halimifolium) shrubs in dry, sandy places. So far collected from Cyprus, France (Corsica), Italy (Sardinia) and Spain (Andalucia), but probably widespread in xerothermic localities throughout the Mediterranean basin. Material examined: France: Corsica (Haute-Corse), Monaccia d’Aullène, Réserve naturelle du Mucchiu Biancu, 25 Nov. 2006, D. Borgarino, L. Hugot, C. Lavoise, P.-A. Moreau & F. Richard, PAM06112616 (LIP 0401817, holotype). Other material examined: Cyprus: Trimiklini, M. Loizides, 28 Feb. 2019, ML91292CO (LIP 0401819). Italy: Sardinia, Gonnesa, A. Rinaldi, 5 Dec. 2019, Hal-BP-135, LIP 0401740. Spain: Andalucia, Huelva, Almonaster-laReal, under Pinus halepensis and Cistus monspeliensis in a semi-open heathland, A. Gasch Illescas & P.-A. Moreau, 28 Dec. 2019, PAM1912814 (LIP 0401740). Notes: Coltricia insularis is a xerophilic Mediterranean species characteristic of Cistaceae shrublands, found especially among sands, where it may grow in dense clusters adhered to the bases of rockroses. Also known from the thermo-mediterranean zone in Cyprus and the 13 180 supramediterranean zone in Andalucia, where a slenderer form of this species was collected on sandy ground, at the edge of a pine forest. In Sardinia, it occurs in pure Halimium stands in coastal areas. However, in places where more potential hosts are present, it might be part of the extensive ectomycorrhizal networks that are common in several Mediterranean ecological settings (Taudiere et al. 2015; Leonardi et al. 2020). From what is known about Coltricia mycorrhizal biology, members of the genus appear to establish ectomycorrhizal associations with a range of hosts (Rinaldi et al. 2008). Coltricia insularis phylogenetically belongs to the group of Coltricia perennis, which has not Fig. 148 Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis (MUBL4011, holotype). a-b Basidiocarp. c Stratified tube layer. d Tramal hyphae. e Context hyphae. f Basidioles. g Basidia. h Basidiospore i Basidiospore in H2O. j Basidiospore in KOH. k Basidiospore in cotton blue. Scale: a = 3 cm. c = 1 cm. d–k = 10 µm 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 been the object of monographic revision since the advent of DNA studies. The phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 147) shows the unexpected diversity unravelled in this lineage, in which at least three main subclades can be identified among the available sequences in GenBank and UNITE. Most of these are devoid of Linnaean names and the need of typification of C. perennis itself (type of the genus) is obvious, considering this name has been arbitrarily applied to nearly all sequences available in the’Perennis-clade’. Coltricia montagnei Fr. (in Montagne 1836, p. 341), originally described from Northern France (Ardennes, near Sedan), has been variously interpreted and was only recently described in detail (Rivoire Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 2020). Coltricia confluens Keizer (1997, p. 389), from which the isotype collection Keizer 93060 was kindly provided by the author, but unfortunately, could not be sequenced. Coltricia insularis differs from all currently recognized European species by spore dimensions and shape: mature specimens display spores with an average Q of around 2.3 and a typical fusiform profile. Like C. perennis and C. confluens (but not C. montagnei), the hyphae of pileipellis are frequently T-branched, but the taxonomic importance of this feature requires further observations. Coltricia’confluens’ and a sister Mexican species (Fig. 147), represent an independent well-supported clade. Amongst the subclade 3 (Fig. 147), C. insularis has an American sister species (sequences ITS MH211968 and MK966429 from pine forests in Oregon); both sequences form a well-supported subclade, distinct from the two other subclades of Clade 3 representing apparently circumboreal North European, North American and Asian species. None of the collections available in these clades suggests a thermophilic or xerophilic Mediterranean origin. A detailed revision of collections representing each clade is required before a thorough comparison of this cluster of species with C. insularis and within the whole “Perennis-clade” can be made. Fulvifomes Murrill, Northern Polypores (5): 49 (1914). Fulvifomes (typified as Fulvifomes robiniae Murrill) was described by Murrill (1914) to include perennial, sessile, ungulate, woody xanthochoroid fungus with dimitic hyphal system, colored basidiospores and lacks setae. Earlier Fulvifomes was treated as a synonym of Phellinus Quél. (Ryvarden and Johansen 1980; Dai 1999) later, many validated the generic rank of Fulvifomes, by studying the macro-microscopical description, nuclear behaviour and molecular data (Fiasson and Niemelä 1984; Wagner and Fischer 2002). Fulvifomes was revaluated and extensive ranges of characteristics were added to the classical description which includes annual to perennial, resupinate to pileate, applanate to ungulate, smooth to rimose basidiomata, homogenous to duplex context and poroid hymenial layer with mono-dimitic to dimitic hyphal system, presence or absence of setae, cystidioles, smooth, thick-walled, colored, globose to ellipsoid, cyanophilic to acyanophilic and inamyloid basidiospores (Murrill 1914; Wagner and Fischer 2002; Dai 2010; Salvador-Montoya et al. 2018; Tchoumi et al. 2020). Salvador-Montoya et al. (2018) and Zheng et al. (2021) proposed keys to American and Chinese Fulvifomes spp., respectively, since few samplings were done in other parts of the world. Approximately 331 sequences belonging to 50 taxa were submitted in NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and 65 associated taxa are available in MycoBank (http:// www. mycobank.org) (as of 1 January 2022). Wijayawardene et al. (2022) accepted 33 species in this genus. 181 Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis Kezo, K., Gunaseelan, S., & Kaliyaperumal, M., sp. nov. Index Fungorum: IF558179; Facesoffungi Number: FoF10745; Fig. 148 Etymology: The species epithet jawadhuvensis refers to the type locality of basidiomata collection. Holotype: MUBL4011 Basidiocarps perennial, solitary, pileate, sessile, light in weight, hard when dry. Pileus dimidiate, convex to meagrely ungulate, with no distinct crust, projecting up to 5.7 cm, 9.5 cm wide and 3.4 cm thick near the base. Pilear surface velvety, light brown (6D6) to rust-brown (6E8) and meagerly warted when young, on maturity pilei becoming rough, weakly rimose, concentrically, narrowly sulcate, weakly zonate. Margin entire, round to obtuse, brown (6E4) to dark brown (6F5), velutinate when young, developing into brownish grey (6F2) to greyish brown (6E3), glabrous on maturity. Pore surface raw umber brown (5F8) to brown (6E7). Pores round to angular, regular, 4–8 per mm. Dissepiments entire, thick. Context up to 2.7 cm, homogeneous, yellowish-brown (5E8) to dark brown (6F7). Tubes yellowish-brown (5D8) to light brown (6D6), up to 0.7 cm thick, tube layers stratified, each stratum 0.2 to 0.4 cm with a thin layer of context in between. Hyphal system strictly dimitic, Generative hyphae dominant; both skeletal and generative hyphae acyanophilous; tissue darkening with KOH without swelling. Context Generative hyphae, thin to thick-walled, hyaline to yellow, simple septate, branched, 2–6.5 μm diam.; skeletal hyphae, thick-walled with narrow lumen, unbranched, yellowish-brown, aseptate, 2–5.7 μm diam. Trama Generative hyphae, thin to thick-walled, yellow to brown, septate, rarely branched, 2–5.2 μm dia.; skeletal hyphae, thick-walled with narrow to wide lumen, yellowish-brown, aseptate, unbranched, 2–5.2 μm dia. Setae, cystidioles absent. Basidioles dominant, clavate, 7.7–14 × 3.8–7.2 μm. Basidia clavate to broadly clavate, with four sterigmata, 8.5–15 × 5–8.5 μm. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, thick-walled, smooth, yellow in water, turning rust-brown in KOH, (4.8–) 5.1–6.4 (–6.9) × (4.1–) 4.4–4.9 (–5.2) μm (n = 50/2), Q = 1.1–1.3, CB ̄, IKI ̄. Chlamydospores globose to subglobose, thick-walled rust brown to reddish-brown, 5.2 – 8.5 × 4.1–7 μm, CB ̄, IKI ̄. Specimen examined: India, Tamil Nadu, Thiruvannamalai district, Jawadhu hills, Jamunamarathur, 12.64° 54′ 19.1″ N 79° 18′ 33″ E, on living angiosperm tree (Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boiv., Fabaceae), 09 February 2018, Kezhocuyi Kezo (MUBL4011, holotype). GenBank numbers: MW040079 (ITS), MW048886 (LSU), MW690924 (tef1). Notes: Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis shares similarities with F. grenadensis by having dimidiate to ungulate pileus, round to obtuse margin, absences of cystidioles, but 13 182 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 149 Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis (MLCASB020, holotype). a–b Basidiocarp. c Stratified tube layer. d Tramal hyphae. e Context hyphae. f Basidioles. g Basidia. h Basidiospore. i Basidiospore in H2O. j Basidiospore in KOH. k Basidiospore in cotton blue. Scale: a = 3 cm, c = 1 cm, d–k = 10 µm the former lacks distinct crust after velvety pileus wears off and no. of pores per mm. Larger broadly ellipsoid to subglobose spores in F. jawadhuvensis differ from smaller spores in F. grenadensis (4–6 × 3–4 µm) (Ryvarden 2004). The new Indian species share other common characteristics with F. elaeodendri, F. hainanensis, F. thailandicus, in having dimidiate to ungulate basidiomata, zonate pileus with rimose patten (except F. hainanensis), pores per mm, distinctly thick-walled, colored basidiospores, absence of setae, but significantly varies basidiospores size and absences of cystidioles (Zhou 2014; Tchoumi et al. 2020). Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis and F. centroamericanus share only dimidiate pilei and absences of cystidioles and differ in other features; the former varies entirely from F. 13 krugiodendrii (Ji et al. 2017). Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis shows variations with F. nonggangensis and F. tubogeneratus in basidiomata characters and microscopic illustrations (Zheng et al. 2021). Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis Gunaseelan, S., Kezo, K. & Kaliyaperumal, M., sp. nov. MycoBank: MB821517; Facesof fungi number: FoF10744; Fig. 149 Etymology: The species epithet ″malaiyanurensis″ refers to the type locality of the collection site. Holotype: CAL 1618 Basidiocarps perennial, solitary, sessile, broadly attached to substrate, hard, light when dry. Pilei dimidiate, ungulate Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 183 Fig. 150 Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis (MUBL4013, holotype). a Habitat. b Pilear surface. c Pore surface. d Stratified layer (yellow arrows and lines indicates each stratum). e Contextual hyphae. f Tramal hyphae. g Cystidioles. h Basidioles. i Basidia. j. Basidiospores. Scale bars: a–d = 1 cm, e–j = 10 µm to triquetrous, projecting up to 5 cm, 12 cm wide and 4 cm thickness near the attachment. Pilear surface velutinate towards the margin, partially, concentrically zonate, brown (6E6) to greyish brown (6F3), cracked during collection. Margin obtuse often round, velvety shining, brown (5E8) to yellowish brown (5E4). Pore surface umber-brown (5E8). Pores regular, circular to angular, 5–7 per mm. Dissepiments thick, entire. Context yellowish-brown (5C7) to dark golden brown (5C7), woody corky, up to 2 cm thick. Tube layer brown (6D7), up to 2 cm long in distinctly stratified, individual layer up to 0.5 cm in length. Hyphal system strictly dimitic, skeletal and generative hyphae acyanophilous, tissue darkening with KOH without swelling. Context: Hyphal system subparallel, generative hyphae dominant hyaline to yellow, simple septate, thin to thick-walled, 2.2–6.4 μm in diam, rarely septate and branched, skeletal hyphae rare, yellow to brown, thickwalled, with a narrow to wide lumen, infrequently septate, unbranched, 1.8–5.2 μm in dia. Trama Hyphae interwoven, color not distinct from context; generative hyphae thin to thick-walled, frequently septate 2–5.2 μm wide, skeletal hyphae thick-walled, unbranched, aseptate with narrow to wide lumen 2.7–5.2 μm. Hymenial setae, cystidia and cystidioles absent. Basidioles clavate, 5–16 × 3–7 μm. Basidia broadly clavate, with four sterigmata, 7–16 × 5–8 μm. Basidispores broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, smooth, yellow to golden yellow in water, turning golden brown to rustbrown in KOH, thick-walled, (4.2–) 4.6–5.4 (–5.7) × (3.9–) 4.2 – 4.9 (–5.2) μm, Q = 1.09, (n = 50/2), Q = 1.05–1.25, CB ̄, IKI .̄ Chlamydospores globose to subglobose, thick-walled, rust-brown to reddish-brown, 5.7– 12.8 × 5.2–11.6 μm, CB ̄, IKI ̄. 13 184 Material examined: India, Tamil Nadu, Vizhupuram district, Malaiyanur, 37° 25′ 19.1″ N 23° 36′ 33″ W, on living angiosperm tree (Tamarindus indica L., Fabaceae), 25 October 2016, Sugantha Gunaseelan, MLCASB020, holotype. Additional specimen examined: India, Tamil Nadu, Vizhupuram district, Malaiyanur, 37° 25′19.1″ N 23° 36′33″ W, on living angiosperm tree (Tamarindus indica, Fabaceae), 25 October 2016, Sugantha Gunaseelan, (MLCASB021, Isotype). GenBank numbers: MLCASB020-MF155651 (ITS), MF155652 (LSU). MLCASB021- MW048883 (LSU), MW690925 (tef1). Notes: Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis is similar to F. thailandicus (Zhou 2015) in sharing yellowish-brown, broadly attached basidiomata, pore, dimitic hyphal and absence of cystidioles. However, F. malaiyanurensis is distinct by having ungulate to triquetrous, yellowish-brown, velutinate basidiocarp, acyanophilic subglobose basidiospores, lacking cystidioles. Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis differs from F. grenadensis (Ryvarden 2004), F. hainanensis (Zhou 2014) and F. imbricatus (Zhou 2015) in pileus character, pore per mm, shape and size of basidiospore. F. malaiyanurensis share a similar pileial character with F. robinae (Salvador-Montoya et al. 2018) but differs in hyphal system and basidiospore but shares pores/mm. Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis shares similarities with F. elaeodendri and F. yoroui in triquetrous up to ungulate basidiomata and pores per mm (Tchoumi et al. 2020; Olou et al. 2019) and differs in other characters. Macroscopically, F. malaiyanurensis may resemble African (Tchoumi et al. 2020), Asian (Zhou 2014, 2015; Liu et al. 2020; Du et al. 2021) and American (Ji et al. 2017) known species but shows variation in other taxonomic characters. Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis Gunaseelan, S., Kezo, K. and Kaliyaperumal, M., sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF558486; Facesoffungi number: FoF10726; Fig. 150 Etymology: The species epithet ″thiruvannamalaiensis″ refers to the type locality of collection site. Holotype: MUBL4013 Basidiocarp perennial, solitary, sessile, applanate, broadly attached to the substrate by the narrow side, hard, woody when dry. Pileus dimidiate, convex to meagrely ungulate, lacks crust, projecting up to 4.8 cm in length, 10.4 cm in width and 3.4 cm thick near the attachment. Pilear surface partly covered with microalgae, glabrous, light brown (6D8, 6E7), rust-brown (6E8) to dark brown (6F7), finely cracked with small brownish grey scales (6E3, 6F2) concentric and radially sulcate, but coarse and deep sulci, scrupose zones near the attachment/older region, meagrely wavy near the margin. Margin entire, round to obtuse, velutinate to smooth, dark brown (6F7), brownish grey (6F2), often wavy. Pore surface yellowish raw umber brown (5F8), yellowish-brown 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 (5E8) to brown (6E7, 6F8). Pores round, regular, 4–7 per mm. Dissepiments entire, thick. Context up to 1.6 cm, homogeneous, fibrous to corky, brown (6E7, 6F8) to dark brown (6F7). Tubes yellowish-brown (5E8), light brown (6D6) to brown (6E7, 6F8), up to 1.3 cm thick, tube layers stratified with thin-walled bright yellowish generative hyphae usually running between the old tubes, each stratum up to 0.4 cm. Hyphal system strictly dimitic, skeletal and generative hyphae acyanophilous; tissue darkening with KOH without swelling. Context Generative hyphae dominant, thin to thick-walled, simple septate, branched, hyaline to brown, 1.2–4.8 μm diam.; skeletal hyphae, thick-walled with narrow to wide lumen, unbranched, aseptate, yellow to brown, 2.4–4.3 μm diam. Trama Generative hyphae, thin to thick-walled, septate, rarely branched, hyaline to brown, 1.2–4.8 μm diam.; skeletal hyphae, thick-walled with narrow to wide lumen, aseptate, unbranched, brown, 2.4–4.8 μm diam. Setae absent. Cystidioles thin-walled, hyaline, varies in shape, fusoid to ventricose with elongated apical portion, 12.9–27 × 2.8–7.2 μm. Basidioles clavate to broadly clavate, 8.5–15.5 × 3.5–6.5 μm. Basidia clavate to broadly clavate, with four sterigmata, 9.4–15.7 × 5.2–8 μm. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, thick-walled, smooth, yellow in water, turning brown in KOH, (5.3–) 5.5–6.7 (–6.9) × (4.6–) 4.8–5.1(–5.5) μm (n = 30/2), Q = 1.05–1.3, CB ̄, IKI ̄. Material examined: India, Tamil Nadu, Thiruvannamalai district, Jawadhu hills, Jamunamarathur, 12.64° 54′ 19.1″ N 79° 18′33″ E, on living angiosperm tree (Albizia amara, Fabaceae), 09 February 2018, Sugantha Gunaseelan, MUBL4013, holotype. GenBank numbers: MZ221598 (ITS), MZ221600 (LSU). Notes: Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis, characterized by perennial, solitary, dimidiate, applanate to ungulate basidiomes, significantly cracked pilear surface with brownishgrey scales, stratified tube layer with dimitc hyphal system and thick-walled yellow to brown, acyanophilic subglobose to ellipsoid basidiospores. African species, F. yoroui (Olou et al. 2019) shows close resemblance with F. thiruvannamalaiensis, in sharing perennial, pileate, ungulate basidiomata, dimitic hyphal system and presence of fusoid cystidioles, but the size and shape of the basidiospores (subglobose to globose basidiospores 5.5–6.5 × 4.7–5.6 μm), differ from F. thirvannamalaiensis. Fulvifomes krugiodendri (Ji et al. 2017), F. rimosus (Hattori et al. 2014) and F. thailandicus (Zhou 2015) are closely similar to F. thirvannamalaiensis morphologically by sharing dimidiate, concentrically sulcate, cracked basidiocarp, dimitic hyphal system and presence of fusoid cystidioles, yet differs in the number of pores and the size of basidiospores. Despite few morphological resemblances between F. elaeodendri (Tchoumi et al. 2020) such as sulcate, glabrous pileus becoming cracked with age, stratified tube layer the Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 185 Fig. 151 Phylogram of Fulvifomes species, obtained from maximum likelihood (RAxML) of combined ITS, LSU, and tef1 datasets. Bootstrap values (BS) from maximum likelihood (ML, left) and Maximum parsimony (MP, middle) greater than 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP), greater than 0.95, are indicated above the nodes as ML/MP/BYPP. The tree is rooted with Phylloporia nodostipitata FLOR 51153. New species and new records are indicated in black bold 13 186 Fig. 152 Psilocybe keralensis (SDBR-CMUNK0448, new record). a. Basidiomata. b. Basidiospores. c. Basidia. d. Cheilocystidia. Scale bars: a = 10 mm; b–d = 5 μm distinct microscopical traits viz., absence of cystidioles and the size of the basidiospores are distinguishing F. thiruvannamalaiensis from F. elaeodendri. Fulvifomes centroamericanus (Ji et al. 2017), F. hainanensis (Zhou 2014) and F. imbricatus (Zhou 2015) besides having dimitic hyphal systems are significantly distinct from F. thiruvannamalaiensis in morphology and microscopic features, by having uncracked pilear surface, shape and size of basidiospores. Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis shares a few similar morphological traits with the American species, F. cedrelae, F. robinae and F. squamosus (Salvador-Montoya et al. 2018) by having perennial, applanate, ungulate, sessile basidiomata with sulcate, cracked pilei, homogenous context and stratified tubes, however, the former differs from the later in hyphal system, number of pores and size of the basidiospore. The Chinese species F. submerrillii (Liu et al. 2020), shows high variations both morphologically and microscopically from the newly described Indian F. thiruvannamalaiensis (Fig. 151). Hymenogastraceae Vittad, [as 'Hymenogastereae'], Monogr. Tuberac. (Milano): 11 (1831) Note: Hymenogastraceae was erected by Vittadini (1893) with contained gilled and false-truffle fungi. According to the recent study by He et al. (2019), Hymenogastraceae is one of the larger families in the Agaricales and comprises 10 genera, namely Anamika K.A. Thomas, Peintner, M.M. Moser & Manim., Flammula (Fr.) P. Kumm., Galerina Earle, Gymnopilus P. Karst., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm., Hymenogaster Vittad., Naucoria (Fr.) P. Kumm., Phaeocollybia R. Heim, Psathyloma Soop, J.A. Cooper & Dima and Psilocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm. Now, it is represented by more than 1500 species in Hymenogastraceae (Matheny et al. 2006; Redhead et al. 2007; Kirk et al. 2008; He et al. 2019). 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Psilocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm., Führ. Pilzk. (Zerbst): 21 (1871) Psilocybe was first introduced by Kummer (1871) with P. semilanceata (Fr.) P. Kumm. as the type species. This genus is saprotrophic and widely distributed in both tropical and temperate areas (Singer and Smith 1958; Guzmán 1978, 1983; Redhead et al. 2007; Kirk et al. 2008), while Psilocybe sensu lato is known to include Deconica. Both Psilocybe and Deconica have been characterized by typically hygrophanous basidiomata, brown to yellow–brown pileus, lilac-brown to dark brown to dark purple-brown spore prints, ellipsoid to rhomboid to subhexagonal basidiospores with a distinct apical germ pore (Singer and Smith 1958; Guzmán 1978, 1983; Redhead et al. 2007). Most Psilocybe contains psychedelic compounds, e.g. baeocystin, psilocin and psilocybin (Stamets 1996), whereas Deconica possesses none of these compounds (Marcano et al. 1994). Traditionally, Psilocybe and Deconica belong to Strophariaceae, order Agaricales (Guzmán 1978, 1983). However, multiphylogenetic analyses have revealed that Psilocybe formed a monophyletic genus in Hymenogastraceae, order Agaricales, which clearly separates it from Deconica (RamírezCruz et al. 2013). There are more than 300 accepted species of Psilocybe in the Index Fungorum (2022a, b), however, only eight Psilocybe species have been reported in Thailand (P. cubensis (Earle) Singer, P. magnispora E. Horak, Guzmán & Desjardin, P. samuiensis Guzmán, Bandala & J.W. Allen, P. subaeruginascens Höhn, P. thaiaerugineomaculans Guzmán, Karun. & Ram.-Guill., P thaicordispora Guzmán, Ram.-Guill. & Karun., P. thaiduplicatocystidiata Guzmán, Karun. & Ram.-Guill., and P. thailandensis E. Horak, Guzmán & Desjardin and P. thaizapoteca Guzmán, Karun. & Ram.-Guill.) (Guzmán et al. 1993, 2012; Horak et al. 2009; Chandrasrikul et al. 2011). Psilocybe keralensis K.A. Thomas, Manim. & Guzmán, Mycotaxon 83: 196, 2002. Index Fungorum number: IF380972; Facesoffungi number: FoF10681;Fig. 152 Pileus 13–25 mm diameter, hemisphearic, subconic or campanulate, hygrophanous, brownish-orange (6C4) to greyish orange (5B6), fading to light orange (5A4) to orangewhite (5A2), surface glabrous, lucidus when dry and often somewhat bluish when touched or on drying, especially at the edge, not viscid and the margin finely translucent striate when moist; context pale yellow (2A3) or yellowish-white (2A2), bruising ink blue. Lamellae adnate to slightly sinuate, close, light orange (5A4) to orange (5A6) to brownish grey (9C2) or reddish-brown (9E5), often with ink blue tinge, edges serrulate and remaining whitish. Stipe 45–80 × 1.5–3 mm, equal, sometimes flattened and becoming tapered toward the base, nearly concolorous with the pileus, darker below, often with ink blue to blackish tinge when touched or when dry, and shiny when dry; surface Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 187 Fig. 153 Phylogenetic tree derived from maximum likelihood analysis of a combined ITS and LSU genes of 25 sequences and the aligned dataset was comprised of 1640 characters including gap. The average standard deviation of the split frequencies of the BI analysis was 0.00962. Panaeolus acuminatus (CBS 270.47) and Pa. subbalteatus (CBS 326.34) were used as outgroup taxa. The numbers above branches are the bootstrap statistics percentages (left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right). Branches with bootstrap values ≥ 70% are shown at each branch and the bar represents 0.1 substitutions per nucleotide position. Hyphen (-) represents support values ≤ 70/0.90. Extype strains are in black bold. The newly generated sequences are indicated in blue longitudinally striate and covered with appressed whitish fibrils or flocculose, sometimes uneven and with scrobicula and grooves; base with white mycelium and often radicating; annulus absent; context fragile, yellowish and yellowishbrown towards the surface and base, staining somewhat ink blue when bruised. Spore print dark brown. Basidiospores 6–10 × 5–7 × 4–6 μm, often subrhomboid or ovoid, sometimes ellipsoid, occasionally inconspicuous subhexagonal in face view, Q = 1.1–1.7, Qm = 1.35 ± 0.13, ellipsoid or subovoid, sometimes nearly oblong inside view, Q = 1.2–1.8, Qm = 1.55 ± 0.15; yellowish-brown with a purple tinge in water, dark yellow to yellowish-brown in KOH, dark purplish-brown in deposit; wall smooth, slightly thick (0.5–1 μm), complex, with 0.8–1.5 μm wide apical germ pore. Basidia 18–28 × 5–8 μm, hyaline, long subcylindric to clavate, often constricted in middle and narrowed in the lower half, 4-spored and 2-spored, rarely 1-spored; sterigmata up to 6 μm. Pleurocystidia are relatively rare and scattered, 13–22 × 4–6.5 μm, hyaline, ventricose to sublageniform, sometime fusoid or clavate, occasionally nearly cylindric-clavate or obclavate, often with a 1–7.5 × 1–2 μm neck or rostrum, not branched, the top or apex often seems wall thickened or contain some matter. Cheilocystidia abundant, 14–35.5 × 4–8 μm, hyaline, similar to pleurocystidia, mostly with a 1.5–13 × 1–3 μm rostrum or neck, sometimes with an acuminate apex, the top or apex often seems wall thickened or contain some matter. Pileipellis an ixocutis, 15–80 μm thick, made up of creeping, interwoven, 2–6 μm wide filiform to slender tubular hyphae, hyaline and colourless, wall-smoothed and thin; subpileipellis more pigmented to dark yellow in KOH. Subhymenium subcellular, hyaline, composed of irregular vesiculose to polygonal or subglobose cells. Caulocystidia abundant, 14–49 × 3.5–12 μm, scattered, gregarious to clustered at the upper part of the stipe, hyaline, similar to cheilocystidia, hyaline, thick-walled. Clamp connections present in all tissues. 13 188 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 154 Marasmius pallidoaurantiacus BKF10248 (holotype). a Basidiomata, b Basidiospores, c Basidium, d Checlocystidia, e Pileipellis cell. Scale bars: a = 2 mm, b–e = 10 μm. Photographs and drawing by N. Wannathes Material examined: Thailand, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Phibun Mangsahan, District, 15° 3′ 25″ N 105° 26′ 50″ E, elevation 164 m, on soil, 4 May 2019, N. Suwannarach & J. Kumla, SDBR-CMUNK0448. Habitat: Growing solitary to scattered on dung or soil of meadows, or grassland in an open area. Distribution: India (Thomas et al. 2002), Southwestern China (Ma et al. 2016) and Thailand (This study). GenBank numbers: MZ452082 (ITS), MZ452083 (LSU). Notes: Morphologically, P. keralensis is similar to P. columbiana Guzmán; however, P. columbiana differs significantly in the absence of pleurocystidia. It has been known to only be from Colombia (Guzmán 1978, 1983; Guzmán et al. 2005). Phylogenetically, P. keralensis formed a sister taxon to P. thaizapoteca (Fig. 153). However, the large pileus (20–50 mm in diameter) and small basidiospores (6–7 × 3–4.5 × 3–3.5 μm) of P. thaizapoteca clearly differ from P. keralensis (Guzmán et al. 2012). Marasmiaceae Roze ex Kühner. Note: Marasmiaceae was erected by Kühner (1980) with a combination of Marasmieae, Collybieae and Myceneae of Tricholomataceae R. Heim in Singer (1986) classification. Molecular phylogeny has revealed that Marasmiaceae is monophyletic, containing ten genera (Amyloflagellula Singer, Brunneocorticium Sheng H. Wu, Campanella Henn., Chaetocalathus Singer, Crinipellis Pat., Hymenogloea Pat., Marasmius Fr., Moniliophthora H.C. Evans, Stalpers, Samson & Benny, Neocampanella Nakasone, Hibbett & Goranova and Tetrapyrgos E. Horak) with more than 1590 species, Marasmius being the generic type (Matheny et al. 2006; Kirk et al. 2008; He et al. 2019) of this family. Marasmius Fr., Fl. Scan.: 339 (1836). Marasmius is a large genus of plant debris decomposers (Singer 1976a, b, 1986; Antonín and Noordeloos 2010) that is represented by approximately 600 species worldwide (He et al. 2019). The genus was first introduced by Fries (1835) 13 and Marasmius rotula (Scop.). Fr. was later designated as the type species by Singer and Smith (1946). Marasmius is characterized by small or possibly large to robust basidiomata, convex or campanulate, striate to sulcate, white to strongly pigmented pilei, well-developed lamellar, thin and typically tough, cylindrical, often brown or darkly fuscous stipe, white spore print, hyaline, smooth and inamyloid spores and hymeniform pileipellis of smooth or diverticulate cells (Singer 1976a, b, 1986; Antonín 2007). Generic circumscription of Marasmius sensu stricto was restricted (Wilson and Desjardin 2005) and the infrageneric classification has been revised based on the results of a phylogenetic analysis of combined sequences of LSU and ITS incorporated with other notable morphological features (Oliveira et al. 2020b). Marasmius pallidoaurantiacus Wannathes, N. Suwannarach, J. Kumla & S. Lumyong, sp. nov. MycoBank number: MB 840,379; Facesoffungi number: FoF 10682;Fig. 154 Etymology: ‘pallio’ = pale, ‘aurantiacus’ = orange colour, refers to the pileus colour Holotype: BKF10248 Pileus 1–2 mm diam., hemispherical, umbilicate, with a tiny dark brown papilla at center; dull, dry, glabrous, slightly striate; orange white (5A2) to pale orange (5A3) with darker disc. Context thin, white. Lamellae adnate to a small collarium, distant (10–11), broad (1 mm), orange white (5A2), non-marginate. Stipe 8–13 × 0.2 mm, cylindrical, central; glabrous, dull, dry; insititious; dark brown overall, sometime stipe arising directly from dark brown rhizomorph. Basidiospores 7–10(–11) × 4–5(–6) µm [x = 8.20 ± 1.35 × 4.18 ± 0.58, Q = 1.75–2.57, q = 1.97 ± 0.30, n = 25] ellipsoid, fusoid, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, thinwalled. Basidia 14–16 × 4–6 µm, clavate, with 4 sterigmata, thin-walled, inamyloid. Cheilocystidia abundant, of Siccus- type broom cells; main body 5–7 × 4–6 µm, cylindrical to clavate, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled; apical setulae Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 189 Fig. 155 Phylogenetic tree derived from maximum likelihood analysis of a combined ITS gene of 65 sequences and the aligned dataset was comprised of 1116 characters including gap. The average standard deviation of the split frequencies of the BI analysis was 0.00825. Marasmius siccus KG 039 and KG 119 were used as outgroup. Numbers above branches are the bootstrap statistics percentages (left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right). Branches with bootstrap values ≥ 70% are shown at each branch and the bar represents 0.1 substitutions per nucleotide position. Hyphen (-) represents support values ≤ 70%/0.95. Extype strains are in black bold. The newly generated sequences are indicated in blue and bold type species 13 190 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 156 Marasmius tangerinus BKF10249 (holotype). a Basidiomata, b Basidiospores, c Basidium, d Checlocystidia, e Pileipellis cell. Scale bars: a = 5 mm, b–e = 10 μm. Photographs and drawing by N. Wannathes 1–4 × 1 µm, cylindrical to conical, obtuse, hyaline to pale yellow, thin- to thick-walled. Pleurocystidia absent. Pileipellis hymeniform, mottled, composed of Siccus-type broom cells; main body 10–14 × 4–6 µm, clavate to broadly clavate, flexuose, pale yellow, inamyloid, thin- to thick-walled; apical setulae (1–) 2–6 × 1 µm, cylindrical, regular in outline, obtuse, brown, thick-walled. Pileus trama interwoven, inamyloid. Lamellar trama interwoven, hyphae 2–5 µm diam., cylindrical, inflated, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, thinwalled, non-gelatinous. Stipitipellis subparallel, hyphae 2–4 µm diam., cylindrical, dark brown, smooth, inamyloid, thick-walled (up to 1 µm), non-gelatinous. Stipe trama subparallel, hyphae 2–5 µm diam., cylindrical, hyaline to pale yellow, smooth, dextrinoid, thin-walled, non-gelatinous. Caulocystidia absent. Clamp connections present in almost all tissues. Material examined: Thailand, Nakhon Ratchasima Provinve, Khao Yai National Park, 33 km marker on Hyw 2090, 22 Sep 2018, collectors N Wannathes, N Suwannarach J Kumla, S Lumyong, BKF10248 (holotype), NW1108 (isotype). Habit, habitat and known distribution: Gregarious on dicotyledonous leave, known only from Thailand. 13 GenBank numbers: MZ452673 (ITS). Notes: Marasmius pallidoaurantiacus is characterized by a tiny, hemispherical with dark brown conical papilla at the center, slightly striate, plae orange pileus, collariate, distant lamellae, thin stipe, sometimes arising directly from the rhizomorph, ellipsoid to fusoid basidiospores with mean 8.2 × 4.2 µm, and the presence of Siccus-type broom cell cheilocytidia. This new species is morphologically similar to Marasmius pallenticeps Singer, which was originally described from Argentina. The latter differs by forming a pure white pileus, stipe usually arising directly from rhizomorphs and the presence of nodes (Desjardin and Ovrebo 2006). Marasmius pallidoaurantiacus pilei appear pigmented like those of M. longibasidiatus J.S. Oliveira, a species recently described from Brazil. This species differs by forming bigger (1.3–4 mm diam.), sulcate pileus, longer basidia (33–42 × 7.8–10 µm) and pileipellis composed of mixed Siccus type broom cell and non-setulost cells (Oliveira 2020). Phylogenetic analyses inferred from ITS sequence data (Fig. 155) confirmed that M. pallidoaurantiacus is a distinct species from other related morphological species and other taxa within this genus. Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 191 Fig. 157 Basidiomata of Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum a. HGASMF01-10,709 (holotype), b. HGASMF01-10,708 (paratype). Scale bars: = 1 cm Marasmius tangerinus Wannathes, N. Suwannarach, J. Kumla & Lumyong, sp. nov. MycoBank number: MB840380; Facesoffungi number: FoF10683; Fig. 156 Etymology: ‘tangerinus’ = tangerine colour, refers to the pileus colour Holotype: BKF10249 Pileus 2–3 mm diam., hemispherical to convex, umbilicate, with a tiny dark brown papilla at center; dull, dry, glabrous, striate; orange red (8A8) overall when young, orange red (8A8) at disc, orange (6B7) to tangerine (6B8) at margin in age. Context thin, white. Lamellae adnate to a small collarium, distant (10–11), narrow (0.5 mm), pale orange (5A3), marginate with orange. Stipe 13–20 × 0.3 mm, cylindrical, central, glabrous, dull, dry, insititious, golden brown (5D7) overall, sometimes stipe arising directly from golden brown rhizomorph. Basidiospores 8–10 × (4–)4.5–5 µm [x = 8.56 ± 0.71 × 4.92 ± 0.28, Q = 1.6–2.0, q = 1.74 ± 0.16, n = 25] ellipsoid, fusoid, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, thinwalled. Basidia 16–18 × 6–8 µm, clavate, with 4 sterigmata, thin-walled, inamyloid. Cheilocystidia abundant, of Siccus- type broom cells; main body 10–14 × 5–7 µm, cylindrical to clavate, sometime branched, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled; apical setulae 1–4 × 1(–2) µm, cylindrical to conical, obtuse, pale yellow, thin- to thick-walled. Pleurocystidia absent. Pileipellis hymeniform, not mottled, composed of 2 type of cells: (a) Siccus-type broom cells; main body 18–38 × 10–16 µm, clavate to broadly clavate or turbinate, irregular in outline, hyaline to pale yellow, inamyloid, thin- to thick-walled; apical setulae 2–10 × 1–4 µm, cylindrical to conical, regular in outline, obtuse, yellow to pale brown, inamyloid, thick-walled; (b) non-setulose cell, 8–32 × 10–15 µm, clavate to broadly clavate, sometime branched, yellow to pale brown, inamyloid, thick-walled. Pileus trama interwoven, inamyloid. Lamellar trama interwoven, hyphae 4–8 µm diam., cylindrical, inflated, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled, non-gelatinous. Stipitipellis subparallel, hyphae 4–6 µm diam., cylindrical, pale brown, smooth, dextrinoid, thick-walled (up to 1 µm), nongelatinous. Stipe trama subparallel, hyphae 2–4 µm diam., cylindrical, hyaline, smooth, dextrinoid, thin-walled, nongelatinous. Caulocystidia absent. Clamp connections present in almost all tissues. Material examined: Thailand, Nakhon Ratchasima Provinve, Khao Yai National Park, 33 km marker on Hyw 2090, 22 Sep 2018, collectors N Wannathes, N Suwannarach J Kumla, S Lumyong, BKF10249 (holotype), NW1224 (isotype). Habit, habitat and known distribution: Gregarious on dicotyledonous wood, known only from Thailand. GenBank numbers: MZ452087 (ITS). Notes: Marasmius tangerinus is characterized by a tiny, hemispherical, bright orange pileus, with dark brown papilla at the center, collariate, distant lamellae, thin stipe, sometimes arising directly from the rhizomorph, ellipsoid to fusoid basidiospores with mean 8.6 × 4.9 µm, pileipellis composed of mixed Siccus type broom cell and non-setulost cells, with the presence of cheilocytidia, and ligicolous habit. Marasmius tangerinus is morphologically similar to M. trichorhizus Speg. which has been characterized from a neotropic realm. The latter species differ by forming more lamellae (12–15), longer stipe (4–71 mm long), and smaller basidiospores with mean 6.9 × 3.4 µm (Oliveira 2020). The phylogenetic analyses of the ITS sequence data (Fig. 155) indicate that M. tangerinus is a distinct species from other related morphological species and other taxa within this genus. Physalacriaceae Corner, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 33: 10 (1970). Notes: The family was typified by Physalacria Peck (Peck 1883), which contained a number of marasmoid fungi, including the important tree pathogen Armillaria (Fr.) 13 192 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 158 Microscopic structures of Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum (holotype). a. Basidiospores, b. Basidia and Basidioles, c. Cheilocystidia, d. Caulocystidia, e. Pileiocystidia, f. Pleurocystidia, g. Terminal cells of pileipellis, Scale bars = 10 μm Staude and edible fungi Flammulina P. Karst., this group usually have pilocystdia and non-dextrinoid tissue (Petersen and Hughes 2010). More than 28 genera included in this family by Index Fungorum (2022a, b) and are accepted by Wijayawardene et al. (2022). R. setosus (Sowerby) Antonín & A. Urb. To date, there are five species described within this genus. Petersen (2000), Petersen and Hughes (2010) and Ronikier and Ronikier (2011), showed Rhizomarasmius to form a well-supported clade in phylogenetic analyses. Rhizomarasmius R.H. Petersen, Mycotaxon 75: 333 (2000). Notes: Petersen (2000) accommodated two Marasmius species, M. pyrrhocephalus Berk. and M. undatus (Berk.) Fr. to form a new genus, Rhizomarasmius R.H. Petersen. This genus is characterized by convex to hemispherical pileus, distant, thick, ascending, white lamellae and central stipe apically pale and darkening downward to brown-black, smooth basidiospores, pileipellis forming a hymeniderm layer of clavate, globose to sphaeropedunculate, smooth elements and scattered, elongate pileocystidia, as well as the presence of cheilo-, pleuro- and caulocystidia (Petersen 2000; Antonín and Noordeloos 2010). Most members of marasmoid are saprotrophic or parasitic fungi (Pacioni and Lalli 1989; Filippi 1991; Ronikier and Ronikier 2011; Moreau et al. 2015). Rhizomarasmius epidryas (Kühner ex A. Ronikier) A. Ronikier and M. Ronikier is a common arctic-alpine saprotrophic fungus (Ronikier 2009, 2011), and this species was originally described by Kühner as Marasmius epidryas Kühner in 1935 (Kühner 1936). Wilson and Desjardin (2005) and Noordeloos and Antonín (2008) transferred this species into Mycetinis Earle. However, later established that the species belongs to the new genus Rhizomarasmius by Anna & Macheł Ronikier and changed the current name accordingly (Ronikier 2009, 2011). Recently Moreau et al. (2015) added two members, Rhizomarasmius oreinus (Pacioni & Lalli) Vizzini, Antonín & A. Urb. and Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum Chun Y. Deng, J.P. Li & Gafforov, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF558751; Facesoffungi number: FoF10408; Figs. 157, 158 Etymology: the species epithet refers to the host genus Cunninghamia. Holotype: HGASMF01-10709 Basidiomata gregarious, marasmioid, marasmielloid or collybioid. Pileus 9–36 mm in diameter, convex to planoconvex when young, expanding to applanate with age, obtuse or slightly depressed at the centre, often wrinkled, slightly sticky, sometimes hygrophanous, translucent when mosit, radially striate or sulcate from the margin up to 3/4 of the radius nearly to the centre, with transversely sulcate between each radial striate when old, involute then inflexed to reflexed at margin, with marginal zone often undulating with age, almost white overall when young, with somewhat milk white (1A2) pigment, then change to generally orange white (6A2), pale orange (6A3) or cinnamon (6D6) overall, paler towards margin, henna (7E8) to dark brown (8E8) at disc when old, darker in the groove, paler at margin. Lamellae adnate, sometimes with slightly decurrently tooth, furcate, intervenose, or anastomosing, often split, linear to ventricose, subdistant, L = 10–14, l = 1–2, white overall, often with light brown (6D4) to reddish brown (8E8) tint, up to 3 mm broad. Stipe 6–23 × 1–3 mm, central, insititious, 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 193 Fig. 159 Phylogenetic tree derived from maximum likelihood analysis of a combined ITS and LSU sequence data. The tree is rooted with Laccariopsis mediterranea and Hydropus mediterraneus. Branches with bootstrap values ≥ 70% are shown at each branch and the bar represents 0.1 substitutions per nucleotide position. Ex-type strains are in black bold. The newly generated sequences are indicated in blue and bold type species hollow, pruinose, more or less cylindrical above, sometimes broadened in somewhere, often tapering towards base, pallid at the apex, orange white (6A2) or pale orange (6A3) to dark brown (8E8) below, black at base. Basidiospores (3.5)5–6.5 (7) × 3–4 μm (average = 5.77 × 3.42 μm, E = 1.43–2(–2.16), Q = 1.69), ellipsoid, amygdaliform, thin-walled, nondextrinoid, hyaline, smooth. Basidia 21–35 × 4.5–6 μm, 4-spored, clavate, hyaline. Basidioles 21–35.5 × 4–6 μm, clavate, cylindrical, hyaline. Cheilocystidia sparse to abundant, 11–50 × 7–17 μm, ellipsoid, cylindrical, irregular clavate, narrowly utriform to narrowly fusiform with capitate apex, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia scattered, sparse, narrowly utriform to narrowly fusiform with capitate apex, 39–64.5 × 7–12.5 μm. Pileipellis a hymeniform layer of clavate to sphaeropedunculate smooth cells measuring 12.5–29.5 × 9–15.5 μm, possibly gelatinized. Pileiocystidia 35.5–51 × 8–16.5 μm, fusiform, narrowly lageniform to lageniform with capitate apex, thin-walled. Stipitipellis a cutis, of cylindrical, parallel, slightly thick-walled, non-dextrinoid, up to 19.5 μm wide hyphae. Caulocystidia 35–59 × 6–12 μm, cylindrical to broadly cylindrical with or without capitate apex, sometimes lobed, thick-walled. Clamp connections present in all tissue. Material examined: China, Guizhou Province, Qiandongnan Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Liping County, Dongfeng tree farm, on the dead trunk of Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook., (Cupressaceae), 17 October 2020, Ji-Peng Li (LJP563), HGASMF01-10,709 (holotype), ibid., 17 October 2020, Ji-Peng Li (LJP564), HGASMF01-10,708 (paratype). GenBank numbers: HGASMF01-10709- MW326779 (ITS), MW332104 (LSU). HGASMF01-10708- MW326780 (ITS), MW332105 (LSU) Notes: Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum has an insititious stipe, a pileipellis as a hymeniform layer of clavate to sphaeropedunculate smooth cells, with narrowly lageniform to lageniform with capitate apex pileocystidia. These morphological characteristics of R. cunninghamietorum are consistent with the circumscription of Rhizomarasmius (Moreau et al. 2015). The phylogenetic evidence showed that R. cunninghamietorum formed a single branch and was clearly separate from the known species of Rhizomarasmius and closer to its related genera Cibaomyces and Gloiocephala (Fig. 159). However, Cibaomyces was accepted as a monotypic genus based on the subglobose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores with conspicuous spines and Gloiocephala sensu Singer with smooth spores, subcapitate to capitate cystidia, a gelatinized trama (Singer 1976a, b, 1986) is probably polyphyletic (Moncalvo et al. 2002; Binder et al. 2006; Vizzini et al. 2012; Hao et al. 2014). Thus, Rhizomarasmius is probably polyphyletic based on the phylogenetic analysis generated here. Morphologically, among the 13 194 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 160 Grammothele taiwanensis (GC 1704–17, holotype). a, b Basidiomata. c Generative hyphae from trama. d Skeletal hyphae from trama. e Generative hyphae from context. f Skeletal hyphae from context. g Dendrohyphidia. h Hyphidia. i Cystidioles. j Basidia. k Basidiospores. Scale bars: a–b = 1 cm, b–j = 10 μm, k = 5 μm known species of Rhizomarasmius, R. epidryas has entirely brown-black and distinctly velutinose stipe, bigger basidiospores (average 8.85 × 5.7 μm) and narrowly clavate or cylindrical pleurocystidia (Ronikier 2009); R. setosus with different habitat on leaf petioles and its microscopic features without clamps (Antonín and Noordeloos 2010); Rhizomarasmius oreinus has smooth red-brown pileus, entirely tomentose pubescent stipe and bigger basidiospores (average 12.5 × 8.8 μm, Moreau et al. 2015); R. pyrrhocephalus 13 has pubescent to tomentose stipe, and bigger basidiospores (average 8.2 × 3.7 μm, Desjardin 1989) and R. undatus has longer (5.0–6.3 cm) and strigose stipe (Smith 1836). Polyporales Gäum. Notes: Polyporales is a large group of Agaricomycetes, accommodating about 2500 species (He et al. 2019). The latest treatments and updated accounts of Polyporales are followed in Justo et al. (2017), He et al. (2019), and Wijayawardene et al. (2022). Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Polyporaceae Fr. ex Corda [as 'Polyporei'], Icon. fung. (Prague) 3: 49 (1839). Notes: Polyporaceae, typified by Polyporus P. Micheli ex Adans, currently includes 90 genera, most of which are polypores, rarely corticioid species (Justo et al. 2017; He et al. 2019; Wijayawardene et al. 2022). Microscopically, the hyphal system is usually dimitic or trimitic, rarely monomitic; the generative hyphae are usually with clamp-connections; cystidia are mostly absent; basidiospores are thin- to thick-walled, smooth to ornamented and colorless to brown. All species produce a white rot (Justo et al. 2017). Grammothele Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany 10: 327 (1869). Notes: Grammothele, typified by G. lineata Berk. & M.A. Curtis, accommodates 24 species (Zhou and Dai 2012; Ryvarden 2015; Yuan 2015; Wu et al. 2016; Hyde et al. 2019). The genus is characterized by having resupinate basidiomata with shallow poroid hymenophore consisting of angular, partly sinuous, irregular or incomplete pores, dimitic or trimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, usually presence of dendrohyphidia, and ellipsoid to cylindrical basidiospores that are thin-walled, smooth, colorless and not reacting both in Melzer’s reagent and Cotton Blue. Species of Grammothele commonly occur on hardwoods and monocotyledons in tropical to subtropical regions, causing a white rot (Ryvarden 1979, 2015). Previous phylogenetic studies have shown that Grammothele is polyphyletic and closely related to some other genera in the Polyporaceae, such as Porogramme (Pat.) Pat., Theleporus Fr. and Tinctoporellus Ryvarden (Zhou and Dai 2012; Yuan 2015; Wu et al. 2016; Hyde et al. 2019). Grammothele taiwanensis C.C. Chen, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF900073; Facesoffungi number: FoF13396; Fig. 160 Etymology: Referring to the type locality, Taiwan. Holotype: GC 1704-17 Basidiomata annual, resupinate, effused, adnate, corky when dry, up to 15 cm long, 6 cm wide, and 1.3 mm thick in section, sparsely cracked, growing beneath the bark; margin sterile, cottony or slightly fimbriate, sometimes indistinct. Pore surface cream, buff-yellow or buff upon drying, not changing in KOH; pores angular, 3–5 per mm; dissepiments thin, entire, sometimes lacerate. Tubes concolorous with pore surface, corky, up to 1 mm deep. Context cream, corky, up to 0.3 mm thick, or sometimes invisible. Hyphal system dimitic in both context and trama; generative hyphae nodose-septate; tissues not changing in KOH. Context generative hyphae colorless, unbranched, 2.5–3.5 µm diam, thin-walled; skeletal hyphae, colorless, slightly flexuous, occasionally branched, 2.5–3.5 µm diam, 195 thick-walled with a wide lumen or almost solid, weekly dextrinoid. Tramal generative hyphae colorless, flexuous, frequently branched, 2–3.5 µm diam, thin-walled; skeletal hyphae colorless, slightly flexuous, rarely branched, 3–4.5 µm diam, thick-walled with a wide lumen or subsolid, often agglutinated in bundles, weekly dextrinoid. Cystidia absent. Cystidioles fusoid, colorless, thin-walled, 14–20 × 4.5–5 µm. Dendrohyphidia colorless, thin-walled, 9–23 × 1.5–2.5 µm. Hyphidia colorless, thin-walled, 19–26 × 2–3 µm. Basidia clavate or suburniform, with four sterigmata and a basal clamp connection, colorless, thin-walled, 17–25 × 6–7 µm. Basidiospores cylindrical, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, inamyloid, nondextrinoid, acyanophilous, mostly 7.9–10.5 × 3.3–4.4 µm. (7.8–)8 .4–10.5(–12.3) × (3.5–)3.7–4.4(–5.1) µm, L = 9.4 µm, W = 4.1 µm, Q = 2.23–2.43 (n = 30) (holotype). (7–)7.9–9 .4(–10.6) × (3–)3.3–3.9(–4.3) µm, L = 8.6 µm, W = 3.6 µm, Q = 2.3–2.45 (n = 30) (GC 1704–16). Material examined: China: Taiwan, Nantou County, Yuchih Township, Shuishetashan Trail, 23° 51′ N, 120° 56′ E, 980 m, on angiosperm branch, 8 April 2017, GC 1704–17 (TNM F31469, holotype). GenBank number: MW440487 (ITS). Additional specimen examined: China: Taiwan, Nantou County, Yuchih Township, Shuishetashan Trail, 23° 51′ N, 120° 56′ E, 980 m, on angiosperm branch, 8 April 2017, GC 1704–16 (TNM F31468). GenBank number: MW440486 (ITS). Notes: Grammothele taiwanensis is characterized by having resupinate, cream to buff basidiomata with larger pores (3–5 per mm), dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and weekly dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, presence of fusoid cystidioles, dendrohyphidia and hyphidia, and cylindrical basidiospores (7.9–10.5 × 3.3–4.4 µm). Grammothele taiwanensis resembles G. pulchella (Bres.) Ryvarden in having similar pore and basidiospore sizes [4–5 per mm, 7–10 × 3–4 µm in Hjortstam and Ryvarden (1982), as G. ochracea Ryvarden] and presence of dendrohyphidia; however, G. pulchella differs from this species in having cork-colored to woodcolored pore surface and pale brown context, and absence of cystidioles and hyphidia (Hjortstam and Ryvarden 1982). Grammothele taiwanensis is also similar to G. hainanensis F. Wu & L.W. Zhou and G. hondurensis (Murrill) Ryvarden, but the latter two species have hyphal pegs and smaller basidiospores [G. hainanensis: 7–8.1 × 2.3–2.9 µm in Wu et al. (2016); G. hondurensis: 5–8 × 3–3.5 µm in Ryvarden (1985)]. Phylogenetically, two sequences of G. taiwanensis formed an isolated lineage with high support (Fig. 161). Incrustoporiaceae Jülich, Biblthca Mycol. 85: 373 (1982) [1981]. 13 196 Fig. 161 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on ITS sequence data of Grammothele taiwanensis (in bold) and related species. The selection of strains and species consulted Zhou and Dai (2012), Yuan (2015), Wu et al. (2016) and Hyde et al. (2019). Funalia trogii is used as the outgroup taxa. Forty-six strains 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 are included in the sequence analyses, which comprise 665 characters with gaps. The tree topology of the ML analysis was similar to the BI. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of is presented. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 70%, BYPP ≥ 0.9 are given above the nodes Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 197 Notes. Incrustoporiaceae was established by Jülich (1981) and typified by Incrustoporia Domański. This family was treated as a synonymy of Polyporaceae according to the 10th edition of Dictionary of the Fungi (Kirk et al. 2008). Justo et al. (2017) provided a revised family-level classification of the Polyporales based on phylogenetic analyses inferred from ITS, nLSU and rpb2 genes, and four genera were accepted in Incrustoporiaceae, viz., Incrustoporia, Piloporia Niemelä, Skeletocutis Kotl. & Pouzar and Tyromyces P. Karst. Skeletocutis Kotlába & Pouzar, Ceská Mykologie 12 (2): 103 (1958). Notes: Skeletocutis Kotl. & Pouzar was established in 1958 and its type species is S. amorpha (Fr.) Kotl. & Pouzar (Kotlába and Pouzar 1958). The genus has resupinate to pileate basidiocarps, encrusted generative hyphae covered by fine crystals and tiny basidiospores, these are the most important characteristics of the genus. In addition, species in Skeletocutis cause white rot disease (Niemelä 1998). Species in this genus have wide distribution in the world, but the majority of the known species so far are found in the Northern Hemisphere (Gilbertson and Ryvarden 1986; Núñez and Ryvarden 2001; Ryvarden and Melo 2014). There are more than 60 taxa recorded in Skeletocutis and 25 of them occur in China (Cui and Dai 2008; Dai 2012; Zhou and Qin 2012; Bian et al. 2016; Fan et al. 2017; Du and Dai 2020). Recently, taxonomic and phylogenetic studies of polypore fungi from China have been extensively carried out, and many new genera or new species have been found (Zhao et al. 2015; Han et al. 2016; Chen and Cui 2017; Chen et al. 2017a, b; Song and Cui 2017; Zhou and Cui 2017; Xing et al. 2018; Cui et al. 2019; Shen et al. 2019; Wu et al. 2019; Zhu et al. 2019; Sun et al. 2020a, b; Liu et al. 2021a, b), however, only very few studies have been focused on Skeletocutis of the Incrustoporiaceae. In this study, two new species of Skeletocutis are described from China based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses inferred from ITS + nLSU sequences. Skeletocutis cangshanensis B.K. Cui & Shun Liu, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF559465; Facesoffungi number: FoF10674; Figs. 162a, 163 Differs from other Skeletocutis species by its white pore surface when fresh, white to buff-yellow upon drying, small and circular to angular pores (7–10 per mm), and cylindrical basidiospores (2.7–3.5 × 0.8–1.5 μm). Etymology. Cangshanensis (Lat.): refers to the type locality (Cangshan Park) of the type specimen. Holotype: Cui 17978. Fruiting body. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, not easily separated from substrate, soft leathery, without odour or taste when fresh, becoming corky upon drying, up to 8.5 cm Fig. 162 Basidiocarps of Skeletocutis species. a. S. cangshanensis; b. S. subchrysella (scale bars: a, b = 2 cm) long, 3.5 cm wide, and 1 mm thick at center. Pore surface white when fresh, becoming white to buff-yellow upon drying; pores circular to angular, 7–10 per mm; dissepiments thick, entire. Subiculum white, corky, up to 0.2 mm thick. Tubes darker than poroid surface, corky, up to 0.5 mm long. Hyphal Structure. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae with clamp connections, hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled, dominant at dissepiment edge; skeletal hyphae thick-walled with a wide to narrow lumen; IKI–, CB–, unchanged in KOH. Subiculum. Generative hyphae frequent, hyaline, thinto slightly thick-walled, rarely branched and bearing fine crystals, 1.5–2.8 μm in diameter; skeletal hyphae dominant, thick-walled with a narrow lumen, flexuous, unbranched, interwoven, 2–3.5 μm in diameter. Tubes. Generative hyphae frequent, thin-walled, frequently branched, usually covered by fine crystals, sharply pointed encrustations, especially at dissepiment edge, 1.5–2.5 μm in diameter; skeletal hyphae dominant, thick-walled with a wide to narrow lumen, occasionally branched, subparallel along the tubes, not agglutinated, 2–3 μm in diameter. Dissepiment edge dimitic with smooth skeletal hyphae, and dominant winding, encrusted generative hyphae. Cystidia absent, cystidioles abundant, bottle-shaped, with a conical apex, 7.5–17 × 3.2–4.7 μm. Basidia clavate, with a basal clamp connection and four sterigmata, 9.6–13.5 × 3.2–4.7 μm; basidioles in shape similar to basidia, but slightly smaller. Spores. Basidiospores cylindrical, hyaline, thinwalled, smooth, IKI–, CB–, (2.6–)2.7–3.5 × 0.8–1.5 μm, L = 3.02 μm, W = 1.02 μm, Q = 2.76–3.23(n = 90/3). 13 198 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 163 Microscopic structures of Skeletocutis cangshanensis (drawn from the holotype). a. Basidiospores; b. Basidia and basidioles; c. Cystidioles; d. Section of dissepiment edge; e. Hyphae from trama; f. Hyphae from subiculum. Scale Bars: a = 5 µm; b–f = 10 µm Material examined: China, Yunnan Province, Dali, Cangshan Park, on angiosperm stump, 4 November 2019, Cui 17978 (holotype, BJFC). 13 Additional specimens examined. China, Yunnan Province, Dali, Cangshan Park, on fallen angiosperm branch, 4 November 2019, Cui 17990, 17994 (Paratypes, BJFC). GenBank numbers: Cui 17978—MZ327279 (ITS), MZ348535 (LSU), Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Cui 17990—MZ327280 (ITS), MZ348536 (LSU). Cui 17994—MZ327281 (ITS), MZ348537(LSU). Notes: In the phylogenetic tree, the three specimens of Skeletocutis cangshanensis formed a highly supported lineage (Fig. 164), and grouped together with S. bambusicola L.W. Zhou & W.M. Qin. Morphologically, both S. cangshanensis and S. bambusicola have similar pores, but S. bambusicola differs by having wider basidiospores (2.5–3 × 1.5–2 μm) and growth on Bambusa (Zhou and Qin 2012). Skeletocutis lepida A. Korhonen & Miettinen, S. mopanshanensis C.L. Zhao and S. yunnanensis L.S. Bian, C.L. Zhao & F. Wu were also discovered from Yunnan Province. Skeletocutis lepida differs from the new species by having narrower basidiospores (2.9–3 × 0.5–0.6 µm; Korhonen et al. 2018); S. mopanshanensis differs by having larger pores (4–5 per mm) and basidiospores (4.7–6.6 × 3.2–4.5 µm; Wu et al. 2017); S. yunnanensis differs by having larger pores (5–6 per mm) and basidiospores (3.4–4.5 × 1–1.2 µm; Bian et al. 2016). Skeletocutis subchrysella B.K. Cui & Shun Liu, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF559466; Facesoffungi number: FoF10675; Figs. 162b, 165 Diagnosis: Differs from other Skeletocutis species by its white to cream pore surface when fresh, cream to cinnamon-buff upon drying, and allantoid basidiospores (2.7–3.2 × 0.7–1 μm). Etymology. Subchrysella (Lat.): refers to the new species resembling Skeletocutis chrysella Niemelä in morphology. Holotype: Cui 17748. Fruiting body. Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, not easily separated from substrate, soft leathery, without odour or taste when fresh, becoming corky upon drying, up to 6 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, and 3 mm thick at center. Pore surface white to cream when fresh, becoming cream to cinnamonbuff upon drying; pores angular, 6–8 per mm; dissepiments slightly thick, entire to lacerate. Subiculum cream, corky, up to 0.5 mm thick. Tubes darker than poroid surface, corky, up to 2 mm long. Hyphal Structure. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae with clamp connections, hyaline, thin-walled, dominant at dissepiment edge; skeletal hyphae with a wide to narrow lumen; IKI–, CB–, unchanged in KOH. Subiculum. Generative hyphae frequent, hyaline, thinwalled, unbranched and bearing fine crystals, 1.5–2.8 μm in diameter; skeletal hyphae dominant, thick-walled with a narrow lumen, flexuous, unbranched, interwoven, 2–4 μm in diameter. Tubes. Generative hyphae frequent, thin-walled, unbranched, usually covered by fine crystals, sharply pointed encrustations, especially at dissepiment edge, 1.5–2.5 μm in diameter; skeletal hyphae dominant, thick-walled with a 199 wide to narrow lumen, unbranched, subparallel along the tubes, not agglutinated, 2–3.7 μm in diameter. Dissepiment edge dimitic with smooth skeletal hyphae, and dominant winding, encrusted generative hyphae. Cystidia absent, cystidioles abundant, bottle-shaped, with a conical apex, 8–13.8 × 2–3.6 μm. Basidia clavate, with a basal clamp connection and four sterigmata, 10.3–15.6 × 3.2–4.5 μm; basidioles in shape similar to basidia, but slightly smaller. Spores. Basidiospores allantoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB–, (2.6–)2.7–3.2 × (0.5–)0.7–1 μm, L = 2.93 μm, W = 0.8 μm, Q = 3.33–4.5(n = 60/2). Material examined: China, Sichuan Province, Shimian County, Liziping National Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 14 September 2019, Cui 17748 (holotype, BJFC). Additional specimen examined: China, Yunnan Province, Baoshan, Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 8 November 2019, Cui 18141 (paratype, BJFC). GenBank numbers: Cui 17748- MZ327278 (ITS), MZ348534 (LSU). Cui 18141- MZ327278 (ITS), MZ348538(LSU). Notes: In the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 164), Skeletocutis subchrysella grouped with S. chrysella, S. delicata Niemelä & Miettinen, S. exilis Miettinen & Niemelä and S. kuehneri A. David. Morphologically, they all have allantoid basidiospores; but S. chrysella differs from S. subchrysella in its trimitic hyphal system and longer basidiospores (2.8–4.5 × 0.7–1 μm; Niemelä 1998); S. delicata and S. exilis differ by having larger pores (3–6 per mm in S. delicata, 3–5 per mm in S. exilis) and basidiopores (3.2–4.2 × 1.1–1.4 µm in S. delicata, 3.2–3.9 × 0.9–1.1 µm in S. exilis; Miettinen and Niemelä 2018); S. kuehneri differs by having thin and brittle basidiocarps and growth on dead wood of Picea and Pinus (David 1982). Skeletocutis bambusicola, S. lepida, S. mopanshanensis and S. yunnanensis were also discovered from Yunnan Province. Skeletocutis bambusicola differs from the new species by having smaller pores (8–11 per mm) and ellipsoid basidiospores (2.7–3.1 × 1.5–1.9 µm; Zhou and Qin 2012); S. lepida differs by having half-resupinate basidiocarps with ochraceous upper surface when dry (Korhonen et al. 2018); S. mopanshanensis differs by having larger pores (4–5 per mm) and basidiospores (4.7–6.6 × 3.2–4.5 µm; Wu et al. 2017); S. yunnanensis differs by having larger basidiospores (3.4–4.5 × 1–1.2 µm; Bian et al. 2016). Psathyrellaceae Vilgalys, Moncalvo & Redhead, in Redhead et al., Taxon 50(1): 226 (2001). Wächter and Melzer (2020) based on phylogenetic and morphological characteristics, introduced six new monophyletic genera to this family. Wijayawardene et al. (2022) accepted 21 genera in Psathyrellaceae. 13 200 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 ◂ Fig. 164 Maximum likelihood tree illustrating the phylogeny of Skel- etocutis based on the combined sequences dataset of ITS + nLSU. Branches are labeled with maximum likelihood bootstrap higher than 50%, parsimony bootstrap proportions higher than 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities more than 0.90 respectively. Bold names = New species Fig. 165 Microscopic structures of Skeletocutis subchrysella (drawn from the holotype). a. Basidiospores; b. Basidia and basidioles; c. Cystidioles; d. Section of dissepiment edge; e. Hyphae from trama; f. Hyphae from subiculum. Scale bars: a = 5 µm; b–f = 10 µm Coprinopsis cinerea (Schaeff.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo, in Redhead et al., Taxon 50 (1): 227 (2001). Index Fungorum number: IF474379; Faceoffungi number: FoF11681; Figs. 166, 167, 168 Saprobic on roots of Vigna unguiculata. Sexual morph: Basidiomycetous. Basidiocarp 0.3–4 cm long, formed on the roots of cowpea, mycelial strands encircled the host tissues on the root region, and basidiocarp emerged upon incubation in moist chamber. Pileus strongly convex, and/ or parasol-shaped to flat or depressed, hymenium borne 201 on gills, becoming deliquescent and inky, lamellae thin, basidia unmodified, basidiospores 7.5–12.2 × 5 − 10 μm diam., ballistosporic, blue-black, smooth with a distinct germ pore. Asexual morph: not obesrved. Cultural characteristics: On PDA medium, colony were white and free from fruiting bodies till 5 days but later, development of basidiocarp was noticed which later enlarged and produced typical fruiting body. Upon examination of the basidiocarp from the PDA plates, microscopic examination of basidiospores revealed that they were same in morphological features. Material examined: India, Karnataka, Mysore, Doddamaragowdanahally, on infected leaves of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (Fabaceae) placed on PDA as secondary saprophytes, 18 May 2017 Mahadevakumar (UOM-IOE-18/24), living culture (MD8). Habitat: commonly found on dung or wood chips (Kamada 2002), roots and leaves of Vigna unguiculate (This study). Distribution: worldwide. GenBank number: OM812073(ITS). Notes: Coprinopsis species are known to grow on various substrates as secondary saprophytes and are also known to occur as primary components of soil and leaf litter. However, an association of Coprinopsis species has not been reported on any crop plants. Cowpea plants affected with a characteristic white cottony mycelium profusely grown on roots were observed which were eventually wilted and dried off which caused the death of the host plants. Infected materials were collected and subjected to pathogen isolation. Few infected parts were incubated at room temperature and observed for mycelial development. To our surprise, a characteristic mushroom fruiting bodies were developed. Therefore, the spores were photographed and subjected for identification. Here, the mushrooms are developed in three parts. Infected roots collected from the field, root samples incubated at room temperature and leaves incubated in a moist chamber (in a Petri plate) showed the development of small basidiocarp. Upon microscopic examination, it was identified as Coprinopsis sp. based on fruiting bodies, basidia, basidiospores, sterigmata and other associated structures. This is the first time that C. cinerea is reported from Fabaceae, Vigna unguiculata representing a new host record (Fig. 169). Thelephorales Corner ex Oberw. Notes: The order was established by Oberwinkler (1976) based on the type family Thelephoraceae Chevall. Thelephorales is reported to incorporate two families: Thelephoraceae and Bankeraceae Donk, and ten major clades: Amaurodon, Boletopsis, Hydnellum/Sarcodon, Lenzitopsis, Odontia, Phellodon/Bankera, Pseudotomentella/Polyozellus, Sarcodon, Thelephora/Tomentella and Tomentella (Stalpers 1993; Vizzini et al. 2016). Twelve genera and about 800 described 13 202 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 166 Coprinopsis cinerea associated with root rot of cowpea: a Cowpea root showing fungal mycelium. b Close view of root showing white mycelium. c Root sample incubated at room temperature showing the formation of young basidiocarp. d Root samples showing emergence of basidiocarps on incubation at room temperature. e–f Close view of basidiocarp showing characteristic feature of Coprinopsis cinerea. g Basidium of Coprinopsis cinerea recorded. Scale bar: g = 20 µm species are accommodated within the order according to Index Fungorum 2022a, b (http://www.indexfungorum.org). Wijayawardene et al. (2022) accepted 14 genera in this order. Thelephoraceae Chevall. [as’Thelephoreae’], Fl. Gén. Env. Paris (Paris) 1: 84 (1826). Notes: Thelephoraceae was proposed by Chevall (1826), and Thelephora Ehrh. ex Willdwas regarded as its type genus. Thelephoraceae, as a relatively large one, comprises 13 nine genera within the Thelephorales (Wijayawardene et al. 2022). Many species in the family, as ectomycorrhiza formers, are believed to be of great ecological importance in maintaining the balance of terrestrial ecosystems (Haug et al. 2005; Jakucs and Erős-Honti 2008; Kuhar et al. 2016). Tomentella Pers. ex Pat., Hyménomyc. Eur. (Paris): 154 (1887). Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 203 Fig. 167 Coprinopsis cinerea developed on cowpea leaves: a – e Cowpea leaves showing the mycelial cords and development of basidiomata upon incubation at room temperature. f–h Mycelium colonizing the young root system under in-vitro condition Notes: Tomentella was validated by Patouillard (1887). Species of the genus usually form cottony or spider web–likereproductive structures and grow on fallen wood, leaf litter, soil and other substrates (Larsen 1974; Tedersoo et al. 2003). Around 400 names have been recorded and about 200 species were described. The species of Tomentella are reported to be widely distributed throughout the world and have been immensely taxonomically studied from Eurasia, North America, South America, Australia, Asia and WestAfrica (Thind and Rattan 1971; Larsen 1998; Agerer et al. 2001; Yorou and Agerer 2008; Alvarez-Manjarrez et al. 2015; Kuhar et al. 2016). During the investigation of resupinate-thelephoroid fungi from the subtropical forests in China, several Tomentella specimens were collected, and two undescribed species have been identified using morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 173). Tomentella exiguelata Y.H. Mu & H.S. Yuan, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF900080; Facesoffungi number: FoF13398; Figs. 170, 171, 172 Etymology: Refers to the presence of slightly thick-walled basidia. Holotype: IFP 019495 13 204 Fig. 168 Micro-morphology of basidiospores of Coprinopsis cinerea associated with root rot of cowpea: a-c Pure cultures of Coprinopsis cinerea established on PDA medium. d-f Microscopic view of basidiospores of Coprinopsis cinerea Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adherent to the substrate, mucedinoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.5–1 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface granulose, grayish brown to light brown (6D3–6D4) and concolorous withsubiculum when dry. Sterilemargin often determinate, farinaceous, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs absent. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thin- to slightly thickwalled, moderately branched, 3–5μmdiam, without encrustation, yellow in KOH, cyanophilous in sightly thick-walled hyphae, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thin-to slightly thick-walled, frequently branched, 3–5 μm diam; hyphal cells more or less uniform, yellow in KOH, cyanophilousin sightly thick-walled hyphae, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia10–47 μm long and 4–8 μm diam at apex, 3–5μmat base, with a clamp connection or simple septate at base, utriform, thin-walled and rarely slightly thick-walled, not stalked, sinuous, yellow in KOH, yellow in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 2.5–4.5μmlong and 0.5–1 μm diam at base. Basidiospores 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 thick-walled, (6.2–)7.1–8.1(–8.3) × (5.4–)5.8–6.9(–7.1) μm, L = 7.33 μm, W = 6.21 μm, Q = 1.18–1.21 (n = 60/2), subglobose, triangular or lobed in frontal view and subglobose to ellipsoid in lateral view, echinulate to aculeolate, yellow in KOH and in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 2.5 μm long. Material examined: China, Zhejiang Province, Kaihua County, Gutianshan National Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm debris, 24 July 2018, Yuan 12805 (IFP 019495, holotype); on fallen angiosperm branch, 25 July2018, Yuan 12900 (IFP 019496, paratype). GenBank numbers: IFP 019495- MZ329771(ITS), MZ329775 (LSU). IFP 019496- MZ329772 (ITS), MZ329776 (LSU) Notes: Tomentella exiguelata forms a close phylogenetic relationship with T. galzinii and T. subtestacea (Fig. 173). Tomentella galzinii and T. exiguelata share the following similar morphological and anatomical characteristics: mucedinoid basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, granulose hymenophoral surface, farinaceous sterile margin, similarwide subhymenial hyphae, and not stalked and sinuous basidia. However, T. galzinii has discontinuous and dull green to olive-brown basidiocarps, indeterminate sterile margin, and the presence of cystidia (Bourdot and Galzin 1924). Tomentella subtestacea resembles T. exiguelata in mucedinoid basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, clamped and rarely simple septate subicular hyphae, thin-to slightly thick-walled subhymenial hyphae, utriform and not stalked basidia and echinulate basidiospores of similar length. However, T. subtestacea can be distinguished by reddish-brown to grayish buff hymenophoral surface, arachnoid sterile margin, and the presence of cystidia (Svrček 1958). Tomentella fuscoaraneosa Y.H. Mu &H.S. Yuan, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF900079; Facesoffungi number: FoF13399; Figs. 174, 175, 176 Etymology: Refers to the brown and arachnoid basidiocarps. Holotype: IFP019493 Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, separable to the substrate, arachnoid, without odour or taste when fresh, 0.8–1.5 mm thick, continuous. Hymenophoral surface smooth, light brown to brown (7D8–7E8) and concolorous with subiculum when dry. Sterile margin often determinate, byssoid, concolorous with hymenophore. Rhizomorphs present in subiculum and margin, 10–35 μm diam; rhizomorphic surface more or less smooth; hyphae in rhizomorphmonomitic, undifferentiated, of type B, compactly arranged and of uniform; single hyphae with both clamps and simple septa, thick-walled, unbranched 2–3 μm diam, yellow in KOH, cyanophilous, inamyloid. Subicular hyphae monomitic; generative hyphaeclamped and rarely simple septate, Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 205 Fig. 169 Phylogenetic tree for species of Coprinopsis generated from maximum likelihood (RAxML) based on ITS region. The Maximum likelihood bootstrap value ≥ 50% are given at the nodes. The newly generated sequences are in blue. The tree is rooted to Parasola auricoma (SZMC.NL:0087) and Parasola conopilea (LO186.02) thin- to slightly thick-walled, frequently branched, 2–3 μm diam, withoutencrustation, yellow in KOH, cyanophilous in sightly thick-walled hyphae, inamyloid. Subhymenial hyphae clamped and rarely simple septate, thin-walled, occasionally branched, 2.5–4 μm diam, without encrustation; hyphal cells short and not inflated, yellow in KOH, acyanophilous, inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Basidia10–65 μm long and 4–7 μm diam at apex, 2–4 μm at the base, with a clamp connection or simple septate at the base, utriform, thin-walled, stalked, sinuous, occasionally with transverse septa, yellow in KOH, yellow in distilled water, 4-sterigmate; sterigmata 2–5 μm long and 1–2 μm diam at the base. Basidiospores thickwalled, (5–)5.5–7.5(–8) × (4–)4.5–6(–7) μm, L = 6.29 μm, W = 5.32 μm, Q = 1.12–1.18 (n = 60/2), subglobose to ellipsoid in frontal view and subglobose to ellipsoid in lateral view, echinulateto aculeolate, yellow in KOH, yellow in distilled water, cyanophilous, inamyloid; echinuli usually isolated, sometimes grouped in 2 or more, up to 1.5 μm long. Material examined: China, Zhejiang Province, KaihuaCounty, Gutianshan National Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm branch, 25 July 2018, Yuan 12875(IFP 019493, holotype); on fallen angiosperm branch, 25 July2018, Yuan 12910 (IFP 019494, paratype). GenBank numbers: IFP 019493-MZ329769 (ITS), MZ329773 (LSU). IFP 019493-MZ329770 (ITS), MZ329774 (LSU) Notes: Tomentella fuscoaraneosa is closely related to T. aureomarginata in the phylogeny (Fig. 173). In morphology, T. fuscoaraneosa is similar to T. aureomarginata in having a determinate and byssoid sterile margin, the presence of type B rhizomorphs, monomitic generative hyphae with clamps and simple septa, and the absence of cystidia. However, T. aureomarginata differs from T. fuscoaraneosa by having 13 206 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 170 A basidiocarp of Tomentella exiguelata (IFP 019495, holotype). Scale bars = 0.25 cm pelliculose basidiocarps adherent to the substrate, golden brown to yellowish-brown hymenophoral surface turning darker when dry, not stalked basidia and wider basidiospores (6–6.5 μm vs. 4.5–6 μm in T. fuscoaraneosa) with shorter echinuli (up to 1 μm vs. up to 1.5 μm in T. fuscoaraneosa) (Yuan et al. 2020). Tomentella fuscoaraneosa shares common features with T. brunneoflava in arachnoid and continuous basidiocarps, the presenceof rhizomorphs and clamped and rarely simple septate subicular hyphae and short and not inflated subhymenial hyphae. However, T. brunneoflava differs from T. fuscoaraneosa by having brownish-yellow basidiocarps adherent to the substrate and clavate and not stalked basidia (Yuan et al. 2020). Agaricales genera incertae sedis Gerronema Singer, Mycologia 43(5): 599 (1951). Gerronema is a minor genus of lignicolous agaric and is distributed worldwide (Singer 1986). There are 66 epithets (excluding synonyms) listed in the Index Fungorum (2021). Gerronema. melanomphax Singer is the specific type species. Historically, different circumscriptions of Fig. 171 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella exiguelata (IFP 019495, holotype) 13 Fig. 172 Microscopic structures of Tomentella exiguelata (IFP 019495, holotype). a Section through a basidiocarp. b Basidiospores in frontal view. c Basidiospores in lateral view Gerronema based on pigmentations established by Singer (1964) and Bigelow (1970) have been problematic. Subsequently, Redhead (1986) and Norvell et al. (1994) restricted the delimitation of Gerromena and characterized its descriptive features as elastic to fleshy, omphalinoid to clitocyboid basidiomata, white spore print, smooth, thinwalled, inamyloid basidiospores, cutis pileipellis often with intracellular pigment, sarcodimitics trama tissue and lignicolous habit. This circumscription correlates with the molecular phylogenetic analysis of the combined nrITS Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 207 Fig. 173 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysisbased on combined ITS and LSU sequence data. Related sequences were obtained from GenBank and Unite. One hundred and ten strains are included in the combined sequence analyses, which comprise 1451 characters withgaps. Single gene analyses were also performed and topology andclade stability compared from combinbed gene analyses. Odontia ferruginea (TU110988) is used as the outgroup taxon. Bootstrap support values for ML ≥ 50% are given. The newly generated sequences are in bold and nrLSU dataset and revealed that Gerronema is monophyletic and forms a clade with Megacollybia and Trogia in Hydropoid calde (Antonín et al. 2019). Etymology: ‘atro’ = dark; ‘virens’ = green, refers to the dark green colour of basidiomata. Holotype: BKF10264 Pileus 21–51 mm diam., convex with depress center when young and deeply infundibuliform in age, elastic, glabrous, translucent-striate to striate at margin, dull green (27E3) at center, dark green (27F3) at margin, grey (5E1) to brownish grey (5E2) in old specimen; Lamellar decurrent, Gerronema atrovirens Wannathes, N. Suwannarach, J. Kumla, Phonrob & S. Lumyong, sp.nov. MycoBank number: MB840183; Facesoffungi number: FoF10685, Figs. 177a, 178 13 208 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 174 A basidiocarp of Tomentellafuscoaraneosa (IFP 019493, holotype). Scale bars = 0.25 cm subdistant to close (24–28) with 1–2 series of lamellulae, narrow (up to 1.5 mm), withe (27A1), non-marginate; Stipe 14–36 × 2.5–4.0 mm, cylindrical, slightly broadened at base, usually flatten, flexuose, hollow, elastic, central, pubescent, greenish grey (27F2) at apex fading paler to brownish grey (5C2) at base, basal mycelium. Context thin, elastic. Odor and taste not distinctive. Basidiospore 7–8 × 4–5 µm [x = 7.56 ± 0.51 × 4.36 ± 0.49, Q = 1.4–2.0, q = 1.75 ± 0.21, n = 25, s = 3] ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Basidia 21–27 × 6–7 μm, clavate, with 4 sterigmata, sometime with 2 sterigmata, thin-walled, inamyloid. Cheilocystidia abundant, 21–51 × 5–11 µm, cylindrical with 1–2 slight constrictions, flexuose, irregular in shape, sometimes 2-celled, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia absent. Lamellar trama subregular to interwoven, arranged in two directions, hyphae 4–8 µm diam., cylindrical, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled, gelatinous. Pileipellis composed with cutis of repent hyphae, radially arrangement, 3–10 µm, cylindrical, incrusted, greyish green in KOH, inamyloid, thinwalled, true pileocystidia absent. Pileus trama sarcodimitic, Fig. 175 SEM of basidiospores of Tomentella fuscoaraneosa (IFP 019493, holotype) 13 Fig. 176 Microscopic structures of Tomentella fuscoaraneosa (IFP 019493, holotype). a Hyphae from a rhizomorph. b Section through a basidiocarp. c Basidiospores in frontal view. d Basidiospores in lateral view subregular, composed of 2 type of hyphae: a) sarco-hyphae, elongate fusoid cell 162–195 × 5–15 µm, hyaline, smooth, inamyloid, thick-walled (up to 1 µm); b) generative hyphae 2–6 µm wide, cylindrical, branched, hyaline, smooth, inamyloid, thin-walled. Stipitipellis cutis, hyphae 3–8 µm diam., parallel, cylindrical, greenish brown in KOH, smooth, inamyloid, thin-walled. Stipe trama sarcodimitic, subparallel, Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 177 Basidiomata and habit. a Gerronema atrovirens (holotype: BKF10264), b G. kuruvense (BKF10266), c G. flavum (holotype: BKF10253), Scale bars = 10 mm. Photographs by N. Wannathes composed 2 type of hyphae: a) sarco-hyphae, elongate fusoid cell 125–200 × 3–25 µm, hyaline, smooth, inamyloid, thickwalled (up to 1 µm); b) generative hyphae 2–13 µm wide, cylindrical, branched, hyaline, smooth, inamyloid, thinwalled. Caulocystidia abundant, 19–34 × 5–9 µm, cylindrical with 1–2 constrictions, flexuose, irregular in shape, hyaline to pale green in KOH, inamyloid, thin-walled. Clamp connections present in all tissues. Habit, habitat and known distribution: Gregarious on decayed bamboo wood, known only from Thailand. Material examined: Thailand, Sukhothai Provinve, Si Satchanalai National Park, Natural trail, 22 Aug 2020, collector N Wannathes N Suwannarach and J Kumla, BKF10264 (holotype). Additional material examined: Thailand, Sukhothai Province, Si Satchanalai National Park, Natural trail, 23 Aug 2020, collector N Wannathes N Suwannarach and J Kumla, BKF10265, NW1372 (isotype). GenBank numbers: BKF10264- MZ452088(ITS), MZ452671(LSU). BKF10265- MZ452668(ITS), MZ452672 (LSU) Notes: Gerronema atrovirens is characterized by a medium size of omphaliod, elastic basidiomata, convex with depress center to deeply infundibuliform, translucent striate at margin, dull green pileus, decurrent, subdistant lamellae, cylindrical, central, greenish grey stipe, ellipsoid basidiospores with mean 7.6 × 4.4 µm, pileipellis composed of incrusted hyphae with greyish green colour, present of 209 Fig. 178 Gerronema atrovirens (BKF10264, holotype). a Basidiomata, b Basidiospores, c basidium, d Cheilocystidia, e Caulocystidia f Pileipellis cell. Scale bars: a = 20 mm, b–e = 10 μm, f = 20 μm. Drawing by W. Phonrob irregular cylindrical cheilocystidia and cualocystidia, sarcodimitic trama tissue, and grow on decayed bamboo wood. A new species is morphologically similar to G. cyathiforme (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Singer, species originally described from a Neotropic, differs in forming a distinct radial stripes pileus, absent of cystidia, and mahogany red (in KOH) lamellar trama (Singer 1970). Gerronema atrovirens is also closely related G. indigoticum T. Bau & L.N. Liu, a green–blue species from subtropical China. The latter species differs in forming smaller pilei (9–16 mm wide) with green–blue, shorter (20–27 × 8–12 µm), simple clavate cheilocystidia, and simple clavate cualocystidia (Lui et al. 2019), and the phylogenetic analyses inferred from combined sequences (Fig. 179) confirmed that G. atrovirens is closely allied with G. indigoticum and it distinct species from related morphological species and other taxa in this genus. Gerronema flavum Wannathes, N. Suwannarach, J. Kumla, Phonrob & S. Lumyong, sp.nov. MycoBank number: MB 840184; Facesoffungi number: FoF10686; Figs. 177c, 180 Etymology: ‘flavum’ = yellow, refers to the colour of basidiomata. Holotype: BKF10253 Pileus 4–11 mm diam., convex, umbonate when young and plano-convex with depress in center to infundibuliform in age, glabrous, radially fibrillose when young, translucent 13 210 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 180 Gerronema flavum (BKF10253, holotype). a Basidiomata, b Basidiospores, c Basidium, d Pleurocystidia, e Cheilocystidia, f Caulocystidia, g Pileipellis cell. Scale bars: a = 20 mm, b–f = 10 μm, g = 20 μm. Drawing by W. Phonrob Fig. 179 Phylogenetic tree derived from maximum likelihood analysis of a combined ITS and LSU genes of 21 sequences and the aligned dataset was comprised of 1700 characters including gap. The average standard deviation of the split frequencies of the BI analysis was 0.00612. Togia infundibuliformis KUN HKAS56709 and T. venenata KUN HKAS56679 were used as outgroup. Numbers above branches are the bootstrap statistics percentages (left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right). Branches with support values ≥ 70%/0.90 are shown at each branch and the bar represents 0.1 substitutions per nucleotide position. Hyphen (-) represents support values ≤ 70%/0.95. Ex-type strains are in black bold. The newly generated sequences are indicated in blue and bold type species striate to striate at marging in age, dull, light yellow (4A5) overall when young, sunflower yellow (4A7) overall in age, hygrophanous, become yellowish white. Lamellar decurrent, subdistant (14–16) with 2–3 series of lamellulae, narrow, yellowish withe (4A2), non-marginate; Stipe 4–19 × 1–2 mm, tapering upward when young, cylindrical in age, elastic, hollow, central, flexuose, pubescent, yellowish withe (4A2) overall. Context thin, Odor and taste not distinctive. Basidiospore 7–8(–9) × 4–5(–6) μm [x = 7.68 ± 0.63 × 4.68 ± 0.56, Q = 1.3–2.25, q = 1.66 ± 0.23, n = 25, s = 1] broadly ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Basidia 25–32 × 6–9 μm, clavate, with 4 sterigmata, thin-walled, inamyloid. Cheilocystidia abundant, 25–40 × 5–8 µm, knobby cylindrical to clavate, irregular in shape, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia abundant, 24–33 × 9–11 µm, clavate to cylindrical, sometime 13 knobbed, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Lamellar trama interwoven, hyphae 3–6 µm diam., cylindrical, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Pileipellis composed with cutis of repent hyphae, radially arrangement, 4–15 µm, cylindrical, non-incrustation, hyaline in KOH, inamyloid, thinwalled, true pileocystidia absent. Pileus trama sarcodimitic, interwoven, composed of 2 type of hyphae: a) sarco-hyphae, elongate fusoid cell 50–60 × 10–14 µm, hyaline, smooth, inamyloid, thin-walled; b) generative hyphae 3–11 µm wide, cylindrical, branched, hyaline, smooth, inamyloid, thinwalled. Stipitipellis cutis, hyphae 3–10 µm diam., parallel, cylindrical, hyaline to pale yellow in KOH, smooth, inamyloid, thin-walled. Stipe trama sarcodimitic, parallel, composed 2 type of hyphae: a) sarco-hyphae, elongate fusoid cell 87–165 × 4–15 µm, hyaline, smooth, inamyloid, thick-walled (1–4 µm); b) generative hyphae 3–12 µm wide, cylindrical, branched, hyaline, smooth, inamyloid, thin-walled. Caulocystidia abundant, 28–47 × 7–9 µm, cylindrical to clavate, irregular in shape, flexuose, hyaline KOH, inamyloid, thinwalled. Clamp connections present in all tissues. Habit, habitat and known distribution: Gregarious on decayed wood, known only from Thailand. Material examined: Thailand, Nakhon Ratchasima Provinve, Khao Yai National Park, trial to Pha Kluai Mai waterfall, 21 Sep 2018, collector N Wannathes, N Suwannarach J Kumla, S Lumyong, BKF10253 (holotype). GenBank numbers: BKF10253- MZ1452142 (ITS), MZ452170 (LSU). Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 181 Gerronema keralense (BKF10263) a Basidiomata, b Basidiospores, c Basidium, d Cheilocystidia, e Caulocystidia f Pileipellis cell. Scale bars: a = 20 mm, b–e = 10 μm, f = 20 μm. Drawing by W. Phonrob Notes: Gerronema flavum is characterized by a small omphaliod basidiomata that appears convex with depressed center infundibuliform, radially fibrillose, glabrous, yellow pileus, decurrent, subdistant lamellae, cylindrical, central, yellowish white stipe, broadly ellipsoid basidiospores with mean dimensions of 7.7 × 4.7 µm. The pileipellis is composed of hyaline with non-incrusted hyphae, the presence of irregular cylindrical cheilo-, pleuro- and cualocystidia, and sarcodimitic trama tissue. Gerronema kuruvense K.P.D. Latha & Manim and G. subchrysophyllum (Murrill) Singer are morphologically similar to a new species, namely Gerronema kuruvense, which was originally described from tropical India. It is distinguished by forming orange yellow pileus, bigger basidiospores with mean dimensions of 9.5 × 5.9 µm., an absence of cheilo- and pleurocystidia and the presence of diverticulate caulocystidia (Latha et al. 2018). Gerronema subchrysophyllum, a North American species, differs by having a larger basidiomata of nearly double the size (pilei 4–21 mm wide and stipe 4–32 mm long), simple clavate cheilocystidia and a lack a pleurocystidia (Singer 1970). The phylogenetic analyses inferred from combined sequences (Fig. 179) confirmed that G. flavum is a distinct species. This was further confirmed via an examination of other related morphological species and other taxa within this genus. Gerronema keralense K. P. D. Latha & Manim Phytotaxa 364 (1): 85–88 (2018). 211 Index Fungorum number: IF824928; Facesoffungi number: FoF10687; Fig. 181 Pileus 20 mm diam., infundibuliform, appressed-fibrillose, brownish orange to light brown (5C5-5D5); Lamellar decurrent to deeply decurrent, distant (12) with 2–3 series of lamellulae, greyish yellow (4B6) up to 1.5 mm.; Stipe 21 × 0.75 mm, central, cylindrical, pruinose, slightly broadened at base, solid, greyish yellow (4B6) overall. Context thin, Odor and taste not distinctive. Basidiospore 7–9 × (3–)4–5 μm [x = 7.76 ± 0.78 × 4.4 ± 0.65, Q = 1.4–2.3, q = 1.79 ± 0.25, n = 25, s = 1] ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, thinwalled. Basidia 25–34 × 5–7 μm, clavate, with 4 sterigmata, thin-walled, inamyloid. Cheilocystidia scattered, 27–31 × 5–8 µm, clavate, flexuose, irregular in shape, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia absent. Lamellar trama subregular, hyphae 4–15 µm diam., smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Pileipellis cutis with pileocystidia, 3–12 µm, cylindrical, hyaline in KOH, inamyloid, inclusion cytoplasm turns to brown to light brown in Melzer's reagent, thin-walled. Pileus trama sarcodimitic, subregular, composed of 2 type of hyphae a) sarco-hyphae, elongate fusoid cell 98–196 × 10–14 µm, hyaline, smooth, inamyloid, thin-walled; b) generative hyphae 2–5 µm wide, cylindrical, branched, hyaline, smooth, inamyloid, thin-walled. Stipitipellis cutis, hyphae 3–6 µm diam., parallel, cylindrical, pale yellow in KOH, smooth, inamyloid, slightly thick-walled. Stipe trama sarcodimitic, parallel, composed 2 type of hyphae: a) sarco-hyphae, elongate fusoid cell 74–230 × 7–10 µm, hyaline, smooth, inamyloid, slightly thick-walled; b) generative hyphae 3–7 µm wide, cylindrical, branched, hyaline, smooth, inamyloid, slightly thick-walled. Caulocystidia 28–47 × 7–9 µm, agglutinated, cylindrical to clavate, hyaline in KOH, inamyloid, slightly thick-walled. Clamp connections present in all tissues. Habit, habitat and known distribution: Solitary on decayed wood, known from topical India and Thailand. Material examined: Thailand, Sukhothai Province, Si Satchanalai National Park, Natural trial, 15 June 2019, collector N Wannathes, N Suwannarach J Kumla, S Khuna, BKF10263. GenBank numbers: BKF10263- MZ452107 (ITS), MZ452144 (LSU). Notes: Gerronema keralense is characterized by a medium-sized omphaliod basidiomata, infundibuliform, brownish orange to light brown pileus, decurrent to deeply decurrent, distant, greyish yellow lamella, cylindrical, central, greyish yellow stipe, ellipsoid basidiospores with mean dimensions of 7.8 × 4.4 µm, pileipellis with pileocystidia, non-incrusted hyphae, cytoplasmic inclusion that turned from brown to light brown in Melzer's reagent, the presence of irregular cylindrical cheilo-, cualocystidia and sarcodimitic trama tissue. Our Thai 13 212 Fig. 182 Gerronema kuruvense (BKF10266), a Basidiomata, b Basidiospores, c Basidium, d Cheilocystidia, e Caulocystidia f Pileipellis cell. Scale bars: a = 20 mm, b–e = 10 μm, f = 20 μm. Drawing by W. Phonrob description is consistent with Gerronema keralense that was originally described from India, except for the type specimen that formed an applanate with a slight central depression pileus (Latha et al. 2018). Notably, these variations may be caused by a mutuality of basidiomata. Gerronema keralense is morphologically similar to G. kuruvense K.P.D. Latha & Manim, but the latter differs by having bigger basidiospores with mean dimensions of 9.1 × 4.9 µm, a cytoplasmic inclusion of pileocystidia that never changes colour with Melzer's reagent and caulocystidia that are not agglutinated (Latha et al. 2018). Gerronema kuruvense K. P. D. Latha & Manim. Phytotaxa 364 (1): 82–85 (2018). Index Fungorum number: IF824927; Facesoffungi number: FoF10688; Figs. 177b, 182 Pileus 27 mm diam., convex with depress center, appressed-fibrillose, pale yellow (3A3); Lamellar subdecurrent, distant (16) with 2–3 series of lamellulae, narrow, light yellow (3A5) up to 2 mm.; Stipe 25 × 1 mm, central, cylindrical, pubescent, slightly broadened at base, hollow, yellowish white (3A2) overall. Context thin, Odor and taste not distinctive. Basidiospore 8–10(–11) × 4–5(–6) μm [x = 9.08 ± 0.81 × 4.88 ± 0.43, Q = 1.6–2.25, q = 1.89 ± 0.25, n = 25, s = 1] ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, thinwalled. Basidia 22–36 × 7–8 μm, clavate, with 2 sterigmata, sometime with 3–4 sterigmata, thin-walled, inamyloid. Cheilocystidia scattered, 21–51 × 5–11 µm, clavate, flexuose, irregular in shape, sometimes 2-celled, hyaline, 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 inamyloid, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia absent. Lamellar trama interwoven, arranged in two directions, hyphae 3–14 µm diam., cylindrical, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Pileipellis cutis with scattered ascending pileocystidia, 4–14 µm, cylindrical, hyaline in KOH, inamyloid, thin-walled. Pileus trama sarcodimitic, subregular to interwoven, composed of 2 type of hyphae: (a) sarco-hyphae, elongate fusoid cell 94–212 × 10–14 µm, hyaline, smooth, inamyloid, thin-walled; (b) generative hyphae 3–7 µm wide, cylindrical, branched, hyaline, smooth, inamyloid, thinwalled. Stipitipellis cutis, hyphae 3–8 µm diam., parallel, cylindrical, hyaline in KOH, smooth, inamyloid, slightly thick-walled (up to 0.5 µm). Stipe trama sarcodimitic, parallel, composed 2 type of hyphae: a) sarco-hyphae, elongate fusoid cell 80–230(– over 250) × 8–15 µm, hyaline, smooth, inamyloid, thick-walled (1–2 µm); b) generative hyphae 3–6 µm wide, cylindrical, branched, hyaline, smooth, inamyloid, thin-walled. Caulocystidia abundant, 28–47 × 7–9 µm, cylindrical to clavate, irregular in shape, flexuose, hyaline in KOH, inamyloid, slightly thick-walled (up to 0.5 µm). Clamp connections present in all tissues. Habit, habitat and known distribution: Solitary on decayed wood, known from topical India and Thailand. Material examined: Thailand, Sukhothai Province, Si Satchanalai National Park, trial to Tad Duan waterfall, 30 Aug 2020, collector N Wannathes, N Suwannarach J Kumla, S Khuna, W Phonrob, S Tabtan, BKF10266. GenBank numbers: BKF10266-MZ452090 (ITS), MZ452669(LSU). Notes: Gerronema kuruvense is characterized by a medium-sized omphaliod basidiomata that is convex with a depressed center. It has a pale-yellow pileus that is subdecurrent, distant, with light yellow lamella, cylindrical, central, yellowish white stipe, ellipsoid basidiospores with mean dimensions of 9.1 × 4.9 µm. The pileipellis is composed of hyaline with pileocystidia, non-incrusted hyphae, the presence of irregular cylindrical cualocystidia and seldomly present cheilocystidia and sarcodimitic trama tissue. The Thai specimen is almost indistinguishable from Gerronema kuruvense, which was originally described from topical India. The holotype forms a smaller size basidiomata (pilei 4–11 mm wide and stipe 3–18 mm long) and lacks cheilocystidia (Latha et al. 2018). Gerronema kuruvense is morphologically similar to G. strombodes (Berk. & Mont.) Singer, but differs by forming larger basidiomata (pilei 25–80 mm wide and stipe of 30–60 × 2–6.8 mm) greyish white pileus, pileipellis lacking pileocystidia and a complete lack of caulocystidia (Singer 1970). Tricholomopsis Singer, Schweiz. Z. Pilzk. 17: 56 (1939). Tricholomopsis was established to accommodate a group of saprophytic tricholomatoid fungi which have a fibrillose or squamulose pileus, inamyloid smooth basidiospores, and Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 213 Fig. 183 Tricholomopsis lechatii (LIP0202264, holotype). a, b Basidiocarp c Basidiospores d Basidia e One hymenophoral hyphid. f Cheilocystidia. g Pileus covering. h Pileus margin, radial section. Drawings and macrophotos by R. Courtecuisse, microphotos by P.-A. Moreau a sterile lamella edge covered with large prominent cheilocystidia (Mao et al. 2021). There are 76 species epithets in the index fungorum for this genus. Tricholomopsis lechatii Courtec., S. Dumez, S. Welti & P.-A. Moreau, sp. nov. MycoBank number: MB843163, Facesoffungi number: FoF13397; Fig. 183 Etymology: The species is warmly dedicated to our friend Christian Lechat (1952–2022), who recently and suddenly died. He was an eminent specialist of the Hypocreales worldwide and a very enthusiastic and faithful member of the numerous field trips organized in the Tropics by one of us (RC). He was present when this species was collected. Holotypus: 0202264 (LIP). Pileus 10–14 mm diam, slightly convex or almost flat, showing a little umbilic (not deep) in the centre or slightly eccentric; shape regular, circular or almost so, sometimes slightly elliptical when seen from above. Surface remarkably dull, finely tomentose or even velvety under lens. Color very special, dirty olivaceous with ochraceous hue at center but more yellow at the margin, which is slightly enrolled or at least very obtuse and scarcely pectinate at the extreme edge. Lamellae adnate, rather crowded, with two rather regular rows of smaller gills, thin. Color rather bright and deep, 13 214 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 184 Phylogenetic analyses were conducted online at www.phylo geny.fr (Dereeper et al. 2008). Multiple sequence alignments were performed with MUSCLE v. 3.7 (Edgar 2004). Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis was achieved with PhyML v. 3.0 (Guindon et al. 2010), using the GTR + I + Γ model of evolution and the Shimodaira Hasegawa version of the approximate likelihood-ratio test (SH-aLRT) of branch support (Anisimova et al. 2011). Phylogram was built using TreeDyn 198.3 (Chevenet et al. 2006) and edited with Inkscape 0.91 (https://inkscape.org/fr). Newly generated sequences for this study are in bold. The tree is rooted by a sequence of Pluteus atromarginatus (Pluteaceae) mustard yellow. Edge rather thick, clearly bearing a row of small, densely crowded, aggregates of crystals. Stipe up to 15 × 2 mm, slightly excentrical, cylindraceous, more or less narrowly fistulose, dull yellow, paler than the gills but sometimes pale brownish toward mid-length, arising from a thin greyish mycelial patch of subiculum (up to 35 mm diam.), which sometimes climbs up to the stipe up to a few millimeters, thus greyish at the basis. Context yellowish in the stipe, deeper yellow in the cap. Smell none. Taste not recorded. Basidiospores 6.2–7.5 × 4.8–5 µm, rather broad, elliptical to slightly tear-shaped, apex broader and generally clearly rounded (not elongate nor conical). Apiculus small, faintly distinct. Content with many droplets (sometimes a large one) and confuse, cloudy or punctate around them. Wall smooth, inamyloid, not cyanophilic. Basidia 20–28 × 5–8 µm, 2-spored (very few 1-spored and only one 3-spored seen) with very long and sharp sterigmata (up to 10 µm), containing large droplets, the bigger ones at the top. Clamp present at the base of all basidia. Subhymenium ramose, rather thick with short, clamped hyphae up to 1.5–2.5 µm wide, somewhat wavy with some longer hyphae parallel to the hymenium. Hymenophoral trama parallel in a wavy arrangement, weakly interwoven, made of clamped hyphae 4–8 µm wide. Edge sterile; cheilocystidia very numerous and prominent, cylindrical to slightly clavate, often regularly thickened toward apex, 35–45 × 8–12 µm, thin-walled, hyaline; base clamped, originated from simple or rarely forked hyphae. Pleurocystidia absent; facial sterile cells present as sparse slender “hyphids” cylindrical or slightly thickened at apex, up to 4 µm wide. Pileipellis a trichoderm of more or less straightly erected, unicellular or sometimes articulate elements, rather densely arranged, 30–70 × 7–15 µm, the apex mostly rounded or sometimes irregular, rarely mucronate to appendiculate or exceptionally forked; pigmentation epiparietal and vacuolar: wall yellowish, very finely incrusting (minutely punctate or finely marked with transverse zebra depending on the focus made on the cell wall) in all parts 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 215 Fig. 185 Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae (SOMF 30250, holotype). a, b Habit (black arrows in a and b show sori). c Spores in LM. d Spores and sterile cells in LM. e–h Spores in SEM. i Spores and sterile cells in SEM. Scale bars: a, b = 0.5 cm, c, d = 10 μm, e–i = 5 μm of the basidiome; vacuolar pigment abundant in subpellis, also present in broad elements of suprapellis, brown-yellow. Habitat: Saprobic on rotten wood of unidentified Angiosperm, wet tropical forest, along a wet depression. So far only known from the type locality, French Guiana. Material examined: French Guiana: Saül, Roche Bateau trail, 23 Aug. 2018, R. Courtecuisse & C. Lechat, RC/ Guy18.018 (LIP 0202264, holotype). GenBank numbers: LIP 0202264-OM793061 (ITS), OM793062 (LSU). Notes: Tricholomopsis lechatii phylogenetically belongs to the T. aurea-complex, a pantropical group of collybioid species so far rather poorly documented in molecular databases (Fig. 184). Tricholomopsis aurea was originally described from DR Congo (as Marasmius aureus; Beeli, 1928), and recently transferred in the genus Tricholomopsis by Desjardin and Perry (2017) based on recent collections from São Tomé. Although the species is reported as common in many tropical regions (GBIF data: https://www.gbif.org/ en/species/332554), only few sequences from the neotropics are available, and the ITS marker indicates only faint differences between African and American collections (Desjardin and Perry 2017, consider them as conspecific at this time). The new species described here differs significantly from T. aurea, by a pileipellis of trichodermioid structure, with a well-differentiated subpellis and a distinct vacuolar pigment (responsible of the grey-brown tomentum on pileus), whilst T. aurea has a thin cutis-like structure, resulting in a glabrous, golden yellow surface with ± inflate terminal elements with granular intracellular pigmentation (Pegler 1983). Only few neotropical species of Tricholomopsis were recorded in the Neotropics, and none can be attributed to T. lechatii. Tricholomopsis tropica Dennis from Trinidad is devoid of yellow tinge in context and displays abundant hymenial gloeocystidia (Pegler 1983), what makes its classification in this genus somewhat doubtul; T. atrogrisea Pegler from Martinique, possibly more related to T. lechatii, has a gelatinized pileipellis made of adpressed hyphae; T. elegans Dennis (Dennis 1961) could be the closest relative of T. lechatii but differs at least by smaller, subglobose spores (4.5–5 µm long) and 4-spored basidia. No species described so far display either the spectacular pale grey mycelial patch observed in T. lechatii, nor its conspicuous 2-spored basidia (Fig. 183). Ustilaginomycotina Doweld. We follow the latest treatment and updated account of Ustilaginomycotina in Begerow and McTaggart (2018). 13 216 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Fig. 186 Most likely tree generated using maximum likelihood analysis (RAxML 8.2.11, Stamatakis 2014) based on concatenated MAFFT v7.450 (Katoh and Standley 2013) alignments of ITS and LSU dataset. The tree is rooted with Mycosarcoma maydis Bref. and M. mackinlayi (McTaggart & R.G. Shivas) McTaggart et al. Values at nodes indicate bootstrap values inferred by 1000 replicates; only values ≥ 60% are shown Ustilaginomycetes R. Bauer et al. The classification of the orders in Ustilaginomycetes follows Begerow and McTaggart (2018). Sporisorium Ehrenb. ex Link, in Willdenow, Sp. pl., Edn 4 6(2): 86 (1825). Sporisorium is a grass-infecting genus of smut fungi. It is characterized by sori formed in different parts of the inflorescence or destroying the entire inflorescence, sometimes also comprising the upper part of the stem. The sori are initially enclosed by a thick, brownish peridium that later ruptures irregularly exposing a single, stout columella surrounded by a mass of spores and sterile cells. Until ten years ago, with 326 species Sporisorium was perceived by far the most species-rich genus of smut fungi. A new concept for Ustilago, Sporisorium, and Macalpinomyces was proposed by McTaggart et al. (2012a, b). In its modern circumscription, Sporisorium comprises 198 species (Vánky 2011, 2013; Denchev et al. 2012, 2016; McTaggart Ustilaginales G. Winter. There are seven families in this order: Anthracoideaceae Denchev, Clintamraceae Vánky, Geminaginaceae Vánky, Melanotaeniaceae Begerow et al., Pericladiaceae Vánky, Ustilaginaceae Tul & C. Tul., and Websdaneaceae Vánky (He et al. 2019; but excluding Cintractiellaceae Vánky, see McTaggart et al. 2020). Ustilaginaceae Tul & C. Tul. [as 'Ustilagineae'], Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 7: 14 (1847). Ustilaginaceae was introduced by Tulasne and Tulasne (1847). Twenty-eight genera are currently recognized in this family (He et al. 2019). 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 et al. 2012b; Denchev and Denchev 2013, 2016; Wang et al. 2015). During an examination of specimens of grasses in the herbarium MA of the Real Jardín Botánico (Madrid, Spain), a smut fungus belonging to Sporisorium was found on a specimen of Anadelphia leptocoma (MA 690545) from Burkina Faso. Based on distinct morphology and phylogenetic evidence (Fig. 186), this fungus is introduced here as a novel species. Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae T. Denchev, Denchev, Kemler, M.P. Martín & Begerow, sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF558175; Facesoffungi number: FoF09652; Fig. 185. Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the host species. Holotype: SOMF 30250 Parasitic on Anadelphia leptocoma. Infection systemic. Sori destroying the racemes, 5–10 mm long, fusiform, all racemes of an infected plant affected; initially covered by a thick, yellow–brown peridium which later ruptures irregularly, exposing a single columella, surrounded by a powdery, dark reddish-brown mass of spores and sterile cells. Columella shorter than the sorus, flagelliform, apically slightly branched, sometimes slightly flattened or with shallow longitudinal furrows. Sori at first completely enclosed by the spatheoles, later more or less visible. Sterile cells firmly packed in irregular groups, collapsed, 9–14(–17) μm long, usually larger than the spores, hyaline to pale yellow; wall 0.6–1.0 μm thick. In SEM, smooth, sometimes partially rugulose. Spores subglobose, slightly irregular, broadly ellipsoidal, ellipsoidal or ovoid, (6.5–)7.5–9.5(–1 0.5) × (6–)7–8.5(–9.5) (8.6 ± 0.6 × 7.8 ± 0.6) μm (n = 300), medium reddish brown; wall evenly thickened, 0.5–0.7 μm thick, smooth. In SEM, minutely echinulate-verruculose, ornaments up to 0.2 μm high, densely punctate between the main ornaments. Material examined: Burkina Faso, Cascades Region, Léraba Province, Sindou Department, Tourni, dam, riverbed with seeping water, fallow fields, 10°46′ N, 05°09′ W, alt. 200–500 m, on Anadelphia leptocoma (Trin.) Pilg. (Poaceae), 28 October 1997, S. Lægaard, H. Mipro & T. Soberé, no. 18421 (SOMF 30250, holotype; MA 690545, isotype). GenBank numbers: MW599285(ITS), MW599284 (LSU). Notes: Anadelphia Hack. is a small genus of Poaceae Barnhart, tribe Andropogoneae Dumort., subtribe Andropogoninae J. Presl (including 514 species in 25 genera) (Soreng et al. 2017). Anadelphia comprises 14 species (Clayton et al. 2015) characterized by compound inflorescence composed of racemes. Anadelphia leptocoma is distributed in Tropical Africa (from Senegal to Zambia), mainly in West Tropical Africa (Clayton et al. 217 2015; Poilecot et al. 2015; Ibrahim et al. 2018). It is a characteristic grass of the savannahs (Poilecot et al. 2015). Seven smut fungi have been previously reported on hosts in Anadelphia and its closely related genera, Elymandra Stapf and Monocymbium Stapf: Anthracocystis anadelphiae (Vienn.-Bourg.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, Jamesdicksonia anadelphiae (Vienn.-Bourg.) Piątek, J. anadelphiae-trichaetae T. Denchev & Denchev, Macalpinomyces elymandrae (Vienn.-Bourg.) Vánky, Sporisorium anadelphiae-trichaetae T. Denchev & Denchev, S. monocymbii (Syd.) Vánky, and Tilletia elymandrae Vienn.-Bourg. (Denchev and Denchev 2016). Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae can be easily distinguished from S. anadelphiae-trichaetae by having (i) sori that destroy the racemes entirely, while the sori of S. anadelphiaetrichaetae affect only the spikelets, and (ii) minutely echinulate-verruculose spores with ornaments up to 0.2 μm in height, while S. anadelphiae-trichaetae possesses moderately echinulate spores, with spinules up to 0.7 μm in height. The sori of Sporisorium monocymbii, destroying spikelets or groups of spikelets and forming a very characteristic, strongly branched body (see Figs. 45, 47, 48 in Denchev and Denchev 2016), also differ from those of S. anadelphiae-leptocomae. Additionally, Sporisorium monocymbii has minutely echinulate spores, with spinules up to 0.3(–0.4) μm in height and larger sterile cells, 9–19(–24) μm long vs 9–14(–17) μm long for S. anadelphiae-leptocomae. The phylogenetic analysis of Sporisorium, based on combined ITS and LSU sequences resulted in a similar topology to previous analyses (McTaggart et al. 2012a). Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae formed a statistically very well supported clade (100% bootstrap) together with S. queenslandicum Vánky et al., infecting Sehima nervosa (Roem. & Schult.) Stapf, and S. exsertum (McAlpine) L. Guo, infecting Themeda spp. Sister to this clade is a group containing S. rarum R.G. Shivas et al., S. ryleyi Vánky & R.G. Shivas, S. paspali (Speg.) Vánky, S. porosum (Langdon) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, S. trachypogonicola Vánky & C. Vánky, S. vanderystii (Henn.) Langdon & Full., and S. wynaadense (Sundaram) Vánky & R.G. Shivas. All of the species from these two clades are parasitizing grasses from the tribe Andropogoneae, with the exception of S. paspali, infecting Paspalum spp., belonging to the tribe Paspaleae (Fig.*). The smut fungi of Burkina Faso are very poorly known with only six species reported from this country: Anthracocystis ehrenbergii (J.G. Kühn) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, A. livingstoneana (Vánky) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas, Moesziomyces penicillariae (Bref.) Vánky, Sporisorium reilianum (J.G. Kühn) Langdon & Full., S. scitamineum (Syd) M. Piepenbr. et al., and S. sorghi Ehrenb. ex Link (Vánky et al. 2011; Piepenbring et al. 2020). 13 218 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Table 5 Updated list of fungal taxa published in the previous fungal diversity notes FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment Thailand Placed in Caniaceae by Wijayawardene et al. (2020) N/C Fungal diversity notes 1–110 (Liu et al. 2015) 1 Amphibambusa New genus 2 Amphibambusa bambusicola New species 3 Amphisphaeria sorbi New species Italy 4 Atrotorquata spartii New species Italy N/C 5 Oxydothis atypica New species Thailand was introduced without molecular data, was not included in Konta et al. 2016 6 Pestalotiopsis digitalis New species New zealand N/C 7 Pestalotiopsis dracontomelon New species Thailand N/C 8 Pestalotiopsis italiana New species Italy N/C 9 Conicomyces pseudotransvaalensis New species Japan N/C 10 Dinemasporium nelloi New species Italy N/C 11 Diaporthe thunbergiicola New species Thailand N/C 12 Diatrype palmicola New species Thailand N/C 13 Phaeoisaria pseudoclematidis New species Thailand N/C 14 Colletotrichum sedi New species Russia N/C 15 Natantispora unipolaris New species Taiwan N/C 16 Saagaromyces mangrovei New species Saudi arabia N/C 17 Myrothecium macrosporum New species Thailand Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 18 Neogaeumannomyces New genus Thailand N/C 19 Neogaeumannomyces bambusicola New species 20 Meliola tamarindi Reference specimen Thailand N/C 21 Hapalocystis berkeleyi Reference specimen Italy N/C 22 Cytospora berberidis New species China N/C 23 Cytospora sibiraeae New species China N/C 24.* Annulohypoxylon leptascum New record Brazil N/C 25.* Annulohypoxylon nitens New sequence data Thailand N/C 26.* Annulohypoxylon stygium New sequence data Sri Lanka N/C 27.* Annulohypoxylon thailandicum New species Thailand N/C 28.* Biscogniauxia marginata New sequence data France N/C 29.* Fasciatispora nypae Reference specimen Thailand N/C 30.* Hypoxylon fendleri New sequence data Venezuela N/C 31.* Hypoxylon lenormandii New sequence data Cuba N/C 32.* Hypoxylon monticulosum New sequence data Thailand N/C 33.* Flammeascoma New genus Thailand N/C 34.* Flammeascoma bambusae New species 35.* Palmiascoma New genus Thailand N/C 36.* Palmiascoma gregariascomum New species 37.* Chaetocapnodium New genus Thailand Chaetocapnodium siamense Hongsanan & K.D. Hyde [as 'siamensis'] New species 38.* Chaetocapnodium siamensis 39.* Phragmocapnias philippinensis New species Philippines Chaetocapnodium philippinense (Abdollahzadeh et al. 2020) 40.* Brunneomycosphaerella New genus Italy Placed in Mycosphaerellales genera incertae sedis by (Wijayawardene et al. 2022) 41.* Brunneomycosphaerella laburni New species 42.* Dictyosporium aquaticum New species Egypt N/C 43.* Dictyosporium meiosporum New species Thailand N/ C 44.* Dictyosporium thailandicum New species Thailand N/C 45.* Didymella cirsii New species Italy N/C 46.* Microsphaeropsis olivacea first report of the sexual morph Germany N/C 47.* Phoma medicaginis Additional collection Italy Ascochyta medicaginicola (Chen et al. 2015) 48.* Kalmusia italica New species Italy N/C 49.* Kalmusia spartii New species Italy N/C 50.* Montagnula graminicola New species Italy N/C 51.* Paraconiothyrium nelloi New species Italy N/C 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 219 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 52 Paraconiothyrium thysanolaenae New species Thailand N/C 53 Paraphaeosphaeria spartii New species Italy N/C 54 Pseudocamarosporium cotinae New species Russia Pseudocamarosporium cotini Norph., Bulgakov & K.D. Hyde [as 'cotinae'] 55 Psiloglonium colihuae Reference specimen Thailand N/C 56 Psiloglonium multiseptatum New species Thailand N/C 57 Psiloglonium sasicola Reference specimen Thailand N/C 58 Aliquandostipite manochii New species Thailand Aliquandostipite manochiae Sri-indr., Boonyuen, Suetrong, K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones [as 'manochii'] 59 Keissleriella sparticola New species Italy Keissleriella spartiicola Singtr. & K.D. Hyde [as 'sparticola'] 60 Leptosphaeria doliolum Additional collection Italy N/C 61 Leptosphaeria ebuli New species Italy N/C 62 Paraleptosphaeria nitschkei Reference specimen Italy N/C 63 Plenodomus agnitus Reference specimen Germany N/C 64 Lophiostoma pseudodictyosporium New species Italy N/C 65 Lophiostoma ravennicum New species Italy N/C 66 Lophiotrema eburnoides New species Japan Lophiotrema eburneoides Kaz. Tanaka, A. Hashim. & K. Hiray. [as 'eburnoides'] 67 Byssosphaeria musae New species Thailand N/C 68 Pseudotrichia rubriostiolata New species Thailand N/C 69 Pseudotrichia thailandica New species Thailand N/C 70 Sarimanas New genus Japan N/C 71 Sarimanas pseudofluviatile New species 72 Sarimanas shirakamiense New species 73 Neomicrothyrium Valid publication of the genus Japan N/C Zeloasperisporium (Hongsanan et al. 2015) 74 Pallidocercospora acaciigena New record Thailand 75 Pseudocercospora tamarindi New species Thailand N/C N/C 76 Zasmidium musae First report of the sexual morph Thailand N/C 77 Paradictyoarthriniaceae New family Thailand N/C 78 Paradictyoarthrinium tectonicola New species 79 Allophaeosphaeria New genus Italy Septoriella neodactylidis (Marin-Felix et al. 2019) 80 Allophaeosphaeria dactylidis New species 81 Allophaeosphaeria muriformia New species Italy Allophaeosphaeria muriformis (Marin-Felix et al. 2019) 82 Neosetophoma clematidis New species Italy N/C 83 Neosetophoma italica New species Italy N/C 84 Phaeosphaeria musae New species Thailand Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) 85 Wojnowicia dactylidicola New species Italy Galiicola dactylidicola (Thambugala et al. 2017) 86 Wojnowicia dactylidis New species Italy Wojnowiciella dactylidis (Hernandez-Restrepo et al. 2016) 87 Wojnowicia lonicerae New species Italy Wojnowiciella lonicerae (Hernandez-Restrepo et al. 2016) 88 Splanchnonema pupula Reference specimen Italy N/C 89 Alternaria cesenica New species Italy N/C 90 Camarosporium aborescentis New species Russia Camarosporium arborescentis (Wanasinghe et al. 2017) 91 Camarosporium aureum New species Russia N/C 92 Camarosporium caraganicola New species Russia Camarosporidiella caraganicola (Wanasinghe et al. 2017) 93 Multiseptospora New genus Thailand Placed in Parabambusicolaceae by Wijayawardene et al. (2022) Italy N/C 94 Multiseptospora thailandica New species 95 Saccotheciaceae New family 96 Tothia spartii New species N/C 97 Chaetothyrium agathis New species Philippines Chaetothyrium agathidis Hongsanan & K.D. Hyde [as 'agathis'] 98 Trichomerium siamensis New species Thailand Trichomerium siamense Hongsanan & K.D. Hyde [as 'siamensis'] 99 Paralecia New genus Italy Placed in Cladoniaceae by Wijayawardene et al. (2022) 100 Paralecia pratorum New species 101 Lauriomyces synnematicus New species Thailand N/C 13 220 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 102 Agaricus flavicentrus New species Thailand N/C 103 Agaricus hanthanaensis New species Sri Lanka N/C 104 Agaricus parvibicolor New species Thailand N/C 105 Agaricus sodalis New species Thailand N/C 106 Cantharellus luteostipitatus New species Madagascar N/C 107 Lactarius atrobrunneus New species Thailand N/C 108 Lactarius politus New species Thailand N/C 109 Phylloporia dependens New species China N/C 110 Russula cortinarioides New species US N/C Italy Lophiostomataceae (Magaña-Dueñas et al. 2020) Italy Massariosphaeria grandispora (Magaña-Dueñas et al. 2020) Fungal diversity notes 111–252 (Ariyawansa et al. 2015) 111 Pseudomassariosphaeria New genus 112 Pseudomassariosphaeria bromicola New species 113 Pseudomassariosphaeria grandispora New combination 114 Flammeascoma lignicola New species Thailand N/C 115 Ascocylindricaceae New family Saudi arabia N/C 116 Ascocylindrica New genus 117 Ascocylindrica marina New species 118 Lembosia xyliae New species Thailand N/C 119 Diplodia crataegicola New species Italy N/C 120 Diplodia galiicola New species Italy N/C 121 Caryosporaceae New family Thailand N/C 122 Caryospora aquatica New species 123 Cucurbitaria ephedricola Reference specimen Italy N/C 124 Heracleicola New genus Italy 125 Heracleicola premilcurensis New species Ascochyta (Chen et al. 2017a, b) Ascochyta premilcurensis (Chen et al. 2017a, b) 126 Neodidymella New genus 127 Neodidymella thailandicum New species 128 Austropleospora osteospermi Type species description 129 Austropleospora archidendri New combination 130 Pseudopithomyces New genus Reference specimens or changes in classification 131 Pseudopithomyces chartarum New combination N/C 132 Pseudopithomyces palmicola New species Thailand N/C 133 Pseudopithomyces maydicus New combination Thailand N/C 134 Pseudopithomyces sacchari New combination 135 Floricola viticola New species Italy Teichospora viticola (Jaklitsch et al. 2016) 136 Brunneoclavispora New genus Thailand N/C 137 Brunneoclavispora bambusae New species 138 Neolophiostoma New genus Thailand N/C 139 Neolophiostoma pigmentatum New species 140 Sulcosporium New genus Thailand N/C 141 Sulcosporium thailandica New species 142 Pseudoasteromassaria New genus 143 Pseudoasteromassaria fagi New species 144 Keissleriella dactylidicola New species 145 Neomassariosphaeria Changes in classification 146 Lophiostoma caulium 147 148 Thailand N/C Neodidymella thailandica Phook., R.H. Perera & K.D. Hyde [as 'thailandicum'] Australia N/C N/C N/C Sulcosporium thailandicum Phook. & K.D. Hyde [as 'thailandica'] Japan N/C N/C Italy N/C Reference specimen Italy Sigarispora caulium (Thambugala et al. 2015) Lophiohelichrysum New genus Italy N/C Lophiohelichrysum helichrysi New species 149 Aquasubmersa japonica New species Japan N/C 150 Pseudomonodictys New genus Thailand Parabambusicolaceae (Wijayawardene et al. 2022) 151 Pseudomonodictys tectonae New species 152 Byssosphaeria rhodomphala Reference specimen Thailand N/C 13 Amniculicolaceae (Jones et al. 2015) Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 221 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 153 Microthyrium buxicola New species Italy N/C 154 Tumidispora New genus Thailand N/C 155 Tumidispora shoreae New species 156 Alloleptosphaeria clematidis New species Italy N/C 157 Allophaeosphaeria cytisi New species Italy Arezzomyces cytisi (Marin-Felix et al. 2019) 158 Allophaeosphaeria subcylindrospora New species Italy Septoriella subcylindrospora (Marin-Felix et al. 2019) 159 Dematiopleospora luzulae New species Italy N/C 160 Entodesmium artemisiae New species Russia Ophiobolus artemisiae (Phookamsak et al. 2017) 161 Galiicola New genus Italy N/C 162 Galiicola pseudophaeosphaeria New species 163 Loratospora luzulae New species Italy N/C 164 Nodulosphaeria senecionis New species Italy N/C 165 Ophiosphaerella aquaticus New species Thailand Ophiosphaerella aquatica Z.L. Luo, Hong Y. Su & K.D. Hyde [as 'aquaticus'] 166 Populocrescentia New genus Italy N/C 167 Populocrescentia forlicesenensis New species 168 Vagicola New genus 169 Vagicola vagans New combination 170 Alternaria ethzedia Illustration of the sexual morph Italy N/C 171 Elongatopedicellata New genus Thailand N/C 172 Elongatopedicellata lignicola New species N/C Septoriella vagans (Marin-Felix et al. 2019) 173 Roussoella magnatum New species Thailand Roussoella magnata D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde [as 'magnatum'] 174 Roussoella angustior New species Thailand Roussoella angusta D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde [as 'angustior'] 175 Shrungabeeja longiappendiculata New species Thailand N/C 176 Massariosphaeria Family placement Cyclothyriellaceae (Wijayawardene et al. 2022) 177 Wicklowiaceae New family N/C 178 Mycocalicium hyaloparvicellulum New species Italy 179 Acarospora septentrionalis New species Iceland N/C 180 Acarospora castaneocarpa New species Finland N/C 181 Chapsa multicarpa New species Thailand N/C 182 Fissurina carassensis New species Brazil N/C 183 Sticta fuscotomentosa New species Colombia N/C 184 Sticta subfilicinella New species Colombia N/C 185 Helvella pseudolacunosa New species China N/C 186 Helvella rugosa New species China N/C 187 Dictyosporella New genus Egypt N/C 188 Dictyosporella aquatica New species 189 Chaetosphaeria rivularia New species France Chaetosphaeria rivularis Réblová & J. Fourn. [as 'rivularia'] 190 Beauveria gryllotalpidicola New species Thailand N/C 191 Beauveria loeiensis New species Thailand N/C 192 Seimatosporium sorbi New species Italy Sporocadus sorbi (Liu et al. 2018) 193 Seimatosporium pseudorosarum New species Italy N/C 194 Colletotrichum aciculare New species Thailand Colletotrichum truncatum (Jayawardena et al. 2016) 195 Colletotrichum fusiforme New species Thailand N/C 196 Colletotrichum hymenocallidicola New species Thailand Colletotrichum orchidearum Damm et al. (2019) Taiwan N/C 197 Tinhaudeus New genus 198 Tinhaudeus formosanus New species N/C 199 Pestalotiopsis subshorea New species China N/C 200 Pestalotiopsis dracaenea New species China Pestalotiopsis dracaenae Yong Wang bis, Yu Song, K. Geng & K.D. Hyde [as 'dracaenea'] 201 Pestalotiopsis montellica Changes in classification China N/C 202 Phaeoacremonium tectonae New species Thailand N/C 203 Cytospora parasitica New species Russia N/C N/C 13 222 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 204 Cytospora tanaitica New species Russia N/C 205 Annulohypoxylon palmicola New species Thailand N/C 206 Biscogniauxia effusa New species China N/C 207 Nemania fusoidispora New species China N/C 208 Agaricus pseudolangei New species Thailand N/C 209 Agaricus haematinus New species Thailand N/C 210 Agaricus atrodiscus New species Thailand N/C 211 Agaricus exilissimus New species Thailand N/C 212 Amanita melleialba New species China N/C 213 Amanita pseudosychnopyramis New species China N/C 214 Amanita subparvipantherina New species China N/C 215 Entoloma calabrum New species Italy N/C 216 Cora barbulata New species Costa rica N/C 217 Dictyonema gomezianum New species Costa rica N/C 218 Inocybe granulosa New species Sweden Mallocybe granulosa (Matheny and Kudzma 2019) 219 Xerocomellus sarnarii New species Italy N/C 220 Cantharellus eucalyptorum New species Madagascar N/C 221 Cantharellus nigrescens New species Madagascar N/C 222 Cantharellus tricolor New species Madagascar N/C 223 Cantharellus variabilicolor New species Madagascar N/C 224 Cortinarius alboamarescens New species Denmark N/C 225 Cortinarius brunneoalbus New species USA N/C 226 Cortinarius ochroamarus New species Finland N/C 227 Cortinarius putorius New species USA N/C 228 Cortinarius seidlii New species USA Cortinarius seidliae Ammirati, Niskanen & Liimat. [as 'seidlii'] 229 Dendrominiaceae New family N/C 230 Punctulariopsis cremeoalbida New combination N/C 231 Punctulariopsis efibulata New combination US N/C 232 Hymenochaete micropora New species China N/C 233 Hymenochaete subporioides New species China 234 Neoantrodiellaceae New family N/C 235 Neoantrodiella New genus N/C 236 Neoantrodiella gypsea New combination N/C 237 Neoantrodiella thujae New combination 238 Xylodon ramicida New species Finland N/C 239 Colospora New genus Indonesia N/C 240 Colospora andalasii New species 241 Russula guangxiensis New species China N/C 242 Russula hakkae New species China N/C 243 Tremella dirinariae New species US N/C 244 Tremella graphidis New species US N/C 245 Tremella pyrenulae New species US N/C 246 Absidia caatinguensis New species Brazil N/C 247 Absidia koreana New species Korea N/C 248 Gongronella koreana New species Korea N/C 249 Mortierella pisiformis New species Taiwan N/C 250 Mortierella formosana New species Taiwan N/C 251 Neocallimastix cameroonii New species UK N/C 252 Piromyces irregularis New species Czech Republic N/C N/C N/C N/C Fungal diversity notes 253–366 (Li et al. 2016) 253 Dothiorella rhamni New species Russia 254 Dothiorella vidmadera Reference specimen Italy Dothiorella sarmentorum (Zhang et al. 2021) 255 Eutiarosporella dactylidis New combination Italy N/C 256 Mucoharknessia anthoxanthi New species Italy N/C 257 Neophaeocryptopus New genus 13 Dothiora (Crous et al. 2018) Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 223 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 258 Neophaeocryptopus cytisi New species Italy Dothiora cytisi (Crous et al. 2018) 259 Saccothecium rubi New species Italy N/C 260 Psiloglonium macrosporum New species Thailand N/C 261 Pseudocamarosporium pini New combination Italy N/C 262 Towyspora New genus UK N/C 263 Towyspora aestuari New species 264 Lindgomyces okinawaensis New species Japan N/C 265 Lophiostoma pseudoarmatisporum New species Japan N/C 266 Sigarispora ononidis New species Italy N/C 267 Aposphaeria corallinolutea New record Thailand N/C 268 Multilocularia New genus Thailand N/C 269 Multilocularia bambusae New species 270 Multiseptospora thysanolaenae New species Thailand N/C 271 Parastagonospora cumpignensis New species Italy Parastagonospora campignensis Tibpromma, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde [as 'cumpignensis'] 272 Comoclathris pimpinellae New species Russia N/C 273 Angustospora New genus Egypt N/C 274 Angustospora nilensis New species 275 Polyplosphaeria thailandica New species Thailand N/C 276 Longiostiolum New genus Thailand Longiostiolaceae (Wijayawardene et al. 2022) 277 Longiostiolum tectonae New species 278 Pseudodidymosphaeria phlei New species Italy N/C 279 Clematidis New genus Italy Pseudolophiotremataceae (Wijayawardene et al. 2022) 280 Clematidis italica New species 281 Crassiparies New genus Japan Neohendersoniaceae (Wijayawardene et al. 2022) Saudi arabia N/C Thailand N/C N/C 282 Crassiparies quadrisporus New species 283 Farasanispora New genus 284 Farasanispora avicenniae New species 285 Parameliola New genus 286 Parameliola dimocarpi New species 287 Parameliola acaciae New species Thailand N/C 288 Kirschsteiniothelia tectonae New species Thailand N/C 289 Ocellularia arachchigei New species Sri Lanka N/C 290 Ocellularia ratnapurensis New species Sri Lanka N/C 291 Rhabdodiscus albodenticulatus New species Sri Lanka N/C 292 Pseudolachnella brevifusiformis New species Japan N/C 293 Phragmoporthe conformis reference species Italy N/C 294 Cytospora salicicola New species Russia N/C 295 Colletotrichum menispermi New species Russia N/C 296 Colletotrichum quinquefoliae New species Russia N/C 297 Ochronectria thailandica New species Thailand N/C 298 Moelleriella phukhiaoensis New species Thailand N/C 299 Moelleriella pongdueatensis New species Thailand N/C 300 Ophiocordyceps formosana New record China Nom. inval., Arts 41.5, F.5.1 (Shenzhen) 301 Ophiocordyceps karstii New species China N/C 302 Aniptodera aquibella New species Thailand N/C 303 Humicola koreana New species Korea N/C 304 Seimatosporium pseudocornii New species Italy Seimatosporium pseudocorni Wijayaw., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde [as 'pseudocornii'] 305 Seimatosporium pseudorosae New species Italy N/C 306 Cryptovalsa ampelina reference specimen Italy N/C 307 Diatrype thailandica New species Thailand Allodiatrype thailandica (Konta et al. 2020) 308 Annulohypoxylon albidiscum New species Thailand N/C 309 Astrocystis thailandica New species Thailand 310 Camporesia New genus N/C N/C 13 224 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 311 Camporesia sambuci New species Italy N/C 312 Durotheca macrostroma New species Thailand N/C 313 Halorosellinia rhizophorae New species Thailand N/C 314 Hypoxylon lilloi New species Argentina N/C 315 Rosellinia chiangmaiensis New species Thailand N/C 316 Petrakia echinata Reference specimen Italy N/C 317 Agaricus coccyginus New species China N/C 318 Agaricus luteofibrillosus New species China N/C 319 Clarkeinda trachodes Reference specimen Sri Lanka N/C 320 Amanita atrobrunnea New species Thailand N/C 321 Amanita digitosa New species Thailand N/C 322 Amanita gleocystidiosa New species Thailand N/C 323 Amanita pyriformis New species Thailand N/C 324 Amanita strobilipes New species Thailand N/C 325 Cortinarius albosericeus New species Canada N/C 326 Cortinarius badioflavidus New species US N/C 327 Cortinarius denigratus New species Canada N/C 328 Cortinarius duboisensis New species US N/C 329 Cortinarius fragrantissimus New species Canada N/C 330 Cortinarius roseobasilis New species US N/C 331 Cortinarius vinaceobrunneus New species Canada N/C 332 Cortinarius vinaceogrisescens New species US N/C 333 Cortinarius wahkiacus New species US N/C 334 Musumecia alpina New species China N/C 335 Musumecia sardoa New species Italy N/C 336 Cyanoboletus hymenoglutinosus New species India Nom. inval., Art. 40.7 (Shenzhen) 337 Leccinellum indoaurantiacum New species India Nom. inval., Art. 40.7 (Shenzhen) 338 Galzinia longibasidia New sequence data Iran N/C 339 Leptocorticium tenellum New sequence data Chile N/C 340 Fomitiporia atlantica New species Brazil N/C 341 Fomitiporia subtilissima New species Brazil N/C 342 Inonotus shoreicola New species Thailand N/C 343 Ganoderma wuzhishanensis New species China Ganoderma wuzhishanense T.C. Wen, Hapuar. & K.D. Hyde [as 'wuzhishanensis'] 344 Dentocorticium ussuricum New sequence data Russia N/C 345 Lentinus stuppeus Reference specimen Thailand N/C 346 Bondarzewia tibetica New species China N/C 347 Lactifluus armeniacus New species Thailand N/C 348 Lactifluus ramipilosus New species Thailand N/C 349 Russula amethystina New species China N/C 350 Russula wangii New species China N/C 351 Anaeromyces robustus New species N/C 352 Neocallimastix californiae New species N/C 353 Piromyces finnis New species 354 Phytophthora estuarina New species Brazil N/C 355 Phytophthora rhizophorae New species Brazil N/C 356 Salispina New genus Brazil Salispinaceae (Wijayawardene et al. 2022) 357 Salispina intermedia New species 358 Salispina lobata New combination 359 Salispina spinosa New combination 360 Mortierella calciphila New species Poland N/C 361 Absidia stercoraria New species Korea N/C 362 Gongronella orasabula New species Korea N/C 363 Mucor caatinguensis New species Brazil N/C 364 Mucor koreanus New species Korea N/C 13 N/C Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 225 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 365 Mucor merdicola New species Brazil N/C 366 Rhizopus koreanus New species Korea N/C Fungal diversity notes 367–490 (Hyde et al. 2016) 367 Asterina cynometrae New species Philippines N/C 368 Dothiorella iranica New host Italy N/C 369 Dothiorella sarmentorum New host Russia N/C 370 Dothiorella vidmadera New host Russia Dothiorella sarmentorum (Zhang et al. 2021) 371 Pallidocercospora thailandica New combination Thailand N/C 372 Dothiora buxi New species Italy N/C 373 Gloniopsis calami New species Thailand N/C 374 Pseudocoleophoma typhicola New species UK N/C 375 Pseudodictyosporium thailandica New species Thailand N/C 376 Neomicrosphaeropsis cytisi New species Italy N/C 377 Neomicrosphaeropsis cytisinus New species Italy Neomicrosphaeropsis cytisina Tennakoon, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde [as 'cytisinus'] 378 Neomicrosphaeropsis minima New species Italy N/C 379 Neodidymelliopsis ranunculi New species Italy N/C 380 Platychora ulmi Italy N/C 381 Stagonosporopsis centaureae New species Italy N/C 382 Montagnula cirsii New species Italy N/C 383 Tremateia arundicola New species Italy Tremateia arunicola Wanas., E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde [as 'arundicola'] 384 Tremateia guiyangensis New species UK N/C 385 Lentithecium unicellulare New species China N/C 386 Lentithecium voraginesporum New species Egypt N/C 387 Leptosphaeria cirsii New species Saudi arabia N/C 388 Leptosphaeria irregularis New species Italy N/C 389 Lindgomycetaceae New family 390 Arundellina typhae New species UK N/C 391 Lindgomyces pseudomadisonensis New species UK N/C 392 Vaginatispora fuckelii New record Japan Neovaginatispora fuckelii (Hashimoto et al. 2018) 393 Hermatomyces mirum New combination China Hermatomyces mirus (Starbäck) C.G. Lin, Bhat & K.D. Hyde [as 'mirum'] N/C 394 Hermatomyces subiculosa New species Thailand N/C 395 Lophiotrema bambusae New species Thailand Atrocalyx bambusae (De Silva et al. 2018) 396 Lophiotrema fallopiae New species Japan N/C 397 Neomassaria New genus Italy N/C 398 Neomassaria fabacearum New species 399 Stagonospora forlicesenensis New species Italy N/C 400 Bertiella ellipsoidea New species Thailand N/C 401 Occultibambusa aquatica New species Thailand N/C 402 Occultibambusa chiangraiensis New species Thailand N/C 403 Camarosporioides New genus Germany N/C 404 Camarosporioides phragmitis New species 405 Chaetosphaeronema achilleae New species Russia N/C 406 Dematiopleospora alliariae New species Italy Hawksworthiana alliariae (Wanasinghe et al. 2018) 407 Dematiopleospora cirsii New species Italy N/C 408 Juncaceicola italica New species Italy N/C 409 Leptospora rubella Reference specimen UK N/C 410 Leptospora galii New species Italy N/C 411 Leptospora thailandica New species Thailand N/C 412 Muriphaeosphaeria ambrosiae New species Russia N/C 413 Nodulosphaeria italica New species Italy N/C 414 Poaceicola arundinis New species Italy Septoriella arundinis (Marin-Felix et al. 2019) 415 Pseudophaeosphaeria New genus Italy N/C 13 226 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 416 Pseudophaeosphaeria rubi New species 417 Wojnowicia italica 418 Comoclathris italica New species Italy N/C New species Italy 419 N/C Neoroussoella lenispora New species China N/C 420 Neotorula submersa New species China N/C 421 Aquaphila albicans Reference specimen Thailand N/C 422 Chlamydotubeufia helicospora New species Thailand Dematiohelicomyces helicosporus (Lu et al. 2018) 423 Helicoma guttulatum New species Thailand N/C 424 Neoacanthostigma septoconstrictum Reference specimen Thailand N/C 425 Tubeufia hyalospora New species Thailand N/C 426 Tubeufia roseohelicospora New species Thailand N/C 427 Pleurotrema thailandica New species Thailand N/C 428 Alloarthopyrenia New genus Italy N/C 429 Alloarthopyrenia italica New species Thailand Neomassarinaceae (Wijayawardene et al. 2022) 430 Neomassarina New genus 431 Neomassarina thailandica New species 432 Aspergillus koreanus New species Korea N/C 433 Ceramothyrium menglunense New species China N/C 434 Minimelanolocus submersus New species China N/C 435 Trichomerium bambusae New species Thailand N/C 436 Terriera thailandica New species Thailand N/C 437 Helvella tinta New species China N/C 438 Helvella floriforma New species China N/C 439 Helvella oblongispora New distribution record China N/C 440 Peziza fruticosa New species Italy N/C 441 Coronophora myricoides New species China N/C 442 Diaporthe aseana New species Thailand N/C 443 Diaporthe eres New host Italy N/C 444 Diaporthe foeniculina New record Italy N/C 445 Diaporthe garethjonesii New species Thailand N/C 446 Diaporthe siamensis New host Thailand N/C 447 Cytospora cotini New species Russia N/C 448 Colletotrichum insertae New species Russia N/C 449 Blastophorum aquaticum New species China Cylindrotrichum aquaticum (Luo et al. 2019) 450 Ophiocordyceps hemisphaerica New species Brazil N/C 451 Ophiocordyceps lacrimoidis New species Brazil N/C 452 Purpureocillium sodanum New species Iran N/C 453 Alfaria spartii New species Italy N/C 454 Emericellopsis persica New species Iran N/C 455 Meliola citri-maximae New species Thailand N/C 456 Meliola pseudosasae Reference specimens China N/C 457 Arthrinium paraphaeospermum New species Thailand N/C 458 Bartaliniaceae New family Published with the identifier 'Index Fungorum number: IF511183', but this identifier was not issued for the name published Index Fungorum (2022a, b) 459 Neotruncatella endophytica New species Korea Hymenopleella endophytica (Liu et al. 2019a, b, c, d) 460 Cainia globosa New species Italy N/C 461 Ciliochorella phanericola New species Thailand N/C 462 Neopestalotiopsis cocoës New species Thailand N/C 463 Neopestalotiopsis musae New species Thailand 464 Pestalotiopsis sequoiae New species Italy N/C 465 Anthostomella ravennica New species Italy N/C 466 Anthostomella thailandica New species Thailand N/C 467 Sporidesmium pyriformatum New species Thailand N/C 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 227 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 468 Sporidesmium aquaticivaginatum New species Thailand N/C 469 Sporidesmium olivaceoconidium New species Thailand N/C 470 Distoseptispora multiseptata New species Thailand N/C 471 Distoseptispora tectonae New species Thailand N/C 472 Distoseptispora tectonigena New species Thailand N/C 473 Paracapsulospora New genus Thailand N/C 474 Paracapsulospora metroxyli New species 475 Clavulinopsis aurantiaca New species Brazil N/C 476 Ramariopsis atlantica New species Brazil N/C 477 Cortinarius fulvescens neo-type Canada N/C 478 Cortinarius fulvescentoideus New species Finland N/C 479 Cortinarius nymphatus New species Canada N/C 480 Cortinarius pseudobulliardioides New species Finland N/C 481 Cortinarius tenuifulvescens New species Canada N/C 482 Rhodocybe indica New species India N/C 483 Rhodocybe luteobrunnea New species India N/C 484 Rhodocybe griseoaurantia New species India N/C 485 Cyathus pyristriatus New species Thailand N/C 486 Polyporus mangshanensis New species India N/C 487 Russula indoalba New species India N/C 488 Russula pseudoamoenicolor New species India N/C 489 Lactarius dirkii New species Korea N/C 490 Cunninghamella gigacellularis New species Brazil N/C N/C Fungal diversity notes 491–602 (Tibpromma et al. 2017) 491 Morenoina calamicola New species Thailand 492 Barriopsis thailandica New species Thailand N/C 493 Polythrincium trifolii reference specimens China N/C 494 Dothiora buxi asexual morph report Russia N/C 495 Hysterium centramurum New species Thailand Ericboehmia centramura Gardiennet et al. (2019) 496 Hysterobrevium mori New host Italy N/C 497 Angustimassarina alni New species Germany N/C 498 Angustimassarina arezzoensis New species Italy N/C 499 Angustimassarina premilcurensis New species Italy N/C 500 Angustimassarina italica New species Italy N/C 501 Angustimassarina lonicerae New species Italy N/C 502 Biatriosporaceae New family 503 Berkleasmium ariense New species India N/C 504 Platystomum rosae New host Italy N/C 505 Sigarispora muriformis New species Italy N/C 506 Vaginatispora appendiculata New host Thailand N/C 507 Lophiotrema guttulata New species Thailand Atrocalyx guttulata (De Silva et al. 2018) 508 Lophiotrema vagabundum New host Italy N/C 509 Hermatomyces chiangmaiensis New species Thailand N/C 510 Hermatomyces chromolaenae New species Thailand N/C 511 Melanommataceae New combination/family 512 Aposphaeria corallinolutea Asexual morph report Russia N/C 513 Nigrograna cangshanensis New species China N/C 514 Roussoellaceae New family 515 Parathyridaria robiniae New species Italy N/C 516 Paraphaeosphaeria viciae New species Italy N/C 517 Pseudoasteromassaria spadicea New species Thailand N/C 518 Keissleriella cirsii New species Russia N/C 519 Pleurophoma italica New species Italy N/C 520 Pseudodidymosphaeria phlei New host Italy N/C N/C N/C N/C 13 228 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 521 Inflatispora caryotae New species Thailand N/C 522 Ascochyta italica New species Italy N/C 523 Ascochyta medicaginicola New host Italy N/C 524 Ascochyta rosae New species Italy N/C 525 Calophoma petasitis New species Italy N/C 526 Didysimulans New genus Italy N/C 527 Didysimulans italica New species 528 Didysimulans mezzanensis New species Italy N/C 529 Nothophoma quercina New host Italy N/C 530 Stagonosporopsis ailanthicola New species Italy N/C 531 Paraleptosphaeria padi New species Russia N/C 532 Subplenodomus galicola New species Italy N/C 533 Entodesmium italica New species Italy Ophiobolus italicus (Phookamsak et al. 2017) 534 Neosetophoma garethjonesii New species UK N/C 535 Nodulosphaeria guttulatum New species Italy N/C 536 Nodulosphaeria multiseptata New species Italy N/C 537 Nodulosphaeria sambuci New species Italy N/C 538 Phaeosphaeria calamicola New species Thailand N/C 539 Phaeosphaeriopsis yuccae New species Russia N/C 540 Camarosporium laburnicola New species Russia Camarosporidiella laburnicola (Wanasinghe et al. 2017) 541 Camarosporium moricola New species Russia Camarosporidiella moricola (Wanasinghe et al. 2017) 542 Penicillium punicae New species Korea N/C 543 Exophiala italica New species Italy N/C 544 Gongronella brasiliensis New species Brazil N/C 545 Mucor stercorarius New species Korea N/C 546 Gnomoniopsis sanguisorbae reference specimen Italy N/C 547 Sillia italica New species Italy N/C 548 Cytospora gelida New species Russia N/C 549 Cytospora ceratosperma New record Russia N/C 550 Hypocrella calendulina Asexual morph reported Thailand N/C 551 Moelleriella thanathonensis New species Thailand N/C 552 Myrothecium septentrionale New species Thailand N/C 553 Colletotrichum sambucicola New species Italy N/C 554 Myrmecridium fluviae New species Korea N/C 555 Truncatella spartii New host Italy Heterotruncatella spartii (Liu et al. 2019a, b, c, d) 556 Rosellinia mearnsii New species China N/C 557 Evlachovaea indica New species India N/C 558 Helvella costifera reference specimen China N/C 559 Helvella crispoides New species Thailand N/C 560 Cookeina tricholoma Reference specimen Sri Lanka N/C Wijayawardene et al. (2022) 561 Amanita cornelii New species India N/C 562 Amanita emodotrygon New species India N/C 563 Lepiota cylindrocystidia New species Thailand N/C 564 Lepiota flavocarpa New species Thailand Nom. Inval., Art. F.5.1 (Shenzhen) 565 Lepiota maerimensis New species Thailand N/C 566 Leucocoprinus cretaceus New record Sri Lanka N/C 567 Entoloma magnum New species India N/C 568 Inocybe brunneosquamulosa New species India Pseudosperma brunneosquamulosum (Matheny and Kudzma 2019) 569 Inocybe luteobrunnea New species India Pseudosperma luteobrunneum (Matheny and Kudzma 2019) 570 Inocybe rubrobrunnea New species India N/C 571 Marasmius luculentus New species India N/C 572 Favolaschia auriscalpium New record Sri Lanka N/C 573 Favolaschia manipularis New record Sri Lanka N/C 574 Cyptotrama asprata New record Thailand N/C 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 229 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 575 Austroboletus appendiculatus New species India N/C 576 Boletellus emodensis New record Sri Lanka N/C 577 Rubroboletus demonensis New species Italy N/C 578 Rubroboletus eastwoodiae New combination 579 Strobilomyces longistipitatus New species India N/C 580 Clavulina grisea New species Brazil N/C 581 Clavulina ossea New species Brazil N/C 582 Clavulina paraincrustata New species Brazil N/C 583 Fomitopsis flabellata New species Brazil N/C 584 Fomitopsis roseoalba New species Brazil N/C 585 Favolus gracilisporus New species Korea N/C 586 Lentinus sajor-caju New record Sri Lanka N/C 587 Lentinus squarrosulus New record Sri Lanka N/C 588 Lentinus velutinus New record Sri Lanka N/C 589 Panus subfasciatus New species Thailand N/C 590 Polyporus brevibasidiosus New species Korea N/C 591 Polyporus koreanus New species Korea N/C 592 Polyporus orientivarius New species Korea N/C 593 Polyporus parvovarius New species Korea N/C 594 Polyporus subdictyopus New species Korea N/C 595 Polyporus ulleungus New species Korea N/C 596 Wolfiporia pseudococos New species China N/C 597 Coprinopsis cerkezii New species Croatia N/C 598 Russula yanheensis New species China N/C 599 Russula virescens New record Sri Lanka N/C 600 Dacrymyces chiangraiensis New species Thailand N/C 601 Femsjonia monospora New species China N/C 602 Tremella fuciformis New record Sri Lanka N/C China N/C N/C Fungal diversity notes 603–708 (Hyde et al. 2017) 603 Jahnula guttulaspora New species 604 Murispora rubicunda Description of collection Germany of type species of genus N/C 605 Angustimassarina coryli New species Italy N/C 606 Sardiniella celtidis New species Italy N/C 607 Leptoxyphium glochidion New host Thailand N/C 608 Dictyocheirospora cheirospora New species China N/C 609 Epicoccum cedri New species Italy N/C 610 Epicoccum pruni New species Russia N/C 611 Neodidymelliopsis moricola New species Russia N/C 612 Pseudopithomyces kunmingnensis New species China Pseudopithomyces kunmingensis Karun. & K.D. Hyde [as 'kunmingnensis'], 613 Dothiora coronillae New species Italy N/C 614 Dothiora spartii New species Italy N/C 615 Neophaeocryptopus spartii New species Italy N/C 616 Dyfrolomyces phetchaburiensis New species Thailand N/C 617 Fuscostagonosporaceae New family 618 Fuscostagonospora cytisi New species Italy N/C N/C 619 Hermatomyces nabanheensis New species China N/C 620 Hysterium rhizophorae New species Thailand N/C 621 Rhytidhysteron New record 622 Kirschsteiniothelia rostrata New species Thailand N/C 623 Poaceascoma halophila New species Thailand N/C 624 Setoseptoria scirpi New species UK N/C 625 Alternariaster trigonosporus New species Russia N/C N/C 13 230 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 626 Hongkongmyces thailandica New species Thailand N/C 627 Paucispora kunmingense New species China N/C 628 Brooksia tropicalis Description of type species of genus Papua New Guinea N/C 629 Microthyriaceae New family 630 Dictyosporina New genus 631 Dictyosporina ferruginea New species 632 Lophium zalerioides New species Brazil N/C 633 Nigrograna thymi New species Italy N/C 634 Periconia aquatica New species Italy N/C 635 Periconia minutissima Reference specimen China N/C 636 Periconia submersa New species China N/C 637 Acericola New genus Italy N/C 638 Acericola italica New species 639 Amarenomyces dactylidis New species Italy N/C 640 Ophiosimulans plantaginis New species Italy Paraophiobolus plantaginis (Qing Tian, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde) Phookamsak Wanas. & K.D. Hyde 641 Phaeosphaeria acaciae New species China N/C 642 Phaeopoacea muriformis New species China N/C 643 Chaetothyrina artocarpi New species Thailand N/C 644 Curvularia palmicola New species Thailand N/C 645 Exserohilum turcicum Description of type species of genus Italy N/C 646 Stemphylium vesicarium New host Italy N/C 647 Carinispora nypae New record Brunei N/C 648 Bryomyces scapaniae Description of type species of genus Austria N/C 649 Immotthia hypoxylon Description of type species of genus US Immotthia atrograna (Cooke & Ellis) M.E. Barr Barr (1993) 650 Magnibotryascoma mali New species China N/C 651 Bryochiton monascus Description of type species of genus Sweden N/C N/C N/C China N/C 652 Tetraploa yakushimensis New host Thailand 653 Torula gaodangensis New species China N/C 654 Chlamydotubeufia huaikangplaensis New record Thailand N/C 655 Chlamydotubeufia krabiensis New species Thailand N/C 656 Licopolia franciscana Description of type species of genus Brazil N/C 657 Buelliella minimula Description of type species of genus US N/C 658 Cocciscia hammeri Description of type species of genus Norway N/C 659 Ramgea ozimecii New species Croatia N/C 660 Otidea pruinosa New species China N/C 661 Otidea stipitata New species China N/C 662 Cytospora mali-sylvestris New species Russia N/C 663 Diaporthe rhusicola New combination Italy N/C 664 Diaporthe subclavata New record Thailand N/C 665 Diatrypella vulgaris New record Thailand Nom. inval., Art. 40.7 (Melbourne) 666 Endoxylina astroidea Description of type species of genus Sweden Eutypa astroidea Rappaz. In: Mycol. helv. 2(3): 378. (1987) N/C 667 Colletotrichum fioriniae New host Italy 668 Colletotrichum lauri New species Italy N/C 669 Meliola clerodendri-infortunati New species Thailand N/C 670 Ophiocordyceps cossidarum New species Thailand N/C 671 Ophiocordyceps issidarum New species Thailand N/C 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 231 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 672 Longitudinalis New genus China N/C 673 Longitudinalis nabanheensis New species 674 Phaeoisaria microspora New species Thailand N/C 675 Pleurothecium floriforme New species Thailand N/C 676 Immersidiscosia eucalypti New host Italy N/C 677 Seimatosporium italicum New species Italy N/C 678 Grandibotrys hyalinus New species Thailand N/C 679 Koorchalomella salmonispora New species Egypt Ascomycota Wijayawardene et al. (2022) 680 Xepicula leucotricha New record Thailand Ascomycota Wijayawardene et al. (2022) 681 Rizalia guianensis New combination British guiana N/C 682 Astrocystis bambusicola New species Thailand N/C 683 Collodiscula chiangraiensis New species Thailand N/C 684 Fasciatispora calami New species Thailand N/C 685 Vamsapriya breviconidiophora New species Thailand N/C 686 Ascotrichella hawksworthii Description of the type species Chile N/C 687 Castellaniomyces New genus Italy N/C 688 Castellaniomyces rosae New species 689 Biciliopsis leptogiicola Description of the type species Papua New Guinea N/C 690 Agaricus purpurlesquameus New species Thailand N/C 691 Agaricus rufusfibrillosus New species China N/C 692 Tephrocybella constrictospora New species Italy N/C 693 Steccherinum amapaense New species Brazil N/C 694 Tyromyces amazonicus New species Brazil N/C 695 Tyromyces angulatus New species Brazil N/C 696 Lactifluus holophyllus New species Korea N/C 697 Lactifluus luteolamellatus New species Korea N/C 698 Lactifluus pseudohygrophoroides New species Korea N/C 699 Russula benwooii New species US N/C 700 Russula hypofragilis New species US N/C 701 Russula obscurozelleri New species US N/C 702 Russula parapallens New species US N/C 703 Russula phoenicea New species Canada N/C 704 Russula pseudopelargonia New species US N/C 705 Russula pseudotsugarum New species US N/C 706 Russula rhodocephala New species US N/C 707 Russula salishensis New species US N/C 708 Mortierella formicae New species Poland N/C N/C N/C Fungal diversity notes 709–839 (Wanasinghe et al. 2018) 709 Diplodia seriata New host Italy 710 Dothiorella iberica New host Italy N/C 711 Lasiodiplodia theobromae New host UK N/C 712 Neofusicoccum australe New host Thailand N/C 713 Pseudocercospora rosae New species Uzbekistan N/C 714 Endoconidioma rosae-hissaricae New species Italy N/C 715 Angustimassarina quercicola New host Italy N/C 716 Angustimassarina rosarum New species Uzbekistan N/C 717 Astragalicola vasilyevae New species Italy N/C 718 Epicoccum rosae New species Italy N/C 719 Neoascochyta rosicola New species Italy N/C 720 Paraconiothyrium rosae New species Italy N/C 721 Paraphaeosphaeria michotii New host Italy N/C 722 Paraphaeosphaeria rosae New species Sweden N/C 13 232 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 723 Paraphaeosphaeria rosicola New species Italy N/C 724 Pseudocamarosporium pteleae New species Russia N/C 725 Pseudocamarosporium ulmiminoris New species Italy N/C 726 Pseudopithomyces rosae New species Italy N/C 727 Keissleriella rosacearum New species UK N/C 728 Keissleriella rosarum New species Italy Keissleriella rosacearum 729 Keissleriella rosae New species Italy N/C 730 Keissleriella phragmiticola New species Italy N/C 731 Murilentithecium rosae New species Italy N/C 732 Phragmocamarosporium rosae New species UK N/C 733 Pleurophoma pleurospora New host Uzbekistan Dinemasporium pleurospora Species Fungorum (2022a, b) 734 Setoseptoria arundelensis New species UK N/C 735 Setoseptoria englandensis New species UK N/C 736 Setoseptoria lulworthcovensis New species UK N/C 737 Coelodictyosporium rosarum New species UK N/C 738 Lophiostoma rosae New species Uzbekistan N/C 739 Neopaucispora New genus Uzbekistan N/C 740 Neopaucispora rosaecae New species 741 Sigarispora caryophyllacearum New species Russia N/C 742 Sigarispora caulium New host Italy Sigarispora caulium (Fr.) Thambug., Wanas., Kaz. Tanaka & K.D. Hyde, Index Fungorum 267: 1 (2015) 743 Sigarispora junci New species Italy N/C 744 Sigarispora medicaginicola New species Russia N/C 745 Sigarispora rosicola New species Russia N/C 746 Sigarispora scrophulariae New species Russia N/C 747 Sigarispora thymi New species Russia N/C 748 Suttonomyces rosae New species Italy N/C 749 Marjia New genus Uzbekistan N/C 750 Marjia tianschanica New species 751 Marjia uzbekistanica New species Uzbekistan N/C 752 Melanocucurbitaria New genus Uzbekistan N/C 753 Melanocucurbitaria uzbekistanica New species 754 Melanodiplodia New genus Uzbekistan N/C 755 Melanodiplodia tianschanica New species 756 Monoseptella New genus Uzbekistan N/C 757 Monoseptella rosae New species 758 Muriformistrickeria rosae New species Italy N/C 759 Muriformistrickeria rubi New host Sweden N/C 760 Pseudostrickeria rosae New species Italy N/C 761 Uzbekistanica New genus Uzbekistan N/C 762 Uzbekistanica rosae-hissaricae New species 763 Uzbekistanica yakutkhanika New species Uzbekistan N/C 764 Xenomassariosphaeria New genus Italy N/C 765 Xenomassariosphaeria rosae New species 766 Bhatiellae New genus Italy N/C 767 Bhatiellae rosae New species 768 Dactylidina New genus Italy N/C 769 Dactylidina dactylidis New combination Septoriella neodactylidis Marlin-Felix et al. (2019a) 770 Dactylidina shoemakeri New species Italy N/C 771 Dematiopleospora donetzica New species Russia N/C 772 Dematiopleospora rosicola New species Italy N/C 773 Dematiopleospora salsolae New species Uzbekistan N/C 774 Embarria New genus Italy N/C 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 233 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 775 Embarria clematidis New combination 776 Hawksworthiana New genus 777 Hawksworthiana alliariae New combination Russia Dlhawksworthia alliariae Dlhawksworthia alliariae (Thambug., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde) Wanas. & K.D. Hyde, in Wanasinghe et al., Index Fungorum 357: 1 (2018) 778 Hawksworthiana clematidicola New species Italy Dlhawksworthia clematidicola Dlhawksworthia clematidicola (Thambug., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde) Wanas. & K.D. Hyde, in Wanasinghe et al., Index Fungorum 357: 1 (2018) 779 Hawksworthiana lonicerae New species Italy Dlhawksworthia lonicerae Dlhawksworthia lonicerae (Thambug., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde) Wanas. & K.D. Hyde, in Wanasinghe et al., Index Fungorum 357: 1 (2018) 780 Italica New genus Italy N/C 781 Italica achilleae New species 782 Italica luzulae New combination Italy N/C 783 Neosetophoma rosarum New species Italy N/C 784 Neosetophoma rosigena New species UK N/C 785 Neosetophoma rosae New species Italy N/C 786 Neostagonospora artemisiae New species Russia N/C 787 Ophiobolus artemisiicola New species Russia N/C 788 Poaceicola arundinis sexual record Italy Septoriella arundinis Marin-Felix et al. (2019a) 789 Poaceicola arundinicola New species Italy Septoriella arundinicola Marin-Felix et al. (2019a) 790 Poaceicola agrostina New species Italy Septoriella agrostina Marin-Felix et al. (2019a) 791 Poaceicola rosae New species Italy Septoriella rosae Marin-Felix et al. (2019a) 792 Populocrescentia ammophilae New species Italy N/C 793 Populocrescentia rosae New species Uzbekistan N/C 794 Sclerostagonospora rosicola New species Italy N/C 795 Sclerostagonospora lathyri New species China N/C 796 Sclerostagonospora rosae New species Italy N/C 797 Wojnowicia rosicola New species Italy Ascomycota Wijayawardene et al. (2022) 798 Alternaria doliconidium New species Italy N/C 799 Alternaria hampshirensis New species UK N/C 800 Comoclathris rosae New species Italy N/C 801 Comoclathris rosarum New species Italy N/C 802 Comoclathris rosigena New species Italy N/C 803 Pleospora rosae New species Italy N/C 804 Pleospora rosae-caninae New species Italy N/C 805 Sporormurispora New genus Russia N/C 806 Sporormurispora atraphaxidis New species 807 Sporormurispora pruni New species Uzbekistan N/C 808 Teichospora rubriostiolata New host UK Magnibotryascoma rubriostiolatum (Phukhamsakda et al. 2020) 809 Cycasicola New genus India N/C 810 Cycasicola goaensis New species 811 Neoconiothyrium New genus 812 Neoconiothyrium rosae New species 813 Parathyridaria rosae New species UK N/C 814 Pararoussoella New genus UK N/C 815 Pararoussoella rosarum New species Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Italy N/C Pseudoneoconiothyrium rosae Pseudoneoconiothyrium rosae (Phukhams., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde) Phukhams., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, Index Fungorum 357: 1 (2018) 13 234 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 816 Penicillium aquaticum New species Korea N/C 817 Penicillium acidum New species Korea N/C 818 Amandinea punctata New host Sweden N/C 819 Lecidella elaeochroma New host UK N/C 820 Diaporthe eres New host UK N/C 821 Diaporthe foeniculina New host Italy N/C 822 Diaporthe rhusicola New host UK N/C 823 Diaporthe rosae New species Thailand N/C 824 Diaporthe rosicola New species UK Diaporthe eres (Chaisiri et al. 2021) 825 Diaporthe rudis New host Italy N/C 826 Bartalinia rosicola New species Italy N/C 827 Broomella rosae New species Italy N/C 828 Seiridium rosarum New species Italy N/C 829 Seimatosporium rosicola New species Italy Sporocadus rosigena (Liu et al. 2019a, b, c, d) 830 Seimatosporium rosigenum New species Italy N/C 831 Paraxylaria New genus Uzbekistan N/C 832 Paraxylaria rosacearum New species 833 Castanediella camelliae New species Korea N/C 834 Coniochaeta baysunika New species Uzbekistan N/C 835 Coniochaeta rosae New species Uzbekistan N/C 836 Backusella locustae New species Korea N/C 837 Absidia jindoensis New species Korea N/C 838 Mucor fluvius New species Korea Mucor fluvii Hyang B. Lee, S.H. Lee & T.T.T. Nguyen [as 'fluvius'] 839 Umbelopsis sinsidoensis New species Korea N/C Fungal diversity notes 840–928 (Tibpromma et al. 2018) 840 Cercospora capsici New host Thailand N/C 841 Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis New species China N/C 842 Dictyocheirospora pandanicola New species Thailand N/C 843 Dictyocheirospora xishuangbannaensis New species China N/C 844 Dictyosporium appendiculatum New species Thailand N/C 845 Dictyosporium digitatum New host Hong Kong N/C 846 Dictyosporium guttulatum New species Thailand N/C 847 Dictyosporium hongkongensis New species Hong kong N/C 848 Dictyosporium krabiense New species Thailand N/C 849 Dictyosporium pandanicola New species Thailand N/C 850 Deniquelata barringtoniae New host Thailand N/C 851 Montagnula krabiensis New species Thailand N/C 852 Pseudopithomyces pandanicola New species Thailand N/C 853 Hermatomyces biconisporus New species China N/C 854 Byssosphaeria siamensis New host Thailand N/C 855 Neooccultibambusa thailandensis New species Thailand N/C 856 Curvularia chonburiensis New species Thailand N/C 857 Curvularia pandanicola New species Thailand N/C 858 Curvularia thailandicum New species Thailand Curvularia thailandica Tibpromma & K.D. Hyde [as 'thailandicum'] 859 Curvularia xishuangbannaensis New species China N/C 860 Roussoella solani New host China Neoroussoella solani (Jayasiri et al. 2019) 861 Polyplosphaeria nabanheensis New species China N/C 862 Polyplosphaeria pandanicola New species China N/C 863 Polyplosphaeria xishuangbannaensis New species China Ernakulamia xishuangbannaensis (Dong et al. 2020) 864 Rostriconidium pandanicola New species China N/C 865 Torula chromolaenae New host China N/C 866 Torula ficus New host Thailand N/C 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 235 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 867 Pseudoberkleasmium New genus China N/C 868 Pseudoberkleasmium pandanicola New species 869 Pseudochaetosphaeronema pandanicola New species Thailand N/C 870 Lasiodiplodia chonburiensis New species Thailand N/C 871 Lasiodiplodia hyalina New host Thailand Lasiodiplodia thailandica (Zhang et al. 2021) 872 Lasiodiplodia pandanicola New species Thailand Lasiodiplodia mahajangana (Zhang et al. 2021) 873 Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae New host Thailand N/C 874 Neofusicoccum pandanicola New species China Neofusicoccum parvum (Zhang et al. 2021) 875 Pseudofusicoccum adansoniae New host Thailand N/C 876 Helicoma freycinetiae New species Thailand N/C 877 Neohelicomyces pandanicola New species China N/C 878 Tubeufia freycinetiae New species Thailand N/C 879 Tubeufia inaequalis New host Thailand N/C 880 Tubeufia pandanicola New species Thailand N/C 881 Tubeufia parvispora New species Thailand N/C 882 Yunnanomyces New genus China N/C 883 Yunnanomyces pandanicola New species 884 Stictis pandanicola New species China Fitzroyomyces pandanicola (Wei et al. 2021) 885 Terriera pandanicola New species Thailand N/C 886 Distoseptispora thailandica New species Thailand N/C 887 Distoseptispora xishuangbannaensis New species China N/C 888 Colletotrichum pandanicola New species Thailand N/C 889 Malaysiascaceae New family 890 Malaysiasca phaii New host Thailand N/C 891 Acremoniisimulans New genus Thailand N/C 892 Acremoniisimulans thailandensis New species 893 Musicillium pandanicola New species Thailand N/C 894 Clonostachys krabiensis New species Thailand N/C 895 Lasionectria krabiense New species Thailand N/C 896 Paracylindrocarpon nabanheensis New species China N/C 897 Paracylindrocarpon pandanicola New species Hong Kong N/C 898 Paracylindrocarpon xishuangbannaensis New species China N/C 899 Cylindrocladiella xishuangbannaensis New species China N/C 900 Pandanaceomyces New genus Thailand N/C 901 Pandanaceomyces krabiensis New species 902 Pseudoachroiostachys New genus Thailand N/C 903 Pseudoachroiostachys krabiense New species 904 Volutella krabiense New species Thailand N/C 905 Volutella thailandensis New species Thailand N/C 906 Pseudohyaloseta New genus Thailand N/C 907 Pseudohyaloseta pandanicola New species 908 Parasarcopodium hongkongensis New species Hong Kong N/C 909 Pseudoornatispora New genus Thailand N/C 910 Pseudoornatispora krabiense New species 911 Sirastachys phangngaensis New species Thailand N/C 912 Parascedosporium putredinis New host Thailand N/C 913 Canalisporium krabiense New species Thailand N/C 914 Canalisporium thailandensis New species Thailand N/C 915 Dictyochaeta pandanicola New species China N/C 916 Dictyochaeta siamensis New host Thailand N/C 917 Menisporopsis pandanicola New species Hong Kong N/C 918 Thozetella pandanicola New species Thailand N/C N/C 13 236 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 919 Chaetomium globosum New record Thailand N/C 920 Beltrania krabiensis New species Thailand N/C 921 Beltraniella pandanicola New species Thailand N/C 922 Beltraniella thailandicus New species Thailand N/C 923 Neopestalotiopsis chiangmaiensis New species Thailand N/C 924 Neopestalotiopsis pandanicola New species China N/C 925 Neopestalotiopsis phangngaensis New species Thailand N/C 926 Pestalotiopsis krabiensis New species Thailand N/C 927 Pestalotiopsis pandanicola New species Thailand N/C 928 Vermiculariopsiella hongkongensis New species Hong Kong N/C N/C Fungal diversity notes 929–1035 (Phookamsak et al. 2019) 929 Hyweljonesia indica New species India 930 Dictyocheirospora metroxylonis New species Thailand N/C 931 Vicosamyces New genus Brazil N/C 932 Vicosamyces venturisporus New species 933 Keissleriella caraganae New species China N/C 934 Murilentithecium lonicerae New species China N/C 935 Phragmocamarosporium hederae New host China Phragmocamarosporium hederae Wijayaw., R.K. Schumach. & K.D. Hyde, Index Fungorum 370: 1 (2018) 936 Leptosphaeria urticae New species UK N/C 937 Plenodomus artemisiae New species China N/C 938 Plenodomus lijiangensis New species China N/C 939 Plenodomus sinensis New hosts and asexual morph records China N/C 940 Sphaerellopsis isthmospora New species China N/C 941 Sphaerellopsis paraphysata New host China N/C 942 Lophiotrema mucilaginosis New species China N/C 943 Brunneofusispora New genus China N/C 944 Brunneofusispora sinensis New species 945 Lonicericola New genus China N/C 946 Lonicericola hyaloseptispora New species 947 Parabambusicola thysanolaenae New species China N/C 948 Paratrimmatostroma New genus China N/C 949 Paratrimmatostroma kunmingensis New species 950 Periconia cortaderiae New host China N/C 951 Amarenomyces dactylidis New host China N/C 952 Brunneomurispora New genus China N/C 953 Brunneomurispora lonicerae New species 954 Galiicola baoshanensis New species China N/C 955 Neosetophoma lonicerae New species China N/C 956 Ophiobolus malleolus New species Russia N/C 957 Phaeosphaeria cycadis New species China N/C 958 Wojnowiciella kunmingensis New species China N/C 959 Wojnowiciella rosicola New combination India N/C 960 Pseudoastrosphaeriellopsis New genus Thailand N/C 961 Pseudoastrosphaeriellopsis kaveriana New species 962 Neoroussoella heveae New species Thailand N/C 963 Neoroussoella leucaenae New host Thailand N/C 964 Roussoella elaeicola New species China N/C 965 Neobambusicola brunnea New species China N/C 966 Liua New genus Brazil N/C 967 Liua muriformis New species 968 Lembosia brigadeirensis New species China N/C 969 Dothiorella acericola New species Russia N/C 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 237 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 970 Dothiorella sarmentorum New host Thailand N/C 971 Sphaeropsis eucalypticola New host India N/C 972 Parazalerion New genus China N/C 973 Parazalerion indica New species 974 Muyocopron lithocarpi New host China N/C 975 Pseudohelicomyces menglunicus New species Thailand N/C 976 Cyphellophora filicis New species China N/C 977 Capronia camelliae-yunnanensis New species China N/C 978 Penicillium dokdoense New species Korea N/C 979 Micropeltis phetchaburiensis New species Thailand N/C 980 Velebitea New genus Croatia N/C 981 Velebitea chrysotexta New species 982 Sarcopeziza sicula re-circumscribed Italy N/C 983 Conlarium thailandense New species Thailand N/C 984 Cytospora ulmicola New species Russia N/C 985 Septomelanconiella New genus Thailand N/C 986 Septomelanconiella thailandica New species 987 Pseudoplagiostoma mangiferae New species China N/C 988 Coniella vitis New host Russia N/C 989 Distoseptispora thysanolaenae New species China N/C 990 Proliferophorum New genus Thailand N/C 991 Proliferophorum thailandicum New species 992 Plectosphaerella kunmingensis New species China N/C 993 Leptobacillium leptobactrum New record India N/C 994 Trichoderma koreanum New species Korea N/C 995 Trichoderma pinicola New species Korea N/C 996 Trichoderma rugulosum New species Korea N/C 997 Emericellopsis koreana New species Korea N/C 998 Canalisporium kenyense Reference specimen Thailand N/C 999 Chaetosphaeria panamensis New host Taiwan Paragaeumannomyces panamensis (Réblová et al. 2020) 1000 Thozetella lithocarpi New species Thailand N/C 1001 Coniochaeta simbalensis New species India N/C 1002 Tamsiniella labiosa Reference specimen China N/C 1003 Zopfiella indica New species India N/C 1004 Amphisphaeria mangrovei New species India N/C 1005 Bartalinia kunmingensis New species China N/C 1006 Robillarda mangiferae New species China N/C China N/C 1007 Neoeutypella New genus 1008 Neoeutypella baoshanensis New species 1009 Peroneutypa mangrovei New species India N/C 1010 Hypoxylon teeravasati New species India N/C 1011 Agaricus memnonius New species China N/C 1012 Agaricus langensis New species China N/C 1013 Coprinus trigonosporus New species Saudi Arabia N/C 1014 Amanita altipes New record Thailand N/C 1015 Amanita flavoalba New species India N/C 1016 Amanita melleialba New record Thailand N/C 1017 Amanita subtropicana New species India N/C 1018 Hygrocybe lucida New species India N/C 1019 Marasmius indojasminodorus New species India N/C 1020 Marasmiellus bicoloripes New species India N/C 1021 Coprinopsis kubickae New record Croatia N/C 1022 Baorangia major New species Thailand N/C 1023 Baorangia rufomaculata New combination US N/C 1024 Lanmaoa pallidorosea New combination US N/C 13 238 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 1025 Clavulina thindii New species India N/C 1026 Phanerochaete australosanguinea New species Chile N/C 1027 Lactarius olivaceopallidus New species India N/C 1028 Lactifluus midnapurensis New species India N/C 1029 Russula choptae New species India N/C 1030 Russula uttarakhandia New species India N/C 1031 Aleurodiscus patagonicus New species Chile N/C 1032 Trechispora echinospora New species Equatorial Guinea N/C 1033 Tremellochaete atlantica New species Brazil N/C 1034 Dacrymyces invisibilis New species Chile N/C 1035 Mucor orantomantidis New species Korea N/C Fungal diversity notes 1036–1150 (Hyde et al. 2019) 1036 Plectocarpon galapagoense New species Ecuador N/C 1037 Caatingomyces New genus Brazil N/C 1038 Caatingomyces brasiliensis New species 1039 Amniculicola aquatica New species China N/C 1040 Amniculicola guttulata New species China N/C 1041 Murispora cicognanii New record China N/C 1042 Angustimassarina sylvatica New species Italy N/C 1043 Camarosporidiella mori New species Russia N/C 1044 Protofenestella ulmi New record Russia N/C 1045 Dictyocheirospora aquadulcis New species Thailand 1046 Dictyocheirospora rotunda New geographical record China 1047 Dictyocheirospora taiwanense New species Taiwan N/C 1048 Digitodesmium chiangmaiense New species Thailand N/C 1049 Calophoma humuli New species Russia N/C 1050 Neodidymelliopsis farokhinejadii New host Italy N/C 1051 Neodidymelliopsis sambuci New species Italy N/C 1052 Nothophoma quercina New host China N/C 1053 Hermatomyces bauhiniae New species Thailand N/C 1054 Vaginatispora palmae New species Thailand N/C 1055 Vaginatispora armatispora New record Thailand N/C 1056 Paramassaria New genus Thailand N/C 1057 Paramassaria samaneae New species 1058 Muriphaeosphaeria angustifoliae New species Uzbekistan N/C 1059 Neosetophoma miscanthi New species Taiwan N/C 1060 Neosetophoma salicis New species Uzbekistan N/C 1061 Nodulosphaeria aquilegiae New species Italy N/C 1062 Nodulosphaeria thalictri New species Italy N/C 1063 Phaeopoacea asparagicola New species Ukraine N/C 1064 Phaeosphaeria penniseti New species Taiwan N/C 1065 Pseudoberkleasmiaceae New family 1066 Pseudoberkleasmium chiangmaiense New species Thailand N/C 1067 Pyrenochaetopsis sinensis New species China N/C 1068 Tetraploa nagasakiensis New geographical record China N/C 1069 Torula breviconidiophora New species Thailand N/C 1070 Torula polyseptata New species Thailand N/C 1071 Falciformispora aquatica New species Thailand N/C 1072 Acrogenospora sphaerocephala Reference specimen Thailand N/C 1073 Acrogenospora thailandica New species Thailand N/C 1074 Lembosia xyliae New host Thailand N/C 1075 Morenoina palmicola New host Thailand N/C 1076 Dothiorella plurivora New record China N/C 1077 Dothiorella rhamni New host Russia N/C 13 N/C N/C N/C Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 239 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 1078 Dothiorella styphnolobii New species Russia N/C 1079 Dothiorella symphoricarposicola New host Italy Dothiorella sarmentorum (Zhang et al. 2021) 1080 Lasiodiplodia iraniensis New host Thailand N/C 1081 Jahnula queenslandica New species Australia N/C 1082 Kamalomyces mangrovei New species Thailand N/C 1083 Thysanorea uniseptata New species Thailand N/C 1084 Penicillium circulare New species Korea N/C 1085 Penicillium geumsanense New species Korea N/C 1086 Penicillium mali New species Netherlands N/C 1087 Penicillium psychrotrophicum New species Korea N/C 1088 Penicillium wandoense New species Korea N/C 1089 Prolixandromyces syn. nov N/C 1090 Prolixandromyces australis New combination N/C 1091 Prolixandromyces elongatus New combination N/C 1092 Prolixandromyces falcatus New combination N/C 1093 Prolixandromyces longispinae New combination N/C 1094 Prolixandromyces microveliae New combination N/C 1095 Prolixandromyces neoalardi New combination N/C 1096 Prolixandromyces polhemorum New combination N/C 1097. ** Prolixandromyces protuberans New combination N/C 1098. ** Prolixandromyces pseudoveliae New combination N/C 1099. ** Prolixandromyces tenuistipitis New combination N/C 1100 Prolixandromyces umbonatus New combination 1101 Stigmatomyces chamaemyiae New species Malta N/C 1102 Stigmatomyces cocksii New species Australia N/C 1103 Stigmatomyces papei New species Tanzania N/C 1104 Stigmatomyces tschirnhausii New species Kenya N/C 1105 Stigmatomyces vikhrevii New species Malaysia N/C 1106 Buellia viridula New species Thailand N/C 1107 Lecidella yunnanensis New species China N/C 1108 Micarea squamulosa New species Brazil N/C 1109 Porina sorediata New species Brazil N/C 1110 Cryptoschizotrema New genus Brazil N/C 1111 Cryptoschizotrema cryptotrema New combination 1112 Pilidium concavum New geographical record Thailand N/C 1113 Boubovia gelatinosa New species China N/C 1114 Diaporthe italiana New species Italy N/C 1115 Diaporthe rumicicola New species Italy N/C 1116 Plagiostoma salicellum New geographical record Italy N/C N/C 1117 Distoseptispora dehongensis New species China N/C 1118 Distoseptispora palmarum New species Thailand N/C 1119 Acrostalagmus annulatus New geographical record Thailand N/C 1120 Cordyceps succavus New species N/C 1121 Blackwellomyces lateris New species Thailand N/C 1122 Sarocladium kiliense New record China N/C 1123 Phaeoisaria siamensis New species Thailand N/C 1124 Canalisporium dehongense New species China N/C 1125 Sporoschisma chiangraiense New species Thailand N/C 1126 Ellisembia aurea New species France N/C 1127 Neolinocarpon rachidis New record Thailand N/C 1128 Trochilispora New genus Brazil N/C 1129 Trochilispora schefflerae New species 1130 Pestalotiopsis aggestorum New geographical record Thailand N/C 1131 Castanediella meliponae New species Brazil N/C 1132 Diatrypella delonicis New species Thailand N/C Thailand 13 240 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 1133 Peroneutypa scoparia New record Thailand N/C 1134 Fasciatispora arengae New record Thailand N/C 1135 Cortinarius minusculus New species Finland N/C 1136 Cortinarius subscotoides New species Finland N/C 1137 Coprinopsis psammophila New species Libya N/C 1138 Coprinopsis villosa New geographical record Croatia N/C 1139 Neoacladium New genus India N/C 1140 Neoacladium indicum New species 1141 Cantharellus goossensiae New record China N/C 1142 Cantharellus brunneopallidus New species Madagascar N/C 1143 Cantharellus griseotinctus New species Madagascar N/C 1144 Fomitiporia carpinea New species China N/C 1145 Fomitiporia lagerstroemiae New species Vietnam N/C 1146 Grammothele aurantiaca New species Brazil N/C 1147 Grammothele micropora New species Brazil N/C 1148 Grammothele brasiliensis New record Brazil N/C 1149 Russula prasina New species China N/C 1150 Rhizophydium koreanum New species Korea N/C Fungal diversity notes 1151–1276 (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c) 1151 Dissoconium eucalypti New record of the sexual Italy morph 1152 Pseudocercospora maetaengensis New species Thailand N/C 1153 Hysterobrevium constrictum New record China N/C 1154 Rhytidhysteron camporesii New species China N/C 1155 Rhytidhysteron erioi New species Thailand N/C 1156 Angustimassarina camporesii New species Italy N/C 1157 Camarosporidiella camporesii New species Italy N/C 1158 Foliophoma camporesii New species Italy N/C 1159 Dendryphiella phitsanulokensis New host Thailand N/C 1160 Dictyosporium muriformis New species China N/C 1161 Ascochyta medicaginicola New record Italy N/C 1162 Ascochyta pisi New host Italy Didymella pisi (Chilvers et al. 2009) 1163 Didymella camporesii New species Italy N/C 1164 Didymella macrostoma New host Italy N/C 1165 Neodidymelliopsis camporesii New species Italy N/C 1166 Neodidymelliopsis ranunculi New host Italy N/C 1167 Nothophoma quercina New host Russia N/C 1168 Xenodidymella camporesii New species Italy N/C 1169 Kalmusia erioi New species Thailand N/C 1170 Montagnula camporesii New species Italy N/C 1171 Neokalmusia kunmingensis New species China N/C 1172 Pseudocamarosporium camporesii New species Italy N/C 1173 Tremateia lamiacearum New species China N/C 1174 Tremateia camporesii New species Thailand N/C 1175 Fuscostagonospora camporesii New species Italy N/C 1176 Brunneoclavispora camporesii New species Thailand N/C 1177 Keissleriella camporesiana New species Italy N/C 1178 Keissleriella camporesii New species Italy N/C 1179 Pseudomurilentithecium New genus Italy N/C 1180 Pseudomurilentithecium camporesii New species 1181 Plenodomus triseptatus New species Russia N/C 1182 Neovaginatispora fuckelii New host China N/C 1183 Pseudochaetosphaeronema kunmingense New species China N/C 13 N/C Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 241 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 1184 Camposporium appendiculatum New species China N/C 1185 Camposporium lycopodiellae New combination 1186 Camposporium multiseptatum New species China N/C 1187 Camposporium pellucidum New record China N/C 1188 Camposporium septatum New species Thailand N/C 1189 Uzbekistanica pruni New species Russia N/C 1190 Occultibambusa bambusae New host Taiwan N/C 1191 Paramonodictys New genus China N/C 1192 Paramonodictys solitarius New species 1193 Periconia palmicola New species Thailand N/C 1194 Bhagirathimyces New genus India N/C 1195 Bhagirathimyces himalayensis New species 1196 Loratospora arezzoensis New species Italy N/C 1197 Neosetophoma camporesii New species Italy N/C 1198 Paraloratospora New genus Italy N/C 1199 Paraloratospora camporesii New species 1200 Paraloratospora gahniae New combination 1201 Phaeosphaeria chinensis New host Taiwan N/C 1202 Phaeosphaeriopsis pseudoagavacearum New record of the sexual Italy morph N/C 1203 Septoriella camporesii New species Italy N/C 1204 Wojnowiciella dactylidis New host Italy N/C 1205 Ernakulamia tanakae New species India N/C 1206 Pseudotetraploa rajmachiensis New species India N/C 1207 Tetraploa dwibahubeeja New species India N/C 1208 Tetraploa pseudoaristata New species India N/C 1209 Tetraploa thrayabahubeeja New species India N/C 1210 Tetraploa sasicola New host Taiwan N/C 1211 Torula camporesii New species China N/C 1212 Torula gaodangensis New host China N/C 1213 Falciformispora uttaraditensis New species Thailand N/C 1214 Diplodia mutila New host Italy N/C 1215 Diplodia seriata New host Italy N/C 1216 Setoapiospora New genus Thailand N/C 1217 Setoapiospora thailandica New species 1218 Camporesiomyces New genus China N/C 1219 Camporesiomyces mali New species 1220 Camporesiomyces patagoniensis New combination 1221 Camporesiomyces vaccinii New combination 1222 Verruconis mangrovei New species 1223 Eriomycetaceae New family 1224 Eriomyces New genus 1225 Eriomyces heveae New species 1226 Pyxine berteriana 1227 Heterosphaeria patella 1228 Rhexocercosporidium microsporum New combination 1229 Rhexocercosporidium senecionis 1230 1231 N/C N/C N/C N/C India N/C Thailand N/C New host China N/C New host Italy N/C New species Italy N/C Srinivasanomyces New genus India N/C Srinivasanomyces kangrensis New species 1232 Helvella subtinta New species China N/C 1233 Wilcoxina verruculosa New species China N/C 1234 Eriocamporesia New genus Thailand N/C 1235 Eriocamporesia aurantia New species 1236 Cytospora fusispora New species India N/C 1237 Cytospora rosigena New species Russia N/C N/C Cadophora microspora (Ekanayaka et al. 2019) 13 242 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 1238 Diaporthe camporesii New species Italy N/C 1239 Diaporthe cynaroidis New record of the sexual-asexual connection Italy N/C 1240 Diaporthe foeniculina New host Italy N/C 1241 Diaporthe nigra New species Italy N/C 1242 Neomyrmecridium guizhouense New species China N/C 1243 Lanspora cylindrospora New species India N/C 1244 Pseudoconlarium New genus China N/C 1245 Pseudoconlarium punctiforme New species 1246 Colletotrichum hederiicola New species Italy N/C 1247 Acremonium chiangraiense New species Thailand N/C 1248 Clonostachys eriocamporesiana New species Thailand N/C 1249 Clonostachys eriocamporesii New species Thailand N/C 1250 Mariannaea atlantica New species Brazil N/C 1251 Conioscypha verrucosa New species China N/C 1252 Neomonodictys New genus Thailand N/C 1253 Neomonodictys muriformis New species 1254 Canalisporium aquaticium New species Thailand N/C 1255 Coniochaeta vineae New species China N/C 1256 Pseudodactylaria camporesiana New species Thailand N/C 1257 Neoleptosporella camporesiana New species Thailand Nom. inval., Art. 35.1 (Shenzhen) 1258 Arthrinium marii New host Italy N/C 1259 Pseudotruncatella camporesii New species Italy N/C 1260 Pseudopestalotiopsis theae New record China N/C 1261 Diatrypella yunnanensis New species China N/C 1262 Fasciatisporaceae New family 1263 Fasciatispora cocoes New species Thailand N/C 1264 Astrocystis bambusicola New record China N/C 1265 Melanographium phoenicis New species Thailand N/C 1266 Xenoanthostomella New genus Thailand N/C 1267 Xenoanthostomella chromolaenae New species 1268 Diutina bernali New species Panama N/C 1269 Diutina sipiczkii New species Panama N/C 1270 Cortinarius ainsworthii New species Belgium N/C 1271 Cortinarius aurae New species UK N/C 1272 Cortinarius britannicus New species UK N/C 1273 Cortinarius heatherae New species UK N/C 1274 Cortinarius scoticus New species UK N/C 1275 Cortinarius subsaniosus New species UK N/C 1276 Adustochaete nivea New species Brazil N/C N/C Fungal diversity notes 1276–1386 (Yuan et al. 2020) 1277 Umbelopsis heterosporus New species Brazil N/C 1278 Aplosporella prunicola New host China N/C 1279 Diplodia torilicola New species Italy N/C 1280 Neodevriesia manglicola New species India N/C N/C 1281 Coniothyrium triseptatum New species China 1282 Neodidymelliopsis salviae New species Italy N/C 1283 Neodidymelliopsis urticae New species Italy N/C 1284 Magnopulchromyces New genus Brazil N/C 1285 Magnopulchromyces scorpiophorus New species 1286 Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum New host India N/C 1287 Ophiosphaerella chiangraiensis New species Thailand N/C 1288 Prosthemium betulinum New record Italy N/C 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 243 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 1289 Neoroussoella magnoliae New species China N/C 1290 Sporormurispora paulsenii New species Uzbekistan Sporormurispora paulsenii D. Pem, Gafforov & K.D. Hyde, Index Fungorum 468: 1 (2021) 1291 Helicoarctatus thailandicus New species Thailand N/C 1292 Thaxteriellopsis obliqus New species India N/C 1293 Scleroramularia vermispora New species China N/C 1294 Graphis supracola Thailand N/C 1295 Podosphaera yulii New species China N/C 1296 Golovinomyces monardae New record China N/C 1297 Ionopezia New genus 1298 Ionopezia gerardii New combination 1299 Hansenopezia New genus 1300 Hansenopezia retrocurvata New combination 1301 Hansenopezia decora New species Croatia N/C 1302 Neottiella gigaspora New species China N/C 1303 Arthrinium sorghi New species Brazil N/C 1304 Chloridium macrocladum New combination Taiwan Nom. inval., Art. 41.5 (Shenzhen) 1305 Diaporthe pimpinellae New species Italy N/C 1306 Moelleriella gracilispora New species China N/C 1307 Trichoderma ceratophylletum New species China N/C 1308 Hirsutella hongheensis New species China N/C 1309 Colletotrichum parthenocissicola New species Russia N/C 1310 Dictyosporella guizhouensis New species China N/C 1311 Xylolentia reniformis New species China N/C 1312 Catenuliconidia New genus China N/C 1313 Catenuliconidia uniseptata New species 1314 Lycoperdon lahorense New species Pakistan N/C 1315 Lycoperdon pseudocurtisii New species Pakistan N/C 1316 Cortinarius indorusseus New species India N/C 1317 Cortinarius paurigarhwalensis New species India N/C 1318 Cortinarius sinensis New species China N/C 1319 Cortinarius subsanguineus New species China N/C 1320 Cortinarius xiaojinensis New species China N/C 1321 Humidicutis brunneovinacea New species Mexico N/C 1322 Amyloceraceomyces New genus China N/C 1323 Amyloceraceomyces angustisporus New species 1324 Amylocorticium ellipsosporum New species China N/C 1325 Clavulina sphaeropedunculata New species Mexico N/C 1326 Lentaria gossypina New species Mexico N/C 1327 Lentaria variabilis New species Mexico N/C 1328 Fuscoporia licnoides New combination Brazil N/C 1329 Fuscoporia marquesiana New species Brazil N/C 1330 Fuscoporia scruposa New combination Brazil N/C 1331 Fuscoporia semiarida New species Brazil N/C 1332 Rigidoporus juniperinus New species Uzbekistan N/C 1333 Rhodofomitopsis pseudofeei New species Australia N/C 1334 Rhodofomitopsis monomitica New combination 1335 Rhodofomitopsis oleracea New combination 1336 Antrodiella descendena New combination Malaysia N/C 1337 Tyromyces minutulus New species China N/C 1338 Russula benghalensis New species India N/C 1339 Tomentella asiae-orientalis New species China N/C 1340 Tomentella atrobadia New species China N/C 1341 Tomentella atrocastanea New species China N/C Published 9 July 2020; see Ionopezia Matočec, I. Kušan & Jadan 2020 (published 31st Oct. 2020) Croatia N/C N/C N/C N/C 13 244 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 1342 Tomentella aureomarginata New species China N/C 1343 Tomentella brevis New species China N/C 1344 Tomentella brunneoflava New species China N/C 1345 Tomentella brunneogrisea New species China N/C 1346 Tomentella capitatocystidiata New species China N/C 1347 Tomentella changbaiensis New species China N/C 1348 Tomentella citrinocystidiata New species China N/C 1349 Tomentella coffeae New species China N/C 1350 Tomentella conclusa New species China N/C 1351 Tomentella cystidiata New species China N/C 1352 Tomentella dimidiata New species China N/C 1353 Tomentella duplexa New species China N/C 1354 Tomentella efibulata New species China N/C 1355 Tomentella efibulis New species China N/C 1356 Tomentella farinosa New species China N/C 1357 Tomentella flavidobadia New species China N/C 1358 Tomentella fuscocrustosa New species China N/C 1359 Tomentella fuscofarinosa New species China N/C 1360 Tomentella fuscogranulosa New species China N/C 1361 Tomentella fuscopelliculosa New species China N/C 1362 Tomentella globospora New species China N/C 1363 Tomentella gloeocystidiata New species China N/C 1364 Tomentella griseocastanea New species China N/C 1365 Tomentella griseofusca New species China N/C 1366 Tomentella griseomarginata New species China N/C 1367 Tomentella inconspicua New species China N/C 1368 Tomentella incrustata New species China N/C 1369 Tomentella interrupta New species China N/C 1370 Tomentella liaoningensis New species China N/C 1371 Tomentella longiaculeifera New species China N/C 1372 Tomentella longiechinuli New species China N/C 1373 Tomentella megaspora New species China N/C 1374 Tomentella olivacea New species China N/C 1375 Tomentella olivaceobrunnea New species China N/C 1376 Tomentella pallidobrunnea New species China N/C 1377 Tomentella pallidomarginata New species China N/C 1378 Tomentella parvispora New species China N/C 1379 Tomentella pertenuis New species China N/C 1380 Tomentella qingyuanensis New species China N/C 1381 Tomentella segregata New species China N/C 1382 Tomentella separata New species China N/C 1383 Tomentella stipitata New species China N/C 1384 Tomentella storea New species China N/C 1385 Scytinopogon minisporus New species Mexico N/C 1386 Phaeotremella yunnanensis New species China N/C Fungal diversity notes 1387–1577 (Boonmee et al. 2021) 1387 Diplodia alanphillipsii New species Iran N/C 1388 Chaetoscutula juniperi New record Spain N/C 1389 Dothiora coronicola New species Italy 1390 Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus New geographical record Thailand N/C 1391 Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis New record Thailand N/C 1392 Minutisphaera thailandensis New species Thailand N/C 1393 Acrocalymma fici New habitat and geographical record Thailand N/C 1394 Dictyosporium pandanicola New record Thailand N/C 13 N/C Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 245 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 1395 Camarosporidiella laburni New record Uzbekistan N/C 1396 Cryptocoryneum rosae New species China N/C 1397 Didymella azollae New species Iran N/C 1398 Montagnula thailandica New record Thailand N/C 1399 Paraconiothyrium ajrekarii New species India N/C 1400 Spegazzinia camelliae New record Thailand N/C 1401 Hermatomyces nabanheensis New record China N/C 1402 Hermatomyces sphaericoides New record Thailand N/C 1403 Poaceascoma taiwanense New geographical record Thailand N/C 1404 Hongkongmyces kokensis New species Thailand N/C 1405 Xenovaginatispora New genus Thailand N/C 1406 Xenovaginatispora phichaiensis New species 1407 Longipedicellata aquatica New record Thailand N/C 1408 Longipedicellata megafusiformis New species Thailand N/C 1409 Submersispora variabilis New record Thailand N/C 1410 Lophiostoma caudatum New host Uzbekistan Sigarispora caudata Thambugala et al. (2015) 1411 Lophiostoma clematidis-vitalbae New host Uzbekistan N/C 1412 Vaginatispora nypae New record Thailand N/C 1413 Lophiotrema hydei New host China N/C 1414 Lophiotrema lincangensis New species China N/C 1415 Lophiotrema neoarundinariae New host China N/C 1416 Pseudochaetosphaeronema chiangraiense New species Thailand N/C 1417 Helminthosporium chiangraiense New species Thailand N/C 1418 Nigrograna jinghongensis New species China N/C 1419 Seriascoma honghense New species China N/C 1420 Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum New record Thailand N/C 1421 Pleopunctum thailandicum New species Thailand N/C 1422 Phaeosphaeriopsis aloes New host China N/C 1423 Comoclathris permunda Reference specimen Uzbekistan N/C 1424 Lepidosphaeria strobelii New species India N/C 1425 Ernakulamia tanakae New record Thailand N/C 1426 Thyridaria aureobrunnea New species Thailand N/C 1427 Cylindrotorula New genus 1428 Cylindrotorula indica New species India N/C 1429 Dendryphion hydei New record China N/C 1430 Torula lancangjiangensis New species China N/C 1431 Torula mackenziei New record China N/C 1432 Wicklowia fusiformispora New species Thailand N/C 1433 Wicklowia submersa New geographical record Thailand N/C 1434 Helicosporium luteosporum New record Thailand N/C 1435 Helicosporium sexuale New species Thailand N/C 1436 Neohelicosporium irregulare New record Thailand N/C 1437 Neohelicosporium parvisporum New record Thailand N/C 1438 Tubeufia chiangmaiensis New record Thailand N/C 1439 Tubeufia longihelicospora New species Thailand N/C 1440 Tubeufia roseohelicospora New record Thailand N/C 1441 Megacapitula villosa New geographical record Thailand N/C 1442 Cladophialophora abundans New geographical record Thailand N/C 1443 Cladophialophora aquatica New species Thailand N/C 1444 Aspergillus lannaensis New species Thailand N/C 1445 Pseudobactrodesmium stilboideum New combination Thailand N/C 1446 Hydrophilomyces hydraenae New species US N/C 1447 Laboulbenia divisa New species Costa Rica N/C N/C 13 246 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 1448 Laboulbenia triarthronis New species US N/C 1449 Mimeomyces digitatus New species Ecuador N/C 1450 Synandromyces makranczyi New species Peru N/C 1451 Erysiphe salicicola New species Korea N/C 1452 Scolecoleotia New genus Italy N/C 1453 Scolecoleotia eriocamporesi New species 1454 Coryneum fagi New species China N/C 1455 Diaporthe chamaeropicola New species Portugal N/C 1456 Diaporthe foeniculina New record Portugal N/C 1457 Diaporthe pseudophoenicicola New record Portugal N/C 1458 Diaporthe pyracanthae New record Portugal N/C 1459 Phaeocytostroma yomense New species Thailand N/C 1460 Parafuscosporella nilotica New species Egypt N/C 1461 Fusarium atrovinosum New record Australia N/C 1462 Fusarium clavum New record Australia N/C 1463 Fusarium queenslandicum New species Australia N/C 1464 Mariannaea camelliae New species Thailand N/C 1465 Thyronectria caudata New record Uzbekistan N/C 1466 Phaeoisaria aquatica New record Thailand N/C 1467 Phaeoisaria synnematicus New species India N/C 1468 Pleurotheciella dimorphospora New species China N/C 1469 Pseudodactylaria albicolonia New species Thailand N/C 1470 Canalisporium caribense New record Thailand N/C 1471 Rhexoacrodictys nigrospora New species Thailand N/C 1472 Cercophora dulciaquae New species Thailand N/C 1473 Khaleijomyces umikazeanus New species Japan N/C 1474 Eutypa flavovirens New record Italy N/C 1475 Eutypa lata New record Italy N/C 1476 Xylaria apiospora New species India N/C 1477 Xylaria haemorrhoidalis New record India N/C 1478 Melanographium smilacis New species Thailand N/C 1479 Chlorophyllum demangei New record Laos N/C 1480 Chlorophyllum globosum New record Laos N/C 1481 Chlorophyllum hortense New record Laos N/C 1482 Micropsalliota globocystis New record Laos N/C 1483 Micropsalliota gracilis New record Laos N/C 1484 Xanthagaricus necopinatus New record Laos N/C 1485 Saproamanita manicata New record Thailand Amanita manicata 1486 Cortinarius alutarius New species Poland N/C 1487 Cortinarius mammillatus New species Poland N/C 1488 Cortinarius quercoflocculosus New species Poland N/C 1489 Laccaria populina New species Italy N/C 1490 Hygrocybe boertmannii New species India N/C 1491 Marasmius benghalensis New species India N/C 1492 Marasmius jinfoshanensis New species China N/C 1493 Marasmius subtropicus New species India N/C 1494 Cruentomycena uttarakhandina New species India N/C 1495 Cyathus uniperidiolus New species India N/C 1496 Marasmiellus palmivorus New record Thailand N/C 1497 Coprinellus punjabensis New species Pakistan N/C 1498 Geastrum gorgonicum New species Cape N/C 1499 Geastrum hansagiense New species Hungary N/C 1500 Hyphodontia yunnanensis New species China N/C 1501 Odontia huanrenensis New species China Nom. inval., Art. 40.7 (Shenzhen) 1502 Odontia parvispina New species China N/C 1503 Hyphoderma australosetigerum New species Chile N/C 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 247 Table 5 (continued) FDN number Species name Status Country/Region Comment 1504 Efibula rodriguezarmasiae New species Spain N/C 1505 Phanerochaete hainanensis New species China N/C 1506 Favolus septatus New record India N/C 1507 Lactarius pallidozonarius New species China N/C 1508 Russula paravioleipes New species China N/C 1509 Microbotryum polycnemoides New species Turkey N/C 1510 Mortierella solitaria New species Austria Nom. inval., Art. 40.7 (Shenzhen) 1511 Mucor harpali New species Korea N/C *is FDN number that appear different in text than FDN number of itself in Table of Contents in the publication N/C-no change Key to the smut fungi on Anadelphia, Elymandra, and Monocymbium (modified after Denchev and Denchev 2016). 1 Sori in leaves and spatheoles………… ……… ……………………………………………………………2 1*Sori in racemes, spikelets or ovaries……………… ……………………………………………………………3. 2 Sori form non-erumpent streaks or patches on leaves and spatheoles. Spores (9–)9.5–15.5(–18.5) μm long, spore wall 1.2–3.0(–3.8) μm thick. [On Anadelphia pumila]……………………………………………………… …………………………… Jamesdicksonia anadelphiae. 2*Sori form erumpent streaks on leaves and spatheoles. Spores (11.5–)13–23.5(–26.5) μm long, spore wall (2.0–)2.5–7.0(–9.0) μm thick. [On Anadelphia trichaeta]………Jamesdicksonia anadelphiae-trichaetae. 3 Sori in some ovaries of an inflorescence. [On Elymandra androphila]………………………………………4. 3*Sori in racemes or spikelets…………………………5. 4 Spores 10.5–15 μm long; spore walls echinate, with 1–1.5 μm high spines……Macalpinomyces elymandrae. 4* Spores 17–27 μm long; spore walls with apically flattened or rounded, densely spaced projections, 1–2.5(–3) μm high………………………………Tilletia elymandrae. 5 Spore balls present. Spores dimorphic. Outer spores (9.5–)10.5–15(–16) μm long. Sterile cells absent. [On Anadelphia pumila]……………Anthracocystis anadelphiae. 5* Spore balls absent. Spores not dimorphic, smaller. Sterile cells present………………………………………6. 6 Sori destroying all racemes. Spores minutely echinulate-verruculose, with ornaments up to 0.2 μm in height. [On Anadelphia leptocoma]……… ……… ……………Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae. 6* Sori in spikelets or groups of spikelets. Spore ornamentation echinulate, with higher ornaments……………7. 7 Spore wall moderately echinulate, spinules up to 0.7 μm high. Spores (8.5–)9–11.5(–12.5) (10.5 ± 0.7) μm long. [On Anadelphia trichaeta]……… ……… ……………………Sporisorium anadelphiae-trichaetae. 7*Spore wall minutely echinulate, spinules up to 0.3(–0.4) μm high. Spores (7–)7.5–10.5(–11.5) (9.1 ± 0.6) μm long. [On Monocymbium ceresiiforme]……………… ………………………Sporisorium monocymbii. (Table 5) Acknowledgements We thank Prof. Shaun Pennycook for revising the Latin names. Ruvishika S. Jayawardena thanks the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) grant “Biodiversity, taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of Colletotrichum in northern Thailand” (grant no. NRCT-TRG010), Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) grant “Biodiversity, taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of Colletotrichum on Avacado, Citrus, Durian and Mango in northern Thailand” (grant no. 652A01003) and Mae Fah Luang University grant “Identification of fungicolous fungi in northern Thailand” (grant no. 651B01010) grants for funding this research. Kevin D. Hyde thanks the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) grant “Total fungal diversity in a given forest area with implications towards species numbers, chemical diversity and biotechnology” (grant no. N42A650547), Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) grant “Macrofungi diversity research from the Lancang-Mekong Watershed and Surrounding areas” (grant no. DBG6280009) and the Basic Research Fund (Grant No. 652A01001), entitled “Studies of fungi associated with Asteraceae and the discovery of biological properties”. K.D. Hyde also thanks the visiting professorship offered by Chiang Mai University. Nopparat Wannathes, Wiphawanee Phonrob, Nakarin Suwannarach and Jaturong Kumla thank the Plant Genetic Conservation Project under the Royal initiative of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn, Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, Thailand. The field collection in Khao Yai National Park is under permit number 0907.4/13702 and in Si Satchanalai Nationa Park is under permit numbers 0907.4/13696 and 0907.4/15381. André Aptroot, Maria F. Souza, Lidiane A. dos Santos and Adriano A. Spielmann thank the colleagues at the Botanical Laboratory of the UFMS for organizing the excursion, Sandro Pereira for guidance in the field, Wellington Fava for extracting DNA and PCR, and Edna Maria Facincani for information about geology. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001 who provided a visiting professorship to the first author. Many thanks to Wellington Fava for generating the sequences. Jadson D.P. Bezerra and colleagues thank the CNPq, CAPES (finance code 001) and FACEPE for financial support and scholarship. The study of Cvetomir M. Denchev and Teodor T. Denchev received support from the SYNTHESYS Project http:// www. synth esys. info/, financed by European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP7 “Capacities” Program at the Royal Botanic Garden, Madrid (Grant no. ES-TAF-6618). The research of C.C. Chen is supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of 13 248 ROC (Taiwan) (Grant No. MOST 107-2621-B178-002-MY3). Chun Y. Deng acknowledges the Science and Technology Support Project of Guizhou Province (Project no. 20192451-2) for research support. Yusufjon Gafforov acknowledges the Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan (nos. AL 2021090820, MUK-202146) and the State Scientific and Technical Program of Uzbekistan for research support. Sugantha Gunaseelan and Kezhocuyi Kezo thank DST, SERB-EMR (EMR/2016/003078) for the financial assistance; Kezhocuyi Kezo acknowledges SEED-DST (SP/YO/007/2008) grant. Mark S. Calabon is grateful to the Mushroom Research Foundation and Department of Science and Technology-Science Education Institute (Philippines). E.B. Gareth Jones is supported under the Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program (DSFP), King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. André L. Firmino, Vanessa P. Abreu and Olinto L. Pereira thank the CNPq, FAPEMIG and CAPES (Finance Code 001) for the financial support the guava producer of the city of Piraúba, for supplying fundamental materials for the accomplishment of this work. W. Rossi and M. Leonardi wish to thank the Italian entomologists who supplied them with the insects bearing the new species of Laboulbeniales: A. Bordoni, P. Magrini and the late A. Vigna Taglianti; they also wish to thank S. Santamaria for the photographs with DIC optics. V.V. Sarma would like to thank the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MOES), Govt. of India (MOES/36/OOIS/Extra/40/2014/PC-IV) for funding this work. He also would like to thank the Tamil Nadu Forest Department and District Forest Office, Tiruvarur, Tamil Nadu for providing permission to collect samples. Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University is thanked for providing the facilities. B. Devadatha would like to thank the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India for providing a fellowship. V.V. Sarma would like to thank SERB, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, for funding a project (SERB/SB/SO/PS/18/2014 dt.19.5.2015) the Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University for facilities; forest departments of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Tamil Nadu, India are thanked for providing permission to collect samples. M Niranjan thanks SERB, Govt. of India for a fellowship. Archana Singh is thankful to the University Grants Commission (UGC) (grant no. F.15-1/2016-17/PDFWM-2015-17-UTT-32206 (SA-II), New Delhi, India for financial support. The author also thanks the Head, CAS in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi for providing laboratory facilities; Central Instrumental facility (CIF), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi for SEM analysis and Curator, NFCCI, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune for herbarium and culture deposition and providing accession number. Thatsanee Luangharn thanks Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) for the Fundamental Fund “Taxonomy, phylogeny, screening of biologically active secondary metabolite and cultivation of Ganoderma species” (Grant No. 652A16009) and Mae Fah Luang University grant “Testing for optimal condition and cultivation Phallus indusiatus in northern, Thailand” (Grant No. 651A16028). Naritsada Thongklang thanks Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) grant entitled “Valueadded products from wild Thai Auricularia to use as a new nutraceutical” (Grant No. 652A01007). Ausana Mapook thanks the Mae Fah Luang University Fund (Grant No. 651A16029), entitled “Taxonomy, phylogeny, risk assessment, and potential impact of fungi on Siam weed in northern Thailand”.The work of Timur S. Bulgakov was done within the framework of the State Task of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Federal Research Center” “Subtropical Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, the research theme No FGRW2022-0006. Putarak Chomnunti thanks the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) grant “A polyphasic taxonomy and bioactive compound of fungi on Musa spp.” (Grant No. N41A640165) for funding this research and thanks Reinventing University 2021 for supporting the research assistant. Hai-Sheng Yuan thanks the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31970017 and U2102220) for financial support. Saisamorn Lumyong also thanks Chiang Mai University, Thailand for financial and facility support. Authors thank 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 Mae Fah Luang University grant entitled “Taxonomy, phylogeny of micro and macro fungi in Mae Fah Luang University premises” (Grant No. 6431600). Huang Zhang would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project ID: NSF 31500017). Funding Funding was provided by the National Research Council of Thailand (Grant Nos. NRCT-TRG010, N42A650547, N41A640165), Ministry of Science and Technology of Thailand (Grant Nos. 652A01003, DBG6280009, 652A01001, 652A16009, 662A01014), Mae Fah Luang University (Grant Nos. 651B01010, 651A16029, 651A16028, 6431600), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Thailand, Reinventing University System Project (652A16049), Thailand Research Grant (DBG6180015), European Community Research Infrastructure Action (Grant No. ES-TAF-6618), Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (Grant No. MOST 107-2621-B178- 002-MY3), Science and Technology Program of Guizhou Province (Grant No. 20192451-2), Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Grant Nos. AL 2021090820, MUK-2021-46), Ministry of Earth Sciences (Grant No. MOES/36/OOIS/Extra/40/2014/ PC-IV), University Grants Commission (Grant No. F.15-1/2016-17/PDFWM-2015-17-UTT-32206), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Thailand (Grant No. 652A16049), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES - Finance Code 001), SYNTHESYS Project http://www.synthesys.info/, financed by European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP7 “Capacities” Program at the Royal Botanic Garden, Madrid (Grant no. ES-TAF-6618), DST, SERB-EMR (EMR/2016/003078), SEED-DST (SP/YO/007/2008), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MOES), Govt. of India (MOES/36/ OOIS/Extra/40/2014/PC-IV) Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (SERB/SB/SO/PS/18/2014 dt.19.5.2015), University Grants Commission (UGC) (grant no. F.15-1/2016-17/ PDFWM-2015-17-UTT-32206 (SA-II), Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", the research theme No FGRW-2022-0006, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Guangdong (KA21031C502), Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (KA22016B746), National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 31970017, 31500017 and U2102220). Declarations Conflict of interest Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. References Abdel-Aziz FA (2016a) The genus Lolia from freshwater habitats in Egypt with one new species. Phytotaxa 267:279–288 Abdel-Aziz FA (2016b) Two new cheirosporous asexual taxa (Dictyosporiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) from freshwater habitats in Egypt. Mycosphere 7:448–457 Abdel-Aziz FA (2016c) Freshwater fungi from the River Nile. Egypt Mycosphere 7:741–756 Abdel-Aziz FA, Abdel-Wahab MA (2010) Lolia aquatica gen. et sp. nov. 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Jayawardena1,2 · Kevin D. Hyde1,2,3 · Song Wang1 · Ya‑Ru Sun1,2,4 · Nakarin Suwannarach5,6 · Phongeun Sysouphanthong1,2,7 · Mohamed A. Abdel‑Wahab8 · Faten A. Abdel‑Aziz8 · Pranami D. Abeywickrama1,2,9 · Vanessa P. Abreu10 · Alireza Armand1,2 · André Aptroot11 · Dan‑Feng Bao1,12,13 · Dominik Begerow14 · Jean‑Michel Bellanger15 · Jadson D. P. Bezerra16 · Digvijayini Bundhun1,2 · Mark S. Calabon1,17 · Ting Cao18,19 · Taimy Cantillo20 · João L. V. R. Carvalho21 · Napalai Chaiwan1,2 · Che‑Chih Chen22 · Régis Courtecuisse23 · Bao‑Kai Cui24 · Ulrike Damm25 · Cvetomir M. Denchev26,27 · Teodor T. Denchev26,27 · Chun Y. Deng28 · Bandarupalli Devadatha29,46 · Nimali I. de Silva5,6 · Lidiane A. dos Santos30 · Nawal K. Dubey31 · 13 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 271 Sylvain Dumez23 · Himashi S. Ferdinandez32 · André L. Firmino33 · Yusufjon Gafforov34,35 · Achala J. Gajanayake1,2 · Deecksha Gomdola1,2 · Sugantha Gunaseelan36 · Shucheng‑He1,2,37 · Zin H. Htet1,2 · Malarvizhi Kaliyaperumal36 · Martin Kemler14 · Kezhocuyi Kezo36 · Nuwan D. Kularathnage1,2,3,61 · Marco Leonardi38 · Ji‑Peng Li28 · Chunfang Liao1,2,3 · Shun Liu24 · Michael Loizides40 · Thatsanee Luangharn1 · Jian Ma1,2,41 · Hugo Madrid42 · S. Mahadevakumar43,62 · Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura44 · Dimuthu S. Manamgoda32 · María P. Martín45 · Niranjan Mekala46,47 · Pierre‑Arthur Moreau23 · Yan‑Hong Mu18,19 · Pasouvang Pahoua1 · Dhandevi Pem1,2 · Olinto L. Pereira10 · Wiphawanee Phonrob48 · Chayanard Phukhamsakda1,39 · Mubashar Raza49 · Guang‑Cong Ren1,2 · Andrea C. Rinaldi50 · Walter Rossi38 · Binu C. Samarakoon1,2 · Milan C. Samarakoon13 · Vemuri V. Sarma51 · Indunil C. Senanayake3,61 · Archana Singh31 · Maria F. Souza11 · Cristina M. Souza‑Motta21 · Adriano A. Spielmann11 · Wenxin Su39 · Xia Tang1,2,63 · XingGuo Tian1,2,41,52 · Kasun M. Thambugala53 · Naritsada Thongklang1,2 · Danushka S. Tennakoon5,6 · Nopparat Wannathes48 · DingPeng Wei1,13,37 · Stéphane Welti23 · Subodini N. Wijesinghe1,2 · Hongde Yang1,2,37 · Yunhui Yang1,2,3 · Hai‑Sheng Yuan18 · Huang Zhang37 · Jingyi Zhang1,2,41 · Abhaya Balasuriya1 · Chitrabhanu S. Bhunjun1,2 · Timur S. Bulgakov54 · Lei Cai49 · Erio Camporesi55,56,57 · Putarak Chomnunti2 · Y. S. Deepika58 · Mingkwan Doilom3 · Wei‑Jun Duan59,64 · Shi‑Ling Han49 · Naruemon Huanraluek1 · E. B. Gareth Jones60 · N. Lakshmidevi58 · Yu Li39 · Saisamorn Lumyong5,6 · Zong‑Long Luo41 · Surapong Khuna5,6 · Jaturong Kumla5,6 · Ishara S. Manawasinghe3 · Ausana Mapook1 · Wilawan Punyaboon1 · Saowaluck Tibpromma52 · Yong‑Zhong Lu41 · JiYe Yan9 · Yong Wang4 * Kevin D. Hyde kdhyde3@gmail.com 14 Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Organismic Botany and Mycology, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany 1 Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 15 CEFE, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, INSERM, 1919, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France 2 School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 16 3 Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, P.R. China Setor de Micologia, Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235, S/N, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO CEP: 74605-050, Brazil 17 Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 5023 Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines 18 CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China 19 University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 20 Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, S/N – Novo Horizonte, Feira de Santana, BA 44036-900, Brazil 21 Departamento de Micologia Prof. Chaves Batista, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, S/N, Centro de Biociências, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE CEP: 50670-901, Brazil 22 Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang 11529, Taipei, Taiwan 23 Faculty of Pharmacy of Lille, EA 4515 (LGCgE), Univ Lille, 59000 Lille, France 24 Institute of Microbiology, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China 25 Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, PF 300 154, 02806 Görlitz, Germany 26 Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin St., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria 4 Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China 5 Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 6 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 7 Biotechnology and Ecology Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, P.O.Box: 811, Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR 8 Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt 9 10 11 Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Laboratório de Botânica/Liquenologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Avenida Costa e Silva S/N, Bairro Universitário, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul CEP 79070-900, Brazil 12 College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Dali University, Dali 671003, Yunnan, China 13 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 13 272 Fungal Diversity (2022) 117:1–272 27 IUCN SSC Rusts and Smuts Specialist Group, Sofia, Bulgaria 28 Guizhou Institute of Biology, Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Shanxi Road No. 1, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550001, China 29 30 31 Virus Diagnostic and Research Lab, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517501, India Departamento de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil Center of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India 48 Microbiology Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand 49 State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3, 1st Beichen West Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China 50 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy 51 Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, India 52 Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, Yunnan, China 32 Department of Botany, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka 33 Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Monte Carmelo, Minas Gerais, Brazil 53 34 Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Uzbekistan, 32 Durmon Yuli Street, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 100125 Generics and Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila 10250, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka 54 35 AKFA University, 264 Milliy Bog Street, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 111221 36 Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India Department of Plant Protection, Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Jana Fabriciusa Str. 2/28, Krasnodar Region, Sochi, Russia 354002 55 A.M.B, Circolo Micologico ‘‘Giovanni Carini’’, C.P. 314, 25121 Brescia, Italy 56 A.M.B. Gruppo, Micologico Forlivese ‘‘Antonio Cicognani’’, via Roma 18, 47121 Forlì, Italy 57 Società per gli Studi Naturalistici Della Romagna, C.P. 143, 48012 Bagnacavallo, RA, Italy 37 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, West Side of North Section of Industrial Avenue, Linyi 276000, China 38 University of L’Aquila Dept. MeSVA, sect. Environmental Sciences via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, AQ, Italy 58 39 Internationally Cooperative Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushroom, Jilin Agricultural University 38, Changchun 130118, China Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006, India 59 40 Ningbo Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315012, PR China Limassol, Cyprus 60 41 School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, China Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia 42 Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Tarapacá, Sede Iquique, Av. Luis Emilio Recabarren, 2477 Iquique, Chile 61 43 Forest Pathology Department, KSCSTE-Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653, India Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangdong 510225, China 62 School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China Botanical Survey of India, Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre, Haddo, Port Blair, South Andaman 744102, India 63 Engineering and Research Center for Southwest Biopharmaceutical Resource of National Education Ministry of China, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China 64 Ningbo Customs District, Ningbo 315012, Zhejiang, PR China 44 45 Real Jardín Botánico, RJB-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain 46 Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicheryy 605014, India 47 Department of Botany, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh, Papum Pare, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh 791112, India 13