21
MYCOLOGIA BALCANICA 4: 21–30 (2007)
Parmelioid lichens of Iran and the Caucasus Region
Mohammad Sohrabi *, Teuvo Ahti & Gennadi Urbanavichus
Botanical Museum (Mycology), P. O. Box 7, FI-00014 Helsinki University, Finland
Institute of the Industrial Ecology of the North, Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 184209 Apatity,
Murmansk region, Russia
Received 23 November 2006 / Accepted 18 March 2007
Abstract. Fourteen parmelioid species, Cetrelia cetrarioides, Hypogymnia physodes, H. austerodes, H. vittata,
Melanelixia subaurifera, Melanohalea elegantula, Parmelia saxatilis, Xanthoparmelia camtschadalis, X. delisei, X.
loxodes, X. pokornyi, X. stenophylla, X. tinctina and X. verruculifera, are reported as new to Iran. The taxonomy,
nomenclature and distribution of the 76 parmelioid lichen species reported from Iran and Caucasus (Russian
Caucasus, Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia and Armenia) are briefly reviewed. Menegazzia subsimilis is reported for
the first time from the Caucasus Region.
Key words: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Caucasus, Georgia, Iran, lichens, Parmeliaceae, Russia
Introduction
The Parmeliaceae constitute one of the largest families of
lichen-forming ascomycetes. Most of the foliose members of
the family were traditionally placed in the genus Parmelia,
but in recent decades it has been subdivided into numerous
segregate genera, and, in light of continuing molecular
studies, are being rearranged (e.g. Blanco et al. 2004a, b).
Wherever possible, the current paper uses updated taxonomy
and nomenclature.
Floristic knowledge of lichens in Iran and the Caucasus
Region is still rather deficient, even for the parmelioid lichens.
The lichen catalogue for the Caucasus region by Barkhalov
(1983) lists almost 1300 taxa for Armenia, Azerbaijan
Republic, Georgia and the Russian Caucasus. Seaward et al.
(2004) reported 396 species in their checklist for Iran, but
since their review did not include many specimens from the
forested mountain areas in the northwest of Iran, we have been
able to add 14 parmelioid taxa in the following account.
The Caucasus Region, encompassing the whole of Georgia
and parts of neighboring Turkey (Anatolia), Russia, Armenia,
Azerbaijan and Iran (Hyrcanian region, Arasbaran and Talish)
*Corresponding author: e-mail: mohammad.sohrabi@helsinki.fi
has been selected by Conservation International as one of the
world’s 25 biodiversity hotspots and the Caucasus has been
identified by the WWF International as one of its 238 globally
outstanding ecoregions in terms of its biodiversity and by
Conservation International as one of the globally most diverse
and endangered biodiversity regions (Krever et al. 2001). It is
located at a biological cross-roads where species from central and
northern Europe, Central Asia and the Middle East mix with
endemics found nowhere else, and supports over 6500 plant
species, of which 1600 are endemic. Many of these endemic,
rare, threatened or vulnerable plants are at risk if adequate
conservation measures are not undertaken to protect them and
their ecosystems. However, relatively little is know of the lichen
flora of the Caucasus; it is probably composed of more than
2000 species and is in need of considerably further study.
The Caspian broadleaved deciduous temperate forests,
also called the Hyrcanian forests, are located on the south
coast of the Caspian Sea and the northern slopes of the Elburz
mountain range from sea level to 2800 m altitude. They are
the most valuable forests in Iran and cover about 1.9 million
ha, being 800 km in length and about 25 km in width. About
60 % of these forests are commercial and the remainder are
22
sohrabi, m. et al. — parmelioid lichens of iran and the caucasus region
more or less degraded. Average annual precipitation ranges
from 600 to 2000 mm, with a maximum in the west and a
minimum in the east. The Arasbaran subhygrophilous forest,
located in north-western Iran (Lesser Caucasus), is similar to
the Hyrcanian forests but lacks such species as Fagus orientalis,
Quercus castaneifolia and Parrotia persica.
Materials and Methods
The present report is based primarily on lichen collections made
by M. Sohrabi in the provinces of East Azerbaijan, Golestan
and Mazandaran during several field trips in 1999-2004. A
stereomicroscope, light microscope, colour tests and thin-layer
chromatography (TLC), according to the methods of Orange
et al. (2001), were used in their identification. Specimens from
the above collections have been deposited in the Herbarium
of Facultad de Farmacia of Universidad Complutense, Madrid
(MAF), the Botanical Museum, University of Helsinki (H) and
private herbarium of M. Sohrabi. Collections by P. Uotila in
H have also been investigated. Caucasian specimens from the
herbaria of Baku (BAK), St. Petersburg (LE) Moscow (MW),
Tartu (TU), Kirovsk (KPABG) and the private herbarium
of G. Urbanavichus were also examined. Taxa new to Iran
are indicated by an asterisk. The Caucasian distribution data
of the 76 species reported from the area are based mainly
on Barkhalov (1983), Inashvili (1986), Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene (2004) and Novruzov (1990), but some
literature relating to studies conducted in Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Georgia or Russian Caucasus (cf. Alverdieva 1993, Khanov
2006) were unobtainable.
List of taxa
Arctoparmelia centrifuga (L.) Hale (Parmelia centrifuga (L.)
Ach.)
Novruzov & Onipchenko (1985: 881), Krivorotov (1997: 17),
Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 34-35)
Distribution: Russian Caucasus.
Brodoa atrofusca (Schaer.) Goward (Parmelia atrofusca
(Schaer.) Cromb.)
Barkhalov (1983: 171 as Hypogymnia encausta with f. textilis), Inashvili
(1986: 736), Urbanavichus (2001: 203), Blinkova (2004: 193),
Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 48-49)
Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian
Caucasus.
Brodoa intestiniformis (Vill.) Goward (Parmelia intestiniformis
(Vill.) Ach., P. encausta (Sm.) Ach.)
Barkhalov (1983: 172), Inashvili (1986: 736), Novruzov (1990: 242),
Krivorotov (1997: 20), Urbanavichus (2001: 204), Blinkova (2004:
193), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 48)
Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Cetrelia alaskana (W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.) W.L. Culb. &
C.F. Culb.
Eskin et al. (2004: 209)
This record is surprising in view of its Beringian distribution (cf.
Randlane & Saag 2004: 367), athough it has also been recently reported
further west in the Russian Arctic.
*Cetrelia cetrarioides (Duby) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
(Parmelia cetrarioides (Duby) Nyl.)
Barkhalov (1983: 177), Inashvili (1986: 739), Otte (2001: 571),
Blinkova (2004: 193), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 66-67),
Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 29)
Mazandaran: Nour, Kojdur & Kodir villages, 1000-1500 m, 2002,
Sohrabi & Mofid 474, 937, 954.
Distribution: Iran (Mazandaran), Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia,
Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
This species is provisionally recognized here following molecular analysis
by Thell et al. (2002), although it can only be distinguished from C.
olivetorum by secondary chemistry. Distribution maps by Randlane &
Saag (2004) show the Caucasian ranges of the two taxa.
Cetrelia monachorum (Zahlbr.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
(Parmelia monachorum Zahlbr.)
Randlane & Saag (1991: 115)
Distribution: Russian Caucasus.
Cetrelia olivetorum (Nyl.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. (Parmelia
olivetorum Nyl., P. olivaria auct.)
Barkhalov (1983: 185), Novruzov (1990: 251), Randlane & Saag
(1991: 115), Krivorotov (1997: 29), Otte (2001: 571), Seaward et al.
(2004: 552), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 69), Blinkova &
Urbanavichus (2005: 29)
East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi, towards
Babak Castle, unprotected area, 1750-2000 m, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’
E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4468, 4611, 4713, 4722. Mazandaran: Nour,
Kojdur & Kodir villages, 1000-1500 m, 2002, Sohrabi & Mofid 330.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Mazandaran), Azerbaijan Republic,
Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Some earlier authors may have treated this species collectively with C.
cetrarioides.
Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale (Parmelia caperata (L.)
Ach.)
Barkhalov (1983: 175 as Parmelia caperata with f. muscicola, f. sorediosa,
f. subglauca, f. submonophylla), Novruzov & Onipchenko (1985: 881),
Inashvili (1986: 739 as Parmelia caperata with f. subglauca, f. sorediosa),
Novruzov (1990: 244 as Parmelia caperata, with f. sorediosa), Krivorotov
(1997: 46), Otte (2001: 572), Himelbrant & Kuznetsova (2002: 157),
Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2002: 183), Blinkova (2004: 195),
Seaward et al. (2004: 555), Paşayev (2004a: 346), Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene (2004: 92), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 30)
East Azerbaijan: Jolfa, Jolfa to Khoda-afrin, around Missan village & in
adjacent forest, 1000-1500 m, corticolous, 2003, Sohrabi 1552; Kalibar,
Arasbaran, 21 km from Khoda-afarin to Jolfa, Aynaloo road; 38°50’03’’
N, 46°47’29’’ E, 2005, Sohrabi & Ghobadnejhad 4175; Kalibar, ca 4
km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi, towards Babak Castle, unprotected
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mycologia balcanica ()
area, 1750-2000 m, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’ E; 2005, Sohrabi 4470,
4565, 4683. Mazandaran: Nour, Nour to Amol road, Lavij village, 800
m, 2002, Sohrabi & Mofid 975, 995, 1003; Nour, Kojdur & Kodir
villages, 1000-1500 m, 2002, Sohrabi & Mofid 336; Nour, ca 1 km to
Nour, forest park, 1 m, 2002, Sohrabi & Mofid, 2094; Amol, ca 15 km
from Amol, Haraz road, Kelerd village, 200-600 m, on calcareous rocks,
2004, Sohrabi & Mofid 2785.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Mazandaran), Azerbaijan Republic,
Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Flavoparmelia soredians (Nyl.) Hale (Parmelia soredians
Nyl.)
Barkhalov (1983: 191), Krivorotov (1997: 67)
Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Russian Caucasus.
Flavopunctelia darrowii (J.W. Thomson) Hale
Hadji Moniri (2005: 35)
Distribution: Iran (Khorassan, in the Irano-Turanian region)
The occurrence of this American species in Eurasia is doubtful.
Flavopunctelia flaventior (Stirt.) Hale (Parmelia flaventior
Stirt.)
Barkhalov (1983: 181), Krivorotov (1997: 66)
Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Russian Caucasus.
Flavopunctelia soredica (Nyl.) Hale (Parmelia ulophyllodes
(Vain.) Savicz, P. soredica Nyl.)
Barkhalov (1983: 195 as Parmelia ulophyllodes, with f. sorediosa), Inashvili
(1986: 744), Krivorotov (1997: 68), Otte (2001: 572), Blinkova &
Urbanavichus (2005: 30)
Armenia: In the vicinity of Dilidzhan, ca 1700 m, on the base and trunk
of Quercus macranthera, 25 May 1965, V. Masing 5 (TU).
Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian
Caucasus.
*Hypogymnia austerodes (Nyl.) Räsänen (Parmelia austerodes
Nyl.)
Barkhalov (1983: 171), Inashvili (1986: 736), Krivorotov (1997: 48),
Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 100), Blinkova & Urbanavichus
(2005: 30)
East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi,
towards Babak Castle, unprotected area, 1750-2000 m, 38°52’07’’ N,
46°58’06’’ E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4646, 4479, 4616.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan), Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Hypogymnia bitteri (Lynge) Ahti (Parmelia bitteri Lynge)
Barkhalov (1983: 171), Inashvili (1986: 736), Otte (2001: 572),
Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 30)
Distribution: Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
*Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. (Parmelia physodes (L.)
Ach.)
Barkhalov (1983: 172 as Hypogymnia physodes, with f. labrosa, and var.
platyphylla, with f. stigmata, f. vittatoides), Inashvili (1986: 736), Novruzov
(1990: 242), Krivorotov (1997: 49), Otte (2001: 572), Himelbrant &
Kuznetsova (2002: 157), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 102),
Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 30)
East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi, towards
Babak Castle, unprotected area, 1750-2000 m, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’
E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4635, 4519, 4600, 4716.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan), Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia,
Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Hypogymnia tubulosa (Schaer.) Hav. (Parmelia tubulosa
(Schaer.) Bitt.)
Barkhalov (1983: 172), Inashvili (1986: 736), Novruzov (1990: 242),
Krivorotov (1997: 49), Otte (2001: 572), Himelbrant & Kuznetsova
(2002: 158), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 102), Blinkova &
Urbanavichus (2005: 30)
Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian
Caucasus.
*Hypogymnia vittata (Ach.) Parrique (Parmelia vittata (Ach.)
Nyl.)
Inashvili (1986: 736 as Hypogymnia duplicata, with var. hypotrypanea;
737), Krivorotov (1997: 49), Otte (2001: 573), Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene (2004: 102), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 30)
East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi,
towards Babak Castle, unprotected area, 1750-2000 m, 38°52’07’’ N,
46°58’06’’ E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4519.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan), Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Hypotrachyna endochlora (Leight.) Hale (Parmelia endochlora
Leight.)
Otte (2001: 573, 2004: 159)
Distribution: Russian Caucasus.
Hypotrachyna laevigata (Sm.) Hale (Parmelia laevigata (Sm.)
Ach.)
Barkhalov (1983: 184), Inashvili (1986: 741), Novruzov (1990: 247),
Krivorotov (1997: 50), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 102),
Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 30)
Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Russian Caucasus.
Hypotrachyna pseudosinuosa (Asahina) Hale (Parmelia
pseudosinuosa Asahina)
Barkhalov (1983: 186), Inashvili (1986: 741)
Distribution: Georgia.
These records need confirmation.
Hypogymnia farinacea Zopf (Hypogymnia bitteriana Räsänen,
nom. illeg., Parmelia bitteriana Zahlbr., nom. illeg.)
Hypotrachyna revoluta (Flörke) Hale. (Parmelia revoluta
Flörke)
Barkhalov (1983: 171), Krivorotov (1997: 49), Otte (2001: 572),
Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 102)
Distribution: Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Note the corrected author citation of H. bitteriana.
Himelbrant & Kuznetsova (2002: 158), Otte (2004: 159), Urbanavichus
& Urbanavichene (2004: 104), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 30)
Distribution: Russian Caucasus.
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sohrabi, m. et al. — parmelioid lichens of iran and the caucasus region
Imshaugia aleurites (Ach.) S.L.F. Meyer (Parmeliopsis aleurites
(Ach.) Nyl., Cetraria aleurites (Ach.) Th. Fr., Parmeliopsis
pallescens (Hoffm.) Zahlbr.)
Barkhalov (1983: 171), Inashvili (1986: 744 as Parmeliopsis pallescens with
f. coralloidea), Krivorotov (1997: 50), Otte (2001: 573), Urbanavichus
& Urbanavichene (2004: 104), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 30)
Distribution: Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Melanelia commixta (Nyl.) Thell (Cetraria commixta (Nyl.)
Th. Fr.)
Inashvili (1986: 738), Eskin et al. (2004: 209), Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 31)
Distribution: Russian Caucasus.
These records represent a major range extension (cf. Otte et al. 2005:
1224). This species, which is actually cetrarioid, is so widespread in
the boreal zone that the arctic-alpine areal formula given by Otte et al.
(2005: 1224) is in need of revision.
Melanelia disjuncta (Erichsen) Essl. (Parmelia disjuncta
Erichsen)
Inashvili (1986: 739), Novruzov (1990: 249), Krivorotov (1997:
68), Otte (2001: 573), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 128),
Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 31)
Distribution: Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Otte et al. (2005: 1224) noted the Caucasian outlier of this species in
their distribution map.
Melanelia hepatizon (Ach.) Thell (Cetraria hepatizon (Ach.)
Vain.)
Barkhalov (1983: 198), Eskin et al. (2004: 209), Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32)
Distribution: Russian Caucasus.
Otte et al. (2005: 1229) give the Caucasian outlier on their distribution
map, but the species is extremely common throughout much of the
boreal zone of Northern Europe and Canada so that their arctic-alpine
areal formula is in need of revision.
Melanelia panniformis (Nyl.) Essl. (Parmelia panniformis
(Nyl.) Vain.)
Inashvili (1986: 741)
Distribution: Georgia.
If correct, then this record represents a distinct extension of its range (cf.
Otte et al. 2005: 1231).
Melanelia sorediata (Ach.) Goward & Ahti (Parmelia sorediata
(Ach.) Th. Fr., P. sorediosa Almb.)
Barkhalov (1983: 191, 328), Inashvili (1986: 743), Krivorotov (1997:
60)
Distribution: Russian Caucasus.
Early records may also refer to M. disjuncta; if correct, these represent a
considerable extension to its range (cf. Otte et al. 2005: 1233).
Melanelia stygia (L.) Essl. (Parmelia stygia (L.) Ach.)
Barkhalov (1983: 193), Novruzov & Onipchenko (1985: 881),
Inashvili (1986: 743), Novruzov (1990: 250), Krivorotov (1997: 60),
Paşayev (2004b: 62), Blinkova (2004: 196), Eskin et al. (2004: 209),
Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Blinkova & Urbanavichus
(2005: 32)
Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
This species is actually a cetrarioid rather than a parmelioid lichen (Thell
et al. 2002; Blanco et al. 2004a). The Caucasian outlier is missing in the
distribution map by Otte et al. (2005).
Melanelia tominii (Oxner) Essl. (Parmelia tominii Oxner, P.
borisorum Oxner, P. substygia Räsänen)
Krivorotov (1997: 60, 66), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004:
130)
Distribution: Russian Caucasus.
Also noted from the Caucasus (Turkey?) in the distribution map by Otte
et al. (2005: 1235).
Melanelixia fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia
fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) Nyl., P. laetevirens (Flot. ex Körb.)
F. Rosend., P. glabratula Lamy, Melanelia glabratula (Lamy)
Essl., M. fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) Essl.)
Barkhalov (1983: 181, 183 as Parmelia laetevirens, with var. glabratula),
Inashvili (1986: 740, 741), Novruzov (1990: 246, 247), Krivorotov
(1997: 59, 67), Otte (2001: 573), Himelbrant & Kuznetsova (2002:
159), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Otte (2005:
221)
Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
This species seems to be represented by both subsp. fuliginosa (mainly
on rocks) and subsp. glabratula (Lamy) J.R. Laundon (see GuzowKrzeminska & Wegrzyn 2003; Laundon 2006), but all authors cited
above have not distinguished them (cf. Esslinger 1977). The southern
limit of M. fuliginosa is in Caucasia (see Otte et al. 2005: 1227).
Melanelixia glabra (Schaer.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia glabra
(Schaer.) Nyl., Melanelia glabra (Schaer.) Essl.)
Barkhalov (1983: 182 as Parmelia glabra, with var. epilosa), Inashvili
(1986: 740 as Parmelia glabra, with var. epilosa), Novruzov (1990: 246),
Krivorotov (1997: 66), Otte (2001: 573), Seaward et al. (2004: 561),
Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Blinkova & Urbanavichus
(2005: 31), Sohrabi (2005: 106)
East Azerbaijan: Jolfa, Jolfa to Khoda-afrin, around Missan village &
in adjacent forest, 1000-1500 m, corticolous, 2003, Sohrabi 160, 163,
177, 1406, 1521, 1555; Kalibar, Arasbaran, 21 km from Khoda-afarin
to Jolfa road, Aynaloo; 38°50’03’’ N, 46°47’29’’ E, 2005, Sohrabi &
Ghobadnejhad 3743, 4062, 4019, 4042; Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar
town, Galadarasi, towards Babak Castle, unprotected area, 1750-2000
m, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’ E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4483, 4520, 4612,
4741, 4738.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Golestan, Mazandaran), Azerbaijan
Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Records from Iran and the Caucasus are included in the distribution
maps by Ahti (1966) and Otte et al. (2005).
Melanelixia subargentifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia
subargentifera Nyl., Melanelia subargentifera (Nyl.) Essl.)
Barkhalov (1983: 193), Inashvili (1986: 743), Novruzov (1990:
249), Krivorotov (1997: 60), Paşayev (2004b: 62), Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene (2002: 184), Eskin et al. (2004: 209), Seaward et al.
25
mycologia balcanica ()
(2004: 561), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Blinkova &
Urbanavichus (2005: 32), Otte (2005: 221), Sohrabi (2005: 106)
East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi,
towards Babak Castle, unprotected area, 1750-2000 m, 38°52’07’’ N,
46°58’06’’ E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4663, 4566; Kalibar, Arasbaran, 21
km from Khoda-afarin to Jolfa road, Aynaloo; 38°50’03’’ N, 46°47’29’’
E, 2005, Sohrabi & Ghobadnejhad 3800; Ahar, Varzegan, ca 26 km
west of Varzegan and ca 6 km to Joshin, village (Kharvana), on high
mountain, Joshin Castle, 1700-2000 m, 38°39’ N, 46°21’ E, 18 Jun
2005, Sohrabi 3574, 3556; Jolfa, Jolfa to Khoda-afarin, around Missan
& in adjacent forest, 1000-1500 m, 2003, Sohrabi 156.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Golestan), Azerbaijan Republic,
Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
The southern limit of M. subargentifera is in Caucasia and Iran, as noted
on the distribution map by Otte et al. (2005: 1234).
*Melanelixia subaurifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia
subaurifera Nyl., Melanelia subaurifera (Nyl.) Essl.)
Barkhalov (1983: 191 as Parmelia subaurifera, with f. fuliginoides),
Inashvili (1986: 743), Novruzov (1990: 249), Krivorotov (1997: 60),
Otte (2001: 573), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Otte
(2005: 221)
East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi, towards
Babak Castle, unprotected area, 1750-2000 m, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’
E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4429, 4705. Mazandaran: Nour, Kojdur &
Kodir villages, 1000-1500 m, 2002, Sohrabi & Mofid 304, 329.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Mazandaran) Azerbaijan Republic,
Russian Caucasus.
The Iranian records represent an extreme southeastern extension of the
range of M. subaurifera as presented by Otte et al. (2005: 1235).
*Melanohalea elegantula (Zahlbr.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia
elegantula (Zahlbr.) Szatala, Melanelia elegantula (Zahlbr.)
Essl.)
Barkhalov (1983: 180), Novruzov (1990: 245), Krivorotov (1997: 59),
Blinkova (2004: 196), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 128),
Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 31), Otte (2005: 221)
East Azerbaijan: Jolfa, Hadishahr, Daran village, near road towards
Kiamakidagh, 1500-2700 m, on calcareous rock, 2001, Sohrabi 885,
749, 812. Golestan: Golestan National Park, Allmeh valley, 7-8 km
from Mirza-Baylu Station, 1300-1500 m, 37°21’ N, 56°11’ E, 2003,
corticolous, on Juniperus sp., Sohrabi 1295; Golestan National Park,
Sharleg, 1000-1200 m, 37°20’ N, 56°03’ E, 2003, corticolous on
Crataegus sp., Sohrabi 4500.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Golestan), Azerbaijan Republic,
Armenia, Russian Caucasus.
We have not followed the concepts of Melanelia elegantula and M.
infumata adopted by Esslinger (1977) and Otte et al. (2005); however,
most of the epilithic material appears to belong to M. infumata, but M.
elegantula is primarily epiphytic and epixylic.
Melanohalea exasperata (De Not.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia
exasperata De Not., Melanelia exasperata (De Not.) Essl.,
Parmelia aspera A. Massal., P. aspidota (Ach.) Poetsch)
Barkhalov (1983: 180 as Parmelia exasperata, with f. pruinosa ), Inashvili
(1986: 739, as Parmelia aspera, with f. pruinosa), Novruzov (1990: 245),
Krivorotov (1997: 59), Otte (2001: 573), Blinkova (2004: 196), Eskin
et al. (2004: 209); Paşayev (2004b: 62), Seaward et al. (2004: 561),
Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 31)
Distribution: Iran (Golestan), Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia,
Russian Caucasus.
Melanohalea exasperatula (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia
exasperatula Nyl., Melanelia exasperatula (Nyl.) Essl.)
Barkhalov (1983: 181), Inashvili (1986: 740), Novruzov (1990: 245),
Krivorotov (1997: 59), Otte (2001: 573), Seaward et al. (2004: 561),
Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Blinkova & Urbanavichus
(2005: 31)
East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, Arasbaran, 21 km from Khoda-afarin to
Jolfa road, Aynaloo; 38°50’03’’ N, 46°47’29’’ E, 2005, Sohrabi &
Ghobadnejhad 4043.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Mazandaran), Azerbaijan Republic,
Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Melanohalea infumata (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia
infumata Nyl., Melanelia infumata (Nyl.) Essl.)
Barkhalov (1983: 183), Inashvili (1986: 740), Novruzov (1990: 245),
Krivorotov (1997: 59), Seaward et al. (2004: 561), Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32)
East Azerbaijan: Ahar, Varzegan, ca 26 km west of Varzegan & ca 6 km
to Joshin,village (Kharvana), Joshin Castle, 1700-2000 m, 18 Jun 2005,
46°21’ E, 38°39’ N, Sohrabi 3509. Tehran: ca 6 km NE of Ab-e-Ali on
the road from Tehran to Amol, wet meadow near a snow-lay Silt, 2320
m, 27 Apr 1972 Uotila 14837, 15906.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Golestan, Tehran), Azerbaijan
Republic, Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
See note under M. elegantula.
Melanohalea olivacea (L.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia olivacea
(L.) Ach., Melanelia olivacea (L.) Essl.)
Barkhalov (1983: 184), Inashvili (1986: 741), Novruzov (1990:
247), Krivorotov (1997: 59), Blinkova (2004: 196), Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32)
Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Although Barkhalov (1983) and others have reported numerous localities
for M. olivacea in the Caucasus, we expect that almost all the records
refer to Melanelixia glabra. However, recent records from timberline
areas of the Russian Caucasus are apparently correct. The distribution
maps by Ahti (1966) and Otte et al. (2005) do not report M. olivacea
from the Caucasus region.
Melanohalea septentrionalis (Lynge) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia
septentrionalis (Lynge) Ahti, Melanelia septentrionalis (Lynge)
Essl.)
Inashvili (1986: 743)
Distribution: Georgia.
The record is highly doubtful (cf. distribution maps in Ahti 1966 and
Otte et al. 2005).
Menegazzia subsimilis (H. Magn.) R. Sant.
Russian Caucasus: Republic Adygeya, Kavkazskii zapovednik,
neighbourhood of valley Guseripl’, 43°59’33.6’’ N, 40°08’32.07’’ E, alt.
26
sohrabi, m. et al. — parmelioid lichens of iran and the caucasus region
724 m, Broad-leaved forest on bank of river Philimonov Klyuch, 18 Jun
2005, G. Urbanavichus (Herb. Urbanavichus).
Distribution: Russian Caucasus.
New to the Caucasian Region.
Menegazzia terebrata (Hoffm.) A. Massal. (Menegazzia
pertusa (Schrank) Stein, Parmelia pertusa (Schrank) Schaer.)
Barkhalov (1983: 174), Inashvili (1986: 737), Krivorotov (1997: 61),
Otte (2001: 574), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 130)
Distribution: Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 144), Blinkova & Urbanavichus
(2005: 32)
East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, Arasbaran, 21 km from Khoda-afarin to
Jolfa road, Aynaloo; 38°50’03’’ N, 46°47’29’’ E, 2005, Sohrabi &
Ghobadnejhad 3788, 4087; Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town,
Galadarasi, towards Babak Castle, unprotected area, 1750-2000
m, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’ E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4465, 4587.
Mazandaran: Nour, Nour to Amol road, Lavij village, 800 m, 2002,
Sohrabi & Mofid 483.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Golestan, Mazandaran), Azerbaijan
Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Myelochroa aurulenta (Tuck.) Elix & Hale
Seaward et al. (2004: 561)
Mazandaran: Nour, Kojdur & Kodir villages, 1000-1500 m, 2002,
Sohrabi & Mofid 943.
Distribution: Iran (Mazandaran).
Parmelia fraudans (Nyl.) Nyl.
Barkhalov (1983: 181), Krivorotov (1997: 66), Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene (2004: 144)
Distribution: Russian Caucasus.
Parmelia omphalodes (L.) Ach. s. lat.
Barkhalov (1983: 185), Inashvili (1986: 741), Novruzov (1990: 247),
Krivorotov (1997: 67), Blinkova (2004: 196), Paşayev (2004b: 62),
Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 144), Blinkova & Urbanavichus
(2005: 32)
Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Skult (1987) reported only subsp. omphalodes “strain I” from the
Caucasus, which is common in Central Europe.
*Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach.
Barkhalov (1983: 189), Inashvili (1986: 742), Novruzov & Onipchenko
(1985: 881), Novruzov (1990: 248), Krivorotov (1997: 67), Otte (2001:
574), Blinkova (2004: 196), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004:
144), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32)
East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi,
towards Babak Castle, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’ E; 1750-2000 m, 19
Aug 2005, on silicate rocks, Sohrabi 4446, 4672. Jolfa to Khoda-afrin,
around Missan village & in adjacent forest, 1000-1500 m, 2003, on
silicate rocks, Sohrabi 129.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan), Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia,
Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Common on trees as well as rocks; arboreal populations may also contain
other closely related species.
Parmelia submontana Nádv. ex Hale
Otte (2001: 574), Blinkova et al. (2003: 177), Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene (2004: 144), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32)
Distribution: Russian Caucasus.
Parmelia sulcata Taylor
Barkhalov (1983: 194), Inashvili (1986: 743), Novruzov (1990: 249),
Krivorotov (1997: 68), Otte (2001: 574), Himelbrant & Kuznetsova
(2002: 160), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2002: 184), Blinkova
(2004: 196), Paşayev (2004b: 62), Seaward et al. (2004: 562),
Parmelina carporrhizans (Taylor) Poelt & Vězda (Parmelia
carporrhizans Taylor)
Barkhalov (1983: 177), Inashvili (1986: 740), Krivorotov (1997: 66),
Eskin et al. (2004: 209), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 144)
Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian
Caucasus
Recognition of this species as distinct from P. quercina is supported by
molecular analyses (Argüello et al. 2005).
Parmelina pastillifera (Harm.) Hale (Parmelia pastillifera
(Harm.) R. Schub. & Klem.)
Barkhalov (1983: 191), Inashvili (1986: 742), Otte (2001: 574)
Distribution: Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Parmelina quercina (Willd.) Hale (Parmelia quercina (Willd.)
Vain.)
Barkhalov (1983: 188), Novruzov & Onipchenko (1985: 881), Inashvili
(1986: 742), Novruzov (1990: 245), Krivorotov (1997: 67), Otte (2001:
574), Seaward et al. (2004: 562), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004:
144), Otte (2005: 222)
Distribution: Iran (Golestan), Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Russian
Caucasus.
Parmelina tiliacea (Hoffm.) Hale (Parmelia tiliacea (Hoffm.)
Ach., P. scortea (Ach.) Ach.)
Barkhalov (1983: 190), Inashvili (1986: 742), Novruzov (1990: 250),
Krivorotov (1997: 69), Otte (2001: 574), Blinkova (2004: 196),
Eskin et al. (2004: 209), Seaward et al. (2004: 562), Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene (2004: 144), Otte (2005: 222), Sohrabi (2005: 106)
East Azerbaijan: Jolfa to Khoda-afrin, around Missan village & in
adjacent forest, 1000-1500 m, on bark, 2003, Sohrabi 108, 1440,
1507, 1514, 1542, 1554; Jolfa, Hadishahr, Geshlag village, around
the road to Maharan, 1700-2500 m, 2000, on calcareous rocks
& granite stone, Sohrabi 1817; Kalibar, ca 10 km from Aras river
and Khoda-afarin to Jolfa road, Daraghzi village, unprotected area,
450 m, 39°05’ N, 46°53’ E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 3648; Ahar,
Varzegan, ca 26 km west of Varzegan and ca 6 km from Joshin,
village (Kharvana), on high mountain, Joshin Castle, 1700-2000 m,
38°39’ N, 46°21’ E, 18 Jun 2005, Sohrabi 3545; Kalibar, ca 4 km
from Kalibar town, Galadarasi, towards Babak Castle, unprotected
area, 1750-2000 m, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’ E; 19 Aug 2005,
Sohrabi 4480, 4455.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Golestan), Azerbaijan Republic,
Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
27
mycologia balcanica ()
Parmeliopsis ambigua (Wulfen) Nyl. (Parmelia ambigua
(Wulfen) Ach.)
Pleurosticta acetabulum (Neck.) Elix & Lumbsch (Parmelia
acetabulum (Neck.) Duby)
Barkhalov (1983: 171), Inashvili (1986: 744), Novruzov (1990: 243),
Krivorotov (1997: 69), Otte (2001: 574), Blinkova (2004: 196),
Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 146), Blinkova & Urbanavichus
(2005: 32)
Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian
Caucasus.
Barkhalov (1983: 174), Inashvili (1986: 739), Novruzov (1990: 243),
Eskin et al. (2004: 209), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 164),
Otte (2005: 222), Sohrabi (2005: 107)
East Azerbaijan: Jolfa to Khoda-afrin, around Missan village & in adjacent
forest, 1000-1500 m, terricolous, 2003, Sohrabi 146, 148, 1487, 1484;
Kalibar, Arasbaran, 21 km from Khoda-afarin to Jolfa road, Aynaloo;
38°50’03’’ N, 46°47’29’’ E, 2005, Sohrabi & Ghobadnejhad 4005.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Golestan), Azerbaijan Republic,
Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Parmeliopsis hyperopta (Ach.) Arnold (Parmelia hyperopta
Ach.)
Barkhalov (1983: 171), Inashvili (1986: 744), Krivorotov (1997: 69),
Blinkova (2004: 196), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 144),
Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32)
Distribution: Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Parmotrema arnoldii (Du Rietz) Hale (Parmelia arnoldii Du
Rietz)
Otte (2001: 574)
Distribution: Russian Caucasus.
Parmotrema cetratum (Ach.) Hale (Parmelia cetrata Ach.)
Barkhalov (1983: 178), Inashvili (1986: 740), Novruzov (1990: 244)
Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia.
Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) M. Choisy (P. chinense auct.,
Parmelia perlata (Huds.) Ach., P. trichotera Hue)
Barkhalov (1983: 185 as Parmelia perlata and var. ciliata, with f.
sorediifera), Novruzov & Onipchenko (1985: 881), Inashvili (1986:
741 as Parmelia perlata, and var. ciliata, with f. sorediifera), Novruzov
(1990: 248), Krivorotov (1997: 69), Otte (2001: 574), Himelbrant &
Kuznetsova (2002: 160), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2002: 184),
Blinkova (2004: 196), Seaward et al. (2004: 562), Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene (2004: 146), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32)
Mazandaran: Nour, Nour to Amol road, Lavij village, 800 m, 2002,
Sohrabi & Mofid 965, 984.
Distribution: Iran (Mazandaran), Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia,
Armenia, Russian Caucasus.
Although open to criticism, we have followed Hawksworth (2004) in
the interpretation of the name P. perlatum.
Pleurosticta koflerae (Clauzade & Cl. Roux) Elix & Lumbsch
(Parmelia koflerae Clauzade & Cl. Roux)
Vězda (1978: 5); Vězda (1983: 2); Inashvili (1986: 741)
Distribution: Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf (Parmelia furfuracea (L.)
Ach.)
Barkhalov (1983: 201), Novruzov & Onipchenko (1985: 881), Inashvili
(1986: 737), Novruzov (1990: 243), Krivorotov (1997: 84), Otte (2001:
575), Blinkova (2004: 197), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004:
170), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32)
Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Punctelia borreri (Sm.) Krog (Parmelia borreri (Sm.) Turn.)
Barkhalov (1983: 175), Inashvili (1986: 739), Novruzov (1990: 244),
Seaward et al. (2004: 567)
Golestan: Gorgan, Minoodasht, Dahneh Chehel chaiy, around road of
Zangolab village, 110-1000 m, 2004, Sohrabi & Mofid 2191.
Distribution: Iran (Golestan, Mazandaran), Azerbaijan Republic,
Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog (Parmelia dubia (Wulfen)
Schaer., P. subrudecta Nyl.)
Barkhalov (1983: 194), Inashvili (1986: 743), Krivorotov (1997: 85),
Otte (2004: 161), Seaward et al. (2004: 567)
Distribution: Iran (Mazandaran), Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Some records possibly refer to P. ulophylla (van Herk & Aptroot 2000).
Punctelia ulophylla (Ach.) van Herk & Aptroot
Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M. Choisy (Parmelia
reticulata Taylor; Rimelia reticulata (Taylor) Hale & A.
Fletcher)
Barkhalov (1983: 185 as Parmelia perforata, and var. ulophylla; 188 as
Parmelia reticulata), Inashvili (1986: 741 as Parmelia perforata, and var.
ulophylla), Novruzov (1990: 248), Krivorotov (1997: 67), Otte (2004:
161 as Rimelia reticulata)
Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Parmotrema stuppeum (Taylor) Hale (Parmelia stuppea
Taylor)
Barkhalov (1983: 192), Inashvili (1986: 743), Novruzov (1990:
250), Krivorotov (1997: 68), Otte (2001: 574), Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene (2004: 146), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32)
Distribution: Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Otte (2004: 161)
Distribution: Russian Caucasus.
*Xanthoparmelia camtschadalis (Ach.) Hale (Parmelia vagans
s. auct.)
Barkhalov (1983: 195), Inashvili (1986: 744), Novruzov (1990:
251), Krivorotov (1997: 68), Paşayev (2004b: 62), Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene (2004: 212)
East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, ca 10 km from Kalibar town, Hejranduost
village, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’ E, 1750-1850 m, terricolous, 20 Aug
2005, Sohrabi 4284, 4309, 4268.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan), Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia,
Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
This vagrant soil lichen, widespread in arid Eurasia and western North
America, has traditionally been called Parmelia vagans, especially in
28
sohrabi, m. et al. — parmelioid lichens of iran and the caucasus region
Russia, but that name belongs to an American species ranging from
Chile to western North America (Follmann 1967; Hale 1990).
Xanthoparmelia conspersa (Ach.) Hale (Parmelia conspersa
(Ach.) Ach.)
Barkhalov (1983: 178), Novruzov & Onipchenko (1985: 881), Inashvili
(1986: 740, 741), Novruzov (1990: 244), Krivorotov (1997: 101),
Otte (2001: 576), Paşayev (2004b: 62), Seaward et al. (2004: 572),
Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 212)
East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, Arasbaran, 21 km from Khoda-afarin to
Jolfa road, Aynaloo, 38°50’03’’ N, 46°47’29’’ E; 2005, Sohrabi &
Ghobadnejhad 4015, 4147.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Mazandaran), Azerbaijan Republic,
Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
*Xanthoparmelia delisei (Duby) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia
delisei (Duby) Nyl., Neofuscelia delisei (Duby) Essl.)
Barkhalov (1983: 180), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 138),
Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32)
East Azerbaijan: W of Seyah Chaman, ca 20 km NW of Miyaneh, rock
outcrop, 1720 m, 20 Apr 1972, Uotila 15 681. West Azerbaijan: ca 15
km SE of Maku, valley with rock outcrops, 1000 m, 19 Apr 1972, Uotila
15 671.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan), Russian
Caucasus.
*Xanthoparmelia loxodes (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia
isidiotyla Nyl., P. loxodes Nyl., Neofuscelia loxodes (Nyl.) Essl.)
Barkhalov (1983: 183), Novruzov (1990: 247), Krivorotov (1997:
62), Paşayev (2004b: 62), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004:
138)
East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, ca 10 km from Aras river & Khoda-afrin to
Jolfa road, Daraghzi village, unprotected area, 450 m, 39°05’ N, 46°53’
E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 3605. Tehran: ca 6 km NE of Ab-e-Ali on the
road from Tehran to Amol, wet meadow near a snow-lay. Silt, 2320 m,
27 Apr 1972 Uotila 15897.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Tehran), Azerbaijan Republic,
Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Xanthoparmelia perrugata (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia
perrugata Nyl., Neofuscelia perrugata (Nyl.) Essl.)
Barkhalov (1983: 186), Elix (2002: 4), Seaward et al. (2004: 561),
Moniri et al. (2005: 56)
Distribution: Iran (Khorassan), Georgia.
*Xanthoparmelia pokornyi (Körb.) O. Blanco et al.
Barkhalov (1983: 187), Inashvili (1986: 742)
East Azerbaijan: Jolfa, Jolfa to Khoda-afrin, adjacent forest of Missan
village, 1000-1500 m, 2003, Sohrabi 1433.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan), Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia.
Xanthoparmelia pulla (Ach.) O. Blanco et al., s. lat. (Parmelia
prolixa (Ach.) Carroll, Neofuscelia pulla (Ach.) Essl., Parmelia
pulla Ach.)
Barkhalov (1983: 187), Novruzov & Onipchenko (1985: 881), Inashvili
(1986: 742), Novruzov (1990: 248), Krivorotov (1997: 62), Paşayev
(2004b: 62), Seaward et al. (2004: 562), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene
(2004: 138), Otte (2005: 221)
East Azerbaijan: Jolfa, Jolfa to Khoda-afrin, around Missan village &
in adjacent forest, 1000-1500 m, saxicolous, 2003, Sohrabi 97, 144,
1430, 1433, 1503; Jolfa, Hadishahr, Daran village, around road towards
Kiamakidagh, 1500-2700 m, on calcareous rock, 2001, Sohrabi 524,
803, 893; Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi, towards
Babak Castle, unprotected area, 1750-2000 m, 46°58’06’’ E, 38°52’07’’
N, 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4436, 4472, 4523, 4638, 4669, 4734; Ahar,
Varzegan, ca 26 km west of Varzegan and ca 6 km from Joshin, village
(Kharvana), on sharp mountains, Joshin Castle, 1700-2000 m, 18 Jun
2005, 46°21’ E, 38°39’ N, Sohrabi 3598; Kalibar, Arasbaran, 21 km
from Khoda-afarin to Jolfa road, Aynaloo, 38°50’03’’ N, 46°47’29’’ E;
2005, Sohrabi & Ghobadnejhad 3790, 4197. Azerbaijan Republic:
Kirovabad area (Gäncä), 1964, Mikkelsaar 15 (TU). Armenia: Gerda,
in crevices, 1983, Trass (TU).
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Mazandaran), Azerbaijan Republic,
Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Thin-layer chromatography for the identification of the chemotypes and
chemical species of X. pulla s. lat. has not been undertaken.
Xanthoparmelia ryssolea (Ach.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia
ryssolea (Ach.) Nyl., Neofuscelia ryssolea (Ach.) Essl.)
Barkhalov (1983: 189), Inashvili (1986: 742), Novruzov (1990: 248),
Krivorotov (1997: 67)
Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
*Xanthoparmelia stenophylla (Ach.) Ahti & D. Hawksw.
(Parmelia stenophylla (Ach.) Heug., Xanthoparmelia
somloënsis (Gyeln.) Hale, Parmelia taractica auct., P.
molliuscula auct.)
Barkhalov (1983: 191), Novruzov & Onipchenko (1985: 881), Inashvili
(1986: 743, 743), Novruzov (1990: 250), Krivorotov (1997: 101),
Paşayev (2004b: 62), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 212),
Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 34), Otte (2005: 223)
East Azerbaijan: Jolfa, Jolfa to Khoda-afrin, around Missan village and
in adjacent forest, 1000-1500 m, saxicolous, 2003, Sohrabi 143, 158,
1384, 1400, 1416, 1438, 1460, 1492, 1498; Kalibar, ca 10 km from Aras
river and Khoda-afrin to Jolfa road, Daraghzi village, unprotected area,
450 m, 46°53’ E, 39°05’ N; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 3618, 3668; Kalibar,
Arasbaran, 21 km from Khoda-afarin to Jolfa road, Aynaloo, 38°50’03’’
N, 46°47’29’’ E; 2005, Sohrabi & Ghobadnejhad 3723, 3750, 4030,
4108, 4159; Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi, towards
Babak Castle, unprotected area, 1750-2000 m, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’
E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4463, 4488, 4490, 4579, 4581, 4586, 4748.
Mazandaran: Amol, Amol to Tehran, Haraz road, Larijan area, 15 km
from Larijan, Vana & Akha villages, 1200-1600 m, on Calcareous rocks,
2004, Sohrabi 2620.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Mazandaran), Azerbaijan Republic,
Georgia, Russian Caucasus.
Ahti & Hawksworth (2005) demonstrated that the earlier much used
epithet stenophylla should be re-adopted for this species.
*Xanthoparmelia tinctina (Maheu & Gillet) Hale (Parmelia
tinctina Maheu & Gillet)
Krivorotov (1997: 101), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 212)
mycologia balcanica ()
East Azerbaijan: Jolfa to Khoda-afrin, around Missan village & in
adjacent forest, 1000-1500 m, saxicolous, 2003, Sohrabi 1391, 1393,
1414, 1490, 1496, 1548.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan), Russian Caucasus.
*Xanthoparmelia verruculifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al.
(Parmelia glomellifera (Nyl.) Nyl., P. verruculifera Nyl.,
Neofuscelia verruculifera (Nyl.) Essl.)
Barkhalov (1983: 183, 196), Inashvili (1986: 740, 744), Novruzov
(1990: 251), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 138), Blinkova &
Urbanavichus (2005: 32)
East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, ca 10 km from Aras river & Khoda-afrin to
Jolfa road, Daraghzi village, unprotected area, 450 m, 39°05’ N 46°53’
E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 3663; Kalibar, Arasbaran, 21 km from Khodaafarin to Jolfa road, Aynaloo, 38°50’03’’ N, 46°47’29’’ E; 2005, Sohrabi
& Ghobadnejhad 4242.
Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan), Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia,
Russian Caucasus.
Acknowledgements. We are deeply indebted to the Editor for his kindly
support in publishing this paper and to Prof. M.R.D. Seaward (Bradford) for
correcting the English. The authors wish to thank Dr P.K. Divakar (Lucknow)
for identification of some parmelioid lichens, Prof. Pertti Uotila (Helsinki)
who allowed us access to his Iranian collections, Dr Orvo Vitikainen (Helsinki)
and Dr Harrie Sipman (Berlin) for help with identifications, Masoomeh
Gobadnejhad (Helsinki) for his company in the field, Dr D. Himelbrant and
E. Kuznetsova (St. Petersburg) for providing valuable Russian references, and
Dr Sevda Alverdiyeva (Baku) for sending some Barkhalov lichen collections for
checking. M. Sohrabi is particularly grateful to his colleagues for their useful
comments and for numerous discussions on nomenclature, and gratefully
acknowledges support from the Iranian Ministry of Science for a scholarship
which permitted him to study at the University of Helsinki.
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