Parmelioid lichens of Iran and the Caucasus Region

Mohammad Sohrabi

Fourteen parmelioid species, Cetrelia cetrarioides, Hypogymnia physodes, H. austerodes, H. vittata, Melanelixia subaurifera, Melanohalea elegantula, Parmelia saxatilis, Xanthoparmelia camtschadalis, X. delisei, X. loxodes, X. pokornyi, X. stenophylla, X. tinctina and X. verruculifera, are reported as new to Iran. The taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution of the 76 parmelioid lichen species reported from Iran and Caucasus (Russian Caucasus, Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia and Armenia) are briefly reviewed. Menegazzia subsimilis is reported for the first time from the Caucasus Region.

21 MYCOLOGIA BALCANICA 4: 21–30 (2007) Parmelioid lichens of Iran and the Caucasus Region Mohammad Sohrabi *, Teuvo Ahti  & Gennadi Urbanavichus   Botanical Museum (Mycology), P. O. Box 7, FI-00014 Helsinki University, Finland  Institute of the Industrial Ecology of the North, Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 184209 Apatity, Murmansk region, Russia Received 23 November 2006 / Accepted 18 March 2007 Abstract. Fourteen parmelioid species, Cetrelia cetrarioides, Hypogymnia physodes, H. austerodes, H. vittata, Melanelixia subaurifera, Melanohalea elegantula, Parmelia saxatilis, Xanthoparmelia camtschadalis, X. delisei, X. loxodes, X. pokornyi, X. stenophylla, X. tinctina and X. verruculifera, are reported as new to Iran. The taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution of the 76 parmelioid lichen species reported from Iran and Caucasus (Russian Caucasus, Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia and Armenia) are brieﬂy reviewed. Menegazzia subsimilis is reported for the ﬁrst time from the Caucasus Region. Key words: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Caucasus, Georgia, Iran, lichens, Parmeliaceae, Russia Introduction The Parmeliaceae constitute one of the largest families of lichen-forming ascomycetes. Most of the foliose members of the family were traditionally placed in the genus Parmelia, but in recent decades it has been subdivided into numerous segregate genera, and, in light of continuing molecular studies, are being rearranged (e.g. Blanco et al. 2004a, b). Wherever possible, the current paper uses updated taxonomy and nomenclature. Floristic knowledge of lichens in Iran and the Caucasus Region is still rather deﬁcient, even for the parmelioid lichens. The lichen catalogue for the Caucasus region by Barkhalov (1983) lists almost 1300 taxa for Armenia, Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia and the Russian Caucasus. Seaward et al. (2004) reported 396 species in their checklist for Iran, but since their review did not include many specimens from the forested mountain areas in the northwest of Iran, we have been able to add 14 parmelioid taxa in the following account. The Caucasus Region, encompassing the whole of Georgia and parts of neighboring Turkey (Anatolia), Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran (Hyrcanian region, Arasbaran and Talish) *Corresponding author: e-mail: mohammad.sohrabi@helsinki.ﬁ has been selected by Conservation International as one of the world’s 25 biodiversity hotspots and the Caucasus has been identiﬁed by the WWF International as one of its 238 globally outstanding ecoregions in terms of its biodiversity and by Conservation International as one of the globally most diverse and endangered biodiversity regions (Krever et al. 2001). It is located at a biological cross-roads where species from central and northern Europe, Central Asia and the Middle East mix with endemics found nowhere else, and supports over 6500 plant species, of which 1600 are endemic. Many of these endemic, rare, threatened or vulnerable plants are at risk if adequate conservation measures are not undertaken to protect them and their ecosystems. However, relatively little is know of the lichen ﬂora of the Caucasus; it is probably composed of more than 2000 species and is in need of considerably further study. The Caspian broadleaved deciduous temperate forests, also called the Hyrcanian forests, are located on the south coast of the Caspian Sea and the northern slopes of the Elburz mountain range from sea level to 2800 m altitude. They are the most valuable forests in Iran and cover about 1.9 million ha, being 800 km in length and about 25 km in width. About 60 % of these forests are commercial and the remainder are 22 sohrabi, m. et al. — parmelioid lichens of iran and the caucasus region more or less degraded. Average annual precipitation ranges from 600 to 2000 mm, with a maximum in the west and a minimum in the east. The Arasbaran subhygrophilous forest, located in north-western Iran (Lesser Caucasus), is similar to the Hyrcanian forests but lacks such species as Fagus orientalis, Quercus castaneifolia and Parrotia persica. Materials and Methods The present report is based primarily on lichen collections made by M. Sohrabi in the provinces of East Azerbaijan, Golestan and Mazandaran during several ﬁeld trips in 1999-2004. A stereomicroscope, light microscope, colour tests and thin-layer chromatography (TLC), according to the methods of Orange et al. (2001), were used in their identiﬁcation. Specimens from the above collections have been deposited in the Herbarium of Facultad de Farmacia of Universidad Complutense, Madrid (MAF), the Botanical Museum, University of Helsinki (H) and private herbarium of M. Sohrabi. Collections by P. Uotila in H have also been investigated. Caucasian specimens from the herbaria of Baku (BAK), St. Petersburg (LE) Moscow (MW), Tartu (TU), Kirovsk (KPABG) and the private herbarium of G. Urbanavichus were also examined. Taxa new to Iran are indicated by an asterisk. The Caucasian distribution data of the 76 species reported from the area are based mainly on Barkhalov (1983), Inashvili (1986), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004) and Novruzov (1990), but some literature relating to studies conducted in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia or Russian Caucasus (cf. Alverdieva 1993, Khanov 2006) were unobtainable. List of taxa Arctoparmelia centrifuga (L.) Hale (Parmelia centrifuga (L.) Ach.) Novruzov & Onipchenko (1985: 881), Krivorotov (1997: 17), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 34-35) Distribution: Russian Caucasus. Brodoa atrofusca (Schaer.) Goward (Parmelia atrofusca (Schaer.) Cromb.) Barkhalov (1983: 171 as Hypogymnia encausta with f. textilis), Inashvili (1986: 736), Urbanavichus (2001: 203), Blinkova (2004: 193), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 48-49) Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Brodoa intestiniformis (Vill.) Goward (Parmelia intestiniformis (Vill.) Ach., P. encausta (Sm.) Ach.) Barkhalov (1983: 172), Inashvili (1986: 736), Novruzov (1990: 242), Krivorotov (1997: 20), Urbanavichus (2001: 204), Blinkova (2004: 193), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 48) Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Cetrelia alaskana (W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. Eskin et al. (2004: 209) This record is surprising in view of its Beringian distribution (cf. Randlane & Saag 2004: 367), athough it has also been recently reported further west in the Russian Arctic. *Cetrelia cetrarioides (Duby) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. (Parmelia cetrarioides (Duby) Nyl.) Barkhalov (1983: 177), Inashvili (1986: 739), Otte (2001: 571), Blinkova (2004: 193), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 66-67), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 29) Mazandaran: Nour, Kojdur & Kodir villages, 1000-1500 m, 2002, Sohrabi & Moﬁd 474, 937, 954. Distribution: Iran (Mazandaran), Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. This species is provisionally recognized here following molecular analysis by Thell et al. (2002), although it can only be distinguished from C. olivetorum by secondary chemistry. Distribution maps by Randlane & Saag (2004) show the Caucasian ranges of the two taxa. Cetrelia monachorum (Zahlbr.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. (Parmelia monachorum Zahlbr.) Randlane & Saag (1991: 115) Distribution: Russian Caucasus. Cetrelia olivetorum (Nyl.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. (Parmelia olivetorum Nyl., P. olivaria auct.) Barkhalov (1983: 185), Novruzov (1990: 251), Randlane & Saag (1991: 115), Krivorotov (1997: 29), Otte (2001: 571), Seaward et al. (2004: 552), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 69), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 29) East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi, towards Babak Castle, unprotected area, 1750-2000 m, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’ E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4468, 4611, 4713, 4722. Mazandaran: Nour, Kojdur & Kodir villages, 1000-1500 m, 2002, Sohrabi & Moﬁd 330. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Mazandaran), Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Some earlier authors may have treated this species collectively with C. cetrarioides. Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale (Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach.) Barkhalov (1983: 175 as Parmelia caperata with f. muscicola, f. sorediosa, f. subglauca, f. submonophylla), Novruzov & Onipchenko (1985: 881), Inashvili (1986: 739 as Parmelia caperata with f. subglauca, f. sorediosa), Novruzov (1990: 244 as Parmelia caperata, with f. sorediosa), Krivorotov (1997: 46), Otte (2001: 572), Himelbrant & Kuznetsova (2002: 157), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2002: 183), Blinkova (2004: 195), Seaward et al. (2004: 555), Paşayev (2004a: 346), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 92), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 30) East Azerbaijan: Jolfa, Jolfa to Khoda-afrin, around Missan village & in adjacent forest, 1000-1500 m, corticolous, 2003, Sohrabi 1552; Kalibar, Arasbaran, 21 km from Khoda-afarin to Jolfa, Aynaloo road; 38°50’03’’ N, 46°47’29’’ E, 2005, Sohrabi & Ghobadnejhad 4175; Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi, towards Babak Castle, unprotected 23 mycologia balcanica  () area, 1750-2000 m, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’ E; 2005, Sohrabi 4470, 4565, 4683. Mazandaran: Nour, Nour to Amol road, Lavij village, 800 m, 2002, Sohrabi & Moﬁd 975, 995, 1003; Nour, Kojdur & Kodir villages, 1000-1500 m, 2002, Sohrabi & Moﬁd 336; Nour, ca 1 km to Nour, forest park, 1 m, 2002, Sohrabi & Moﬁd, 2094; Amol, ca 15 km from Amol, Haraz road, Kelerd village, 200-600 m, on calcareous rocks, 2004, Sohrabi & Moﬁd 2785. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Mazandaran), Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Flavoparmelia soredians (Nyl.) Hale (Parmelia soredians Nyl.) Barkhalov (1983: 191), Krivorotov (1997: 67) Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Russian Caucasus. Flavopunctelia darrowii (J.W. Thomson) Hale Hadji Moniri (2005: 35) Distribution: Iran (Khorassan, in the Irano-Turanian region) The occurrence of this American species in Eurasia is doubtful. Flavopunctelia flaventior (Stirt.) Hale (Parmelia flaventior Stirt.) Barkhalov (1983: 181), Krivorotov (1997: 66) Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Russian Caucasus. Flavopunctelia soredica (Nyl.) Hale (Parmelia ulophyllodes (Vain.) Savicz, P. soredica Nyl.) Barkhalov (1983: 195 as Parmelia ulophyllodes, with f. sorediosa), Inashvili (1986: 744), Krivorotov (1997: 68), Otte (2001: 572), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 30) Armenia: In the vicinity of Dilidzhan, ca 1700 m, on the base and trunk of Quercus macranthera, 25 May 1965, V. Masing 5 (TU). Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. *Hypogymnia austerodes (Nyl.) Räsänen (Parmelia austerodes Nyl.) Barkhalov (1983: 171), Inashvili (1986: 736), Krivorotov (1997: 48), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 100), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 30) East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi, towards Babak Castle, unprotected area, 1750-2000 m, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’ E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4646, 4479, 4616. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan), Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Hypogymnia bitteri (Lynge) Ahti (Parmelia bitteri Lynge) Barkhalov (1983: 171), Inashvili (1986: 736), Otte (2001: 572), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 30) Distribution: Georgia, Russian Caucasus. *Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. (Parmelia physodes (L.) Ach.) Barkhalov (1983: 172 as Hypogymnia physodes, with f. labrosa, and var. platyphylla, with f. stigmata, f. vittatoides), Inashvili (1986: 736), Novruzov (1990: 242), Krivorotov (1997: 49), Otte (2001: 572), Himelbrant & Kuznetsova (2002: 157), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 102), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 30) East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi, towards Babak Castle, unprotected area, 1750-2000 m, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’ E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4635, 4519, 4600, 4716. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan), Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Hypogymnia tubulosa (Schaer.) Hav. (Parmelia tubulosa (Schaer.) Bitt.) Barkhalov (1983: 172), Inashvili (1986: 736), Novruzov (1990: 242), Krivorotov (1997: 49), Otte (2001: 572), Himelbrant & Kuznetsova (2002: 158), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 102), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 30) Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. *Hypogymnia vittata (Ach.) Parrique (Parmelia vittata (Ach.) Nyl.) Inashvili (1986: 736 as Hypogymnia duplicata, with var. hypotrypanea; 737), Krivorotov (1997: 49), Otte (2001: 573), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 102), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 30) East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi, towards Babak Castle, unprotected area, 1750-2000 m, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’ E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4519. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan), Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Hypotrachyna endochlora (Leight.) Hale (Parmelia endochlora Leight.) Otte (2001: 573, 2004: 159) Distribution: Russian Caucasus. Hypotrachyna laevigata (Sm.) Hale (Parmelia laevigata (Sm.) Ach.) Barkhalov (1983: 184), Inashvili (1986: 741), Novruzov (1990: 247), Krivorotov (1997: 50), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 102), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 30) Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Russian Caucasus. Hypotrachyna pseudosinuosa (Asahina) Hale (Parmelia pseudosinuosa Asahina) Barkhalov (1983: 186), Inashvili (1986: 741) Distribution: Georgia. These records need conﬁrmation. Hypogymnia farinacea Zopf (Hypogymnia bitteriana Räsänen, nom. illeg., Parmelia bitteriana Zahlbr., nom. illeg.) Hypotrachyna revoluta (Flörke) Hale. (Parmelia revoluta Flörke) Barkhalov (1983: 171), Krivorotov (1997: 49), Otte (2001: 572), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 102) Distribution: Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Note the corrected author citation of H. bitteriana. Himelbrant & Kuznetsova (2002: 158), Otte (2004: 159), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 104), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 30) Distribution: Russian Caucasus. 24 sohrabi, m. et al. — parmelioid lichens of iran and the caucasus region Imshaugia aleurites (Ach.) S.L.F. Meyer (Parmeliopsis aleurites (Ach.) Nyl., Cetraria aleurites (Ach.) Th. Fr., Parmeliopsis pallescens (Hoﬀm.) Zahlbr.) Barkhalov (1983: 171), Inashvili (1986: 744 as Parmeliopsis pallescens with f. coralloidea), Krivorotov (1997: 50), Otte (2001: 573), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 104), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 30) Distribution: Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Melanelia commixta (Nyl.) Thell (Cetraria commixta (Nyl.) Th. Fr.) Inashvili (1986: 738), Eskin et al. (2004: 209), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 31) Distribution: Russian Caucasus. These records represent a major range extension (cf. Otte et al. 2005: 1224). This species, which is actually cetrarioid, is so widespread in the boreal zone that the arctic-alpine areal formula given by Otte et al. (2005: 1224) is in need of revision. Melanelia disjuncta (Erichsen) Essl. (Parmelia disjuncta Erichsen) Inashvili (1986: 739), Novruzov (1990: 249), Krivorotov (1997: 68), Otte (2001: 573), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 31) Distribution: Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Otte et al. (2005: 1224) noted the Caucasian outlier of this species in their distribution map. Melanelia hepatizon (Ach.) Thell (Cetraria hepatizon (Ach.) Vain.) Barkhalov (1983: 198), Eskin et al. (2004: 209), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32) Distribution: Russian Caucasus. Otte et al. (2005: 1229) give the Caucasian outlier on their distribution map, but the species is extremely common throughout much of the boreal zone of Northern Europe and Canada so that their arctic-alpine areal formula is in need of revision. Melanelia panniformis (Nyl.) Essl. (Parmelia panniformis (Nyl.) Vain.) Inashvili (1986: 741) Distribution: Georgia. If correct, then this record represents a distinct extension of its range (cf. Otte et al. 2005: 1231). Melanelia sorediata (Ach.) Goward & Ahti (Parmelia sorediata (Ach.) Th. Fr., P. sorediosa Almb.) Barkhalov (1983: 191, 328), Inashvili (1986: 743), Krivorotov (1997: 60) Distribution: Russian Caucasus. Early records may also refer to M. disjuncta; if correct, these represent a considerable extension to its range (cf. Otte et al. 2005: 1233). Melanelia stygia (L.) Essl. (Parmelia stygia (L.) Ach.) Barkhalov (1983: 193), Novruzov & Onipchenko (1985: 881), Inashvili (1986: 743), Novruzov (1990: 250), Krivorotov (1997: 60), Paşayev (2004b: 62), Blinkova (2004: 196), Eskin et al. (2004: 209), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32) Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. This species is actually a cetrarioid rather than a parmelioid lichen (Thell et al. 2002; Blanco et al. 2004a). The Caucasian outlier is missing in the distribution map by Otte et al. (2005). Melanelia tominii (Oxner) Essl. (Parmelia tominii Oxner, P. borisorum Oxner, P. substygia Räsänen) Krivorotov (1997: 60, 66), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 130) Distribution: Russian Caucasus. Also noted from the Caucasus (Turkey?) in the distribution map by Otte et al. (2005: 1235). Melanelixia fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) Nyl., P. laetevirens (Flot. ex Körb.) F. Rosend., P. glabratula Lamy, Melanelia glabratula (Lamy) Essl., M. fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) Essl.) Barkhalov (1983: 181, 183 as Parmelia laetevirens, with var. glabratula), Inashvili (1986: 740, 741), Novruzov (1990: 246, 247), Krivorotov (1997: 59, 67), Otte (2001: 573), Himelbrant & Kuznetsova (2002: 159), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Otte (2005: 221) Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. This species seems to be represented by both subsp. fuliginosa (mainly on rocks) and subsp. glabratula (Lamy) J.R. Laundon (see GuzowKrzeminska & Wegrzyn 2003; Laundon 2006), but all authors cited above have not distinguished them (cf. Esslinger 1977). The southern limit of M. fuliginosa is in Caucasia (see Otte et al. 2005: 1227). Melanelixia glabra (Schaer.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia glabra (Schaer.) Nyl., Melanelia glabra (Schaer.) Essl.) Barkhalov (1983: 182 as Parmelia glabra, with var. epilosa), Inashvili (1986: 740 as Parmelia glabra, with var. epilosa), Novruzov (1990: 246), Krivorotov (1997: 66), Otte (2001: 573), Seaward et al. (2004: 561), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 31), Sohrabi (2005: 106) East Azerbaijan: Jolfa, Jolfa to Khoda-afrin, around Missan village & in adjacent forest, 1000-1500 m, corticolous, 2003, Sohrabi 160, 163, 177, 1406, 1521, 1555; Kalibar, Arasbaran, 21 km from Khoda-afarin to Jolfa road, Aynaloo; 38°50’03’’ N, 46°47’29’’ E, 2005, Sohrabi & Ghobadnejhad 3743, 4062, 4019, 4042; Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi, towards Babak Castle, unprotected area, 1750-2000 m, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’ E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4483, 4520, 4612, 4741, 4738. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Golestan, Mazandaran), Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Records from Iran and the Caucasus are included in the distribution maps by Ahti (1966) and Otte et al. (2005). Melanelixia subargentifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia subargentifera Nyl., Melanelia subargentifera (Nyl.) Essl.) Barkhalov (1983: 193), Inashvili (1986: 743), Novruzov (1990: 249), Krivorotov (1997: 60), Paşayev (2004b: 62), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2002: 184), Eskin et al. (2004: 209), Seaward et al. 25 mycologia balcanica  () (2004: 561), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32), Otte (2005: 221), Sohrabi (2005: 106) East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi, towards Babak Castle, unprotected area, 1750-2000 m, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’ E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4663, 4566; Kalibar, Arasbaran, 21 km from Khoda-afarin to Jolfa road, Aynaloo; 38°50’03’’ N, 46°47’29’’ E, 2005, Sohrabi & Ghobadnejhad 3800; Ahar, Varzegan, ca 26 km west of Varzegan and ca 6 km to Joshin, village (Kharvana), on high mountain, Joshin Castle, 1700-2000 m, 38°39’ N, 46°21’ E, 18 Jun 2005, Sohrabi 3574, 3556; Jolfa, Jolfa to Khoda-afarin, around Missan & in adjacent forest, 1000-1500 m, 2003, Sohrabi 156. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Golestan), Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. The southern limit of M. subargentifera is in Caucasia and Iran, as noted on the distribution map by Otte et al. (2005: 1234). *Melanelixia subaurifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia subaurifera Nyl., Melanelia subaurifera (Nyl.) Essl.) Barkhalov (1983: 191 as Parmelia subaurifera, with f. fuliginoides), Inashvili (1986: 743), Novruzov (1990: 249), Krivorotov (1997: 60), Otte (2001: 573), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Otte (2005: 221) East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi, towards Babak Castle, unprotected area, 1750-2000 m, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’ E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4429, 4705. Mazandaran: Nour, Kojdur & Kodir villages, 1000-1500 m, 2002, Sohrabi & Moﬁd 304, 329. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Mazandaran) Azerbaijan Republic, Russian Caucasus. The Iranian records represent an extreme southeastern extension of the range of M. subaurifera as presented by Otte et al. (2005: 1235). *Melanohalea elegantula (Zahlbr.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia elegantula (Zahlbr.) Szatala, Melanelia elegantula (Zahlbr.) Essl.) Barkhalov (1983: 180), Novruzov (1990: 245), Krivorotov (1997: 59), Blinkova (2004: 196), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 31), Otte (2005: 221) East Azerbaijan: Jolfa, Hadishahr, Daran village, near road towards Kiamakidagh, 1500-2700 m, on calcareous rock, 2001, Sohrabi 885, 749, 812. Golestan: Golestan National Park, Allmeh valley, 7-8 km from Mirza-Baylu Station, 1300-1500 m, 37°21’ N, 56°11’ E, 2003, corticolous, on Juniperus sp., Sohrabi 1295; Golestan National Park, Sharleg, 1000-1200 m, 37°20’ N, 56°03’ E, 2003, corticolous on Crataegus sp., Sohrabi 4500. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Golestan), Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Russian Caucasus. We have not followed the concepts of Melanelia elegantula and M. infumata adopted by Esslinger (1977) and Otte et al. (2005); however, most of the epilithic material appears to belong to M. infumata, but M. elegantula is primarily epiphytic and epixylic. Melanohalea exasperata (De Not.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia exasperata De Not., Melanelia exasperata (De Not.) Essl., Parmelia aspera A. Massal., P. aspidota (Ach.) Poetsch) Barkhalov (1983: 180 as Parmelia exasperata, with f. pruinosa ), Inashvili (1986: 739, as Parmelia aspera, with f. pruinosa), Novruzov (1990: 245), Krivorotov (1997: 59), Otte (2001: 573), Blinkova (2004: 196), Eskin et al. (2004: 209); Paşayev (2004b: 62), Seaward et al. (2004: 561), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 31) Distribution: Iran (Golestan), Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Melanohalea exasperatula (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia exasperatula Nyl., Melanelia exasperatula (Nyl.) Essl.) Barkhalov (1983: 181), Inashvili (1986: 740), Novruzov (1990: 245), Krivorotov (1997: 59), Otte (2001: 573), Seaward et al. (2004: 561), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 31) East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, Arasbaran, 21 km from Khoda-afarin to Jolfa road, Aynaloo; 38°50’03’’ N, 46°47’29’’ E, 2005, Sohrabi & Ghobadnejhad 4043. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Mazandaran), Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Melanohalea infumata (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia infumata Nyl., Melanelia infumata (Nyl.) Essl.) Barkhalov (1983: 183), Inashvili (1986: 740), Novruzov (1990: 245), Krivorotov (1997: 59), Seaward et al. (2004: 561), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32) East Azerbaijan: Ahar, Varzegan, ca 26 km west of Varzegan & ca 6 km to Joshin,village (Kharvana), Joshin Castle, 1700-2000 m, 18 Jun 2005, 46°21’ E, 38°39’ N, Sohrabi 3509. Tehran: ca 6 km NE of Ab-e-Ali on the road from Tehran to Amol, wet meadow near a snow-lay Silt, 2320 m, 27 Apr 1972 Uotila 14837, 15906. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Golestan, Tehran), Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. See note under M. elegantula. Melanohalea olivacea (L.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia olivacea (L.) Ach., Melanelia olivacea (L.) Essl.) Barkhalov (1983: 184), Inashvili (1986: 741), Novruzov (1990: 247), Krivorotov (1997: 59), Blinkova (2004: 196), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 128), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32) Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Although Barkhalov (1983) and others have reported numerous localities for M. olivacea in the Caucasus, we expect that almost all the records refer to Melanelixia glabra. However, recent records from timberline areas of the Russian Caucasus are apparently correct. The distribution maps by Ahti (1966) and Otte et al. (2005) do not report M. olivacea from the Caucasus region. Melanohalea septentrionalis (Lynge) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia septentrionalis (Lynge) Ahti, Melanelia septentrionalis (Lynge) Essl.) Inashvili (1986: 743) Distribution: Georgia. The record is highly doubtful (cf. distribution maps in Ahti 1966 and Otte et al. 2005). Menegazzia subsimilis (H. Magn.) R. Sant. Russian Caucasus: Republic Adygeya, Kavkazskii zapovednik, neighbourhood of valley Guseripl’, 43°59’33.6’’ N, 40°08’32.07’’ E, alt. 26 sohrabi, m. et al. — parmelioid lichens of iran and the caucasus region 724 m, Broad-leaved forest on bank of river Philimonov Klyuch, 18 Jun 2005, G. Urbanavichus (Herb. Urbanavichus). Distribution: Russian Caucasus. New to the Caucasian Region. Menegazzia terebrata (Hoﬀm.) A. Massal. (Menegazzia pertusa (Schrank) Stein, Parmelia pertusa (Schrank) Schaer.) Barkhalov (1983: 174), Inashvili (1986: 737), Krivorotov (1997: 61), Otte (2001: 574), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 130) Distribution: Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 144), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32) East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, Arasbaran, 21 km from Khoda-afarin to Jolfa road, Aynaloo; 38°50’03’’ N, 46°47’29’’ E, 2005, Sohrabi & Ghobadnejhad 3788, 4087; Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi, towards Babak Castle, unprotected area, 1750-2000 m, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’ E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4465, 4587. Mazandaran: Nour, Nour to Amol road, Lavij village, 800 m, 2002, Sohrabi & Moﬁd 483. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Golestan, Mazandaran), Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Myelochroa aurulenta (Tuck.) Elix & Hale Seaward et al. (2004: 561) Mazandaran: Nour, Kojdur & Kodir villages, 1000-1500 m, 2002, Sohrabi & Moﬁd 943. Distribution: Iran (Mazandaran). Parmelia fraudans (Nyl.) Nyl. Barkhalov (1983: 181), Krivorotov (1997: 66), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 144) Distribution: Russian Caucasus. Parmelia omphalodes (L.) Ach. s. lat. Barkhalov (1983: 185), Inashvili (1986: 741), Novruzov (1990: 247), Krivorotov (1997: 67), Blinkova (2004: 196), Paşayev (2004b: 62), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 144), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32) Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Skult (1987) reported only subsp. omphalodes “strain I” from the Caucasus, which is common in Central Europe. *Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. Barkhalov (1983: 189), Inashvili (1986: 742), Novruzov & Onipchenko (1985: 881), Novruzov (1990: 248), Krivorotov (1997: 67), Otte (2001: 574), Blinkova (2004: 196), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 144), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32) East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi, towards Babak Castle, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’ E; 1750-2000 m, 19 Aug 2005, on silicate rocks, Sohrabi 4446, 4672. Jolfa to Khoda-afrin, around Missan village & in adjacent forest, 1000-1500 m, 2003, on silicate rocks, Sohrabi 129. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan), Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Common on trees as well as rocks; arboreal populations may also contain other closely related species. Parmelia submontana Nádv. ex Hale Otte (2001: 574), Blinkova et al. (2003: 177), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 144), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32) Distribution: Russian Caucasus. Parmelia sulcata Taylor Barkhalov (1983: 194), Inashvili (1986: 743), Novruzov (1990: 249), Krivorotov (1997: 68), Otte (2001: 574), Himelbrant & Kuznetsova (2002: 160), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2002: 184), Blinkova (2004: 196), Paşayev (2004b: 62), Seaward et al. (2004: 562), Parmelina carporrhizans (Taylor) Poelt & Vězda (Parmelia carporrhizans Taylor) Barkhalov (1983: 177), Inashvili (1986: 740), Krivorotov (1997: 66), Eskin et al. (2004: 209), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 144) Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus Recognition of this species as distinct from P. quercina is supported by molecular analyses (Argüello et al. 2005). Parmelina pastillifera (Harm.) Hale (Parmelia pastillifera (Harm.) R. Schub. & Klem.) Barkhalov (1983: 191), Inashvili (1986: 742), Otte (2001: 574) Distribution: Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Parmelina quercina (Willd.) Hale (Parmelia quercina (Willd.) Vain.) Barkhalov (1983: 188), Novruzov & Onipchenko (1985: 881), Inashvili (1986: 742), Novruzov (1990: 245), Krivorotov (1997: 67), Otte (2001: 574), Seaward et al. (2004: 562), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 144), Otte (2005: 222) Distribution: Iran (Golestan), Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Parmelina tiliacea (Hoﬀm.) Hale (Parmelia tiliacea (Hoﬀm.) Ach., P. scortea (Ach.) Ach.) Barkhalov (1983: 190), Inashvili (1986: 742), Novruzov (1990: 250), Krivorotov (1997: 69), Otte (2001: 574), Blinkova (2004: 196), Eskin et al. (2004: 209), Seaward et al. (2004: 562), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 144), Otte (2005: 222), Sohrabi (2005: 106) East Azerbaijan: Jolfa to Khoda-afrin, around Missan village & in adjacent forest, 1000-1500 m, on bark, 2003, Sohrabi 108, 1440, 1507, 1514, 1542, 1554; Jolfa, Hadishahr, Geshlag village, around the road to Maharan, 1700-2500 m, 2000, on calcareous rocks & granite stone, Sohrabi 1817; Kalibar, ca 10 km from Aras river and Khoda-afarin to Jolfa road, Daraghzi village, unprotected area, 450 m, 39°05’ N, 46°53’ E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 3648; Ahar, Varzegan, ca 26 km west of Varzegan and ca 6 km from Joshin, village (Kharvana), on high mountain, Joshin Castle, 1700-2000 m, 38°39’ N, 46°21’ E, 18 Jun 2005, Sohrabi 3545; Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi, towards Babak Castle, unprotected area, 1750-2000 m, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’ E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4480, 4455. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Golestan), Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. 27 mycologia balcanica  () Parmeliopsis ambigua (Wulfen) Nyl. (Parmelia ambigua (Wulfen) Ach.) Pleurosticta acetabulum (Neck.) Elix & Lumbsch (Parmelia acetabulum (Neck.) Duby) Barkhalov (1983: 171), Inashvili (1986: 744), Novruzov (1990: 243), Krivorotov (1997: 69), Otte (2001: 574), Blinkova (2004: 196), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 146), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32) Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Barkhalov (1983: 174), Inashvili (1986: 739), Novruzov (1990: 243), Eskin et al. (2004: 209), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 164), Otte (2005: 222), Sohrabi (2005: 107) East Azerbaijan: Jolfa to Khoda-afrin, around Missan village & in adjacent forest, 1000-1500 m, terricolous, 2003, Sohrabi 146, 148, 1487, 1484; Kalibar, Arasbaran, 21 km from Khoda-afarin to Jolfa road, Aynaloo; 38°50’03’’ N, 46°47’29’’ E, 2005, Sohrabi & Ghobadnejhad 4005. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Golestan), Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Parmeliopsis hyperopta (Ach.) Arnold (Parmelia hyperopta Ach.) Barkhalov (1983: 171), Inashvili (1986: 744), Krivorotov (1997: 69), Blinkova (2004: 196), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 144), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32) Distribution: Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Parmotrema arnoldii (Du Rietz) Hale (Parmelia arnoldii Du Rietz) Otte (2001: 574) Distribution: Russian Caucasus. Parmotrema cetratum (Ach.) Hale (Parmelia cetrata Ach.) Barkhalov (1983: 178), Inashvili (1986: 740), Novruzov (1990: 244) Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia. Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) M. Choisy (P. chinense auct., Parmelia perlata (Huds.) Ach., P. trichotera Hue) Barkhalov (1983: 185 as Parmelia perlata and var. ciliata, with f. sorediifera), Novruzov & Onipchenko (1985: 881), Inashvili (1986: 741 as Parmelia perlata, and var. ciliata, with f. sorediifera), Novruzov (1990: 248), Krivorotov (1997: 69), Otte (2001: 574), Himelbrant & Kuznetsova (2002: 160), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2002: 184), Blinkova (2004: 196), Seaward et al. (2004: 562), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 146), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32) Mazandaran: Nour, Nour to Amol road, Lavij village, 800 m, 2002, Sohrabi & Moﬁd 965, 984. Distribution: Iran (Mazandaran), Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Armenia, Russian Caucasus. Although open to criticism, we have followed Hawksworth (2004) in the interpretation of the name P. perlatum. Pleurosticta koflerae (Clauzade & Cl. Roux) Elix & Lumbsch (Parmelia koflerae Clauzade & Cl. Roux) Vězda (1978: 5); Vězda (1983: 2); Inashvili (1986: 741) Distribution: Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf (Parmelia furfuracea (L.) Ach.) Barkhalov (1983: 201), Novruzov & Onipchenko (1985: 881), Inashvili (1986: 737), Novruzov (1990: 243), Krivorotov (1997: 84), Otte (2001: 575), Blinkova (2004: 197), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 170), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32) Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Punctelia borreri (Sm.) Krog (Parmelia borreri (Sm.) Turn.) Barkhalov (1983: 175), Inashvili (1986: 739), Novruzov (1990: 244), Seaward et al. (2004: 567) Golestan: Gorgan, Minoodasht, Dahneh Chehel chaiy, around road of Zangolab village, 110-1000 m, 2004, Sohrabi & Moﬁd 2191. Distribution: Iran (Golestan, Mazandaran), Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog (Parmelia dubia (Wulfen) Schaer., P. subrudecta Nyl.) Barkhalov (1983: 194), Inashvili (1986: 743), Krivorotov (1997: 85), Otte (2004: 161), Seaward et al. (2004: 567) Distribution: Iran (Mazandaran), Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Some records possibly refer to P. ulophylla (van Herk & Aptroot 2000). Punctelia ulophylla (Ach.) van Herk & Aptroot Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M. Choisy (Parmelia reticulata Taylor; Rimelia reticulata (Taylor) Hale & A. Fletcher) Barkhalov (1983: 185 as Parmelia perforata, and var. ulophylla; 188 as Parmelia reticulata), Inashvili (1986: 741 as Parmelia perforata, and var. ulophylla), Novruzov (1990: 248), Krivorotov (1997: 67), Otte (2004: 161 as Rimelia reticulata) Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Parmotrema stuppeum (Taylor) Hale (Parmelia stuppea Taylor) Barkhalov (1983: 192), Inashvili (1986: 743), Novruzov (1990: 250), Krivorotov (1997: 68), Otte (2001: 574), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 146), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32) Distribution: Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Otte (2004: 161) Distribution: Russian Caucasus. *Xanthoparmelia camtschadalis (Ach.) Hale (Parmelia vagans s. auct.) Barkhalov (1983: 195), Inashvili (1986: 744), Novruzov (1990: 251), Krivorotov (1997: 68), Paşayev (2004b: 62), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 212) East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, ca 10 km from Kalibar town, Hejranduost village, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’ E, 1750-1850 m, terricolous, 20 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4284, 4309, 4268. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan), Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. This vagrant soil lichen, widespread in arid Eurasia and western North America, has traditionally been called Parmelia vagans, especially in 28 sohrabi, m. et al. — parmelioid lichens of iran and the caucasus region Russia, but that name belongs to an American species ranging from Chile to western North America (Follmann 1967; Hale 1990). Xanthoparmelia conspersa (Ach.) Hale (Parmelia conspersa (Ach.) Ach.) Barkhalov (1983: 178), Novruzov & Onipchenko (1985: 881), Inashvili (1986: 740, 741), Novruzov (1990: 244), Krivorotov (1997: 101), Otte (2001: 576), Paşayev (2004b: 62), Seaward et al. (2004: 572), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 212) East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, Arasbaran, 21 km from Khoda-afarin to Jolfa road, Aynaloo, 38°50’03’’ N, 46°47’29’’ E; 2005, Sohrabi & Ghobadnejhad 4015, 4147. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Mazandaran), Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. *Xanthoparmelia delisei (Duby) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia delisei (Duby) Nyl., Neofuscelia delisei (Duby) Essl.) Barkhalov (1983: 180), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 138), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32) East Azerbaijan: W of Seyah Chaman, ca 20 km NW of Miyaneh, rock outcrop, 1720 m, 20 Apr 1972, Uotila 15 681. West Azerbaijan: ca 15 km SE of Maku, valley with rock outcrops, 1000 m, 19 Apr 1972, Uotila 15 671. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan), Russian Caucasus. *Xanthoparmelia loxodes (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia isidiotyla Nyl., P. loxodes Nyl., Neofuscelia loxodes (Nyl.) Essl.) Barkhalov (1983: 183), Novruzov (1990: 247), Krivorotov (1997: 62), Paşayev (2004b: 62), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 138) East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, ca 10 km from Aras river & Khoda-afrin to Jolfa road, Daraghzi village, unprotected area, 450 m, 39°05’ N, 46°53’ E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 3605. Tehran: ca 6 km NE of Ab-e-Ali on the road from Tehran to Amol, wet meadow near a snow-lay. Silt, 2320 m, 27 Apr 1972 Uotila 15897. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Tehran), Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Xanthoparmelia perrugata (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia perrugata Nyl., Neofuscelia perrugata (Nyl.) Essl.) Barkhalov (1983: 186), Elix (2002: 4), Seaward et al. (2004: 561), Moniri et al. (2005: 56) Distribution: Iran (Khorassan), Georgia. *Xanthoparmelia pokornyi (Körb.) O. Blanco et al. Barkhalov (1983: 187), Inashvili (1986: 742) East Azerbaijan: Jolfa, Jolfa to Khoda-afrin, adjacent forest of Missan village, 1000-1500 m, 2003, Sohrabi 1433. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan), Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia. Xanthoparmelia pulla (Ach.) O. Blanco et al., s. lat. (Parmelia prolixa (Ach.) Carroll, Neofuscelia pulla (Ach.) Essl., Parmelia pulla Ach.) Barkhalov (1983: 187), Novruzov & Onipchenko (1985: 881), Inashvili (1986: 742), Novruzov (1990: 248), Krivorotov (1997: 62), Paşayev (2004b: 62), Seaward et al. (2004: 562), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 138), Otte (2005: 221) East Azerbaijan: Jolfa, Jolfa to Khoda-afrin, around Missan village & in adjacent forest, 1000-1500 m, saxicolous, 2003, Sohrabi 97, 144, 1430, 1433, 1503; Jolfa, Hadishahr, Daran village, around road towards Kiamakidagh, 1500-2700 m, on calcareous rock, 2001, Sohrabi 524, 803, 893; Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi, towards Babak Castle, unprotected area, 1750-2000 m, 46°58’06’’ E, 38°52’07’’ N, 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4436, 4472, 4523, 4638, 4669, 4734; Ahar, Varzegan, ca 26 km west of Varzegan and ca 6 km from Joshin, village (Kharvana), on sharp mountains, Joshin Castle, 1700-2000 m, 18 Jun 2005, 46°21’ E, 38°39’ N, Sohrabi 3598; Kalibar, Arasbaran, 21 km from Khoda-afarin to Jolfa road, Aynaloo, 38°50’03’’ N, 46°47’29’’ E; 2005, Sohrabi & Ghobadnejhad 3790, 4197. Azerbaijan Republic: Kirovabad area (Gäncä), 1964, Mikkelsaar 15 (TU). Armenia: Gerda, in crevices, 1983, Trass (TU). Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Mazandaran), Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Thin-layer chromatography for the identiﬁcation of the chemotypes and chemical species of X. pulla s. lat. has not been undertaken. Xanthoparmelia ryssolea (Ach.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia ryssolea (Ach.) Nyl., Neofuscelia ryssolea (Ach.) Essl.) Barkhalov (1983: 189), Inashvili (1986: 742), Novruzov (1990: 248), Krivorotov (1997: 67) Distribution: Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. *Xanthoparmelia stenophylla (Ach.) Ahti & D. Hawksw. (Parmelia stenophylla (Ach.) Heug., Xanthoparmelia somloënsis (Gyeln.) Hale, Parmelia taractica auct., P. molliuscula auct.) Barkhalov (1983: 191), Novruzov & Onipchenko (1985: 881), Inashvili (1986: 743, 743), Novruzov (1990: 250), Krivorotov (1997: 101), Paşayev (2004b: 62), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 212), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 34), Otte (2005: 223) East Azerbaijan: Jolfa, Jolfa to Khoda-afrin, around Missan village and in adjacent forest, 1000-1500 m, saxicolous, 2003, Sohrabi 143, 158, 1384, 1400, 1416, 1438, 1460, 1492, 1498; Kalibar, ca 10 km from Aras river and Khoda-afrin to Jolfa road, Daraghzi village, unprotected area, 450 m, 46°53’ E, 39°05’ N; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 3618, 3668; Kalibar, Arasbaran, 21 km from Khoda-afarin to Jolfa road, Aynaloo, 38°50’03’’ N, 46°47’29’’ E; 2005, Sohrabi & Ghobadnejhad 3723, 3750, 4030, 4108, 4159; Kalibar, ca 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi, towards Babak Castle, unprotected area, 1750-2000 m, 38°52’07’’ N, 46°58’06’’ E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 4463, 4488, 4490, 4579, 4581, 4586, 4748. Mazandaran: Amol, Amol to Tehran, Haraz road, Larijan area, 15 km from Larijan, Vana & Akha villages, 1200-1600 m, on Calcareous rocks, 2004, Sohrabi 2620. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan, Mazandaran), Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Ahti & Hawksworth (2005) demonstrated that the earlier much used epithet stenophylla should be re-adopted for this species. *Xanthoparmelia tinctina (Maheu & Gillet) Hale (Parmelia tinctina Maheu & Gillet) Krivorotov (1997: 101), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 212) mycologia balcanica  () East Azerbaijan: Jolfa to Khoda-afrin, around Missan village & in adjacent forest, 1000-1500 m, saxicolous, 2003, Sohrabi 1391, 1393, 1414, 1490, 1496, 1548. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan), Russian Caucasus. *Xanthoparmelia verruculifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. (Parmelia glomellifera (Nyl.) Nyl., P. verruculifera Nyl., Neofuscelia verruculifera (Nyl.) Essl.) Barkhalov (1983: 183, 196), Inashvili (1986: 740, 744), Novruzov (1990: 251), Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene (2004: 138), Blinkova & Urbanavichus (2005: 32) East Azerbaijan: Kalibar, ca 10 km from Aras river & Khoda-afrin to Jolfa road, Daraghzi village, unprotected area, 450 m, 39°05’ N 46°53’ E; 19 Aug 2005, Sohrabi 3663; Kalibar, Arasbaran, 21 km from Khodaafarin to Jolfa road, Aynaloo, 38°50’03’’ N, 46°47’29’’ E; 2005, Sohrabi & Ghobadnejhad 4242. Distribution: Iran (East Azerbaijan), Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Russian Caucasus. Acknowledgements. We are deeply indebted to the Editor for his kindly support in publishing this paper and to Prof. M.R.D. Seaward (Bradford) for correcting the English. The authors wish to thank Dr P.K. Divakar (Lucknow) for identiﬁcation of some parmelioid lichens, Prof. Pertti Uotila (Helsinki) who allowed us access to his Iranian collections, Dr Orvo Vitikainen (Helsinki) and Dr Harrie Sipman (Berlin) for help with identiﬁcations, Masoomeh Gobadnejhad (Helsinki) for his company in the ﬁeld, Dr D. Himelbrant and E. Kuznetsova (St. Petersburg) for providing valuable Russian references, and Dr Sevda Alverdiyeva (Baku) for sending some Barkhalov lichen collections for checking. M. Sohrabi is particularly grateful to his colleagues for their useful comments and for numerous discussions on nomenclature, and gratefully acknowledges support from the Iranian Ministry of Science for a scholarship which permitted him to study at the University of Helsinki. References Ahti, T. 1966. Parmelia olivacea and the allied non-isidiate and non-sorediate corticolous lichens in the Northern Hemisphere. – Acta Botanica Fennica 70: 1-68. Ahti, T. & Hawksworth, D.L. 2005. Xanthoparmelia stenophylla, the correct name for X. somloënsis, one of the most widespread usnic acid containing species of the genus. – Lichenologist 34: 363-366. Alverdieva, S. 1993. [Lichen ﬂora of Nagornyy Karabakh]. – In: Abstracts of the Meeting of young botanists of CIS “The Actual Problems of Botany”, Apatity, 1993. Pp. 6-7. (In Russian) Argüello, A., Cubas, P., Del Prado, R. & Crespo, A. 2005. Four morphospecies within Parmelina quercina: geographic distribution. – In: Abstracts, XVII International Botanical Congress, Vienna, 17-23 July 2005. P. 380. Barkhalov, S.O. 1983: [Lichen ﬂora of the Caucasus]. – Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan, Baku. (In Russian) Blanco, O., Crespo, A., Divakar, P.K., Esslinger, T.L., Hawksworth, D.L. & Lumbsch, H.T. 2004a. Melanelixia and Melanohalea, two new genera segregated from Melanelia (Parmeliaceae) based on molecular and morphological data. – Mycological Research 108: 873-884. 29 Blanco, O., Crespo, A., Elix, J.A., Hawksworth, D.L. & Lumbsch, H.T. 2004b. A molecular phylogeny and a new classiﬁcation of parmelioid lichens containing Xanthoparmelia-type lichenan (Ascomycota: Lecanorales). – Taxon 53: 959-975. Blinkova, O.V. 2004. [The materials to the lichen ﬂora of the Teberda state biosphere reserve]. – Novitates Systematicae Plantarum non Vascularium 37: 192-199. (In Russian) Blinkova, O. & Urbanavichus, G. 2005. Ecological analysis of lichens in the Teberda State Biosphere Reserve (North-Western Caucasus, Russia). – Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 41: 23-34. Blinkova, O.V., Urbanavichene, I.N. & Urbanavichus, G.P. 2003. [New and rare lichen species from the Caucasus (Teberdinsky Nature Reserve)]. – Botanicheskiy Zhurnal 88(10): 115-118. (In Russian) Elix, J.A. 2002. Chemical variations of the lichen Neofuscelia pulla (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae) sensu Esslinger. – Australasian Lichenology 51: 7-9. Eskin, N.B., Urbanavichene, I.N. & Urbanavichus, G.P. 2004. [To lichen ﬂora of Kavkazskii biosphere reserve (Krasnodar Territory)]. – Novitates Systematicae Plantarum non Vascularium 37: 207-209. (In Russian) Esslinger, T.L. 1977. A chemosystematic revision of the brown Parmeliae. – Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 42: 1-211. Follmann, G. 1967. Chilenische Wanderﬂechten. – Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 79: 453-462. Guzow-Krzeminska, B. & Wegrzyn, G. 2003. A preliminary study on the phylogeny of the genus Melanelia using nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. – Lichenologist 35: 83-86. Hadji Moniri, M. 2005. Lichen genus new to Iran. – In: Singh et al. [eds]. Abstracts book of 3rd International Conference on Plants and Environmental Pollution (ICPEP-3), Lucknow, India, 2005, p. 35. University Press, Lucknow. Hale, M.E. 1990. A synopsis of the lichen genus Xanthoparmelia (Vainio) Hale (Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae). – Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 74: 1-250. Hawksworth, D.L. 2004. Rediscovery of the original material of Osbeck’s Lichen sinensis and the re-establishment of the name Parmotrema perlatum. – Herzogia 17: 37- 44. Himelbrant, D. & Kuznetsova, E. 2002. Lichens of the subtropical Botanical Garden of Kuban, Krasnodar Region, Russian Caucasus. – Botanica Lithuanica 8: 153-163. Inashvili, T.N. 1986. Lichenes. – In: I.G. Nakhutsprishvili [ed.]. [Flora of the spore plants of Georgia (conspectus)], pp. 692-785. Metsniereva, Tbilisi. (In Russian) Khanov, Z. 2006. [Ecology and physiology of lichens in the protected areas of the Kabardino-Balcarian Republic]. – In: M.P. Andreev et al. [eds]. Lichen ﬂora of Russia: state and perspective of exploration. Proceedings of the international conference dedicated to the 120t anniversary of V.P. Savicz, St. Petersburg, 2006, pp. 289-294. (In Russian) Krever, V., Zazanashvili, N., Jungius, H., Williams, L. & Petelin, D. 2001. Biodiversity of the Caucasus Ecoregion. World Wide Fund for Nature, Moscow. Krivorotov, S. 1997. [Lichens and lichen communities of north-western Caucasus (ﬂoristic and ecological analyses)]. Krasnodar. (In Russian) Laundon, J.R. 2006. The subspecies of Melanelixia fuliginosa. – Lichenologist 38: 277-278. Moniry, M.H., Fallahian, F. & Maassoumi, A. 2005. Lichens from the Khorasan Province, Iran. – Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 41: 55-57. 30 sohrabi, m. et al. — parmelioid lichens of iran and the caucasus region Novruzov, V.S. 1990. [Florogenetic analysis of lichens of Greater Caucasus and questions on its conservation (within limits of Azerbaijan]. Elm, Baku. (In Russian) Novruzov, V.S., & Onipchenko, V.G. 1985. [Notes to the lichen ﬂora of alpine belt in the Teberda State Reserve.] – Botanicheskiy Zhurnal 70: 799-802. (In Russian) Orange, A., James, P.W. & White, F.J. 2001. 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LXIV (no. 1576-1600). Průhonice. Vĕzda, A. 1983. Lichenes Selecti Exsiccati. Fasc. LXXV (no. 1851-1875). Průhonice.

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