Jpn. J. Trop. Agr. 40(1): 15•\19, 1996 White caused Powdery by Spot of Cercosporella Dyah Tinospora tuberculata dioscoreophylli in Indonesia MANOHARA, DOno WAHYUNO, Takao and Masaoml KOBAYASHI* ONIKI* Research Institute for Spice and Medicinal Crops (BALITTRO), Ji. Tentara Pelajar 3, Bogor 16111, Indonesia. *Joint Study Project for Strengthening Research on Diseases of Industrial Crops in Indonesia, Japan International Agency (JICA), in BALITTRD. Cooperation Abstract White powdery spot of Tinospora tuberculata BEUMEE,a traditional medicinal plant, was newly found in West Java Province (Java Is.) and Lampung Province (Sumatra Is.) of Indonesia. Yellow patches are shown from the upper leaf surface of the diseased leaves. On the lower surface of leaves, spots are covered with white powdery masses composed of conidia and conidiophores of the causal fungus. Severely infected leaves become brown in color and gradually defoliate. Attempts to isolate the fungus on artificial media were unsuccessful, but inoculation tests using conidia collected from the diseased leaves were successful to produce the symptoms similar to those observed in the field. The causal fungus was identified as Cercosporella dioscoreophylli (HENNINGS)DEIGHTON already recorded from Africa and the Philippines. Tinospora tuberculata is a new host for the fungus. Key words White powdery spot, Tinospora tuberculata, Medicinal crop, Cercosporella dioscoreophylli, Indonesia. イ ン ドネ シ ア の 薬 用 植 物 ア ン タ ワ リ(ツ 小 林 享 夫*・ 鬼 木 正 臣* Indonesia.*国 ヅ ラ フ ジ 科)の 白 か び 斑 点 病(新 イ ン ドネ シ ア 香 辛 料 ・薬 用 作 物 研 究 所 称) 際 協 力 事 業 団 イ ン ドネ シ ア 工 芸 作 物 病 害 研 究 強 化 プ ロ ジ ェ ク ト 学 国際 農 業 開 発 学 科 〒156東 京 都 世 田 谷 区 桜 ヶ 丘1‑1お ディア マ ノハ ラ ・ド ノ (BALITTRO),Jl.Tentara Pelajar BALITTRO内 よ び農 林 水 産 省 農 業 生 物 資 源 研 究 所 ワ ヒユ ウ ノ ・ 3,Bogor 〔現 所 属:東 〒305茨 16111, 京農 業 大 城 県 つ くば 市 観 音 台2‑1‑2〕 要 約 イ ン ドネ シ ア の 西部 ジャ ワ と ラ ン プ ン州 に お い て,薬 用 植 物 ア ン タ ワ リ(Tinospora tuberculata)に 激 しい落 葉 性 の 葉 の 病 気 の 発 生 を認 め,病 原 学 的研 究 を行 っ た 。病 葉 裏 面 の 斑 点 が 白色 〜淡 黄 色 の粉 状 胞 子 塊 に覆 わ れ る の が特 徴 で,葉 表 面 か らは 黄 色 の 斑 点 に 見 え る。 病 原 菌 分 生 子 か らの 人 工 培 養 は 得 られ な か っ た が,自 然 発 病 病 葉 上 の 分 生 子 に よ る接 種 試 験 は 成 功 し,自 然 発 病 と同 様 の 症 状 の 再 現 を 認 め た 。病 原 菌 は その 形 態的 特 徴 か ら,ア フ リカ お よ び フ ィ リ ピ ンか ら記 録 の あ る Cercosporella dioscore dioscoreophylli (HENNINGS) DEIGHTONと 同定 さ れ た 。 ア ン タ ワ リは本 菌 の新 宿 主 で あ り,病 徴 か ら 白 か び 斑 点 病 と名 付 け た。 イ ン ドネ シア 初 記 録 で あ る。 キー ワー ド ア ン タ ワ リ,白 か び 斑 点 病,イ ン ドネ シア,薬 用 植 物,Cercosporella Introduction During the surveys on diseases of industrial crops in Indonesia carried out from 1990 to 1993, severe occurrences of white powdery spot on Tinospora tuberculata BEUMEE (antawali in Indonesia) were observed in Natar, Received June 23, 1995 *present addresses are Department of International Agricultural Development, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka 1-1-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156, Japan, and Research Institute of Agro -biological Resources , Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. dioscoreophylli Lampung Province, Sumatra and Sukamulya, West Java Province, Java. Damage of the disease seems to be severe resulting early defoliation of the leaves. Leaves and stem of antawali are used as traditional medicines against some human injuries and diseases, such as ulcer wound, crawl oritch, rheumatism, belly-ache. oxyuris, diarrhoea, diabetes, scabies, gonorrhoea, syphilis, varicelle, cholera or trachoma (KASAHARA and HEMMI,1986). Although cultivation of antawali is still limited, etiological study on this disease seems to be important for the future utilization of this crop. Summarized results of the study were preliminarily reported (KOBAYASHI et al., 1993). 16 Jpn. J. Trop. Symptoms and damage of the At first infected tissues become lowish spots, usually limited along Fig. 1. disease pale yelthe vein, Agr. 40(1) appear enlarge forming color. 1996 on the upper leaf surface. They and sometimes coalesce to each other irregular bigger spots with yellow In advanced stage, spots become White powdery spot of Trinospora tuberculata. Symptoms on the upper leaf surface (a) and on the lower leaf surface (b). Fruitings of the causal fungus (c) and conidia showing thick scar (d). Spots obtained from inoculation test (e: upper leaf surface, f: lower leaf surface). MANOHARAet al.: White Fig. 2. Cercosporella b: Tip dioscorephylli of Powdery (HENNINGS) conidiophore, c: Spot DEIGHTON of Tinospora (•¬=10ƒÊm) a: the Hyphae are hyaline to Stroma are epidermal in pale diam. and the x base of conidia infected (Melzer 6.5•`7.5ƒÊm, are reagent), smooth in thin hyaline, truncate finely into was tested from the naturally Conidia a fungus fungus were sterilized liberated water suspension. by with to Potted base, straight stained 1: cand x scars and suspension covered with then make a an seedlings were February The after or spots on became by the many 2). later. in were of each spots more Spots slightly white often for 3 days, seed- sterilized in water Inoculation December symptoms 19, appeared as surfaces brown. was 1991, 1992. visible both them Control suspension. out by Inoculated greenhouse inoculation pale of bag. with conidial 10, sprayed removed. carried first days 37•`65 Fig. and and sprayed of were were polyethylen kept bags tests 4 a were the as thickblue d; tuberculata conidial lings clusters- 1•`4-septate, (Fig. the the obtained leaves. brush instead the 30•`108 but with which at stroma, are obclavate, 20•`35ƒÊm arising of of Pathogenicity using plants or height.Conidio- brown distinct Conidia curved, in diam. stomata brown, pale cells with sympodial. iodine olive flexuous, upper in within 37•`58ƒÊm and leaves, 2•`3.5ƒÊm pale simple, •` 4.5ƒÊm, ened colored, hyaline, epidermal diseased hypophyllous, are septate, the conidiophores, fungus within of layer, phores from internal, layers and Pathogenicity Tinospora mesophyll Stroma Germination tests of the conidia on artificial agar media were unsuccessful, so that the isolate of the fungus could not be obtained at last. inoculum of 17 Conidia. brownish in color at their center part. The lower surface of the yellowish spots is covered with whitish to pale yellowish powdery masses composed of conidiophores and conidia of the fungus. Severely diseased leaves gradually change into brown color and dried up. Then they defoliate. The disease occurs throughout the year, but it spread out more severely during the rainy season (Fig. l: a and b). Morphology tuberculata of The small leaves. lower conidial coalesced Spots leaf thickened and masses to 5•`7 yellowish of produced 1•`2 each soon surface other days to 18 Jpn. J. Trop. Agr. 40(1) 1996 Table 1. Morphological characteristics on Tinospora plants. of the species of Cerosporella and related genera described a) The authors, b) DEIGHTON (1973,on Dioscoreophyllum, Tinosporaand Rhigidocaryafrom Philippines,Sierra Leone, Ghana, Tanzania),c) CHUPP (1953, on Dioscoreophyllum,Africa), d) SYDOW (1916,on Tinosporafrom Philippines),e) CHUPP (1953,on Tinosporafrom Philippinesand India),f) LACY and THIRUMARALCHAR,1951, on Tinosporafrom India),g) DEIGHTON (1973,on Tinospora from India, Pakistan and Burma),h) KAMAR. GUPTA and VERMA (1987),on Tinosporafrom India. make larger patches as observed on naturally infected leaves. At the advanced stage, center part of the spots became brownish and diseased leaves defoliated gradually. No symptom was observed on the control seedlings after all (Fig. 1: e and f). Identification of the fungus As mentioned above, the fungus observed on the lower leaf surface of the spot of Tinospora tuberculata was proved to be the causal agent of the present disease.The fungus apparently belongs to the genus Cercosporella SACCARDO based on its morphological characteristics described above. On Tinospora plants, two species of Cercosporella, namely C. dioscoreophylli (HEN NINGS)DEIGHTON(1973; CHUPP, 1953; HENNINGS 1905; SYDOW,1916) and C. tinosporae (LACYet THIRUMALACHAR) DEIGHTON (1973; LACY and THIRUMALACHAR, 1951), have been known. As shown in Table 1, symptoms and morphological characteristics of the Indonesia fungus causing white powdery spot of Tinospora were quite identical with those of Cercosporella dioscoreophylli. Besides these two Cercosporella species, Cercospora madhauliensis Kamal et al. (1987) was described on Tinospora cordiflorae from India. It, however, quite differs from the present fungus by its reddish brown spot, very long conidiophores and very slender conidia having 8-18 septa. Therefore, the present fungus was identified as Cercosporella dioscoreophylli (HENN.) DEIGHTON. Cercosporella dioscoreophylli has been recorded on Dioscoreophyllum volkensii ENGL., Rhigiocarya racemifera MIERS, Tinospora caf - fra (MIERS) TROUPIN, T reticulate MIERS, T rumphii BOERL, from Africa (Ghana, Sierra Leone, Tanzania) and Asia (India, Philippines) (CHUPP, 1953; DEIGHTON,1973; GANGULYand PANDOTRA,1963; PANDOTRAand GANGULY, 1964; RA0,1962; SYDOW,1916). Tinospora tuberculata BEUMEE is a new host for the fungus and Indonesia is a new locality of the fungus. Mycological review of the present fungus is as follows: Cercosporella dioscoreophylli (HENNINGS) DEIGHTON,Mycol. Pap. 133: 29, 1973. MANOHARAet al.: White Synonym: NINGS, Cercospora ENGLER'S Monogr. Bot. Mycol. CoSPORA: in Java, M. by ONIKI by T.K, Exp . 2. tuber- 6. D. FPH-7267); M.O. (TFM: Garden, FPH BALITTRO, March and Java KOBAYASHI, (TFM: Sumatra, WAHYUNO 9, M.O. 1992, (TFM: by 7. FPH . CHUPP, C. 1953 fungus genus Ithaca, pp. DEIGHTON, cospora cited monograph Cercospora. By and 133: GANGULY, Fungi in North on of the the author, 9. 667. 1973 allied Studies genera IV. on gen. gen. Cer- Cercosporel- Pseudocercosporella Pseudocercosporidium Pap. 8. A F.C. la SACC., 3. CER - West T. and Literature 1. Ann. Exp. Sukabumi, Prov., D. SYDOW, Monogr. Tinospora 8, 1991, and 23, 1992, Natar Lampung P. (antawali)•\Sukamulya July MANOHARA 4. 5. BALITTRO, March -7266); et CHUPP, Indonesia: BEUMEE Prov., CHUPP, 1953. H. 1916; Spot HEN- 56,1904; 1953. Habitat culata 388, 372, 390, Garden, 34: tinosporae 14: T.K., -7265) dioscoreophylli Jahrb. Cercospora: Cercospora Powdery nov. nov. and 10. Mycol. 1-62. D. and medicinal West V.R. and Himalayas PANDOTRA aromatic I. 1963 plants Mycopath. 11. of Tinospora tuberculata 19 et Mycol. Appl. 20: 39-40. KAMAL,GUPTA,BK. and R.K. VERMA 1987 New species of Cercospora and Cercosporidium from Uttar Pradesh, India. Can. J. Bot. 65: 1259-1261. KASAHARA,S. and S. HEMMI 1986 Medicinal herb index in Indonesia. P.Y. Eisai -Indonesia , Jakarta, pp. 428+114. KOBAYASHI, T., DJIWANTI,SR., MANOHARA, D., WAHYUNO,D. and M. ONIKI 1993 Survey on industrial crop diseases in Indonesia (3). Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Japan 59 (3): 292. PANDOTRA,V.R. and D. GANGULY 1964 Fungi on medicinal and aromatic plants in North West Himalayas III. Mycopath. et Mycol. Appl. 22: 106-116. PAVGI, H.S. and U.P. SINGH 1965 Parasitic fungi from North India-V. Mycopath. et Mycol. Appl. 27: 89-95. RAO, P.N. 1962 Some Cercospora species from Hyderabad, India. Ind. Phytopath. 15: 112-122. SYDOW, H. and P. 1916 Weitere Diagnosen neuer Philippinischer Pilze. Ann. Mycol. 14: 353-375. THIRUMALACHAR, M.J. and R.C. LACY 1951 Notes on some Indian fungi. Sydowia 5: 124-128.