MycoKeys 12: 1–27 (2016)
doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.12.7568
A peer-reviewed open-access journal
A key to the species of Hyphodontia sensu lato
RESEARCH ARTICLE
http://mycokeys.pensoft.net
MycoKeys1
Launched to accelerate biodiversity research
A key to the species of Hyphodontia sensu lato
Eugene Yurchenko1, Sheng-Hua Wu2
1 Department of Biotechnology, Paleski State University, Pinsk, Belarus 2 Department of Biology, National
Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan
Corresponding author: Eugene Yurchenko (eugene_yu@tut.by)
Academic editor: C. Denchev | Received 21 December 2015 | Accepted 12 February 2016 | Published 18 March 2016
Citation: Yurchenko E, Wu SH (2016) A key to the species of Hyphodontia sensu lato. MycoKeys 12: 1–27. doi: 10.3897/
mycokeys.12.7568
Abstract
A dichotomous key to all currently accepted species of Hyphodontia in the broad sense is presented. It consists
of a key to genera (Alutaceodontia, Botryodontia, Chaetoporellus, Deviodontia, Hastodontia, Hyphodontia s. str.,
Kneiffiella, Lagarobasidium, Lyomyces, Palifer, Rogersella, Schizopora, Xylodon) and detailed keys to species level
within genera. The key also includes taxa which were published under preliminary names (such as ‘Hyphodontia species A’) and some taxa which require taxonomic clarification (like Hyphodontia macrescens). Some
recently describes Hyphodontia species are placed in the keys to Palifer and Xylodon due to their morphology.
Key words
Basidiomycota, cystidia, global species diversity, Hymenochaetales, taxonomy
Introduction
Hyphodontia J. Erikss. (Hymenochaetales) in its broad sense is a genus of resupinate
non-poroid Basidiomycota. Its species commonly occur on dead wood worldwide
from Arctic tundra (Mukhin 2006) to evergreen equatorial forests (Hjortstam et al.
1998). In the latter case they belong in the strict sense mainly to Botryodontia and
Schizopora. The latest global monograph of the genus (Langer 1994) included descriptions of 53 Hyphodontia species and 4 Schizopora species.
The aim of our work was to construct a key, which can serve as a tool for further
studies of Hyphodontia s. l., especially when describing new species. The key includes
126 validly published species, four unnamed taxa (e.g. Hyphodontia sp. 1), and three
Copyright Eugene Yurchenko, Sheng-Hua Wu. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Figure 1. Types and shapes of cystidial elements in Hyphodontia s.l.: A1 skeletocystidium A2 tubular B
septocystidium C hastocystidium D gloeocystidium E astrocystidium F lagenocystidium G cylindrical
apically encrusted (lamprocystidium-like) H vesicular or bladder-like (embedded) I cylindrical J subclavate K clavate L fusoid M spatuliform N moniliform (torulose) O ventricose submucronate P subcapitate Q capitate R capitate with resinous cap S capitulate T lecythiform U tapering (subulate with blunt
apex) V acute W acuminate (subulate with pointed apex) X hyphoid cylindrical Y hyphoid subcapitate;
Z, hyphoid capitate. See also Appendix.
A key to the species of Hyphodontia sensu lato
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taxa with affinity formulation (e.g. Kneiffiella cf. abieticola), for which brief or detailed
descriptions have been published. The taxa requiring taxonomic clarification, e.g. species with poor types (Kneiffiella byssoidea, Xylodon nudisetus, X. rimosissimus; Parmasto
et al. 2004), are included in the key equally with ‘good’ taxa.
For identification convenience, the species are assigned to 13 derivative genera,
adopted by Hjortstam and Ryvarden (2009). However, among these genera the independence of Hastodontia, Hyphodontia s. str., Kneiffiella, and Lagarobasidium only is confirmed by molecular phylogenies (Larsson et al. 2006; Yurchenko and Wu 2014). Species of Fibrodontia were excluded because they belong to trechisporoid lineage (Larsson
2007). Palifer seychellensis Dämmrich & Rödel was excluded from consideration because
of unusual cystidia with double umbrella-like incrustations and probable belonging to
the genus Sceptrulum K.H. Larss. (Karasiński 2014). In addition to the concept of Hyphodontia s. l., the genus Botryodontia in the key as several species in this genus have been
earlier combined in Hyphodontia s. l. as well. Botryodontia is related to Oxyporus (Sell et
al. 2014), and is a presumed member of the hymenochaetoid clade.
Because of the diffuse generic borders within Hyphodontia s. l., the species are listed in the key with their main synonyms when combined in different genera. Recently
described Hyphodontia species, that have never been combined in other genera, are
included in the appropriate subordinate keys according to their morphology. For example, H. septocystidiata is keyed within Palifer and H. heterocystidiata within Xylodon.
Morphological types of cystidia, important for the identification of genera and species,
are illustrated on Fig. 1. Spore quotient (length/width ratio) is denoted in the key as
Q. Distribution of each species in parts of the world is given after “distr.”
Keys
Key to the segregated genera and some species within Hyphodontia s. l.
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Spores warted or minutely echinulate, globose, slightly thick-walled..........................
.................Rogersella [R. griseliniae (G. Cunn.) Stalpers (Hyphodontia griseliniae (G.
Cunn.) E. Langer ‘griselinae’, R. asperula Liberta & A.J. Navas)]; distr.: Macaronesia,
Africa, southwest Indian Ocean islands, South America, New Zealand, Oceania
The other known species in the genus, R. eburnea Hjortstam & Högholen,
should according to its morphology (subceraceous basidioma, smooth hymenophore, gelatinized subhymenial hyphae, subclavate basidia, suballantoid
spores) be classified as Phlebia s. l.
Spores smooth, globose to cylindrical or allantoid, thin- to thick-walled .....2
Clamps lacking at all septa ..........................................................................3
Clamps present at some, at many, or at all primary septa ............................6
Basidia obovate to clavate ...........................................................................4
Basidia cylindrical-utriform ........................................................................5
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Hymenophore granulose to irpicoid-labyrinthoid; capitate cystidia absent....
................................................................................Botryodontia...(Key A)
Hymenophore poroid; small capitates cystidia numerous..............................
........................................................................ Xylodon poroideoefibulatus
Basidia with 4 sterigmata .......................................Botryodontia tetraspora
Basidia with 2 sterigmata ..............................................Kneiffiella efibulata
Lagenocystidia or lagenocystidia-like elements (like small lamprocystidia)
present in hymenium ..................................................................................7
Lageno- and similar encrusted cystidia lacking ............................................8
With rare to numerous lagenocystidia, or with apically richly encrusted, short
cylindrical cystidia ..........................................Hyphodontia s. str...(Key D)
With lamprocystidia-like elements .................................... Palifer...(Key H)
Hymenophore distinctly irpicoid or poroid ................................................9
Hymenophore smooth to odontioid and hydnoid, seldom slightly irpicoid or
with spathulate aculei ...............................................................................12
Hyphal system monomitic ........................................................................10
Hyphal system dimitic, trimitic or pseudodimitic (subdimitic) with skeletallike hyphae in subiculum .......................................................................... 11
Spores allantoid, about 0.8 μm broad .... Chaetoporellus (Ch. latitans)...(Key B)
Spores subglobose to cylindrical or suballantoid, at least 2 μm broad ............
......................................................................................... Xylodon...(Key J)
In hymenium moniliform cystidia ................................. Xylodon bresinskyi
Constricted cystidia absent .......................................... Schizopora...(Key I)
Spores allantoid, 0.5–1.5(–2) μm broad....................................................13
Spores subglobose to cylindrical or suballantoid, broader, than 2 μm .......16
Tubular thick-walled cystidia present............................Kneiffiella...(Key E)
Tubular thick-walled cystidia absent, but cylindrical thin-walled cystidia
sometimes present.....................................................................................14
Hymenophore with aculei reaching 1–2 mm long; spores significantly curved,
4–5 μm long ............................ Chaetoporellus (Ch. curvisporus)...(Key B)
Hymenophore with aculei less than 1 mm long; spores slightly or moderately
curved, 5–8 μm long.................................................................................15
Spores 6–8 × 1.5(–2) μm; cystidia cylindrical to torulose, mostly 50–75
× 4–7 μm; some samples with conidia 8–10 × 3–4 μm in hymenium...
.............................................................................Alutaceodontia (Parmasto)
Hjortstam & Ryvarden [A. alutacea (Fr. : Fr.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia alutacea (Fr. : Fr.) J. Erikss.]; distr.: Eurasia, North and South America
Spores 5–6 × 1–1.5 μm; only with subclavate cystidioles or basidioles, 8–10
× 3–3.5 μm, and projecting cylindrical and subcapitate hyphal ends; conidia
unknown ...................................................................... Xylodon scopinellus
Hyphal system dimitic with skeletal hyphae, or subdimitic because of the presence of thick-walled hypha-like bases of tubular cystidia, or pseudodimitic due
to skeletoid (skeletal-like) hyphae in aculeal trama or dissepiment ............... 17
A key to the species of Hyphodontia sensu lato
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Hyphal system monomitic, but subicular hyphae and hyphae in aculeal trama can be thick-walled .............................................................................19
With tubular cystidia ....................................................Kneiffiella...(Key E)
Typical tubular cystidia lacking, but elements of intermediate morphology
between hyphae and tubular cystidia present in aculeal trama ...................18
Aculeal trama with skeletocystidia: long, narrow, thick-walled, often yellowpigmented in mass, naked of covered with tablet-shaped crystals; capitate
or subcapitate hyphal ends or cystidia absent in aculei; basidia when mature
suburniform.............................................................................. Fibrodontia
Aculeal trama with skeletal-like hyphae or with thick-walled hyphoid cystidia, often encrusted (crystals not flattened); capitate or subcapitate cystidial
elements present in aculei; basidia more or less utriform ... Xylodon...(Key J)
Spores cyanophilous with distinctly thickened or thick wall......................20
Spores acyanophilous (rarely somewhat cyanophilous) thin- or slightly thickwalled .......................................................................................................21
Capitate cystidia often with a resinous cap; cylindrical cystidia embedded ....
................................................................................... Xylodon crassisporus
Capitate cystidia if present, lack the resinous cap; cylindrical cystidia if present, distinctly projecting .................................... Lagarobasidium...(Key F)
Hymenophore coarsely odontioid, raduloid or semiporoid, with aculei 1–5(–
7) mm long; cystidia clearly capitate, with broadened base, projecting clearly
over the basidia, 50–85 × 7–10 μm; basidia nearly subcylindrical .................
....................................................................Deviodontia (Parmasto) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [D. pilicystidiata (S. Lundell) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia pilicystidiata (S. Lundell) J. Erikss. ‘pilaecystidiata’)]; distr.: Europe
Langer (1994) proposed to treat this taxon in Hyphoderma because of large
capitate cystidia and spores with granular contents.
Hymenophore smooth to hydnoid, raduloid or poroid; aculei rarely up to 3
mm long; projecting capitate cystidia, if present, often smaller, and frequently classified as capitate hyphal ends or cystidioles; basidia usually utriform 22
Septocystidia present, distinct .........................Hyphodontia s. str...(Key D)
Septocystidia absent or little differentiated ................................................23
Hymenophore smooth to slightly tuberculate; generally two types of cystidia:
(1) moniliform, embedded or slightly projecting, (2) projecting, capitate cystidia or hastocystidia, apically often with resinous excretion; spores subcylindrical ........................................................................Hastodontia...(Key C)
If with moniliform cystidia, then hymenophore odontioid or hydnoid, or spores
ellipsoid; projecting capitate cystidia naked or with resinous cap; hastocystidia if
present, lacking apical excretion; spores globose to suballantoid..................... 24
Hymenophore usually odontioid, sometimes almost smooth to hydnoid or
poroid; usually with tufts of projecting hyphal ends or cystidia in hymenophoral aculei; hymenial surface usually cream-colored; spores thin-walled,
rarely somewhat thick-walled, subglobose to suballantoid, acyanophilous,
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rarely somewhat cyanophilous; cystidia subulate to cylindrical, capitate or
moniliform; subicular hyphae naked to richly encrusted ... Xylodon...(Key J)
Hymenophore smooth to tuberculate; typically no tufts of projecting hyphal
ends or cystidia; hymenial surface white or with age pale cream, in herbarium
material white, cream or yellowish; spores thin- to somewhat thick-walled, globose to oblong, slightly or distinctly cyanophilous; cystidia capitate or fusoid,
or of both types; subicular hyphae usually encrusted .........Lyomyces...(Key G)
Key A. Botryodontia
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Cystidia long (40‒180 μm), cylindrical, tubular, more or less thick-walled ... 2
Cystidia never tubular, thin-walled, sometimes indistinct, 15‒40 μm long.... 4
Spores 3‒5 × 2‒2.5 μm; hymenophore minutely warted..............................
B. tetraspora (S.S. Rattan) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia efibulata f. tetraspora S.S. Rattan; H. tetraspora (S.S. Rattan) Hjortstam; Kneiffiella tetraspora (S.S. Rattan) Hjortstam & Ryvarden]; distr.: South Asia
Spores 4‒6.5 × 3‒4 μm; basidioma farinaceous-granulose or hymenophore
odontioid to irpicoid................................................................................... 3
Basidioma farinaceous-granulose; spores with thin or thickened walls,
5‒6(‒6.5) × 3‒4 μm ..................................................B. crassispora P. Roberts [Kneiffiella crassispora (P. Roberts) Hjortstam & Ryvarden]; distr.: Africa
Basidioma odontioid or raduloid-irpicoid; spores thin-walled, 4‒5 × 3‒3.7
μm...............B. subglobosa (Sheng H. Wu) Hjortstam [Hyphodontia subglobosa
Sheng H. Wu; Kneiffiella subglobosa (Sheng H. Wu) Hjortstam]; distr.: East Asia
Hymenophore irpicoid-labyrinthoid; gloeocystidia present in hymenium, clavate
or irregular-shaped (sinuous); spores broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, 4‒7 × 3.3‒5.5
μm....... B. millavensis (Bourdot & Galzin) Duhem & H. Michel; distr.: Europe
Hymenophore semi-odontioid to odontioid; gloeocystidia absent; spores ellipsoid, 5‒6.5 × 3.5‒4.5 μm .......................................................................5
Hymenophoral aculei 0.1‒0.3 mm long; spores (5‒)5.5‒6(‒6.5) × 4‒5
μm ........................................B. cirrata (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Hjortstam
[B. denticulata Hjortstam; B. formosana (Sheng H. Wu & Burds.) Hjortstam; Hyphodontia formosana Sheng H. Wu & Burds.]; distr.: pantropical
Hymenophoral aculei 0.4‒0.5(‒0.75) mm long; spores 5‒5.5(‒6) ×
(3.5‒)3.8‒4(‒4.3) μm...................................................................................
................B. semispathulata Hjortstam & Ryvarden; distr.: South America
Key B. Chaetoporellus Bondartsev & Singer
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Hymenophore odontioid or sometimes almost smooth; cystidia 35–70 × 4–7
μm; spores 4–5 × 1–1.5(–2) μm ...................................................................
A key to the species of Hyphodontia sensu lato
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......... Ch. curvisporus (J. Erikss. & Hjortstam) J. Erikss. & Hjortstam (Hyphodontia curvispora J. Erikss. & Hjortstam); distr.: Europe, Central America
Hymenophore poroid with rounded, lacerate or labyrinthiform pores; cystidia 30–35 × 4–5 μm; spores 3–4 × 0.5–1 μm ........................ Ch. latitans
(Bourdot & Galzin) Bondartsev & Singer [Hyphodontia latitans (Bourdot
& Galzin) Ginns & Lefebvre]; distr.: Europe, North America, Oceania
Key C. Hastodontia (Parmasto) Hjortstam & Ryvarden
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With capitate projecting cystidia, 30–60 × 4–5 μm, capped by resinous matter
(the matter usually disappearing in microscopic slides); acute cystidia absent;
spores 4.5–5.5 × 2–2.5 μm ........H. halonata (J. Erikss. & Hjortstam) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia halonata J. Erikss. & Hjortstam); distr.: Europe
No capitate cystidia; with projecting hastocystidia, about 50 μm long, 5–7 μm
wide, some of them apically with a globe of resinous matter (the matter easily dissolving in slides); spores 5–7 × 2–3 μm ........H. hastata (Litsch.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia hastata (Litsch.) J. Erikss.]; distr.: temperate north hemisphere
Key D. Hyphodontia J. Erikss. s. str.
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Hymenophore poroid ..........................................................H. borbonica
Riebesehl, E. Langer & Barniske; distr.: southwest Indian Ocean islands
Hymenophore smooth to hydnoid..............................................................2
Capitate or subcapitate cystidial elements lacking .........................................
.....................................H. wrightii Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Palifer wrightii
(Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden]; distr.: South America
The species was included in Hyphodontia s. str. by Gorjon (2012).
Capitate or subcapitate cystidial elements present .......................................3
With capitate or subcapitate septocystidia (usually with 2–3 septa), distinctly
protruding above the hymenium; hymenophore smooth to grandinioid .....4
Capitate or subcapitate cystidia usually with a basal septum only, little protruding above the hymenium, or hypha-like and arranged in tufts at aculeal
apices; hymenophore smooth to hydnoid....................................................8
Lagenocystidia more or less numerous ........................................................5
Lagenocystidia absent or occasional ............................................................6
Spores 4.5–5 × 3–3.5 μm; septocystidia up to 80 μm long............................
........................................ H. alutaria (Burt) J. Erikss.; distr.: cosmopolitan
Spores 6–7.5 × 4–4.5 μm; septocystidia up to 110 μm long ................................
......... H. subdetritica S.S. Rattan (H. propinqua Hjortstam); distr.: Asia, Africa
Spores 3.5‒5 × 2‒3 μm; septocystidia 80–120 μm long, slightly thickwalled .........................................................................................................7
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Spores 5–8 × 4–5.5 μm; septocystidia 60–73 × 6–7 μm, thin-walled ............
....H. subpallidula H.X. Xiong, Y.C. Dai & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: East Asia
Hymenophore smooth or finely tuberculate; subicular hyphae thin-walled, 2‒3
μm wide, moderately densely packaged; septocystidia 4–6 μm wide; spores 3.5–
5.5 × 2–3 μm ......H. pallidula (Bres.) J. Erikss.; distr.: Eurasia, North America
Hymenophore odontioid; subicular hyphae with thickened walls, 4‒5 μm
wide, loosely arranged; septocystidia 7‒8 μm wide; spores 4.5‒5 × 3 μm ......
........................................................ H. alba Sheng H. Wu; distr.: East Asia
According to Hjortstam and Ryvarden (2009), this species has features of
Hyphoderma and Lyomyces.
Hymenial surface smooth; no capitate cystidia; lagenocystidia few, sometimes
absent ................................................................ H. subdetritica (see step 5)
Hymenial surface odontioid to hydnoid; capitate cystidia present; lagenocystidia scattered to numerous .........................................................................9
Spores up to 4.5 μm long, globose to broadly ellipsoid, slightly thickwalled ........ H. sphaerospora (N. Maek.) Hjortstam [H. arguta var. sphaerospora (N. Maek.) N. Maek.]; distr.: East and Southeast Asia, South America
Spores up to 5–6 μm long, ellipsoid to cylindrical, occasionally subglobose,
thin- to slightly thick-walled .....................................................................10
Spores ellipsoid, occasionally subglobose, (4–)4.5–6 × (3–)3.5–3.7(–4) μm ...
................................................ H. arguta (Fr. : Fr.) J. Erikss. [H. lageniformis
Sang H. Lin & Z.C. Chen, H. stipata (Fr. : Fr.) Gilb.]; distr.: cosmopolitan
H. lageniformis is synonymized with H. arguta (Langer 1994), and evidently
is a variety of the latter, with smaller spores (4.5 × 3–4 μm) and shorter basidia (10–11 μm, according to the original description).
Spores narrowly ellipsoid to cylindrical, 4.3–5.3 × 2–3 μm .......................11
Hymenophoral aculei up to 3 mm long; spores 4.5–5 × 2–2.5(–3) μm; mucronate (apically papillate) cystidia present; lagenocystidia scattered; capitate
cystidia in aculeal apices; basidia 10–15 μm long ..........................................
...................................H. ochroflava (Pat.) Nakasone; distr.: Southeast Asia
Hymenophoral aculei up to 6 mm long; spores 4.3‒5.3 × 2.5‒3 μm; no
mucronate cystidia; capitate cystidia also on lateral surfaces of aculei; lagenocystidia numerous; basidia 22‒28 μm long ...................................................
..........................................H. dhingrae Samita & Sanyal; distr.: South Asia
Key E. Kneiffiella P. Karst.
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Clamps absent at all septa ...........................................................................2
Clamps present at all or most primary septa................................................3
Spores subglobose to ellipsoid, 4‒4.5(‒5) × (2.5–)3(‒3.5) μm ......................
....................... K. byssoidea (H. Furuk.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden ‘byssoideus’
[Hyphodontia byssoidea (H. Furuk.) N. Maek. ‘byssoideum’]; distr.: East Asia
A key to the species of Hyphodontia sensu lato
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Spores oblong to cylindrical, adaxially flat or concave, 5–5.5 × 2–2.5 μm .....
.....................................................K. efibulata (J. Erikss. & Hjortstam) Jülich & Stalpers (Hyphodontia efibulata J. Erikss. & Hjortstam); distr.: Europe
Spores broadly ellipsoid to short cylindrical, Q = 1.4–2.2 ...........................4
Spores cylindrical to allantoid, Q = (1.9–)2.3–4 .......................................11
Spores broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, Q = 1.4–1.7; hymenophore odontioid
to hydnoid ..................................................................................................5
Spores narrowly ellipsoid to short cylindrical, Q = (1.6–)1.8–2.2; hymenophore smooth to odontioid .........................................................................7
Subicular hyphae with clamps at all primary septa; spores 4.5–6 × 3–4.5 μm ... 6
Subicular hyphae partly simple septate; sometimes clamps only scattered on
sibicular hyphae and on projecting hyphae in the aculei; spores 3.5–5 × 2.5–
3.5 μm .............Hyphodontia orasinusensis Gilb. & M. Blackw. [Kneiffiella
crassa (Rick) Hjortstam & Ryvarden, non Hyphodontia crassa Z.C. Chen
& Sang H. Lin; K. stereicola (Bres.) Nakasone]; distr.: North America
Hymenophore hydnoid with aculei 1–3 mm long; tubular cystidia 6–8 μm
broad; spores often broadly ellipsoid, 4.5–5.5(–6) × 3.5–4.5 μm ....K. barbajovis (Bull. : Fr.) P. Karst. [Hyphodontia barba-jovis (Bull. : Fr.) J. Erikss.,
H. irpicoides (P. Karst.) Burds. & M.J. Larsen]; distr.: Eurasia, North America
Hymenophore odontioid or minutely hydnoid, with aculei less 1 mm long;
tubular cystidia 4–6 μm broad; spores ellipsoid, 5–6 × 3–3.5 μm ...................
..... K. cf. abieticola (Hjortstam and Ryvarden 2007b); distr.: South America
Some tubular cystidia with excreted resinous matter near or on apex; excretion stable or slowly disappearing in 5% KOH solution .............................8
Tubular cystidia without resinous excretion in apical part...........................9
Hymenial surface smooth to odontioid, cream to beige; spores 2.5–4.5 × 1.5–
2.5 μm, ellipsoid to cylindrical; tubular cystidia reaching about 100 × 8 μm
in size, with the wall up to 2 μm thick; cystidial apical or subapical excretion
crust-like, preserving in KOH; subicular hyphae 2–3 μm broad, with wall up
to 1 μm thick ..................... K. microspora (J. Erikss. & Hjortstam) Jülich &
Stalpers (Hyphodontia microspora J. Erikss. & Hjortstam); distr.: cosmopolitan
Hymenial surface odontioid, ochraceous; spores 4–5.5 × 2.5–3 μm, cylindrical to somewhat depressed adaxially; tubular cystidia reaching about 1000
× 14 μm in size, with wall up to 1.5 μm thick; cystidial apical or subapical
excretion granular, dissolving in KOH; subicular hyphae 3–4 μm diam, with
wall up to 0.5 μm thick ................K. palmae (Rick) Hjortstam & Ryvarden
[Hyphodontia palmae (Rick) E. Langer]; distr.: South America, East Asia
This taxon is conspecific with K. microspora according to Hjortstam and
Larsson (1995).
Hymenial surface smooth; tubular cystidia usually 80–100 μm long, normally encrusted in the middle part by coarse crystals ....................................
................. K. alienata (S. Lundell) Jülich & Stalpers [Hyphodontia alienata
(S. Lundell) J. Erikss.]; distr.: Europe, Africa, North and South America
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Hymenial surface warted to odontioid; tubular cystidia mostly 100–150 μm
long, naked, sometimes scarcely encrusted ................................................10
Tubular cystidia cylindrical, with walls up to 2.5 μm thick ...........................
..................K. abieticola (Bourdot & Galzin) Jülich & Stalpers [Hyphodontia abieticola (Bourdot & Galzin) J. Erikss.]; distr.: Eurasia, North America
Tubular cystidia thin-walled and tapering in upper half, in lower half with
walls up to 1.5 μm thick Hyphodontia sp. A (Eriksson and Ryvarden 1976;
Ginns and Lefebvre 1993); distr.: North America
Hymenophore smooth (under the lens often porose-reticulate or finely furfuraceous) ....................................................................................................12
Hymenophore warted, odontioid or distinctly floccose .............................15
Spores 1.5–2 μm broad.............................................................................13
Spores 2–3 μm broad................................................................................14
Spores 4.5–6 μm long; tubular cystidia up to 10 μm broad, reaching about
300 μm in length ................................................................. K. altaica (Parmasto) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia altaica Parmasto); distr.: Asia
Spores 6–8 μm long; tubular cystidia up to 7(–8) μm broad, reaching about
150(–200) μm in length ........................K. subalutacea (P. Karst.) Jülich &
Stalpers [Hyphodontia subalutacea (P. Karst.) J. Erikss.]; distr.: cosmopolitan
Tubular cystidia very long (up to 250–280 μm) and very thick-walled (up to
6 μm); spores 7–10 μm long .........................................................................
................................ K. decorticans (Gresl. & Rajchenb.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia decorticans Gresl. & Rajchenb.); distr.: South America
Tubular cystidia usually not exceeding 120 μm in length, moderately thickwalled; spores 5.5–7 μm long....................................................K. cineracea
(Bourdot & Galzin) Jülich & Stalpers [Hyphodontia cineracea (Bourdot &
Galzin) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden]; distr.: Europe, West Asia, South America
Tubular cystidia very thick-walled (up to 6 μm); spores 2.5–3 μm broad......
..........................................................................K. decorticans (see step 14)
Tubular cystidia moderately thick-walled (0.5–2.5 μm); spores 1.5–2.2 μm
broad ........................................................................................................16
Spores cylindrical, slightly concave adaxially, 4.7–5.5 μm long; basidia 7–13
μm long; walls in subicular hyphae thickened to thick (up to 1.2 μm) ..........
........................................................K. tubuliformis Sheng H. Wu [Hyphodontia tubuliformis (Sheng H. Wu) Hjortstam & Ryvarden]; distr.: East Asia
Spores allantoid, 5.5–8 μm long; basidia 12–20 μm long; walls in subicular
hyphae usually thin or somewhat thickened (less 1 μm) ............................17
Hymenophore distinctly floccose to odontioid; tubular cystidia often in clusters at apices of the aculei ..............................................................................
........................... K. floccosa (Bourdot & Galzin) Jülich & Stalpers [Hyphodontia floccosa (Bourdot & Galzin) J. Erikss.]; distr.: Eurasia, North America
Hyphodontia intermedia (Bourdot & Galzin) Parmasto is considered as a
synonym of K. floccosa (Hjortstam and Ryvarden 1988). According to the
A key to the species of Hyphodontia sensu lato
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11
descriptions in Bourdot and Galzin (1928), there are some differences in
spore morphology between the two taxa: spores in Odontia alutacea subsp.
intermedia Bourdot & Galzin are 6–7.5(–9) × 1.5–2 μm, and in O. alutacea
subsp. floccosa Bourdot & Galzin – 4.5–7.5 × 1.5–2.5 μm.
Hymenophore minutely furfuraceous to slightly warted; tubular cystidia not
aggregated .........................................................K. subalutacea (see step 13)
Key F. Lagarobasidium Jülich
1
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2
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3
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Cylindrical, thick- or very thick-walled cystidia present, 140–360 μm long ... 2
Cylindrical cystidia, if present, then thin-walled and 70–110 μm long .......3
Basidioma odontioid, with large, 140–360 × 10–12 μm, usually aseptate tubular cystidia in aculeal trama; projecting capitate cystidia apically 12–19 μm
broad; spores 5–6 × 4–5 μm, with thickened wall .........................................
...................................... L. magnificum (Gresl. & Rajchenb.) Hjortstam &
Ryvarden (Hyphodontia magnifica Gresl. & Rajchenb.); distr.: South America
Basidioma smooth to grandinioid, with skeletocystidia 140–160 × 5–9 μm,
often with adventitiuos septa; projecting capitate (spatuliform) cystidia apically
6–7 μm broad; spores 7–8 × 5–6 μm, thick-walled ...........................................
... L. calongei M. Dueñas, Tellería, Melo & M.P. Martín; distr.: Macaronesia
Cystidia of one type: projecting, clavate to spathuliform in outline; hymenophore first smooth, then papillose to odontioid; hyphae with numerous crystals;
spores ellipsoid, 4–5.5(–6) × 4–4.5(–5) μm......L. detriticum (Bourdot) Jülich
[Hyphodontia detritica (Bourdot) J. Erikss., Hyphodontia magnacystidiata Lindsey
& Gilb., H. nikolajevae Parmasto, Hypochnicium detriticum (Bourdot) J. Erikss.
& Ryvarden, Lagarobasidium nikolajevae (Parmasto) Jülich, L. pruinosum
(Bres.) Jülich]; distr.: Eurasia, South America, southwest Indian Ocean islands
L. pruinosum is evidently a form of L. detriticum with narrowly clavate cystidia that are not spathuliform in outline.
Cystidia of two types: (1) projecting, capitate with small capitulum, (2) immersed, cylindrical or somewhat moniliform; hymenophore smooth; hyphae
naked; spores subglobose to broadly ellipsoid and broadly ovoid, (4–)5–6(–
6.5) × 4–5(–5.5) μm ..........L. pumilium (Gresl. & Rajchenb.) Hjortstam &
Ryvarden (Hyphodontia pumilia Gresl. & Rajchenb.); distr.: South America
Key G. Lyomyces P. Karst.
1
Spores globose to broadly ellipsoid, (5.5–)6–7 × 5–6.3 μm; cystidia, basidia,
and especially basidioles moderately to richly encrusted by fine crystals; cylindrical or subcylindrical cystidia present, up to 53 × 7 μm; basidioma often
very thin, hypochnoid; subicular hyphae naked ............................................
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4
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Eugene Yurchenko & Sheng-Hua Wu / MycoKeys 12: 1–27 (2016)
...................................................... L. incrustatus (Kotir. & Saaren.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia incrustata Kotir. & Saaren.); distr.: Europe
Spores broadly ellipsoid to oblong, 2.5–4.5 μm broad; cystidia and basidioles
smooth to moderately encrusted, basidia usually smooth; cylindrical cystidia
absent or intermediate in shape to subulate and fusiform; basidioma usually
moderately thick; subicular hyphae naked to moderately encrusted ............2
Capitate cystidia/cystidioles present, usually numerous ...............................3
Capitate cystidia/cystidioles absent .............................................................4
Spores narrowly ellipsoid to subcylindrical, (4.5–)5–5.7 × (2.5–)3–3.5 μm,
thin-walled; subicular hyphae thin-walled; subhymenial hyphae usually nonencrusted ......................................... L. erastii (Saaren. & Kotir.) Hjortstam
& Ryvarden (Hyphodontia erastii Saaren. & Kotir.); distr.: temperate Eurasia
Spores broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, sometimes narrowly ellipsoid, 4.5–6(–7)
× (3–)3.5–4(–4.5) μm, when mature somewhat thick-walled; subicular hyphae
thick-walled; subhymenium rich of crystalline material .......................................
.....................L. sambuci (Pers.: Fr.) P. Karst. [Hyphodontia sambuci (Pers. : Fr.)
J. Erikss., H. hariotii (Bres.) Parmasto, Hyphoderma sambuci (Pers.: Fr.) Jülich,
Rogersella sambuci (Pers.: Fr.) Liberta & A.J. Navas]; distr.: cosmopolitan
Basidia with 2(3) sterigmata; spores broadly ellipsoid, 5–6 × 3.5–4.5 μm; no
typical cystidia, only fusiform cystidioles 18–24 × 4(–6) μm; hyphae often
encrusted, up to 3 μm wide ..........................................................................
............ L. bisterigmatus (Boidin & Gilles) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia bisterigmata Boidin & Gilles); distr.: southwest Indian Ocean islands
Basidia with 4 sterigmata; spores oblong, 4.5–7.5 × 3–4.5 μm; with fusiform
cystidia 25–35 × 5–7 μm; hyphae naked, up to 4 μm wide ...........................
........ L. boninensis (S. Ito & S. Imai) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia
boninensis (S. Ito & S. Imai) N. Maek. ‘boninense’]; distr.: East Asia, Oceania
Key H. Palifer Stalpers & P.K. Buchanan
1
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2
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Spores thick-walled .....................................................................................2
Spores thin-walled ......................................................................................3
Projecting, naked, thin-walled septocystidia present in aculei and hymenium
between them, 40–80 × 4–5 μm; spores 3.2–4.3 μm broad ..........................
...................................................Hyphodontia septocystidiata H.X. Xiong,
Y.C. Dai & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: East and Southeast Asia, Central America
This species is considered to be in the genus Palifer due to the presence of
numerous short, thick-walled, apically encrusted cystidia.
True septocystidia absent, but some encrusted cystidia with adventitious septa;
spores 3–3.5 μm broad ... Hyphodontia rickii (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Gresl.
& Rajchenb. [Lagarobasidium rickii (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Hjortstam &
Ryvarden, Hypochnicium rickii Hjortstam & Ryvarden]; distr.: South America
A key to the species of Hyphodontia sensu lato
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4
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5
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13
According to Gorjón (2012), this species should be excluded from Lagarobasidium because of encrusted cystidia, similar to those in P. gamundiae
and H. erikssonii.
Hymenophore smooth or slightly grandinioid; cylindrical cystidia naked, apically obtuse or capitulate, 40–150 × 4.5–7 μm ..P. verecundus
(G. Cunn.) Stalpers & P.K. Buchanan [Hyphodontia verecunda (G.
Cunn.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden]; distr.: South America, New Zealand
According to Gorjón (2012), H. verecunda possesses true lagenocystidia, but
in other features fits Xylodon.
Hymenophore grandinioid to odontioid; large cylindrical cystidia absent ... 4
Spores oblong to cylindrical, (5–)6–6.5 μm long ..........................................
.................................P. gamundiae (Gresl. & Rajchenb.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia gamundiae Gresl. & Rajchenb.); distr.: South America
Spores broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, 4–6 μm long ......................................5
Spores 4–5 × 3–3.5 μm; capitate cystidia apically 8–12 μm broad, usually
naked ....................................................................Hyphodontia erikssonii
(R. Galan & J.E. Wright) Hjortstam & Ryvarden; distr.: South America
This taxon was included in Hyphodontia s. str. by Hjortstam et al. (2005) and
Hjortstam and Ryvarden (2009). However, instead of true lagenocystidia,
it possesses cylindrical, naked or apically encrusted elements, called in the
protologue as “hyphis paraphysoideis”.
Spores 5–6 × 4–4.5 μm; capitate cystidia apically 7–10 μm broad, usually
with resinous cap ......P. hjortstamii (Gresl. & Rajchenb.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia hjortstamii Gresl. & Rajchenb.); distr.: South America
According to Gorjón (2012), this species has encrusted cystidia and spores
almost identical to H. erikssonii, and can be treated as a probable synonym of
the latter.
Key I. Schizopora Velen.
1
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2
Basidioma pileate, broadly dimidiate or with tapering base, sometimes with
effused part; hyphal system trimitic with skeletal and binding hyphae; binding hyphae almost lacking a lumen, tortuous, up to 3.5 μm in diam, both in
subiculum and trama ............Sch. trametoides Núñez; distr.: Southeast Asia
Basidioma effused or effused-reflexed; hyphal system dimitic or seemingly
dimitic, with skeletals or skeletal-like hyphae ..............................................2
In hymenium numerous bottle-shaped cystidia, apically with stellate group
of big, rhomboid crystals....................................................... Sch. cystidiata
David & Rajchenb. [Hyphodontia cystidiata (David & Rajchenb.) Hjortstam & K.H. Larss.]; distr.: Africa, southwest Indian Ocean islands
According to Hjortstam and Ryvarden (2009), this species does not belong to
Schizopora, but is possibly related to Poriodontia.
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Eugene Yurchenko & Sheng-Hua Wu / MycoKeys 12: 1–27 (2016)
Cystidia apically without stellate incrustations ............................................3
Spores 2.8–4(–4.3) μm long .......................................................................4
Spores 4–6.5 μm long .................................................................................5
Hyphal system dimitic, skeletals abundant in subiculum, 3.5–6 μm diam.;
capitate cystidial elements present in hymenium and dissepiment edges, lacking a cap of resinous matter; fusoid cystidia present, about 20 × 4 μm; basidia
2-sterigmate; spores 3–4 × 2.3–3 μm, many spores with a conspicuous papilla
at one or both ends, reminiscent of conidia formation ..................................
.............................................. Sch. crassihypha Douanla-Meli; distr.: Africa
Hyphal system seemingly dimitic, skeletal-like hyphae 2.5–5 μm diam, abundant in central trama; capitate cystidial elements present in subiculum, trama
and hymenium, often provided with a cap of resinous matter; fusoid cystidia
absent; basidia 4-sterigmate; spores 3.7–4.3 × 2.8–3.3 μm, without papillae ..... Sch. ovispora (Corner) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia ovispora
(Corner) T. Hatt., H. tropica Sheng H. Wu nom. inval.]; distr.: East Asia
Hyphal system dimitic with skeletals ..........................................................6
Hyphal system subdimitic: some hyphae in trama very thick-walled ...........8
Pores 1–2(–4)/mm; spores (5–)5.5–6(–6.5) × (3.3–)3.5–4(–4.5) μm; hymenophore irpicoid, denticulate, labyrinthiform, rarely poroid or irregularlyhydnoid; capitate cystidia usually few ..............................................................
...........Sch. paradoxa (Schrad. : Fr.) Donk [Hyphodontia paradoxa (Schrad. :
Fr.) E. Langer & Vesterh., Sch. versipora (Pers.) Teixeira]; distr.: cosmopolitan
Pores (3)4–6(‒8)/mm; spores (3‒)4‒5 × 3‒3.5(‒4) μm; hymenophore poroid; capitate cystidia common, especially as ‘tramal vesicles’ ...................... 7
Subulate or fusoid cystidia in hymenium common, apically with crystalline
incrustation; capitate cystidia in hymenium inabundant; spores 4–5 × 3–3.5
μm ................ Sch. flavipora (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Ryvarden [Hyphodontia
flavipora (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sheng H. Wu, H. nongravis (Lloyd) Sheng
H. Wu, H. subiculoides (Lloyd) Sheng H. Wu, Sch. hypolateritia (Berk. ex
Cooke) Parmasto, Sch. phellinoides (Pilát) Domański, Sch. subiculoides (Lloyd)
Ryvarden, Sch. trichiliae (Van der Byl) Ryvarden]; distr.: cosmopolitan
Subulate or fusoid cystidia in hymenium scattered, mostly naked; capitate cystidia in hymenium abundant; spores (3‒)3.5‒4.8(‒5) × (2.8‒)3‒3.5(‒4) μm ....
........... Sch. carneolutea (Rodway & Cleland) Kotl. & Pouzar; distr.: Australia
This name is synonymized with Sch. flavipora by Hjortstam and Ryvarden
(2007a).
Hymenophore poroid with angular or elongate pores, sometimes irpicoid;
capitate cystidia usually numerous; spores (4–)4.5–5(–5.5) × (2.8–)3–3.5
(–3.8) μm .................................................. Sch. radula (Pers.: Fr.) Hallenb.
[Hyphodontia radula (Pers.: Fr.) E. Langer & Vesterh.]; distr.: cosmopolitan
Pores soon torn into narrow teeth, in old specimens teeth aggregated into groups;
cystidia absent or not pronounced; spores 5‒6 × 2.5‒3 μm ..............Sch. archeri
(Berk.) Nakasone [Xylodon archeri (Berk.) Kuntze]; distr.: Australia, New Zealand
A key to the species of Hyphodontia sensu lato
15
Key J. Xylodon (Pers.) Gray
1
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2
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3
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4
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5
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6
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7
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8
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9
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10
Hymenophore poroid, predominantly poroid or irpicoid/raduloid .............2
Hymenophore smooth to odontioid or hydnoid .......................................12
All hyphae simple-septate X. poroideoefibulatus (Sheng H. Wu) Hjortstam
& Ryvarden (Hyphodontia poroideoefibulata Sheng H. Wu); distr.: East Asia
Hyphae clamped at all primary septa ..........................................................3
Tapering or acuminate cystidia present in hymenium .................................4
Hymenial cystidia apically rounded to capitate; tapering cystidial elements
absent .........................................................................................................8
Spores cylindrical to suballantoid ................ X. nothofagi (G. Cunn.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia nothofagi (G. Cunn.) E. Langer, Schizopora
nothofagi (G. Cunn.) P.K. Buchanan & Ryvarden]; distr.: New Zealand
Spores broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid ............................................................5
Hyphal system pseudodimitic due to thick-walled (up to 1.5 μm) hyphae in
subiculum and dissepiment; cystidia moniliform, often with a small acuminate apical segment ................................................X. bresinskyi (E. Langer)
Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Schizopora bresinskyi E. Langer); distr.: Europe
Hyphal system monomitic, hyphal walls up to 0.5 μm thick; cystidia not
moniliform or only faintly constricted ........................................................6
Spores 4–5.5 μm broad; pores up to 2 mm deep; subiculum up to 0.5 mm
thick; capitate hyphal ends usually absent in subiculum, but present in dissepiment; tapering hymenial cystidia reaching 50 × 8 μm in size; basidia 5–7
μm broad, usually not repetitive; ..................................................................
...... X. apacheriensis (Gilb. & Canf.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia
apacheriensis (Gilb. & Canf.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden]; distr.: North America
Spores up to 4(–4.5) μm broad; pores to 0.3 mm deep; subiculum to 0.15
mm thick; capitate hyphal ends in subiculum numerous; tapering hymenial
cystidia reaching about 30 × 6 μm in size; basidia 4.5–5 μm broad, often
repetitive .....................................................................................................7
Pores rounded; spores (3–)3.3–4 μm broad .................. X. niemelaei (Sheng
H. Wu) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia niemelaei Sheng H. Wu
subsp. niemelaei Sheng H. Wu); distr.: East Asia, Africa, South America
Pores somewhat elongated; spores 3.7–4(–4.5) μm broad .............................
..... X. gracilis (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia niemelaei subsp. gracilis Hjortstam & Ryvarden); distr.: South America
Spores suballantoid ...................................................X. syringae (E. Langer)
Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia syringae E. Langer); distr.: East Asia
Spores subglobose to oblong .......................................................................9
Pores 1‒3/mm; spores subglobose to broadly ellipsoid ..............................10
Pores 4‒7/mm; spores narrowly ellipsoid to oblong, 4‒5.5 × 2.5‒3.2 μm ... 11
Pores about 3/mm; margin filamentous-arachnoid, without rhizomorphs; spores subglobose, 4.2‒5 × 4‒4.3 μm; capitate cystidia 15‒23 ×
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Eugene Yurchenko & Sheng-Hua Wu / MycoKeys 12: 1–27 (2016)
4.5‒3 μm ............................. X. hallenbergii (Sheng H. Wu) Hjortstam
& Ryvarden (Hyphodontia hallenbergii Sheng H. Wu); distr.: East Asia
Pores 1‒2/mm; margin with white rhizomorphs; spores broadly ellipsoid/
ellipsoid, (4‒)4.3‒5.5(‒6) × 3.5‒4(‒4.3) μm; capitate cystidia 20–27 ×
6–7 μm .......................................................................................Hyphodontia rhizomorpha C.L. Zhao, B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai; distr.: East Asia
Pores 4–6/mm, up to 0.35 mm deep; capitate cystidia 10‒45 × 3.5‒5 μm,
apically capped with resinous matter; basidia 14‒20 μm long; spores 4.5–5.5
μm long ...........................................X. taiwanianus (Sheng H. Wu) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia taiwaniana Sheng H. Wu); distr.: East Asia
Pores 6‒7/mm, to about 1 mm deep; capitate cystidia 11‒13.5 × 4‒6
μm, without resinous cap; basidia 9‒12.5 μm long; spores (4‒)4.3‒5 μm
long .............................................................................................. Hyphodontia pseudotropica C.L. Zhao, B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai; distr.: East Asia
Spores allantoid, 1–1.5 μm broad .............. X. scopinellus (Berk.) Hjortstam
& Ryvarden [Odontia scopinella (Berk.) Berk.]; distr.: Australia, New Zealand
Spores subglobose to cylindrical or suballantoid, at least 2 μm broad ........13
Apically acute cystidia or acuminate hyphal ends regularly present in hymenium and/or at sterile apices of aculei .......................................................14
All cystidia apically blunt (but can be tapering), or acuminate elements rare
and only at aculeal apices or occasionally in hymenium ............................35
Acuminate hyphal ends or acuminate cystidia confined to sterile aculeal
apices ................................................................................................. 15
Acuminate cystidia or cystidioles also in hymenium..................................20
With hypha-like, thick-walled tramal cystidia, somewhat constricted and flexuous, often richly encrusted and with adventitious septa, apically blunt, subcapitate
or acute ..........X. lanatus (Burds. & Nakasone) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia lanata Burds. & Nakasone); distr.: North and South America, East Asia
Thick-walled tramal cystidia absent ...........................................................16
With hastocystidia, 40–60 × 6–8 μm, at aculeal apices .................................
.................................X. hastifer (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia hastifera Hjortstam & Ryvarden); distr.: South America
No hastocystidia; acuminate hyphal ends in aculei 2–4 μm broad ............17
With enclosed, more or less constricted (torulose) cystidia; capitate and subcapitate cystidia often provided with resinous cap .....................................18
Torulose cystidia absent; capitate and subcapitate cystidia naked, seldom
with resinous cap ......................................................................................19
Cylindrical sterile elements in hymenium (if present) up to 4 μm broad; torulose cystidia with oily contents (like gloeocystidia), sometimes very rare; spores
ellipsoid, 4–5 × 3–3.5 μm......X. brevisetus (P. Karst.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden
[Hyphodontia breviseta (P. Karst.) J. Erikss.]; distr.: temperate north hemisphere
Subclavate/short cylindrical cystidia common or scattered in hymenium,
4.5‒8.5 μm broad; torulose cystidia with non-oily contents; most basidi-
A key to the species of Hyphodontia sensu lato
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25
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ospores broadly ellipsoid, some subglobose, 4‒5.5(‒6) × (3‒)3.5‒4(‒4.5)
μm .....................................................................................Hyphodontia
subclavata Yurchenko, H.X. Xiong & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: East Asia
Spores ellipsoid to oblong, convex or flat adaxially, 5.5–6.5(–7) × 3.5–4.5 μm;
capitate cystidia present in hymenium ...X. pruni (Lasch) Hjortstam & Ryvarden
[Hyphodontia pruni (Lasch) Svrček]; distr.: Eurasia, North Africa, North America
Spores ellipsoid, flat or depressed adaxially, (5‒)6–7 × 2.5–3.5 μm; capitate
cystidia absent, subcapitate elements very few ...............................................
............Hyphodontia novozelandica Gorjón & Gresl.; distr.: New Zealand
All hyphae covered with dark yellow or brown granular material, dissolving
and turning violet in KOH ....... X. australis (Berk.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden
[Hyphodontia australis (Berk.) Hjortstam]; distr.: Australia, South America
The hyphal incrustations colorless or pale colored, not turning violet in
KOH ........................................................................................................21
Hymenophore smooth to minutely odontioid, with the longest aculei reaching 0.05–0.3 mm in length .......................................................................22
Hymenophore odontioid to hydnoid and almost irpicoid, with aculei reaching
0.5–3 mm long ............................................................................................. 31
Spores cylindrical to suballantoid, (2‒)2.5–3(–3.5) μm broad ..................23
Spores subglobose to oblong, 3–4 μm broad .............................................25
Basidioma very thin (mostly about 25 μm thick); hymenial surface smooth ...
........ Hyphodontia tenuissima Yurchenko & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: East Asia
Basidioma usually 50 μm or more thick; hymenial surface scarcely aculeate
(in younger parts smooth) to densely odontioid ........................................24
Hymenial surface whitish or greyish, with sterile peg-like projections
(11‒15 projections/mm) ............................................................... Hyphodontia vietnamensis Yurchenko & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: Southeast Asia
Hymenial surface yellowish or cream-colored, with at least partly fertile aculei
(about 5 aculei/mm) .............. X. crustosus (Pers.: Fr.) Chevall [Hyphodontia
crustosa (Pers.: Fr.) J. Erikss., H. burtii (Peck) Gilb.]; distr.: cosmopolitan
The species is very variable, especially in macromorphology and spore morphology. Hjortstam and Ryvarden (1997) noted a specimen from Colombia
under the name Hyphodontia cf. crustosa, with ellipsoid spores. A morphological variant called Hyphodontia crustosa “jacutica” (Eriksson et al. 1981),
or H. jacutica (Eriksson and Ryvarden 1976), differs from H. crustosa by narrowly ellipsoid spores, and this may represent a taxon of its own.
Spores subglobose; hymenophore smooth or scanty odontioid..................26
Spores broadly ellipsoid to oblong; hymenophore smooth to densely odontioid ..........................................................................................................27
Basidia bisterigmate; spores 5.5–7 × 4.5–6 μm, thin-walled; subulate cystidia
18–25 × 4.5–6 μm; hymenophore smooth......X. bisporus (Boidin & Gilles)
Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia bispora Boidin & Gilles); distr.: Europe
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Basidia with (2)4 sterigmata; spores about 5 × 3.8–4 μm, slightly thickwalled; subulate cystidia 30–40 × 3.5–5 μm; hymenophore at first smooth,
later with minute, separated aculei ................................................................
...........X. crustosoglobosus (Hallenb. & Hjortstam) Hjortstam & Ryvarden
(Hyphodontia crustosoglobosa Hallenb. & Hjortstam); distr.: South America
Capitate (including lecythiform) elements present in hymenium ..............28
Capitate cystidial elements absent, or present only in aculei or in subhymenium .........................................................................................................29
Hymenial surface salmon-colored when dry; hymenial cystidia of three types:
tapering, 2–3.5 μm wide, capitate, and lecythiform; spores ellipsoid ....................
.... Hyphodontia macrescens (Banker) Ginns & Lefebvre; distr.: North America
According to Hjortstam and Ryvarden (2009), this is a name of unknown
application.
Hymenial surface ochraceous- or cinnamon-yellow; cystidia of two types:
tapering, 3–5 μm wide, and lecythiform; spores ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid ...................X. rimosissimus (Peck) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia rimosissima (Peck) Gilb. sensu Gilbertson (1962)]; distr.: North America
Hymenophoral aculei consisting of strongly flexuous hyphae with blunt, subcapitate or capitulate apices ................................................X. candidissimus
(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia candidissima (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) E. Langer]; distr.: North and South America
Hymenophoral aculei, if present, consisting apically of acute cystidial elements ........................................................................................................30
Hymenophore smooth to minutely tuberculate, white to yellowish; basidioma not stratified, except at the differentiation zone of subhymenium and subiculum; hymenial surface more or less matt X. juniperi (Bourdot & Galzin)
Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia juniperi (Bourdot & Galzin) J. Erikss.
& Hjortstam]; distr.: Eurasia, Macaronesia, North and South America
Hymenophore distinctly warted to odontioid (basidioma can be partly
smooth), yellowish to ochraceous; basidioma when well developed, somewhat stratified; hymenial surface more or less glossy......................................
......................X. stratosus (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden
(Hyphodontia stratosa Hjortstam & Ryvarden); distr.: Africa, South America
Spores cylindrical to suballantoid, 2.5–3.5 μm broad ...................................
...............................................................X. quercinus (Pers.: Fr.) Gray [Hyphodontia quercina (Pers.: Fr.) J. Erikss.]; distr.: temperate north hemisphere
Spores subglobose to narrowly ellipsoid, (3.2–)3.5‒4.5 μm broad ............32
Basidioma up to 0.8 mm thick between aculei; torulose, apically rounded
cystidia with 2‒9 constrictions present .................................... Hyphodontia
anmashanensis Yurchenko, H.X. Xiong & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: East Asia
Basidioma about 0.05 mm thick between aculei; constricted cystidia if present, with 1‒5 constrictions and apically acute..........................................33
A key to the species of Hyphodontia sensu lato
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Spores narrowly ellipsoid or oblong, 5–6.3 × 3–4 μm; capitate hyphal ends,
if present, without resinous cap; cystidia ventricose-submucronate, thin- or
slightly thick-walled towards the base ..............................................................
.................................... X. submucronatus (Hjortstam & Renvall) Hjortstam
& Ryvarden (Hyphodontia submucronata Hjortstam & Renvall); distr.: Africa
Spores subglobose to ellipsoid, 4.5–5(–5.5) × (3.5–)4–4.5 μm; capitate hyphal ends in hymenium often with resinous caps; cystidia fusoid with 1–5
constrictions, acuminate, thin-walled ........................................................34
Hymenophoral aculei flattened, incised, rarely conical or subcylindrical .......
...........................................................X. spathulatus (Schrad. : Fr.) Kuntze
[Hyphodontia spathulata (Schrad. : Fr.) Parmasto]; distr.: cosmopolitan
Hymenophoral aculei triangular at base, subulate above, arranged in more or
less parallel rows..................................... Hyphodontia fimbriiformis (Berk.
& M.A. Curtis) Ginns & Lefebvre ‘fimbriaeformis’; distr.: North America
Hjortstam and Ryvarden (2009) synonymized this name with X. spathulatus.
Astrocystidia present on subicular hyphae .........................................................
...Hyphodontia astrocystidiata Yurchenko & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: East Asia
Astrocystidia lacking in subiculum ............................................................36
Thick-walled, hypha-like, more or less encrusted, constricted and septate cystidia present, projecting in bundles at aculeal apices..................................37
All cystidia thin-walled or slightly thick-walled in lower part, aseptate ......40
Spores cylindrical 2–2.5(–3) μm wide; hymenial cystidia subcapitate .....X. nespori
(Bres.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia nespori (Bres.) J. Erikss. & Hjortstam, Odontia papillosa (Fr.) Bres. sensu Nikolajeva, 1961]; distr.: cosmopolitan
Spores in O. papillosa, according to Nikolajeva (1961), are larger than X. nespori
measuring 5–8 × 2–3.5 μm.
Spores broadly ellipsoid to oblong 3–4(‒5) μm wide ................................38
Capitate hyphal ends (vesicles) present in subiculum X. lanatus (see step 15)
No capitate hyphal ends in subiculum ......................................................39
Cystidia at aculeal apices flexuous and subcapitate; aculei fertile at base; basidia 15‒17 μm long ...........X. serpentiformis (E. Langer) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia serpentiformis E. Langer); distr.: East Asia, Macaronesia
Hyphodontia crassa Sang H. Lin & Z.C. Chen was considered as synonym of
H. serpentiformis by Dai et al. (2004).
Cystidia straight or slightly wavy, apically hypha-like, forming sterile peg-like
fascicles; basidia 15‒35 μm long ...................................................................
.......... Hyphodontia echinata Yurchenko & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: East Asia
Lepto- or gloeocystidia present, of tramal or subhymenial origin, longer, than
30 μm, or if shorter, then reaching 8–15 μm in width ..............................41
Lepto- or gloeocystidia absent, or if hymenial leptocystidia present, then up
to 30 × 8 μm, or somewhat thick-walled in lower 1/2–2/3 .......................48
Hymenophore smooth to tuberculate .......................................................42
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Hymenophore odontioid to hydnoid ........................................................43
Cystidia of three types: enclosed cylindrical gloeocystidia, capitate and hyphoid cystidia; cylindrical hyphoid cystidia 40‒70(‒80) × (3‒)4‒5(‒5.5)
μm ...............................................X. tuberculatus (Kotir. & Saaren.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia tuberculata Kotir. & Saaren.); distr.: Europe
Cystidia of one type, cylindrical or subcylindrical, 90‒100 × 4‒6 μm; gloeocystidia absent ............................................................ X. tenuicystidius
(Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia tenuicystidia Hjortstam & Ryvarden nom. inval.); distr.: South America
Capitate cystidial elements present in hymenium or subiculum, sometimes
projecting from aculeal apices ...................................................................44
Capitate cystidial elements lacking ............................................................47
Hyphae in aculeal trama thin- to slightly thick-walled; spores thin-walled, the
biggest ones 5–5.5 × 3.5 μm .....................................................................45
Aculeal trama with thick-walled or pseudoskeletal hyphae; spores often
slightly thick-walled or distinctly thick-walled, the biggest ones 6–7 × 4–4.5
μm ............................................................................................................46
Lepto- or gloeocystidia mostly of tramal origin, submoniliform, sometimes
cylindrical, 40–60(–125) × 4–5(–7) μm, enclosed, sometimes difficult to
find; capitate cystidia in hymenium and in aculeal apices, sometimes in subiculum, naked and apically 3.5–5.5 μm broad, or provided with a cap of
resinous matter; spores ellipsoid ........................... X. brevisetus (see step 18)
Hyphodontia cf. breviseta, briefly described and illustrated in Kotiranta and
Saarenoksa (2000) also keys here. It has long (about 100 μm and more), acute
sterile aculeal apices, consisting of strictly parallel, tightly agglutinated, amyloid hyphae; gloeocystidia more 90 μm long; spores (4.5–)5–5.5 × 3–3.5(–4)
μm. In H. breviseta, following to the same authors, sterile aculeal apices are
shorter (near 70 μm), and consisting of subparallel, loosely arranged, inamyloid hyphae; gloeocystidia usually (45–)50–70 μm long; spores 4–4.5(–6) ×
(2.7–)3–3.5(–5) μm. Distr.: Europe
Leptocystidia of subhymenial origin, cylindrical, fusoid or clavate, often apically projecting, 35–50 × (5.5–)6–8(–9) μm; capitate cystidia only embedded
in subiculum and aculeal trama, naked, apically 5–8 μm broad; spores narrowly ellipsoid to oblong .........................................................Hyphodontia
heterocystidiata H.X. Xiong, Y.C. Dai & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: East Asia
The species is referred by Gorjón (2012) to the H. breviseta complex.
Capitate cystidia enclosed or projecting, mostly capped with resinous matter; leptocystidia enclosed; spores thick-walled, (5–)5.5–6(–7) ×
4–4.5 μm ............ X. crassisporus (Gresl. & Rajchenb.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia crassispora Gresl. & Rajchenb.); distr.: South America
Capitate cystidia in subiculum only, without resinous cap; leptocystidia
enclosed or projecting up to 30 μm; spores thin- to slightly thick-walled,
A key to the species of Hyphodontia sensu lato
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4–6 × 3–4 μm ............................................................................... Hyphodontia sinensis H.X. Xiong, Y.C. Dai & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: East Asia
Hymenophore odontioid-hydnoid, with aculei 0.2–0.8 mm long; leptocystidia of tramal and subhymenial origin, cylindrical to torulose, 15–70 × 5–8
μm; spores 4–5 × 3–3.5 μm .............................................................. X. lenis
Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia mollis Sheng H. Wu); distr.: East Asia
Hymenophore odontioid, with aculei up to 0.4 mm long; leptocystidia only
hymenial, subcylindrical, clavate, almost pyriform, 20–35 × 4.5–15 μm;
spores 5–6 × 3.5–4.5 μm ..............................................................................
.................. Hyphodontia pelliculae (H. Furuk.) N. Maek.; distr.: East Asia
Capitate, subcapitate or capitulate cystidial elements abundant to scattered,
but regularly present in hymenium or at aculeal apices .............................49
Capitate and similar cystidial elements absent or occasional ......................68
Resinous caps present on some or many capitate cystidia ..........................50
Capitate cystidia lacking resinous cap .......................................................53
Hymenial surface with fairly sparse aculei (1–3/mm), separated or connected
by crests ....................................................................................................51
Hymenial surface densely tuberculate to densely odontioid (6–10 aculei/
mm), without crests ..................................................................................52
Aculei separated; capitate cystidia 4.5–5.5(–6) μm broad, often lacking resinous cap; spores subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 3.5–4.5(–5) μm broad ...
.................................................................................................. X. asperus
(Fr.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia aspera (Fr.) J. Erikss., H. granulosa (Pers.: Fr.) Ginns & Lefebvre nom. superfl.]; distr.: temperate Eurasia
Aculei often connected by crests; capitate cystidia 3–4.5 μm broad, usually
with a cap of resinous matter; spores ellipsoid, 3.5–4 μm broad....................
...........Hyphodontia subspathulata (H. Furuk.) N. Maek.; distr.: East Asia
Hjortstam and Ryvarden (2009) consider this name as a synonym of
X. spathulatus. However, in Maekawa’s description (1993) no acuminate,
constricted gloeocystidia were mentioned.
Basidioma white or cream-colored, with age pale ochraceous; aculei narrowly conical or subcylindrical; hyphal texture in subiculum and trama loose;
spores (5–)5.5–6.5(–7) × 3.5–4.5(–5) μm................... X. pruni (see step 19)
Basidioma creamish or often pale ochraceous and reddish ochraceous; aculei
conical to almost semiglobose; hyphal texture in subiculum and trama fairly
dense; spores 5–6 × 3.5–4 μm.............................................. X. verruculosus
(J. Erikss. & Hjortstam) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia verruculosa J. Erikss. & Hjortstam; H. papillosa (Fr.) J. Erikss. p.p., sensu Eriksson and Ryvarden (1976); Lyomyces papillosus (Fr.) P. Karst.]; distr.: Europe
In many taxonomical works Hyphodontia verrucolosa is considered to be a
synonym of H. rimosissima. However, Hjortstam and Ryvarden (2009) treated X. verruculosus separately from X. rimosissimus (see step 28).
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Spores 7.5–10 μm long, ovoid to suballantoid; aculeal apices with subulate or
hypha-like, apically capitulate cystidia ..........................................................
..................................X. adhaerisporus (E. Langer) Hjortstam & Ryvarden
(Hyphodontia adhaerispora E. Langer); distr.: southwest Indian Ocean islands
Spores up to 7 μm long, subglobose to oblong, never concave adaxially; aculeal apices with hypha-like, tapering, capitate or capitulate cystidia ...........54
Capitate cystidia apically 8–12 μm broad, projecting about
20 μm............................................ X. capitatus (G. Cunn.) Hjortstam &
Ryvarden [Hyphodontia cunninghamii Gresl. & Rajchenb., non Hyphodontia capitata (Boidin & Gilles) Hjortstam]; distr.: Australia, New Zealand
Capitate or subcapitate cystidia apically up to 6(–7) μm broad, projecting or
enclosed ....................................................................................................55
Capitate cystidia predominating at aculeal apices, naked or slightly
encrusted .............................................................................Hyphodontia
capitatocystidiata H.X. Xiong, Y.C. Dai & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: East Asia
Aculeal apices consisting predominantly of tapering or cylindrical cystidia or
hyphal ends, otherwise capitate cystidia richly encrusted (incrustation dissolving in KOH).......................................................................................56
With fairly straight, hyphoid, projecting cystidia, somewhat broadened apically and thick-walled there, and somewhat broadened basally ......................
................................................. X. borealis (Kotir. & Saaren.) Hjortstam &
Ryvarden (Hyphodontia borealis Kotir. & Saaren.); distr.: temperate Eurasia
This taxon was depicted under the name Hyphodontia aff. nudiseta in Langer
(1994).
Hyphoid cystidia if present, then not broadened and thick-walled apically ..... 57
Spores (5–)5.5–6.5(–7) μm long...............................................................58
Spores 3.8–5(–6) μm long ........................................................................61
Hymenophoral aculei 10–15/mm; capitate, subcapitate and capitulate cystidia 20–60 × 4–6 μm, typically present in aculei..........................................
................................. X. fimbriatus (Sheng H. Wu) Hjortstam & Ryvarden
(Hyphodontia fimbriata Sheng H. Wu); distr.: East Asia, South America
Hymenophoral aculei 6–12/mm; capitate and similar cystidia 15–40 × 3–5
μm, often absent in aculei .........................................................................59
Spores thin-walled, 3.5–4.5(–5) μm broad; projecting hyphal ends in aculei
subulate, obtuse, capitulate ......................................... X. pruni (see step 19)
Spores slightly thick-walled when mature, 3.5‒4 μm broad; projecting hyphal ends in aculei nearly cylindrical or tapering .......................................60
Hymenial cystidia tibiiform to lecythiform..........................................................
... X. bugellensis (Ces.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden sensu Hjortstam and Ryvarden
(2007a) [Hyphodontia bugellensis (Ces.) J. Erikss.]; distr.: Macaronesia, Africa
In earlier works (Eriksson and Ryvarden 1976; Langer 1994) this name was
synonymized with Hyphodontia pruni.
A key to the species of Hyphodontia sensu lato
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Hymenial cystidia cylindrical or subcapitate .................................................
.....X. subscopinellus (G. Cunn.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia subscopinella (G. Cunn.) Greslebin & Rajchenb.]; distr.: Australia, New Zealand
Subulate cystidial elements regularly present at aculeal tips and/or in hymenium .........................................................................................................62
Subulate cystidia absent, rare, or little distinguishing from cylindrical hyphal
ends ..........................................................................................................64
Many capitate cystidia with olive brownish contents; all hyphae thin-walled;
spores narrowly ellipsoid, 3–3.5(–4) μm broad .............................................
........... Hyphodontia sp. 2 (Kotiranta and Saarenoksa 2000); distr.: Europe
Capitate cystidia colorless; subicular hyphae with thickened to moderately
thick walls; spores broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, 3.5–4 μm broad .............63
Cystidia subulate, rarely capitate; tramal hyphae with thickened walls; spores
thin- or slightly thick-walled .........................................................................
...........Hyphodontia sp. 1 (Kotiranta and Saarenoksa 2000); distr.: Europe.
European samples, treated under the name X. nudisetus, and having, besides
subulate cystidia, also slightly capitate ones (Langer 1994), possibly belong
here (Kotiranta and Saarenoksa 2000).
Cystidia subcapitate and almost subulate; tramal hyphae thin-walled; spores
thin-walled ....................X. pruniaceus (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Hjortstam
& Ryvarden (Hyphodontia pruniacea Hjortstam & Ryvarden); distr.: Africa
With skeletal-like, strongly light-refractive hyphae in aculeal trama and partly
in subiculum ....................... X. rudis (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Hjortstam &
Ryvarden (Hyphodontia rudis Hjortstam & Ryvarden); distr.: South America
Skeletal-like hyphae absent, hyphae in aculeal trama thin- to slightly thickwalled .......................................................................................................65
Hyphae in aculeal apices richly encrusted; spores 4‒5 μm long .................66
Hyphae in aculeal apices scarcely to moderately encrusted; spores up to 5.5‒6
μm long ....................................................................................................67
Capitate cystidia in hymenium between aculei, 15‒18 μm long; hyphae in aculei
(peg-like fascicles) flexuous, 2.5‒3.5 μm wide; spores 4–5 × 3–3.5 μm ..................
.... Hyphodontia microfasciculata Yurchenko & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: East Asia
Capitate cystidia mainly in aculei, 30–60 μm long; hyphae in aculeal apices
straight, 3‒4 μm wide; spores 4.3–4.5 × 4–4.3 μm .......................................
..............................X. tenellus Hjortstam & Ryvarden; distr.: South Americ
Hymenophoral aculei more or less scattered, usually 1–3/mm; spores subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 5–6 × (3.5–)4–5(–5.8) μm ....X. asperus (see step 51)
Hymenophoral aculei more crowded; spores broadly ellipsoid, (4.2–)4.5–5(–
5.5) × 3.5–4 μm ...........................................................................................
........... Hyphodontia sp. 3 (Kotiranta and Saarenoksa 2000); distr.: Europe
Spores 2.2–3 μm broad.............................................................................69
Spores ≥ 3 μm broad .................................................................................70
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Spores (6–)6.5–7 × 2.2–2.5 μm; cystidia or hyphal ends in aculei tapering, thinto moderately thick-walled; hymenophore densely odontioid; subicular hyphae
(2.5–)3–4 μm diam; basidia 25–30 × 4.5–5 μm .................................................
..........................................X. nesporina (Hallenb. & Hjortstam) Hjortstam &
Ryvarden (Hyphodontia nesporina Hallenb. & Hjortstam); distr.: South America
Spores 4.5–6 × 2.5–3 μm; cystidia or hyphal ends in aculei cylindrical, thinwalled; hymenophore smooth to grandinioid; subicular hyphae 2–3 μm in
diam; basidia about 15 × 3.5–4 μm .........................................Hyphodontia
papillosa (Fr. : Fr.) J. Erikss. sensu Gilbertson (1974); distr.: North America
The concept of this species in Gilbertson differs from the concept of H. verruculosa (Ginns and Lefebvre 1993; see step 52), and resembles X. nespori
with naked cystidia (see step 37).
Cystidia or hyphal ends in aculei with crystalline incrustations .................71
Cystidia or hyphal ends in aculei naked or almost naked ..........................72
Cystidia torulose; spores thick-walled when mature ................ X. bugellensis
sensu Bernicchia and Gorjón (2010) [Hyphodontia bugellensis sensu Melo
and Tellería (1997); see also step 60]; distr.: Europe, Southwest Asia
Cystidia subulate, often with somewhat broadened base; spores thinwalled .................. X. knysnanus (Van der Byl) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia knysnana (Van der Byl) D.A. Reid]; distr.: Africa, South America
Hymenophoral aculei 2–4/mm; cystidia 3–4 μm broad, usually flexuous;
spores ellipsoid, (6–)6.5–7(–7.5) × (3–)3.5–4 μm.........................................
...............................X. lutescens (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia lutescens Hjortstam & Ryvarden); distr.: South America
Langer (1994) noted that this taxon should be treated in the genus Hyphoderma because of Hyphodontia-like hyphae are absent and spores are with granular contents. However, Hjortstam and Ryvarden (2009) referred X. lutescens
to the same morphological group as X. asperus and X. brevisetus.
Hymenophoral aculei crowded, more than 4/mm; cystidia basally up to 7
μm broad, straight or weakly flexuous; spores subglobose to ellipsoid, 4.5–6
× 3–4.5 μm ............................................................................... X. nudisetus
(Warcup & P.H.B. Talbot) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia nudiseta Warcup & P.H.B. Talbot; see also step 63); distr.: East Asia, Australia
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Heikki Kotiranta (Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki)
for critical review of the MS and to David Mitchel (Northern Ireland Fungus Group,
Belfast) for linguistic improvement of the text.
A key to the species of Hyphodontia sensu lato
25
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A key to the species of Hyphodontia sensu lato
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Appendix
Species and specimens from which various cystidial elements were depicted (Fig. 1;
collection acronyms follow Index Herbariorum – http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/
ih): A1, Lagarobasidium calongei (MA-Fungi 73256, from Dueñas et al. 2009); A2,
Kneiffiella floccosa (MSK-F 4755); B, Hyphodontia pallidula (MSK-F 6937); C, Hastodontia hastata (GB 94809, from Eriksson and Ryvarden 1976); D, X. brevisetus
(MSK-F 5105); E, Hyphodontia astrocystidiata (TNM F24764); F, H. arguta (TNM
F24822); G, H. rickii (CIEFAP Rick 208 47, from Gorjón 2012); H, Xylodon lanatus, (TNM F1225); I, X. lenis (TNM F21833); J, Hyphodontia subclavata (TNM
F24744); K, H. heterocystidiata (TNM F, Wu 9209-33); L, H. heterocystidiata (TNM
F, Wu 911107-38); M, Lagarobasidium detriticum (MSK-F 4146); N, Hyphodontia
anmashanensis (TNM F15201); O, Xylodon spathulatus (MSK-F 5663); P, X. fimbriatus (TNM F111); Q, X. asperus (TNM F17159); R, Hyphodontia subclavata (TNM
F24742); S, Lyomyces sambuci (MSK-F 4155); T, Xylodon fimbriatus (TNM F7890); U,
Hyphodontia anmashanensis (TNM F15201); V, Xylodon candidissimus (TNM F9278);
W, X. juniper (TNM F15343); X, X. tuberculatus (MSK-F 7352); Y, Z, X. brevisetus
(MSK-F 5105).