Turk J Bot
(2018) 42: 644-652
© TÜBİTAK
doi:10.3906/bot-1712-1
Turkish Journal of Botany
http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/
Research Article
New contributions to the Turkish Ascomycota
Abdullah KAYA*, Yasin UZUN
Department of Biology, Kamil Özdağ Science Faculty, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
Received: 01.12.2017
Accepted/Published Online: 06.05.2018
Final Version: 26.09.2018
Abstract: Nine discomycete and one sordariomycete (Ascomycota) species are reported for the first time from Turkey. The genera
Coccomyces, Kompsoscypha, Pseudopithyella, Strobiloscypha, and Lasiosphaeris have not been reported before in the country. Anthracobia,
Plicaria, Sclerotinia, and Pithya species are new records added to the previous knowledge. Macro- and micromorphological descriptions
and illustrations for each new taxon are provided.
Key words: Ascomycota, biodiversity, new records, Turkey
1. Introduction
The knowledge of higher fungi in Turkey has been
increasing over the years. More than 2500 species has been
identified so far in the country, and most of them have
been published as checklists (Sesli and Denchev, 2014;
Solak et al., 2015). The number of taxa reached almost
210 ascomycetes. Since then, nearly 90 more species of
Ascomycota were added to the former list (Akata et al.,
2016a, 2016b; Akçay and Uzun, 2016; Doğan et al., 2016;
Dülger and Akata, 2016; Elliot et al., 2016; Kaya, 2016;
Kaya et al., 2016; Taşkın et al., 2016; Acar and Uzun, 2017;
Uzun et al., 2017a, 2017b, 2017c). Presently, the number of
ascomycetes has reached almost 300. In this manuscript
we present ten new reports for nine genera and seven
families of Ascomycota.
The aim of this work is to contribute to the knowledge
of Ascomycota biodiversity in Turkey.
2. Materials and methods
The samples were collected in Gaziantep and Trabzon
provinces between 2014 and 2016. During field trips,
macrophotographs were taken in their natural habitats. We
made notes of morphological and ecological characteristics
of the fruit bodies before collection. The ascocarps were
cut free-hand and studied with a compound Nikon Eclipse
Ci-S trinocular light microscope. Microscopic features
were mainly described in water, Melzer’s reagent, Congo
red, and lactophenol cotton blue. The samples were
identified with the help of Seaver (1942), Denison (1972),
Breitenbach and Kränzlin (1984), Pfister (1989), Jordan
(1995), Ellis and Ellis (1997), Candoussau et al. (2001),
* Correspondence: kayaabd@hotmail.com
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Spooner (2001), Monti and Marchetti (2003), Medardi
(2006), Peric et al. (2013), Thompson (2013), and Beug et
al. (2014).
Specimens are deposited at Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey
University, Kamil Özdağ Science Faculty, Department of
Biology.
3. Results
The systematics of the species are given according to
Index Fungorum (www.indexfungorum.org; accessed 30
November 2017) and Wijayawardene et al. (2018). The
taxa are listed in alphabetical order together with their
brief descriptions, habitats, localities, collection dates, and
accession numbers.
Ascomycota Caval.-Sm.
Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Helotiales Nannf. ex Korf & Lizoň
Sclerotiniaceae Whetzel
3.1. Sclerotinia trifoliorum Erikss., K. Landtbraksakoemiens
handlingar och tidskrift 19: 28 (1880) (Figure 1)
Macroscopic and microscopic features: The
fructifications arise from buried, irregular black
sclerotium (8–18 mm). Apothecia 6–9 mm in diam., disc
concave, light ocher brown to reddish brown, smooth
and lighter than the receptacle, margin somewhat darker.
Stipe 20–30 × 1–1.5 mm, cylindrical, tapering towards
the base, concolorous with the outer surface of the disc.
Ectal excipulum composed of globose cells. Asci 120–140
× 8–11 µm, cylindrical-clavate, 8-spored, uniseriate and
arising from croziers. Paraphyses slightly clavate, septate,
branched. Ascospores 10–17 × 7–9.5 µm, dimorphic
KAYA and UZUN / Turk J Bot
Figure 1. Sclerotinia trifoliorum: a- ascocarps, b- asci and paraphyses (Congo red), c- ascospores (water).
in size, generally four smaller (10–12 × 7–7.5 µm) and
the other four larger (13–17 × 7.5–9.5 µm), elliptical to
amygdaliform, smooth, hyaline, with some big drops or
several smaller.
Notes: Parasitic on Trifolium pratense, T. repens, and
some other members of Leguminosae (Beug et al, 2014).
Specimen examined: Turkey, Gaziantep, Nurdağı,
İncirli village, mixed forest, on herbaceous plant remains
among mosses, 37°14′N, 36°59′E, 600 m, 05.12.2014,
K.10884; Tüllüce Village, 37°08′N, 36°51′E, 600 m,
06.11.2015, K.12672; Sakçagöze village, 37°10′N, 36°55′E,
850 m, 07.11.2015, K.12701; Şahinbey, Yeşilce village,
37°10′N, 37°12′E, 1045 m, 16.11.2014, K.10697.
Rhytismatales M.E. Barr ex Minter
Rhytismataceae Chevall.
3.2. Coccomyces delta (Kunze ex Fr.) Sacc., Bolm Soc.
broteriana, Coimbra, sér. 1 11: 13 (1893) (Figure 2)
Figure 2. Coccomyces delta: a- ascocarps, b- asci and paraphyses (Congo red), c- ascospores (Congo red).
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Macroscopic and microscopic features: Apothecia up
to 1 mm in diam., embedded in leaf tissues and forming a
black stromatic layer, usually triangular or pyramidal shape
(sometimes 4-sided). Hymenial surface light colored,
becomes visible after the black covering layer splits open
by 3–4 teeth. Stromatized area of the leaf lighter than the
surrounding tissue, creating patches like a mosaic, which
are delimited by a black line. Asci 130–170 × 8–9.8 µm,
cylindrical-claviform, acuminate, inoperculate, 8-spored,
inamyloid, spores 2–3-seriate. Paraphyses slightly clavate,
straight, unbranched, septate, more closely in the basal
cells. Ascospores 80–85 × 1.9–2.4 µm, filiform, blunt edge
in both extremes, smooth, hyaline and with numerous
small guttules.
Notes: Coccomyces delta samples were found on leaves
of Quercus coccifera; also reported by Honrubia et al.
(1983).
Specimen examined: Turkey, Gaziantep, Araban,
Emirhaydar village, oak forest, on decaying Q. coccifera
leaves, 37°30′N, 37°42′E, 850 m, 30.11.2014, K.10778;
Nurdağı, Olucak village, 37°10′N, 36°40′E, 950 m,
20.03.2015, K.11431; Ökkeşiye village, 37°04′N, 36°50′E,
1015 m, 12.04.2015, K.11746; Sakçagöze village, 37°09′N,
36°57′E, 920 m, 18.04.2015, K.11762.
3.3. Coccomyces dentatus (J.C. Schmidt) Sacc., Michelia 1
(no. 1): 59 (1877) (Figure 3)
Macroscopic and microscopic features: Apothecia
approximately 1 mm in diam., immersed in the leaf
tissues, stromatic layer gray-brown, disc with 4–5 sides,
square or pentagon-shaped. Hymenial surface gray
colored, visible after the rupture of the stromatic layer in
4–5 fissures. Stromatized area of the leaf lighter than the
surrounding tissue, creating patches like a mosaic, which
are delimited by a black line. Asci 75–110 × 6–9 µm,
cylindrical-claviform, acuminate, 8-spored, inamyloid,
spores 2–3-seriate with helicoid arrangement. Paraphyses
slightly to medium lanceolate, straight or slightly curved,
not branched, septate. Ascospores 50–66 × 1.5–2.3 µm,
filiform or subulate, with obtuse or subacute extremes,
smooth, hyaline and with numerous small guttules.
Notes: Coccomyces dentatus occurs on leaves of a wide
range of plants such as Castanea sativa, Quercus robur, and
Quercus rubra (Johnston, 1992; Beug et al., 2014).
Specimen examined: Turkey, Gaziantep, Araban,
Emirhaydar village, oak forest, on decaying Quercus
coccifera leaves, 37°30′N, 37°42′E, 850 m, 30.11.2014,
K.10775.
Pezizomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Pezizales J. Schröt.
Pezizaceae Dumort.
3.4. Plicaria carbonaria Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk.
23-24: 326 (1870) (Figure 4)
Macroscopic and microscopic features: Apothecia
12–25 mm in diam., sessile, cup-shaped at first, becomes
flattened or shallowly cup-shaped at maturity, hymenial
surface smooth to finely roughened, dark brown to
blackish brown, margin entire when young, wavy when
mature, both the margin and the outer surface concolorous,
although sometimes dark grayish brown. Asci 200–250 ×
12–18 µm, cylindrical, tips amyloid in Melzer’s reagent,
8-spored. Paraphyses cylindrical, septate, swollen up to
8–10 μm at the apex. Ascospores 11–13 μm excluding
warts, spherical, initially hyaline and smooth, coarsely
warty when mature, sometimes with drops.
Figure 3. Coccomyces dentatus: a- ascocarps, b- asci and paraphyses (Congo red), c- ascospores (water).
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Figure 4. Plicaria carbonaria: a- ascocarps, b- asci tips (Melzer), c- asci and paraphyses (Congo red), d- ascospores in asci (lactophenol
cotton blue).
Notes: Plicaria carbonaria grows on burned ground
(Breitenbach and Kränzlin, 1984; Medardi, 2006;
Thompson, 2013).
Specimen examined: Turkey, Trabzon, Tonya, Kozluca
village, on burned ground in hazelnut garden, 40°56′N,
39°13′E, 1000 m, 13.11.2016, K.13400.
Pyronemataceae Corda
3.5. Anthracobia macrocystis (Cooke) Boud., Hist. Class.
Discom. Eur. (Paris): 65 (1907) (Figure 5)
Macroscopic and microscopic features: Apothecia
1–3(–4) mm in diam., sessile, hemispheric to cup-shaped
when young, flat when mature, hymenium smooth to
slightly wrinkled, bright orange to orange-yellow, receptacle
concolorous or paler. Slightly hairy due to the protruding
Figure 5. Anthracobia macrocystis: a- ascocarps, b- excipular cells (Congo red), c- asci and paraphyses (Congo red), d- ascospores
(Congo red).
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clavate-subglobose or globose brownish excipular cells.
Asci 160–180 × 12–13 µm, cylindrical, tapering towards
the base, inamyloid, 8-spored, uniseriate. Paraphyses
cylindrical, septate, sometimes branched in lower cells,
enlarged at the apex up to 7.5–8 µm. Ascospores 16–18.5 ×
8–9 µm, ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, and biguttulate.
Notes: Anthracobia macrocystis grows on burned
ground and burned wood (Breitenbach and Kränzlin,
1984; Medardi, 2006; Beug et al, 2014).
Specimen examined: Turkey, Trabzon, Tonya, Hoşarlı
village, on burned ground in hazelnut garden, 40°56′N,
39°19′E, 1100 m, 17.09.2015, K.12471.
Sarcoscyphaceae Le Gal ex Eckblad
3.6. Kompsoscypha chudei (Pat. ex Le Gal) Pfister, Mem.
N. Y. Bot. Gdn 49: 341 (1989) (Figure 6)
Macroscopic and microscopic features: Apothecia
5–10 mm diam., cupulate or turbinate with a broad
attachment, orange to orange-yellow. Asci 355–420 ×
14–18 µm, cylindrical, attenuated at the base without
croziers, 8-spored, inamyloid, spores uniseriate.
Paraphyses cylindrical, uninflated, 1.5–2 µm broad, often
anastomosing and sometimes branched in the lower
cells. Ascospores 22–28 × 12–18 µm, ellipsoid, oligo- and
multiguttulate.
Notes: Kompsoscypha chudei grows on leaves and small
pieces of wood (Pfister, 1989).
Specimen examined: Turkey, Gaziantep, Yavuzeli,
Halilbaşlı village, on decaying Rubus and Populus sp. leaves
and twigs, 37°16′N, 37°31′E, 560 m, 02.11.2014, K.10496.
3.7. Pithya cupressina (Batsch) Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver.
Naturk. 23–24: 317 (1870) (Figure 7)
Macroscopic and microscopic features: Apothecia
1–4 mm diam., at first nearly spherical, then becomes
circular, elongated, flat or slightly concave at maturity,
sessile or short-stipitate. Disc smooth, orange, receptacle
concolorous and lighter. Asci 230–250 × 13–15 µm,
cylindrical or subcylindrical, 8-spored, spores uniseriate.
Paraphyses uninflated, cylindrical, branched in the lower or
basal cells, slightly enlarged towards the apex. Ascospores
10–12 µm, globose, hyaline, smooth, multiguttulate.
Notes: Seaver (1942) reported the growth of Pithya
cupressina on various species of Juniperus, Cupressus,
Thuja, and Sequoia, while Kristiansen (2010) found it on
dead twigs of Cupressaceae.
Specimen examined: Turkey, Gaziantep, Şehitkamil,
city cemetery, on dead branches of Cupressus sempervirens
L., 37°04′N, 37°23′E, 845 m, 27.02.2015, K.11333.
3.8. Pseudopithyella minuscula (Boud. & Torrend) Seaver,
North American cup-fungi, (Operculates) (New York):
153 (1928) (Figure 8)
Macroscopic and microscopic features: Apothecia 1–3
mm in diameter, usually stipitate, almost globose when
immature, becoming cupulate-discoid or turbinate narrow
attachment when mature. Disc flat to concave, margin
smooth, orange to bright red, becoming paler when dried.
Stem whitish, slender and variable in length, up to 1.5 mm.
Asci 350–500 × 12–16 µm, cylindrical, gradually tapering
below, without croziers, apex furnished with a distinct
collar somewhat below the rounded apex. Paraphyses
slightly to medium clavate, septate, branched in the basal
cells and with yellowish drops. Ascospores 15–17 × 10–12
µm, ellipsoid, smooth, oligoguttulate (two oil drops).
Figure 6. Kompsoscypha chudei: a- ascocarps, b- asci and paraphyses (water), c- ascospores (water).
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Figure 7. Pithya cupressina: a- ascocarps, b- asci and paraphyses (Congo red), c- ascospores and a fragment of ascus (Congo red).
Figure 8. Pseudopithyella minuscula: a- ascocarps, b- asci and paraphyses (Congo red), c- ascospores and a fragment of ascus (Congo
red).
Notes: Pseudopithyella minuscula has been reported on
decaying foliage of cedar (Seaver, 1942) and dead twigs of
Cupressaceae (Kristiansen, 2010).
Specimen examined: Turkey, Gaziantep, Şehitkamil,
city cemetery, on dead branches of Cupressus sempervirens,
37°04′N, 37°23′E, 845 m, 04.01.2015, K.11148.
Sarcosomataceae Kobayasi
3.9. Strobiloscypha cupressina B. Perić & Pfister, Mycologia
Montenegrina 16: 9 (2013) (Figure 9)
Macroscopic and microscopic features: Apothecia
1–5 mm in diam., sessile, cupulate-discoid with narrow
attachment, hemispherical when young, then expands,
forming a deepened disk. Disc smooth or finely granulated,
shiny, gray whitish. Margin circular, raised, rarely slightly
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Figure 9. Strobiloscypha cupressina: a- ascocarps, b- asci and paraphyses (Congo red), c- ascospores in the fragments of asci (Congo red).
undulating. Receptacle brownish, finely ornamented with
brown granules. Asci 220–320 × 11–18 µm, cylindrical,
operculate, 8-spored, hyaline, inamyloid, apex obtuse
rounded, base narrowed and without croziers. Paraphyses
slightly to medium clavate, straight, apex up to 5–7.5
μm, some bifurcate at the basal cells, septate, with small
grayish drops. Ascospores 14.5–20 × 9–12 µm, ellipsoid or
subfusiform, with rounded to subacute extremes, hyaline,
thin-walled, containing 1–3 oligoguttules.
Notes: Strobiloscypha cupressina grows on the cones
and tips of rotting 1-year-old branches of Cupressus
sempervirens (Perić et al., 2013).
Specimen examined: Turkey, Gaziantep, Şehitkamil,
city cemetery, on dead Cupressus sp. cones, 37°04′N,
37°23′E, 860 m, 27.02.2015, K.11320; 27.03.2015, K.11518.
Sordariomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Sordariales Chadef. ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
Lasiosphaeriaceae Nannf.
3.10. Lasiosphaeris hirsuta (Fr.) A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf,
Mycol. Res. 108(1): 31 (2004) (Figure 10)
Macroscopic and microscopic features: Perithecia
0.4–0.8 mm in diam., globose-pyriform, dark brown
to black, completely covered with dark brown to black
hairs. Ostiole at the apex, hard, carbonous, and brittle.
Asci 210–250 × 8.5–12 µm, cylindrical-fusoid, 8-spored,
irregularly biseriate, nonamyloid. Paraphyses cylindrical,
septate. Ascospores 50–75 × 5.5–7 µm, cylindrical,
hyaline to yellowish-brown at maturity, curvate, sigmoid
or geniculate (at least with one curved end), aseptate to
7 septate when mature. Hairs 120–190 × 3.5–4.5 µm,
cylindrical, straight, septate, thick-walled, dark brown,
lighter at the apical cells.
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Notes: Lasiosphaeris hirsuta grows on dead bark,
leaves, and rotten wood (Minter and Cannon, 2016).
Specimen examined: Turkey, Gaziantep, Karkamış,
Yurtbağı village, river side, on Populus sp. twigs, 36°50′N,
38°00′E, 330 m, 25.10.2014, K.10214.
4. Discussion
Ten ascomycetous macrofungi species belonging to three
classes, four orders, seven families, and nine genera are
new records for the mycobiota of Turkey. The genera
Coccomyces, Kompsoscypha, Lasiosphaeris, Pseudopithyella,
and Strobiloscypha are recorded for the first time in
the country. Nine taxa are discomycetes (Ekanayaka
et al., 2017), while one belongs to Sordariomycetes
(Maharachchikumbura et al., 2016). Generally, the
morphological features and the habitats of the taxa agreed
with those given in the literature.
The discomycete genus Sclerotinia are saprobes or
pathogens found worldwide with an estimated 15 species
(Wijayawardene et al., 2017). Sclerotinia trifoliorum
recorded here is also pathogenic on plants (Boland and
Hall, 1994; Clarkson et al., 2003). Among these pathogens,
S. trifoliorum can morphologically be confused especially
with S. sclerotiorum and S. minor. However, the host range
and dimorphic ascospores of S. trifolium differentiate it
from S. sclerotiorum (Kohn, 1979). The size of sclerotia,
on the other hand, is an easy way to separate S. trifoliorum
from S. minor, which has rather small sclerotia compared
to the former species (Ekins et al., 2005).
Coccomyces delta and C. dentatus are related according
to their morphology and substrate. The triangular
apothecia and longer spores differentiate C. delta from
KAYA and UZUN / Turk J Bot
Figure 10. Lasiosphaeris hirsuta: a- ascocarps, b- asci and paraphyses (Melzer), c- hairs (Congo red), d- ascospores (Congo red).
C. dentatus, which has 4–5-sided apothecia and shorter
spores (Medardi, 2006).
The habitat and morphology of Plicaria carbonaria are
similar to P. trachycarpa. However, the coarse warts on
the spores of P. carbonaria differentiate it from the latter
species (Waraitch, 1977).
Like members of Anthracobia, some species of
Pyronema also grow on burned ground, but they have
neither hyphae nor tufts of hair on the outer surface
(Breitenbach and Kränzlin, 1984). A. macrocystis is
morphologically very similar to A. maurilabra and A.
melaloma. However, it differs due to its one- or two-celled
hyphal outgrowths (hairs) with respect to the latter two
species whose hyphal outgrowths have more than two cells
(Breitenbach and Kränzlin, 1984).
The family Sarcoscyphaceae comprises 13 genera
(Wijayawardene et al., 2018) and we have found three
genera in Turkey. The genus Kompsoscypha is saprobic
worldwide, with four species (Wijayawardene et al., 2017).
Kompsoscypha chudei was collected on dead twigs and
leaves of Rubus and Populus sp. Pithya and Pseudopithyella
are saprobes with five and two species, respectively
(Wijayawardene et al., 2017). Pithya cupressina and
Pseudopithyella minuscula occurred on dead cones and
twigs of Cupressus sempervirens. Microscopically, Pithya
cupressina is similar to some inoperculate species of the
genera Hymenoscyphus Gray and Bisporella Sacc. The
spherical or subspherical ascospores and the operculate
asci of Pithya cupressina, however, differentiate it from
these taxa, which have ellipsoid, ellipsoid-fusiform,
fusiform, or cylindrical spores and inoperculate asci
(Seaver, 1942; Breitenbach and Kränzlin, 1984; Beug et
al., 2014). Although Pseudopithyella minuscula and Pithya
cupressina are very similar in their macroscopy and habitat,
the typical collar at the apex of asci of P. minuscula is a
very distinguishing feature between the two taxa, although
spore shape is also different (Kristiansen, 2010).
Strobiloscypha cupressina was also collected on cones
of Cupressus sempervirens. This species shares some
morphological characters with Strobiloscypha keliae N.S.
Weber & Denison. Even though the ascospores of both
species are ellipsoid, spores of S. keliae are larger, finely
ornamented, and without guttules (Peric et al., 2013).
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank TÜBİTAK for supporting
the project (212T112) financially, and Donald H Pfister for
his valuable comments and for providing literature.
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KAYA and UZUN / Turk J Bot
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