Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0410-z
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Taxonomic circumscription of Diaporthales based on multigene
phylogeny and morphology
Indunil C. Senanayake1,2,3 • Rajesh Jeewon4 • Putarak Chomnunti3 • Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe3
Chada Norphanphoun3 • Anuruddha Karunarathna3,5 • Dhandevi Pem3 • Rekhani H. Perera3 •
Erio Camporesi6,7,8 • Eric H. C. McKenzie9 • Kevin D. Hyde1,2,3 • Samantha C. Karunarathna1,2
•
Received: 25 March 2018 / Accepted: 5 September 2018 / Published online: 20 September 2018
Ó School of Science 2018
Abstract
Demarcation of family, genus and species boundaries in the Diaporthales has been tentative due to uninformative illustrations and descriptions, overlapping morphological characteristics, misplacement or poor condition of type specimens
and shortage of molecular data from ex-type cultures. In this study, we obtained the type specimens or other authentic
specimens of diaporthalean taxa from worldwide fungaria. We examined, described and illustrated them. This study is
based on morphological characters from type or authentic specimens, details from protologue and original illustrations and
molecular data obtained from GenBank. Combined analyses of nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence data were used
to construct the molecular phylogeny. Additionally, we provided separate phylogenetic trees for families when necessary to
show the generic distribution within these families based on suitable gene markers. Based on morphology and phylogeny,
we treat 17 genera previously assigned to Diaporthales genera incertae sedis within several families. For some genera we
have designated new generic types as they are lacking type species or type species have affiliations with other families. We
exclude Anisomycopsis from Diaporthales and place it in Xylariomycetidae genera incertae sedis. Tirisporellaceae, which
was previously placed in Tirisporellales is placed in Diaporthales based on phylogeny and morphology. A new combination, Dendrostoma leiphaemia propose for Amphiporthe leiphaemia (Fr.) Butin. Based on the morphological characters
and molecular data we accept 27 families and 138 genera within Diaporthales, 24 genera in Diaporthales genera incertae
sedis and one genus in Xylariomycetidae genera incertae sedis. We provide notes for genera in Diaporthales genera
incertae sedis, and excluded and doubtful genera are listed with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny.
Keywords Authentic specimens Dendrostoma leiphaemia Incertae sedis Classification Taxonomy Families
Accepted genera
Introduction
History
Fries (1823) accommodated the composite genus Sphaeria,
which comprises most diaporthoid taxa, within Sphaeriaceae. Fuckel (1870) placed non-stromatic forms under
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this
article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0410-z) contains
supplementary material, which is available to authorized
users.
& Samantha C. Karunarathna
samanthakarunarathna@gmail.com
subfamily Ceratostomeae, while stromatic forms were
distributed among subfamilies Melanconideae, Valseae,
Dothideae and Melogrammeae. Karsten (1873) revised
Sphaeriaceae and divided it into four subfamilies as Bertieae (Linospora, Ceuthocarpon), Diaportheae (Diaporthe,
Gnomonia, Hypospila), Melanconideae (Pseudovalsa,
Melanconis, Hercospora, Cytospora) and Valseae (Valsa).
Saccardo (1883) used ascospore septation and pigmentation to classify ascomycetes and diaporthoid taxa were
distributed within various sections of his classification. He
divided Sphaeriaceae into several subfamilies, those having stromatic tissues in Ceratostomeae, Clypeosphaerieae,
Valseae, Melanconideae, Melogrammeae and non-stromatic taxa Gnomonieae. Lindau (1897) resurrected
Sphaeriales to accommodate Clypeosphaeriaceae,
Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Gnomoniaceae, Melanconidaceae and Melogrammataceae, Valsaceae and some diaporthoid taxa placed in
Dothidiaceae (Dothideales).
Von Höhnel (1917) included all diaporthoid taxa in
Diaporthaceae and divided this family into two subfamilies as Eu-Diaportheen for taxa without allantoid ascospores and Valseen for taxa with allantoids ascospores.
Nannfeldt (1932) introduced Diaporthales to accommodate
Höhnel’s Eu-Diaportheen and Valseen taxa excluding
diatrypaceous taxa. Luttrell (1951) circumscribed Diaporthales with two families Diaporthaceae and Melanosporaceae. Chadefaud (1960) recognized three
families in this order based on stromatic tissues as Diaporthaceae, Gnomoniaceae and Melanconidaceae. Wehmeyer (1975) divided Diaporthales into three families
Diaporthaceae, Gnomoniaceae and Valsaceae.
Barr (1978) revised Diaporthales with Gnomoniaceae,
Melanconidaceae, Coryneaceae and Cytosporaceae using
presence or absence of stromata, stromatic development
and tissue types, the position of the ascomata and
perithecial necks in the substrate and ascospore shape.
Monod (1983) revised Gnomoniaceae and distinguished
genera based on the characters of stromatic tissues,
ascospores and asexual morphs. Three families, Cytosporaceae, Melanconidaceae and Vialaeaceae.were recognised in Diaporthales by Eriksson (2001).
Based on an analysis of nrLSU sequence data, Castlebury et al. (2002) accepted Diaporthaceae, Gnomoniaceae,
Melanconidaceae and Cytosporaceae in Diaporthales.
Gnomoniaceae was revised by several recent studies and
several new taxa were introduced (Sogonov et al. 2008;
Walker et al. 2010; Mejı́a et al. 2011; Walker et al. 2012).
Castlebury et al. (2002) excluded Vialaeaceae from Diaporthales based on molecular data. Réblová et al. (2004)
introduced Togniniaceae to Diaporthales based on nrSSU
sequence data, although Mostert et al. (2006) concluded
that its placement was ambiguous based on nrLSU.
Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) excluded Togniniaceae
from Diaporthales and accommodated it in Togniniales.
Gryzenhout et al. (2006a) introduced the family Cryphonectriaceae. Sydowiellaceae and Schizoparmaceae
were introduced in Diaporthales (Rossman et al. 2007;
Alvarez et al. 2016). Harknessiaceae was introduced into
Diaporthales to accommodate Harknessia with wuestneialike sexual morphs (Crous et al. 2012b) and Pseudoplagiostomaceae was introduced to accommodate Pseudoplagiostoma (Cheewangkoon et al. 2010). Voglmayr and
Jaklitsch (2014) resurrected Stilbosporaceae in Diaporthales based on phylogenetic analysis of nrLSU
sequence data and retained the genera Stegonsporium and
Stilbospora in this family. Macrohilaceae was introduced
by Crous et al. (2015), based on an analysis of nrLSU to
accommodate Macrohilum. Suetrong et al. (2015)
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
introduced Tirisporellaceae into Diaporthales; however,
Jones et al. (2015) excluded this family from Diaporthales.
Norphanphoun et al. (2016) introduced Lamproconiaceae
to accommodate Lamproconium and Hercospora. Juglanconidaceae was introduced in Diaporthales by Voglmayr
et al. (2017). Senanayake et al. (2017b) introduced seven
new families Apiosporopsidaceae, Apoharknessiaceae,
Asterosporiaceae,
Auratiopycnidiellaceae,
Erythrogloeaceae, Melanconiellaceae, and Prosopidicolaceae
based on molecular data. Additionally Diaporthosporellaceae by Yang et al. (2017), Diaporthostomataceae,
Pseudomelanconidaceae, and Synnemasporellaceae by Fan
et al. (2018) and Tubakiaceae by Braun et al. (2018) were
introduced to this order. Therefore Currently there are 27
families accepted in Diaporthales.
Ecology and mode of life
Members of Diaporthales have a wide range of ecological
habitats and modes of nutrition (Barr 1978). Except for
members of Tirisporellaceae, most taxa in Diaporthales
occur in terrestrial habitats. Generally, they are endophytes,
pathogens or saprobes, although sometimes they occur as
parasites or secondary invaders of injured plant tissues or
those infected by other organisms (Castlebury et al. 2002;
Rossman et al. 2007; Alvarez et al. 2016). There are no
records of coprophilous, hypersaprobes or mycophylic
species in Diaporthales (Senanayake et al. 2017b). Phytopathogenic taxa are associated with fruit, leaves, stems
and roots of a wide variety of hosts. Host association has
been used for species classification (Sogonov et al. 2008),
but this can be misleading (Jeewon et al. 2004). Some
endophytes are opportunistic pathogens (Sieber 2007).
Some severe pathogens annihilate large scale cultivations
of economical crops, timber monocultures and forests.
Cryphonectriaceae, Gnomoniaceae, Juglanconidaceae and
Lamproconiaceae comprise rather host-specific species.
Additionally, some species inhabit soil and living animal
and human tissues (Gryzenhout et al. 2006b; Senanayake
et al. 2017b).
Secondary metabolites
Fungal secondary metabolites generally include antibiotics,
pheromones, pigments and toxins. Characteristic of secondary metabolites have been used in taxonomy of some
fungal groups (Kärnefelt 1989; Daranagama et al. 2017).
Diaporthales have been extensively examined for secondary metabolites (Frisvad et al. 1998). However, distribution of secondary metabolites between fungal species in
Diaporthales and reasons to produce these metabolites are
poorly understood. Hence it is difficult to apply secondary
metabolites in their systematics (Rossman et al. 1999;
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Whalley and Edwards 1987, 1995). Secondary metabolites
produced by Cryphonectriaceae, Cytosporaceae, Diaporthaceae and Gnomoniaceae in culture media have been
investigated (Zhang 2002). In Cryphonectriaceae, the
stromatic pigmentation irreversibly changes to red or
orange to purple in KOH. This KOH reaction however, also
occurs in Hypocreales. This reaction may be an inherited
trait which is lost in many lineages because of a mutation,
or it may have been gained more than one time. If secondary metabolites are genetically inheritable traits, they
may be phylogenetically and taxonomically informative
(Zhang 2002).
General morphology
Species in Diaporthales form solitary or aggregated, immersed
to erumpent, rarely superficial, orange, brown or black
perithecial ascomata, with short or long necks, that are located
in stromatic tissues or substrates, with a hamathecium lacking
or with few paraphyses (Alexopoulus and Mims 1978; Barr
1978; Castlebury et al. 2002). Asci are unitunicate with a
conspicuous refractive ring (Hawksworth et al. 1995; Rossman
et al. 2007). Ascospore are diverse in shape, size and colour.
The asexual morphs of Diaporthales are generally
coelomycetous (Rossman et al. 2007), producing acervuli,
pycnidial or synnematal conidiomata, with or without a welldeveloped stroma. Conidiogenesis is phialidic or rarely annellidic and conidia are usually unicellular or 1-septate (Rossman
et al. 2007). However, Natarajania Pratibha & Bhat and
asexual morphs of Tirisporellaceae are hyphomycetes.
Aim of the paper
Morphology based identification of fungi is still a key
factor even though we use molecular data for fungal
identification and to assess relationships. Therefore, it is
crucial to reflect both molecular data and morphology
when identifying fungi. Some of described genera in Diaporthales lack molecular data and we need to carefully
check the morphology of type or other authentic specimens
and decide the taxonomic classification of them. Hence,
this monograph extends the work presented in Senanayake
et al. (2017b) incorporating both morphology and molecular data to obtain a natural classification.
Materials and methods
Specimens, morphological observation
and redrawing
Types and other relevant authentic specimens were loaned
from accessible fungaria (BIOTEC Bangkok Herbarium
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(BBH), U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI), Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (BRIP),
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K), Mae Fah Luang
University Herbarium (MFLU), New York State Museum
(NY), Plant Protection Research Institute (PREM),
National Museum in Prague (PR), Swedish Museum of
Natural History (S), Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (W)).
A small part of the herbarium specimen was cut and
rehydrated in water or 5% KOH. Micro-morphological
characters were examined from rehydrated ascomata with a
Motic SMZ 168 stereomicroscope. Morphological characteristics of ascomata, asci, ascospores and other tissues
were photographed with a Canon 550D digital camera fitted to the Nikon ECLIPSE 80i compound microscope.
Photomicrographs were arranged with Adobe Photoshop v.
CS6 and all measurements were made with Tarosoft v.
0.9.0.7. Several type specimens were in poor condition and
little morphological information could be obtained. Hence,
we relied on the protologue to obtain morphological
information for these taxa and hand drawings of these taxa
were made. Faces of fungi and Index Fungorum numbers
were obtained (Jayasiri et al. 2015; Index Fungorum 2018).
Phylogeny
The sequences obtained from GenBank (Supplementary
Table 1) are based on published literature (Braun et al.
2018; Fan et al. 2018; Jones et al. 2015;
Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015; Norphanphoun et al.
2016; Senanayake et al. 2017b; Voglmayr et al. 2017;
Yang et al. 2017). Multiple sequence alignments were
generated with MAFFT v. 7 (http://mafft.cbrc.jp/align
ment/server/index.html) and the alignment was manually
improved with BioEdit v. 7.0.5.2 (Hall 1999).
Maximum likelihood analysis (ML) was performed in
CIPRES webportal (Miller et al. 2009) using RAxMLHPC2 Workflow on XSEDE (8.2.9) tool using default
parameters (Stamatakis 2006). The search strategy was set
to rapid bootstrapping and the analysis was carried out
using the GTRGAMMAI model of nucleotide substitution
with 1000 replicates which is the best model predicted for
the concatenated nrLSU, nrITS, RPB2 and TEF1-a alignment by MrModeltest v. 2.3 (Nylander 2004).
For the Bayesian analyses (BI) of the individual loci and
concatenated nrLSU, nrITS, RPB2 and TEF1-a alignment,
above model test was used to determine the best nucleotide
substitution model settings for MrBayes v. 3.0b4. A
dirichlet state frequency was predicted for all four data
partitions and GTR ? I?G as best model for all single
gene and combined data set. The heating parameter was set
to 0.2 and trees were saved every 1000 generations (Ronquist et al. 2012). The Markov Chain Monte Carlo
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(MCMC) analysis of four chains started in parallel from a
random tree topology.
In addition to above analysis, we provided separate
phylogenetic trees for most families based on various gene
regions and same analytical conditions as above analysis.
Trees were viewed in FigTree v. 1.4.3 (Rambaut 2012).
The final alignments and the trees obtained were deposited
in TreeBASE (http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/) and the
accession number is S22452.
Results
To reveal the phylogenetic position of genera and families
within the order Diaporthales, a phylogenetic analysis was
performed with nrLSU, nrITS, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence
data. Sequences of representative species were selected
from Senanayake et al. (2017b) and supplemented with
sequences from GenBank. The nrLSU, nrITS, RPB2,
TEF1-a and combined data matrices contained 858, 526,
1062, 407 and 2853 characters with gaps, respectively. The
alignment comprised 242 strains and Eutypella sp.
(MFLUCC 16–1215) was selected as the out group.
The ML analysis yielded a tree with a likelihood value
of ln: - 59958.657512 and the following model parameters: alpha: 0.632445; P(A): 0.250737, P(C): 0.245893,
P(G): 0.281929, and P(T): 0.221441. The Bayesian
analysis lasted 20000000 generations (average standard
deviation of split frequencies value = 0.0098) and the
consensus trees and posterior possibilities were calculated
from the 19999200 trees sampled after discarding the first
20% of generations for burn-in. We use these two analytical methods to determine the topological convergence.
The phylogeny resulting from the RAxML maximum
likelihood analysis of combined gene sequence data is
shown in Fig. 1. Overall, the topologies obtained from the
different phylogenetic analyses were mostly similar and the
best scoring RAxML tree is illustrated here. The bootstrap
support values of maximum likelihood analysis (ML) and
Bayesian posterior probability scores (PP) are noted at the
nodes. The separation of Diaporthales from other Sordariomycetes taxa is well-supported (ML/PP = 93/0.9). The
order separates into 27 familial clades which are represented by 1–27 and two genera incertae sedis clades
(Fig. 1).
Gnomoniaceae (clade 1) and all its accepted genera
which have sequence data are included here. The taxonomic relationships of genera in Gnomoniaceae are presented. Melanconidaceae (clade 2) formed a wellsupported basal clade to Gnomoniaceae and this family is
restricted to single genus Melanconis. Family
Apiosporopsidaceae (clade 3) comprises the single genus,
Apiosporopsis. Juglanconidaceae (clade 4) formed a basal
clade to Apiosporopsidaceae. Clade 5 comprises taxa in
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 1 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a c
combined nrLSU, nrITS, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence alignment for
taxa of Diaporthales and other species in Sordariomycetes. Families
are indicated in coloured blocks. Bayesian posterior probabilities are
given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of
changes per site. The tree is rooted to Eutypella sp. (MFLUCC
16–1215)
Synnemasporellaceae and clade 6 formed a sister clade to
Cryphonectriaceae which comprises Harknessiaceae.
Clade 7 represents the Cryphonectriaceae. Erythrogloeaceae (clade 8) is a sister clade to Schizoparmaceae (clade 9) which comprises the single genus Coniella
while Auratiopycnidiellaceae (clade 10) comprises a single
genus. Diaporthella species clustered as sister to Auratiopycnidiellaceae, but with unstable phylogenetic placement, and hence we consider this genus as Diaporthales
genera incertae sedis. Pseudomelanconidaceae (clade 11)
forms a sister clade to Diaporthostomataceae (clade 12)
and Diaporthosporellaceae (clade 13), which are monogeneric families. Tubakiaceae represents by clade 14 with
eight genera and clade 15 comprises three genera in Melanconiellaceae. Apoharknessiaceae (clade 16) clades sister to Pseudoplagiostomaceae (clade 17). Coryneaceae
(clade 18) comprise the single genus Coryneum. Stilbosporaceae (clade 19) comprises four genera. Prosopidicolaceae (clade 20) comprises a single genus with two
species. Phaeoapendispora thailandensis claded sister to
Prosopidicolaceae with poor support values. We include
11 genera in Diaporthaceae (clade 21). Macrohilaceae
(clade 22) formed a distinct branch sister to Diaporthaceae.
Lamproconiaceae (clade 23) forms a sister clade to Cytosporaceae (clade 24) which includes only three genera
with sequence data. Tirisporellaceae (clade 25) comprises
three genera and placed here based on phylogeny and
morphology. Sydowiellaceae (clade 26) forms a sister clade
to Asterosporiaceae. Asterosporiaceae (clade 27) forms a
well-supported clade for Asterosporium.
Taxonomy
Diaporthomycetidae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde,
Fungal Diversity 72: 208 (2015)
Description: See Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015)
Type order: Diaporthales Nannf.
Notes: Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) introduced the
subclass Diaporthomycetidae with ten orders and 26 families. However, Hongsanan et al. (2017) accepted ten orders
within this subclass as Amplistromatales, Annulatascales,
Calosphaeriales, Diaporthales, Magnaporthales, Myrmecridiales, Ophiostomatales, Phomatosporales, Tirisporellales and Togniniales. There are 35 families assigned to the
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
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Fig. 1 continued
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
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Fig. 1 continued
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 1 continued
orders. Distoseptisporaceae, Papulosaceae, Sporidesmiaceae, Thyridiaceae and Trichosphaeriaceae were recognized as Diaporthomycetidae family incertae sedis. Hence
Diaporthomycetidae currently comprises 40 families
(Hongsanan et al. 2017; Senanayake et al. 2017b,
Wijayawardene et al. 2017).
Diaporthales Nannf., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. Upsal. 8:
53 (1932).
Terrestrial or aquatic as saprobes or pathogens in plants,
and animals, including humans or inhabiting soil. Sexual
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morph: Pseudostromata or ascostromata well-developed,
poorly developed or absent, scattered, immersed or erumpent, solitary to aggregated, valsoid to diatrypoid, broadly
elliptical, oval to circular from above, yellowish orange,
pale brown, dark brown to black, some species turning
purple or umber in KOH. Entostroma normally limited to
the region near the perithecial walls, prosenchymatous,
pale-coloured, and slightly differentiated from the surrounding bark tissue. Ectostromatic disc well- or poorly
developed, subhyaline, yellowish white, pale brown, rarely
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
dark brown to black, pulvinate, flat or slightly convex,
orbicular, circular or somewhat irregular, with or without
black zone or a crust consisting of fungus tissue, sclerotioid, coriaceous. Central column present or absent, if
present beneath the disc more or less conical, comprising
hyaline or pigmented hyphae mixed with a pigmented,
cream, yellow, olive, brownish or grey, powdery amorphous substance. Ascomata perithecial, scattered, solitary
or aggregated, immersed to erumpent, rarely superficial,
globose to subglobose, sometimes circinate, arranged in a
valsoid to diatrypoid configuration or single, coriaceous,
sometimes with plate-like ornamentation around ostiole,
black to brown, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla lacking or
upright, long or short, one or more, central or eccentric,
slanted to horizontal on host tissue, sometimes converging,
with neck swollen at the tips, fuscous black to umber,
ostiole with hyaline periphyses. Peridium thin or thick,
comprising outer, dark, thick-walled, cells of textura
angularis and inner, mostly small, hyaline, thin-walled,
flattened cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium aparaphysate or comprising few broad cellular, filiform to
cylindrical, septate to aseptate, branched to unbranched,
hyaline paraphyses and sometimes parenchymatous cells
attached at the base and asci dissolving at maturity. Asci
2–32-spored, unitunicate, ellipsoid, cylindrical, fusiform,
clavate, oblong-clavate, broadly fusoid to cylindrical-fusoid, short pedicellate, apex blunt, usually with distinct, Jrefractive ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate, biseriate, partially biseriate to fasciculately arranged, ovoid,
ellipsoid, oblong, fusoid, cylindrical, filamentous or allantoid, aseptate to multi-septate, rarely distoseptate, constricted or not at the septa, hyaline, olivaceous to brown,
smooth to sometimes ornamented walled, ends mostly
rounded, rarely pointed, multi-guttulate, straight or curved,
smooth- to sometimes ornamented walled to rarely ornamented, hyaline to dark brown. Appendages absent or
present; if present, apical or basal, subulate, navicular or
whip-shaped, smooth, hyaline. Asexual morph: generally
coelomycetous, rarely hyphomycetous. Stroma present or
absent, immersed to superficial, opening by irregular rupture, globose, subglobose to irregular, solitary to gregarious, orange, brown to dark brown, sometimes loculate.
Conidiomata amphigenous, eustromatic, punctiform, pycnidial, synnematal or acervular, sometimes pyriform in
section and divided into compartments by bending of
peridium, subcuticular, peridermal or subepidermal, brown
to black or orange with dark brown border, sometimes with
a central, well-developed, pale brown, pseudoparenchymatous layer, becoming thinner or absent at the margin of
the conidiomata, sometimes with pale coloured, ectostromatic disc and central column or with radiate scutella.
Synnemata long, determinate, erumpent, pale brown,
straight to curved, parallel. Scutella convex, membranous,
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brown, somewhat translucent, with a central hyaline or pale
disc, giving rise to radiating hyphae, thick-walled cells
radiating from a central point, rounded to pointed at the
tips. Peridium comprising pale to dark brown cells of
textura angularis to textura globulosa. Paraphyses present
or absent. If present, hyaline, cellular, subcylindrical,
branched or not, with obtuse apex, septate, constricted at
septa. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or
arising from the upper most cells of basal and parietal
tissue or under the developing scutellum, densely aggregated or few, filiform, fusiform, cylindrical to globose,
simple or branched, septate or aseptate, sometimes septate
only at the base, smooth, hyaline or hyaline at the top, pale
brown at the base, sometimes dimorphic. Alpha conidiophores tightly aggregated, subcylindrical, branched in mid
region, consisting of few supporting cells, giving rise to
septate, ampulliform, cylindrical to irregular conidiogenous cells or paraphyses, straight to sinuous, septate,
cylindrical, hyaline to pale brown, branched only at the
base, smooth, formed from the innermost layer cells of the
conidiomatal wall, sometimes with terminal and lateral
apex, with minute periclinal thickening and collarette. Beta
conidiophores interspersed among alpha conidiophores,
hyaline, subcylindrical, branched, septate. Conidiogenous
cells lining the inner cavity of conidioma, enteroblastic to
holoblastic, annellidic or phialidic, discrete or integrated,
hyaline to olivaceous, smooth, lageniform, subcylindrical
to ampulliform, with terminal truncate locus, simple or
branched, proliferating several times percurrently near
apex, with flaring collarettes or apex truncate, with minute
periclinal thickening or terminal truncate locus. Conidia
broadly ellipsoid, oval, obovoid, allantoid, fusoid to sigmoid, sinuate to slightly angular, hyaline to brown, hyaline
when immature, becoming medium brown to dark brown at
maturity, smooth-walled, guttulate, aseptate to euseptate or
distoseptate, apex obtuse, base truncate with a visible scar
or a flat protruding scar at the base, sometimes the apical
and basal cell darker than other cells or with hyaline tip in
apical cell, sometimes with or without a longitudinal germ
slit, sometimes with marginal frill or becoming golden
brown at germination, with solitary, brown, wavy germ
tubes (emended from Senanayake et al. 2017b).
Notes: The order Diaporthales was introduced to
accommodate ‘‘true’’ diaportheen taxa and Eriksson and
Winka (1997) accommodated Diaporthales in Sordariomycetidae. After several subsequent studies, Senanayake
et al. (2017b) revised Diaporthales based on combined
nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a gene sequences and
revealed several new distinct clades later introduced as
novel families. Hence there are 21 families accepted in
Diaporthales as Apiosporopsidaceae, Apoharknessiaceae,
Asterosporiaceae, Auratiopycnidiellaceae, Coryneaceae,
Cryphonectriaceae,
Cytosporaceae,
Diaporthaceae,
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Erythrogloeaceae,
Gnomoniaceae,
Harknessiaceae,
Juglanconidaceae, Lamproconiaceae, Macrohilaceae,
Melanconidaceae, Melanconiellaceae, Prosopidicolaceae,
Pseudoplagiostomaceae, Schizoparmaceae, Stilbosporaceae, and Sydowiellaceae. However there are five novel
families introduced to this order as Diaporthosporellaceae
(Yang et al. 2017), Diaporthostomataceae, Pseudomelanconidaceae, and Synnemasporellaceae (Fan et al. 2018)
and Tubakiaceae (Braun et al. 2018). Here we additionally
accept Tirisporellaceae as a family in Diaporthales based
on phylogeny. Hence currently this order comprises 27
families.
Apiosporopsidaceae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in
Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b).
History
Sphaerognomonia was introduced and typified by S. carpinea as a genus of the Gnomoniaceae to accommodate
non-stromatic, gnomoniella-like fungi with a clypeus
above the ostiole and thin-walled, one-celled ascospores
(Potebnia 1910). Miller and Thompson (1940) observed
freshly collected specimens of S. carpinea on Carpinus
leaves and recognized several distinct characters of
Sphaerognomonia. S. carpinea differs from many typical
members of the Gnomoniaceae in having the asci initially
forming a hymenium-like fascicle within apapillate ascomata, bilobed apical ring and the presence of residual
stromatic tissue within the locule. Those observations
match with the descriptions and illustrations of Potebnia
(1910) and Klebahn (1918). Additionally, Sphaerognomonia haraeana Tak. Kobay (Kobayashi 1970) and S. papillostoma (Dearn. & House) Barr (Barr 1978) were
introduced to the genus, and Barr (1978) synonymized
Sphaerognomonia haraeana to Gnomoniella haraeana.
Reid and Dowsett (1990) accepted Sphaerognomonia
carpinea as a distinct member of Diaporthales without
assigning its taxonomic affinity.
Traverso (1906) erected Apiosporopsis as a subgenus of
Guignardia to accommodate G. carpinea (Fr.) Schrot. and
G. veneta (Sacc. & Speg.). R.P. Korf (unpublished data)
noted that Apiosporopsis should be a distinct genus with A.
carpinea as the type species. Mariani (1911) raised
Apiosporopsis to the generic level typified by A. carpinea
and introduced the second species A. saccardoana Mariani.
Reid and Dowsett (1990) accepted Apiosporopsis as the
appropriate name for Sphaerognomonia and excluded
Apiosporopsis veneta and A. papillostoma from this genus.
The genus currently comprises three species Apiosporopsis
carpinea, A. coronillae Gonz. Frag. and A. saccardoana
(Index Fungorum 2018). Senanayake et al. (2017b)
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
introduced
Apiosporopsidaceae
to
accommodate
Apiosporopsis species based on phylogeny and
morphology.
Life mode
Apiosporopsis species are generally associated with overwintered plant parts. Mostly they are epifoliar on Acer,
Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Castanea, Corylus, and Ostrya
(Barr 1978; Reid and Dowsett 1990). Some collections are
reported on living leaves. Hence Apiosporopsis species are
suspected as saprobes or mild pathogens.
Morphological characteristics
Apiosporopsidaceae is distinguished from other families of
Diaporthales having well or poorly-developed clypeus
over the perithecial apex, ostiole without neck, presence of
residual stromatic tissue at the base of ascomata, asci with
a hymenium-like fascicle and thin-walled, one-celled
ascospores. Potebnia (1910) showed this as a pseudothecial
fungus, although this it is not proven by later authors.
Potebnia (1910) illustrated the asexual morph of
Apiosporopsis carpinea which was derived from pure
culture.
Phylogenetic identification
Zhang and Blackwell (2001) and Zhang (2002) showed that
Apiosporopsis carpinea is phylogenetically distinct from
Gnomoniaceae and it claded basally to Melanconidaceae.
Sequences of this species (CBS 617.72 and CBS 738.6)
placed the genus in the Diaporthales, but not in the
Gnomoniaceae or Melanconidaceae (Sogonov et al. 2008).
Senanayake et al. (2017b) recognized the distinctness of
Apiosporopsis species from other families of Diaporthales
based on combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a
sequence data and introduced Apiosporopsidaceae to
accommodate those species.
Taxonomy
Apiosporopsidaceae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in
Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017a).
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b).
Type genus: Apiosporopsis (Traverso) Mariani
Apiosporopsis (Traverso) Mariani, Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat.
50: 165 (1911)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04384
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b).
Type species: Apiosporopsis carpinea (Fr.) Mariani
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251
Fig. 2 Apiosporopsis carpinea (IMI 11662; redrawn from Potebnia 1910). a Ascomata on substrate. b Vertical section of ascomata. c–d Asci. e–
g Ascospores. h Cross section of conidioma. i –j Conidia. Scale bars: a = 500 lm, b = 50 lm, c–g = 10 lm, h = 20 lm, i–j = 5 lm
Apiosporopsis carpinea (Fr.) Mariani, Atti Soc. ital. Sci.
nat. (Modena) 50: 165. 1911. Fig. 2.
Basionym: Xyloma carpini Fr., Observ. mycol. (Havniae) 2: 363. 1818.
Synonymy: See Index Fungorum (2018)
Facesoffungi number FoF 03456
Saprobic on over-wintered plants. Sexual morph: Clypeus 70–140 lm wide, 50–70 lm high, slight, prosenchymatous. Ascomata 112–250 lm diam., 140–170 lm high,
globose or depressed, immersed, usually hypophyllous,
apapillate, apex rounded with plane pore or short papillate
or conic. Peridium 10–20 lm wide, comprising thickwalled, brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 40–75 9 8–
14 lm (
x = 55 9 10 lm, n = 15), 8-spored, unitunicate,
cylindrical, sessile, apical ring bilobed, distinct, shallow.
Ascospores
10–15 9 3.5–6.5 lm
(
x = 11 9 5 lm,
n = 15), overlapping uniseriate, ellipsoid, ovoid or fusoid,
straight or often inequilateral, guttulate, hyaline, aseptate.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular, superficial, black,
coriaceous. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells 5–10 lm long, conical, wide, aseptate,
hyaline. Conidia 12–15 9 8–9 lm, oblong to ellipsoid,
hyaline, aseptate, with two small guttules (description
based on Senanayake et al. 2017b).
Material examined: AUSTRIA, Sonntagberg, New
Rosenau, July, on leaves of Carpinus betulus L. (Betulaceae), P.P. Strasser, IMI 11662.
Notes: Apiosporopsis was introduced based on
Apiosporopsis carpinea (= Xyloma carpini Fr.), however
Mariani (1911) designated A. saccardiana as the type
species. We confirm Apiosporopsis carpinea as the type
species, considering the availability of molecular data and
good morphological descriptions. Apiosporopsis carpinea
was recorded only on over-wintered living leaves.
Gloeosporium robergei was reported as the asexual morph
of A. carpinea (Potebnia 1910; Treigien and Markovskaja
2007), but there is no molecular data to prove this.
Gloeosporium robergei was reported as the causal agent of
bud mortality and twig cankers on Ostrya virginiana
(Sinclair and Hudler 1980).
Apoharknessiaceae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in
Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017a).
History
Apoharknessiaceae was introduced by Senanayake et al.
(2017b) to accommodate Apoharknessia and Lasmenia
based on combined nrLSU, nrITS, RPB2 and TEF1-a gene
analysis.
Life mode
Apoharknessia forms leaf spot on Eucalyptus species and
some are reported from leaf litter (Lee et al. 2004). Lasmenia species cause rachis necrosis, flower abortion and
necrotic spots on leaves of Nephelium lappaceum. Lasmenia was introduced and typified by Lasmenia balansae,
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 3 Consensus tree resulting
from a RAxML analysis of a
combined nrITS and nrLSU,
sequence alignment for taxa of
Apoharknessiaceae. Genera are
indicated in coloured blocks.
Bayesian posterior probabilities
are given at the nodes. The scale
bar represents the expected
number of changes per site
and several Lasmenia species associated with tropical fruits
as pathogens have been isolated (Serrato-Diaz et al. 2011).
Morphological characteristics
Species of Apoharknessiaceae are distinct from other
families of Diaporthales in having eustromatic to stromatic
pycnidial conidiomata, blastic or phialidic conidiogenesis
and ellipsoid to conical conidia with a longitudinal band on
the flat surface or small globule of mucus at the base.
Phylogenetic identification
A combined gene analysis of internal transcribed spacer
(ITS), Large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU), TUB and
CAL sequence in Lee et al. (2004) showed that Apoharknessia is distinct from Harknessia. Crous et al. (2012b)
accommodated this genus in Diaporthales genera incertae
sedis based on molecular analysis. Additionally, Lasmenia
was assigned to Diaporthales genera incertae sedis by
several authors (Wijayawardene et al. 2016). DNA-based
studies report a close affinity of Lasmenia to Cryphonectriaceae (Serrato-Diaz et al. 2011). However,
Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016) accommodated
Apoharknessia within Pseudovalsaceae and Lasmenia
within Cryphonectriaceae. Combined gene analysis by
Senanayake et al. (2017b) was used to introduce Apoharknessiaceae to accommodate Apoharknessia and Lasmenia based on its morphological and phylogenetic
distinctness (Fig. 3).
123
Taxonomy
Apoharknessiaceae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in
Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017a).
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b).
Type genus: Apoharknessia Crous & S.J. Lee.
Notes: Phylogenetic analysis in Senanayake et al.
(2017b) indicated that Apoharknessia and Lasmenia clearly
belong to the Diaporthales in a well-supported clade
introduced as Apoharknessiaceae. However, the sequences
of Lasmenia which were included in that study are not of a
known species, so this association must be tentative
pending molecular data of more species from the genus.
Apoharknessia Crous & S.J. Lee, Stud. Mycol. 50(1): 239
(2004)
Facesoffungi number: FoF 03457
Description: See Wijayawardene et al. (2016).
Type species: Apoharknessia insueta (B. Sutton) Crous
& S.J. Lee.
Apoharknessia insueta (B. Sutton) Crous & S.J. Lee, Stud.
Mycol. 50: 240. (2004). Fig. 4.
Facesoffungi number FoF03458.
Foliicolous forming bleached spots or saprobic on various substrates. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic, subepidermal to
immersed, solitary to gregarious, subglobose to irregular,
unilocular, pale brown. Conidiomata wall outer layer
composed of thin-walled, pale brown cells of textura
angularis, inner layer pale yellow to hyaline. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
253
Fig. 4 Apoharknessia insueta
(redrawn from Lee et al. 2004).
a Cross section of conidiomata.
b Peridium. c–d Conidiogenous
cells attached to conidia.
e Conidia. Scale bars:
a = 50 lm, b–e = 10 lm
cells 5–15 9 4–6 lm (
x = 9 9 4.8 lm), lageniform to
ampulliform, hyaline, smooth, invested in mucus. Conidia
10–12 9 7.5–9 lm (
x = 10.5 9 8 lm), conical, aseptate,
brown, with a longitudinal band on the flat surface, thick
and smooth-walled, guttulate, with short hyaline apiculus,
with small globule of mucus on base. Basal appendage
2 9 1–1.5 lm, often gelatinizing and resulting in a minute
marginal frill on the truncate base of the conidia (description based on Nag Raj 1993).
Notes: Apoharknessia was introduced and typified by
Harknessia insueta and this genus currently comprises two
species. Morphologically and phylogenetically Harknessia
shows close affinity to Lasmenia (Senanayake et al.
2017b).
Other genera included in Apoharknessiaceae
Lasmenia Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 22(4): 199
(1886)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04116
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates on a range
of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata acervular or stromatic, solitary to
gregarious, or occasionally coalescing, initially immersed,
erumpent at maturity, unilocular or irregularly multilocular, glabrous. Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled,
brown cells of textura angularis, and periphery walls are
composed of dark brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores cylindrical, simple or rarely branched, septate,
hyaline, or reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
cells holoblastic, phialidic, cylindrical, determinate, integrated or discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia ellipsoid or
ovoid, truncate and protuberant at the base, apex obtuse,
pale brown, aseptate, with a central guttule, thick and
smooth-walled (Nag Raj and DiCosmo 1981).
Type species: Lasmenia balansae Speg.
Lasmenia balansae Speg. [as ‘balanse’], Anal. Soc. cient.
argent. 22(2): 152 (1886). Fig. 5.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04117
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates on a range
of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata 290 9 255 lm, acervular or stromatic, solitary to gregarious, or occasionally coalescing,
initially immersed, erumpent at maturity, unilocular or
irregularly multilocular, glabrous. Conidiomata wall
17 lm wide, composed of thin-walled, brown cells of
textura angularis and periphery walls are composed of dark
brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores 6–9 9 5–
7 lm (
x = 8 9 6 lm, n = 10), cylindrical, simple or rarely
branched, septate, hyaline, or reduced to conidiogenous
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Fig. 5 Lasmenia balansae (F59115). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Conidiomata on substrate. d Vertical cross section of
conidiomata. e–f Conidia and conidiogenous cells. g–h Conidia. Scale bars: d = 100 lm, e–h = 10 lm
cells.
Conidiogenous
cells
7–8.5 9 2–4 lm
(
x = 8 9 2.5 lm, n = 10), holoblastic, phialidic, cylindrical, determinate, integrated or discrete, hyaline, smooth.
Conidia 16 9 10 lm, ellipsoid or ovoid, truncate and
protuberant at the base, apex obtuse, pale brown, aseptate,
123
with a central guttule, thick and smooth-walled (description
base on Wijayawardene et al. 2016).
Material examined: PARAGUAY, Cerra-Hú, près de
Paraguari, B. Balansa, November 1882, F59115, holotype.
Notes: Lasmenia was introduced without designating
any type species and L. balansae was selected as the
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
lectotype species (Von Höhnel 1910). There are 12 species
recorded under Lasmenia in Index Fungorum (2018). A
few species have been transferred to Lasmeniella, but some
species remain doubtful. Several Lasmenia species associated with tropical fruits as pathogens have been isolated.
Subsequent molecular analyses placed Lasmenia within
Diaporthales genera incertae sedis (Wijayawardene et al.
2016; Crous et al. 2017; Senanayake et al. 2017b).
Asterosporiaceae Senan. Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in
Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017a).
History
The monogeneric family Asterosporiaceae was introduced
by Senanayake et al. (2017b) based on sequence data of
Asterosporium hoffmannii. Asterosporium was earlier
accommodated in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis.
Life mode
Asterosporium species are endophytes and saprobes on
Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Juglandaceae and Sapindaceae
(Wijayawardene et al. 2016). Asterosporium have mainly
been recorded from twigs of Alnus and Betula as endophytes (Tanaka et al. 2010).
255
Morphological characteristics
Morphologically, Asterosporiaceae species are distinct
from other families of Diaporthales in having star-like,
brown conidia and acervular, subepidermal, erumpent,
solitary or occasionally confluent conidiomata.
Phylogenetic identification
Asterosporium species were previously assigned to Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis based on molecular
phylogeny (Tanaka et al. 2010). However, a combined
nrITS and nrLSU sequence analyses in Wijayawardene
et al. (2016) showed that Asterosporium species are related
to Diaporthales and placed them in Diaporthales genera
incertae sedis. Senanayake et al. (2017b) introduced Asterosporiaceae to accommodate Asterosporium species in
Diaporthales.
Taxonomy
Asterosporiaceae Senan. Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in
Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017a).
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b).
Type genus: Asterosporium Kunze.
Notes: Senanayake et al. (2017b) introduced Asterosporiaceae to accommodate Asterosporium species
Fig. 6 Asterosporium asterospermum (MFLU 15–3555). a, b Conidiomata on host substrate. c Vertical section of conidiomata.
d Conidiogeneous cells. e Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b = 500 lm, c = 50 lm, d = 20 lm, e = 30 lm
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256
which are morphologically distinct from other families in
Diaporthales which having transversely distoseptate, starlike conidia with arms.
Asterosporium Kunze, Flora, Regensburg 1: 225 (1819)
Facesoffungi number FoF 01430
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b).
Type species: Asterosporium hoffmannii Kunze.
Asterosporium asterospermum (Pers.) Hughes, Canad.
J. Bot. 36: 738. (1958). Fig. 6.
Basionym: Stilbospora asterosperma Pers. [as ‘asterospora’], Syn. meth. fung. (Göttingen) 1: 96. 1801.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04118
Saprobic on twigs and branches of Fagus sylvatica L.
Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
2–2.5 mm
high,
0.8–1 mm
diam.
(
x = 2.1 9 0.86 mm, n = 15), acervular, subepidermal,
erumpent at maturity, solitary, or occasionally confluent,
unilocular, dark brown to black. Conidiomata wall 25–
30 lm (
x = 29, n = 20), composed of thin-walled, brown
cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores 30–35 lm high,
5–8 lm wide (
x = 29 9 7 lm, n = 20), cylindrical, branched at the base, septate, hyaline to pale brown. Conidiogenous cells 70–100 94–7 lm (
x = 80 9 5 lm, n = 20),
holoblastic, cylindrical, unbranched, integrated, determinate, hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled. Conidia 65–
75 9 90–115 lm (
x = 68 9 100 lm, n = 20), terminal,
transversely distoseptate, consisting of four arms, with
reduced lumina, brown, smooth-walled (description based
on Senanayake et al. 2017b).
Material examined: ITALY, Forlı̀-Cesena Province,
Santa Sofia, near Passo la Calla, on dead branch of Fagus
sylvatica L. (Fagaceae), 29 September 2012, E. Camporesi, MFLU 15–3555.
Notes: Asterosporium currently comprises five species
as A. acerinum Wijayaw., Camporesi, McKenzie, K.
Tanaka & K.D. Hyde, A. asterospermum (Pers.) S. Hughes,
A. attenuatum Murvan. & Dekan., A. hoffmannii Kunze,
and A. strobilorum Roum. & Fautrey (Index Fungorum
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
2018). The sexual morph of Asterosporium is undetermined (Tanaka et al. 2010).
Auratiopycnidiellaceae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde,
in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017a).
History
Auratiopycnidiellaceae is a monotypic family, typified by
Auratiopycnidiella tristaniopsis Crous & Summerell
(Crous et al. 2012a). Auratiopycnidiella is distinct from
other genera of Diaporthales having subepidermal, pycnidial, orange conidiomata with dark brown margin,
holoblastic conidiogenous cells, ellipsoid, and uni-septate
conidia with a thickened hilum or minute marginal frill.
Conidia become brown at germination forming a thin,
wavy germ tube, 90° to the long axis of the spore. Crous
et al. (2012a) however did not confirm the taxonomic
placement of Auratiopycnidiella and kept it as a Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. Hence Senanayake et al.
(2017b) introduced Auratiopycnidiellaceae based on morphology and phylogeny.
Life mode
Auratiopycnidiella was proposed for a leaf spotting fungus
occurring on Tristaniopsis laurina (Myrtaceae) in New
South Wales, Australia (Crous et al. 2012a).
Morphological characteristics
Sexual morph of Auratiopycnidiella tristaniopsis is undetermined and only asexual morph was reported from
Tristaniopsis laurina leaves as foliar spotting pathogen.
Subepidermal, pycnidial conidiomata are scattered on
upper surface of leaves appearing as orange spots with dark
brown margin. Conidiogenous cells proliferate percurrently
with or without a thickened scar and ellipsoid, hyaline,
1-septate conidia have a thickened hilum or minute
Fig. 7 Aurantiopycnidiella tristaniopsis (redrawn from Crous et al. 2012a). a Close-up of orange pycnidia. b Conidiogenous cells giving rise to
conidia. c Disarticulating conidial cells. d Conidia. Scale bars = 10 lm
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marginal frill. Conidia become brown when germinating
forming a wavy germ tube 90° to the long axis of the
conidium (Crous et al. 2012a). Cultures growing at 25 °C
in the dark produce flat, circular colonies with lobate,
feathery margins after 4 weeks and colony colour may vary
from dirty white to pale yellow on PDA, MEA and OA.
Phylogenetic identification
Molecular analysis of Crous et al. (2012a) showed the
phylogenetic placement of Auratiopycnidiella tristaniopsis
is sister to Greeneria and Melanconiella complex based on
nrLSU sequence data and treated this genus as Diaporthales genera incertae sedis pending the availability of
more molecular data. A megablast search of NCBI GenBank nucleotide database using the CAL, nrITS and TBU
sequences retrieved sequence identities with Harknessiaceae and Cryphonectriaceae (Crous et al. 2012a). Senanayake et al. (2017b) introduced Auratiopycnidiellaceae to
accommodate Auratiopycnidiella tristaniopsis considering
its morphological and phylogenetic uniqueness. However,
there is only one strain available for sequencing and it is
necessary to obtain more collections to clarify generic and
species diversity of this family.
Taxonomy
Auratiopycnidiellaceae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D.
Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296
(2017a).
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b).
Type genus: Auratiopycnidiella Crous & Summerell.
Auratiopycnidiella Crous & Summerell [as ‘tristaniopsis’],
in Crous, Summerell, Alfenas, Edwards, Pascoe, Porter &
Groenewald, Persoonia 28: 69 (2012a).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04385
Description: See Crous et al. (2012a).
Type species: Auratiopycnidiella tristaniopsidis Crous &
Summerell.
Auratiopycnidiella tristaniopsidis Crous & Summerell [as
‘tristaniopsis’], Persoonia 28: 69. 2012a. Fig. 7.
Facesoffungi number FoF 03461
Foliicolous. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata up to 200 lm diam., amphigenous,
pycnidia, globose, orange on leaves with dark brown border, with irregular central opening. Peridium up to 25 lm
thick, comprising 4–7 layers of pale brown cells of textura
angularis. Paraphyses hyaline, cellular, subcylindrical,
branched or not, with obtuse apex, 2–6-septate, constricted
at septa Conidiophores 10–25 9 3–6 lm, reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth,
257
lageniform to ampulliform, with terminal truncate locus,
thick-walled, sometimes appearing to proliferate percurrently. Conidia 13–15 9 5–5.5 lm, ellipsoid, smooth,
solitary, medially 1-septate, constricted at septum, obtuse
at apex, truncate at base, sometimes thickened with marginal frill, hyaline becoming golden brown during germination with solitary, brown, wavy germ tubes 90° to the
long axis of the spore (description based on Crous et al.
2012a).
Notes: Monotypic genus Auratiopycnidiella was introduced and typified by Auratiopycnidiella tristaniopsis.
Auratiopycnidiella tristaniopsis forms leaf spots on its host
species. Morphologically this taxon shows some similarities to taxa of the Cryphonectriaceae in having orange
conidiomata. However, phylogenetically it is distinct from
Cryphonectriaceae.
Coryneaceae Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 3: 36. 1839.
= Pseudovalsaceae M.E. Barr, Mycol. Mem. 7: 151.
1978.
History
Coryneaceae was introduced by Corda (1839) to accommodate Coryneum which was typified by C. umbonatum
Nees. Corda (1839) included Coryneum disciforme as the
second species. However, there are now 212 species in
Mycobank (2018). Barr (1978) introduced Pseudovalsaceae to accommodate Pseudovalsa, typified by P. lanciformis. Barr (1978) also mentioned Coryneum as the
asexual morph of Pseudovalsa. However, Rossman et al.
(2015) synonymized Pseudovalsa under Coryneum
assuming that they are congeneric. So Senanayake et al.
(2017b) listed Pseudovalsaceae under Coryneaceae giving
priority to the older name.
Fig. 8 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a
combined nrITS and nrLSU sequence alignment for taxa of
Coryneaceae which is indicated in green block. Bayesian posterior
probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the
expected number of changes per site
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Fig. 9 Coryneum umbonatum (BPI 871006A and IMI 362542).
a Herbarium packet. b Herbarium specimen. c Stromata on substrate.
d Transverse section of stroma. e–g Asci. h Peridium. i–j Ascospores.
k Packet of the herbarium and specimen. l Herbarium specimen.
m Conidiomata on substrate. n Cross section of conidiomata.
o Conidia attached to conidiophore. p, q Conidia. Scale bars:
c = 1 mm, d = 100 lm, e–h = 20 lm, i–j = 10 lm, m = 500 lm,
e = 100 lm, o–q = 10 lm
Life mode
Morphological characteristics
Coryneum is a commonly reported plant pathogen (Rossman et al. 2015). Some species are saprobes on leaf and
stem litter. Coryneum-blight is a serious fungal disease that
forms holes in leaves, rough areas on fruits and concentric
lesions on branches. Asexual morph of Coryneum is very
common in nature and sometimes the sexual morph is
closely associated with it (Senanayake et al. 2017b).
Coryneaceae is characterized by having perithecial ascomata arranged in valsoid configuration, hyaline or brown,
irregularly fasciculate, ellipsoid, fusoid or elongate, multiseptate ascospores which are often distoseptate. Asexual
morph comprises hyaline to dark brown, curved, broadly
fusiform to cylindrical or clavate conidia with 4–6distosepta.
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Phylogenetic identification
Most members accommodated in Coryneaceae by Barr
(1978) were excluded from Coryneaceae by Castlebury
et al. (2002) based on molecular data and placed in other
families in Diaporthales. Sequences of Coryneum
(= Pseudovalsa) obtained by De Silva et al. (2009) showed
the distinct lineage of Coryneum species as a family.
Subsequent studies have confirmed the distinctness of
Coryneaceae as a family (Maharachchikumbura et al.
2015, 2016) and Senanayake et al. (2017b) illustrated
Coryneum arausiacum (as C. arausiaca) providing
sequence data (Fig. 8).
Taxonomy
Coryneaceae Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 3: 36. 1839.
= Pseudovalsaceae M.E. Barr, Mycol. Mem. 7: 151.
1978.
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b).
Coryneum Nees, Das System der Pilze and Schwamme 34
(1817).
= Coryneum Nees ex Schw., Schr. d. Naturf. - Ges.
Leipzig 1: 76 (1822).
= Pseudovalsa Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital.
1(fasc. 4): 206 (1863).
Facesoffungi number FoF 01464
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b).
Coryneum umbonatum Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 34
(1816). Fig. 9.
= Pseudovalsa lanciformis (Fr.) Ces. & De Not., Comm.
Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 206 (1863)
= Pseudovalsa longipes (Tul.) Sacc., Michelia 1(no. 5):
463 (1879)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04119
Saprobic on twigs and stems of overwintered plants.
Sexual morph: Stromata solitary, erumpent, comprising
pseudoparenchymatous cells. Ectostromatic disc well or
poorly developed, brown to black, comprising small cells
of textura prismatica. Ascomata 510–525 9 285–300 lm
(
x = 520 9 290 lm, n = 20), perithecial, immersed,
aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, brown to
black, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla 250 9 150 lm, upright,
central, broad, sometimes converging. Peridium 10–15 lm
(
x = 12 lm, n = 20), comprising outer, thick-walled,
brown cells of textura angularis and inner, thick-walled,
hyaline, compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising broad, cellular, septate paraphyses. Asci
80–95 9 16–18 lm, (
x = 92 9 17 lm, n = 20), 8-spored,
unitunicate, ellipsoid to cylindrical, thin-walled, stalk
pedicellate, apex rounded, with J- apical ring. Ascospores
259
20–30 9 8–15 lm, (
x = 25 9 10 lm, n = 20), overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, hyaline or initially hyaline,
brown at maturity, ellipsoid, fusoid or elongate, one to
several septate, often distoseptate, end cells pale brown or
hyaline, straight or curved. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
450 9 700 lm, acervular, solitary, erumpent through the
outer periderm layers of host scattered, surface tissues
above slightly domed. Stromatic pseudoparenchyma layer
30–35 lm, (
x = 34 lm, n = 20), composed of thin-walled,
vertically arranged, dark brown cells of textura epidermis.
Conidiophores
20–30 9 3–6 lm
(
x = 23 9 3.2 lm,
n = 20), branched at the base, cylindrical, septate, hyaline
at the top, pale brown at the base. Conidiogenous cells
40 9 3.6 lm, formed from the apical cell of the conidiophore, annellidic, cylindrical, hyaline. Conidia 35–45 9 8–
10 lm (
x = 40 9 9 lm, n = 25), curved, broadly fusiform
to fusiform-cylindrical or clavate (rather variable in form),
dark brown, smooth-walled, distoseptate with 4–6 septa,
the apical and basal cell darker than other cells, apical cell
with a hyaline tip.
Material examined: USA, Maryland, Beltsville, Narragansett Pkwy, on stem of Betula sp., 07 June 2002, Vasilyeva, Larissa BPI 871006A (sexual morph); UK, Devon,
Slapton, near Kingsbridge, Slapton, Ley National Nature
Reserve, site J1, on twigs of Quercus petraea, 11 May
1994, B. C. Sutton, IMI 362542 (asexual morph).
Notes: Coryneum comprises mostly pathogenic and
fewer saprobic species. Pathogenic species form cankers,
dieback in shoots and twigs. Asexual morph of Coryneum
is common in nature and is mostly found as a pathogen.
Cryphonectriaceae Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia
98: 246. 2006a.
History
Castlebury et al. (2002) recognized the phylogenetic distinctiveness of Cryphonectria-Endothia complex and
Gryzenhout et al. (2006a) formally introduced Cryphonectriaceae.These fungi form orange stromatic tissue at
any stage of their life cycle and turn purple and yellow in
KOH and lactic acid respectively. Initially, Amphilogia,
Endothia, Endothiella, Chrysoporthe, Cryphonectria,
Cryptodiaporthe and Rostraureum were accommodated in
this family. Later many taxa have been addedto this family,
which currently comprises 23 genera (Senanayake et al.
2017b).
Life mode
Cryphonectriaceae mostly comprises serious pathogens
that cause disease on forest trees and economically
important plants. Most all members in Cryphonectriaceae
123
260
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 10 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a
combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence alignment for
taxa of Cryphonectriaceae. Genera are indicated in coloured block.
Bootstrap values of RAxML analysis are given at the nodes. The scale
bar represents the expected number of changes per site
produce many conidia and these are mainly spread by
animals and rain (Senanayake et al. 2017b). Members in
Cryphonectriaceae form cankers, and rarely leaf spots on
various host plants. A few species are saprobic or
endophytic.
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
261
Fig. 11 Amphilogia gyrosa (K (M) 109807). A, b Herbarium specimens. c Ascostromata on substrate. d Vertical section of ascomata.
e Peridium. f-h Asci. i–n Ascospores. Scale Bars: d = 100 lm, e = 25 lm, f–h = 10 lm, i–n = 5 lm
Morphological characteristics
This family is characterized by having erumpent, semiimmersed to superficial, ascostromata orange in colour and
turning to purple and yellow in 3% KOH and lactic acid,
respectively, fuscous black to umber perithecia and ellipsoid, fusoid to cylindrical ascospores. The asexual morph is
common in most genera and they produce eustromatic,
semi-immersed to superficial, pyriform to pulvinate,
123
262
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 12 Amphilogia gyrosa (asexual morph; redrawn from Gryzenhout et al. 2005a). a Conidiomata on bark. b Vertical section of stroma.
c Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 100 lm, c = 10 lm
orange to fuscous black, conidiomata and ovoid to cylindrical, aseptate, hyaline conidia.
Phylogenetic identification
Castlebury et al. (2002) proposed the distinctiveness of this
family based on nrLSU data and Gryzenhout et al. (2006a)
analysized nrLSU sequence data to show the placement of
this family with in Diaporthales and a combined gene
analysis of nrITS, TUB1 and TUB2 to demarcate generic
boundaries of this family (Fig. 10).
Taxonomy
Cryphonectriaceae Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia
98: 246. 2006a.
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b).
Type genus: Cryphonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc.
Notes: Cryphonectriaceae is mostly a pathogenic family
comprising some of the world’s most important tree
pathogens (Vermeulen et al. 2011). Cryphonectriaceous
species are mostly phytopathogens and rarely saprobes and
endophytes. They cause cankers, blights and dieback of
economically important plants and forest trees. Cryphonectriaceae was established by Gryzenhout et al.
(2006a) to accommodate the Cryphonectria-Endothia
complex and other allied genera following analysis of
nrLSU sequence data of fungal taxa in Diaporthales.
Senanayake et al. (2017b) accepted 23 genera under this
family.
Cryphonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Syll. fung.
(Abellini) 17: 783 (1905)
Facesoffungi number FoF 02105
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b).
123
Type species: Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M.E.
Barr
Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M.E. Barr, Mycol.
Mem. 7: 143. 1978.
Facesoffungi number FoF 03463
Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b).
Pathogenic on branches of Castanea dentata. Sexual
morph: Ascostromata 0.5–1 mm diam. (
x = 0.8 mm,
n = 20), comprising erumpent to superficial, orange
epistromatic portion and immersed, hyaline, parenchymatous portion. Ascomata 650–715 lm high, 210–220 lm
diam. (
x = 685 9 216 lm, n = 20), perithecial, immersed,
globose to subglobose, with black to brown ostiole, ostiolar
canal slender, covered with orange to fuscous-black stromatic tissue. Hamathecium aparaphysate, comprising
parenchymatous
tissues.
Asci
20–35 9 5–8 lm
(
x = 28 9 6.4 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform
to cylindrical base with small pedicel, apex oblong. Ascospores 5–6 9 2–2.5 lm (
x = 5.5 9 2.2 lm, n = 20),
overlapping uni- or biseriate, hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform,
1-septate. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 250–300 lm
high, 180–200 lm diam. (
x = 280 9 185 lm, n = 20),
eustromatic, erumpent, pyriform to pulvinate, orange to
fuscous black, occurring in the same stroma as perithecia.
Conidiophores
3–4 9 1–1.5 lm
(
x = 3.4 9 1.1 lm,
n = 20), cylindrical, unbranched, hyaline. Conidiogenous
cells 2.5–5 9 0.5–1 lm (
x = 3.3 9 0.8 lm, n = 20),
phialidic, simple or branched. Conidia 1.8–2.5 9 0.5–
1 lm (
x = 2.1 9 0.9 lm, n = 20), hyaline, minute, allantoid to cylindrical, aseptate (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017b).
Notes: Cryphonectria is typified by C. parasitica the
causal agent of chestnut blight (Anagnostakis 1987; Heiniger and Rigling 1994). This genus consists of 17 species
(Index Fungorum 2018). Cryphonectria and Endothia are
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
congeneric (Kobayashi 1970) and Castlebury et al. (2002)
suggested that Endothia is suggested being the asexual
morph of Cryphonectria. Cryphonectria parasitica, C.
cubensis (Bruner) Hodges and C. eucalypti M. Venter &
M.J. Wingf. are serious canker pathogens while other
species are mostly saprobes (Roane et al. 1986).
Other genera listed in Cryphonectriaceae
Amphilogia Gryzenh.et al., Taxon 54(4): 1017 (2005a)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04120
Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata
orange, erumpent, slightly immersed to superficial, stromatic tissue well-developed, pulvinate with papillate to
long orange perithecial necks, perithecia diatrypoid. Asci
8-spored, unitunicate, fusoid. Ascospores hyaline, fusoid to
ellipsoid, containing one to three irregularly spaced septa.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata orange, separate or on top
of the ascostromata, also evident occasionally as locules
inside ascostroma, superficial, conical to pyriform to fluted,
unilocular. Conidiophores hyaline with phialidic, irregular
branching, determinate conidiogenous cells that occur
apically or laterally on branches beneath a septum. Conidia
hyaline, non-septate, oblong to slightly curved, of variable
size.
Type species: Amphilogia gyrosa (Berk. & Broome)
Gryzenh. et al.
Amphilogia gyrosa (Berk. & Broome) Gryzenh. et al., in
Gryzenhout et al., Taxon 54(4): 1017 (2005a). Figs. 11, 12.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04121
Saprobic on woody barks of Elaeocarpus glandulifer
Mast. Sexual morph: Stromata 660–950 lm diam., often
occurring in cracks, often confluent, pulvinate, erumpent,
slightly immersed to superficial, orange, well-developed
stromatic tissue, prosenchymatous at the center, pseudoparenchyma at the edges, orange, up to 22 perithecia in a
stroma. Perithecia 460–500 lm high, 340–400 lm diam.,
surrounded with fungal tissue or with bases touching the
host tissue, diatrypoid, globose to subglobose. Peridium
17–21 lm thick, black. Perithecial necks 440 lm long,
100–200 lm wide, periphysate, black, slender, breaking
through the stromatal surface as papillae or long cylindrical
beaks covered with orange tissue. Asci 46–52 9 7–8 lm,
fusoid, floating freely in the perithecial cavity, stipitate
only when immature, unitunicate with non-amyloid,
refractive apical ring, 8-spored, biseriate. Ascospores
9–12 9 4–5 lm, oval, hyaline, containing one or two
irregularly spaced septa. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
400–890 lm high, 100–370 lm diam., separate or above
the ascostromata, also appearing as locules inside
ascostromata, individual conidiomata unilocular, orange,
superficial, conical to pyriform to fluted, conidiomatal tissue pseudoparenchymatous. Conidiophores 13–19 lm
263
long, branched irregularly, cells delimited by septa or not,
hyaline. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, determinate, branches arising beneath a septum, cylindrical to flask-shaped
with attenuated apices, 1.5–2.5 lm wide, collarette and
periclinal
thickening
inconspicuous.
Conidia
3–12 9 1.5–3.5 lm, non-septate, oblong to slightly
curved, hyaline (description based on Gryzenhout et al.
2005a).
Material examined: SRI LANKA, on bark of Elaeocarpus glandulifer (Hook.) Mast. (Elaeocarpaceae), July
1868, Thwaites G.H.K. (638), K (M) 109807 holotype (K).
Notes: Amphilogia was introduced by Gryzenhout
et al. (2005) to accommodate a fungal strain named as
‘‘Cryphonectria gyrosa (CMW 10471/CRY 1551)’’ that
occurs on Elaeocarpus glandulifer (Hook.) Mast. in Sri
Lanka. Hence, Gryzenhout et al. (2005a) designated this
specimen as the generic type material and it was
renamed as Amphilogia gyrosa. This strain morphologically differs from other genera in Cryphonectriaceae in
having superficial conical conidiomata, conidia of variable size and ascospores with one to three septa.
Gryzenhout et al. (2005a) reported another strain (CMW
10469) from New Zealand which is morphologically and
phylogenetically similar, but distinct from A. gyrosa and
this second strain introduced as A. major Gryzenhout,
Glen & M. J. Wingf.
Aurantioporthe G. Beier & Blanchette, in Beier, Hokanson, Bates & Blanchette, Mycologia 107(1): 71 (2015)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04123
Pathogenic on woody stems. Sexual morph: Ascogenous stromata immersed to semi-immersed, orange, upper
region eustromatic to pseudostromatic, lower region
pseudostromatic. Ascomata solitary or in groups of 2–4,
valsoid to diatrypoid, surrounded by host tissue, globose to
subglobose, fuscous black, mature ostiolar necks emerge at
stromatal surface having black clypei. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform to ellipsoidal to clavate, J-, refractive
ring. Ascospores hyaline, fusiform to ellipsoidal to pyriform, with a median to sub-median septum, occasionally
with additional septa. Asexual morph: Conidiomata separate from ascogenous stromata, orange, immersed to semiimmersed, irregularly subsphaerical to flattened, unilocular, single ostiole, cells near ostiole pseudoparenchymatous. Conidiophores obclavate, narrowing to a point,
branched, conidiogenous cells phialidic. Conidia minute,
hyaline, fusiform to ellipsoidal, aseptate, exuded as orange
droplets.
Type species: Aurantioporthe corni (Wehm.) G. Beier &
R.A. Blanchette
Aurantioporthe corni (Wehm.) G. Beier & R.A. Blanchette, in Beier, Hokanson, Bates & Blanchette, Mycologia
107(1): 71 (2015).
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264
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 13 Aurantiosacculus eucalypti [K (M) 195742]. a Packet of the
herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Conidiomata on substrate.
d Cross section of conidiomata. e Peridium. f Conidia attached to
conidiogenesis cells and conidiophores. g Stromatic tissues became
purple at KOH. h–k Conidia. Scale bars: d, g = 100 lm, e–
f = 20 lm, h–k = 10 lm
Facesoffungi number FoF 04124
Illustration: See Beier et al. (2015)
Pathogenic on woody stems. Sexual morph: Ascogenous stromata immersed to semi-immersed, orange, upper
region eustromatic to pseudostromatic, lower region
pseudostromatic. Ascomata 130–290 9 200–350 lm
(
x = 235 9 277 lm, n = 20), perithecia, solitary or in
groups of 2–4, valsoid to diatrypoid, surrounded by host
tissues, globose to subglobose. Neck 100–350 9 100–
200 lm at base (
x = 217 9 127 lm, n = 20), fuscous
black, mature ostiolar necks emerge at stromatal surface
having black clypei. Clypeus 95–240 lm wide
(
x = 166 lm,
n = 60).
Asci
40–70 9 6–12 lm
(
x = 54 9 8 lm, n = 60), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform
to ellipsoidal to clavate, J-, refractive ring present. Ascospores 10–18 9 3–7 lm (
x = 13 9 4 lm, n = 50),
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fusiform to ellipsoidal to pyriform, with a median to submedian, slightly constricted septum, occasionally with
additional septa, hyaline. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
145–385 9 180–510 lm (
x = 241 9 282 lm, n = 50),
separate from ascogenous stromata, orange, immersed to
semi-immersed, irregularly subsphaerical to flattened,
unilocular, single ostiole, cells near ostiole pseudoparenchymatous. Neck 60–185 9 80–265 lm at base
(
x = 113 9 155 lm, n = 50), short, wide. Conidiophores
10–15 9 1.5–3 (
x = 12 9 2 lm, n = 80), obclavate narrowing to a point, branched, conidiogenous cells phialidic.
Conidia 6–10 9 2–4 lm (
x = 7 9 3 lm, n = 160), minute, hyaline, fusiform to ellipsoidal, aseptate, exuded as
orange droplets (description based on Beier et al. 2015).
Notes: Aurantioporthe is a monotypic genus comprising
the type species, A. corni. This fungus is the causative
agent of golden cankers on Cornus alternifolia. This species is mainly distributed in USA and Canada. Morphologically, it differs from other genera in Cryphonectriaceae
in having ascogenous stromata, immersed to semi-immersed conidiomata and uni-to multi septate ascospores.
Aurantiosacculus Dyko & B. Sutton, in Dyko et al.,
Mycologia 71(5): 922 (1979)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04125
Mild pathogens associated with amphigenous, brown
leaf spots. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata amphigenous, eustromatic, subepidermal,
becoming erumpent, rupturing epidermis, appearing bright
orange; subglobose to flattened, with ostiole central,
opening via irregular flaps in upper layer of conidioma.
Conidiophores subcylindrical, septate, hyaline, smooth,
lining the inner layer of cavity, unbranched or branched
below. Conidiogenous cells lageniform to subcylindrical,
hyaline, smooth, integrated, determinate; apex with minute
periclinal thickening and collarette. Conidia hyaline,
smooth, aseptate, sigmoid, apex obtuse to subobtuse, base
swollen, obtuse with central, thickened, somewhat refractive scar, at times with marginal frill.
Type species: Aurantiosacculus eucalypti (Cooke & Massee) Dyko & B. Sutton.
Aurantiosacculus eucalypti (Cooke & Massee) Dyko & B.
Sutton, in Dyko et al., Mycologia 71(5): 922 (1979).
Fig. 13.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04126
Mild pathogenic forming leaf spots. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: amphigenous, pale brown,
irregular to subcircular, frequently situated along leaf
margins, with thin, dark brown border. Conidiomata 400–
600 9 400–500 lm
(
x = 367 9 473 lm,
n = 25),
amphigenous, eustromatic, subepidermal, subglobose to
flattened, becoming erumpent, rupturing epidermis,
265
appearing bright orange. Ostiole central, but opening via
irregular flaps in upper layer of conidioma. Conidiophores
10–15 9 2.5–4 lm (
x = 13 9 3.5 lm, n = 20), subcylindrical, 0(–2)-septate, hyaline, smooth, lining the inner layer
of cavity, at times branched below. Conidiogenous cells 8–
15 9 2.5–3 lm (
x = 13 9 3 lm, n = 20), lageniform to
subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, integrated, determinate,
apex with minute periclinal thickening and collarette.
Conidia 40–70 9 2–3 lm (
x = 36 9 3 lm, n = 20), hyaline, smooth, aseptate, sigmoid, apex subobtuse, base
swollen, obtuse with central, thickened, somewhat refractive scar, 1–1.5 lm diam., at times with marginal frill
(description based on Crous et al. 2012a).
Material examined: AUSTRALIA, Melbourne, on
leaves of Eucalyptus incrassatus, Reader 24, holotype K
(M) 195742.
Notes: Aurantiosacculus species associated with leaf
spots on Eucalyptus baxteri, E. incrassate and E. obliqua
(Marshall 1997). Members of this genus only reported from
Australia (Crous et al. 2012a). Aurantiosacculus is characterized by having characteristic leaf spots, with bright
orange conidiomata with brown furfuraceous tissue and
aseptate conidia with swollen bases and thickened scars.
Phylogenetic analysis of Crous et al. (2012a) showed the
taxonomic placement of Aurantiosacculus within
Cryphonectriaceae.
Aurapex Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 98(1): 112
(2006c)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04127
Pathogenic forming cankers. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata eustromatic, globose
to pyriform base with one to several, long, cylindrical to
attenuated necks with orange tips, superficial to slightly
immersed, fuscous-black. Tissue at the edges of conidioma
bases of textura globulosa, with elongated cells adjacent to
conidial lining and prosenchymatous tissue occurring in the
center of the basal tissue. Tissue of necks made up of
textura porrecta with cells lining the ostiole thinner, at
edge of necks consisting of square cells. Conidiophores
cylindrical to flask-shaped, hyaline, occasionally septate
with or without lateral branches. Conidiogenous cells
phialidic. Conidia obtuse, hyaline, aseptate.
Type species: Aurapex penicillata Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
Aurapex penicillata Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., in Gryzenhout et al., Mycologia 98(1): 112 (2006c). Fig. 14.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04128
Pathogenic forming cankers. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 150–450 9 300–
700 lm (
x = 436 9 394 lm, n = 10), solitary or aggregated, eustromatic, superficial to slightly immersed, with
globose to pyriform bases and attenuated or cylindrical
123
266
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 14 Aurapex penicillata (PREM 57520). a Packet of herbarium.
b Herbarium specimen. c, d Conidiomata on substrate. e Vertical
cross section of conidiomata. f Stromatic tissues turns purple in KOH.
g–i Conidiogenous cells and conidia. j Conidia. Scale bars: c,
d = 200 lm, e, f = 100 lm, g–j = 5 lm
necks, bases fuscous-black with tips of necks orange,
unilocular or multilocular, locules opening through 1–3
necks, each either connected to a single locule or to more
than one locule, peridium at base comprises thick-walled
cells of textura globulosa, umber to sienna at edge, cells
around the locules sienna to hazel, larger and more elongated, and almost white prosenchymatous tissue occurring
between the edge and the locule. Necks 300–800 9 100–
225 lm (
x = 400 9 150 lm, n = 20), internally covered
by hyaline periphyses, tissue consisting of hazel, doublewalled, square cells at the edge, with cells lining the ostiole
thinner and those at the center of textura porrecta tissue,
tip of necks of textura epidermoidea, containing orange
crystals. Conidiophores 7.5–13.5 9 1–1.5 lm, cylindrical
or flask-shaped with attenuated apices, occasionally with
separating septa and branching, hyaline. Conidiogenous
cells 8–12 9 1–2 lm (
x = 13 9 1.4 lm, n = 20), phialidic, determinate, apical or lateral on branches, collaret
and periclinal thickening inconspicuous. Conidia 3–4 9 1–
1.5 lm (
x = 3 9 1.5 lm, n = 20), obtuse, aseptate,
hyaline, exuded as scarlet spore droplets (description based
on Gryzenhout et al. 2006c).
Material examined: COLOMBIA, Risaralda, Pereira,
Libano farm, 75°350 4900 W and 4°430 1300 N, bark of Miconia
theaezans (Bonpl.) Cogn. (Melastomataceae), September
2002, C.A. Rodas, PREM 57520, holotype.
Notes: Aurapex was introduced by Gryzenhout et al.
(2006c) based on phylogeny and morphology of stromatic
tissues and asexual morphic characters. Members of this
genus are distinguished from other genera of Cryphonectriaceae in having orange conidiomatal necks with black
bases and a unique internal stromatal structure. Species of
Aurapex are serious canker causing pathogens of Eucalyptus species. No known sexual morph reported for this
genus.
123
Aurifilum Begoude et al., in Begoude et al., Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek 98(3): 273 (2010)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04129
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
267
Fig. 15 Aurifilum marmelostoma (PREM 60256). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c, d Vertical cross section of ascomata.
e Peridium. f Asci. g–i Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e = 10 lm, f = 20 lm, g–i = 5 lm
Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata large, usually beneath or erumpent through bark,
pulvinate to pyriform, semi-immersed, orange, upper
region eustromatic, lower region pseudostromatic, pseudoparenchymatous to prosenchymatous tissue. Ascomata
perithecia, valsoid, embedded in stroma, fuscous black,
bases globose to subglobose, necks emerge at stromatal
surface with black ostioles, surround with orange stromatal
tissue to form papillae. Asci fusoid to ellipsoidal, floating
freely in perithecial cavity, unitunicate with non-amyloid,
refractive apical ring. Ascospores hyaline, fusoid to ellipsoidal, one median septum. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
part of ascomata as conidial locules or as solitary structures, orange, without a neck, tissue around ostiolar opening darkened, broadly convex, semi-immersed, uni- to
multilocular, even to convoluted lining, tissue mostly
prosenchymatous with pseudoparenchymatous tissue
towards the margin depending on the developmental stage
of the structures. Conidiophores cylindrical, aseptate,
hyaline. Conidiogenous cells phialidic with inflated bases
and attenuated apices, some cylindrical cells sterile similar
to paraphyses. Conidia minute, hyaline, cylindrical to
allantoid, aseptate, exuded through ostioles as orange
droplets or tendrils.
Type species: Aurifilum marmelostoma Begoude et al.
Aurifilum marmelostoma Begoude et al., in Begoude
et al., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 98(3): 273 (2010).
Fig. 15.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04130
Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 300–830 9 760–1050 lm, on bark, gregarious or
single, often confluent in cracks, medium to large,
123
268
Fig. 16 Celoporthe dispersa (PREM 58896). a, b Herbarium specimen. c Ascostromata on substrate. d Cross section of ascomata.
e Peridium. f Cross section of ostiolar neck. g Parenchymatous cells.
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h–k Asci. l–q Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 100 lm, e = 25 lm,
f = 50 lm, h–k = 10 lm, g, l–q = 5 lm
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
269
Fig. 17 Celoporthe dispersa (asexual morph; redrawn from Nakabonge et al. 2006). a Conidiomata. b Vertical cross section of conidiomata.
c Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 100 lm, c = 10 lm
ascostromata extending usually beneath or erumpent
through bark, semi-immersed, pulvinate to pyriform,
orange, upper region eustromatic, lower region pseudostromatic, pseudoparenchymatous to prosenchymatous
tissue. Ascomata 190–310 9 170–275 lm, perithecial,
valsoid, up to nine per stroma, embedded in stroma at
irregular levels with bases touching host tissue, fuscous
black, globose to subglobose. Perithecial necks 30–100 lm
wide, periphysate, black, emerging at stromatal surface as
black ostioles, surrounded with orange stromatal tissue to
form papillae, textura porrecta. Peridium 7–12 lm
(
x = 10 lm, n = 20), comprising inner, hyaline, compressed, cells of textura angularis and outer, thick-walled,
brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 50–55 9 7.5–9 lm,
8-spored, unitunicate, fusoid to ellipsoidal, floating freely
in the perithecial cavity, unitunicate with non-amyloid,
refractive apical rings, non-stipitate. Ascospores
10–12 9 3–4 lm, hyaline, fusoid to ellipsoidal, one median septum with tapered apex. Asexual morph: Conidiomata up to 660 lm high, 600 lm in diam., part of
ascomata as conidial locules or as solitary structures,
orange, necks absent, tissue around ostiolar openings
darkened, broadly convex, semi-immersed, uni- to multilocular, even to convoluted lining. Locule 80–300 lm
diam., tissue mostly prosenchymatous with pseudoparenchyma towards the margin depending on the developmental stage of the structure. Conidiophores 15–40 lm
long, cylindrical, aseptate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells
2.5–3.5 lm wide, phialidic, sometimes with inflated bases,
collarettes inconspicuous with attenuated apexes. Paraphyses 30–65 9 2.5–3.5 lm long, sterile, cylindrical.
Conidia 3.5–4.5 9 1–1.5 lm, minute, hyaline, cylindrical
to allantoid, aseptate, exuded through opening at stromatal
surface as orange droplets or tendrils (description based on
Begoude et al. 2010).
Material examined: CAMEROON, Mbamalyo, bark of
Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev. (Combretaceae), December
2007, Begoude and J. Roux, PREM 60256, holotype.
Notes: The monotypic genus Aurifilum was introduced
and typified by Aurifilum marmelostoma. This genus is
distinguished from other genera of Cryphonectriaceae in
having a distinct asexual morph broadly comprising convex conidiomata, presence of darkened ostiolar openings at
the apex of the conidiomata, paraphyses or sterile cells
longer than 90 lm, one septate, fusoid to ellipsoid ascospores and minute, cylindrical conidia. This is a serious
canker causing pathogen on Terminalia species in West
Africa which is a popular source of timber, medicine,
spiritual and social benefits to rural populations.
Celoporthe Nakab. et al., Stud. Mycol. 55: 261 (2006)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04131
Pathogenic causing cankers on tree bark. Sexual
morph: Ascostromata consisting of black, valsoid
perithecia embedded in bark tissue, with the cylindrical
perithecial necks covered with umber tissue as they protrude through the bark surface. Limited cinnamon to orange
prosenchymatous to pseudoparenchymatous stromatic tissue present around the upper parts of the perithecial bases,
usually beneath the bark or erumpent through the bark
surface. Asci 8-spored, fusoid to ellipsoid. Ascospores
hyaline, with one median septum, oblong-ellipsoidal.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata superficial, orange to scarlet
when young, fuscous-black when mature, pulvinate to
conical with or without short attenuated necks, unilocular
with even inner surface. Stromatic tissue pseudoparenchymatous. Conidiophores hyaline, branched irregularly at the base or above into cylindrical cells, separated
by septa or not. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, apical or
lateral on branches beneath the septa. Conidia hyaline,
aseptate, oblong to cylindrical to ovoid, occasionally
allantoid, exuded as bright luteous tendrils or droplets.
Type species: Celoporthe dispersa Nakab et al.
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270
Celoporthe dispersa Nakab.et al., in Nakab.et al., Stud.
Mycol. 55: 261 (2006). Figs. 16, 17.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04132
Pathogenic causing cankers on tree bark. Sexual
morph: Ascostromata 100–400 lm high, 320–505 lm
diam., semi-immersed in bark, recognizable by short,
extending, umber, cylindrical perithecial necks, occasionally erumpent, limited, orange to umber ascostromatic
tissue covering the tops of the perithecial bases. Stromatic
tissue cinnamon and pseudoparenchymatous at the edges,
prosenchymatous in the centre. Perithecia 100–300 lm
diam., valsoid, 1–6 per stroma, bases immersed in the bark,
black, globose to subglobose. Peridium 30–50 lm thick.
Perithecial necks up to 50 lm long, 80–100 lm wide,
black, periphysate, emerging through the stromatal surface,
covered in umber stromatic tissue of textura porrecta,
extended
necks,
100–150 lm
wide.
Asci
23.5–29.5 9 5.5–7 lm, 8-spored, biseriate, unitunicate,
free when mature, non-stipitate with a non-amyloid
refractive ring, fusoid to ellipsoidal. Ascospores
6–8 9 2.5–3 lm hyaline, with one median septum,
oblong-ellipsoidal, with rounded ends. Asexual morph:
Stromatic tissue pseudoparenchymatous. Conidiomata
300–500 lm high, 200–1000 lm diam., eustromatic,
superficial to slightly immersed, pulvinate to conical
without necks, occasionally with a neck that is slightly
attenuated, orange to scarlet when young, fuscous-black
when mature, conidiomatal bases above the bark surface.
Conidiomatal locules 100–550 lm diam., with even to
convoluted inner surfaces, occasionally multilocular.
Conidiophores 12–17 9 1.5–2.5 lm, hyaline, branched
irregularly at the base or above into cylindrical cells, with
or without separating septa. Conidiogenous cells 1.5–3 lm
wide, phialidic, determinate, apical or lateral on branches
beneath a septum, cylindrical with or without attenuated
apices, collarette and periclinal thickening inconspicuous.
Conidia 3–4 9 1–2.5 lm, hyaline, aseptate, oblong to
cylindrical to ovoid, occasionally allantoid, exuded as
bright luteous tendrils or droplets (description based on
Gryzenhout et al. 2006c).
Material examined: SOUTH AFRICA, Limpopo Province, Tzaneen, Syzygium cordatum, 2003, M. Gryzenhout, PREM58896, holotype.
Notes: Celoporthe is distinguished from other genera in
Cryphonectriaceae based on characteristics of the asci,
conidiomata, conidiophores, conidia, paraphyses and
growth in culture.
Corticimorbus S.F. Chen & M.J. Wingf., in Chen, Wingfield, Li & Liu, Pl. Path. 65(8): 1258 (2016)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04133
Pathogenic forming cankers on woody bark. Sexual
morph: Ascostromata on bark, gregarious or single,
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superficial to slightly immersed, orange to umber, pulvinate; ascostromatic tissue textura globulosa, covering the
tops of the perithecial bases. Ascomata valsoid, fuscous
black, embedded beneath surface of bark at base of stromata, bases globose to subglobose. Perithecial necks black,
emerging at stromatic surface as black ostioles with orange
stromatic tissue of textura porrecta, long necks extending
above stromatic surface. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusoid
to oval, biseriate, released from inner wall of perithecia
when mature, non-stipitate. Ascospores hyaline, 1-septate
with septum variously placed in the spore but usually
central, constricted at septum, fusoid to ellipsoidal, ends
round to slightly tapered. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
part of ascostromata as conidial locules or as separate
structures, black, conical to globose, superficial, without
necks, uni- to multilocular structures, with locules often
convoluted, stromatic tissue textura globulosa. Conidiophores aseptate, cylindrical, occasionally with separating
septa and branching, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical or flask-shaped with attenuated apices. Paraphyses
absent. Conidia hyaline, fusoid to oval, aseptate.
Type species: Corticimorbus sinomyrti S.F. Chen, F.F.
Liu & M.J. Wingf.
Corticimorbus sinomyrti S.F. Chen, F.F. Liu & M.J.
Wingf., in Chen, Wingfield, Li & Liu, Pl. Path. 65(8): 1263
(2015)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04134
Illustration: See Chen et al. (2016).
Pathogenic forming cankers on bark of Rhodomyrtus
tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. (Myrtaceae). Sexual morph:
Ascostromata 100–850 9 200–320 lm, gregarious or
rarely solitary, superficial to slightly immersed, orange to
umber, pulvinate, ascostromatic tissue textura globulosa,
covering the tops of the perithecial bases. Ascomata 110–
490 lm diam. (
x = 318 lm, n = 50), perithecia, valsoid,
up to six per stroma, globose to subglobose, fuscous
black, embedded beneath surface of bark at base of stromata.
Perithecial
necks
50–190 9 55–125 lm
(
x = 114 9 84 lm, n = 50), black, emerging at the
stromatic surface as black ostioles with orange to umber
stromatic tissue of textura porrecta. Asci 30–40 9 6–9 lm
(
x = 35 9 7.8 lm, n = 100), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusoid
to oval, non-stipitate. Ascospores biseriate, hyaline, 1septate with septum variously placed in the spore but
usually central, slightly constricted at septum, fusoid to
ellipsoidal, ends round to slightly tapered, 8–10 9 2–4 lm
(
x = 8.8 9 3.1 lm, n = 100). Asexual morph: Conidiomata 150–1170 9 305–1525 lm (
x = 574 9 759 lm,
n = 50), orange when young, fuscous black when mature,
conical to globose, superficial, without necks, uni- to
multilocular structures, with locules often convoluted,
stromatic tissue textura globulosa. Locules 133–305 lm
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
diam. (
x = 199 lm, n = 50). Conidiophores 9–20 lm long
(
x = 12.8 lm, n = 50), non-septate, cylindrical, occasionally with separating septa and branching, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells 1–2 lm wide (
x = 1.4 lm, n = 50),
cylindrical or flask-shaped with attenuated apices. Paraphyses
absent.
Conidia
3.5–4.8 9 1.3–2 lm,
(
x = 3.8 9 1.5 lm, n = 100), hyaline, fusoid to oval,
aseptate, exuded as orange droplets or tendrils (description
based on Chen et al. 2016).
Notes: Monotypic genus Corticimorbus was introduced
and typified by C. sinomyrti. Corticimorbus sinomyrti is a
tree pathogen on the Myrtales tree species, especially forms
stem canker disease on native Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
(Chen et al. 2016).
271
Chromendothia possess paraphysate centrum and asci with
fascicles. Molecular data proved that Chromendothia is a
genus in Cryphonectriaceae (Vasilyeva et al. 2007).
Chromendothia Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Mikol. Fitopatol. 27(4):
5 (1993)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04135
Saprobic. Sexual morph: Stromata immersed, valsoid,
erumpent through the bark with bright yellow, pulvinate
ectostromatic disc, studded with greenish or olivaceous
ostioles at the surface becoming dark in age, perithecia
polystichous. Asci paraphysate, cylindrical, long stalked,
apical ring chitinoid. Ascospores uniseriate, one-celled,
ellipsoid, brownish. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Chromendothia appendiculata Lar.N.
Vassiljeva.
Chrysofolia Crous & M.J. Wingf., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl.
Evol. Fungi 34: 207 (2015)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04137
Pathogenic on leaf spots. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, separate
to aggregated, exuding a yellow slimy conidial mass;
pycnidia globose, base immersed, green-brown in lactic
acid, but bright yellow in Shears; wall of 3–6 layers of
brown textura angularis; neck long, with a pale-yellow
zone just above the agar surface, which then turns yellowbrown while the apical part is pale yellow to almost subhyaline, terminating in an obtusely rounded apex with
central ostiole surrounded by loose hyphal elements.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity of base, hyaline,
smooth, ampulliform, tapering abruptly towards neck, with
several apical percurrent proliferations. Paraphyses interspersed among conidiogenous cells, hyaline, smooth,
cylindrical, septate. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth,
guttulate, ellipsoid, straight to allantoid, apex obtuse, base
with flattened hilum.
Type species: Chrysofolia colombiana Crous, Rodas &
M.J. Wingf.
Chromendothia citrina Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Nizshie Rasteniya, Griby i Mokhoobraznye Dalnego Vostoka Rossii,
Griby. Tom 4. Pirenomitsety i Lokuloaskomitsety (SanktPetersburg): 172 (1998)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04136
Illustration: See Vasilyeva et al. (2007).
Saprobic. Sexual morph: Stromata 2–4 9 1.5–2 mm,
immersed, valsoid, erumpent through the bark with bright
yellow, pulvinate ectostromatic disc studded with greenish
or olivaceous ostioles at the surface becoming dark in age;
perithecia polystichous, 300–400 lm diam. Asci
40–45 9 4–5 lm, paraphysate, cylindrical, with up to
40 lm long stalks, apical ring chitinoid. Ascospores
5–7 9 3–3.5 lm, uniseriate, one-celled, ellipsoid, brown.
Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on
Vasilyeva et al. 2007).
Notes: Chromendothia was introduced and typified by
C. appendiculata. This genus currently comprises three
species. Chromendothia shares morphological characters
with many taxonomic groups. Stromatic characters of
Chromendothia are shared by hypocreaceous fungi and
some diaporthalean members. However, both hypocreaceous and cryphonectriaceous pyrenomycetes have aparaphysate centrum with sessile asci while species of
Chrysofolia colombiana Crous, Rodas & M.J. Wingf.,
Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 34: 207 (2015)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04138
Illustration: See Crous et al. (2015)
Pathogenic on leaf spots. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, separate to
aggregated, exudes a yellow slimy conidial mass, globose,
base immersed, green-brown in lactic acid. Conidiomatal
wall 3–6 layers of brown textura angularis. Neck long, with a
pale-yellow zone just above the agar surface, which then
turns yellow-brown while the apical part is pale yellow to
almost subhyaline; neck 100–300 lm long, 50–110 lm
diam., attached to the globose base, terminating in an obtusely rounded apex, 20–40 lm diam., with central ostiole
surrounded by loose hyphal elements, 1.5–2 lm diam.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 5–8 9 2–3 lm, lining the inner cavity of base,
hyaline, smooth, ampulliform, tapering abruptly towards
neck, with several apical percurrent proliferations. Paraphyses up to 55 lm long, interspersed among conidiogenous
cells, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, 1–2-septate. Conidia
6–7.5 9 2.5–3 lm, solitary, hyaline, smooth, guttulate,
ellipsoid, straight to allantoid, apex obtuse, base with flattened hilum (description based on Crous et al. 2015).
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 18 Chrysoporthe hodgesiana (PREM 58022). a Packet of
herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Conidiomata on substrate.
d Vertical cross section of conidiomata. e Stromatic tissues turn to
purple in KOH. f, g Conidiogenous cells, conidia. h Conidia. Scale
bars: c = 200 lm, d, e = 100 lm, f–h = 10 lm
Notes: Chrysofolia is distinct from other genera in
Cryphonectriaceae having erumpent conidiomata with
bright, yellow-brown furfuraceous margins. Chrysofolia
colombiana is commonly associated with serious cankers
and leaf spots diseases (Crous et al. 2015).
cinnamon to orange prosenchymatous stromatic tissue
present around the upper part of the perithecial bases,
appearing orange to the naked eye, usually present beneath
or erumpent through the bark surface. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusoid to ellipsoid. Ascospores hyaline, with one
septum in variable, usually median, position, fusoid to
oval. Asexual morph: Conidiomata occurring separately
or on top of the ascostroma, superficial, fuscous-black,
pyriform to pulvinate with one to four attenuated necks,
single to multilocular with even to slightly convoluted
inner surface. Stromatic tissue of base tissue of textura
globulosa and that of neck cells of textura porrecta.
Chrysoporthe Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Stud. Mycol.
50(1): 129 (2004)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04139
Pathogenic on woody host forming cankers. Sexual
morph: Ascostromata consisting of black, valsoid
perithecia embedded in bark tissue, long, cylindrical,
perithecial necks covered with umber tissue, limited
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273
Fig. 19 Cryptometrion aestuescens (PREM 60247). a Packet of
herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Ascostromata on substrate.
d Vertical cross section of ascomata. e Peridium. f–h Ascospores.
i KOH reaction of stromatic tissues. j Conidiomata on substrate. k,
l Conidiogenous cells and conidia. m Conidia. Scale bars: c,
j = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e–h, k–m = 10 lm
Conidiophores hyaline, consisting of a basal cell, branched
irregularly at the base or above into cylindrical cells, separated by septa or not. Conidiogenous cells phialidic,
determinate, apical or lateral on branches beneath the
septum. Conidia hyaline, non-septate, oblong, exuded as
bright luteous spore tendrils or droplets.
Type species: Chrysoporthe cubensis (Bruner) Gryzenh.
& M.J. Wingf.
Chrysoporthe cubensis (Bruner) Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.,
in Gryzenhout et al., Stud. Mycol. 50(1): 130 (2004).
Fig. 18.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04140
Pathogenic on woody host forming cankers. Sexual
morph: Ascostromata 120–230 lm high, 280–490 lm
diam., semi-immersed in bark, recognizable by extending,
fuscous-black, cylindrical perithecial necks, and in some
cases, erumpent, limited, orange ascostromatic tissue. Ascostroma 170–250 lm diam., perithecial, valsoid, 1–9
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274
perithecia per stroma, bases immersed in bark, black,
globose. Peridium 17–22 lm thick, top of perithecial bases
covered with cinnamon to orange, predominantly prosenchymatous, stromatic tissue forming a clypeus of variable extent, which is occasionally visible above the bark
surface. Perithecial necks up to 240 lm long, 110–610 lm
wide, black, periphysate, emerging through bark covered in
umber stromatic tissue of textura porrecta, thus appearing
fuscous-black, extending necks. Asci 25–34 9 4–6.5 lm,
8-spored, biseriate, unitunicate, free when mature, astipitate, with a non-amyloid refractive ring, fusoid to ellipsoid.
Ascospores 6.5–7.5 9 2–2.5 lm, hyaline, one-septate,
with septum variously placed in the spore but usually
central, fusoid to oval, with tapered apices. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata occurring separately or on the top of
an ascostroma, distinguishable from ascomata by their
pyriform shape, attenuated necks, conidiomatal locules and
distinct stromatic tissue. Conidiomata 130–740 lm high,
100–950 lm diam., eustromatic, superficial to slightly
immersed, pyriform to clavate, sometimes pulvinate, with
one to four attenuated necks per structure, fuscous-black,
with an umber interior when young, conidiomatal base
above the bark surface. Necks up to 230 lm long,
90–240 lm wide. Conidiomatal locules 110–500 lm
diam., with even to convoluted inner surface, occasionally
multilocular, single locule connected to one or several
necks. Stromatic tissue of base of textura globulosa with
walls of outer cells thickened, and neck cells of textura
porrecta. Conidiophores 4–7 9 3–5 lm, hyaline, with a
globular to rectangular basal cell, branched irregularly at
the base or above into cylindrical cells. Paraphyses or
cylindrical cells 13–20 lm high, hyaline, septate or not.
Conidiogenous cells 2–3 lm wide, phialidic, determinate,
apical or lateral on branches beneath the septum, cylindrical to flask-shaped with attenuated apices, collarette and
periclinal thickening inconspicuous. Conidia hyaline, nonseptate, oblong, 3.5–4.5 9 1.5–2.5 lm, exuded as bright
luteous spore tendrils or droplets (description based on
Gryzenhout et al. 2004).
Material examined: COLOMBIA, Darien, bark of Tibouchina semidecandra, 2001, R. Arbelaez, PREM 58022,
holotype.
Notes: Chrysoporthe was introduced and typified by C.
cubensis from Tibouchina. Asexual morph is prominent in
this genus and most specimens only associated with asexual morph. We observed the holotype specimen of
Chrysoporthe cubensis and we could not see the sexual
morph.
Cryptometrion Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Australas. Pl.
Path. 39(2): 166 (2010)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04141
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata on host gregarious or single, pulvinate to globose,
semi-immersed in bark, orange, pseudoparenchymatous at
edge of stroma, prosenchymatous at centre. Perithecia
diatrypoid, sometimes forced by host tissue into a valsoid
position, embedded in host tissue at base of stroma, fuscous
black, necks emerge at stromatal surface as black ostioles
covered with orange stromatal tissue to form papillae. Asci
fusiform, unitunicate, 8-spored. Ascospores hyaline, fusoid
to ellipsoid, one medial to submedian septum. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata formed as part of ascostromata as
conidial locules, or as separate structures, globose, semiimmersed, orange, uniloculate, with the same tissue morphology and stromatic structure as the ascostromata, spores
expelled through opening. Conidiophores hyaline, occasionally with separating septa and branched. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical or flask-shaped with apices
attenuated or not, paraphyses absent. Conidia hyaline,
cylindrical, aseptate, exuded as orange droplets.
Type species: Cryptometrion aestuescens Gryzenh. &
M.J. Wingf.
Cryptometrion aestuescens Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.,
Australas. Pl. Path. 39(2): 166 (2010). Fig. 19.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04142
Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 60–130 mm high, 160–350 mm diam., on host gregarious or single, pulvinate to globose, semi-immersed in
bark, orange, pseudoparenchymatous on edge of stroma,
prosenchymatous in centre. Perithecia diatrypoid but can
be forced by host tissue into a valsoid position, embedded
in host tissue at base of stroma, fuscous black, necks
emerge at stromatal surface as black ostioles covered with
orange stromatal tissue to form papillae extending up to
230 mm above stromatal surface. Asci 25–32 9 5–7 lm,
8-spored,
unitunicate,
fusiform.
Ascospores
6.5–7.5 9 2–3 lm, hyaline, fusoid to ellipsoid, one medial
to submedian septum. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
80–180 lm high, 90–230 lm diam., part of ascostromata
as conidial locules, or as separate structures, globose, semiimmersed, orange, uniloculate, with the same tissue morphology and stromatic structure as the ascostromata, spores
expelled through opening. Conidiophores 8–13.5 lm long,
occasionally with separating septa and branched, hyaline.
Conidiogenous cells 1.5–2.5 lm wide, cylindrical or flaskshaped with apices attenuated or not, no paraphyses present. Conidia 3–5 9 1.5–2 lm, hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate, exuded as orange droplets (description based on
Gryzenhout et al. 2010).
Material examined: SUMATRA, on bark of Eucalyptus
grandis, PREM 60247 holotype.
Notes: Cryptometrion was introduced and typified by C.
aestuescens. Cryptometrion is distinguished from other
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
275
Fig. 20 Diversimorbus metrosiderotis (PREM 60741). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Cross section of Conidiomata.
d Peridium. e, f Conidiogenous cells, conidia. g Conidia. Scale bars: c = 100 lm, d = 20 lm, e–g = 10 lm
genera in Cryphonectriaceae based on its orange, limited
stromatic tissue, uniseptate, fusoid to ellipsoid ascospores
and the absence of paraphyses among the conidiogenous
cells in the anamorph.
Diversimorbus S.F. Chen et al., Fungal Biol. 117: 300
(2014)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04143
Pathogenic on woody barks. Sexual morph: Ascostromata on bark gregarious or single, superficial to slightly
immersed, orange to umber, pulvinate; ascostromatic tissue
pseudoparenchymatous, covering the tops of the perithecial
bases. Ascomata perithecia, valsoid, fuscous black,
embedded beneath surface of bark at base of stromata,
bases globose to subglobose. Perithecial necks black,
emerging at stromatic surface as black ostioles with orange
stromatic tissue of textura porrecta, not extending above
stromatic surface. Asci eight-spored, unitunicate, fusoid to
ellipsoidal, biseriate, released from inner wall of perithecia
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Fig. 21 Endothia gyrosa (NY 2932825). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Cross section of conidiomata. d Stromatic tissues turn
to purple with KOH. e Conidiogenous cells, conidia. f Conidia. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d–f = 10 lm
when mature, astipitate. Ascospores hyaline, one-septate
with central septum, ascospores constricted at septum,
fusoid to ellipsoidal, ends round to slightly tapered. Conidiomata part of ascomata as conidial locules or as separate
structures, black, pulvinate, globose to conical, superficial
to slightly immersed, without necks, uni to multilocular
structures, with locules often convoluted, ostioles covered
with orange tissue; stromatic tissue pseudoparenchymatous. Conidiophores nonseptate, cylindrical, occasionally
with separating septa and branching, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical or flask-shaped with attenuated
123
apices. Paraphyses cylindrical occur among conidiogenous
cells, slightly tapered towards apex, branching occasionally. Conidia hyaline, cylindrical to fusoid, aseptate.
Type species: Diversimorbus metrosiderotis S.F. Chen
et al.
Diversimorbus metrosiderotis S.F. Chen et al., Fungal
Biol. 117: 301 (2014). Fig. 20.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04144
Pathogenic on woody barks. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 120–420 lm high above the bark, 300–1200 lm
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277
Fig. 22 Foliocryphia eucalypti (redrawn from Cheewangkoon et al. 2009). a Pycnidia on culture media. b Cross section of conidioma.
c Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. d conidia. Scale bars: a = 500 lm, b = 100 lm, c, d = 10 lm
diam., on bark gregarious or single, superficial to slightly
immersed, orange to umber, pulvinate, ascostromatic tissue
pseudoparenchymatous, covering the tops of the perithecial
bases. Perithecia 100–230 lm diam., valsoid, up to 13 per
stroma, fuscous black, embedded beneath surface of bark at
base of stromata, perithecial bases globose to subglobose,
perithecial necks black, emerging at the stromatic surface
as black ostioles with orange stromatic tissue of textura
porrecta. Necks 20–90 lm wide, up to 410 lm long, no
neck extending above stromatic surface. Asci
46–55 9 9.5–12 lm, 8-spored, fusoid to ellipsoidal, biseriate, unitunicate, released from inner wall of perithecia
when
mature,
non
stipitate.
Ascospores
8.5–10.5 9 3–4 lm, hyaline, one-septate with septum
variously placed in the spore but usually central, ascospores slightly constricted at septum, fusoid to ellipsoidal,
ends round to slightly tapered. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 160–500 lm high, 60–620 lm diam., black, pulvinate, globose to conical, superficial to slightly immersed,
without necks, uni to multilocular, with locules often
convoluted, ostioles covered with orange tissue, stromatic
tissue pseudoparenchymatous, conidiomatal bases above
the bark surface. Conidiophores 13.5–21 lm long, aseptate, cylindrical, occasionally with separating septa and
branching, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical or
flask-shaped with attenuated apices. Paraphyses up to
220 lm long, 1–2.5 lm wide, cylindrical, occurring among
conidiogenous cells, slightly tapered towards apex,
branching occasionally. Conidia 3.5–4 9 1–1.5 lm, hyaline, cylindrical to fusoid, aseptate (description based on
Chen et al. 2013).
Material examined: SOUTH AFRICA, Western Cape
Province, Citrusdal area, on bark of Metrosideros angustifolia (Myrtaceae), 8 March 2011, Jolanda Roux &
ShuaiFei Chen, PREM 60741, holotype; Western Cape
Province, Porterville area, on bark of Metrosideros
angustifolia (Myrtaceae), 9 March 2011, Jolanda Roux &
ShuaiFei Chen, PREM 60741, paratype.
Notes: Diversimorbus was isolated from South Africa
associated with Myrtales tree species. The fungus was
shown to be pathogenic on its host (Chen et al. 2013).
Endothia Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 385 (1849)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04145
Pathogenic forming cankers. Sexual morph: Stromata
irregularly spaced on the surface of dead bark, orange when
wet. Ascomata perithecia, deeply embedded in the same or
similar stromata producing pycnidia, globose, with slightly
protruding black necks. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, with short pedicel. Ascospores non-septate, allantoid
with tapering ends, hyaline. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
pycnidia, embedded in the stromatal tissue, spore tendrils
are not formed, irregularly shaped. Conidia rod-shaped,
hyaline, unicellular, smooth.
Type species: Endothia gyrosa (Schwein.) Berk
Endothia gyrosa (Schwein.) Berk. [as‘gyrosum’], Outl.
Brit. Fung. (London): 384 (1860). Fig. 21.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04146
Pathogenic forming cankers. Sexual morph: Stromata
1.5–2 mm high, 1–2 mm diam., irregularly spaced on the
surface of dead bark, orange when wet. Ascomata 250–
300 lm diam., perithecia, deeply embedded in the same or
similar stromata producing pycnidia, globose, with slightly
protruding black necks. Necks 400–500 lm long, 100–
120 lm diam., Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, with
short pedicel. Ascospores 6–10 9 2–2.5 lm, non-septate,
allantoid with tapering ends, hyaline. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata 385 9 150 lm, pycnidia, embedded in the
stromatal tissue, spore tendrils are not formed, irregularly
shaped. Conidiophores 5–10 9 1–2 lm (
x = 8 9 1.5 lm,
n = 20), cylindrical to irregular, tightly packed, hyaline.
Conidiogenous cells 8–12 9 1–2 lm, cylindrical, hyaline,
narrowing towards the apex. Conidia 3–4 9 1 lm, rodshaped, hyaline, unicellular, smooth (description based on
Snow et al. 1975).
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 23 Holocryphia eucalypti (PREM 56211). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Ascostromata on substrate. d, e Cross section of
ascostromata. f–i Asci. j Paraphyses. k–n Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 100 lm, e = 50 lm, f–i = 20 lm, j–n = 5 lm
Material examined: ITALY, Selva, Treviso, Venice, on
bark of Castaneae vascae L. (Fagaceae), 1876, P. A. Saccardo s. n., NY 2932825.
Notes: Endothia was introduced based on Sphaeria
gyrosa Schwein., later renamed as Endothia gyrosa.
Endothia gyrosa causes a serious canker disease of Liquidambar formosana Hence (Snow et al. 1975). Endothia
species cause hobnail canker on oak (Van Arsdel 1972).
Some studies suggest that Endothia is a weak wound
pathogen and more recent studies have shown Endothia
123
species to cause serious disease of Quercus species (Stipes
and Phipps 1971; Van Arsdel 1972).
Foliocryphia Cheew. & Crous, Persoonia 23: 65 (2009)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04147
Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata eustromatic,
amphigenous, separate, sub superficial, pulvinate, subglobose, with or without ostiole, stromatic tissue of textura
angularis, pale to medium brown, with convoluted inner
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
surface, uni- to multilocular. Conidiophores consisting of
basal subglobular to angular cells, that branch irregularly,
become cylindrical, transversely septate. Conidiogenous
cells enteroblastic, determinate, integrated or discrete,
phialidic, cylindrical, tapering to a thinner apical part, with
visible collarette and periclinal thickening. Conidia hyaline, aseptate, smooth, ellipsoid, straight to irregularly
curved.
Type species: Foliocryphia eucalypti Cheew. & Crous
Foliocryphia eucalypti Cheew. & Crous, Persoonia 23: 65
(2009). Fig. 22.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04148
Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Stromata effuse, yellowish brown,
with dark greybrown margin, producing numerous umber
to dark brown or fuscous-black conidiomata. Mycelium
1.5–2.3 lm wide, mostly immersed, aerial mycelium
sparse, whitish. Conidiomata 300–370 9 320–590 lm,
eustromatic, amphigenous on leaf, separate, sub superficial,
pulvinate, subglobose to horizontally broadly ellipsoid,
with or without ostiole; stromatic tissue of textura angularis, pale to medium brown, somewhat darker and thickerwalled at the outer region; covered with pale brown
mycelium as outer layer; conidiomata with convoluted
inner surface, occasionally multilocular. Conidiophores
7–16 9 3–4.5 lm, consisting of basal subglobular to
angular cells, formed from the inner cells of the locular
walls, hyaline to medium brown, slightly thick-walled,
irregularly branched, transversely septate, forming
cylindrical cells. Conidiogenous cells 12–15 9 3–4 lm,
enteroblastic, determinate, integrated or discrete, phialidic, cylindrical, tapering to a narrowly cylindrical part
in the apical region, collarette tubular, with visible
periclinal thickening. Conidia 9–10 9 3–4.5 lm, hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoid, straight to irregularly curved,
apex obtuse, base abruptly tapered to a flat protruding
scar, which can be basal or somewhat off-center,
smooth, thin-walled (description based on Cheewangkoon et al. 2009).
Notes: Foliocryphia was introduced and typified by
Foliocryphia eucalypti. This genus is characterized by
aseptate conidia in eustromatic conidiomata; stromata do
not turn purple in 3% KOH, or yellow in lactic acid. DNA
phylogeny confirmed Foliocryphia as a distinct genus in
Cryphonectriaceae.
Holocryphia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., in Gryzenhout et al.,
Stud. Mycol. 55: 48 (2006b)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04149
Pathogenic forming bark cankers. Sexual morph: Ascostromata semi-immersed, pulvinate, orange, pseudoparenchymatous tissue at the edge of stromata,
prosenchymatous tissue in the centre. Perithecia dark-
279
walled, with globose to subglobose bases and slender
periphysate necks that emerge at the stromatal surface as
black ostioles in papillae covered with orange stromatal
tissue. Asci fusiform, floating freely in the perithecial
cavity, unitunicate with nonamyloid, refractive apical
rings. Ascospores cylindrical, occasionally allantoid, hyaline, aseptate. Asexual morph: Stromata erumpent, semiimmersed, pulvinate, orange, uni- to multilocular and
convoluted, locules often occurring in same stroma that
contains perithecia. Conidiophores cylindrical with or
without inflated bases, tapering, often septate with or
without lateral branches beneath a septum, hyaline, paraphyses occurring between conidiophores, conidiogenous
cells phialidic. Conidia hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate,
expelled through an opening at the stromatal surface as
orange droplets or tendrils.
Type species: Holocryphia eucalypti (M. Venter & M.J.
Wingf.) Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf
Holocryphia eucalypti (M. Venter & M.J. Wingf.) Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., in Gryzenhout et al., Stud. Mycol. 55:
48 (2006b). Fig. 23.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04150
Pathogenic forming bark cankers. Sexual morph: Stromata surface as black ostioles in papillae covered with
orange stromatal tissue. Asci 30–45 9 8–11 lm (
x = 42 9
9.5 lm, n = 20), fusiform, floating freely in the perithecial
cavity, unitunicate with nonamyloid, refractive apical rings.
Ascospores 9–14 9 2–3 lm (
x = 12 9 2.7 lm, n = 20),
cylindrical, occasionally allantoid, hyaline, aseptate. Asexual morph: Stromata erumpent, semi-immersed, pulvinate,
orange, uni- to multilocular and convoluted, locules often
occurring in same stroma that contains perithecia. Conidiophores cylindrical with or without inflated bases, tapering,
often septate with or without lateral branches beneath a
septum, hyaline, paraphyses occurring between conidiophores. Conidiogenous cells phialidic. Conidia hyaline,
cylindrical, aseptate, expelled through an opening at the
stromatal surface as orange droplets or tendrils (description
based on Gryzenhout et al. 2006b).
Material examined: SOUTH AFRICA, Nyalazi, near
Mtubatuba, KwaZula-Natal, on Eucalyptus sp., Gryzenhout
M., 25 February 1998, PREM 56211, holotype.
Notes: Holocryphia eucalypti is an opportunistic canker
pathogen of Eucalyptus and Corymbia species (Chen et al.
2013).
Immersiporthe S.F. Chen et al., in Chen et al., Pl. Path. 62:
674 (2013)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04151
Pathogenic forming stems and brahces cankers. Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
pulvinate, immersed to semi-immersed, orange, uni- to
multiloculate and convoluted, necks absent, stromatic
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Fig. 24 Latruncellus aurorae
(PREM 60348). a Packet of
herbarium. b Herbarium
specimen. c Ascostromata on
substrate. d, e Asci. f–
h Ascospores. i Conidiomata.
j Vertical cross section of
conidiomata. k Conidiogenous
cells and conidia. l Stromatic
tissues turns purple in KOH.
m Conidia. Scale bars:
c = 100 lm, d, e = 10 lm, f–
h = 5 lm, i = 200 lm,
j = 100 lm, k, m = 10 lm
tissue orange, pseudoparenchymatous at the edges, prosenchymatous in the centre. Conidiophores aseptate, occasionally with separating septa and branching.
Conidiogenous cells phialidic, cylindrical to flask-shaped
with tapering apices. Paraphyses occur between conidiophores. Conidia hyaline, cylindrical to fusoid, occasionally
allantoid, aseptate, pushed through opening at stromatal
surface as orange droplets or tendrils.
Type species: Immersiporthe knoxdaviesiana S.F. Chen
et al.
Immersiporthe knoxdaviesiana S.F. Chen et al., in Chen
et al., Pl. Path. 62: 674 (2013).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04152
Illustration: See Chen et al. (2013)
123
Causing cankers on stems and branches of Rapanea
melanophloeos (L.) Mez. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata 120–320 lm high,
350–1500 lm diam., pulvinate, immersed to semi-immersed, orange when young, umber to brown when mature.
Locules 80–350 lm diam., uni- to multiloculate, convoluted, necks absent. Stromatic tissue pseudoparenchymatous at the edges, prosenchymatous in the centre.
Conidiophores 15–30 lm long, occasionally with separating septa and branching, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells
1.5–2 lm wide, cylindrical to flask-shaped with tapering
apices or not attenuated. Paraphyses up to 150 lm long,
cylindrical, seemingly sterile, occurring between conidiophores, branching occasionally into other sterile, cylindrical cells. Conidia 3.5–7 9 1–2 lm, hyaline, cylindrical,
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281
Fig. 25 Asexual morph of
Mastigosporella hyaline
(redrawn from Morgan-Jones
1975). a Vertical cross section
of conidiomata.
b Conidiophores, conidiogenous
cells and conidia. Scale bars:
a = 50 lm, b = 10 lm
fusoid, occasionally allantoid, aseptate, exuded as orange
droplets or tendrils (description based on Chen et al. 2013).
Notes: Immersiporthe was introduced and typified by I.
knoxdaviesiana, it is an aggressive pathogen of Rapanea
melanophloeos. Immersiporthe is morphologically distinct
from other genera in this family having orange pulvinate
conidiomata, without conidiomatal necks and with paraphyses. We obtained a dried culture from National
Mycological Herbarium in Pretoria (PREM) under accession number PREM 60738, but could not obtain any
conidiomata in culture.
Latruncellus M. Verm. et al., in Vermeulen et al.,
Mycologia103(3): 562 (2011)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04153
Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata semi-immersed, pulvinate, upper region eustromatic,
lower region pseudostromatic, edges pseudoparenchymatous with prosenchymatous tissue inside, orange. Ascomata
perithecia, embedded in host tissue at base of stroma,
perithecial bases hyaline when young. Asci fusoid to
ellipsoid. Ascospores fusoid to oval, single septate, septum
median to off-median, hyaline. Asexual morph: Conidiomata conical with distinct, constricted necks, pawnshaped, semi-immersed, uni- to multilocular, convoluted,
part of ascomata as conidial locules or as solitary structures, edges of conidiomata pseudoparenchymatous and
inside prosenchymatous, orange, necks with textura globulosa. Conidiophores subulate to flask-shaped, aseptate or
septate with attenuated apex, branched or unbranched,
hyaline. Paraphyses present. Conidia minute, hyaline,
cylindrical, aseptate, exuded as orange droplets and
tendrils..
Type species: Latruncellus aurorae M. Verm., et al.
Latruncellus aurorae M. Verm., et al., in Vermeulen et al.,
Mycologia 103(3): 562 (2011). Fig. 24.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04154
Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 130–345 lm high, 337–827 lm diam., semi-immersed, pulvinate, upper region eustromatic, lower region
pseudostromatic, edges pseudoparenchymatous with prosenchymatous inside, orange. Perithecia embedded in host
tissue at base of stroma, comprises cells of textura porrecta,
hyaline
when
immature.
Necks
45–119 9 58–134 lm, extending above ascostroma. Asci
34.5–46.5 9 6.5–10 lm, fusoid to ellipsoid. Ascospores
9.5–11 9 3–3.5 lm, fusoid to oval, single septate, septum
median to off-median, often constricted at septum, apex
obtuse, hyaline. Asexual morph: Conidiomata conical,
pawn-shaped, semi-immersed, uni- to multilocular, convoluted. Locules 50–200 9 65–130 lm, edges of conidiomata
pseudoparenchymatous
and
inside
prosenchymatous, orange. Necks 34–84 9 52–98 lm,
constricted, comprises cells of textura globulosa. Conidiophores 8.5–15.5 9 1.5–2 lm, subulate to flask-shaped,
aseptate to septate, with attenuated apex, branched or
unbranched, hyaline. Paraphyses 24–56 9 1.5–2.5 lm,
cylindrical with obtuse apex, aseptate. Conidia
3–4 9 1–1.5 lm, hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate, exuded as
orange droplets and tendrils (description based on Vermeulen et al. 2011).
Material examined: SWAZILAND, Lubombo, close to
the South Africa and Mozambique border, bark of Galpinia
transvaalica N.E.Br. (Lythraceae), 2008, J. Roux, PREM
60348, holotype.
Notes: The monotypic genus Latruncellus was introduced and typified by L. aurorae. It was associated with
cankers on Galpinia transvaalica (Lythraceae, Myrtales) in
Swaziland.
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Fig. 26 Sexual morph of Mastigosporella hyalina (NY 830249). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Vertical cross section of
ascomata. d Ostiole. e Peridium. f–i Asci. j–m Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 100 lm, d = 20 lm, e = 20 lm, f–i = 10 lm, j–m = 5 lm
Luteocirrhus C. Crane & T.I. Burgess IMA Fungus 4(1):
115 (2013)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04155
Pathogenic causing cankers. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pulvinate with or
without neck, typically separate, fuscous black, subcortical
semi-immersed or sometimes superficial erupting through
bark, ostiolate, uni- to multiloculate, convoluted, paraphyses present and base cell tissue of textura globulosa.
Conidiophores phialidic, enteroblastic, hyaline, channel
123
and collarette minute. Conidia hyaline, aseptate, cylindrical or slightly allantoid, exuded as orange/yellow cirrhi or
tendrils, bright luteus in mass.
Type species: Luteocirrhus shearii C. Crane & T.I.
Burgess
Luteocirrhus shearii C. Crane & T.I. Burgess IMA Fungus
4(1): 115 (2013)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04156
Illustration: See Crane and Burgess (2013)
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Pathogenic causing cankers. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 200–600 lm high,
200–690 lm diam., pulvinate with or without neck, typically separate, fuscous black, subcortical semi-immersed or
sometimes superficial erupting through bark, ostiolate, unito multiloculate, convoluted. Paraphyses 20–40 lm long.
Peridium comprises cells of textura globulosa. Conidiophores 8–18 9 2–3 lm, phialidic, enteroblastic, hyaline,
channel and collarette minute. Conidia 3–4 9 1 lm, hyaline, aseptate, cylindrical or slightly allantoid, exuded as
orange cirrhi, bright luteus on mass, exuded as cirrhi or
tendrils (description based on Crane and Burgess 2013).
Notes: Luteocirrhus shearii, the only species in Luteocirrhus was isolated from canker lesions in Banksia species
and Lambertia echinata. This fungus may cause death of
Banksia verticillata.
Mastigosporella Höhn. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 123: 135 (1914)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04157
Pathogenic. Sexual morph: Ascomata immersed, scattered, solitary, globose to subglobose, pale brown, coriaceous, ostiolate, papillate. Ostiolar canal narrowing
towards the base, internally covered by hyaline periphyses,
cells around the base small, thick-walled, dark brown.
Hamathecium aparaphysate. Peridium comprise thickwalled, compressed, brown cells of textura angularis. Asci
8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, with short stalked, apex
rounded with J-, apical ring. Ascospores ellipsoid to fusiform with pointed ends, unicellular, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Conidiomata immersed, pycnidial,
yellowish on host tissue, with central ostiole which can
become papillate, exuding a yellow conidial cirrhus; wall
of 6–10 layers of hyaline to subhyaline textura globulosa to
textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, lining the inner
cavity, subcylindrical to ampulliform or doliiform, proliferating several times inconspicuous percurrently near apex.
Conidia solitary, aseptate, fusoid-ellipsoid, hyaline,
smooth, thick-walled, granular, developing a solitary apical
appendage, basal hilum truncate, with minute marginal
frill; apical appendage developing as continuation of
conidium body, containing cytoplasm.
Type species: Mastigosporella hyalina (Ellis & Everh.)
Höhn.
Mastigosporella hyalina (Ellis & Everh.) Höhn., Sber.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1123: 135
(1914). Figs. 25, 26.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04158
Pathogenic. Sexual morph: Ascomata 400–500 9 350–
400 lm (
x = 494 9 372 lm, n = 20), immersed, scattered, solitary, globose to subglobose, pale brown, coriaceous, ostiolate, papillate. Ostiolar canal narrowing
283
towards the base, internally covered by hyaline periphyses,
cells around the base small, thick-walled, dark brown.
Hamathecium
aparaphysate.
Peridium
28–32 lm
(
x = 30 lm, n = 20), comprise thick-walled, compressed,
brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 70–75 9 10–15 lm
(
x = 74 9 13 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform,
with short-stalked, apex rounded with J-, apical ring. Ascospores 20–15 9 5–7 lm (
x = 18 9 6 lm, n = 20),
ellipsoid to fusiform with pointed ends, unicellular, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Conidiomata up to
250 lm diam., immersed, pycnidial, yellowish on host
tissue, with central ostiolate papilla, exuding a yellow
conidial cirrhus. Conidiomatal wall 6–10 layers of hyaline
to subhyaline textura globulosa to textura angularis.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 5–12 9 3–5 lm, hyaline, smooth, lining the
inner cavity, subcylindrical to ampulliform or doliiform,
proliferating several times inconspicuous percurrently near
apex. Conidia solitary, aseptate, fusoid-ellipsoid, hyaline,
smooth, thick-walled, granular, developing a solitary apical
appendage, develops while still attached to the conidiogenous cell, attenuating into an acutely rounded tip.
Conidia 27–30 9 5–6 lm, basal hilum truncate, 1.5–2 lm
diam., with minute marginal frill, hyaline. Apical appendage 6–8 lm long, developing as continuation of conidium
body, containing cytoplasm (description based on MorganJones 1975).
Material examined: USA, New Jersey, Newfield, 06
June 1885, NY 830249.
Notes: The asexual morph of Mastigosporella hyalina
was described by Morgan-Jones (1975). Mastigosporella
hyalina is morphologically similar to Harknessia caudata
Ell. & Everh., however differs by having hyaline conidia.
Sutton (1971) mentioned that the pattern of conidiogenesis
in Harknessia and Mastigosporella differs from each other.
Microthia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Stud. Mycol. 55: 44
(2006b)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04159
Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata semi-immersed to superficial, pulvinate, orange, tissue
predominantly
prosenchymatous
but
pseudoparenchymatous at edges. Perithecia dark-walled,
with globose to subglobose bases and slender periphysate
necks that emerge at the stromatal surface as black ostioles
in papillae covered with orange stromatal tissue. Asci
fusiform, floating freely in the perithecial cavity, unitunicate with non-amyloid, refractive apical rings. Ascospores
fusoid to ellipsoid, hyaline, 1-septate, often with a slight
constriction at the septum. Asexual morph: Anamorphic
stromata semi-immersed to superficial, pulvinate, orange,
uni- to multilocular and convoluted, locules often occurring
in the same stroma that contains perithecia. Conidiophores
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Fig. 27 Microthia coccolobae (PREM 58840). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Conidiomata on substrate. d Vertical cross
section of conidiomata. e Conidiogenous cells and conidia. f Conidia. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e, f = 10 lm
cylindrical, slightly tapering, often septate with or without
lateral branches beneath the septum, hyaline, often long
with longest cells sterile and representing paraphyses,
conidiogenous cells phialidic. Conidia hyaline, cylindrical,
aseptate, expelled through opening at stromatal surface as
orange droplets or tendrils.
Type species: Microthia havanensis (Bruner) Gryzenh.
& M.J. Wingf
Microthia coccolobae (Vizioli) Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.,
in Gryzenhout, Myburg, Hodges, Wingfield & Wingfield,
Stud. Mycol. 55: 46 (2006). Fig. 27.
123
= Endothia coccolobae Vizioli [as ‘coccolobii’],
Mycologia 15(3): 115 (1923)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04160
Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata
semi-immersed to superficial, pulvinate, orange, tissue predominantly prosenchymatous but pseudoparenchymatous at
edges. Ascomata 600 9 450 lm, perithecia, dark brown-walled, globose to subglobose, slender periphysate necks that
emerge at the stromatal surface as black ostioles in papillae
covered with orange stromatal tissue. Asci 38–45 9 8–11 lm
(
x = 40 9 10 lm, n = 20), fusiform, floating freely in the
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 28 Rostraureum tropicale (PREM 57519). a, b Herbarium
specimen. c Ascostromata on substrate. d Cross section of ascomata.
e Peridium. f–j Asci. k Paraphyses. l–m Ascospores. p Conidiomata
285
on substrate. q Cross section of conidiomata. r–v Conidia attached to
the conidiophore. w Conidia. Scale bars: c = 1 mm, d, f–j = 10 lm,
e, q = 100 lm, k–o = 5 lm, r–w = 10 lm
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286
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Fig. 29 Ursicollum fallax (redrawn from Gryzenhout et al. 2006b). a Conidiomata on bark. b Longitudinal section through conidioma.
c Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 100 lm, c = 10 lm
perithecial cavity, unitunicate with non-amyloid, refractive
apical rings. Ascospores 7–10 9 3.5–5 lm (
x = 8 9 4 lm,
n = 20), fusoid to ellipsoid, hyaline, 1-septate, often with a
slight constriction at the septum. Asexual morph: Anamorphic stromata semi-immersed to superficial, pulvinate, orange,
uni- to multilocular and convoluted, locules often occurring in
the same stroma that contains perithecia. Conidiophores 9–
11 9 1.5–2 lm (
x = 10 9 1.7 lm, n = 20), cylindrical,
slightly tapering, often septate with or without lateral branches
beneath the septum, hyaline, often long with longest cells
sterile and representing paraphyses. Conidiogenous cells 8–
12 9 1.5–3 lm (
x = 10 9 2 lm, n = 20), phialidic, ampulliform, hyaline, aseptate. Conidia 2.5–3.7 9 1.2–1.7 lm
(
x = 3 9 1.5 lm, n = 20), hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate,
expelled through opening at stromatal surface as orange droplets or tendrils (description based on Gryzenhout et al 2006b).
Material examined: USA, Florida, Fort Lauderdale,
Coccoloba uvivera L. (Polygonaceae), 8 March 2005, C.S.
Hodges, PREM 58840.
Notes: Microthia comprises two species Microthia
havanensis (Bruner) Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. and M.
coccolobae (Vizioli) Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. Microthia is
morphologically similar to Cryphonectria and Holocryphia, however is distinct in having small, pulvinate and
semi-immersed stromata. Stromata of Microthia also tend
to be more superficial on the substrate than Cryphonectria
and Holocryphia. Microthia species are associated with
woody bark of Anacardiaceae, Eucalyptaceae and Myricaceae tree species.
Rostraureum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Mycol. Res.
109(9): 1039 (2005b)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04161
Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata erumpent, luteous-pure yellow to orange, consisting
of perithecia embedded in bark tissue, with necks erumpent
123
and valsoid, occasionally occurring underneath active
pycnidial locules, stromatal tissue absent or present
between the necks. Perithecia umber to fulvous, bases
globose to subglobose, necks periphysate, surrounded by
sheath of white textura porrecta, cells on outside of
erumpent perithecial necks of textura globulosa and orange
to luteous-pure yellow. Asci fusoid, non-stipitate, unitunicate, with non-amyloid refractive apical ring, 8-spored.
Ascospores fusoid to ellipsoid with rounded apices, hyaline, 1-septate. Asexual morph: Conidiomata eustromatic,
clavate or rostrate, superficial to slightly immersed,
unilocular, even to strongly convoluted lining, luteous-pure
yellow to orange, one to three attenuated necks, base tissue
of textura epidermoidea, neck tissue of textura porrecta
with thickened cells at surface. Conidiophores hyaline,
consisting of a basal cell, branched irregularly at the base
or above into cylindrical cells, delimited by septa or not.
Conidiogenous cells phialidic, determinate, apical or lateral
on branches beneath the septum. Conidia cylindrical,
hyaline, aseptate.
Type species: Rostraureum tropicale Gryzenh. & M.J.
Wingf.
Rostraureum tropicale Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Mycol.
Res. 109(9): 1040 (2005b). Fig. 28.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04162
Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 550–700 lm wide, semi-immersed with pulvinate,
above bark surface where necks converge, stromatal tissue
between perithecia usually absent in sections, pure yellow
when young, orange when mature. Ascomata 500–
600 9 200–350 lm, up to 11 perithecia in valsoid configuration, globose to subglobose, surrounded by host tissue, coriaceous, umber to fulvous. Peridium 15–20 lm
thick, comprising thick-walled, brown cells of textura
angularis. Perithecial necks 250–400 9 100–250 lm,
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periphysate, umber, surrounded by internally cells of textura porrecta and outer, cells of textura globulosa. Asci
15–30 9 5–7 lm (
x = 27 9 5 lm, n = 20), fusoid, free
when mature, non stipitate, unitunicate, with non-amyloid
apical ring. Ascospores 4–7 9 2–3 lm (
x = 5 9 2.7 lm,
n = 20), 8-spored, hyaline, fusoid to ellipsoid, sometimes
slightly curved, apices rounded, single septum median or
off-median. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 400–600 mm
high, 150–500 mm wide, eustromatic, clavate or rostrate
with neck attenuated or not. Neck 900–1450 lm long, 100–
200 lm wide, superficial to slightly immersed, unilocular,
even to convoluted lining, perithecia occasionally forming
underneath conidiomata, luteous to pure yellow when
young, orange when mature. Locules 200–300 lm at
widest point, usually single conidial locule in center
opening through neck, longitudinal sections at edge of base
reveal more than one locule due to convoluted lining.
Peridium 11–15 lm (
x = 14 lm, n = 20), comprises cells
of textura epidermoidea, tissue at the junction between
neck and base of textura intricata and neck tissue of textura porrecta with thicker cells at edges of neck. Conidiophores 3–7 9 2–6 lm, hyaline, with a globular to
rectangular basal cell, branched irregularly at the base or
above into cylindrical cells, cells delimited by septa or not.
Conidiogenous cells 1.5–2 lm wide, phialidic, determinate, apical or lateral on branches beneath the septum,
cylindrical to flask-shaped with attenuated apices, collarette and periclinal thickening inconspicuous. Conidia
287
3–6 9 1.5–2 lm, cylindrical, aseptate, hyaline, exuded as
brick red spore droplets (description based on Gryzenhout
et al. 2005b).
Material examined: ECUADOR, Pichincha, Rio Pitzara,
on Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev. (Combretaceae),
November 2001, M. J. Wingfield, PREM 57519, holotype.
Notes: Rostraureum species form serious basal cankers
on bark of dying Terminalia ivorensis trees. This genus is
mainly distinguished in having orange, superficial, rostrate,
eustromatic conidiomata (Gryzenhout et al. 2005b).
Ursicollum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Stud. Mycol. 55: 44
(2006b)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04163
Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata eustromatic, pyriform or rostrate, superficial to slightly immersed in bark,
unilocular, internally strongly convoluted, orange, with one
to three attenuated or cylindrical necks, tissue pseudoparenchymatous but prosenchymatous in the neck. Conidiophores hyaline, delimited by septa or not, cylindrical,
conidiogenous cells phialidic, apical or lateral on branches
beneath the septum. Conidia cylindrical, hyaline, aseptate.
Type species: Ursicollum fallax Gryzenh. & M.J.
Wingf., in Gryzenhout et al.
Ursicollum fallax Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., in Gryzenhout
et al., Stud. Mycol. 55: 46 (2006b). Fig. 29.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04164
Fig. 30 Consensus tree
resulting from a RAxML
analysis of a combined nrLSU,
and nrITS sequence alignment
for taxa of Cytosporaceae.
Genera are indicated in coloured
blocks. Bayesian posterior
probabilities are given at the
nodes. The scale bar represents
the expected number of changes
per site
123
288
Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 120–400 lm high,
190–550 lm diam., orange, eustromatic, pyriform to rostrate, with one to three attenuated or cylindrical necks,
neck up to 400 lm long, 90–180 lm wide, superficial to
slightly immersed, unilocular, internally convoluted. Basal
tissue predominantly pseudoparenchymatous, neck tissue
prosenchymatous. Conidiophores 5.5–19 lm hyaline,
cylindrical with or without attenuated apex, cells delimited
by septa or not, total length of conidiophore. Conidiogenous cells 1.5–2.5 lm wide, phialidic, apical or lateral
on branches beneath the septum, cylindrical to flask-shaped
with attenuated apices, collarette and periclinal thickening
inconspicuous. Conidia 3–4 9 1.5–2 lm, cylindrical,
aseptate, hyaline, exuded as orange droplets (description
based on Gryzenhout et al. 2006b).
Notes: The monotypic genus Ursicollum is typified by
U. fallax. It is distinct in having unique orange, pyriform to
globose conidiomata with cylindrical to attenuated necks.
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
It was reported from woody bark of Coccoloba uvifera.
However, pathogenicity of this genus is not studied well
(Gryzenhout et al. 2006b).
Wuestneia Auersw. ex Fuckel, Hedwigia 3: 159 (1864)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04165
Type species: Wuestneia aurea (Fuckel) Auersw.
Notes: The type species of Wuestneia, W. aurea included in Cryphonectriaceae (Rossman et al. 2007). Most
species of Wuestneia have been placed in Harknessia
(Crous et al. 2012b; Senanayake et al. 2017b) and some of
them have been linked to the Harknessia asexual morph.
However, we accommodate Wuestneia in Cryphonectriaceae where its type species is placed. Unfortunately, we
could not obtain any authentic specimen of this genus.
Cytosporaceae Fr. [as ‘Cytisporei’], Syst. orb. veg. (Lundae) 1: 118. 1825.
Fig. 31 Cytospora chrysosperma (PRM 163781). a Ascomata on substrate. b Cross section of ascomata. c Peridium. d–f Asci. g–j Ascospore.
Scale bars: a = 500 lm, b = 100 lm, c–f = 20 lm, g–j = 10 lm
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289
Fig. 32 Cytospora chrysosperma (PRM 163781). a Conidiomata on substrate. b Cross section of conidiomata. c Peridium. d–f Conidiophore
with conidia. g Conidia. Scale bars: a = 500 lm, b = 100 lm, c = 50 lm, d–f = 10 lm, g = 5 lm
History
Cytosporaceae was introduced by Fries (1825) to accommodate Cytospora. However later Valsaceae was introduced by Tulasne and Tulasne (1861) for sexual morph of
Cytospora. Senanayake et al. (2017b) listed Valsaceae
under Cytosporaceae. Maharachchikumbura et al.
(2015, 2016) accepted 13 genera under this family, however, Senanayake et al. (2017b) excluded several genera
and accepted only Cytospora, Pachytrype, Paravalsa,
Xenotypa and Waydora within this family.
Life mode
The Cytosporaceae comprises mostly phytopathogenic
species and saprobes. Most Cytospora species are plant
pathogens and cause cankers and dieback of many hardwoods and coniferous trees, as well as rarely on herbaceous
plants. Generally, Cytospora-cankers are known as valsacanker, Leucostoma-canker or perennial canker (Farr et al.
1989). Cytospora species have been reported as highly
virulent and destructive pathogens on Prunus and Populus
trees (Biggs 1989; Kepley and Jacobi 2000). A few Cytospora species are considered as facultative wound parasites that attack damaged or weakened plants.
Morphological characteristics
Cytosporaceae is morphologically characterized by having
astromatic to well-developed stromatic perithecia arranged
solitary or in valsoid configuration and having ellipsoidal
mostly non-stalked, 8 to polysporous asci with allantoids to
rod-shaped unicellular ascospores. Asexual morph of this
family comprises pyriform, conidiomata divided into
compartments within loculate stromata, phialidic, simple or
branched, cylindrical conidiogenous cells with unicellular,
allantoid, hyaline conidia.
Phylogenetic identification
Several phylogenetic studies have been done for Cytosporaceae. Adams et al. (2006), Fotouhifar et al. (2010), Fan
et al. (2015a, b) and Norphanphoun et al. (2017) have
analyzed sequence data of Cytosporaceae collected from
China, Iran, Russia and South Africa. Norphanphoun et al.
(2017) suggested that nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and Actin are
the best gene markers to separate Cytospora species
(Fig. 30).
Taxonomy
Cytosporaceae Fr. [as ‘Cytisporei’], Syst. orb. veg. (Lundae) 1: 118. 1825.
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b)
Type genus: Cytospora Ehrenb.
Notes: Senanayake et al. (2017b) restricted Cytosporaceae to Cytospora sensu-lato accepting Cytospora,
Paravalsa, Pachytrype, Waydora and Xenotypa within the
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290
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Fig. 33 Hypophloeda rhizospora (IMI 315891). a, b Herbarium specimen. c Slides attach to the specimen. d Ascomata. e Peridium.
f Paraphyses. g–l Asci. m–p Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 500 lm, e = 50 lm, f, m–p = 10 lm, g–l = 20 lm
family. However, only Cytospora, Pachytrype and Waydora have sequence data in accessible data bases.
Cytospora Ehrenb., Sylv. mycol. berol. (Berlin): 28 (1818)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04386
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b)
Type species: Cytospora chrysosperma (Pers.) Fr.
Cytospora chrysosperma (Pers.) Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae)
2(2): 542 (1823). Figs. 31, 32.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04387
Pathogenic or saprobic on plant tissues. Sexual morph:
Ectostroma circular, or irregular, usually well developed in
the upper regions. Entostroma normally limited to the
123
region near the perithecial walls. Ascomata perithecia,
immersed, aggregated 6–10 ascomata together in valsoid
configuration, globose to oblong, black, with long neck
which swollen at the tips, ostiolate. Ostiole periphysate,
open through the neck. Peridium thin, consist with outer,
dark brown, thick walled, 4–6 textura angularis cells and
inner, small, hyaline, thin walled, 5–7 textura angularis
cells. Paraphyses few, limited only young stage. Asci
unitunicate, 8-spored, clavate, short stalked, apex round,
with apical apparatus. Ascospores biseriate, unicellular,
allantoid or ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth walled. Asexual
morph: Stromata one locule in a stroma, black, circular in
shape. Locule composed of numerous interconnecting
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
chambers arranged radially or irregularly within a continuous mass of ectostromatic tissue, one conidiomata per one
locule. Conidiomata pyriform in section, brown, divided
into parts by bending of peridium. Peridium consists of 5–7
layers of brown, textura angularis cells. Conidiophore
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells arising from conidiomatal wall, phialidic, simple or branched,
hyaline, cylindrical. Conidia unicellular, allantoid, hyaline,
smooth-walled.
Material examined: SOUTHERN MORAVIA, near
Lednice, Dolni les, 48.8000736 N, 16.8445072E, on twigs
of Tilia, 16.X.1912, H. Zimmermann, PRM 163781,
neotype.
Notes: Cytospora was introduced and typified by C.
chrysosperma. Several studies linked the type species of
sexual morph Valsa, V. ambiens to the type species of
asexual morph Cytospora, C. chrysosperma giving priority
to the older name (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015;
Rossman et al. 2015). Most Cytospora species are plant
pathogens causing diseases on various tree species.
Recently several new species were introduced to this genus
by Norphanphoun et al. (2017).
Other genera included in Cytosporaceae
Cryptascoma Ananthap., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 90(3): 479
(1988)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04388
Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Stromata
absent. Ascomata perithecia, aggregated, immersed in host
tissues, vertically-oriented, partially erumpent, ostiolate.
Peridium two layered, outer, thin-walled, brown cells of
textura angularis and inner, thin-walled, hyaline cells of
textura angularis. Neck cylindrical, periphysate. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, ellipsoidal,
thin-walled, with J-, apical ring, short pedicel. Ascospores
fusiform, 1-septate, with simple, filiform appendages at
both ends. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Cryptascoma bisetula Ananthap.
Cryptascoma bisetula Ananthap. [as ‘Cryptascoma bisetulum’], (1988)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04389
Illustration: See Ananthapadmanaban (1988)
Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Stromata
absent. Ascomata 500–545 9 500–545 lm, perithecia,
aggregated with 2–5 perithecia, immersed in host tissues,
vertically-oriented, partially erumpent, ostiolate. Peridium
10–15 lm thick, two layered, outer, thin-walled, brown
cells of textura angularis and inner, thin-walled, hyaline
cells of textura angularis. Neck 75–90 9 60–75 lm,
cylindrical, periphysate. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci
40–48 9 12–20 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, ellipsoidal,
thin-walled, with J-, apical ring, short pedicel. Ascospores
291
15–22 9 4.5–6 lm, fusiform, 1-septate, with simple, filiform appendages 7.5–10 9 0.1–0.2 lm, at both ends.
Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on
Ananthapadmanaban 1988).
Notes: Cryptascoma is a monotypic genus introduced
and typified by C. bisetula. This genus is distinguished
from other genera in Diaporthales having fusiform, 2-celled, biseriate ascospores with protoplasmic extensions
(Barr 1978; Monod 1983) and it was assigned to Cytosporaceae (Ananthapadmanaban 1988). We could not
obtain any specimen from this species.
Hypophloeda K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Trans. Mycol.
Soc. Japan 30(1): 61 (1989)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04166
Saprobic on submerged mangrove root. Sexual morph:
Ascomata solitary or aggregated, immersed, globose, subglobose to pyriform, initially hyaline, become yellow to
light brown at maturity, coriaceous, ostiolate, with long
neck, neck become narrow and pointed at the apex, periphysate, protruding through bark. Peridium composed of
an outer, small, textura globulosa cells and inner, thin
walled textura angularis cells, both layers hyaline and
extreme outer layers are light yellow to brown. Paraphyses
numerous septate, longer than asci, wide at the base, narrower towards the apex. Asci 8 spored, clavate, unitunicate,
thin walled, with non- amyloid apical ring, with tapering
stalk. Ascospores cylindrical, straight or slightly curved,
hyaline, non-septate to (2) 3-septate, not constricted at the
septa, thin walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Hypophloeda rhizospora K.D. Hyde &
E.B.G. Jones
Hypophloeda rhizospora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones,
Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 30(1): 62 (1989). Fig. 33.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04167
Saprobic on submerged prop root of Rhizophora apiculata Blume. Sexual morph: Ascomata 300–615 9 350–
660 lm, solitary or aggregated, immersed, globose, subglobose to pyriform, initially hyaline, become yellow to
light brown at maturity, coriaceous, ostiolate, with long
neck. Neck 350–790 9 140–185 lm, become narrow and
pointed at the apex, periphysate, protruding through bark.
Peridium 30–85 lm, composed of an outer, small, cells of
textura globulosa and inner, thin-walled cells of textura
angularis, both layers hyaline and extreme outer layers are
light yellow to brown. Paraphyses 30–75 9 5.6–7.5 lm,
numerous septate, longer than asci, wide at the base, narrower towards the apex. Asci 45–100 9 15–25 lm,
8-spored, clavate, unitunicate, thin-walled, with nonamyloid apical ring, with tapering stalk. Ascospores
20–36 9 3.5–6 lm, cylindrical, straight or slightly curved,
hyaline, non-septate to (2) 3-septate, not constricted at the
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292
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Fig. 34 Pachytrype princeps (NY 164026). a Packet of herbarium
specimen. b Herbarium specimen. c, d Ascomata on substrate. e, g
Vertical cross section through the stromata. f Peridium. h–j Asci.
k Ascospores. Scale bars: c, d = 500 lm, e = 200 lm, f = 10 lm,
g = 100 lm, h–j = 10 lm, k = 5 lm
septa, thin-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Hyde and Jones 1989).
Material examined: BRUNEI, Kapok mangrove, Kampong, from intertidal prop root of Rhizophora apiculata
Blume (Rhizophoraceae), 17 January 1987, Hyde K. D. &
Jones G., IMI 315891, holotype.
Notes: Hypophloeda was introduced and typified by
Hypophloeda rhizospora. This monotypic genus was
assigned to Melanconidaceae. However, Hypophloeda
differs morphologically from taxa in Melanconidaceae.
Hence Senanayake et al. (2017b) excluded this genus from
Melanconidaceae and placed it in Diaporthales genera
incertae sedis. Hypophloeda rhizospora is morphologically
more similar to Cytosporaceae having globose ascomata
with long neck, hyaline, allantoid ascospores, and fusiform
asci, characters that. commonly occur in Cytosporaceae
species. Hence we accommodate Hypophloeda within
Cytosporaceae until molecular data becomes available.
123
Pachytrype Berl. ex M.E. Barr, J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju,
Mycotaxon 48: 530 (1993)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04390
Saprobic on dead wood. Sexual morph: Stromata
shallow, rounded to irregular or well-developed as pulvinate or irregular, composed of interwoven hyphae and
cells, greenish to brownish. Ascomata monostichous or
polystichous, beaks becoming elongate. Asci unitunicate,
numerous, oblong, sessile, in spicate configuration. Ascospores hyaline, oblong to allantoid, unicellular. Asexual
morph: cytospora-like. Conidiomata pycnidial, single or
confluent, somewhat leathery, internally convoluted, lined
with short Conidiophore branched. Conidiogenous cells
phialidic. Conidia ellipsoidal to allantoids, hyaline.
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293
Fig. 35 Paravalsa indica. a Ascomata on substrate. b Solitary ascomata. c Vertical cross section of ascomata. d Asci and ascospores.
b = 300 lm, c = 100 lm, d = 20 lm
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294
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Fig. 36 Waydora typica
(redrawn from Sutton et al.
1976). a Vertical cross section
of conidiomata. b Peridium.
c Conidiophores, conidiogenous
cells and Conidia. Scale bars:
a = 100 lm, b = 50 lm,
c = 10 lm
Type species: Pachytrype princeps (Penz. & Sacc.) M.E.
Barr, J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju
Pachytrype princeps (Penz. & Sacc.) M.E. Barr, J.D.
Rogers & Y.M. Ju, Mycotaxon 48: 530 (1993). Fig. 34.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04391
Saprobic on dead wood. Sexual morph: Stromata
2–15 mm diam., irregularly pulvinate, erumpent, soft, fleshy, externally black, internally composed of greenish gray
interwoven hyphae and enlarged cells. Ascomata
250–700 lm high, 250–500 lm wide, polystichous, globose or ovoid, with beak, ostiolate. Beak up to 3 mm long,
80–150 lm wide at base, tapered to apex, ostiolar canal
periphysate. Peridium 20–30 lm wide, comprising reddish-brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising numerous paraphyses tapering to a narrow apex.
Asci 15–20 9 3–5 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, oblong, sessile, J- apical ring. Ascospores 4–8 9 1–2 lm, hyaline,
allantoid or oblong, smooth, unicellular. Asexual morph:
cytospora-like. Conidiomata 1 mm diam., pycnidial, single
or confluent, somewhat leathery, internally convoluted,
lined with short Conidiophore branched. Conidiogenous
123
cells 11–18 9 1.5–2 lm, producing phialidic conidia.
Conidia 3–17 9 1.5–2 lm, ellipsoidal to allantoid, hyaline
(description of the asexual morph based on Roane and
Fosberg 1983).
Material examined: USA, Hawaii, Oahu, 1980, NY
164026; USA, Hawaii, 1991, NY 164025.
Notes: Roane and Fosberg (1983) observed the isotype
material of Pachytrype princeps and determined it as a
Phomopsis species. However, Barr et al. (1993) commented on the morphological similarity of asci, ascospores
and asexual morph with Cytospora and the distinctiveness
of stromatic tissues. However, considering morphology of
stromatic tissues and size of ascospores and asci, Barr et al.
(1993) introduced the genus Pachytrype to accommodate
this taxon. Huhndorf et al. (2009) obtained sequence data
of Pachytrype princeps and P. rimosa. Senanayake et al.
(2017b) confirmed Pachytrype as a distinct genus in Cytosporaceae. There are three species listed under this genus
in Index Fungorum (2018). We observed several specimens
of Pachytrype princeps (NY164026, NY164025, F90148)
and all specimens showed similar morphology to each
other and this genus differs from other genera in
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Cytosporaceae in having distinct stromatal characters and
large asci and ascospores.
Paravalsa Ananthap., Mycol. Res. 94(2): 275 (1990)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04392
Saprobic on stems. Sexual morph: Stromata absent.
Perithecia solitary, immersed within the host, with
prominent necks, ostiolate. Peridium two-layered, outer,
thin-walled, brown cells of textura angularis inner, thinwalled, hyaline cells of textura angularis. Asci unitunicate,
8-spored, thin-walled, clavate, sessile, J- apical ring. Ascospores allantoid, unicellular, hyaline. Asexual morph:
Undetermined.
Type species: Paravalsa indica Ananthap.
Paravalsa indica Ananthap., Mycol. Res. 94(2): 275
(1990). Fig. 35.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04393
Saprobic on stems. Sexual morph: Stroma absent.
Perithecia 375–420 9 270–315 lm, immersed in substrate, vertically oriented, with prominent neck, solitary,
non-stromatic, brown, globose to flattened globose,
smooth. Peridium pseudoparenchymatous, outer 14–18 lm
thick, 4–5-layered of tangentially elongated, pale brown
cells, inner layer 3–4 lm thick, composed of 2–3 layers of
thin-walled, hyaline cells. Neck central, straight, stout,
1–1.5 mm long, 90–105 lm wide. Peridium 20–26 lm
thick, composed of compacted, 10–12 layers of dark brown
cells. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Ostiole, simple, lined
with short, slender, upwardly projecting periphyses. Asci
19–25 9 5–9 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, thin-walled,
cylindrical to nearly clavate, non-stalked, J- becoming free
in perithecial cavity. Ascospores 5–6.5 9 1.5–2 lm,
irregularly biseriate, thin-walled, hyaline, allantoid, with
round ends, unicellular. Asexual morph: Undetermined
(description based on Ananthapadmanaban 1990).
Notes: Asci and ascospores morphology of Paravalsa is
similar to Diatrypaceae and Cytosporaceae (Ananthapadmanaban 1990). However, Cytospora was introduced to
accommodate taxa with aggregated perithecia immersed
through the stromatic disc and demarcate ento- and
ectostromata (Barr 1978). Ascomatal morphology of Paravalsa is similar to Gnomoniella,but However Paravalsa is
lignicolous while Gnomoniella occurs on foliar substrates
(Barr 1978). Hence Paravalsa is morphologically distinct
in having solitary perithecia and absence of stroma. Considering morphological distinctness, Paravalsa is accommodated in Cytosporaceae although, unfortunately,
Paravalsa lacks molecular data.
Waydora B. Sutton, in Sutton, Rao & Mhaskar, Trans. Br.
mycol. Soc. 67(2): 248 (1976)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04394
295
Saprobic on leaves and petioles of Eucalyptus sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Stromata
superficial, solitary, pulvinate to globose, carbonaceous,
blackish-brown. Locules vertically divided, surrounding a
central column, basal tissues immersed, composed of dark
brown, thick-walled, irregular, pseudoparenchymatous
cells, circular, non papillate. Central column thin-walled,
pale brown, loosely packed pseudoparenchyma. Locule
wall consisting of single outer layer and three separate
inner layers. Ostiolar canal lined with deeply stained,
small-celled pseudoparenchyma. Conidiophores septate,
branched, cylindrical, gradually tapering to the apices,
hyaline, smooth, with acropleurogenous conidia, formed
from the inner wall of the locules. Conidiogenous cells
enteroblastic, phialidic, integrated, determinate, hyaline,
tapered gradually towards the apical wall comparatively
thickened. Conidia aseptate, hyaline, smooth, straight or
allantoid, eguttulate.
Type species: Waydora typica (Rodway) B. Sutton
Waydora typica (Rodway) B. Sutton, in Sutton, Rao &
Mhaskar, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 67(2): 248 (1976).
Fig. 36.
= Pulvinaria typica Rodway, Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm.:
110 (1918)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04395
Saprobic on leaves and petioles of Eucalyptus sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Stromata
600–800 lm diam., superficial, solitary, pulvinate to globose, carbonaceous, blackish-brown. Locules 5–7 in a
stroma, vertically divided each up to 400 lm diam., surrounding a central column, basal tissues immersed, composed of dark brown, thick-walled, irregular,
pseudoparenchymatous cells, circular, non papillate. Central column thin-walled, pale brown, loosely packed
pseudoparenchyma. Locule wall up to 115 lm wide, consisting of single outer layer and three separate inner layers.
Outer layer 20 lm wide, dark-blackish-brown, thick-walled pseudoparenchyma, first layer of inner layer up to
85 lm wide, comprised of thick-walled, gelatinized, pale
brown plectenchyma, second layer of inner layer up to
25 lm wide, dark brown, isodiametric, thin-walled cells,
becoming smaller in the ostiolar region, third layer of inner
layer small-celled, hyaline, pseudoparenchyma from which
conidiophores arise. Ostiolar canal lined with deeply
stained, small-celled pseudoparenchyma. Conidiophores
up to 30 lm long, 1.5–2.5 lm wide, septate, branched,
cylindrical, gradually tapering to the apices, hyaline,
smooth, with acropleurogenous conidia, formed from the
inner wall of the locules. Conidiogenous cells
5–8 9 1–2 lm, enteroblastic, phialidic, integrated, determinate, hyaline, tapered gradually towards the apical wall
comparatively thickened. Conidia 6–7 9 0.8–1 lm,
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296
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 37 Xenotypa aterrima (F130640). a, b Packet of herbarium specimen. c Herbarium specimen. d, e Ascomata on substrate. f Cross section of
ascomata. g–i Asci. j Ascospores. Scale bars: d, e = 200 lm, f = 50 lm, g–j = 10 lm
unicellular, hyaline, smooth, straight or allantoid, aguttulate (description based on Sutton et al. 1976).
Notes: Waydora, introduced and typified by Waydora
typica, is phylogenetically distinct from other genera in
Cytosporaceae (Senanayake et al. 2017b). Morphologically
it differs in having a multi-layered peridium, septate,
branched, cylindrical conidiophores and enteroblastic,
phialidic conidiogenous cells with acropleurogenous
conidia.
Xenotypa Petr., Sydowia 9(1–6): 499 (1955)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04396
123
Saprobic on stems. Sexual morph: Epistromata comprising black, parenchymatous cells. Ascomata solitary or
aggregated, erumpent, globose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate,
papillate. Papilla comprising brown, elongated cells,
internally lined by hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising thin-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Asci
8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, narrow, elongated stalk,
apex rounded, J- apical ring. Ascospores biseriate to triseriate, allantoid to cylindrical, unicellular, hyaline, smooth
walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Xenotypa aterrima (Fr.) Petr.
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
297
Fig. 38 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a
combined nrLSU, nrSSU, nrITS, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence
alignment for taxa of Diaporthaceae. Genera are indicated in
coloured blocks. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values and Bayesian
posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents
the expected number of changes per site
Xenotypa aterrima (Fr.) Petr., Sydowia 9(1–6): 499
(1955). Fig. 37.
Basionym: Hydnum aterrimum Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 1: 416 (1821)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04397
Saprobic on stems. Sexual morph: Epistromata comprising black, parenchymatous cells. Ascomata solitary or
aggregated, erumpent, globose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate,
papillate. Papilla comprising brown, elongated cells,
internally lined by hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising thin-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Asci
8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, narrow, elongated stalk,
apex rounded, J- apical ring. Ascospores biseriate to triseriate, allantoid to cylindrical, unicellular, hyaline, smooth
walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Material examined: SWEDEN, Smaland (Inre), Femsjö,
on bark of Betulae, Fries, F130640, holotype.
Notes: Xenotypa, typified by Xenotypa aterrima, was
originally placed in Gnomoniaceae. it is characterized by
having solitary or rarely aggregated, erumpent, globose,
papillate ascomata, interspersed with sterile columnar
structures and immersed, through an effuse stroma and
allantoid to cylindrical, unicellular, hyaline ascospores
(Pirozynski 1974; Barr 1978). Morphologically Xenotypa
is similar to Paravalsa and Valsella. Ananthapadmanaban
(1990) described the relationship between Xenotypa and
Paravalsa, accommodating Paravalsa in Cytosporaceae.
Several authors placed Xenotypa in Gnomoniaceae. However, morphologically Xenotypa has closer affinity with
Cytosporaceae than with Gnomoniaceae. Senanayake et al.
123
298
(2017b) listed Xenotypa as a genus in Cytosporaceae. Here
we illustrate the holotype of Xenotypa aterrima (as Hydnum aterrimum).
Diaporthaceae Höhn. ex Wehm., Am. J. Bot. 13: 638.
1926.
History
Saccardo and Sydow (1899) accepted four families in
Sphaeriales as Valsaceae, Melanconidaceae, Diatrypaceaeand Melogrammataceae. Von Höhnel (1917)
established Diaporthaceae, instead of Valsaceae for Valsaceae and related families which have a thin ascus
membrane except its tip, with an apical ring, aparaphysate
hamathecium filled with many asci at various heights
resulting from their different length of stalk and hyaline
ascospores. Wehmeyer (1926) revised Diaporthaceae with
subfamily Valseae having multilocular pycnidium and
allantoid conidium and the Diaportheae having simple
pycnidium or exposed conidial layer. Nannfeldt (1932)
placed Diaporthaceae within a new order Diaporthales.
After several consequence studies, Kobayashi (1970)
revised this family mainly based on Japanese diaporthoid
fungi. Barr (1978, 1991), Dai et al. (2014), Fu et al. (2013),
Senanayake et al. (2017b) and Vasilyeva et al. (2007)
introduced several new genera to this family.
Life mode
Diaporthaceae comprises endophytes, saprobes and phytopathogens (Udayanga et al. 2011). Species of Diaporthe
and their Phomopsis asexual morph form diseases on a
wide range of plants hosts, including economically
important crops and forest trees, causing root and fruit rots,
dieback, cankers, leaf spots, blights, decay and wilt
(Uecker 1988; Mostert et al. 2001; van Rensburg et al.
2006; Santos et al. 2011; Thompson et al. 2011). Some
Diaporthe species can be either pathogenic or harmless
endophytes depending on the host and its health. Diaporthe
toxica causes lupinosis of sheep (Williamson et al. 1994).
Additionally, Phaeocytostroma and Stenocarpella are
pathogens on grasses.
Morphological characteristics
Morphologically, Diaporthaceae species show large variation between characters. Solitary or aggregated ascomata
immersed to erumpent in well or very poorly developed
stromatic tissues. Ascospores are generally hyaline
although some species have brown ascospores. Asexual
morph is generally phomopsis-like and Chaetoconis,
Ophiodiaporthe, Phaeocytostroma, Pustulomyces and
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Stenocarpella have morphologically diverse asexual
morphs.
Phylogenetic identification
Earlier studies used nrLSU sequence data to determine the
generic boundaries within Diaporthaceae. However, Dai
et al. (2014) used combined nrITS, nrLSU and TEF1-a
sequences to demarcate generic boundaries. The nrITS,
actin, TEF1-a, TUB, and CAL are determined as best
markers for Diaporthe species (Udayanga et al. 2014;
Dissanayake et al. 2017). Senanayake et al. (2017b) used
nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a to resolve the taxonomic
confusion within this family (Fig. 38).
Taxonomy
Diaporthaceae Höhn. ex Wehm., Am. J. Bot. 13: 638.
1926.
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b)
Type genus: Diaporthe Nitschke.
Notes: The family Diaporthaceae comprises many
endophytic and phytopathogenic fungal species (Udayanga
et al. 2011) and it was introduced and accommodated in
Diaporthales by Von Höhnel (1917). Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010), Lamprecht et al. (2011); Fu et al. (2013); Dai
et al. (2014); Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014);
Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015), Senanayake et al.
(2017b), Tibpromma et al. (2017) and Wanasinghe et al.
(2018) revised this family introducing several genera.
Diaporthe Nitschke, Pyrenomyc. Germ. 2: 240 (1870)
Facesoffungi number FoF 02106
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b)
Type species: Diaporthe eres Nitschke
Diaporthe eres Nitschke, Pyrenomyc. Germ. 2: 245 (1870).
Facesoffungi number FoF 02182
Illustration: See Udayanga et al. (2014)
Saprobic on dead twigs. Sexual morph: Ascomata 200–
300 lm diam., aggregated, deeply immersed in host tissue
with tapering necks, globose, subglobose or irregular,
black, coriaceous. Necks 300–700 lm long, protruding
through substrata. Asci 40–60 9 7–10 lm (
x = 50 9 8,
n = 30), unitunicate, 8-spored, elongate to clavate, sessile,
with distinct J- apical ring. Ascospores 12–15 9 3–4 lm
(
x = 12 9 3 lm, n = 30), hyaline, two-celled, often 4guttulate, with larger guttules at centre and smaller ones at
the ends, elongated to elliptical. Asexual morph: Pycnidia
200–250 lm diam., globose, embedded in tissue, erumpent
at maturity. Neck 200–300 lm long, black, elongated,
often with yellowish, conidial cirrus extruding from ostiole. Peridium parenchymatous, consisting of 3–4 layers of
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
299
Fig. 39 Apioporthella vepris (NY 346842). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Conidiomata on substrate. d Cross section of
conidiomata. e Locule wall. f, g Conidiogenous cells, conidiophores and conidia. h Conidia. Scale bars: c = 100 lm, d = 50 lm, e–h = 10 lm
medium brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores
10–15 9 2–3 lm, hyaline, smooth, unbranched, ampulliform, straight to sinuous. Conidiogenous cells 0.5–1 lm
diam., phialidic, cylindrical, terminal, slightly tapering
towards the apex. Paraphyses absent. Alpha conidia 6–
8 9 3–4 lm (
x = 7.5 9 2.5 lm, n = 30), abundant in
culture and on alfalfa twigs, aseptate, hyaline, smooth,
ovate to ellipsoidal, often biguttulate, base subtruncate.
Beta conidia 22–28 9 1–1.5 lm (
x = 25 9 1.3 lm,
n = 30), aseptate, hyaline, smooth, fusiform to hooked,
base sub-truncate (description based on Udayanga et al.
2014).
Notes: The genus Diaporthe was introduced for fungi
with stromata often with blackened zones in the substrate,
ellipsoid to fusiform ascospores and enclosed, unilocular
pycnidia that contain spermatia, stylospores and conidia
(Nitschke 1867). However, morphology of Diaporthe
species is diversified based on their ecology, host or substrate and geography (Senanayake et al. 2017b). This genus
comprises pathogenic, endophytic and saprobic species
with wide range of hosts and geographical distributions
(Udayanga et al. 2014).
Other genera include in Diaporthaceae
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300
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 40 Caudospora taleola (F148614, F148641). a, b Packet of herbarium. c Herbarium specimen. d–f Ascomata on substrate. g Cross section
of ascomata. h Peridium. i–k Asci. l–n Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 500 lm, e, f = 200 lm, g = 100 lm, h–n = 10 lm
Apioporthella Petr., Annls mycol. 27(5/6): 401 (1929)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04168
Saprobic on stems of overwintered plants. Sexual
morph: Stromata variable, often appearing as longitudinally elongate pustules, sometimes erumpent as circular
blackened discs. Ectostromatic disc appears as a cushion of
brown cells containing one or a few fused ostioles. Ascomata scattered, aggregated, immersed, globose to
123
subglobose, coriaceous, black. Peridium of base comprising outer, brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis
and inner, hyaline, compressed, thin-walled cells of textura
angularis and wall of neck comprising brown, parallel
elongated cells. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 8-spored,
unitunicate, clavate, sessile, with J- apical ring. Ascospores
oblong obovoid, apiosporous, constricted at the septum,
large cell biguttulate, small cell monoguttulate with an
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
appendage. Appendage narrow, short, bristle-like, mucous
(description based on Barr 1991). Asexual morph: phomopsis-like, stromata comprising small, hyaline to pale
brown parenchymatous cells. Conidiomata multiloculate,
immersed, pycnidial, compressed conical, black, coriaceous. Peridium comprising thick-walled, brown cells of
textura angularis to textura globulosa. Conidiophores
cylindrical, branched, septate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells
blastic, phialidic, ampulliform, aseptate, hyaline. Alpha
conidia ellipsoidal to oval, hyaline, unicellular, smooth.
Type species: Apioporthella vepris (Lacroix) M.E. Barr
Apioporthella vepris (Lacroix) M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon
41(1): 288 (1991). Fig. 39.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04169
Saprobic on stems of overwintered plants. Sexual
morph: Stromata variable, often appearing as longitudinally elongate pustules, sometimes erumpent as circular
blackened discs. Ectostromatic disc 100–200 lm, a cushion of brown cells containing one or a few fused ostioles.
Ascomata 160–300 9 160–200 lm, scattered, aggregated,
immersed, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black.
Peridium of base comprising outer, brown, thick-walled
cells of textura angularis and inner, hyaline, compressed,
thin-walled cells of textura angularis and wall of neck
comprising brown, parallel elongated cells. Hamathecium
aparaphysate. Asci 30–40 9 6–8 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, sessile, with J- apical ring. Ascospores
6–10 9 2–2.5 lm, oblong obovoid, apiosporous, constricted at the septum, large cell biguttulate, small cell
monoguttulate with an appendage. Appendage 2–5 lm in
length, narrow, short, bristle-like, mucous (description
based on Barr 1991). Asexual morph: phomopsis-like,
stromata comprising small, hyaline to pale brown
parenchymatous cells. Conidiomata 100–150 lm wide,
multiloculate, immersed, pycnidial, compressed conical,
black, coriaceous. Locules 25–35 9 30–50 lm, globose to
subglobose, pale brown. Locule wall 7–15 lm wide,
comprising thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis
to textura globulosa. Conidiophores 5–10 9 3–5 lm,
cylindrical, branched, septate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells
7–10 9 2–4 lm, blastic, phialidic, ampulliform, aseptate,
hyaline. Alpha conidia 5–7 9 1–1.5 lm, ellipsoidal to
oval, hyaline, unicellular, smooth. Beta conidia not seen
(description based on Barr 1991).
Material examined: USA, Massachusetts. Franklin Co.
Sunderland. Mt. Toby. Ceanothus americanus L. (Rhamnaceae), 9 July 1968, M. E. Barr 5175, NY 346842.
Notes: Apioporthella was described and typified by A.
bavarica Petrak. There are three species listed under this
genus in Mycobank (2018). Barr (1991) proposed two new
combinations within the genus as Apioporthella apiospora
and A. vepris. Monad (1983) obtained the asexual morph of
301
A. vepris from culture, which he described and illustrated.
We borrowed authentic material from the New York
Botanical Garden (NY) fungaria but could not observe the
sexual morph.
Caudospora Starbäck, Bih. K. svenska Vetensk Akad.
Handl., Afd. 3 15(no. 2): 11 (1889)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04170
Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Stromata not
conspicuous, circular, with black margin line, comprising
light brown, fungal hyphae. Ascomata immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate
with ostiolar canal. Ostiolar canal internally covered by
hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising thick-walled,
brown, compressed cells of textura angularis. Asci
8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, apex rounded with J-,
apical ring, with very short stipe. Ascospores overlapping
uniseriate, oval, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, hyaline, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Caudospora taleola (Fr.) Starbäck
Caudospora taleola (Fr.) Starbäck, Bih. K. svenska
Vetensk Akad. Handl., Afd. 3 15(no. 2): 11 (1889). Fig. 40.
=Sphaeria taleola Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 2(2): 391
(1823)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04171
Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Stromata not
conspicuous, circular, with black margin line, comprising
light brown, fungal hyphae. Ascomata 760–900 9 300–
460 lm, immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose,
coriaceous, black, ostiolate with ostiolar canal. Ostiolar
canal internally covered by hyaline, periphyses. Peridium
20–30 lm (
x = 24 lm, n = 20), comprising thick-walled,
brown, compressed cells of textura angularis. Asci 145–
180 9 12–13 lm (
x = 150 9 12.5 lm, n = 30), 8-spored,
unitunicate, cylindrical, apex rounded with J-, apical ring,
with very short stipe. Ascospores 19–25 9 5.5–7 lm
(
x = 23 9 6.5 lm, n = 30), overlapping uniseriate, oval,
1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, hyaline, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Material examined: ITALY, Treviso, Saccardo,
F148641; SWEDEN, Småland (Inre), Suecia: Småland,
Vestervik, K. Starbäck F148614.
Note: This monotypic genus was introduced and typified
by Caudospora taleola. Morphologically, this species is
similar to some taxa in Diaporthaceae having blackish
margin around the stromatic tissues. However Caudospora
taleola has long, cylindrical asci with oval ascospores.
Leucodiaporthe have this kind of asci and ascospores and
C. taleola shows similar morphology to taxa in Diaporthaceae. However, C. taleola lacks sequence data in
accessible data bases and considering its morphology, we
accommodate Caudospora within Diaporthaceae until
molecular data is available.
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302
Chaetoconis Clem., Gen. fung. (Minneapolis): 125 (1909)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04172
Saprobic on stems. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, scattered, subperidermal, immersed to erumpent, globose to
subglobose, dark brown, unilocular or multilocular, ostiolate, papillate. Peridium comprising several layers of inner
thin-walled, hyaline, compressed cells of textura angularis
and outer, thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura
angularis. Ostiole one or more, circular. Conidiophores
hyaline, branched, septate, smooth, with acropleurogenous
conidia, formed from the inner pycnidial wall cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, determinate, integrated, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth, with minute channel
and collarette. Conidia obclavate, hyaline, euseptate, continuous, base obtuse, thin-walled, smooth, guttulate, apex
extended into a filiform or broad, attenuated, unbranched or
branched, flexuous appendage.
Type species: Chaetoconis polygoni (Ellis & Everh.)
Clem.
Chaetoconis polygoni (Ellis & Everh.) Clem., Gen. fung.
(Minneapolis): 176. 1909.
Facesoffungi number FoF 03475
Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b)
Saprobic on stem of Rumex acetosa L. (Polygonaceae).
Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
175–250 lm
high,
200–275 lm
diam.
(
x = 200 9 250 lm, n = 20), pycnidial, scattered,
immersed to erumpent, globose to subglobose, dark brown,
unilocular or multilocular, ostiolate, papillate. Peridium
20–30 lm thick, comprising several layers of inner thinwalled, hyaline, compressed cells of textura angularis and
outer, thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura angularis.
Ostiole one or more, circular. Conidiophores 12–25 9 2–
3.5 lm (
x = 20 9 3 lm, n = 20), hyaline, branched, septate, smooth, with acropleurogenous conidia, formed from
the inner pycnidial wall cells. Conidiogenous cells 30–
45 9 9–11 lm (
x = 32 9 9.5 lm, n = 20), enteroblastic,
phialidic, determinate, integrated, cylindrical, hyaline,
smooth, with minute channel and collarette. Conidia 35–
50 9 4–5 lm (
x = 37 9 4.5 lm, n = 20), hyaline,
2-euseptate, continuous, base obtuse, apex extended into a
filiform, cellular, unbranched appendage, thin-walled,
smooth, guttulate, obclavate (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017b).
Notes: Chaetoconis comprises two species as C. polygoni and C. vaccinii Melnik & Nag Raj (Index Fungorum
2018). Chaetoconis was accommodated in Diaporthales
genera incertae sedis and Diaporthaceae respectively by
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
De Gruyter et al. (2009) and Senanayake et al. (2017b)
based on sequence analysis.
Chiangraiomyces Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake
et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b).
Facesoffungi number FoF 03469
Saprobic on dead wood. Sexual morph: Ascomata
solitary, scattered, immersed to erumpent, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla
long, internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium
comprising outer, thick-walled, brown cells of textura
angularis and inner, hyaline, thick-walled, compressed
cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising hyaline, aseptate, filamentous paraphyses. Asci unitunicate,
8-spored, fusiform, sessile to short pedicellate, with J-,
funnel-shaped, apical ring. Ascospores biseriate to overlapping uniseriate, fusiform to ellipsoid, hyaline, smoothwalled, 1-septate, with two large guttules in the center and
two small guttules at the ends. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, globose, erumpent at maturity, black,
coriaceous, short neck. Conidiomatal wall comprising pale
brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores ampulliform, straight, branched, septate, hyaline,
smooth. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, terminal, cylindrical, slightly tapering towards the apex. Hamathecium
aparaphysate. Alpha conidia aseptate, hyaline, smooth,
ovate to ellipsoidal, few. Beta conidia fusiform to hooked,
base subtruncate, aseptate, hyaline, smooth.
Type species: Chiangraiomyces bauhiniae Senan. &
K.D. Hyde
Chiangraiomyces bauhiniae Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in
Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b).
Facesoffungi number FoF 03470
Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b)
Saprobic. Sexual morph: Ascomata 200–300 lm high,
150–180 lm diam. (
x = 230 9 240 lm, n = 20), solitary,
scattered, immersed to erumpent, globose to subglobose,
coriaceous, black, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla 115–140 lm
high, 75–90 lm diam. (
x = 130 9 85 lm, n = 20), long,
internally covered by hyaline, periphyses. Peridium 11–
14 lm wide (
x = 12.5 lm, n = 20), comprising outer,
thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis and inner,
hyaline, thick-walled, compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 2.5–3 lm wide (
x = 2.8 lm, n = 20),
comprising hyaline, aseptate, filamentous paraphyses. Asci
75–90 9 12–13 lm (
x = 78 9 12.5 lm, n = 20), unitunicate, 8-spored, fusiform, with J-, funnel-shaped, apical
ring, sessile to short pedicellate. Ascospores 17–18 9 3–
4 lm (
x = 17.8 9 3.6 lm, n = 20), biseriate to overlapping uniseriate, fusiform to ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth-
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
walled, 1-septate, with two large guttules in the center and
two small guttules at the ends. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 300–500 lm diam. (
x = 450 lm, n = 20), pycnidial, globose, erumpent at maturity, black, coriaceous,
short neck. Conidiomatal wall comprising pale brown,
thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores 4–
6 9 2–4 lm (
x = 5 9 3 lm, n = 20), ampulliform,
straight, branched, septate, hyaline, smooth. Conidiogenous cells 7–109 2–3 lm (
x = 8 9 2.3 lm, n = 20),
phialidic, terminal, cylindrical, slightly tapering towards
the apex. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Alpha conidia 3–
5 9 2–4 lm (
x = 4.7 9 3.3 lm, n = 20), aseptate, hyaline, smooth, ovate to ellipsoidal, less in amount. Beta
conidia 18–38 9 1.5–2 lm (
x = 24 9 1.7 lm, n = 20),
fusiform to hooked, base sub-truncate, aseptate, hyaline,
smooth (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017b).
Notes: Chiangraiomyces was introduced by Senanayake
et al. (2017b) based on multigene phylogeny and morphology. Chiangraiomyces bauhiniae has immersed, solitary ascomata, fusiform asci, with a J-, funnel-shaped
apical ring, and oval to fusiform ascospores with two large
central guttules and two small marginal guttules.
Hyaliappendispora Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, in
Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b).
Facesoffungi number FoF 03473
Saprobic on dead stems. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary to aggregate, immersed, globose to subglobose, black to
brown, coriaceous, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla short, wide,
internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising outer, dark brown, thick-walled cells of textura
angularis and inner, thin-walled, hyaline, compressed cells
of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising filiform,
septate, hyaline paraphyses which are longer than asci. Asci
8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to fusiform, short pedicellate, apex rounded with a J- apical ring. Ascospores biseriate to overlapping biseriate, oval to ellipsoid, hyaline,
medially 1-septate, multiguttulate, with appendages. Appendages at both apical and basal ends, long, thread-like,
covered by loose capsule. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous.
Conidiomata crowded at colony margin, appears as pale
yellow bubbles when the conidial mass is released, globose,
erumpent, black. Peridium comprising thick-walled, pale
brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores ampulliform, septate, branched, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, terminal, cylindrical, elongate, hyaline. Conidia
fusiform, unicellular, hyaline, smooth.
Type species: Hyaliappendispora galii Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde.
Hyaliappendispora galii Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde,
in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b).
Facesoffungi number FoF 03474
Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b)
303
Saprobic on dead stem of Galium sp. Sexual morph:
Ascomata 395–450 lm high, 180–200 lm wide
(
x = 419 9 190 lm, n = 10), solitary to aggregated,
immersed, globose to subglobose, black to brown, coriaceous, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla 160–210 lm high, 100–
185 lm wide (
x = 172 9 158 lm, n = 10), short, wide,
internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium 15–
25 lm wide (
x = 20 lm, n = 10), comprising outer, dark
brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis and inner,
thin-walled, hyaline, compressed cells of textura angularis.
Hamathecium comprising filiform, septate paraphyses 1.5–
3.5 lm wide (
x = 2 lm, n = 10), which are longer than
asci. Asci 110–125 9 20–25 lm (
x = 116 9 21 lm,
n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to fusiform,
short pedicellate, apex rounded with a J- apical ring. Ascospores 20–25 9 7–10 lm (
x = 22 9 9 lm, n = 20),
biseriate to overlapping biseriate, oval to ellipsoid, hyaline,
medially 1-septate, multiguttulate, with appendages. Appendages 6–11 9 2–3 lm (
x = 8 9 2.3 lm, n = 10), at
both ends, long, thread-like, covered by loose capsule.
Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata crowded at
colony margin, appears at pale yellow bubbles when
release the conidial mass. globose, erumpent, black.
Peridium comprising thick-walled, pale brown cells of
textura angularis. Conidiophores 10–15 9 1.5–2.5 lm
(
x = 13 9 2.1 lm, n = 10), ampulliform, septate, branched, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells 8–16 9 1.5–3 lm
(
x = 11 9 2.5 lm, n = 20), phialidic, terminal, cylindrical,
elongate,
hyaline.
Conidia
7.5–9.5 9 1.5–2.5 lm
(
x = 8.3 9 2.2 lm, n = 20), fusiform, unicellular, hyaline,
smooth (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017b).
Notes: Hyaliappendispora is morphologically distinct
from other genera in Diaporthaceae in having biguttulate,
uniseptate, hyaline ascospores with long filamentous apical
and basal appendages and wall of the appendages makes a
ring-like ornamentation at the proximal end (Senanayake
et al. 2017b).
Leucodiaporthe M.E. Barr & Lar.N. Vassiljeva, in Vasilyeva, Rossman & Farr, Mycologia 99(6): 917 (2008)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04173
Saprobic on overwintered plants. Sexual morph: Stromata rounded, pulvinate, erumpent, with a pale or dark
ectostromatic disk, surrounded by a blackened zone in
substratum. Ascomata spherical, beaks sometimes projecting beyond stromatic disk. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate,
clavate or broadly cylindrical, J- refractive apical ring.
Ascospores biseriate or overlapping uniseriate, fusoid or
ellipsoid, 1-septate, constricted at the septa, hyaline,
without or with blunt appendages, sometimes with gelatinous coating. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Leucodiaporthe acerina M.E. Barr &
Lar.N. Vassiljeva
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Fig. 41 Mazzantia galii (MFLU 17–1787). a, b Stromata on substrate. c Horizontal cross section of stromata. d Vertical cross section of
ascomata. e Apical ring. f, g Asci. h–k Ascospores. Scale bars: a, b = 500 lm, c = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e–g = 5 lm, h–k = 10 lm
Fig. 42 Mazzantia galii (MFLUCC 13–0659). a Conidiomata on MEA. b, c Conidiogenous cells attached to conidia. d Conidia. Scale bars:
a = 200 lm, b–d = 10 lm
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305
Fig. 43 Ophiodiaporthe cyatheae (Illustration based on Fu et al. 2013). a Ascomata on substrate. b Cross section of ascomata. c Asci.
d Paraphyses. e Conidiogenous cells and conidia. f Conidia. Scale bars: a = 2 mm, b = 1 mm, c–f = 10 lm
Leucodiaporthe acerina M.E. Barr & Lar.N. Vassiljeva,
Mycologia 99(6): 919 (2008)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04174
Illustration: See Vasilyeva et al. (2007)
Saprobic on overwintered plants. Sexual morph: Stromata rounded, pulvinate, erumpent, with pale yellow,
ectostromatic disk 1.5–2 lm diam., within substratum
surrounded by a blackened zone. Ascomata 350–400 lm
diam., perithecia, globose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate,
papillate, contrasting with ectostromatic disk and projecting
slightly
beyond
stromatic
disk.
Asci
110–130 9 20–24 lm, 8-spored, clavate or broadly
cylindrical, J- refractive apical ring. Ascospores
20–24 9 9–11 lm, biseriate or overlapping uniseriate,
fusoid or ellipsoid, 1-septate, although occasionally
appearing pseudomuriform due to numerous guttules,
constricted at septum, hyaline, without appendages but
sometimes surrounded by gelatinous coating (description
based on Vasilyeva et al. 2007). Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Vasilyeva et al. 2007).
Notes: Leucodiaporthe was introduced and typified by
Leucodiaporthe acerina (Vasilyeva et al. 2007). This genus
is distinct in the Diaporthales in having a pale to dark
stromatic disk with blackened marginal zones and hyaline
ascospores occasionally with a gelatinous coat. Castlebury
et al. (2002) proposed that Leucodiaporthe is a genus in the
Diaporthaceae sensu-lato.
Mazzantia Mont., Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 2: 525 (1855)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04177
Saprobic on overwintered plants. Sexual morph: Stromata sub epidermal or slightly erumpent, base attached to
cells of cortex, outer comprising black, pigmented, small,
tightly-packed cells of textura angularis and inner, hyaline,
loosely packed cells of textura globulosa. Ascomata
perithecial, globose to subglobose, several per stroma, pale
yellow, with long, straight or curved ostiolar canal.
Peridium comprising hyaline, small cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, J-, bilobed
apical ring, with short stalked. Ascospores biseriate,
123
306
ellipsoid or rarely allantoid, hyaline, straight or one side
flattened, unicellular, a globule near each end. Asexual
morph: on MEA: forming locules in stroma similar to
perithecial stroma, black. Conidiophore reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, ampulliform,
aseptate, brown. Conidia elongate to cylindrical, unicellular to rarely 1 median septate, hyaline to olivaceous,
smooth.
Type species: Mazzantia galii (Fr.) Mont.
Mazzantia galii (Fr.) Mont., Syll. gen. sp. crypt. (Paris):
246 (1856). Fig.s 41, 42.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04178
Saprobic on shrubs. Sexual morph: Stromata
1–2 mm 9 0.5–1 mm, sub-epidermal or slightly erumpent,
base attached to cells of cortex, outer comprising black,
pigmented, small, tightly packed cells of textura angularis
and inner, hyaline, loosely packed cells of textura globulosa. Ascomata 420–550 9 160–210 lm, perithecial, globose to subglobose, several per stroma, pale yellow, with
long, straight or curved ostiolar canal. Peridium comprising hyaline, small cells of textura angularis. Asci
50–65 9 6–10 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, J-,
bilobed apical ring, with short stalked. Ascospores
8–10 9 4–5 lm, biseriate, ellipsoid or rarely allantoid,
hyaline, straight or one side flattened, unicellular, a globule
near each end. Asexual morph: on MEA: forming locules
in stroma similar to perithecial stroma, black. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
cells 9 9 2.5 lm, phialidic, ampulliform, aseptate, brown.
Conidia 5–7 9 2–3 lm, elongate to cylindrical, unicellular
to rarely 1-median septate, hyaline to olivaceous, smooth.
Material examined: ITALY, Marsignano, Predappio
(province of Forlı̀-Cesena), on dead stem of Galium sp., 19
March 2013, Camporesi Erio, IT 1131, MFLU 17–1787,
ex-type living culture MFLUCC 13–0659.
Notes: Mazzantia was introduced and typified by M.
galii (Fr.) Mont. There are 18 species listed under this
genus in Index Fungorum (2018). However, M. galii has
not been cultured. Mazzantia is characterized by having a
sharply delimited, strongly melanized, sclerotial clypeal
ectostroma, a whitish entostroma, and aseptate ascospores
(von Höhnel 1918; Petrak 1940). Based on an analysis of
nrLSU sequences, M. napelli is a species closely related,
but distinct from Diaporthe (Castlebury et al. 2002, 2003).
Ophiodiaporthe Y.M. Ju, H.M. Hsieh, C.H. Fu, C.Y. Chen
& T.T. Chang, Mycologia 105(4): 866 (2013)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04179
Pathogenic on Cyathea lepifera causing wilt disease.
Sexual morph: Stromata conspicuous, partially immersed,
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differentiated into a continuous outer layer and inner tissue,
containing multiple perithecia. Perithecia solitary or with
several aggregated in valsoid configuration. Ostioles longcylindrical. Paraphyses present only in developing centrum, cylindrical, tapering upward, septate, unbranched.
Asci oblong-fusoid, sessile, with an inamyloid apical ring.
Ascospores hyaline, bicellular, ellipsoid, lacking a germination site. Asexual morph: aggregated into conidiomata
and embedded in stromata as convoluted locules. Conidiophores lining locules as dense palisades. Conidia produced enteroblastically.
Type species: Ophiodiaporthe cyatheae Y.M. Ju et al.
Ophiodiaporthe cyatheae Y.M. Ju, H.M. Hsieh, C.H. Fu,
Chi Y. Chen & T.T. Chang, Mycologia 105(4): 868 (2013).
Fig. 43.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04180
Pathogenic on Cyathea lepifera causing wilt. Sexual
morph: Stromata 3–10 mm diam., pulvinate to orbicular,
slightly convex, solitary or confluent, outer layer 50–
150 lm thick, hard, black, inner tissue whitish, composed
of thin-walled, white hyphal cells, several perithecia
immersed polystichously. Ascomata 350–500 lm diam.,
solitary or with 2–5 aggregated in valsoid configuration,
globose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate with neck. Peridium
12–17 lm (
x = 14 lm, n = 10), comprising thick-walled,
pale brown, jigsaw-shaped cells. Ostioles 1.5–3.5 mm
long, 0.1–0.2 mm diam., long-cylindrical, smooth, black.
Hamathecium 5–8 mm comprises cylindrical, tapering
upward, septate, unbranched, broad paraphyses. Asci
49–56 9 9.5–12 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, oblong-fusoid,
slightly broadened in the middle, sessile, with a discoid
apical ring 2 9 1.5 lm. Ascospores 8–12 9 4–5 lm, biseriate or partially biseriate, hyaline, bicellular, ellipsoid,
slightly constricted at septum, usually with narrowly
rounded ends, smooth. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
embedded in stromata as convoluted locules. Conidiophores 2.5–3.5 lm wide, lining locules as dense palisades,
dichotomously branched once or twice in short intervals,
hyaline to pale brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells
30–40 9 2.5–3 lm, terminal, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical,
tapering upward. Conidia 6–7.5 lm diam., enteroblastic,
hyaline, smooth, globose to subglobose (description based
on Fu et al. 2013).
Notes: Ophiodiaporthe was introduced and typified by
O. cyatheae based on its unique asexual morphic characters
and host preference (Fu et al. 2013). Close affinity between
Ophiodiaporthe and Diaporthe was proposed by Fu et al.
(2013) using similarity in their sexual morphs and phylogenetic analyses based on nrSSU, nrLSU, TEF1-a, TEF2-a
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
and RPB2. Therefore Fu et al. (2013) placed Ophiodiaporthe in Diaporthaceae sensu lato. However, later authors
(Dai et al. 2014; Senanayake et al. 2017b) determined
Ophiodiaporthe as a distinct genus in Diaporthaceae.
Paradiaporthe Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b).
Facesoffungi number FoF 03471
Saprobic on dead twigs of Artemisia sp. Sexual morph:
Ascomata solitary, scattered, immersed, becoming erumpent when mature, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla periphysate with short,
wide, prominent ostiole. Peridium thin at the base, gradually thickening towards the neck, comprising inner, hyaline, compressed, thin-walled cells of textura angularis and
outer, thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform to clavate, sessile, apex rounded with a J- apical ring.
Ascospores biseriate, fusiform with pointed ends, medially
1-septate, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph:
Undetermined.
Type species: Paradiaporthe artemisiae Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde
Paradiaporthe artemisiae Senan., Camporesi & K.D.
Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296
(2017b).
Facesoffungi number FoF 03472
Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b)
Saprobic on dead twigs of Artemisia sp. Sexual morph:
Ascomata 280–300 lm high, 180–200 lm wide
(
x = 290 9 190 lm,
n = 10),
solitary,
scattered,
immersed, becoming erumpent when mature, globose to
subglobose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla
135–138 lm
high,
110–140 lm
wide,
(
x = 136 9 115 lm, n = 10), comprising filiform, hyaline
periphyses with short, wide, prominent ostiole. Peridium
8–13 lm (
x = 10 lm, n = 10), thin at the base, gradually
thickened towards the neck, comprising inner, hyaline,
compressed, thin-walled cells of textura angularis and
outer, thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 45–60 9 11–14 lm
(
x = 51 9 13.5 lm, n = 20) 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform to clavate, sessile, apex rounded, with a J-, bi-lobed,
apical
ring.
Ascospores
14–18.5 9 4–5 lm
(
x = 16 9 4.2 lm, n = 20) biseriate to overlapping uniseriate, fusiform with two small globules at the ends and two
large globules at the middle of spore, medially 1-septate,
hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined
(description based on Senanayake et al. 2017b).
Notes: Paradiaporthe artemisiae has erumpent, solitary
ascomata with prominent, wide papilla. Morphologically,
307
Paradiaporthe is similar to Diaporthe. However, phylogenetically, Paradiaporthe artemisiae is distinct from other
genera in Diaporthaceae (Senanayake et al. 2017b).
Phaeocytostroma Petr., Annls mycol. 19(1/2): 45 (1921)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04181
Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range
of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic, rarely confluent,
immersed, unilocular, multilocular or convoluted, dark
brown, ostiolate. Ostiole slightly papillate, single, circular,
central. Conidiomata wall thick, composed of thick-walled,
dark brown cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses filiform,
apex obtuse, branched, hyaline, septate. Conidiophores
cylindrical to filiform, septate, hyaline, branched at the
base. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, cylindrical, determinate, discrete or integrated, hyaline.
Macroconidia cylindrical or ellipsoid, base truncate, apex
obtuse, aseptate, brown, eguttulate, thin or thick and
smooth-walled. Microconidia fusiform, short or elongate,
hyaline, smooth-walled.
Type species: Phaeocytostroma ambiguum (Mont.) Petr.
Phaeocytostroma ambiguum (Mont.) Petr., in Petrak &
Sydow, Feddes Repert., Beih. 42: 457 (1927).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04182
Illustration: See Wijayawardene et al. (2016)
Endophytic or saprobic on a range of host plants. Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
500 9 300 lm, stromatic, rarely confluent, immersed,
unilocular, multilocular or convoluted, dark brown, ostiolate. Ostiole slightly papillate, single, circular, central.
Conidiomata wall thick, composed of thick-walled, dark
brown cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses filiform, apex
obtuse, branched, hyaline, septate. Conidiophores 15–
35 9 2–3.5 lm, cylindrical to filiform, septate, hyaline,
branched at the base. Conidiogenous cells 30–35 9 4–
3 lm, enteroblastic, phialidic, cylindrical, determinate,
discrete or integrated, hyaline. Macroconidia 12–
15 9 5.5–6.5 lm, cylindrical or ellipsoid, base truncate,
apex obtuse, aseptate, brown, eguttulate, thin or thick and
smooth-walled. Microconidia fusiform, short or elongate,
hyaline, smooth-walled (description based on Wijayawardene et al. 2016).
Notes: Phaeocytostroma was introduced and initially
typified with P. istrica (Petrak 1921). However, Petrak and
Sydow (1927) revealed that Sphaeropsis ambigua was
morphologically identical to Phaeocytostroma and it was
the oldest species in this genus. Sutton (1980) synonymized
Phaeocytostroma istrica under P. ambiguum. Lević and
Petrović (1998) reported both a and b conidia from
Phaeocytostroma ambiguum. Kirk et al. (2008) mentioned
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308
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 44 Phaeodiaporthe appendiculata (F279626). a, b Herbarium packet. c Herbarium specimen. d Ascomata on substrate. e Cross section of
ascomata. f Peridium. g–i Asci. j–l Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 200 lm, e = 100 lm, f–l = 10 lm
Clypeoporthe Höhn. is the sexual morph of Phaeocytostroma. However, this is not proved by cultural examination or molecular data. Several molecular studies have
confirmed the taxonomic placement of Phaeocytostroma
123
within Diaporthaceae (Lamprecht et al. 2011; Verkley
et al. 2014). There are seven species listed in Index Fungorum (2018).
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
309
Fig. 45 Pustulomyces bambusicola (MFLU 13–0369). a Conidiomata on substrate. b Vertical cross section of conidiomata. c, d Conidiogenous
cells attached to conidia. e–k Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b = 50 lm, e–k = 5 lm
Phaeodiaporthe Petr., Annls mycol. 17(2/6): 99 (1920)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04183
Saprobic on stems. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata more
than 10 perithecia, often limited by a faint blackish marginal
zone. Ectostromatic disc brown to blackish, circular, erumpent through a cortical rupture, containing 2–12 ostioles.
Entostroma whitish to brownish. Ostioles erumpent, convergent, cylindrical to conic, black. Ascomata immersed in
stromatic tissues, aggregated, globose to subglobose, black,
coriaceous. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to broadly
fusoid, J- apical ring, with short stalk. Ascospores biseriate,
ellipsoid to oblong, dark to blackish brown, 1-euseptate,
constricted at septum, distinctly multiguttulate, with rounded ends. Appendages blunt, hyaline, cap-like, both basal
and apical. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Phaeodiaporthe appendiculata (G.H.
Otth) Lar.N. Vassiljeva
Phaeodiaporthe appendiculata (G.H. Otth) Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Pyrenomycetes of the Russian Far East, 2. Valsaceae (Vladivostok): 29 (1994). Fig. 44.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04184
Saprobic on stems. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata
1–3 mm diam., more than 10 perithecia, often limited by a
faint blackish marginal zone. Ectostromatic disc brown to
blackish, circular, erumpent through a cortical rupture,
containing 2–12 ostioles. Entostroma whitish to brownish.
Ostioles erumpent, convergent, cylindrical to conic, black.
Ascomata 450–800 lm diam., immersed in stromatic tissues, aggregated, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous.
Asci 150–190 9 30–40 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate
to broadly fusoid, J- apical ring, with short stalk. Ascospores 30–40 9 14–20 lm, biseriate, ellipsoid to
oblong, dark to blackish brown, 1-euseptate, constricted at
septum, distinctly multi-guttulate, with rounded ends. Appendages 2.5–8 9 5–7 lm, blunt, hyaline, cap-like, both
basal and apical. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014).
Material examined: CZECH REPUBLIC, Mähr.-Weisskirchen, Mil.-Oberrealschule, Acer sp, J. Petrak, 06
February 1919, F279626 (isolectotype of Phaeodiaporthe
keissleri Petr.).
Notes: Phaeodiaporthe was introduced based on P.
keissleri and later Petrak (1921) recognized it as a synonym
of Diaporthe appendiculata. Diaporthe appendiculata was
formally accommodated in Phaeodiaporthe by Vassiljeva
(1994). Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) epitypified Phaeodiaporthe appendiculata and synonymized Phaeodiaporthe
keissleri under Phaeodiaporthe appendiculata. So
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310
currently Phaeodiaporthe is a monospecific genus comprising only P. appendiculata.
Stenocarpella Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 15(3/4): 258
(1917)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04185
Endophytic or saprobic on a range of host plants. Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
pycnidial, solitary, or occasionally confluent, subepidermal, unilocular, globose or elongated, dark brown, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, single, circular. Conidiomata wall
composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores usually reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic,
cylindrical, determinate, discrete, collarette and channel
minute, periclinal wall thickened. Conidia cylindrical,
fusiform, straight or curved, apex obtuse, base tapered and
truncate, pale brown, 0–3-septate, continuous or constricted, thick and smooth-walled, aguttulate.
Type species: Stenocarpella macrospora (Earle) B.
Sutton
Stenocarpella macrospora (Earle) B. Sutton, Mycol. Pap.
141: 202 (1977).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04274
Illustration: See Wijayawardene et al. (2016)
Endophytic or saprobic on a range of host plants. Sexual
morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
200–300 lm, pycnidial, solitary, or occasionally confluent,
subepidermal, unilocular, globose or elongated, dark
brown, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, single, circular. Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of
textura angularis. Conidiophores usually reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 5–15 9 5–8 lm,
Fig. 46 Diaporthosporella cercidicola (redrawn from Yang et al.
2017). a Ascomata on substrate. b Horizontal cross section of
ascomata. c Asci. d Ascospores. e Vertical cross section of
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enteroblastic, phialidic, cylindrical, determinate, discrete,
collarette and channel minute, periclinal wall thickened.
Conidia 20–25 9 4–5 lm, cylindrical, fusiform, straight or
curved, apex obtuse, base tapered and truncate, pale brown,
0–3-septate, continuous or constricted, thick and smoothwalled, aguttulate (description based on Wijayawardene
et al. 2016).
Notes: Stenocarpella was established and typified by S.
zeae (Sydow and Sydow 1917). However, the oldest name
of Stenocarpella zeae was Diplodia macrospora (Sutton
1977) and the type species was renamed as S. macrospora.
The second species, S. maydis (Berk.) B. Sutton was
introduced by Sutton (1980). Both Stenocarpella macrospora and S. maydis are well known pathogens of corn, the
causal agent of stalk and ear rot and leaf spot (Latterell and
Rossi 1983; Da Silva et al. 2014). Stenocarpella was
accommodated in Diaporthales based on LSU sequence
data Crous et al. (2006a, b).
Pustulomyces D.Q. Dai, Bhat & K.D. Hyde, in Dai, Bahkali, Wijayawardene, Bhat, Chukeatirote & Rui-Lin,
Cryptog. Mycol. 35(1): 68 (2014).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04275
Saprobic on bamboo culms. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular,
immersed, erumpent and pustule-like at maturity, solitary,
scattered, coriaceous, with black, ostiolate. Conidiomatal
wall outer layer composed of dark brown, thin-walled cells
of textura angularis, with hyaline conidiogenous inner
layer. Conidiophores cylindrical to irregular, branched
only at the base, septate, hyaline, smooth. Conidiogenous
cells enteroblastic, phialidic, with a small collarette,
determinate, integrated, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth.
Conidia fusiform, elongated, straight to curved,
conidiomata. f Conidiogenous cells attached to conidia. g Conidia.
Scale bars: b, e = 200 lm, c, d, f, g = 10 lm
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
occasionally slightly sigmoid, pale brown, aseptate, guttulate, smooth-walled.
Type species: Pustulomyces bambusicola D.Q. Dai et al.
Pustulomyces bambusicola D.Q. Dai et al., Cryptog.
Mycol. 35(1): 64 (2014). Fig. 45.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04276
Saprobic on bamboo culms on slightly to strongly raised
areas. Sexual morph: Unknown. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 150–200 lm high, 400–500 lm in diam., acervular,
immersed under the host tissue, erumpent and pustule-like
when mature, solitary, scattered, conical in section, coriaceous, ostiolate. Neck 40–60 lm long, black. Conidiomatal
wall 5–15 lm wide, 1–2 layers of cells of textura angularis, with dark brown outer layers and hyaline conidiogenous inner layer. Conidiophores 2–4.5 9 1–2.5 lm
(
x = 2.8 9 1.3 lm, n = 20), hyaline, branched only at the
base, septate, cylindrical to irregular, smooth, formed from
the inner cells of the conidiomata wall. Conidiogenous
cells 5–8.5 9 1–2 lm (
x = 6.8 9 1.5 lm, n = 20), enteroblastic, phialidic, with a small collarette, determinate,
integrated, cylindrical, slender, hyaline, smooth-walled.
Conidia 10–15 9 2–3 lm (
x = 12.1 9 2.5 lm, n = 20),
fusiform, straight to curved, occasionally slightly sigmoid,
pointed at both ends, pale brown, aseptate, smooth-walled,
with guttules (description based on Dai et al. 2014).
Material examined (by Dong Qin Dai): THAILAND,
Chiang Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang University, on dead
culm of Bamboo, 19 July 2011, Dong-Qin Dai, MFLU
13–0369, holotype.
Notes: Monospecific genus Pustulomyces was introduced and typified by P. bambusicola (Dai et al. 2014).
Pustulomyces shows similar morphological characters to
Bambusicola. However, phylogenetically these genera
have distinct placements, with Pustulomyces bambusicola
in Diaporthaceae (Dai et al. 2014) and Bambusicola in
Bambusicolaceae (Hyde et al. 2013).
Diaporthosporellaceae C.M. Tian & Q. Yang, in Yang
et al., Mycoscience 59(3): 229–235 (2017)
History
The monogeneric and monospecific family Diaporthosporellaceae was introduced based on Diaporthosporella cercidicola (Yang et al. 2017). This family
311
is distinct from other families of Diaporthales in its morphology and phylogeny.
Life mode
The only member of Diaporthosporellaceae, Diaporthosporella cercidicola is a phytopathogen on branches
and twigs of Cercis chinensis.
Morphological characteristics
Diaporthosporellaceae is distinct from other families in
Diaporthales in having unicellular allantoid or subreniform, aseptate ascospores, conidiophores acropleurogenous, branched or sympodially branched and hyaline,
biguttulate conidia.
Phylogenetic identification
Combined nrITS DNA and nrLSU DNA sequence data
analysis in Yang et al. (2017) indicated that Diaporthosporellaceae formed a distinct family in Diaporthales. This was supported by Fan et al. (2018) based on
combined gene analysis of nrITS DNA, nrLSU DNA,
RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence data.
Taxonomy
Diaporthosporellaceae C.M. Tian & Q. Yang, in Yang
et al., Mycoscience 59(3): 229–235 (2017).
Description: See Yang et al. (2017)
Type genus: Diaporthosporella C.M. Tian & Q. Yang
Notes: This is a monogeneric family phylogenetically
distinct from other families of Diaporthales. However
morphologically, it is not highly significant. It is necessary
to obtain more specimens to provide a better resolved.
Diaporthosporella C.M. Tian & Q. Yang, in Yang et al.,
Mycoscience 59(3): 229–235 (2017).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04885
Pathogenic on branches and twigs of Cercis chinensis
Bunge. Sexual morph: Ascostroma immersed or slightly
erumpent, globose to subglobose, 5–10 perithecia in black
entostromata. Perithecia globose and subglobose, clustered
beneath disc at top. Paraphyses filiform, hyaline, unbranched, slightly sinuous, dissolved at maturity. Asci 8-spored,
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Fig. 47 Diaporthostoma machili (redrawn from Fan et al. 2018). a, b Ascomata on substrate. c Vertical cross section of ascomata. d, e Asci.
f Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b, c = 100 lm, d–f = 10 lm
unitunicate, thin-walled, clavate, oblong-clavate, sessile.
Ascospores irregularly uniseriate, allantoid or sub-reniform, somewhat acute at one end and obtuse at other, 3–4guttules, with larger guttules at center and smaller ones at
ends, hyaline, aseptate. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
pycnidial, immersed, erumpent at maturity, conspicuous.
Ectostromatic disc black, with one ostiole per disc. Locule
undivided. Conidiophores acropleurogenous, branched or
sympodially branched, cylindrical, aseptate. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, cylindrical, terminal,
slightly tapering towards apex. Conidia ellipsoidal,
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aseptate, hyaline, smooth, bi-guttulate at each end (description based on Yang et al. 2017).
Type species: Diaporthosporella cercidicola C.M. Tian
& Q. Yang
Diaporthosporella cercidicola C.M. Tian & Q. Yang, in
Yang et al., Mycoscience 59(3): 229–235 (2017). Fig. 46.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04886
Description: See Yang et al. (2017)
Notes: Diaporthosporella cercidicola is morphologically similar to Diaporthe (Yang et al. 2017). However this
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
313
Fig. 48 Consensus tree
resulting from a RAxML
analysis of a combined nrLSU
and nrITS sequence alignment
for taxa of Erythrogloeaceae.
Genera are indicated in coloured
blocks. Maximum likelihood
bootstrap values and Bayesian
posterior probabilities are given
at the nodes. The scale bar
represents the expected number
of changes per site
taxon is phylogenetically distinct from other taxa in Diaporthales representing a family.
Diaporthostomataceae X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian, in Fan et al.
Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018).
History
The family Diaporthostomataceae was introduced based
on Diaporthostoma which is typified by D. machili (Fan
et al. 2018). This is phylogenetically and morphologically
distinct from other families.
Life mode
Morphological characteristics
Diaporthostomataceae is distinct from other families in
Diaporthales by forming discrete perithecia and fusoid,
straight to curved ascospores with a median septum (Fan
et al. 2018).
Phylogenetic identification
Combined gene analysis of nrITS DNA, nrLSU DNA,
RPB2 and TEF1-a sequences in Fan et al. (2018) showed
that Diaporthostomataceae is a distinct family which represents by a single species Diaporthostoma machili and it
is sister to Diaporthosporellaceae.
Species in this family are phytopathogens on Machilus
leptophylla Hand.-Mazz. forming cankers and diebacks.
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Fig. 49 Erythrogloeum hymenaeae (F45468). a Herbarium specimen. b Conidiomata on substrate. c, d Conidiophores, Conidiogenous cells and
conidia. e Conidia. Scale bars: b = 100 lm, c, d = 10 lm, e = 5 lm
Fig. 50 Chrysocrypta corymbiae (redrawn from Crous et al. 2012a; CBS H-20963). a Conidiogenous cells attached to conidia. b Conidia. Scale
bars: 10 lm
Taxonomy
moderately supported (MP/ML = 66/78), morphologically
well-supported family.
Diaporthostomataceae X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian, in Fan et al.
Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018).
Description: See Fan et al. (2018)
Type genus: Diaporthostoma X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian
Notes: Combined gene analysis in Fan et al. (2018)
showed that Diaporthostomataceae is a phylogenetically
Diaporthostoma X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian, in Fan et al.
Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04887
Pathogenic forming cankers and diebacks. Sexual
morph: Pseudostromata immersed in host bark, slightly
erumpent. Ectostromatic disc yellowish to dark grey,
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nearly flat, ovoid to ellipsoid. Central column beneath the
disc more or less conical. Stromatic zones lacking.
Perithecia conical, surrounding the ectostromatic disc,
regularly scattered. Ostioles single, dark grey to black.
Paraphyses deliquescent. Asci 8-spored, oblong to cylindrical-clavate, with a more or less distinct apical ring.
Ascospores 2–3-seriate, hyaline, smooth, fusoid, multiguttulate, straight to slight curved, bicellular, with a median
septum, not constricted at the septum. Asexual morph:
Undetermined (description based on Fan et al. 2018).
Type species: Diaporthostoma machili X.L. Fan & C.M.
Tian
Diaporthostoma machili X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian, in Fan
et al. Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018). Fig. 47.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04888
Description: See Fan et al. (2018)
Notes: Diaporthostoma machili is presently only known
from Machilus leptophylla. It is characterized by the
scattered, conical perithecia and fusoid, straight to curved
Fig. 51 Dendrostoma mali (redrawn from Fan et al. 2018). a, b Habit
of pseudostromata on branches. c Transverse section of perithecia.
d Longitudinal section through perithecia. e Asci. f Ascospores.
315
ascospores with a median septum which differs with other
species in Diaporthales.
Erythrogloeaceae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in
Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b)
History
Phylogenetic analysis of Crous et al. (2012a) showed that
Disculoides and Erythrogloeum form a distinct clade.
However, Senanayake et al. (2017b) introduced this clade
as Erythrogloeaceae to accommodate Disculoides and
Erythrogloeum together with Chrysocrypta.
Life mode
Erythrogloeum hymenaeae is associated with a severe
anthracnose of apical twigs and seedlings of Hymenaeae
species (Ferreira et al. 1992). This fungus has been
reported from Brazil and Costa Rica.
g Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. h Conidia. Scale bars:
a = 1 mm, b–d = 500 lm, e–h = 10 lm
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Fig. 52 Disculoides eucalypti (redrawn from Crous et al. 2012a; CPC 17650). a Leaf spot symptoms. b Conidiogenous cells giving rise to
conidia. c Conidia. Scale bars = 10 lm
Morphological characteristics
Morphologically members of Erythrogloeaceae have epiphyllous acervuli, conidiomata and subcylindrical to
ampulliform conidiogenous cells. The sexual morphs of
these taxa have not been reported.
Phylogenetic identification
Phylogenetic analyses from Senanayake et al. (2017b)
based on combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2, and TEF1-a
sequences, showed that Chrysocrypta, Disculoides and
Erythrogloeum forms a distinct clade and introduced it as
Erythrogloeaceae. However, the nrITS sequence analysis
of Crous et al. (2012a) showed that Amphiporthe leiphaemia also claded with this family and it might not be a
species in Amphiporthe (Fig. 48).
Taxonomy
Erythrogloeaceae Senan., Maharachch. & K. D. Hyde, in
Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b)
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b)
Type genus: Erythrogloeum Petr.
Notes: Erythrogloeaceae was introduced by Senanayake
et al. (2017b) to accommodate Chrysocrypta, Disculoides
and Erythrogloeum based on rDNA sequence analyses.
However, molecular phylogeny of combined nrLSU and
nrITS sequence data in present study (Fig. 55) proposed a
new combination as for Dendrostoma as D. leiphaemia.
Currently Erythrogloeaceae comprises four genera (Fan
et al. 2018).
Erythrogloeum Petr., Sydowia 7: 378. 1953.
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Facesoffungi number FoF 04398
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b)
Type species: Erythrogloeum hymenaeae Gonz. Frag. &
Cif. ex Petr.
Erythrogloeum hymenaeae Gonz. Frag. & Cif. ex Petr.,
Sydowia 7: 379. 1953. Fig. 49.
Facesoffungi number FoF 03479
Foliicolous, associated with leaf spots. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata up to
250 lm diam., acervular, epiphyllous, eustromatic,
subepidermal, solitary, rupturing surface by irregular splits.
Peridium comprises thin-walled cells of textura angularis.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 5–10 9 2.5–4 lm, hyaline, smooth, phialidic
with periclinal thickening, discrete, lageniform to cylindrical, lining the inner walls of cavity. Conidia
7–9 9 2.5–3 lm, hyaline, smooth, guttulate or not, thinwalled, ellipsoid to ovoid, apex obtusely rounded, tapering
to a truncate base (description based on Crous et al.
(2012a).
Material examined: COSTA RICA, San José, on leaves
of Hymenaea courbaril L. (Fabaceae), November 1929, H.
Schmidt, F45468, syntype.
Notes: Erythrogloeum comprises the single species
Erythrogloeum hymenaeae, reported as a foliar pathogen
on Hymenaea courbaril. Erythrogloeum hymenaeae produces pale brown leaf spots which have marginal black
lines. Stromatic tissues turn to purple in KOH, which is a
characteristic feature of Cryphonectriaceae. However, this
species phylogenetically distant from Cryphonectriaceae
and clustered together with Chrysocrypta and Disculoides.
Other genera listed in Erythrogloeaceae
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Chrysocrypta Crous & Summerell, in Crous et al., Persoonia 28: 165 (2012a).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04401
Foliicolous. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata characteristic yellow-orange structures on leaf spots, eustromatic, separate, subepidermal,
subglobose, opening by means of irregular rupture.
Peridium 3–6 layers of orange-brown textura angularis,
conidiomata exuding slimy orange masses of conidia.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity of conidioma, hyaline,
smooth, ampulliform, apex truncate, with minute periclinal
thickening, at times apical part elongated into a long neck.
Conidia dimorphic, intermixed in same conidiomata.
Macroconidia broadly ellipsoid to obovoid, hyaline,
smooth, granular to guttulate, thick-walled, apex obtuse,
base flattened. Microconidia hyaline, smooth, guttulate,
fusoid-ellipsoid, apex acutely rounded, base truncate.
Type species: Chrysocrypta corymbiae Crous &
Summerell.
Chrysocrypta corymbiae Crous & Summerell, in Crous
et al., Persoonia 28: 165 (2012a). Fig. 50.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04402
Foliicolous, associated with leaf spots. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: lesions amphigenous,
subcircular, grayish-brown with dark brown border. Conidiomata up to 400 lm diam., visible as characteristic yellow-orange structures on leaf spots, eustromatic, separate,
subepidermal, subglobose, opening by means of irregular
rupture. Peridium 3–6 layers of orange-brown textura
angularis, conidiomata exuding slimy orange masses of
conidia. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells 4–6 9 5–10 lm, 1.5 lm diam., lining
the inner cavity of conidioma, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform, apex truncate, with minute periclinal thickening, at
times apical part elongated into a long neck, up to 15 lm
long, 2–3 lm diam. Conidia dimorphic, intermixed in
same conidiomata. Macroconidia 8–10 9 4–6 lm, broadly
ellipsoid to obovoid, hyaline, smooth, granular to guttulate,
thick-walled, apex obtuse, base flattened. Microconidia
5–7 9 2.5–3 lm hyaline, smooth, guttulate, fusoid-ellipsoid, apex acutely rounded, base truncate (description
based on Crous et al. 2012a).
Notes: Chrysocrypta is morphologically distinct in
forming dimorphic conidia. Chrysocrypta is reported as a
pathogen associated with leaf spots on Corymbia. This
genus was assigned to Cryphonectriaceae based on its
morphological similarity to some genera in Cryphonectriaceae (Crous et al. 2012a). However, Chrysocrypta is
phylogenetically distant from type species of Cryphonectriaceae, Cryphonectria parasitica. Chrysocrypta clustered
317
together with Disculoides and Erythrogloeum in Erythrogloeaceae (Senanayake et al. 2017b).
Dendrostoma X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian, in Fan et al., Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04403
Description: See Fan et al. (2018)
Type species: Dendrostoma mali X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian
Dendrostoma mali X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian, in Fan et al.,
Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018). Fig. 51.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04694
Description: See Fan et al. (2018)
Notes: Dendrostoma was introduced and typified by D.
mali and currently this genus comprises four species.
Dendrostoma differs from other genera in Erythrogloeaceae having the typical diaporthalean perithecia
with clavate asci and fusoid to cylindrical, bicellular
ascospores.
Dendrostoma leiphaemia (Fr.) Senan., & K.D. Hyde
comb. nov.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04404; Index Fungorum
number IF554383
Basionym: Sphaeria leiphaemia Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 2(2): 399 (1823)
= Amphiporthe leiphaemia (Fr.) Butin, Sydowia 33: 22
(1980)
Illustration and description: See Fries (1823).
Notes: Phylogenetic analysis based on nrLSU and nrITS
DNA of this study (Fig. 54) showed that Amphiporthe
leiphaemia is phylogenetically distant from type species of
Amphiporthe and it clusters with Dendrostoma. Therefore
we proposed a new combination to accommodate this
taxon.
Disculoides Crous, Pascoe, I.J. Porter & Jacq. Edwards, in
Crous, Summerell, Alfenas, Edwards, Pascoe, Porter &
Groenewald, Persoonia 28: 71 (2012b)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04399
Foliicolous, associated with leaf spots. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata brown to
black, erumpent, subepidermal, acervular, opening by
irregular rupture. Conidiomatal wall 2–3 layers of brown
textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity of conidioma, hyaline to olivaceous, smooth, subcylindrical to
ampulliform, tapering to a long, thin neck, proliferating
several times percurrently near apex, with flaring collarettes. Conidia olivaceous, smooth, guttulate, ellipsoid to
fusoid to somewhat obclavate, straight to curved, apex
subobtuse, base truncate, with prominent marginal frill, up
to 1 lm long.
Type species: Disculoides eucalypti Crous et al.
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b Fig. 53 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a
combined nrLSU, nrITS and RPB2 sequence alignment for taxa of
Gnomoniaceae. Genera are indicated in coloured blocks. Maximum
likelihood bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities are
given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of
changes per site
319
morphology and phylogeny (Barr 1978, 1990; Cannon
1988; Monod 1983; Mejı́a et al. 2008; Senanayake et al.
2017b; Sogonov 2005; Sogonov et al. 2007, 2008; Vasilyeva 1998; Wehmeyer 1975).
Life mode
Disculoides eucalypti Crous, Pascoe, I.J. Porter & J.
Edwards, in Crous, Summerell, Alfenas, Edwards, Pascoe,
Porter & Groenewald, Persoonia 28: 71 (2012b). Fig. 52.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04400
Foliicolous, associated with leaf spots. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Leaf spots 1–18 mm
diam., amphigenous, subcircular to irregular, pale to
medium brown, with prominent, wide reddish-purple
margin. Conidiomata up to 350 lm diam., brown to black,
amphigenous, subepidermal, acervular, opening by irregular rupture. Peridium 2–3 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells 8–25 9 3–5 lm, lining the inner
cavity of conidioma, hyaline to olivaceous, smooth, subcylindrical to ampulliform, tapering to a long, thin neck,
proliferating several times percurrently near apex, with
flaring collarettes. Conidia 14–16 9 4–6 lm, olivaceous,
smooth, guttulate, ellipsoid to fusoid to somewhat obclavate, straight to curved, apex sub-obtuse, base truncate,
with prominent marginal frill, up to 1 lm long (description
based on Crous et al. 2012a).
Notes: The genus Disculoides is a foliar pathogen;
morphologically similar to Discula, but phylogenetically
distant. Conidia of Disculoides are hyaline on host but
become olivaceous when sporulating on culture media.
Phylogenetically, Disculoides shows close affinity to Cryphonectriaceae, Harknessiaceae and Schizoparmaceae
(Crous et al. 2012a).
Gnomoniaceae G. Winter [as ‘Gnomonieae’], Rabenh.
Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 570. 1886.
History
Gnomoniaceae was introduced by Winter (1886) for species having upright perithecia with or without long or short
neck and presence or absence of stromatic tissues. Different taxonomic studies revised this family based on
Species in Gnomoniaceae mainly occur on fallen or
attached, overwintered leaves including petioles, leaf
blades or herbaceous stems and some occur on woody
substrates (Sogonov et al. 2008). Some species of
Gnomoniaceae have been reported as endophytes of woody
plants (Danti et al. 2002; Green 2004; Moricca and Ragazzi
2008). Others are pathogenic causing disease of economically important hardwood trees, such as Apiognomonia
veneta (sycamore anthracnose), Gnomoniopsis fructicola
(strawberry stem rot), Discula betulae (foliar disease of
birch and dieback of young shoots), Ophiognomonia leptostyla (walnut anthracnose and leaf blotch) (Maas 1998;
Green 2004; Green and Castlebury 2007; Pennycook
2007).
Morphological characteristics
The Gnomoniaceae are characterized by ascomata that are
generally immersed, solitary, without a stroma, or aggregated with a rudimentary stroma, in herbaceous plant
material especially in leaves, twigs or stems, but also in
bark or wood. The ascomata are black, soft-textured, thinwalled, and pseudoparenchymatous with one or more
central or eccentric necks. The asci usually have a distinct
apical ring. The Gnomoniaceae includes species having
ascospores that are small, mostly less than 25 lm long, and
range from non-septate to one-septate, rarely multi-septate.
Phylogenetic identification
Castlebury et al. (2002) presented the first phylogenetic
analysis for this family based on nrLSU sequences. Sogonov et al. (2008) analysized nrLSU, translation elongation
factor 1-alpha (TEF1-a), and RNA polymerase II second
largest subunit (RPB2) sequences of Foliicolous Gnomoniaceae species. Additionally, several studies used nrITS,
nrLSU, TEF1-a and RPB2, guanine nucleotide-binding
protein subunit beta-like protein (MS204), beta-tubulin to
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Fig. 54 Gnomonia gnomon (BPI 844273). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Cross section of ascoma.
e Peridium. f–h Asci. i–l Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 1 mm, d = 200 lm, e = 20 lm, f–h = 20 lm, i–l = 10 lm
resolve species boundaries within each genus (Sogonov
et al. 2008; Mejı́a et al. 2011; Walker et al. 2012) (Fig. 53).
Taxonomy
Gnomoniaceae G. Winter [as ‘Gnomonieae’], Rabenh.
Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 570. 1886.
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321
Fig. 55 Ambarignomonia petiolorum (NY 2931324). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Cross section
of ascomata. e Peridium. f–h Asci. i–k Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 500 lm, d = 100 lm, e = 20 lm, f–k = 10 lm
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b)
Type genus: Gnomonia Ces. & De Not.
Notes: Gnomoniaceae was introduced (Winter 1886)
with Gnomonia gnomon (Tode) J. Schröt., as the type.
Gnomoniaceae comprises microfungal species reported as
pathogens and endophytes in leaves of herbaceous or
woody trees (Rossman et al. 2007). Mejı́a et al. (2011)
reported Betulaceae, Fagaceae, and Salicaceae as common
host families. Gnomoniaceae comprises 30 genera (Senanayake et al. 2017b).
Gnomonia Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4):
231 (1863)
Facesoffungi number FoF 02109
Saprobic on overwintered, fallen or attached leaves of
shrubs, usually epiphyllous or on petioles, rarely
hypophyllous. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial,
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322
solitary, without stroma or sometime very poorly developed stromatic tissues, black, initially immersed, later
become erumpent, rarely partly erumpent, sometimes wide
opening with pinkish white powdery collar around the
neck, globose to subglobose when moist, bowl-shaped
when dry, with 1–3 necks Necks central to marginal, never
truly lateral, slightly curved, longer, sometimes almost
absent. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, oval to fusiform, short
stalked, with J- apical ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate or irregularly multi-seriate, one-septate, fusiform to
acerose, ends narrowly rounded, appendages ovoid, subulate or acicular with diffuse ends or rarely absent. Asexual
morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Gnomonia gnomon (Tode) J. Schröt.
Gnomonia gnomon (Tode) J. Schröt., in Cohn, Krypt.-Fl.
Schlesien (Breslau) 3.2(4): 390 (1897). Fig. 54.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04405
Saprobic on overwintered, fallen or attached leaves of
shrubs, usually epiphyllous or on petioles, rarely
hypophyllous. Sexual morph: Ascomata 250–285 9 150–
185 lm (
x = 246 9 167 lm, n = 20), perithecial, solitary,
without stroma or sometime very poorly developed stromatic tissues, black, initially immersed, later become
erumpent, rarely partly erumpent, sometimes wide opening
with pinkish white powdery collar around the neck, globose to subglobose when moist, bowl-shaped when dry,
with 1–3 necks. Necks central to marginal, never truely
lateral, slightly curved, sometimes almost absent. Asci 25–
35 9 7.5–8.5 lm (
x = 26 9 7.9 lm, n = 20), 8-spored,
unitunicate, oval to fusiform, short stalked, with J- apical
ring. Ascospores 12–14 9 0.5–1 lm (
x = 13 9 0.9 lm,
n = 20), overlapping uniseriate or irregularly multi-seriate,
one-septate, fusiform to acerose, ends narrowly rounded,
appendages ovoid, subulate or acicular with diffuse ends or
rarely absent. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description
based on Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016).
Material examined: FINLAND, Helsinki, Helsinki
University Botanical Garden, overwintered fallen leaves of
Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae), 19 April 2004, Shchigel,
Dmitry S., BPI 844273, epitype.
Notes: Gnomonia was introduced by Cesati and De
Notaris (1863) and typified by Gnomonia gnomon. This
genus is characterized by having non-stromatic, solitary,
thin-walled, immersed perithecia with long necks and
ascospores with one median septum. Species of Gnomonia
occur on overwintered leaves and plant twigs. Gnomonia
comprises 273 species (Index Fungorum 2018).
Other genera listed in Gnomoniaceae
Alnecium Voglmayr & Jaklitsch, Persoonia, Mol. Phyl.
Evol. Fungi 33: 76 (2014)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04406
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Saprobic on corticated dead branches. Sexual morph:
Pseudostromata indistinctly pustulate in face view, containing 3–8 perithecia. Ectostromatic disc inconspicuous,
brown to grey, scarcely erumpent through a circular to
elongate cortical crack. Entostroma poorly developed,
small, central, olive-grey. Ostioles erumpent, 1–8, cylindrical to conic, black. Perithecia black. Asci broadly fusoid
to saccate, containing 8 uni- to triseriate ascospores, apex
without a distinct ring. Ascospores hyaline to subhyaline,
ellipsoid to oblong, with 1-euseptum, with age eventually
becoming light brown and 3-septate, not to slightly constricted at septa, multiguttulate when fresh, thick-walled,
with rounded ends and hyaline cylindrical appendages at
both ends projecting at the base. Asexual morph:
Undetermined.
Type species: Alnecium auctum (Berk. & Broome)
Voglmayr & Jaklitsch
Alnecium auctum (Berk. & Broome) Voglmayr & Jaklitsch, Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 33: 76 (2014).
= Sphaeria aucta Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist.,
Ser. 2(9): 323 (1852)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04407
Illustration: See Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014)
Saprobic on corticated dead branches. Sexual morph:
Pseudostromata 1.5–2 mm diam., indistinctly pustulate in
face view, containing 3–8 perithecia. Ectostromatic disc
inconspicuous, brown to grey, scarcely erumpent through a
circular to elongate cortical crack. Entostroma poorly
developed, small, central, olive-grey. Ostioles erumpent,
cylindrical to conic, black. Perithecia 400–800 lm diam.,
aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black. Asci
105–120 9 31–42 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, broadly
fusoid to saccate, apex without a distinct ring. Ascospores
32–37 9 11–14 lm, uni- to triseriate, hyaline to subhyaline, ellipsoid to oblong, 1-euseptate, with age eventually
becoming light brown and 3-septate, not to slightly constricted at septa, multiguttulate when fresh, thick-walled,
with rounded ends and hyaline cylindrical appendages at
both ends projecting for 2.5–5 lm and 3–5 lm wide at the
base. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on
Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014).
Notes: Alnecium was introduced and typified by A.
auctum (Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014). This monotypic
genus occurs as a saprobe on corticated dead branches of
overwintered plants. Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) introduced this genus based on nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2, and TEF1a combined sequence data.
Ambarignomonia Sogonov, Stud. Mycol. 62: 35 (2008)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04408
Saprobic on leaves and petioles. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary, immersed, scattered, without stroma, on
fallen leaves, on petioles and basal parts of major veins of
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323
Fig. 56 Amphiporthe hranicensis (F11714). a, b Packet of herbarium. c Herbarium specimen. d–f stromata on substrate. g Horizontal section of
ascoma. h Peridium. i–k Asci. l–n Ascospores. Scale bars: d, e = 200 lm, f = 500 lm, g = 100 lm, h = 10 lm, i–k = 20 lm, l–n = 10 lm
fallen leaves, black, sub oblate when moist, concave when
dry, round in top view. Necks central, straight, tapering to
their ends, at base surrounded by white powdery collar not
soluble in water or 3% KOH. Peridium comprising inner,
few layers of hyaline, compressed, cells of textura angularis and outer, brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate,
fusiform, with J-, distinct apical ring. Ascospores
irregularly fasciculate, fusiform, 1-septate, hyaline, with
ovoid to subulate appendages. Asexual morph:
Undetermined.
Type species: Ambarignomonia petiolorum (Schwein.)
Sogonov
Ambarignomonia petiolorum (Schwein.) Sogonov, Stud.
Mycol. 62: 36 (2008). Fig. 55.
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Fig. 57 Anisomyces papilloideoseptatus (F7899). a, b Herbarium specimen. c stromata on substrate. d Horizontal section of ascoma. e Peridium.
f–i Asci. j Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e = 10 lm, f–j = 10 lm
= Sphaeria petiolorum Schwein., Schr. naturf. Ges.
Leipzig 1: 41 (15 of repr.) (1822)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04409
Saprobic on leaves and petioles. Sexual morph: Ascomata 175–250 lm high 9 250–450 lm diam., solitary,
immersed, scattered, without stroma, evenly and densely
123
distributed over petioles of fallen leaves, sometimes also on
basal parts of major veins, black, sub oblate when moist,
concave when dry. Necks central, straight, 250–500 lm
long, 50–80 lm wide at base. Asci 25–30 9 7–10 lm
(
x = 28 9 10 lm, n = 25), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform
with narrow tapering stipe, apical ring 1.3–2 lm diam.
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Ascospores 10–15 9 2–3 lm (
x = 12 9 2.5 lm, n = 25),
irregularly multiseriate or unevenly parallel, fusiform,
slightly curved 2-celled, not constricted at septum, with
3–5 guttules. Appendages 1–5 lm long, subulate or whiplike. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on
Sogonov et al. 2008).
Material examined: USA, Maryland, Prince Georges
Patuxent Wildlife Refuge, on leaves of Liquidambar
styraciflua L. (Altingiaceae), M.E. Barr, NY 02931320;
USA, Georgia Campus, Athens, on leaves of Liquidambar
styraciflua L. (Altingiaceae), M.E. Barr with E.S. Luttrell,
NY 2931322; USA, Florida, Alachua, Sugarfoot Hammock, on leaves of Liquidambar styraciflua L. (Altingiaceae), Conway F. and Aldrich H., NY 2931324.
Notes: Ambarignomonia was introduced and typified by
A. petiolorum which is a common species on petioles and
leaves of Liquidambar styraciflua. This monotypic genus is
identified by the whitish powdery collar surrounding the
central neck (Sogonov et al. 2008).
Amphiporthe Petr., Sydowia 24(1–6): 257 (1971).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04410
Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Entostromata
indistinct, comprising loosely packed hyaline to grey
parenchymatous tissues. Ascomata perithecia, aggregated,
immersed, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, papillate. Peridium comprising outer, brown thickwalled cells of textura angularis and inner, hyaline, compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising cellular, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate,
fusiform to oval, sessile, apex blunt with J- apical ring.
Ascospores overlapping biseriate, oval, unicellular, hyaline, sometime guttulate, smooth-walled. Asexual morph:
Undetermined.
Type species: Amphiporthe hranicensis (Petr.) Petr.
Amphiporthe hranicensis (Petr.) Petr., Sydowia 24(1–6):
257 (1971). Fig. 56.
= Diaporthe hranicensis Petr., Annls mycol. 12(5): 477
(1914)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04411
Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Entostromata
indistinct, comprising loosely packed hyaline to grey
parenchymatous tissues. Ascomata 800–1025 lm high 9
450–550 lm diam., perithecial, aggregated, immersed,
globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, papillate. Peridium 45–60 lm wide, comprising outer, brown,
thick-walled cells of textura angularis and inner, hyaline,
compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium
comprising cellular, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 65–80 9 12–
16 lm (
x = 78 9 15 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate,
fusiform to oval, sessile, apex blunt with J- apical ring.
325
Ascospores 10–15 9 3–5 lm (
x = 13 9 4.4 lm, n = 20),
overlapping biseriate, oval, unicellular, hyaline, sometime
guttulate, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Material examined: CZECH REPUBLIC, Mähr.-Weisskirchen, Teplitz, on leaves of Tilia platyphylla Scop.
(Malvaceae), May 1914, F. Petrak, F11714, holotype.
Notes: Only a few members of the Gnomoniaceae have
a well-developed stroma (e.g. species of Cryptosporella,
Apiognomonia hystrix, Plagiostoma salicellum). Type
species of Amphiporthe, A. hranicensis produces limited
stromatic tissues.
Anisomyces Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 12(3): 270
(1914).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04412
Saprobic on leaves. Sexual morph: Stromata scattered,
superficial, aggregated, upper layer thin, comprising small,
tightly packed, dark brown to black cells and inner, brown,
loosely arranged cells of textura angularis. Ascomata
immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous,
papillate, ostiolate. Papilla wide, internally covered by
brown periphyses. Peridium comprising thick-walled,
brown cells of textura angularis, non-distinguishable with
stromatic tissues. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, with
short stalk, apex rounded with J-, distinct apical apparatus.
Ascospores crowded, apiosporous, fusiform to oval, initially hyaline, at maturity large cell pale brown and small
basal cell lighter than large cell, thick, smooth-walled, one
septate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Anisomyces papilloideoseptatus (Henn.)
Theiss. & Syd.
Anisomyces papilloideoseptatus (Henn.) Theiss. & Syd.,
Annales Mycologici 12 (3): 270 (1914). Fig. 57.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04413
Saprobic on upper surface of leaves. Sexual morph:
Stromata scattered, superficial, aggregated, upper layer
thin, comprising small, tightly packed, dark brown to black
cells and inner, brown, loosely arranged cells of textura
angularis. Ascomata 400–450 9 200–300 lm (
x = 443 9
263 lm, n = 20), immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla wide,
internally covered by brown periphyses. Peridium 15–
25 lm (
x = 22 lm, n = 20), comprising thick-walled,
brown cells of textura angularis, non-distinguishable with
stromatic tissues. Asci 45–55 9 12–17 lm (
x = 52 9
15 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, with short
stalk, apex rounded with J-, distinct apical apparatus. Ascospores 12–14 9 5–7 lm (
x = 13 9 6.6 lm, n = 20),
crowded, apiosporous, fusiform to oval, initially hyaline, at
maturity large cell pale brown and small basal cell lighter
than large cell, thick, smooth-walled, one septate. Asexual
morph: Undetermined.
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Fig. 58 Apioplagiostoma populi (BPI 611826). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Vertical cross section
of ascomata. e–g Asci. h–j Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e–g = 10 lm, h–j = 5 lm
Material examined: BRAZIL, Amazonas, Rio Juruá,
Marary, on leaves of Sapindaceae plant, September 1900,
E. Ule 2707, F7899, holotype.
Notes: Anisomyces was introduced and typified by A.
nectrioides. This genus is morphologically identified by
having stromatic tissues surrounding the short beak and
brown, apiosporous ascospores when mature (Barr 1978).
The life mode is not confirmed within this genus as they
simply colonize living leaves without forming any symptoms. Currently, Anisomyces comprises two species as A.
theissenii (Syd. & P. Syd.) E. Müll. and A. nectrioides
(Rehm) Petr. However, there are no sequence data to
confirm its taxonomic placement and we accommodate
Anisomyces within Gnomoniaceae considering its morphological similarity with gnomoniaceous species.
Apiognomonia Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 35: 635, 637
(1917)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04414
123
Saprobic on leaves. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary,
epiphyllous on fallen leaves, petioles, dead but attached
pedicels of trees and shrubs, or on dead parts of herbaceous
plants, aggregated with 5–15 perithecia with or without
weakly developed stroma, immersed in substrate, oblate to
globose when moist, convex, or with some irregular dents
when dry, black, coriaceous, ostiolate, with one neck.
Necks central to marginal, not truly lateral. Asci 8-spored,
unitunicate, fusiform, with a J-, bi-lobed, distinct apical
ring, with short pedicel. Ascospores irregularly multiseriate
or obliquely uniseriate, 1-septate, rarely unicellular, oval to
fusiform, ends mostly rounded, rarely pointed, appendages
mostly absent or rarely present, if present; subulate, navicular or whip-shaped. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
acervular, immersed forming bumps, conidiogenous layer
covering all the inner surface of acervular chambers.
Conidiophores densely branched, hyaline. Conidiogenous
cells usually phialidic, rarely annellidic, irregular, lageniform to cylindrical, gradually tapering to ends, straight or
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327
Fig. 59 Asteroma frondicola (MFLU 15–3850). a Herbarium specimen. b Conidiomata on substrate. c Vertical cross section of conidiomata. d–
g Conidiogenous cells and developing conidia. h Conidia. Scale bars: b = 200 lm, c = 100 lm, d–h = 10 lm
curved, sometimes asymmetric swollen nodes, proliferating
into other conidiogenous cells at basal or middle part.
Conidia broadly ellipsoid to oval, sometimes obovoid,
often allantoid, occasionally curved or sinuate to slightly
angular.
Type species: Apiognomonia veneta (Sacc. & Speg.)
Höhn.
Apiognomonia veneta (Sacc. & Speg.) Höhn., Hedwigia
62: 47 (1920).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04415
Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b)
Saprobic on leaves. Sexual morph: Ascomata 170–
215 lm high, 200–285 lm diam. (
x = 200 9 245 lm,
n = 20), hypophyllous, scattered, irregularly over leaf
blade, immersed, becoming dark brown or black when
moist, oblate to globose, collapsing cupulate from bottom
or occasionally from side when dry. Beaks 90–140 lm
high, 50–75 lm basal diam. (
x = 112 9 62 lm, n = 20),
central, straight, black at base becoming pale at apex. Asci
55–75 9 13–16 mm (
x = 64 9 14 lm, n = 20), 8-spored,
unitunicate, clavate, with short pedicel, J-, apical ring.
Ascospores
15–17 9 5–5.5 lm
(
x = 16.6 9 5.3 lm,
n = 25), irregularly fasciculate, fusiform, apiosporous,
apex blunt, rounded (description based on Sogonov et al.
2007). Asexual morph: Conidiomata 180–200 lm high,
250–265 lm diam (
x = 188 9 260 lm, n = 10), acervular,
immersed forming bumps, conidiogenous layer covering
all the inner surface of acervular chambers. Conidiophores
10–15 9 2.5–4.5 lm (
x = 12 9 3.4 lm, n = 20), densely
branched, ampulliform, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells 14–
21 9 2.7–3.5 lm (
x = 18 9 3 lm, n = 10), usually phialidic, rarely annellidic, irregular, lageniform to cylindrical,
gradually tapering to ends, straight or curved, sometimes
asymmetric swollen nodes, proliferating into other conidiogenous cells at basal or middle part. Conidia 12–20 9 4–
6 lm (
x = 16 9 5 lm, n = 20), broadly ellipsoid to oval,
sometimes obovoid, often allantoid, occasionally curved or
sinuate to slightly angular (description based on Sogonov
et al. 2008).
Notes: Apiognomonia comprises 24 species (Index
Fungorum 2018). The asexual morph of Apiognomonia
reported as Discula (Sogonov et al. 2007) and several
phylogenetic analyses showed that Discula groups outside
of Apiognomonia (Sogonov et al. 2008; Senanayake et al.
2017b). However, the type species of Discula, D.
destructive has only a beta-tubulin sequence and this
sequence has not been used in recent studies. Apiognomonia causes diseases such as sycamore or plane tree
anthracnose on some overwintered plant families.
Apioplagiostoma M.E. Barr, Mycol. Mem. 7: 101 (1978)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04416
Pathogenic causing foliar and branch dieback. Sexual
morph: Ascomata immersed to erumpent, solitary, scattered, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black. Papilla
short, narrowing towards the apex, comprising pale brown
elongated cells, internally covered by hyaline periphyses.
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Fig. 60 Bagcheea castaneae (IMI 32473). a Herbarium packet. b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Cross section of ascoma.
e Peridium. f, g Ascospores. Scale bars: d–g = 20 lm
Peridium comprising compressed, pale brown cells of
textura angularis. Asci 4–8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform,
thin-walled, short-stalked to almost sessile. Ascospores
apiosporous, biseriate to overlapping uniseriate, smoothwalled, hyaline. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Apioplagiostoma populi (E.K. Cash &
Waterman) M.E. Barr.
Material examined: USA, Massachusetts, Harvard Forest,
Petersham, on leaves of Populus tremuloides Michx. (Salicaceae), 11 May 1955, S. S. Pauley, BPI 611826, holotype.
Notes: Apioplagiostoma comprises three species and the
genus is typified by Apioplagiostoma populi. Bronze leaf
disease is a destructive disorder of Populus for which the
causal agent has been identified as Apioplagiostoma populi.
Apioplagiostoma populi (E.K. Cash & Waterman) M.E.
Barr, Mycol. Mem. 7: 102 (1978). Fig. 58.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04417
Pathogenic causing foliar and branch dieback. Sexual
morph:
Ascomata
140–155 9 140–150 lm
(
x = 150 9 143 lm, n = 20), immersed to erumpent,
solitary, scattered, globose to subglobose, coriaceous,
black. Papilla 55–65 9 35–50 lm (
x = 62 9 46 lm,
n = 20), short, narrowing towards the apex, comprising
pale brown elongated cells, internally covered by hyaline
periphyses. Peridium comprising compressed, pale brown
cells of textura angularis. Asci 23–26 9 7–9 lm
(
x = 25 9 8 lm, n = 20), 4–8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, thin-walled, short-stalked to almost sessile. Ascospores 12–20 9 4–6 lm (
x = 16 9 5 lm, n = 20),
apiosporous, biseriate to overlapping uniseriate, smoothwalled, hyaline. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Asteroma DC., in de Candolle & Lamarck, Fl. franç., Edn
3 (Paris) 5/6: 162 (1815)
Synonyms: See Index Fungorum (2018)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04418
Pathogenic on leaves and twigs. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular,
subcuticular, solitary or aggregated, pale brown to hyaline.
Conidiomatal wall comprising thin-walled, brown cells of
textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, discrete,
determinate, ampulliform to lageniform, not cylindrical,
hyaline, smooth, collarette and channel minute, formed
from the upper cells of the pseudoparenchyma. Conidia
hyaline, thin-walled, eguttulate, smooth, straight or curved,
cylindrical to fusiform and acicular or even more broadly
fusiform.
Type species: Asteroma padi Grev.
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Fig. 61 Cryptosporella hypodermia (F48426, F143456). a, b Packet
of herbarium. c, d Herbarium specimens. e, f Conidiomata on
substrate. g Vertical cross section of conidiomata. h–g Conidiogenous
329
cells and conidia. j Conidia. Scale bars: e, f = 200 lm, g = 100 lm,
h = 20 lm, i, j = 10 lm
123
330
Asteroma frondicola (Fr.) M. Morelet, Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat.
Archéol. Toulon & Var: 15 (1978). Fig. 59.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04419
Pathogenic on leaves and twigs. Sexual morph:
Undetermined.
Asexual
morph:
Conidiomata
200–400 lm, acervular, subcuticular, solitary or aggregated, pale brown to hyaline. Conidiomatal wall comprising thin-walled, brown cells of textura angularis.
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 7–12 9 2–3 lm, enteroblastic, phialidic,
discrete, determinate, ampulliform to lageniform, not
cylindrical, hyaline, smooth, collarette and channel minute,
formed from the upper cells of the pseudoparenchyma.
Conidia 5–9 9 2–2.5 lm, hyaline, thin-walled, eguttulate,
smooth, straight or curved, cylindrical to fusiform and
acicular or even more broadly fusiform.
Material examined: RUSSIA, Krasnodar Krai, Sochi,
Khostinsky, Khosta, live leaves of Populus alba L.
(Sapindaceae), 30 October 2015, Okatov G.V., RS 106,
MFLU 15–3850.
Notes: Asteroma was introduced by De Candolle (1815)
for six species without designating a type species. Fries
(1823) restricted this genus to only A. padi. However, von
Höhnel (1916) selected A. phyteumatis DC as lectotype
species and this was followed by Clements and Shear
(1931). Fries (1823) referred A. phyteumatis as a synonym
of Dothidea stellaris And therefore, it can not serve as a
lectotype species. Another two species, Asteroma polygonati and A. fraxini were synonymized as Dothidea asteroma Fr. and Septoria fraxini DC., respectively. Hence
Asteroma was typified by A. padi (Sutton 1980). Currently
Asteroma comprises 163 species (Mycobank 2018).
Bagcheea E. Müll. & R. Menon, Phytopath. Z. 22(4): 417
(1954)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04420
Pathogenic forming leaf spots on living leaves. Sexual
morph: Ascomata perithecia, immersed in leaf tissue,
globose to subglobose, with short broad neck, effused
hypostroma. Peridium comprising few layers of outer,
thick-walled, brown, compressed cells of textura angularis
and inner, hyaline, compressed cells of textura angularis.
Neck bearing at the top of perithecium, slightly protruded
from the under-leaf surface as black papilla, broader at the
tip, penetrated by broad pore with hyaline periphyses, wall
darker than the perithecium. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate,
clavate, J-, furnished apical plate or apical ring at the
thickened tip, with short evanescent stalk. Hamathecium
aparaphysate. Ascospores elliptic, hyaline to pale yellowish. brown, unicellular, but granular plasma divided into
two parts with wide vacuous space between. them, polar
diplastic. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
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Type species: Bagcheea castaneae E. Müll. & R. Menon.
Bagcheea castaneae E. Müll. & R. Menon, Phytopath. Z.
22(4): 418 (1954). Fig. 60.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04421
Pathogenic forming leaf spots 0.5–l. 5 mm in diam., on
living leaves, white to greyish white, limited by brown
zone, circular or irregular, indistinct from under-leaf surface. Sexual morph: Ascomata 275–350 9 300–450 lm
(
x = 295 9 430 lm, n = 25), perithecia, immersed in leaf
tissue, scattered as black pin-head points, globose to subglobose, with short broad neck, effused hypostroma.
Peridium comprising few layers of outer, thick-walled,
brown, compressed cells of textura angularis and inner,
hyaline, compressed cells of textura angularis. Neck 90–
100 lm high, 80–90 lm wide (
x = 95 9 83 lm, n = 20),
bearing at the top of perithecium, slightly protruded from
the under-leaf surface as black papilla, broader at the tip,
penetrated by broad pore with hyaline periphyses, wall
darker than the perithecium. Asci 70–85 9 8–10 lm
(
x = 74 9 9.5 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate,
J-, with apical plate or apical ring at the thickened tip, with
short evanescent stalk. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Ascospores 25–30 9 8–10 lm, (
x = 28 9 9 lm, n = 20),
elliptic, hyaline to pale yellowish-brown, unicellular, but
granular plasma divided into two parts with wide vacuous
space between them, polar diplastic. Asexual morph:
Undetermined (description based on Kobayashi 1970).
Material examined: INDIA, West Himalaya, Uttaranchal, Dehra Dun, Forest Institute & College, on Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A.DC. (Fagaceae), 14 February
1945, IMI 32473.
Notes: Bagcheea was introduced and typified by Bagcheea castaneae E. Müll. & R. Menon. Currently this
genus comprises three species. Bagcheea is easily distinguishable from the other genera of Gnomoniaceae by its
conspicuous character of ascospore. However, Bagcheea
does not have sequence data in molecular data bases and
we accommodate Bagcheea in Gnomoniaceae until
molecular data is available.
Chadefaudiomyces Kamat, V.G. Rao, A.S. Patil & Ullasa,
in Ullasa, Rao & Patil, Revue Mycol., Paris 38(1–2): 19
(1974)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04422
Type species: Chadefaudiomyces indicus Kamat, V.G.
Rao, A.S. Patil & Ullasa
Facesoffungi number FoF 04423
Illustration: See Ullasa et al. (1974)
Notes: The monotypic genus Chadefaudiomyces was
introduced and typified by C. indicus. This was originally
collected from Maharashtra, India. This genus was
assigned to Cytosporaceae, however, Chadefaudiomyces
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
331
Fig. 62 Dictyoporthe
bipapillata (redrawn from
Jaklitsch and Barr 1997)
a Peridium cells. b Asci and
paraphyses. c Ascospores. Scale
bars: a, c = 20 lm, b = 30 lm
indicus has astromatic, horizontal perithecia with oblique
beaks and small, inversely apiosporous ascospores. The
fungus was obtained from living leaves of Celastrus paniculata Willd. Morphologically, Chadefaudiomyces indicus
is similar to taxa in Gnomoniaceae specially Apioplagiostoma, so we place it in Gnomoniaceae.
Cryptosporella Sacc., Michelia 1 (1): 30 (1877)
= Cryptospora Tul. & C. Tul., Sel. Fung. Carp. 2: 144
(1863) [non Karelin & Kirilow 1842.]
Winterella (Sacc.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1: 34
(1891).
Ophiovalsa Petr., Sydowia 19: 272 (1966).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04277
Endophytic or saprobic on dead, overwintered twigs or
branches of trees in the Betulaceae, Tiliaceae, and Ulmaceae. Sexual morph: Ascomata erumpent to strongly
erumpent, valsoid arrangement, clustered to circinate, up to
10 in a cluster, globose to subglobose, black, shiny,
smooth, embedded in the entostroma or the almost
unaltered bark cortex. Ectostroma well or poorly-developed, composed of dark brown to black thick-walled,
strongly interwoven hyphae. Entostroma composed of thinwalled, hyaline, hyphal elements ramifying amongst the
bark cortex cells. Peridium composed of thick-walled, dark
brown cells of textura angularis cells and inner, hyaline,
thin-walled, strongly compressed cells of textura angularis.
Necks dark brown to black, composed of dark-brown,
thick-walled, parallel to densely interwoven hyphae,
internally lining the neck canal by hyaline periphyses. Asci
8-spored, unitunicate, cylindric-clavate, broadly rounded
and thickened above at the apex, apical ring not seen, short
stipitate. Ascospores unicellular, hyaline, fusiform to
elongate-fusiform, often asymmetrical. Asexual morph:
Disculina sp. Stromata not conspicuous, comprising light
brown hyphae around neck. Conidiomata immersed in
stromatic tissues, 5–10 in stromata, picnidial, globose to
subglobose, coriaceous, brown, ostiolate, papillate. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
cells cylindrical to ampulliform, aseptate, hyaline. Conidia
123
332
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 63 Diplacella paulliniae (F56602). a Packet of herbarium. b, c Herbarium specimen. d Ascomata on substrate. e–g Horizontal sections of
ascomata. h–j Asci. k–n Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 500 lm, d = 200 lm, f, g = 100 lm, h–j = 20 lm, k–n = 10 lm
elliptical, rod-shaped, aseptate, hyaline, smooth-walled,
guttulate.
Type species: Cryptosporella hypodermia Fuckel.
Cryptosporella hypodermia Fuckel, Jahrbücher des Nassauischen Vereins für Naturkunde 23–24: 192 (1870).
Fig. 61.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04278
Synonymys: See Mycobank (2018)
Endophytic or saprobic on dead, overwintered twigs or
branches of trees in the Betulaceae, Tiliaceae, and Ulmaceae. Sexual morph: Ascomata 490–700 9 350–
500 lm, erumpent to strongly erumpent, valsoid arrangement, clustered to circinate, up to 10 in a cluster, globose to
subglobose, black, shiny, smooth, embedded in the
123
entostroma or the almost unaltered bark cortex. Ectostroma
well or poorly-developed, composed of dark brown to
black thick-walled, strongly interwoven hyphae. Entostroma composed of thin-walled, hyaline, hyphal elements ramifying amongst the bark cortex cells. Peridium
50–70 lm thick, composed of thick-walled, dark brown
cells of textura angularis cells and inner, hyaline, thinwalled, strongly compressed cells of textura angularis.
Necks 900 lm long, 200 lm wide, dark brown to black,
composed of dark brown, thick-walled, parallel to densely
interwoven hyphae, internally lining the neck canal by
hyaline
periphyses.
Asci
80–180 9 16–25 lm
(
x = 150 9 22 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindric-clavate, broadly rounded and thickened above at the
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apex, apical ring not seen, short stipitate. Ascospores 30–
75 9 6–10 lm (
x = 60 9 8 lm, n = 20), unicellular,
hyaline, fusiform to elongate-fusiform, often asymmetrical
(description based on Mejı́a et al. 2008). Asexual morph:
Disculina sp. Stromata not conspicious, comprising light
brown hyphae around neck. Conidiomata 200–300 9 175–
250 lm (
x = 250 9 200 lm, n = 20), immersed in stromatic tissues, 5–10 in stromata, pycnidial, globose to
subglobose, coriaceous, brown, ostiolate, papillate. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
cells 8–15 9 2–4 lm (
x = 10 9 3 lm, n = 20), cylindrical to ampulliform, aseptate, hyaline. Conidia 7–8 9 3–
4 lm (
x = 7.6 9 3.3 lm, n = 20), elliptical, aseptate,
hyaline, smooth-walled, guttulate (description based on
Mejı́a et al. 2011).
Material examined: CZECH REPUBLIC, Mähren:
Mährish-Weisskirchen (Hrenice), untere Höllenschlucht
bei Podhorn, Ulmus sp., October 1925, F. Petrak, F48426,
holotype; CZECH REPUBLIC, Tschechoslowakei, Mähren, Mährisch-Weisskirchen, Podhorn Ulmus sp., F. Petrak,
October 1922, F143456.
Notes: Cryptosporella was introduced and typified by C.
hypoderma and Mejı́a et al. (2008) synonymized Ophiovalsa and Winterella under Cryptosporella considering
congeneric state of their type species. Mejı́a et al. (2011)
revised Cryptosporella species and demarcated the species
boundaries based on host-associations and geographic
distribution of genus. Cryptosporella species are known all
over the temperate regions, especially North America,
Europe and Japan. Those species are saprobes, endophytes
and occasionally pathogens on hardwood trees such as
Alnus, Betula, Corylus, Tilia, and Ulmus (Kobayashi 1970;
Barr 1978; Glawe and Jenson 1986; Reid and Booth
1987, 1989; Chlebicki 2002). The asexual morph of this
genus is known as Disculina species (Mejı́a et al. 2011).
Dictyoporthe Petr., Sydowia 9(1–6): 556 (1955)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04279
Saprobic on dead branches of overwintered plants.
Sexual morph: Stromata small pulvinate pustules in various configurations below the epidermis of the host, consisting of valsoid groups of perithecia, covered by
ectostromatic disc. Ectostromatic disc inconspicuous, but
highly variable, sometimes lacking, whitish to light brown
or greyish-brown, dark brown or decomposed when
mature, exposed through longitudinal fissures in the bark,
ostioles appears as black dots. Ascomata in valsoid groups
of up to 8 per stroma or single, globose, in upper part
united by the ectostroma, densely aggregated, often laterally compressed by mutual pressure, in lower part frequently fused laterally, embedded in bark. Ostiole
generally minutely papillate to short conical, arising
333
centrally, sometimes slightly elongated, cylindrical, convergent to a central point if the ectostroma is reduced,
emerging in the disc in more or less regular distances,
internally covered by numerous hyaline periphyses.
Peridium comprising inner, hyaline, cells of textura
angularis and outer, brown, strongly compressed cells of
textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising numerous,
hyaline, distantly septate, paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to narrowly clavate, rather thick-walled, wall apically thin, without an apical ring. Ascospores
obliquely uniseriate to partially biseriate, broadly fusoid,
initially hyaline, becoming pale to dark brown with a
hyaline cell at both ends, muriform, distinctly distoseptate,
several transverse pseudosepta which become true septa
during maturation, one rather irregularly arranged longitudinal septum on 0–2 central cells, guttulate, smooth, the
end cells are thick-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Dictyoporthe ahmadii Petr., Sydowia
9(1–6): 556 (1955)
Dictyoporthe bipapillata (Tul. & C. Tul.) Jaklitsch & M.E.
Barr, Öst. Z. Pilzk. 6: 46 (1997). Fig. 62.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04280
Saprobic on dead branches of Carpinus betulus. Sexual
morph: Stromata up to 2 mm diam., small pulvinate pustules in various configurations below the epidermis of the
host, consisting of valsoid groups of perithecia, covered by
ectostromatic disc. Ectostromatic disc diameter \ 0.5 mm,
inconspicuous, but highly variable, sometimes lacking,
whitish to light brown or greyish brown, dark brown or
decomposed when mature, exposed through longitudinal
fissures in the bark, ostioles appears as black dots. Ascomata 300–450 um diam., in valsoid groups of up to 8 per
stroma or single, globose, in upper part united by the
ectostroma, densely aggregated, often laterally compressed, in lower part frequently fused laterally, embedded
in bark. Ostiole up to 200 lm long, 50–80 lm diam.,
generally minutely papillate to short conical, arising centrally, sometimes slightly elongated, cylindrical, convergent to a central point if the ectostroma reduced, emerging
in the disc in more or less regular distances, internally
covered by numerous hyaline periphyses. Peridium
20–60 lm, comprising inner, hyaline, cells of textura
angularis and outer, brown, strongly compressed cells of
textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising numerous,
hyaline, distantly septate, 2–5 lm wide paraphyses. Asci
130–200 9 18–25 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to
narrowly clavate, rather thick-walled, wall apically thin,
without an apical ring. Ascospores 28–44 9 12–18 lm,
obliquely uniseriate to partially biseriate, broadly fusoid,
initially hyaline, becoming pale to dark brown with a
hyaline cell at both ends, muriform, distinctly distoseptate
123
334
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 64 Ditopellopsis linearis (NY 00921913). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Cross section of
ascomata. e Peridium. f–h Asci. i–l Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e = 20 lm, f–h = 10 lm, i–k = 5 lm
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with 3–7 transverse pseudosepta which become true septa
during maturation, may have one oblique longitudinal
septum on 0–2 central cells, guttulate, smooth, end cells are
thick-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description
based on Jaklitsch and Barr 1997).
Notes: Dictyoporthe was introduced and typified by D.
ahmadii. Currently this genus comprises five species.
Generally, muriform ascospores are rare in diaporthalean
taxa and Dictyoporthe is one genus that has such ascospores (Petrak 1955). This genus is distinguishable from
Phragmodiaporthe Wehm., only by its muriform ascospore. However, based on morphological characters, we
accommodate this genus in Gnomoniaceae.
Diplacella Syd., Annls mycol. 28(1/2): 101 (1930)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04281
Epiphyllous, forming black, flat, leaf spots with dark
brown margin. Sexual morph: Ascomata immersed, solitary, scattered, globose to sub globose, coriaceous, dark
brown, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla short, internally covered
by periphyses. Peridium comprising brown, thick-walled
cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate,
cylindrical, narrowing towards the apex, sessile. Ascospores biseriate, oval, unicellular, one guttule at ends,
hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Diplacella paulliniae (Gonz. Frag. & Cif.)
Syd.
Diplacella paulliniae (Gonz. Frag. & Cif.) Syd., Annls
mycol. 28(1/2): 101 (1930). Fig. 63.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04282
Epifoliar, forming black, flat, leaf spots with dark brown
margin. Sexual morph: Ascomata 110–165 9 13–15 lm
(
x = 81 9 14 lm, n = 20), immersed, solitary, scattered,
globose to subglobose, coriaceous, dark brown, papillate,
ostiolate. Papilla short, internally covered by periphyses.
Peridium comprising brown, thick-walled cells of textura
angularis. Asci 30–36 9 5–7 lm (
x = 32 9 6 lm,
n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, narrowing
towards the apex, sessile. Ascospores 6–7.5 9 2.5–3.5 lm
(
x = 8.9 9 3.2 lm, n = 20), biseriate, oval, unicellular,
one guttule at ends, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual
morph: Undetermined.
Material examined: VENEZUELA, Distrito Federal, D.
F., Los Rastrojos pr. Puerto La Cruz, Paullinia L. sp.
(Sapindaceae), 31 December 1927, H. Sydow 147, F56602.
Notes: Diplacella is a leaf spot forming fungal genus
comprising two species as Diplacella mararyensis (Henn.)
Arx & E. Müll and D. paulliniae (Gonz. Frag. & Cif.) Syd.
335
Members of this genus have not been cultured and hence
lack sequence data. However, morphologically this genus
nicely fits with gnomoniaceous species.
Ditopella De Not., Sfer. Ital.: 42 (1863)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04283
Saprobic on bark or leaf. Sexual morph: Ascomata
solitary, immersed, globular to broadly conical, depressed
at the bottom, with short neck at the top. Peridium membranaceous,comprising several layers of dark-brown,
thick-walled cells which are and somewhat flat, inner,
hyaline, flattened, thin-walled cells of textura angularis.
Necks cylindrical or broad conical, surrounded by a clypeus-like stroma, erumpent, internally covered by hyaline
periphyses. Asci 8–32-spored, unitunicate, clavate, thinwalled with thickened, J- apical ring. Ascospores elliptical
to fusoid, hyaline, unicellular to septate. Asexual morph:
Undetermined.
Type species: Ditopella fusispora De Not.
Ditopella biseptata Perera, Senan., Camporesi & K.D.
Hyde, in Senanayake et al., Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296
(2017b). Fig. 61.
Facesoffungi number FoF 03487
Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b)
Saprobic on dead branch of Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.
(Betulaceae). Sexual morph: Stromata surrounding the
perithecial necks, extending outward beneath the host
periderm as a distinct clypeus, composed of dark brown
thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Ascomata 500–
900 lm diam., immersed in the ectostroma, situated
between the epidermis and the cortex of the host tissue,
appearing as solitary swellings of the host epidermis,
sometimes epidermis ruptures to expose the rounded apex
of the ostiole, perithecial, depressed globose to oval, ostiolate. Ostiolar neck lined with thin-walled hyaline, septate
periphyses. Peridium 44 lm thick, 2-layered, outer layer
composed of angular, sometimes slightly compressed, dark
brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis, inner layer
of elongate, hyaline, thin-walled, compressed cells of textura angularis, wider around the ostiole, composed of dark
brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Asci 63–
90 9 15–19 lm (
x = 79 9 18.3 lm, n = 10), 16- to 32spored, elongate-ellipsoidal to clavate, apedicellate, with a
J- refractive apical ring, without paraphyses. Ascospores
18–27 9 3–4 lm (
x = 23.8 9 3.6 lm, n = 30), multi-seriate, (1–)2(–3)-septate, not constricted at the septum,
cylindrical to narrowly ellipsoidal, straight or very slightly
curved, tapering slightly to broadly rounded ends, hyaline,
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336
123
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b Fig. 65 Gloeosporidina moravica (F45798). a, b Packet of herbar-
ium. c Herbarium specimen. d–f Ascomata on substrate. g Cross
section of ascoma. h Peridium. i–l Asci. m–p Ascospores. Scale bars:
d = 500 lm, e = 200 lm, f = 100 lm, g = 50 lm, h, m–p = 10 lm,
i–l = 20 lm
337
guttulate, smooth-walled, with 2 polar appendages. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Senanayake et al. (2017b).
Notes: Senanayake et al. (2017b) introduced Ditopella
biseptata based on phylogeny. Ditopella biseptata forms a
Fig. 66 Gnomoniella tubiformis (F144257). a, b Packets of herbarium. c Herbarium specimen. d Ascomata on substrate. e Vertical cross section
of ascomata. f Peridium. g–i Asci. j–l Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 200 lm, e = 100 lm, f = 10 lm, g–i = 20 lm, j–l = 10 lm
123
338
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 67 Gnomoniopsis chamaemori (F81544, F81543). a, b Packet of herbarium. c Herbarium specimen. d Ascomata on substrate. e Cross
section of ascomata. f Peridium. g–i Asci. j–l Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 200 lm, e = 100 lm, f = 20 lm, g–l = 10 lm
distinct clade which is sister to Ditopella ditopa. Morphologically Ditopella biseptata has two-septa and minute
appendages at both ends.
Ditopellopsis J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 45(9): 1479
(1967)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04284
Saprobic forming pustules on bark. Sexual morph:
Stroma develops quite well, pseudoparenchymatous,
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enveloping perithecia entirely, immersed in bark tissue,
then erumpent through bark epiderm forming grey to
blackish disc. Perithecia embedded singly or a few in one
stroma, globular to subglobular, with stout cylindric neck
at the top. Perithecial wall distinct, composed of flattened,
dark, thick-walled cells, innermost cells hyaline and thinwalled. Neck with periphyses on the inner surface of the
pore. Asci clavate to cylindric, with thickened tip and
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evanescent short stalk, 8-spored, irregularly in perithecium.
Ascospores elliptic to fusoid, hyaline, 2-celled. Asexual
morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Ditopellopsis clethrae J. Reid & C. Booth
Ditopellopsis linearis M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 46: 389
(1993). Fig. 64.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04285
Saprobic forming pustules on bark. Sexual morph:
Stroma well-developed, pseudoparenchymatous, enveloping perithecia entirely, immersed in bark tissue, erumpent
through bark epiderm forming grey to blackish disc. Ascomata 490–530 9 310–325 lm (
x = 500 9 318 lm,
n = 30), embedded singly or a few in one stroma, globular
to subglobular, with stout cylindric neck at the top.
Peridium 20–32 lm (
x = 30 lm, n = 20), distinct, composed of flattened, dark, thick-walled cells, innermost cells
hyaline and thin-walled. Neck with periphyses on the inner
surface
of
the
pore.
Asci
70–80 9 8–10 lm
(
x = 79 9 9.3 lm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate with
thick wall, clavate to cylindric, with thickened tip and
evanscent short stalk. Ascospores 13–15 9 4–5 lm
(
x = 14 9 4.3 lm, n = 30), uniseriate, elliptic to fusoid,
hyaline, 2-celled, with appendages.
Material examined: CANADA, British Columbia, Sidney, Cromarty, on Gaultheria shallon Pursh, 9 April 1991,
M. E. Barr, NY 00921913 isotype.
Notes: Ditopellopsis is characterized by having pseudoparenchymatous stroma closely surrounding the upright
perithecium, short and broad necks, and ascospores with
medium septum. This species mainly occurs on overwintered branches or leaves of hardwood shrubs or trees or
herbaceous stalks.
Gloeosporidina Petr., Annls mycol. 19(3–4): 214 (1921)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04286
Saprobic on leaves. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary,
sometime partially aggregated, immersed to erumpent,
scattered, epiphyllous, globose to subglobose, coriaceous,
black, ostiolate, non-papillate. Peridium comprising thickwalled, brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored,
unitunicate, fusiform, long stalked, apex rounded with
distinct J-, apical ring. Ascospores uni to biseriate, oval,
unicellular, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph:
Caulicolous and foliicolous. Conidiomata acervular, more
or less circular, subcuticular, scattered, brown, composed
of hyaline pseudoparenchymatous cells. Conidiophores not
distinct or reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
cells formed directly from the upper cells of the conidiomata, enteroblastic, monophialidic with a short collarette
and a distinct channel surrounded by a thickened region of
the conidiogenous cell wall, terminal, discrete,
339
determinate, hyaline, cylindrical to lageniform. Conidia
hyaline, aseptate, spheroid to pyriform, base more or less
truncate, produced in chains (description from Yuan et al.
2000).
Type species: Gloeosporidina moravica Petr.
Gloeosporidina moravica Petr., Annls mycol. 19(3–4): 214
(1921). Fig. 65.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04287
Saprobic on leaves. Sexual morph: Ascomata 110–
125 9 130–145 lm (
x = 118 9 138 lm, n = 30), solitary,
sometime partially aggregated, immersed to erumpent,
scattered, epiphyllous, globose to sub-glpbose, coriaceous,
black, ostiolate, non-papillate. Peridium comprising thickwalled, brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 20–30 9 3–
5 lm (
x = 23 9 3.7 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate,
fusiform, long stalked, apex rounded with distinct J-, apical
ring. Ascospores 3–4 9 1–2 lm (
x = 3.4 9 1.5 lm,
n = 20), uni to biseriate, oval, unicellular, hyaline, smoothwalled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Material examined: CZECH REPUBLIC, Mähr-Weisskirchen, Svrcow, on leaves of Quercus robur L. (Fagaceae), 20 December 1920, F. Petrak, F45798.
Notes: Gloeosporidina is a genus of mitosporic fungi
and currently contains six species. Gloeosporidina produces subepidermal to epidermal acervuli with cylindrical,
enteroblastic conidiogenous cells and distinctive tiny,
aseptate, hyaline conidia (Sutton 1980). Members of
Gloeosporidina are found on plant leaves, shoots, as well
as on galls induced by other fungi (Sutton 1980; Yuan et al.
2000).
Gnomoniella Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 7): 312 (1881)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04288
Saprobic on leaves. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary
to rarely paired, erumpent, scattered, globose to subglobose, brown, coriaceous, ostiolate with a neck. Neck
comprising elongate, brown, elongate cells and internally
covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising
compressed, thick-walled, cells of textura angularis. Asci
8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, apex with bi-lobed, apical
ring, with short stipe. Ascospores bi-seriate, oval to kidneyshaped,
unicellular,
hyaline.
Asexual
morph:
Undetermined.
Type species: Gnomoniella tubiformis (Tode) Sacc.
Gnomoniella tubiformis (Tode) Sacc., Sylloge Fungorum
1: 413 (1882). Fig. 66.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04289
Foliicolous on overwintered leaves. Sexual morph:
Ascomata 150–350 9 300–500 lm, scattered, erumpent,
globose to subglobose, brown, coriaceous, ostiolate with
long, wide neck. Peridium comprising very few layers of
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Fig. 68 Maculatipalma frondicola (BRIP 21402). a, b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Cross section of ascomata. e Peridium.
f Paraphyses. g–i Asci. j–l Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 100 lm, e–l = 10 lm
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341
Fig. 69 Mamianiella coryli (F144462, F144463). a, b Packet of herbarium. c Herbarium specimen. d–f Ascomata on substrate. g Cross section
of ascomata. h Peridium. i–k Asci. l–n Ascospores. Scale bars: d–f = 200 lm, g = 100 lm, h = 20 lm, i–k = 10 lm, l–n = 5 lm
thick-walled, brown cells of textura globulosa to textura
angularis. Neck 200–450 9 100–120 lm, tapering towards
the blunt apex. Asci 40–65 9 10–18 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, with distinct, cap-like apical ring, shortstalked. Ascospores 10–15 9 6–10 lm, biseriate, oval,
unicellular, hyaline, smooth. Asexual morph: reported as
Cylindrosporella alnea (Lev.) v. Höhnel (Klebahn 1908).
Material examined: GERMANY, Uppland, Täby, Alnus
glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (Betulaceae), I. Holmgren, 4 May
1911, F144257.
Notes: Gnomoniella was introduced and typified by G.
tubiformis. Gnomoniella species generally associated with
leaves and petiole of overwintered plants. Some species
form leaf spots on living leaves (Barr 1998).
Gnomoniopsis Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 1(3): 93 (1893)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04290
Foliicolous on overwintered canes, leaves, and twigs.
Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary, lacking stroma, or in
groups of up to 11, aggregated in minimal stroma, black,
globose to subglobose, concave from base when dry. Neck
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342
central to lateral, straight or slightly curved to curved, short
to long, sometimes almost absent, in cross section circular
to oval or flattened. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, ellipsoid,
ovoid, obovoid, to fusiform, with conspicuous apical ring.
Ascospores uniseriate, biseriate or irregularly multiseriate,
fusiform, obovoid or pyriform, one-septate, median to
submedian, constricted or not at septum, hyaline, lacking
appendages. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Gnomoniopsis chamaemori (Fr.) Berl.
Gnomoniopsis chamaemori (Fr.) Berl., Icon. fung.
(Abellini) 1(3): 93 (1893). Fig. 67.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04291
Hypophyllous and epiphyllous on overwintered leaves,
leaf veins and blades or canes and twigs. Sexual morph:
Ascomata 150–275 9 150–500 lm (
x = 206 9 278 lm,
n = 20), immersed, solitary, scattered, globose to subglobose, glossy black, coriaceous. Necks 90–120 9 75–
110 lm (
x = 110 9 80 lm, n = 20), central to lateral,
short, some barely emerging from host tissue, sometimes
with multiple necks per perithecium. Peridium 25–50 lm
wide (
x = 40 lm, n = 20), comprising thick-walled, brown
cells of textura angularis. Asci 25–50 9 6–10 lm
(
x = 33 9 7.5 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform
to ellipsoid, with short pedicel, apical ring indistinct. Ascospores 8–12 9 2–4 lm (
x = 10 9 3 lm, n = 30),
arranged irregularly biseriate or obliquely uniseriate, fusiform, straight to slightly curved, one-septate, submedian,
not constricted or slightly constricted at septum, each cell
with 2–4 distinct guttules, with slender, hyaline appendages at both ends. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Sogonov et al. 2008).
Material examined: SWEDEN, Uppland, Jumkil parish,
Stigsbo Rödmosse, on Rubus chamaemorus L. (Rosaceae),
05 June 1973, K. & L. Holm, F81544; SWEDEN, Austria,
Wald (Nassau), Rubus coriifolius Liebm. (Rosaceae),
Fuckel, F81543.
Notes: Gnomoniopsis was introduced and typified by G.
chamaemori (Fr.) Berl. Gnomoniopsis is characterized by
having small, black perithecia immersed in the host tissue
or stromatic tissues, perithecia with single central, marginal
or lateral neck, oval to fusiform asci and one-septate, oval
to fusiform ascospores (Sogonov et al. 2008). Gnomoniopsis species are generally host genus specific on plants
in Fagaceae, Onagraceae and Rosaceae. Gnomoniopsis
contains economically important phytopathogens of Rosaceae crop plants (Bolay 1972; Monod 1983; Maas 1998).
Gnomoniopsis fructicola (Arnaud) Sogonov causes leaf
blotch and petiole blight of strawberry (Fall 1951; Bolton
1954; Van Adriechem and Bosher 1958; Maas 1998).
Maculatipalma J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde, Mycol. Res. 99(6):
727 (1995)
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Facesoffungi number FoF 04292
Pathogenic on leaves of palm forming roughly ellipsoidal, brown spots with thin yellow margin on both surfaces of leaves. Sexual morph: Ascomata scattered,
concentrated at the center of the lesion, solitary, immersed,
subglobose, ostiolate. Peridium thin, composed black to
brown, thick-walled, 5–8 cell layers of textura angularis.
Paraphyses few, parenchymatous, septate. Asci 8-spored,
broad-cylindrical, unitunicate, J-, sessile. Ascospores
uniseriate, ellipsoidal to obpyriform, hyaline, highly constricted one septate, 1/3 to 1/2 from the base, lower cell is
more pointed at the end than larger cell. Asexual morph:
Undetermined.
Type species: Maculatipalma frondicola J. Fröhl. &
K.D. Hyde
Maculatipalma frondicola J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde [as
‘fronsicola’], Mycol. Res. 99(6): 727 (1995). Fig. 68.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04293
Pathogenic on leaves of palm forming roughly ellipsoidal, brown spots 20–25 9 8–16 lm, with thin yellow
margin on both surfaces of leaves. Sexual morph: Ascomata 130–325 9 160–250 lm, scattered, concentrated at
the center of the lesion, solitary, immersed, subglobose,
ostiolate. Peridium 10–20 lm thick, thin, composed black
to brown, thick walled, 5–8 cell layers of textura angularis.
Paraphyses few, parenchymatous, septate. Asci 85–
130 9 10–17 lm (
x = 103 9 13 lm, n = 25), 8-spored,
broad-cylindrical, unitunicate, J-, sessile. Ascospores 20–
23 9 5.5–8.5 lm (
x = 22 9 7 lm, n = 50), uniseriate,
ellipsoidal to obpyriform, hyaline, one-septate, 1/3 to 1/2
from the base, constricted, lower cell is more pointed at the
end than larger cell. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Fröhlich and Hyde 1995).
Material examined: AUSTRALIA, north Queensland,
Mossman River Gorge, living leaf of Linospadix microcarya, June 1992, J. Frohlich, KDH 1346, BRIP 21402
holotype.
Notes: The monotypic genus Maculatipalma was introduced and typified by Maculatipalma frondicola. This
genus was placed in Cytosporaceae (Fröhlich and Hyde
1995). This genus does not have sequence data in available
data bases. However, morphologically Maculatipalma
frondicola shows similar characters to Gnomoniaceae such
as Foliicolous life mode, solitary, thin-walled ascomata,
and cylindrical to fusiform asci. Therefore, we placed
Maculatipalma frondicola within Gnomoniaceae based on
morphology.
Mamianiella Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 35: 635, 637 (1917)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04294
Pathogenic forming spots on living leaves. Sexual
morph: Stromata within leaf tissue, compact
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343
plectenchymatous, hyaline to pale brown, entirely surrounded by black, thick and clypeus-like crust. Ascomata
embedded within stroma, single or in small group, globular, with long black neck at the top. Peridium membranaceous, brown to dark brown, composed of flattened,
blackish, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Necks
cylindrical, slender, composed of dark brown, prolonged,
plectenchymatous cells, with hyaline periphyses. Asci
8-spored, unitunicate, clavate or cylindric-clavate, thinwalled, with thickened tip with apical ring, irregularly in
perithecium. Ascospores elliptic to oblong-ovoid, unicellular, hyaline. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Mamianiella coryli (Batsch) Höhn.
lower and upper leaf epidermis, globose to subglobose,
coriaceous, black, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla long, asymmetrically located, slanted or on substrate, curved or erect.
Peridium comprising thick-walled, brown, large cells of
textura globulosa or textura epidermoidea. Hamathecium
aparaphysate. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, with
short, pointed pedicel, apex rounded with bi-lobed, distinct,
apical ring. Ascospores uni- to tri-seriate, fusiform, cylindrical to elongate fusiform, straight or very slightly curved,
1-septate, hyaline, guttulate, smooth-walled. Asexual
morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Marsupiomyces quercina Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde.
Mamianiella coryli (Batsch) Höhn., Annls mycol. 16(1/2):
102 (1918). Fig. 69.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04295
Pathogenic forming spots on living leaves. Sexual
morph:
Stromata
400–450 9 900–1000 lm
(
x = 432 9 918 lm, n = 20), within leaf tissue, compact
plectenchymatous, hyaline to pale brown, entirely surrounded by black, thick and clypeus-like crust. Ascomata
700–750 9 250–300 lm (
x = 716 9 281 lm, n = 20),
embedded within stroma, single or in small group, globular, with long black neck at the top. Peridium 18–30 lm
(
x = 22 lm, n = 20), membranaceous, brown to dark
brown, composed of flattened, blackish, thick-walled cells
of textura angularis. Necks 490–525 9 75–130 lm
(
x = 492 9 110 lm, n = 20), cylindrical, slender, composed of dark brown, prolonged, plectenchymatous cells,
with hyaline periphyses. Asci 30–40 9 12–14 lm
(
x = 36 9 13 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate
or cylindric-clavate, thin-walled, with thickened tip apical
ring, irregularly in perithecium. Ascospores 7–8 9 3–4 lm
(
x = 7.7 9 3.3 lm, n = 20), elliptic to oblong-ovoid, unicellular, hyaline. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Material examined: JAPAN, Mt. Hakkoda, Prov. Mutsu,
Corylus rostrata Marshall (Betulaceae), 24 August 1930,
F144462; SWEDEN, Suecia. Uppland, Möja sn, Ramsmoraö, Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae), 17 August 1918,
T. Vestergren, F144463.
Notes: Senanayake et al. (2017b) synonymized Mamiania under Mamianiella based on its morphological similarity. This genus forms ascomata on leaf surface.
Marsupiomyces quercina Senan., Camporesi & K.D.
Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296
(2017b).
Facesoffungi number FoF 03485
Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b)
Saprobic on leaves of Quercus. Sexual morph: Stromatic cavity pale in colour, tightly packed cells, forming a
thin, coating around ascomata. Ascomata 150–250 lm high
160–300 lm diam. (
x = 175 9 200 lm, n = 10), solitary,
scattered, immersed horizontally in the lower and upper
leaf epidermis, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black,
ostiolate, papillate. Papilla long, asymmetrically located,
slanted or on substrate, curved or erect. Peridium 25–
45 lm wide (
x = 35 lm, n = 10), comprising thick-walled,
brown, large cells of textura globulosa. Hamathecium
aparaphysate.
Asci
125–150 9 9–11 lm
(
x=
134 9 9.8 lm, n = 30), unitunicate, 8-spored, fusiform,
with short, pointed pedicel, apex rounded with bilobed,
distinct, apical ring. Ascospores 15–21 9 6–8 lm
(
x = 17.4 9 6.6 lm, n = 40), biseriate, cylindrical to
elongate fusiform, 1-septate, hyaline, guttulate. Asexual
morph: Undetermined (description based on Senanayake
et al. 2017b).
Notes: Marsupiomyces is typified by M. quercina and
contains a second species M. epidermoidea. Members of
this genus occur on Fagaceae. Phylogenetic analysis based
on combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequences
in Senanayake et al. (2017b) showed that Marsupiomyces
is closely related to Apioplagiostoma. However, Apioplagiostoma differs from Marsupiomyces in having leaf
lesions with dark purple to brown pigmentation, and
apiosporous ascospores.
Marsupiomyces Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, in
Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b).
Facesoffungi number FoF 03484
Saprobic on leaves of Fagaceae. Sexual morph:
Appearing on the surface as black solitary swellings on the
leaf surface. Ascomatal cavity pale in colour, tightly
packed cells, forming a thin coating around ascomata.
Ascomata solitary, scattered, immersed horizontally in the
Millerburtonia Cif., Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 6(1): 26
(1951)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04296
Foliicolous, parasitic. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervuli, subepidermal,
minute ostiolate. Conidiogenous cells forming hyaline,
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 70 Ophiognomonia melanostyla (F249901). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Peridium. d–f Asci. g Ascospores. Scale bars:
b = 200 lm, c = 20 lm, d–f = 20 lm, g = 10 lm
packed, simple and widely branched. Conidia filiform,
aciculate, hyaline.
Type species: Millerburtonia oyedaeae Cif.
Millerburtonia oyedaeae Cif., Mycopath. Mycol. appl.
6(1): 27 (1951)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04297
Illustration: See Ciferri (1950)
Pathogenic forming leaf spots spreading on leaf surface.
Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervuli, erumpent, subepidermal, globose to subglobose, aggregated 2–10 in a spot, black, ostiolate. Ostiole
200–400 lm diam., erumpent, minute. Conidiophores
123
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells
60–100 9 0.6–1 lm, dense, parallel, crowded, erect,
branched or unbranched, delicate, hyaline, continuously
releasing conidia. Conidia filiform, aciculate, hyaline,
straight or curved (description based on Ciferri 1950).
Notes: Millerburtonia was introduced based on Chalcosphaeria oyedaeae (Syd.) Cif.which is a parasitic, leaf
spot forming fungus. Millerburtonia is typified by the
single species M. oyedaeae obtained from leaves of Oyedeae verbesinoides. Morphologically, this genus is similar
to Hypospila (Sacc.) Traverso.
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345
Fig. 71 Phragmoporthe ploettneriana (F13480). a, b Packet of herbarium specimen. c Herbarium specimen. d Ascomata on host. e, f Cross
section of ascomata. g Peridium. h–j Asci. k Ascospores. Scale bars: d, e = 200 lm, f = 100 lm, g = 50 lm, h–j = 20 lm, k = 10 lm
Occultocarpon L.C. Mejı́a & Zhu L. Yang, in Mejı́a et al.,
Fungal Divers 52(1): 101 (2012)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04298
Foliicolous. Sexual morph: Ascomata scattered in
groups, immersed, black, coriaceous, with grey to brown,
scanty stroma above perithecia, with thin central to
eccentric necks protruding from periderm and extending
beyond surface, cream-yellow mycelium at base of
perithecia. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical-elongated, apical ring J- with 2 reniform bodies. Ascospores
obliquely parallel or biseriate, oblong elliptical-elongated,
hyaline, short, one-septate, multiguttulate. Asexual
morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Occultocarpon ailaoshanense L.C. Mejı́a &
Zhu L. Yang
Occultocarpon ailaoshanense L.C. Mejı́a & Zhu L. Yang,
in Mejı́a et al. Fungal Divers 52(1): 101 (2012)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04299
Illustration: See Mejı́a et al. (2012)
Foliicolous. Sexual morph: Ascomata 470–480 9 360–
375 lm (
x = 477 9 367, n = 10), immersed, solitary or
aggregated, subglobose, black, coriaceous. Necks 380–
500 9 35–55 lm (
x = 425 9 45 lm, n = 10), eccentric,
thin, central, protruding from periderm and extending
beyond surface, with ostiolar opening. Mycelium at base of
perithecia cream-yellow, perithecia collapsing from bottom
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Fig. 72 Phylloporthe vernoniae (F8777). a, b Packet of herbarium. c Herbarium specimen. d Stromata on substrate. e, f Vertical cross section of
ascomata. g–i Asci. j–m Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 200 lm, e, f = 100 lm, g–m = 10 lm
when dry. Asci 65–75 9 15–20 lm (
x = 67 9 16, n = 20),
8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, elongated, apical ring 2–
4 lm diam., J- with two slightly reniform bodies. Ascospores 18–22 9 3–5 lm (
x = 21 9 4 lm, n = 30),
obliquely parallel or biseriate, hyaline, short, oblong
elliptical-elongated, with rounded ends, with many guttules, appearing granulated, one-septate, often with upper
cell slightly wider than lower, slightly constricted at septum. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on
Mejı́a et al. 2012).
Notes: Occultocarpon was introduced and typified by O.
ailaoshanense is characterized by aggregated, stromatic
perithecia with thin, central to eccentric necks and oblong
123
elliptical-elongated, one-septate ascospores. this monotypic
genus occurs on the bark of Alnus nepalensis (Betulaceae).
Ophiognomonia (Sacc.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 14(1):
613 (1899)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04424
Saprobic on leaves and veins. Sexual morph: Ascomata
solitary, aggregated up to three, or in loose clusters,
without stroma, epiphyllous and hypophyllous on overwintered leaf blades or on overwintered petioles, dark
brown to glossy black, rarely cream, globose to subglobose, immersed or partially erumpent. Neck central, lateral,
or marginal, straight, curved, or sinuous, long to short. Asci
8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform to oval or filiform, apical
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347
Fig. 73 Plagiostoma salicicola (MFLU 17–0878) a Ascomata on substrate. b Cross section of ascoma. c Peridium. d–f Asci. g–i Ascospores.
Scale bars: a = 500 lm, b = 100 lm, c–i = 10 lm
ring often conspicuous, occasionally intertwined. Ascospores uni-, bi-, and multiseriate or parallel, two-celled,
rarely one-celled, oval, fusiform, or filiform, ends blunt to
rounded, with or without appendages. Asexual morph:
Undetermined.
Type species: Ophiognomonia melanostyla (DC.) Sacc.
Ophiognomonia melanostyla (DC.) Sacc., Icon. fung.
(Abellini) 2: 146 (1899). Fig. 70.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04425
Saprobic on leaves and veins. Sexual morph: Perithecia 180–220 9 220–350 lm, hypophyllous, without
stroma, solitary, evenly distributed over large areas of leaf
blades, sometimes on upper part of petioles, immersed at
first, partly erumpent at maturity, oblate to sub oblate when
moist, convex, occasionally irregularly dented or concave
when dry. Necks 500–1000 lm long, 30–50 lm wide at
base, central or eccentric, usually sinuous. Asci 55–
65 9 4.5–5 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, narrowly fusiform,
apical ring 1–1.5 lm, J-, evenly or slightly unevenly parallel. Ascospores 37–42.5 9 1.5–2 lm (
x = 39 9 1.5 lm,
n = 20), clavate filiform, slightly sinuous two-celled,
slightly constricted at septum, ends blunt, rounded, basal
cell narrower than distal cell, each cell with a few small
guttules, appendages 5–25 lm long, subulate to whipshaped. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based
on Sogonov et al. 2008).
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348
Material examined: CZECH REPUBLIC, Mähr-Weisskirchen, Teplitz, Tilia platyphylla Scop. (Malvaceae), F.
Petrak, April 1914, F249901.
Notes: Ophiognomonia comprises leaf-inhabiting endophytes, pathogens, and saprobes that infect plants in Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Juglandaceae, Lauraceae, Malvaceae,
Platanaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae, and Sapindaceae
mainly in temperate areas,although some are from
subtropics.
Phragmoporthe Petr., Annls mycol. 32(5/6): 354 (1934)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04426
Saprobic on Betulaceae. Sexual morph: Stromata
spread around ostiolar canals, comprising brown
parenchymatous tissues. Ascomata immersed, aggregated
globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate. Ostiolar canal long, wide, comprising brown elongated cells,
internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising brown, thick-walled, somewhat compressed cells of
textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, globose to
irregular, sessile, thin-walled. Ascospores crowded, fusiform, 3-septate, not constricted at septum, hyaline, smoothwalled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Phragmoporthe ploettneriana (Henn.)
Petr.
Phragmoporthe ploettneriana (Henn.) Petr., Annls mycol.
32(5/6): 354 (1934). Fig. 71.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04427
Saprobic on Alnus glutinosa L., appearing as conical
pustules on the host surface. Sexual morph: Ascomata
700–930 9 400–500 lm (
x = 780 9 461 lm, n = 20),
perithecial, minutely stromatic, solitary, erumpent or
immersed directly below the host epidermis, globose,
membranous, dark brown to black, with a periphysate
ostiole. Peridium 14–24 lm wide (
x = 22 lm, n = 10),
comprising 7–15 cell layers, outer layers heavily pigmented, thin-walled, comprising dark brown cells of textura angularis, inner layers composed of hyaline to brown,
thin-walled, flat cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium
aparaphysate. Asci 80–95 9 30–35 lm (
x = 89 9 35 lm,
n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, straight, short
pedicellate, apically rounded or truncate, with a refractive,
Japical
ring.
Ascospores
19–24 9 8–10 lm
(
x = 22 9 9.9 lm, n = 20), multi-seriate, fusiform, mainly
with 3 transverse septa, occasionally constricted at septa,
hyaline, smooth and thick-walled, without a mucilaginous
sheath or appendages. Asexual morph: Undetermined
(description based on Sogonov et al. 2008).
Material examined: GERMANY, Brandenburg, Mark
Brandenburg, Rathenow, on stem of Alnus glutinosa (L.)
Gaertn. (Betulaceae), 8 April 1899, Plöttner, F13480,
isotype.
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Notes: The genus Phragmoporthe was introduced based on
P. ploettneriana as the type species (Petrak 1934). Phragmoporthe is characterized by multi-septate ascospores and
8-spored asci (Sogonov et al. 2008). The closest genus to
Phragmoporthe is Ditopella De Not., which differs from
Phragmoporthe in having 1-septate, rarely aseptate ascospores and polysporous asci (Sogonov et al. 2008).
Phylloporthe Syd., Annls mycol. 23(3/6): 348 (1925)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04428
Parasite on living leaves of Vernonia triflosculosa
Kunth. Sexual morph: Stromata poorly developed, irregular in shape, superficial, aggregated, epifoliar, black,
coriaceous. Ascomata immersed in stromatic tissues, solitary or aggregated, globose to subglobose, brown, coriaceous. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical, J- apical
ring. Ascospores ellipsoid to globose, 1-septate, hyaline,
smooth. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Phylloporthe vernoniae Syd.
Phylloporthe vernoniae Syd., Annls mycol. 23(3/6): 349
(1925). Fig. 72.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04429
Parasite on living leaves of Vernonia triflosculosa
Kunth. Sexual morph: Stromata poorly developed, irregular in shape, superficial, aggregated, epifoliar, black,
coriaceous.
Ascomata
300–325 9 320–410 lm
(
x = 304 9 341 lm, n = 20), immersed in stromatic tissues, solitary or aggregated, globose to subglobose, brown,
coriaceous. Asci 45–55 9 8–12 lm (
x = 53 9 11 lm,
n = 20), unitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical, J- apical ring.
Ascospores 8–12 9 4–5 lm (
x = 11 9 4.3 lm, n = 20),
ellipsoid to globose, 1-septate, hyaline, smooth. Asexual
morph: Undetermined.
Material examined: COSTA RICA, La Caja bei San
José, on leaves of Vernonia triflosculosa Kunth (Asteraceae), 4 January 1925, H. Sydow, S-F8777, holotype.
Notes: The monotypic genus Phylloporthe is typified by P.
vernoniae Syd., which is a parasite on living leaves of Vernonia triflosculosa in Costa Rica. Phylloporthe is morphologically similar to Lambro, however distinct in having
strongly erumpent, almost superficial stromata, aparaphysate
hamathecium and thin-walled ascospores. There are no
sequence data for this genus and Barr (1978) placed Phylloporthe in the Gnomoniaceae based on morphology.
Plagiostoma Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 118
(1870) [1869–70]
Facesoffungi number FoF 04430
Saprobic on twigs of dead, fallen or still attached host,
in midvein or petiole of leaves or leaf lamina, or stalks and
peduncles of herbaceous plants. Sexual morph: Stromata
scanty, flocculose, grey, brownish, cream, yellowish white,
or whitish. Perithecia black, sub oblate, usually collapsed
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349
Fig. 74 Pleuroceras oregonense (NY 00921992). a Packet of
herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c–d Ascomata on substrate.
e Vertical cross section of ascomata. f Peridium. g–j Asci. k–
l Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 1 mm, d = 200 lm, e = 100 lm,
f = 20 lm, g–j = 10 lm, k–l = 10 lm
from base when dry, with or without stromatic tissue surrounding neck. Ascomata immersed, solitary or aggregated,
globose, slightly flattened to subglobose, black, coriaceous.
Neck central to marginal, mostly cylindrical, sometimes
flattened, short and stout, upright, straight, contorted,
slanted or straight, with or without a disk-like expansion,
apex rounded, acute, flared, cupulate, papillate, or conic,
black, brown, yellow or hyaline, with or without furrows.
Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, obclavate, ovoidal to
cylindrical and cylindric-fusoid, usually with a short stalk,
a conspicuous apical ring with two refractive bodies. Ascospores obliquely parallel, biseriate, multiseriate, or
twisted, ellipsoid, ellipsoid-fusoid, oblong-ellipsoid or
ovoid, hyaline, unicellular or 1-septate, constricted or not
at median to submedian septum, sometimes apiosporous,
with four or more rounded guttules, or appearing granulated, with or without an appendage at each end. Asexual
morph: Undetermined.
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 75 Sirococcus conigenus (redrawn from Sutton 1980). a Vertical cross section of conidiomata. b Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells
attached to conidia. c Conidia. Scale bars: a = 200 lm, b, c = 10 lm
Type species: Plagiostoma euphorbiae (Fuckel) Fuckel
Plagiostoma salicicola Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde,
in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b).
Fig. 73.
Facesoffungi number FoF 03490
Saprobic on dead twigs of Salix sp. Sexual morph:
Stromata loosely packed comprising pseudoparenchymatous tissues. Ascomata 400–600 lm high, 250–400 lm
diam. (
x = 580 9 300 lm, n = 20), perithecial, aggregated
in groups of 3–10, immersed, oblate globose when moist
but convex with irregular dents around base of papilla
when dry, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, papillate. Necks
420–700 lm long, 100–150 lm wide at base, 60–150 lm
wide at apex, converged or not, eccentric to marginal,
slightly
curved.
Asci
45–70 9 10–20 lm
(
x = 62 9 16 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform,
apex narrowly obtuse, sessile, with J- apical ring. Ascospores 15–25 9 4–7 lm (
x = 17 9 6 lm, n = 20),
obliquely biseriate to fasciculate, ellipsoidal to fusiform,
medially 1-septate, constricted or not at the septum, ends
rounded to tapering, with upper cell slightly wider than
basal cell, hyaline. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017b).
Material examined: ITALY, Province of Trento, Val di
Sole, near Croviana, on dead branch of Salix sp. (Salicaceae), 29 July 2013, E. Camporesi, MFLU 17–0878,
holotype.
Notes: Plagiostoma, which is typified by Plagiostoma
euphorbiae, currently comprises 53 species (Index Fungorum 2018). Mejı́a et al. (2011) revisited the genus and
observed distinct grouping pattern of Plagiostoma with
expanded necks and species with cylindrical necks on
Salicaceae.
Pleuroceras Riess, Hedwigia 1(6): 25 (1854)
123
= Cryptoderis Auersw., Mycologia europaea. Abbildungen sämmtlicher Schwämme Europas 5–6: 29 (1869).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04431
Pathogenic forming blackish area on leaves. Sexual
morph: Stromata absent. Ascomata solitary, scattered,
erumpent, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, brown, with
asymmetrically located neck, ostiolate. Neck internally
covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising thickwalled, brown cells of textura globulosa. Hamathecium
aparaphysate. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, with
very short stalk, non amyloid apical ring. Ascospores parallel, filamentous, aseptate, ends pointed, hyaline. Asexual
morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Pleuroceras ciliatum Riess
Pleuroceras oregonense M. Monod, Beih. Sydowia 9: 164
(1983). Fig. 74.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04432
Pathogenic forming blackish area on leaves. Lesions
irregular, black, scattered on leaves. Sexual morph: Ascomata 200–275 9 100–110 lm (
x = 163 9 103 lm,
n = 20), solitary, scattered, erumpent, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, brown, with asymmetrically located
neck,
ostiolate.
Neck
160–180 9 35–50 lm
(
x = 163 9 42 lm, n = 20), internally covered by hyaline
periphyses. Peridium 9–13 lm (
x = 12 lm), comprising
thick-walled, brown cells of textura globulosa. Hamathecium
aparaphysate.
Asci
150–200 9 10–20 lm
(
x = 189 9 18 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, with very short stalk, non amyloid apical ring. Ascospores 130–150 9 2–3.5 lm (
x = 145 9 3 lm, n = 20),
parallel, filamentous, aseptate, ends pointed, hyaline.
Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Barr
1978).
Material examined: USA, Oregon, US 20 near Lost
prairie and Lava beds, Willamette national forest, Salix sp.
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351
Fig. 76 Uniseta flagellifera (NY 01167853). a Herbarium packet. b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d, e Asci. f–h Ascospores.
Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d, e = 10 lm, f–h = 5 lm
(Salicaceae), 16 August 1975, M. E. Barr, NY 00921992,
holotype.
Notes: The genus Pleuroceras Riess includes gnomonialike fungi having ascomata with eccentric, lateral necks
and elongated ascospores and was placed in the Valsaceae
by Barr (1978). The type species is P. cryptoderis (Lév.)
Höhn., which occurs on overwintered leaves of Populus
alba. Many of the 23 species currently recognized in
Pleuroceras were transferred from Gnomonia by Barr
(1978) and Monod (1983). Most of the species included in
Pleuroceras are found on overwintered leaves of hardwood
trees in temperate regions.
Sirococcus Preuss, Linnaea 26: 716 (1855)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04433
Pathogenic on mostly temperate plants. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidia,
multilocular, eustromatic, glabrous, erumpent without a
clypeus, globose to flattened, black, coriaceous. Peridium
comprising multilayered, brown cells of textura angularis.
Locules uni- or multi-ostiolate, ostiolate. Conidiophores
simple or branched, septate. Conidiogenous cells
monophialidic. Conidia hyaline, median-septate, fusiform.
Type species: Sirococcus conigenus (Pers.) P.F. Cannon
& Minter
Sirococcus conigenus (Pers.) P.F. Cannon & Minter,
Taxon 32(4): 577 (1983). Fig. 75.
=Sirococcus trobilinus Preuss, Linnaea 26: 716 (1853)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04434
Pathogenic causing cankers on all woody parts of
overwintered plants including twigs, branches, stems and
buttress roots. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata 170–300 lm diam., solitary or in
groups, pycnidia, globose, black, unilocular, with irregular
opening in the upper part. Conidiophores 30–50 lm long,
3.5–5.0 lm wide at the base, hyaline branched, septate.
Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, ampulliform, aseptate,
hyaline. Conidia 9.8–15.6 9 2.2–3.6 lm, hyaline, fusiform, straight or slightly curved, mostly one-septate and
constricted at the septum (description based on Sutton
1980).
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352
Notes: Sirococcus is a pathogenic genus causing blight
of conifers and some other temperate trees and as endophytes causing Javart disease. This genus was introduced
and typified by Sirococcus conigenus. There are 41 species
in the genus (Mycobank 2018).
Spataporthe Bronson et al., Int. J. Pl. Sci. 174(3): 278–292
(2013)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04435
Carbonated on a coniferous leaf. Sexual morph:
Perithecia immersed in host tissue, spherical. Peridium
two-layered, outer layer pseudoparenchymatous, inner
layer filamentous. Perithecium neck forms widened basal
chamber at contact with centrum. Basal neck chamber
occupied by transient pseudoparenchyma plug and, later,
periphyses. Hamathecium absent at maturity. Asci clavate,
inoperculate, without conspicuous apical ring, detaching
from hymenium at maturity. Ascospores oval. Asexual
morph: Undetermined (description based on Bronson et al.
2013).
Type species: Spataporthe taylorii Bronson et al.
Spataporthe taylorii Bronson et al., Int. J. Pl. Sci. 174(3):
278–292 (2013)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04436
Illustration: See Bronson et al. (2013)
Carbonated on a coniferous leaf. Sexual morph:
Perithecia up to [ 150 lm high, 320–470 lm diam.,
densely distributed, immersed, globose. Peridium twolayered, outer 2–4 layered, pseudoparenchymatous, intergrading with plant host tissue and inner, pale brown, filamentous, up to 25 lm thick. Neck with hemispherical to
bell-shaped chamber at base; basal neck chamber
75–105 lm high, 115–140 lm in diam., at base; above
basal chamber lined with longitudinal hyphae and
30–35 lm wide, filled with pseudoparenchyma disintegrating, leaving collar that forms constriction at contact
with centrum, periphysate. Hamathecium 12–33 lm diam.,
consisting of pseudoparenchyma, overlying inner wall
layer, basal in perithecium, absent at maturity. Asci
30–47 9 12–20 lm, clavate, inoperculate, without conspicuous apical ring, thinly tapered at base, with fine
papillae on surface. Ascospores 4.7 9 3.2 lm, ovoid.
Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on
Bronson et al. 2013).
Notes: Spataporthe is a monotypic genus typified by S.
taylorii. This is the only genus known as a fossil in Diaporthales (Bronson et al. 2013). Based on the divergent
time estimates, Spataporthe provides a minimum age
(136 Ma) for the order which is the oldest representative of
the Diaporthales. Morphologically, Spataporthe is distinct
from other genera in Gnomoniaceae having perithecial
necks with bell-shaped chamber, peridium with outer, large
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pseudoparenchymatous layer and inner, thin filamentous
layer, and clavate asci with thinly tapered bases which are
detached from the hymenium to float freely in the
perithecium.
Uleoporthe Petr., Annls mycol. 39(4/6): 279 (1941)
Facesoffungi number FoF 02861
Saprobic or biotrophic on recently dead plant tissues.
Sexual morph: Stromata roughly circular, on the surface
of leaves. Ascomata surrounding the conidiomata, deeply
immersed in stromatic tissues, globose to subglobose,
ostiolate, papillate, with copious paraphyses. Peridium of
strongly flattened, pale brown cells of textura angularis at
the base and thick-walled, hyaline cells of textura angularis in the papilla region. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, shortpedicellate to almost sessile, apex rounded. Ascospores
overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, clavate, 2-celled, hyaline. Asexual morph: Conidiomata loculate, irregular in
shape, ostiolate. Peridium comprising layers of brown,
thin-walled cells of textura epidermoidea. Conidiophores
poorly differentiated, thin-walled, ellipsoidal. Conidiogenous
cells in small clusters or short branched chains of cells,
irregular or narrowly flask-shaped, tapering towards the upper
region, both percurrent and sympodial proliferation, minute,
slightly flared collarettes where percurrent proliferation
occurs. Conidia ellipsoidal to fusiform, hyaline, aseptate
(description of asexual morph from Cannon 2001).
Type species: Uleoporthe orbiculata (Syd. & P. Syd.)
Petr.
Uleoporthe orbiculata (Syd. & P. Syd.) Petr., Annls mycol.
39(4/6): 280 (1941).
Basionym: Valsonectria orbiculata Syd. & P. Syd.,
Annls mycol. 14(1/2): 86 (1916)
Facesoffungi number FoF 02862
Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b)
Saprobic or biotrophic on recently dead plant tissues.
Sexual morph: Stromata 3–7 mm diam., roughly circular
in external view, epiphyllous, occupying the upper epidermis and palisade layers of the leaf, erumpent, convex,
initially with simple stellate splits, later becoming more
complex and branched, mostly coalescing with yellowbrown host tissue at the surface, with poorly to well-developed black line around the stroma and internal eustromatic tissue with thick-walled, glassy hyaline cells of
textura globulosa to textura angularis around the basal
region of ascomata and dark brown cells of textura globulosa to textura angularis around the ostioles. Ascomata
435–450 lm high, 400–460 lm wide (
x = 445 9 450 lm,
n = 15), surrounding the conidiomata, deeply immersed in
stromatic tissues, solitary, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, light brown, ostiolate. Papilla 190–200 lm high,
80–90 lm wide (
x = 195 9 85 lm, n = 15), conical,
slightly eccentric, hyaline, filamentous periphysate.
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
353
Fig. 77 Valsalnicola oxystoma (NY 01293359). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c, d Ascomata on substrate. e Vertical cross
section of ascomata. f Peridium. g–i Asci. j–l Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 500 lm, d = 200 lm, e = 50 lm, f–i = 10 lm, j-l = 5 lm
Peridium 15–20 lm wide (
x = 19 lm, n = 15), comprising
5–6 layers of strongly flattened, pale brown cells of textura
angularis at the base and thick-walled, hyaline cells of
textura angularis in the ostiolar region. Hamathecium
comprising copious, very thin-walled, persistent paraphyses, swollen at the base and gradually tapering towards the
apex. Asci 60–80 9 10–20 lm (
x = 65 9 14 lm, n = 25),
8-spored, unitunicate, narrowly clavate, short-pedicellate to
almost sessile, apex rounded, sometimes slightly attenuate.
Ascospores
16–20 9 5–6.5 lm
(
x = 18 9 5.4 lm,
n = 15), overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, clavate, upper
cell ellipsoidal and the lower cylindric-ellipsoidal, with a
median to slightly supramedian septum, thick-walled,
hyaline, smooth-walled, each cell sometimes biguttulate.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata loculate, irregularly-shaped,
ostiolate. Peridium comprising 2–3 layers of brown, thin-
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354
walled cells of textura epidermoidea. Conidiophores
poorly differentiated, thin-walled, ellipsoidal. Conidiogenous cells in small clusters or short branched chains of
cells, irregular or narrowly flask-shaped, tapering towards
the upper region, both percurrent and sympodial proliferation, minute, with slightly flared collarettes where percurrent proliferation occurs. Conidia ellipsoidal to
fusiform, apex acute to obtuse, base narrowly truncate,
thick-walled, hyaline, aseptate, smooth-walled.
Notes: The monotypic genus is typified by U. orbiculata, a leaf epiphyte forming circular, erumpent to superficial stromata. Previously this genus was assigned to
Sydowiellaceae and Senanayake et al. (2017a) moved this
genus to Diaporthales genera, incertae sedis. However,
morphologically this genus is closer to Gnomoniaceae
specially Phyloporthe in having foliicolous life mode,
solitary, globose, non-stromatic ascomata and fusiform
asci. Therefore, we place Uleoporthe within Gnomoniaceae until molecular data available.
Uniseta Ciccar., Nuovo G. bot. ital. 54: 711 (1948)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04437
Saprobic on woody bark and twigs. Sexual morph:
Ascomata non stromatic, immersed, solitary to aggregated,
globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate. Peridium comprising thick-walled, large, brown cells of textura
globulosa to textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising
hyaline, densely packed cellular mass. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, oval to widely fusiform, short-stalked. Ascospores
biseriate, fusiform, ends blunt, slightly curved, guttulate,
hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Uniseta flagellifera (Ellis & Everh.)
Ciccar.
Uniseta flagellifera (Ellis & Everh.) Ciccar., Nuovo G. bot.
ital. 54: 15 (1947). Fig. 76.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04438
Saprobic on woody bark and twigs. Sexual morph:
Ascomata non stromatic, immersed, solitary to aggregated,
globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate. Peridium comprising thick-walled, large, brown cells of textura
globulosa to textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising
hyaline, densely packed cellular mass. Asci 25–35 9 9–
12 lm (
x = 33 9 10 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate,
oval to widely fusiform, short-stalked. Ascospores 8–
12 9 2.5–3.5 lm (
x = 9 9 3 lm, n = 20), biseriate, fusiform, ends blunt, slightly curved, guttulate, hyaline,
smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Material examined: USA, New Jersey, Newfield, on
dead stems of Comptonia asplenifolia (L.) J.M.Coult.
(Myricaceae), Ellis J. B., June 1889, NY 01167853
holotype.
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Fig. 78 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a c
combined nrLSU, nrITS, TUB and CAL sequence alignment for taxa
of Harknessiaceae. Genera are indicated in coloured blocks. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities
are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number
of changes per site
Notes: A monotypic genus typified by U. flagellifera.
Uniseta is morphologically similar to several genera in
Gnomoniaceae. However, this genus is distinct in having
sessile, widely fusiform asci deeply immersed in a hyaline,
cellular mass and fusiform, slightly curved, guttulate
ascospores. There are no sequence data in GenBank and we
accommodate this genus in Gnomoniaceae until molecular
data is available.
Valsalnicola D.M. Walker & Rossman, in Crous et al.,
Persoonia 29: 149 (2012)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04439
Pathogenic causing linear cankers and lesions. Sexual
morph: Ectostromata well-developed, brown to black,
thick disc from which perithecial necks emerge. Ascomata
perithecial, immersed beneath ectostroma, aggregated in
groups of 13–23, converging into 5–20 necks. Asci fusiform, with indistinct apical ring. Ascospores allantoid with
rounded ends, 1-septate, hyaline. Asexual morph:
Dimorphic in same conidiomata. Conidiomata pycnidial,
exuding masses of brown conidia. Alpha conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells
cylindrical to ampulliform, hyaline, aseptate. Alpha conidia cylindrical, brown, finely verruculose, apex obtuse,
base truncate, euseptate. Beta conidiophores subcylindrical, straight to curved, aseptate or septate, hyaline to subhyaline. Beta conidiogenous cells proliferating percurrently
or sympodially. Beta conidia hyaline to subhyaline, narrowly obclavate, apex subobtuse, base truncate, straight to
curved, up to 11-septate.
Type species: Valsalnicola oxystoma (Rehm) D.M.
Walker & Rossman
Valsalnicola oxystoma (Rehm) D.M. Walker & Rossman,
in Crous et al., Persoonia 29: 149 (2012). Fig. 77.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04440
Pathogenic causing linear cankers and lesions. Sexual
morph: Ectostroma well-developed, brown to black,
perithecial necks emerge and form a thick disc. Ascomata
250–400 9 260–350 lm
(
x = 380 9 320,
n = 20),
immersed beneath ectostroma, aggregated, 10–20 perithecia in a group, subglobose to globose, glossy black, ostiolate, necks converging into 5–20 necks, emerging at
surface through ectostromatic disc. Necks 180–225 lm
high (
x = 200 lm, n = 10), central, straight to curved. Asci
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355
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356
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 79 Dwiroopa ramya (redrawn from Farr and Rossman 2003). a Vertical cross section of conidiomata. b Conidiogenous cells attached to
conidia. c Conidia. Scale bars: a = 50 lm, b, c = 10 lm
30–45 9 8–12 lm (
x = 38 9 11 lm, n = 20), fusiform,
apex broadly rounded, with indistinct, J- apical ring, stipe
acute, rounded, or tapering to a point. Ascospores 10–
12 9 2–3 lm (
x = 11 9 2 lm, n = 30), irregularly multiseriate, allantoid with rounded ends, mostly curved, rarely
straight, 1-median septate, slightly constricted or not at
septum, with several small guttules, hyaline. Asexual
morph: Dimorphic in same conidiomata. Conidiomata
pycnidial, exuding masses of brown conidia. Alpha conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
cells cylindrical to ampulliform, hyaline, aseptate. Alpha
conidia 15–23 9 4–5 lm, cylindrical, brown, finely verruculose, apex obtuse, base truncate, 3–5-euseptate. Beta
conidiophores 8–15 9 2–3 lm, subcylindrical, straight to
curved, 0–2-septate, hyaline to subhyaline. Beta conidiogenous cells proliferating percurrently or sympodially.
Beta conidia 25–80 9 2.5–3 lm, hyaline to subhyaline,
narrowly obclavate, apex subobtuse, base truncate, straight
to curved, up to 11-septate (description based on Crous
et al. 2012c).
Material examined: AUSTRIA, Tirol (Tyrol). Oetztal.
Im Oetzthal zwishcen Umhausen und Längenfeld, Alnus
viridis (Chaix.) D.C. (Betulaceae), F. Rehm s.n., August
1874, NY 01293359, isolectotype; CANADA, Ontario.
Chambers township, North Bay district, on Alnus viridis
(Chaix.) D.C. (Betulaceae), L.S. MacLeod, November
1988, NY 02932689.
Notes: Valsalnicola was introduced based on Valsa
oxystoma Rehm., and this genus is distinct in having
allantoid, 1-septate ascospores. Valsalnicola is closely
related to Valsa melanodiscus which has 1-septate allantoid
ascospores, however the former lacks a black line surrounding in the ascomatal cavity. Molecular sequence data
analysis placed Valsalnicola within the GnomoniaceaeMelanconidaceae complex (Crous et al. 2012c). Senanayake et al. (2017b) and Voglmayr et al. (2017) confirmed
phylogenetic placement of Valsalnicola within the
Gnomoniaceae.
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Vismaya V.V. Sarma & K.D. Hyde, Nova Hedwigia
73(1–2): 247 (2001)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04300
Saprobic on decaying twigs. Sexual morph: Ascomata
globose or subglobose, immersed, solitary, brown to black,
coriaceous, long papillate, with a central periphysate,
ostiolar canal. Peridium comprising outer, thick-walled,
brown cells of textura epidermoidea and inner, thin-walled,
compressed, hyaline, cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising few, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 4-spored,
unitunicate, subclavate to clavate, non-pedicellate, with Japical ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate, ellipsoid,
unicellular, hyaline, slightly verruculose, with appendages
at both ends. Appendages initially pad-like, later stretching
to form long, slender filaments. Asexual morph:
Undetermined.
Type species: Vismaya chaturbeeja V.V. Sarma & K.D.
Hyde
Vismaya chaturbeeja V.V. Sarma & K.D. Hyde, Nova
Hedwigia 73(1–2): 248 (2001)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04301
Illustration: See Sarma and Hyde (2001)
Saprobic on decaying twigs. Sexual morph: Ascomata
120–260 9 360–520 lm,
globose
or
subglobose,
immersed, solitary, brown to black, coriaceous, long
papillate, with a central periphysate, ostiolar canal. Peridium up to 40 lm thick, comprising outer, thick-walled,
brown cells of textura epidermoidea and inner, thin-walled,
compressed, hyaline, cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising few, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 142–
175 9 25–32 lm (
x = 156 9 27 lm, n = 25), 4-spored,
unitunicate, subclavate to clavate, non-pedicellate, with Japical
ring.
Ascospores
45–58 9 18–27 lm
(
x = 49 9 23 lm, n = 25), overlapping uniseriate, ellipsoid, unicellular, hyaline, slightly verruculose, with
appendages at both ends. Appendages initially pad-like,
later stretching to form long, slender filaments. Asexual
morph: Undetermined (description from Sarma and Hyde
2001).
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Notes: This monotypic genus Vismaya is typified by V.
chaturbeeja and characterized by having immersed
perithecial ascomata with long protruding necks, fourspored asci and hyaline, one-celled, verruculose ascospores
with appendages at both ends. Vismaya chaturbeeja is
morphologically similar to Gnomoniella and Gnomonia.
The genus lacks sequence data and we place Vismaya in
Gnomoniaceae considering its morphology.
Harknessiaceae Crous, Persoonia 28: 55. 2012b.
History
Harknessiaceae was initially proposed by Castlebury et al.
(2002) as an unresolved complex and it was formally
introduced by Crous et al. (2012b) to accommodate
Harknessia with their wuestneia-like sexual morphs. Several subsequent studies divided harknessia-like taxa into a
few genera. Von Höhnel (1914) introduced Mastigosporella to accommodate harknessia-like taxa with hyaline
conidia and apical appendages while Lee et al. (2004)
introduced Apoharknessia for species having brown conidia with apical and basal appendages. Farr and Rossman
(2003) introduced Dwiroopa to accommodate species with
very thick conidial walls and longitudinal slits. Crous et al.
(2012b) restricted this family into Harknessia.
Life mode
Members of Harknessiaceae are distributed worldwide and
are commonly associated with leaf spots and branches of
various hosts (Nag Raj 1993; Sankaran et al. 1995; Farr and
Rossman 2001). They also occur as endophytes and saprobes in leaves and twigs of various angiosperm plants and
noxious weeds (Crous et al. 2012b). A few species of this
family have been isolated from leaf and twig litter (Lee
et al. 2004; Marincowitz et al. 2008).
Morphological characteristics
Harknessiaceae is distinguished by having pycnidial
conidiomata with brown, furfuraceous margins, brown
conidia with or without hyaline, tube-like basal appendages, widely or narrowly spaced longitudinal striations on
smooth or thickened wall and rhexolytic secession. Sexual
morph of this family comprises stromatic perithecia, deliquescent stalked asci and uniseriate, hyaline, ellipsoidal to
inequilateral ascospores.
Phylogenetic identification
Castlebury et al. (2002) recognized Wuestneia/Harknessia
complex as a distinct clade in Diaporthales based on
357
nrLSU sequence data. Interspecific relationships of Harknessia species were determined based on combined gene
analysis of nrITS, TUB and CAL genes (Lee et al. 2004).
Summerell et al. (2006) and Crous et al. (2007) engaged an
incorporated approach with molecular data to resolve the
species boundaries and host specificity. Crous et al.
(2012b) analyzed combined gene sequences of nrITS,
nrLSU, TUB and CAL and recognized Harknessiaceae as a
distinct family in Diaporthales. Crous et al. (2012b)
introduced six novel species of Harknessia from Eucalyptus and phylogenetic relationships based on a multigene analysis of nrITS, CAL and TUB genes were provided for these species. However only Harknessia and
Dwiroopa have sequence data (Fig. 78).
Taxonomy
Harknessiaceae Crous, Persoonia 28: 55. 2012b.
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b).
Type genus: Harknessia Cooke.
Notes: Harknessiaceae was introduced to accommodate
Harknessia with their wuestneia-like sexual morph (Crous
et al. 2012b). This family was monogeneric but Senanayake et al. (2017b) accommodated Dwiroopa in Harknessiaceae based on both morphology and phylogeny. In
the present study, we accommodate Mebarria in Harknessiaceae based on its morphological similarity to species
in Harknessiaceae. Species of Harknessiaceae are distributed in both tropical and temperate biomes and are
associated with leaves and branches of host trees forming
leaf spots, leaf tip dieback, leaf scorch and stem cankers
(Crous et al. 1989, 1993; Farr and Rossman 2001).
Harknessia Cooke, in Cooke & Harkness, Grevillea 9(no.
51): 85 (1881)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04302
Description: See Crous et al. (2012b).
Type species: Harknessia eucalypti Cooke.
Harknessia eucalypti Cooke, Grevillea 9 (no. 51): 85.
1881.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04303
Illustration: See Crous et al. (2012b)
Saprobic on Eucalyptus globulus appearing as nearly
circular, distinct black spots. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 390–550 lm high,
400–600 lm diam., erumpent, scattered, pycnidial,
unilocular, globose to subglobose, brown. Peridium 3–4
layers of brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores
short, cylindrical, almost globose, branched, 1–2 layers,
hyaline, mixed with peridium cells. Conidiogenous cells 8–
13 9 4–6 lm, ampulliform, cylindrical, hyaline to brown.
Conidia 11.5–15 9 8–9.5 lm (
x = 13 9 8.5 lm, n = 20),
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 80 Mebarria thujina (NY 00921763). a Asci. b Ascospores.
c Packet of specimen. d Herbarium specimen. e Conidiomata on
specimen. f Cross section of conidioma. g, h Peridium, conidiogenous
cells and conidia. i–m Macroconidia. n Microconidia. Scale bars: a,
b = 30 lm, c = 200 lm, d, e = 100 lm, f = 20 lm, g–k = 10 lm
globose to ovoid with a truncate apiculate apex and an
obtuse to blunt base, smooth, hyaline when young, brown
at maturity, with longitudinal striations along the length of
some conidia. Basal appendages 5–15 9 1.5–3 lm
(
x = 10 9 2.5 lm, n = 20), hyaline, tubular, smooth, thinwalled, often collapsing (description based on Crous et al.
2012b).
Notes: Harknessia species are associated with leaf spots,
leaf tip dieback or leaf scorch, stem cankers as a pathogen
and with leaf litter as a saprobe (Crous et al. 1989; Marincowitz et al. 2008). Wuestneia-like sexual morphs have
been reported from Harknessia (Crous et al. 2012b, 2017).
erumpent, stromatic, brown to black, nonostiolate, with
irregular opening, multiloculate, Conidiophores reduced to
Conidiogenous cells. Macroconidiogenous cells holoblastic, rectangular, ampulliform, not branched. Macroconidia
brown to dark brown, obovoid to ovoid oblong or subglobose to irregularly ellipsoidal, aseptate, thick-walled,
with five to ten longitudinal slits, mostly extending from
base to apex, apex broadly rounded, base truncate with a
short flange. Mesoconidia if present pale brown, ellipsoidal, aseptate, apex rounded, base truncate. Microconidia
if present globose to ellipsoidal, hyaline, aseptate.
Type species: Dwiroopa ramya Subram. & Muthumary
Other genera included in Harknessiaceae
Dwiroopa ramya Subram. & Muthumary, Proc. Indian
Acad. Sci. (Plant Sci.) 96: 196, 1986. Fig. 79.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04442
Saprobic on leaves and twigs. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervuli, solitary,
scattered, immersed to semi-immersed, becoming erumpent, stromatic, brown to black, non-ostiolate, with
Dwiroopa Subram. & Muthumary, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.,
Pl. Sci. 96(3): 196 (1986)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04441
Saprobic on leaves and twigs. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervuli, solitary,
scattered, immersed to semi-immersed, becoming
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
irregular opening, multiloculate, Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Macroconidiogenous cells 8–11 9 5–
7 lm, holoblastic, rectangular, ampulliform, not branched.
Macroconidia 20–27 9 12–17 lm (
x= 24 9 14 lm,
n = 20), brown to dark brown, obovoid to ovoid oblong,
aseptate, thick-walled, with six to ten longitudinal slits,
mostly extending from base to apex, apex broadly rounded,
base truncate with a short flange. Mesoconidia 8–13 9 3–
6 lm (
x= 10.5 9 5.3 lm, n = 20), pale brown, ellipsoidal,
aseptate, apex rounded, base truncate. Microconidia absent
(description based on Farr and Rossman 2003).
Notes: Dwiroopa is typified by D. ramya Subram. &
Muthumary. Farr and Rossman (2003) observed a portion
of the type collection (IMI 255137) of D. ramya and designated as the lectotype. Morphology and culture characteristics of Harknessia lythri (Farr and Rossman 2001) are
distinct from other Harknessia species and it is taxonomically close to Dwiroopa. Therefore, Farr and Rossman
(2003) transfered Harknessia lythri to Dwiroopa lythri.
Currently Dwiroopa comprises only the two species. Only
D. lythri has molecular data and Senanayake et al. (2017b)
accommodated this genus in Harknessiaceae based on
morphology and phylogeny. Phylogenic analysis from the
present study showed that Dwiroopa forms a sister clade to
Harknessia with low bootstrap support values.
Mebarria J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 67(3): 898
(1989)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04443
Saprobic on leaves and stems. Sexual morph: Ectostroma not obvious, comprising hyaline to pale yellow,
thin-walled, densely packed cells and appearing somewhat
granular on its surface when dissected free. Stromatic disc
minute, pale yellow, emerge from the leaf tissue. Ascomata
immersed, solitary or rarely in pairs or groups, globose to
subglobose, black, coriaceous. Peridium outer, thick-walled, black cells of texture angularis and inner, thin-walled,
359
strongly compressed, hyaline cells of textura angularis.
Necks erumpent, straight to curved, cylindrical to subcylindrical, occasionally flaring at their tips, comprising
thin-walled cells. Asci 3- to 8-spored, thin-walled, broadly
clavate to clavate, sharply tapered to occasionally somewhat broadly rounded above, J-, distinct apical ring lying
free in the venter cavity, stalk minute. Ascospores uniseriate to irregularly biseriate, globose to broadly ellipsoidal,
unicellular, very thick- and smooth-walled, dark brown
(description based on Reid and Booth 1989). Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic, amphigenous on needles,
subepidermal or subperidermal, immersed becoming
erumpent, globose to subglobose, unilocular, divided
irregularly, glabrous, lacking an ostiole. Peridium comprising inner, hyaline, cells of textura angularis and outer,
yellowish brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells lining the cavity of the
conidiomata. Macroconidiognous cells subcylindrical to
legeniform, hyaline, smooth. Microconidiogenous cells
ampulliform to subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth. Macroconidia comprising conidium body and basal appendages,
broadly ellipsoidal, unicellular, dark brown, thick-walled,
smooth, longitudinal striation in some areas, guttulate.
Basal appendages tubular to cylindrical, irregular with
collapsed wall, flexuous, thin-walled, smooth, hyaline,
devoid of cell content, Microconidia ellipsoidal with a
turncate base, with minute marginal frills, unicellular,
hyaline, smooth (description based on Reid and Booth
1989).
Type species: Mebarria thujina (Nag Raj & DiCosmo)
J. Reid & C. Booth
Notes: Reid and Booth (1989) observed holotype and
paratype specimens of Cryptosporella thujina at NY and
recognised the distinctness of this species from other
Cryptosporella species. Hence they introduced the genus
Mebarria to accommodate C. thujina. Additionally, those
Cryptosporella thujina specimens were intimately
Fig. 81 Consensus tree
resulting from a RAxML
analysis of a combined nrITS,
nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a
sequence alignment for taxa of
Juglanconidaceae. Family is
indicated in green block.
Maximum likelihood bootstrap
values and Bayesian posterior
probabilities are given at the
nodes. The scale bar represents
the expected number of changes
per site
123
360
123
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
b Fig. 82 Juglanconis juglandina (redrawn from Voglmayr et al.
2017). a, b Ostiolar openings from the ectostromatic discs. c Horizontal cross section of ascoma. d Vertical cross section of ascoma. e,
f Asci. g Apical ring. h–l Ascospores. m Conidioma on substrate and
horizontal cross section of conidioma. n Vertical cross section of
conidioma. o, p Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia.
q Conidia. Scale bars: a, m = 1 mm, b–d, n, o = 500 lm, e,
f = 20 lm, g–l, p–r = 10 lm
associated with Harknessia thujina (Nag Raj and DiCosmo
1981; Reid and Booth 1989). However, Reid and Booth
(1989) mentioned the requirement of cultural studies to
confirm Harknessia thujina as the asexual morph of
Cryptosporella thujina. Here, we re-examined the holotype
specimen of Mebarria thujina and recognized the close
association of both sexual and asexual morphs of Mebarria
thujina. Hence, considering the morphological distinctness,
we accommodate Mebarria within Harknessiaceae.
Mebarria thujina (Nag Raj & DiCosmo) J. Reid & C.
Booth, Canadian Journal of Botany 67 (3): 898 (1989).
Fig. 80.
= Cryptosporella thujina Nag Raj & DiCosmo, Biblthca
Mycol. 80: 49 (1981)
= Harknessia thujina Ellis & Everh., Proc. Acad. nat.
Sci. Philad. 45: 459 (1894)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04444
Saprobic on leaves and stems. Sexual morph: Appearing on the stems as patches of 1–4 strongly erumpent
necks. Ectostroma not obvious, comprising hyaline to pale
yellow, thin-walled, densely packed cells and appearing
somewhat granular on its surface when dissected free.
Stromatic disc minute, pale yellow. Ascomata 240–
310 9 210–380 lm, immersed, solitary or rarely in pairs
361
or groups, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous.
Peridium up to 30 lm thick, outer, thick-walled, black
cells of texture angularis and inner, thin-walled, strongly
compressed, hyaline cells of textura angularis. Necks up to
900 lm long, 220 lm wide, erumpent, straight to curved,
cylindrical to subcylindrical, occasionally flaring at their
tips, comprising thin-walled cells. Asci 90–115 9 20–
35 lm, unitunicate, 3–8-spored thin-walled, broadly clavate to clavate, sharply tapered to occasionally somewhat
broadly rounded above, J-, distinct apical ring lying free in
the venter cavity, stalk minute. Ascospores 12–22 9 12–
16 lm, uniseriate to irregularly biseriate, globose to
broadly ellipsoidal, unicellular, very thick- and smoothwalled, dark brown. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 270–
400 9 190–230 lm, stromatic, amphigenous on needles,
subepidermal or subperidermal, immersed becoming
erumpent, globose to subglobose, unilocular, divided
irregularly, glabrous, lacking an ostiole. Peridium comprising inner, hyaline, cells of textura angularis and outer,
yellowish brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells lining the cavity of the
conidiomata,. Macroconidiogenous cells 7–12 9 3–7 lm
(
x = 9.6 9 4.5 lm, n = 20), subcylindrical to lageniform,
hyaline, smooth. Microconidiogenous cells 8–12 9 5–
10 lm (
x = 10 9 6 lm, n = 20) ampulliform to subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth. Macroconidia 18–21 9 9–11 lm
(
x = 19 9 10 lm, n = 20) comprising conidium body and
basal appendages, broadly ellipsoidal, unicellular, dark
brown, thick-walled, smooth, longitudinal striation in some
areas, guttulate. Basal appendages 6–15 9 2–3 lm
(
x = 10 9 2.5 lm, n = 20), tubular to cylindrical, irregular
with collapsed wall, flexuous, thin-walled, smooth, hyaline,
devoid of cell content, mean conidium body length/width
Fig. 83 Consensus tree
resulting from a RAxML
analysis of a combined nrLSU
and nrITS DNA sequence
alignment for taxa of
Lamproconiaceae. Genera are
indicated in coloured blocks.
Maximum likelihood bootstrap
values and Bayesian posterior
probabilities are given at the
nodes. The scale bar represents
the expected number of changes
per site
123
362
ratio = 2/1. Microconidia 4–7 9 1–3 lm (
x = 6 9 3 lm,
n = 20), ellipsoidal with a turncate base, with minute
marginal frills, unicellular, hyaline, smooth (description
based on Reid and Booth 1989).
Material examined: USA, New Jersey, Burlington Co.
Calico-Martha, along East Branch of Wading River,
southeast of Jenkins, on leaves of Chamaecyparis thyoides
(L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., 20 October 1973, C.
T. Rogerson and D.G. Huttleston, NY 00921762 holotype;
USA, New Jersey, Burlington Co. Calico-Martha, along
Mullica River, Quaker Bridge, east of Atsion, Wharton
Tract State Forest, on leaves of Chamaecyparis thyoides
(L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., 9 October 1973, C.T.
Rogerson, K.P. Dumont and V. DeMoulin, NY 00921763
paratype.
Notes: Mebarria is distinct from Dwiroopa and Harknessia in having thick-walled, globose to widely oval, unito biseriate ascospores while Harknessia has thin, smoothwalled, ellipsoid ascospores. Ascal apical ring in Mebarria
is distinct and it is inconspicuous in Harknessia. Dwiroopa
has acervuli or widely opened conidiomata, while Mebarria and Harknessia have pycnidial conidiomata. Mebarria
does not have sequence data and we accommodate this
genus within Harknessiaceae considering its morphology.
Juglanconidaceae Voglmayr & Jaklitsch, Persoonia 38:
142. 2017.
= Melansporellaceae C.M. Tian et al. Phytotaxa 305:
194. 2017.
History
Juglanconidaceae is typified by Melanconium juglandinum
(Voglmayr et al. 2017). Currently this family comprises four
species. Melansporellaceae was introduced for Juglanconis
juglandina (Du et al. 2017) and this was synonymized under
Juglanconidaceae (Senanayake et al. 2017b).
Life mode
Juglanconis species are mostly pathogenic on Juglandaceae tree species and cause to black pustular dieback
(Graves 1923; Belisario 1999). Some species are associated
with dead plant parts of Juglandaceae (Du et al. 2017).
Morphological characteristics
Juglanconidaceae is characterized by having perithecia
surrounding the ectostromatic disc without stroma, cylindrical, base swollen, hyaline to brown conidiogenous cells
producing conidia by annellidic proliferation and a conidial
wall that is smooth on the outer surface but with inconspicuous to distinct irregular verrucae on the inner surface.
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Phylogenetic identification
Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on nrITS and
nrLSU sequence of Melanconis species occurring on Juglandaceae demonstrated that these species are phylogenetically distinct from Melanconis sensu stricto, and this
group was introduced as Juglanconidaceae. A combined
gene matrix of nrITS, nrLSU, CAL, hisms204, RPB1,
RPB2, TEF1-a and TUB2 was used to demarcate the
species boundaries (Voglmayr et al. 2017) (Fig. 81).
Taxonomy
Juglanconidaceae Voglmayr & Jaklitsch, Persoonia 38:
142. 2017.
Description: See Voglmayr et al. (2017).
Type genus: Juglanconis Voglmayr & Jaklitsch.
Notes: Juglanconidaceae is morphologically restricted
to the melanconium-like species occuring on Juglandaceae. Most Juglanconidaceae are pathogenic causing
black pustular dieback disease (Belisario 1999).
Juglanconis Voglmayr & Jaklitsch, in Voglmayr, Castlebury, Jaklitsch, Persoonia 38: 142 (2017)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04445
Description: See Voglmayr et al. (2017).
Type species: Juglanconis juglandina (Kunze) Voglmayr & Jaklitsch.
Juglanconis juglandina (Kunze) Voglmayr & Jaklitsch,
Persoonia 38: 144. 2017. Fig. 82.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04446
Saprobic on dead twigs and branches of Juglandaceae.
Sexual morph: Pseudostromata 0.8–2 mm diam., typically
inconspicuous, sometimes distinct, circular, slightly projecting, without perithecial bumps. Ectostromatic disc
0.5–1.2 mm diam., indistinct, circular or oblong, dark grey,
brown or black, often covered by densely arranged ostioles,
pulvinate. Central column yellowish to brownish grey.
Entostroma indistinct. Ascomata 440–565 lm diam.,
perithecial, aggregated, immersed, globose to subglobose,
coriaceous, black, arranged in various configurations. Asci
140–160 9 17–22 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to
fusoid, indistinct apical ring, with small narrow stalk. Ascospores 25–30 9 8–11 lm, uni- to irregularly biseriate,
hyaline, inequilaterally ellipsoid or broadly fusoid, asymmetric, distinctly constricted at the septum, without
appendages, upper cell mostly larger, with rounded to
subacute end, lower cell subacute to narrowly rounded,
multiguttulate, containing mostly one large and numerous
small guttules per cell. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
acervular, 1–4 mm diam., black, scattered or occasionally
confluent, with central or eccentric stromatic column, at
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
363
Fig. 84 Hercospora tiliae (F148711). a Packet of herbarium specimen. b Herbarium specimen. c Cross section of ascomata. d Peridium.
e Papilla. f–h Asci in water. i–k Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 100 lm, d, f–h = 20 lm, e = 50 lm
maturity covered by black discharged conidial masses,
usually conspicuous. Conidiophores 25–35 lm high,
5–6.5 lm wide, cylindrical to lageniform, simple, rarely
branched at the base, smooth, subhyaline to pale brown.
Conidiogenous cells annellidic with distinct annellations,
integrated. Conidia 20–25 9 12–15 lm, unicellular, hyaline when immature, brown to blackish when mature,
broadly ellipsoid to broadly pip-shaped, truncate with
distinct scar at the base, multiguttulate, thick-walled, wall
ornamented on the inside with irregular confluent verrucae
and with gelatinous sheath (description based on Voglmayr
et al. 2017).
Notes: Belisario and Onofri (1995) reported the morphological similarity of Melanconium juglandinum and M.
oblongum, as well as the symptomatic similar disease.
Graves (1923) observed the sexual morph connections of
these two species and Melanconium oblongum linked to
Melanconis juglandis (Ellis & Everh.) A. H. Graves, and
M. juglandinum connected to Melanconis chartusiana Tul.
Belisario and Onofri (1995) reported the morphological
distinctness of conidiogenesis and cultures. Voglmayr et al.
(2017) recognized the significance of these species and
introduced the genus Juglanconis for them.
Lamproconiaceae C. Norphanphoun, T.C. Wen & K.D.
Hyde, Phytotaxa 270: 94. 2016.
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 85 Hercospora tiliae (NY 449735, NY 02859120, NY
02859118, NY 02859119). a, b Packet of herbarium. c Herbarium
specimen. d, e Conidiomata on substrate. f Vertical cross section of
conidiomata. g Papilla. h–i Peridium, conidiogenous cells attached to
conidia. j Conidiogenous cells, attached to conidia. k–n Conidia.
Scale bars: d = 500 lm, e = 200 lm, f = 100 lm, g = 25 lm, h–
j = 10 lm, k–n = 5 lm
History
two genera have distinct characters and most species in this
family are host-specific.
Lamproconiaceae was introduced by Norphanphoun et al.
(2016) to accommodate Lamproconium and Hercospora
(= Rabenhorstia). Both Lamproconium and Hercospora
were previously placed in Diaporthales genera incertae
sedis (Cannon and Minter 2014). Morphologically these
123
Life mode
Pathogenic and saprobic on dead herbaceous branches of
mostly Tiliaceae plants. Some species cause cankers in
woody bark.
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Morphological characteristics
Morphologically Lamproconiaceae is distinct from other
families of Diaporthales in having dark blue or dark
blackish brown pycnidial conidiomata and fusiform to
ellipsoid, aseptate, bluish to glistening dark blue or hyaline
conidia. The sexual morph is reported only for Hercospora
which is characterized by aggregated ascomata in stromatic
tissues with converging papilla and large open and ellipsoid, uniseptate, hyaline ascospores.
Phylogenetic identification
Lamproconiaceae was introduced by Norphanphoun et al.
(2016) based on a combined gene analysis of nrITS, nrLSU
sequence data. Combined gene analysis of nrITS, nrLSU,
RPB2, and TEF1-a in Senanayake et al. (2017b) showed
that Lamproconiaceae is a distinct family that is sister to
Sydowiellaceae (Fig. 83).
Taxonomy
Lamproconiaceae C. Norphanphoun, T.C. Wen & K.D.
Hyde, Phytotaxa 270: 94. 2016.
Description: See Norphanphoun et al. (2016).
Type: Lamproconium (Grove) Grove.
Notes: Lamproconiaceae was introduced to accommodate Lamproconium and Hercospora (Norphanphoun et al.
2016). Sexual morph of this family only reported for
Hercospora and asexual morph of both genera share similar characters. Phylogenically these two genera form a
distinct clade.
Lamproconium (Grove) Grove, British Stem- and LeafFungi (Coelomycetes) (Cambridge) 2: 321 (1937)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04447
Description: See Norphanphoun et al. (2016).
365
Type species: Lamproconium desmazieri (Berk. & Broome)
Grove.
Lamproconium desmazieri (Berk. & Broome) Grove [as
‘desmazieri’], British Stem- and Leaf-Fungi (Coelomycetes) (Cambridge) 2: 321. 1937.
Facesoffungi number FoF 02249
Illustration: See Norphanphoun et al. (2016)
Pathogenic and saprobic on dead twigs and branches of
lime trees (Tilia sp.). Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata 0.8–1 9 0.4–0.55 mm,
pycnidial, solitary, partly immersed in host tissue, uniloculate, dark blue, with a raised centre. Pycnidia 50–70 lm,
with multi-layered wall, thin at inner layer, hyaline, wall
cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses interspersed with
conidiophores. Conidiophores 30–120 lm high, arising
from the outermost wall layer at the base of pycnidium,
filiform or cylindrical, pale bluish to hyaline, septate,
branched, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical
to sub-cylindrical, annellidic, with flared periclinal thickenings in the collarette zone, colourless to olivaceous,
smooth-walled.
Conidia
22–28 9 8–10 lm
(
x = 25.25 9 9 lm, n = 30), fusiform, ellipsoid, infrequently slightly curved, aseptate, initially hyaline, bluish to
glistening dark blue at maturity, narrowly rounded at ends,
smooth-walled (description based on Norphanphoun et al.
2016).
Notes: Melanconium desmazieri is morphologically
distinct from the type species of Melanconium in having
1-septate, bluish to glistening dark blue conidia and Lamproconium was introduced to accommodate this taxon
(Grove 1937). The sexual morph of this genus is not
reported.
Other genera listed in Lamproconiaceae
Hercospora Fr., Syst. orb. veg. (Lundae) 1: 119 (1825)
Facesoffungi number FoF 02250
Fig. 86 Macrohilum eucalypti (illustration based on Crous et al. 2015). a, b Conidiogenous cells. c Conidia. Scale bars: a–c = 10 lm
123
366
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 87 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a
combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence alignment for
taxa of Melanconidaceae. Family is indicated in green block.
Maximum likelihood bootstrap values are given at the nodes. The
scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site
Saprobic on branches and twigs of temperate trees.
Sexual morph: Stromatic tissues prosenchymatous around
perithecia, delimited externally by blackened dense pseudoparenchymatous zone, interior whitish, composed of
interwoven hyphae mixed with substrate cells. Ascomata
perithecial, few, small, circinate, beaks converging,
becoming united and erumpent through stroma surface as
single large opening. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, broadly
cylindrical. Ascospores hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, oneseptate, wall smooth, without gel coating, with narrow
terminal and median appendages in some species. Asexual
morph: Stromata prosenchymatous. Conidiomata pycnidial, uniloculate, ostiolate, ostiole surrounded by a superficial cap of sterile tissues. Conidiophores elongate.
Conidiogenous cells phialidic, cylindrical, septate, branched, hyaline. Conidia hyaline, ovoid to ellipsoid, onecelled.
Type species: Hercospora tiliae (Pers.) Tul. & C. Tul.
Hercospora tiliae (Pers.) Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung.
carpol. (Paris) 2: 154 (1863). Figs. 84, 85.
Facesoffungi number FoF 02252
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Saprobic on branches and twigs of Tilia sp. Sexual
morph: Stromata 700–800 lm wide, prosenchymatous
around perithecia, delimited externally by greenish-blackened dense pseudoparenchymatous zone, interior whitish,
composed of interwoven hyphae mixed with substrate
cells, 3–5 ascomata in a stroma. Ascomata 1–1.05 mm
high, 0.24–0.34 mm diam., (
x = 1.02 9 334 lm, n = 10),
perithecial, small, aggregated, scattered, globose to subglobose, light brown to dark brown, coriaceous, ostiolate,
papillate. Papilla 625–645 lm high, 190–290 lm diam.,
(
x = 640 9 250 lm, n = 10), converging and erumpent
through stroma surface as single, large opening, wide at the
top, narrowing towards the base, dark brown region around
base of papilla. Peridium 10–20 lm wide (
x = 16 lm,
n = 10), comprising light brown, compressed, cells of
textura angularis. Asci 140–175 lm 9 17–24 lm diam.,
(
x = 160 9 21 lm, n = 10), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short-stalked, J- apical apparatus. Ascospores 20–
25 lm 9 9–11 lm diam. (
x = 23 9 10 lm, n = 10),
uniseriate, broadly ellipsoid, 1-septate, not or slightly
constricted at the septa, hyaline, smooth. Asexual morph:
Stromata prosenchymatous. Conidiomata pycnidial,
uniloculate, ostiolate, ostiole surrounded by a superficial
cap of sterile tissues. Conidiophores elongate. Conidia 14–
16.5 9 4.5–6.5 lm (
x = 15 9 5 lm, n = 10), hyaline
ovoid to ellipsoid, one-celled (description based on Norphanphoun et al. 2016).
Material examined: SWEDEN, Uppland, Upl. Stockholm: Roslagstull Stockholm, on bark of Tilia sp., L.
Romell, 1 April 1887, F148711 (sexual morph);
CANADA, Ontario, Brant Co. New Durham, on stem of
Tilia americana L., 5 May 1938, R.F. Cain, NY 449735;
USA, New York, Alcove, On stem of Tilia sp., 17 June
1938, C.L Shear, NY 02859120; USA, on dead twigs of
Tilia sp., O.F. Cook, NY 02859118, NY 02859119 (asexual
morph).
Notes: Hercospora is typified by Hercospora tiliae
(Index Fungorum 2018). Hercospora is characterized by
eustromatic, subepidermal, immersed, uni- to multiloculate, conidiomata, with branched hyaline, septate, conidiophores often developing at the base and sides of the
conidiomatal wall and ellipsoid, thick-walled, hyaline,
aseptate conidia (Petrak 1938; Sutton 1980). Several subsequent phylogenetic studies placed H. tiliae in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis (Castlebury et al. 2002;
Rossman et al. 2007; Voglmayr et al. 2012; Voglmayr and
Jaklitsch 2014). Norphanphoun et al. (2016) introduced
Lamproconiaceae to accommodate Hercospora tiliae
together with Lamproconium desmazierii. Rabenhorstia
tiliae (Pers.) Fr. was assigned as the asexual morph of
Hercospora tiliae (Petrak 1938). Thirteen species are listed
under this genus (Index Fungorum 2018).
367
Macrohilaceae Crous, IMA Fungus 6: 180. 2015.
History
The family Macrohilaceae is typified by Macrohilum
(Crous et al. 2015)and comprises the single genus
Macrohilum. Subsequent studies ave proved the distinctness of Macrohilaceae within Diaporthales (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016; Senanayake et al. 2017b).
Life mode
Macrohilum species form leaf spots on Eucalyptus species
from Australia and New Zealand (Sankaran et al. 1995;
Crous et al. 2006a, b; Crous et al. 2015). There are no
records of other hosts or substrates. However, host specificity of Macrohilum is still unresolved.
Morphological characteristics
Macrohilaceae is distinct from other families in Diaporthales in having solitary, medium to dark brown, guttulate, medially septate, ovoid conidia with an obtuse apex
and a truncate base with a visible scar.
Phylogenetic identification
Based on nrITS and nrLSU blast searches, Crous et al.
(2006a, b) accommodated Macrohilum within Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. However, nrLSU sequence
data analysis of Crous et al. (2015) identified the morphological and phylogenetic distinctness of Macrohilum
species and introduced Macrohilaceae for them. Subsequent studies confirmed the phylogenetic distinctness of
Macrohilaceae (Senanayake et al. 2017b).
Taxonomy
Macrohilaceae Crous, IMA Fungus 6: 180. 2015.
Description: See Crous et al. (2015).
Type genus: Macrohilum H.J. Swart.
Notes: The monotypic family Macrohilaceae is typified
by Macrohilum (Crous et al. 2015) and placed in Diaporthales based on nrLSU sequence data. Macrohilaceae
differs from other families of Diaporthales in having single, dark brown, guttulate, thick-walled, medially septate,
oval conidia with an obtuse apex and a truncate base
(Crous et al. 2015). Members in this family are leaf spot
forming pathogens.
Macrohilum H.J. Swart, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 90(2): 288
(1988)
Facesoffungi number FoF 02118
123
368
Fig. 88 Melanconis stilbostoma (BPI 615061). a Herbarium packet.
b Herbarium specimen. c Stromata on substrate. d, e Cross section of
stroma. f Peridium. g–i Asci. j–m Ascospores. n–p Conidia and to the
123
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
conidiogenous cells from AR3548. q Conidia. Scale bars: c,
d = 200 lm, e = 100 lm, f–i = 20 lm, j–q = 10 lm
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 89 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a
combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence alignment for
taxa of Melanconiellaceae. Genera are indicated in coloured blocks.
369
Maximum likelihood bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected
number of changes per site
123
370
Pathogenic forming leaf spots. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata immersed,
becoming erumpent, medium brown, globose. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity, pale brown, cylindrical, proliferating percurrently near the apex. Conidia
solitary, medium to dark brown, ovoid, smooth, guttulate,
developing a single medially septum, thick-walled, frequently constricted at the septum, apex obtuse, base truncate with a visible scar (description based on Crous et al.
2015).
Type species: Macrohilum eucalypti H.J. Swart.
Macrohilum eucalypti H.J. Swart, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc.
90: 288. 1988. Fig. 84.
Facesoffungi number FoF 03493
Pathogenic forming leaf spots. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata immersed,
becoming erumpent, medium brown, globose, to 300 lm
diam. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity, pale
brown, cylindrical, finely roughened, proliferating percurrently near the apex, 10–15 9 3–5 lm. Conidia solitary,
medium to dark brown, ovoid, smooth, guttulate, developing a single, dark brown, supra-median septum, thickwalled, frequently constricted at the septum, apex obtuse,
base truncate and protruding, with a visible scar, 2–3 lm
wide, 15–20 9 10–12 lm (description based on Crous
et al. 2015).
Notes: Macrohilum is typified by M. eucalypti (Swart
1988) and this taxon was epitypified by Crous et al. (2015)
(Fig. 86).
Melanconidaceae G. Winter [as ‘Melanconideae’],
Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 764 (1886).
History
The family Melanconidaceae was introduced by Winter
(1886) to accommodate species having yellowish white
ectostromatic discs surrounding ascomata in a circle.
Castlebury et al. (2002) and Rossman et al. (2007) showed
this family comprises a single genus Melanconis and its
asexual morph Melanconium, based on their morphology
and phylogeny. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) listed
26 genera under this family. However, Senanayake et al.
(2017b) restricted this family to Melanconis sensu-stricto.
Life mode
Members of this family are plant pathogens causing disease
of economic plant species and woody forest plants. Some
species are saprobes on recently dead plant materials. Some
Melanconis species have been reported from leaf spots of
Alnus species and cause black pustular dieback of Juglans
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
species. Melanconium apiocarpum was detected as an
endophyte on Alnus species in Europe (Sieber et al. 1991).
The pathogenicity of some Melanconium species has been
confirmed on Alnus and other deciduous trees (Kobayashi
1974). Melanconium apiocarpurn and M. marginale were
frequently collected from diseased alders and were suspected to be pathogens (Dorworth 1990).
Morphological characteristics
Members of Melanconidaceae produce well-developed
stromata having a pale-colored ectostromatic disc and a
concolorous central column with circinately arranged,
immersed ascomata; hyaline, one-septate ascospores and
anamorphic states recognized as melanconium-like. Pycnidia develop in the stromata prior to formation of the
ascomata and produce unicellular, dark-brown conidia.
Phylogenetic identification
Castlebury et al. (2002) showed the phylogenetic distinctness of Melanconidaceae with in Diaporthales. Most
genera listed in Melanconidaceae by Maharachchikumbura
et al. (2015, 2016) were excluded by Senanayake et al.
(2017b) who restricted this family to the Melanconis-Melanconium complex (Fig. 87).
Taxonomy
Melanconidaceae G. Winter [as ‘Melanconideae’],
Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 764 (1886).
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b)
Type genus: Melanconis Tul. & C. Tul.
Melanconis Tul. & C. Tul., Selecta fungcarpol (Paris) 2:
115 (1863).
Facesoffungi number FoF 02119
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b)
Type species: Melanconis stilbostoma (Fr.) Tul. & C.
Tul.
Melanconis stilbostoma (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung.
carpol. (Paris) 2: 115 (1863). Fig. 88.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04448
Saprobic or pathogenic on plants. Sexual morph:
Pseudostromata well-developed, obvious, erumpent. Ectostromatic disc surrounded by bark or not, yellowish
white, causing a coarse bark surface, inverted conical,
ostioles open at margin and middle of the disc. Ascomata
800–1000 9 300–600 lm, perithecial, oblique or horizontal, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, with long
periphysate, lateral ostiolar canals. Hamathecium comprising wide, hyphae-like, hyaline, septate paraphyses,
deliquescent at maturity. Peridium comprising outer, thickwalled, brown cells of textura globosa to textura angularis
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
371
Fig. 90 Melanconiella spodiaea (NY 02932469, NY 02932468). a,
b Packet of herbarium. c Herbarium specimen. d Ascomata on
substrate. e Vertical cross section of ascomata. f–i Asci. j–
l Ascospores. m Vertical cross section of conidiomata. n–p Conidiogenous cells, conidia. q Conidia. Scale bars: d = 500 lm,
e = 100 lm, f–l = 10 lm, m = 100 lm, n–q = 10 lm
and inner, thick-walled, flat, hyaline cells of textura
angularis. Asci 60–90 9 10–16 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate,
oblong to fusiform, short pedicellate, with distinct, J- apical
ring. Ascospores 15–18 9 6–8 lm, overlapping uniseriate
to biseriate, hyaline, ellipsoid, 1-septate, not or slightly
constricted at the septum, smooth-walled, with or without
blunt or pointed appendages. Asexual morph: melanconium-like. Conidiomata acervular, scattered, solitary,
123
372
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 91 Massariovalsa sudans (NY 2932254-sexual morph). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Vertical cross section of ascomata.
d Peridium. e Paraphyses. f–i Asci. j–n Ascospores. o Sheath. Scale bars: c = 100 lm, d, e = 10 lm, f–i = 50 lm, j–o = 10 lm
superficial, black, coriaceous. Conidiophores hyaline,
branched at the base, septate, few-celled, smooth walled.
Conidiogenous cells 14–18 9 2.6–3.4 lm, hyaline, annellidic, cylindrical. Conidia 8–15 9 4–8 lm, hyaline to
brown, ellipsoid or subglobose smooth-walled, thick-walled, outer layer produced continuously, with the inner layer
of the conidiogenous cell (description based on
Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016).
Material examined: CZECHOSLOVAKIA, Moravia,
Ratschitz, on branches of Betula sp., Niessl, BPI 615061;
RUSSIA, Sakhalin Island, Valley of the river Evay, on
stems of Betula sp., 27 August 2000, A. Bogachova, BPI
748234.
Notes: Melanconis species are mainly associated with
bark, twigs and shoots of overwintered plants. Both sexual
and asexual morph of Melanconis cause diseases such as
cankers and shoot blight.
Melanconiellaceae Senan. & Maharachch., K.D. Hyde, in
Stud Mycol 86: 217–296 (2017).
=Melanconiellaceae Locq., Mycol. gén. struct. (Paris):
210. 1984. (nom. inval., Art 39.1, Melbourne Code).
History
Melanconiellaceae was invalidly introduced by Locquin
(1984) and Senanayake et al. (2017b) validated this family
designating Melanconiella as the type genus. Voglmayr
123
et al. (2012) reviewed melanconiella-like taxa and confirmed the distinctness of Melanconiella from Melanconis.
Senanayake et al. (2017b) included a few genera such as
Dicarpella, Greeneria, Microascospora and Tubakia
within this family in Europe and North America. However
Braun et al. (2018) accommodated Tubakia within
Tubakiaceae.
Life mode
Some genera in Melanconiellaceae such as Melanconiella,are mainly restricted to overwintered plants as
saprobes or mild canker causing agents (Voglmayr et al.
2012). Greeneria is a plant pathogenic fungus on Vitis and
Navarrete et al. (2009) reported Greeneria uvicola as the
causative agent for grapevine dead-arm dieback and
grapevine trunk diseases. Greeneria uvicola also causes
bitter-rot of grapes (Farr et al. 2001). Species of Microascospora are mainly saprobes.
Morphological characteristics
Melanconiellaceae comprises fungal species which are
stromatic or astromatic, sometimes epiphyllous or
immersed, 2–8-spored asci and hyaline or yellowish brown,
oblong, fusoid or ellipsoid ascospores with or without
appendages and gelatinous sheath. The coelomycetous
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373
Fig. 92 Massariovalsa sudans (NY 01097261-asexual morph).
a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Conidiomata on
substrate. d, e Vertical cross section of conidiomata. f–
h Conidiogenous cells, conidia. i–m Conidia. Scale
c = 500 lm, d, e = 100 lm, f–h = 15 lm, i–m = 10 lm
asexual morph comprises acervular, pycnidial or punctiform conidiomata with subcuticular, ectostromatic disc or
radiate scutella. Annellidic or phialidic conidiogenesis
produce hyaline to brown, ellipsoid, obovoid or oblong
conidia.
Phylogenetic identification
bars:
Senanayake et al. (2017b) presented a multigene analysis
for this family and demarcate the generic boundaries.
However Braun et al. (2018) accommodated Tubakia in
Tubakiaceae. Therefore currently this family comprises
three genera as Greeneria, Melanconiella and Microascospora (Fig. 89).
123
374
Taxonomy
Melanconiellaceae Senan. & Maharachch., K.D. Hyde, in
Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017).
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b)
Type genus: Melanconiella Sacc.
Notes: The phylogenetic analyses of current study
(Figure 100) showed that Greeneria, Melanconiella and
Microascospora form a distinct clade which represents the
family Melanconiellaceae. Additionally Melanconiella
syzygii (CPC 28750) claded separately between Greeneria
and Microascospora (clade A) and Melanconiella sp. (CBS
110385) forms a basal clade (clade B) to Greeneria.
Melanconiella Sacc., Syll Fung 1: 741 (1882).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04449
Saprobic on stems. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata
consisting of an inconspicuous, erumpent, pale or dark
ectostromatic disc or pulvillus causing a more or less
pustulate bark surface. Ectostromatic disc convex, flat or
concave, variously coloured, surrounded by bark or not.
Central column beneath the disc more or less conical,
comprising hyaline or pigmented hyphae mixed with a
pigmented, most commonly cream, yellow, olive, brownish
or grey, powdery amorphous substance; residual entostroma between perithecia mostly of scant hyphae. Stromatic zones lacking. Perithecia inconspicuous at the bark
level or appearing as rounded bumps beneath the bark
surface surrounding the ectostromatic disc, oblique or
horizontal, scattered or often arranged in a circle around
the central column, with long lateral ostioles that converge
at the margin of the central column or within. Ostioles
emerging in various positions in the ectostromatic disc, flat
in the disc or slightly projecting, rarely distinctly projecting
and cylindrical, often obscuring the disc. Paraphyses broad
bands, deliquescent at maturity. Asci oblong or fusoid,
octosporous, with a distinct apical ring, becoming detached
from their base. Ascospores hyaline, yellowish or brown,
fusoid or ellipsoid, bicellular, with a central or slightly
eccentric, not or slightly constricted septum, smooth; wall
swelling in water mounts or not, with or without short,
blunt appendages and sometimes with a narrow gelatinous
sheath. Asexual morph: melanconium- or discosporinalike. Conidiomata acervular, peridermal or subperidermal;
possessing the same type of ectostromatic disc and central
column or lighter than that of the teleomorph, usually
preceding it. Conidiophores branched and septate only at
the base, few-celled, smooth, hyaline to light brown.
Conidiogenous cells annellidic or phialidic. Conidia brown
or hyaline, ellipsoid, subglobose, ovoid or oblong, with or
without distinct hyaline sheath.
Type species: Melanconiella spodiaea (Tul.) Sacc.
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Melanconiella spodiaea (Tul.) Sacc., Syll Fung 1: 740
(1882). Fig. 90.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04450
Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata inconspicuous, 1.3–3 mm diam., little projecting,
circular, perithecial contours typically not evident. Ectostromatic disc 0.25–1.1 mm long, mostly oblong, sometimes circular or triangular, generally laterally enclosed by
bark, projecting 0.1–0.5 mm, often concealed by densely
disposed ostioles, light to dark grey, greyish brown, light to
dull or dark brown. Central column well-defined, light to
dark grey, greyish brown or grey-olive, perforated by
ostioles. Entostroma of subhyaline or yellowish hyphae.
Ostioles often in 1 or 2 rows, 1–15 per disc, 60–190 lm
diam., shiny black, stout, papillate to short cylindrical, with
rounded, sometimes flattened apices, distinct or fused in
the disc. Perithecia 0.3–0.5 mm diam., up to 20 per stroma.
Asci cylindrical, 110–120 9 15–17 lm, 8-spored, with
distinct apical ring, 3–3.8 lm diam., 1–1.5 lm high. Ascospores 15.5–18.3 9 7.5–8.8 lm, uniseriate, dark umber
brown, broadly ellipsoid, slightly constricted at the straight
to slightly oblique septum, ends broadly rounded, with
broad,
persistent,
hyaline
cap-like
appendages
4–5.5 9 1–1.7 lm wide; cells monomorphic to slightly
dimorphic, multiguttulate, often with one large guttule
almost entirely filling the lumen and few peripheral small
guttules; wall not swelling. Asexual morph: melanconium-like. Conidiomata 1–4 mm diam., blackish, mostly
with central or eccentric stromatic column, at maturity
covered by black discharged conidial masses. Conidiogenous cells annellidic, hyaline, 20–29 9 2.5–5 lm.
Conidia dark umber brown, variable in shape, ovoid,
obovoid, ellipsoid, oblong, sometimes slightly constricted
in the middle, 13–15 9 7.5–8.5 lm, multiguttulate, with
gelatinous sheath (description based on Voglmayr et al.
2012).
Material examined: GERMANY, Berlin, Jungfernheide,
on bark of Carpinus sp., P. Sydow s. n., NY 02932467, NY
02932468; SWITZERLAND, Kaferberg und Uetliberg bei
Zurich. P. Sydow s. n., NY 02932469.
Notes: Melanconiella species are generally restricted to
recently dead corticated branches. They are highly hostspecific and mainly on Betulaceae trees.
Other genera included in Melanconiellaceae
Greeneria Scribn. & Viala, C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci.,
Paris 105: 473 (1887).
Facesoffungi number FoF 01493
Pathogenic or saprobic. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata subcuticular acervular with
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
375
Fig. 93 Consensus tree
resulting from a RAxML
analysis of a combined nrITS
and nrLSU sequence alignment
for taxa of Prosopidicolaceae.
Family is indicated in green
block. Maximum likelihood
bootstrap values and Bayesian
posterior probabilities are given
at the nodes. The scale bar
represents the expected number
of changes per site
a central, well-developed, pale brown, pseudoparenchymatous layer that becomes thinner or absent at the margin
of the conidiomata. Conidiophores branched, forming a
compact layer above the pseudoparenchymatous tissue and
extending beyond at the margins. Conidiogenous cells
phialidic, frequently proliferating percurrently, usually
with thin periclinal thickenings, evident as flared collarettes. Conidia fusiform, oval to ellipsoidal, with a
truncate base and obtuse to bluntly pointed apex, pale
brown, smooth.
Type species: Greeneria uvicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis)
Punith.
Greeneria uvicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Punith., Mycol.
Pap. 136: 6 (1974).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04695
Illustration: See Farr et al. (2001)
Pathogenic. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata 150–550 lm diam., subcuticular,
scattered, acervular with well-developed, pale brown,
pseudoparenchymatous tissue becoming multiloculate.
Conidiophores branched forming a compact layer above
the pseudoparenchymatous tissue and extending towards
the margins. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, frequently
proliferating percurrently, with thin periclinal thickenings.
Conidia 6–13 9 3.3–5.2 lm, pale brown, smooth, fusiform, oval, to ellipsoidal, each with a truncate base and
obtuse to bluntly pointed apex (description based on Farr
et al. 2001).
Notes: Greeneria comprises single species G. uvicola.
Another species G. fuliginea Scribn. & Viala and G.
saprophytica Tangthir., S. Philippe, Bhat & K.D. Hyde
which previously accommodated in this genus, are now
placed in Melanconium (Mycobank 2018) and Racheliella
respectively (Braun et al. 2018). Greeneria uvicola is a
pathogen which causes bitter-rot and stem lesions of grapes
(Farr et al. 2001).
Massariovalsa Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 8): 569 (1882)
= Melanconiopsis Ellis & Everh., Bull. Torrey bot. Club
27: 575 (1900)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04304
Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascomata
immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous,
black, ostiolate, papillate. Peridium comprising thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising cellular, aseptate, paraphyses. Asci 8-spored,
unitunicate, cylindrical, without pedicel, apex rounded
without apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate, ellipsoid to
fusiform, initially hyaline becoming brown when mature,
1-median septate, slightly constricted at the septum, sheath
present. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pustulate, solitary
or aggregated, irregular in shape, immersed to erumpent,
acervular, black, coriaceous, conidial mass extruding
through the opening. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or cylindrical, straight to curved or sinuous,
hyaline, prominently septate, sometimes branched at the
base. Conidiogenous cells integrated, enteroblastic, phialidic, ampulliform, hyaline. Conidia oval to spherical,
truncate at the base, aseptate, initially hyaline, becoming
brown when mature, smooth, thick-walled with wall
ornamentation, truncate at the base.
Type species: Massariovalsa sudans (Berk. & M.A.
Curtis) Sacc.
Massariovalsa sudans (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc.,
Michelia 2(no. 8): 569 (1882). Figs. 91, 92.
= Melanconiopsis inquinans Ellis & Everh., Bull. Torrey
bot. Club 27: 575 (1900)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04305
Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascomata
immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous,
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376
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 94 Prosopidicola mexicana (redrawn from Lennox et al. 2004). a, b Disease symptoms associated with Prosopidicola mexicana on pods of
Prosopis glandulosa. c Cross section of conidiomata. d Conidiophores, Conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars: 10 lm
black, ostiolate, papillate. Peridium comprising thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising cellular, aseptate, paraphyses. Asci 8-spored,
unitunicate, cylindrical, without pedicel, apex rounded
without apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate, ellipsoid to
fusiform, initially hyaline became brown when mature,
1-median septate, slightly constricted at the septum, sheath
present. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pustulate, solitary
or aggregated, irregular in shape, immersed to erumpent,
acervular, black, coriaceous, conidial mass extruding
through the opening. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or cylindrical,straight to curved or sinuous,
hyaline, prominently septate, sometimes branched at the
base. Conidiogenous cells integrated, enteroblastic, phialidic, ampulliform, hyaline. Conidia oval to spherical,
truncate at the base, aseptate, initially hyaline, becoming
123
brown when mature, smooth, thick-walled with wall
ornamentation, truncate at the base.
Material examined: USA, Georgia, Clarke, University
of Georgia Botanical Gardens, Athens, on twigs of Carya
sp., M.E. Barr-Bigelow 6456, NY 2932254 (sexual morph);
USA, Kansas, Acer dasycarpum Ehrh., E. Bartholomew,
NY 01097261 (asexual morph).
Notes: Initially, Massariovalsa was considered as a
subgenus of Melanconis (Wehmeyer 1941). Petrak (1952)
and Müller and von Arx (1962) suggested this as a separate
genus based on presence of mucous epispore on ascospore
and pycnidial asexual morph. The type species of Massariovalsa, M. sudans, is considered the sexual morph of
Melanconiopsis inquinans, which is type species of Melanconiopsis (Wehmeyer 1939; Rossman et al. 2015).
Massariovalsa produce conidia by integrated, enteroblastic, phialidic conidiogenous cells. Conidial morphology of
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Massariovalsa is similar to Juglanconis having dark brown
conidia with wall ornamentation. However, stromatic disc
is absent in Massariovalsa and conidiogenesis of Massariovalsa is more similar to Melanconiella. Currently this
genus comprises 13 species (Index Fungorum 2018). There
are no available sequence data in GenBank. Hence, we
accommodate Melanconiopsis in Melanconiellaceae based
on morphology.
Microascospora Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Stud Mycol 86:
217–296 (2017b).
Facesoffungi number FoF 03498
Saprobic on dead stems. Sexual morph: Ascomata
scattered, solitary, immersed, globose to subglobose,
brown, coriaceous, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla narrow,
long, straight or curved, comprising thick-walled, brown,
compressed cells of textura angularis, internally covered
by hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising thick-walled,
brown, somewhat compressed cells of textura angularis.
Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate,
clavate to fusiform, J- apical ring, attached to base without
a pedicel. Ascospores overlapping biseriate, ellipsoid to
fusiform, hyaline, aseptate, with two large fat globules at
ends, appendages long, filiform to wavy, hyaline. Asexual
morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Microascospora rubi Senan., Maharachch.
& K.D. Hyde.
Microascospora rubi Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, in
Stud Mycol 86: 217–296 (2017b).
Facesoffungi number FoF 03499
Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b)
Saprobic on dead stems of Rubus ulmifolia Schott.
Sexual morph: Ascomata 250–290 9 205–255 lm
(
x = 269 9 230 lm), scattered, solitary, immersed, globose to subglobose, brown, coriaceous, papillate, ostiolate.
Papilla
115–155 lm
high,
55–67 lm
diam.
(
x = 139 9 65 lm, n = 10), narrow, long, straight or
curved, comprising thick-walled, brown, compressed cells
of textura angularis, internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium 10–25 lm (
x = 18 lm), comprising
thick-walled, brown, large, somewhat compressed cells of
textura angularis. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 68–
377
70 9 15–18 lm (
x = 69 9 16 lm, n = 20), 8-spored,
unitunicate, clavate to fusiform, J- apical ring, attached to
base without a pedicel. Ascospores 14–19 9 5–7 lm
(
x = 17 9 6 lm, n = 20), overlapping biseriate, ellipsoid
to fusiform, hyaline, aseptate, with two large fat globules at
ends, appendages long, filiform to wavy, hyaline. Asexual
morph: Undetermined (description based on Senanayake
et al. 2017b).
Notes: The monotypic genus Microascospora was
introduced based on M. rubi. This genus is morphologically
and phylogenetically distinct from other genera in Melanconiellaceae having small ascospores (\ 20 lm length)
with wavy, filiform long appendages, and immersed, solitary ascomata with wavy papilla. The second species M.
fragariae (F. Stevens & Peterson) Senan., Maharachch. &
K.D. Hyde was transfered by Senanayake et al. (2017b).
Prosopidicolaceae Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake
et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b).
History
Senanayake et al. (2017b) introduced Prosopidicolaceae to
accommodate Prosopidicola species based on morphology
and phylogeny. Prosopidicola was introduced with P.
mexicana and its close phylogenetic relationship to Cryphonectria-Endothia complex was noted (Lennox et al.
2004). Prosopidicola albizziae was assigned to Diaporthales genera incertae sedis (Crous et al. 2016). Phylogenetic analysis of current study shows that
Prosopidicola albizziae and P. mexicana form a wellsupported clade.
Life mode
Prosopidicola mexicana was considered as a potential
biocontrol agent of Prosopis glandulosa because of causing
a pod disease of this host in Mexico and the USA (Lennox
et al. 2004). Prosopidicola albizziae also forms stem cankers on Albizzia falcataria, as well as reported from leaves
of Albizzia (Crous et al. 2016).
Fig. 95 Pseudomelanconis caryae (redrawn from Fan et al. 2018). a Conidiomata on substrate. b Cross section of conidiomata. c Conidiogenous
cells attached to conidia. d Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b = 500 lm, c, d = 10 lm
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378
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 96 Consensus tree
resulting from a RAxML
analysis of a combined nrITS,
nrLSU, RPB2 and TUB
sequence alignment for taxa of
Pseudoplagiostomataceae.
Family is indicated in grey
block. Maximum likelihood
bootstrap values and Bayesian
posterior probabilities are given
at the nodes. The scale bar
represents the expected number
of changes per site
Morphological characteristics
Sexual morph of Prosopidicolaceae has not been reported
and this family is distinct from other families of Diaporthales in having pycnidial, rarely acervular, eustromatic
conidiomata with one to several ostioles, mono- to
polyphialidic, ampulliform, subcylindrical to lageniform
conidiogenous cells with prominent periclinal thickening
and subhyaline to brown conidia that are ellipsoid to
fusoid-ellipsoid in shape.
Phylogenetic identification
Phylogenetic analysis by Lennox et al. (2004) based on
nrSSU gene placed Prosopidicola mexicana in the Diaporthales. As well as an analysis of the nrITS region
exposed it to clade closely to Cryphonectria and Endothia.
Based on the blast result in NCBI, Crous et al. (2016)
accommodated P. albizziae in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. A multigene analysis of Senanayake et al.
(2017b) accommodated this genus in Prosopidicolaceae
(Fig. 93).
123
Taxonomy
Prosopidicolaceae Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake
et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b).
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b).
Type genus: Prosopidicola Crous & C.L. Lennox.
Notes: Senanayake et al. (2017b) introduced Prosopidicolaceae for Prosopidicola species. Currently Prosopidicola comprises two species as Prosopidicola albizziae
and P. mexicana (Lennox et al. 2004; Crous et al. 2016).
Prosopidicola Crous & C.L. Lennox, Stud. Mycol. 50(1):
‘187’ [191] (2004)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04307
Pathogenic on species of Fabaceae. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial,
resembling those of Coniothyrium. Conidiophores brown,
Conidiogenous cells proliferating percurrently, rarely
sympodially, greenish-brown, roughened at apex (description based on Lennox et al. 2004).
Type species: Prosopidicola mexicana Crous & C.L.
Lennox.
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
379
Fig. 97 Pseudoplagiostoma
eucalypti (redrawn from
Cheewangkoon et al. 2010). a,
b Ascomata associated with leaf
spots. c Vertical section of
ascoma. d Asci. e Ascospores.
Scale bars: a = 5 mm,
b = 1 mm, c = 30 lm, d,
e = 15 lm
Prosopidicola mexicana Crous & C.L. Lennox, Stud.
Mycol. 50: 191. 2004. Fig. 94.
Facesoffungi number 03503
Pathogenic causing pod rot disease on Prosopidis
glandulosae Torr. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Lesions 2–3 mm wide and up to 7 mm long,
covering the pod, irregular, extending across the width of
the pod, pale brown with a raised, dark brown margin.
Conidiomata up to 250 lm diam., amphigenous, pycnidial,
rarely acervular, scattered, immersed to erumpent, globose
to subglobose, unilocular, black. Peridium up to 15 lm
thick, consisting of 3–4 layers of brown cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores 5–50 lm high, 3–4 lm diam.,
lining the whole inner layer of the wall, subcylindrical,
branched, 0–3-septate, straight to irregularly curved, base
pale brown, becoming medium greenish-brown at apex.
Conidiogenous cells 5–16 9 3–4 lm, phialidic when
young, with prominent periclinal thickening and proliferating percurrently with age, subcylindrical to lageniform,
green-brown, smooth when young, becoming medium to
dark green-brown and warty at maturity, apex with flared
collarettes, rarely with two loci per conidiogenous cell.
Conidia 10–15 9 4.5–5.5 lm, solitary, broadly ellipsoidal,
medium brown, straight to slightly curved, rounded at the
apex, tapering to a subtruncate base, with an inconspicuous
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 98 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a
combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence alignment for
taxa of Schizoparmaceae. Family is indicated in green block.
Maximum likelihood bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected
number of changes per site
dehiscence scar, smooth, thin-walled, aseptate (description
based on Lennox et al. 2004).
Notes: Prosopidicola mexicana causes severe pod rot
disease on Prosopidis glandulosa. This fungus was proposed as a biocontrol agent against Prosopidis glandulosa
(Lennox et al. 2004).
History
Pseudomelanconidaceae C.M. Tian & X.L. Fan, in Fan
et al. Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018).
123
Pseudomelanconidaceae based on Pseudomelanconis
which was introduced and typified by P. caryae from
Carya cathayensis in China. This species is morphologically similar to Juglanconis, Melanconiella and Melanconis. However, Pseudomelanconis differs from the above
genera in being host specific on Carya Nutt., conidiogenous cells with discreet annellations and an inconspicuous hyaline conidial sheath at maturity and DNA
phylogeny.
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Life mode
Members of Pseudomelanconidaceae are associated with
canker and dieback of trees.
Morphological characteristics
Pseudomelanconidaceae differs from other families of
Diaporthales having conidiogenous cells with discreet
annellations and an inconspicuous hyaline conidial sheath
at maturity.
Phylogenetic identification
Phylogenetic analysis in Fan et al. (2018) based on nrITS
DNA, nrLSU DNA, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence data
showed that Pseudomelanconis forms a distinct clade
which is sister to Melanconiellaceae.
Taxonomy
Pseudomelanconidaceae C.M. Tian & X.L. Fan, in Fan
et al. Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018).
Description: See Fan et al. (2018)
Type genus: Pseudomelanconis C.M. Tian & X.L. Fan
Note: Members in Pseudomelanconidaceae are morphologically similar to Juglanconis, Melanconiella or
Melanconis. However this family is phylogenetically distinct from other families.
Pseudomelanconis C.M. Tian & X.L. Fan, in Fan et al.
Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04889
Pathogenic forming cankers on trees. Sexual morph:
Undetermined. Asexual morph: melanconium-like. Conidiomata acervular, immersed in host bark to erumpent,
covered by brown to blackish exuding conidial masses at
maturity. Central column beneath the disc more or less
conical. Conidiophores unbranched, aseptate, cylindrical,
hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells
annellidic, occasionally with distinct annellations and collarettes. Conidia hyaline when immature, becoming greyish sepia to olivaceous, ellipsoid to oblong, multiguttulate,
aseptate, with distinct hyaline sheath, becoming inconspicuous when mature. Conidial wall smooth on the outer
surface (description based on Fan et al. 2018).
Type species: Pseudomelanconis caryae C.M. Tian &
X.L. Fan
Pseudomelanconis caryae C.M. Tian & X.L. Fan, in Fan
et al. Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018). Fig. 95.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04890
381
Description: See Fan et al. (2018)
Note: The monospecific genus Pseudomelanconis has
acervular conidiomata covered by a pustulate conidial mass
on the bark surface. This genus is significantly different
from similar taxa such as Juglanconis oblonga, Melanconis
juglandis var. caryae and Melanconiella pallida (Fan et al.
2018).
Pseudoplagiostomataceae Cheew. et al. [as ‘Pseudoplagiostomaceae’], Fungal Diversity 44: 95. 2010.
History
Cheewangkoon et al. (2010) revised the morphology and
phylogeny of cryptosporiopsis-like fungi and introduced
Pseudoplagiostomaceae to accommodate fungal species
morphologically similar to Gnomoniaceae, but phylogenetically distinct from Gnomoniaceae. This monotypic
family comprises only Pseudoplagiostoma and Cheewangkoon et al. (2010) recognized three species within the
genus. Crous et al. (2012c) and Suwannarach et al. (2016)
introduced two additional species.
Life mode
Members of Pseudoplagiostomaceae are mainly reported
from Eucalyptus species as foliar pathogens and are distributed over a wide geographical range (Old et al. 2003).
Morphological characteristics
Pseudoplagiostomaceae is distinguished from other families of Diaporthales in having non-stromatic, solitary, thinwalled, immersed ascomata with asymmetrical beaks, asci
with a distinct apical ring and 1-septate ascospores.
Phylogenetic identification
Cheewangkoon et al. (2010) analyzed nrLSU sequence
data to show the distinct placement of Pseudoplagiostomaceae within Diaporthales. A combined gene sequences
analysis of nrITS and TUB was made to determine species
boundaries within the genus. Suwannarach et al. (2016)
used the same gene regions to introduce new Pseudoplagiostoma species and Crous et al. (2012c) used blast results
to determine the phylogenetic distinctiveness (Fig. 96).
Taxonomy
Pseudoplagiostomataceae Cheew. et al. [as ‘Pseudoplagiostomaceae’], Fungal Diversity 44: 95. 2010.
Description: See Cheewangkoon et al. (2010).
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 99 Coniella africana (BPI 797000). a–c Packet of herbarium. d Herbarium specimen. e Vertical cross section of conidiomata. f Peridium.
g–l Conidiogenous cells, conidiophores and conidia. m Conidia. Scale bars: d = 200 lm, e = 100 lm, f = 50 lm, g–m = 10 lm
123
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383
Fig. 100 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a
combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence alignment for
taxa of Stilbosporaceae. Genera are indicated in coloured blocks.
Maximum likelihood bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected
number of changes per site
Type genus: Pseudoplagiostoma Cheew. M.J. Wingf. &
Crous.
with sparse hyphae visible growing into the host tissue;
stromatic tissue not formed. Asci subcylindrical to long
obovoid, lacking paraphyses, unitunicate, with non-amyloid subapical ring, wedge-shaped, refractive, with canal
leading to the apex. Ascospores hyaline, ellipsoidal,
tapering towards rounded ends, usually straight, medially
1-septate, wall smooth, with terminal, elongate, hyaline
appendages. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular to
pycnidial, subcuticular to epidermal, wall composed of
textura angularis. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous
cells cylindrical to ampulliform, proliferating enteroblastically with periclinal thickening and collarette, or
Pseudoplagiostoma Cheew., M.J. Wingf. & Crous, in
Cheewangkoon, Groenewald, Verkley, Hyde, Wingfield,
Gryzenhout, Summerell, Denman, Toanun & Crous, Fungal Diversity 44: 96 (2010).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04308
Pathogenic on leaves, forming spots. Sexual morph:
Ascomata perithecial, immersed in host tissue, oblique to
horizontal, depressed globose or elliptical, dark brown to
black; beak usually erumpent epiphyllously, eccentric to
lateral; ostiole lined with periphyses; peridium coriaceous,
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384
percurrently proliferating in the apical part. Conidia
holoblastic, ellipsoid, with obtuse apex and a flat protruding scar at the base, 0-septate (description based on
Cheewangkoon et al. 2010).
Type species: Pseudoplagiostoma eucalypti Cheew.,
M.J. Wingf. & Crous.
Notes: Cheewangkoon et al. (2010) introduced Pseudoplagiostomaceae for Pseudoplagiostoma species. Morphologically they are cryptosporiopsis-like fungi and some
characters similar to members in Gnomoniaceae. However,
Cheewangkoon et al. (2010) showed the morphological and
phylogenetic distinctness of those species within Diaporthales. Pseudoplagiostomaceae is distinct in having
astromatic, slanted to horizontal, globose ascomata with
aparaphysate hamathecium, ascospores with terminal,
elongate, hyaline appendages and a cryptosporiopsis-like
asexual morph.
Pseudoplagiostoma eucalypti Cheew., M.J. Wingf. &
Crous, Fungal Diversity 44: 98. 2010. Fig. 97.
Facesoffungi number FoF 03504
Pathogenic on leaves forming leaf spots. Sexual
morph: Ascomata 130–150 lm high, 100–130 lm diam.,
perithecia, immersed in host tissue, slanted to horizontal,
globose to elliptical, coriaceous, brown to black, papillate,
ostiolate. Papilla 60–65 lm diam., erumpent, internal wall
lined by hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising few
layers of thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis.
Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 65–70 9 11–13 lm,
8-spored, unitunicate, subcylindrical to long obovoid, with
wedge-shaped, J- subapical ring, apex blunt and without a
distinct pedicel. Ascospores 17–19 9 5–7 lm, overlapping
uni- to biseriate, ellipsoid, tapering towards rounded ends,
hyaline, median 1-septate, widest at septum, with terminal,
elongate, hyaline appendages. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 180–200 lm high, 170–190 lm diam., acervular to
pycnidial, subcutical to epidermal. Peridium comprising
small, brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores
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absent. Conidiogenous cells 8–12 9 2–4 lm, cylindrical to
ampulliform, enteroblastic proliferation with periclinal
thickening. Conidia 17–19 9 7–8 lm, holoblastic, ellipsoid, unicellular, with obtuse apex and a flat protruding
scar at the base (description based on Cheewangkoon et al.
2010).
Notes: Pseudoplagiostoma initially comprised the type
species, P. eucalypti and two other species, P. oldii and P.
variabile. Later, P. corymbiae and P. dipterocarpi were
introduced to this genus by Crous et al. (2012c) and
(Suwannarach et al. 2016), respectively. These species are
foliar pathogens causing leaf spots in Eucalyptus.
Schizoparmaceae Rossman, Mycoscience 48: 137. 2007.
History
Schizoparmaceae was introduced by Rossman et al. (2007)
to accommodate Pilidiella-Schizoparme complex with a
closely related genus Coniella, the later proposed by
Castlebury et al. (2002). This complex was initially recognized by Samuels et al. (1993). Recently, Alvarez et al.
(2016) revised this family based on multi-gene analysis and
synonymized Pilidiella and Schizoparme under Coniella.
Alvarez et al. (2016) demarcated the species boundaries of
Coniella.
Life mode
Members of Schizoparmaceae are phytopathogens associated with fruits, leaves, stems and roots of a wide variety of
hosts (Van Niekerk et al. 2004). Some are considered
parasites on dicotyledonous plants (Samuels et al. 1993) or
sometimes become secondary invaders of plant tissues
infected by other organisms or physical injuries (Ferreira
et al. 1997).
Fig. 101 Crinitospora pulchra (redrawn from Sutton and Alcorn 1985). a Vertical cross section of conidiomata. b Conidiogenous cells,
conidiophores and conidia. c Conidia. a = 100 lm, b–c = 20 lm
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Morphological characteristics
Members of the Schizoparmeaceae produce erumpent
brown or black, ascomata or conidiomata through the host
tissues and later become superficial, irregularly thickened
peridium with plate-like ornamentation and one-celled
ascospores, initially hyaline and later becoming pale to
dark brown.
Phylogenetic identification
The morphological distinctness of Schizoparme, Coniella
and Pilidiella was recognized by Samuels et al. (1993).
This was phylogenetically proved by Castlebury et al.
(2002) based on nrLSU analysis. Alvarez et al. (2016)
revised this family based on combined gene analysis of
nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TUB and 61 species were
accepted (Fig. 98).
Taxonomy
Schizoparmaceae Rossman, Mycoscience 48: 137. 2007.
Description: See Alvarez et al. (2016).
Type genus: Coniella Höhn.
Coniella Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 36: 316. 1918.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04309
Pathogens or saprobes. Sexual morph: Ascomata
brown to black, collapsed collabent, erumpent, becoming
superficial, globose, papillate, with central periphysate
ostiole. Asci clavate to subcylindrical, with distinct apical
ring, floating free at maturity. Paraphyses lacking. Ascospores ellipsoid, aseptate, hyaline, sometimes becoming
pale brown at maturity, smooth, with or without mucoid
caps. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed
to semi-immersed, unilocular, glabrous, ostiolate. Ostiole
central, circular or oval, often situated in a conical or
rostrate neck. Conidiomata wall brown to dark brown or
black wall of thin, pale brown textura angularis on exterior, and hyaline, thin-walled textura prismatica in the
inner layers except at base, which has a convex, pulvinate
tissue of hyaline textura angularis giving rise to conidiophores or conidiogenous cells. Conidiophores mostly
reduced to conidiogenous cells, occasionally septate and
branched at base, invested in mucus. Conidiogenous cells
discrete, cylindrical, subcylindrical, obclavate or lageniform, hyaline, smooth-walled, proliferating percurrently, or
with visible periclinal thickening. Conidia ellipsoid, globose, napiform, fusiform or naviculate with a truncate base
and an obtuse to apiculate apex, unicellular, thin or thickwalled, smooth, olivaceous brown to brown, sometimes
385
with a longitudinal germ-slit, with or without a mucoid
appendage extending from apex to base on one side; basal
hilum with or without short tubular basal appendage.
Spermatophores formed in same conidioma, hyaline,
smooth, 1-septate with several apical conidiogenous cells,
or reduced to conidiogenous cells. Spermatogenous cells
hyaline, smooth, lageniform to subcylindrical, with visible
apical periclinal thickening. Spermatia hyaline, smooth,
rod-shaped with rounded ends (description from Alvarez
et al. 2016).
Type species: Coniella fragariae (Oudem.) B. Sutton
Coniella africana L.V. Alvarez & Crous, in Alvarez,
Groenewald & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 85: 12 (2016). Fig. 99.
=Coniella pulchella Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 36(7): 316
(1918)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04310
Saprobic. Sexual morph: schizoparme-like. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, immersed or
superficial, globose to depressed, brown, unilocular, ostiolate,
285–330 lm
high,
200–250 lm
diam.
(
x = 300 9 220 lm, n = 10), with a central short ostiole.
Conidiomata wall 7–10 lm wide (
x = 8 lm), with brown
to dark brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores 4–
8 lm high, 1.5–4 lm wide, densely packed, branched at
the base, hyaline, smooth, sometimes reduced to Conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 7–10 lm high, 1.5–2 lm
wide, holoblastic to enteroblastic, phialidic, simple. Conidia 16–21 9 2–4 (
x = 18 9 3 lm, n = 20), cylindrical,
sometimes bent to naviculate, apex acute to nearly rounded, base truncate, smooth, hyaline, multi-guttulate (description based on Alvarez et al. 2016).
Material examined: USA, Virginia, Arlington, Arlington
Farm, on Rosa rugosa var. prostrate, C.L. Shear, 16
September 1920, BPI 797000, holotype.
Notes: Alvarez et al. (2016) restricted Schizoparmaceae
to the single genus Coniella. Morphologically Coniella
comprises inter-species variations. Therefore molecular
data is needed to separate species in Coniella.
Stilbosporaceae Link [as ‘Stilbosporei’], Abh. Königl.
Akad.Wiss. Berlin 1824: 180. 1826, emend.
History
Stilbosporaceae was introduced by Link (1826) as ‘‘Stilbosporei’’. However, this family was resurrected by
Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) who restricted it to Stegonsporium and Stilbospora. Senanayake et al. (2017b)
included Crinitospora as a genus in this family and
Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) included Natarajania in
Stilbosporaceae based on multigene phylogeny. However,
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 102 Natarajania indica
(redrawn from Pratibha and
Bhat 2005). Conidiophores,
Conidiogenous cells and
conidia. Scale bar = 10 lm
Senanayake et al. (2017b) suggested that the reliability of
the deposited sequences and the identification of that taxon
must be investigated further.
(Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2008). Some species are recorded
from corticated, dead branches of overwintered plants
(Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014).
Life mode
Morphological characteristics
Members of Stilbosporaceae are mostly recorded from
Europe and North America (Voglmayr and Jaklitsch
(2014). Asexual morphs of those species are common and
well-known opportunistic, moderate phytopathogens causing branch dieback or twig blight on overwintered plants
Stilbosporaceae is characterized and distinct from other
families of Diaporthales by having asci with or without a
refractive canal in the apex, ascospores and hyaline to
brown conidia with transverse eusepta or distosepta,
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
sometimes with several, tubular, unbranched, filiform,
flexuous, apical appendages.
Phylogenetic identification
Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) analysized nrLSU sequence
data of taxa in Diaporthales and showed the distinct
placement of members of Stilbosporaceae as a family.
Additionally, nrITS, TEF1-a and RPB2 gene sequences
analyses has been done to show inter-species boundaries.
Voglmayr et al. (2017) and Senanayake et al. (2017b)
showed the phylogenetic affiliation of Crinitospora within
Stilbosporaceae (Fig. 100).
Taxonomy
Stilbosporaceae Link [as ‘Stilbosporei’], Abh. Königl.
Akad.Wiss. Berlin 1824: 180. 1826, emend.
Saprobic on bark of trees and shrubs. Sexual morph:
Pseudostromata inconspicuous, immersed. Ectostromatic
disc absent or if present inconspicuous, pale brown, rarely
dark brown. Entostroma prosenchymatous, pale coloured,
slightly differentiated from the surrounding bark tissue.
Ascomata loosely arranged as valsoid groups in a single
layer, immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, papillate. Ostiole not obvious,
convergent in groups. Hamathecium comprising filiform,
aseptate, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate,
cylindrical, initially attached to the base, later floating in
centrum, with J- refractive, apical ring. Ascospores overlapping uni- to biseriate, brown, ellipsoid to oblong, distoseptate.
Asexual
morph:
Coelomycetous
or
hyphomycetous. If coelomycetes; Conidiomata stromatic,
acervular with circular outline, epidermal, immersed to
semi-immersed, brown, basal stroma of textura angularis
to textura globulosa, with simple, septate, hyaline paraphyses and hyaline, unbranched cylindrical conidiophores.
Conidiophores arising from the uppermost cells of basal
and parietal tissue, unbranched, cylindrical, septate at only
the base, hyaline, smooth, invested in mucus. Conidiogenous cells annellidic, discrete or integrated, cylindrical to
lageniform, hyaline, smooth-walled, proliferating several
times percurrently at apex. Conidia ellipsoid or oblong,
with an obtuse apex and broad truncate base, sometimes
3-euseptate or distoseptate, with a hyaline sheath, hyaline
to brown, thick-walled, smooth, sometimes with several,
tubular, unbranched, filiform, flexuous, apical appendages.
If hyphomycetous; Mycelium semi-immersed to erumpent,
composed of smooth, hyaline to pale brown, branched,
septate,
thick-walled
hyphae.
Conidiophores
387
mononematous, macronematous, erect, straight to flexuous,
solitary or fasciculate, septate, unbranched, smooth, hyaline to pale brown. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic,
terminal, integrated, cylindrical, upper-half distinctly verrucose, smooth below, with a narrow, elongated, cylindrical, smooth, hyaline collar-canal, terminating with a flared
collarette. Conidia slimy, solitary, ellipsoidal, smooth, dark
brown, aseptate, slightly curved, with a truncate base.
Type genus: Stilbospora Pers.
Stilbospora Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 93 (1794)
Facesoffungi number FoF 01711
Description: See Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014)
Stilbospora macrosperma Pers., Syn. meth. fung.
(Göttingen) 1: 96 (1801).
Facesoffungi number FoF 03506
Illustration: See Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014)
Saprobic on branches of Acer pseudoplatanus. Sexual
morph: Pseudostroma comprising white, greyish to yellowish hyphae. Ascomata 300–350 lm high, 350–465 lm
diam. (
x = 325 9 420 lm, n = 20), immersed, aggregated,
globose to subglobose, coriaceous, ostiolate, papillate.
Papilla cylindrical, pale brown, emerging from perithecial
apices and merging separately with the stromatal disc,
inconspicuous, often invisible on the bark surface. Peridium 20–40 lm diam. (
x = 32 lm, n = 20), comprising
thick-walled, brown, large, cells of textura angularis and
hyaline, thick-walled, compressed cells of textura angularis around the base of papilla. Hamathecium comprising
multiguttulate, hyaline, septate paraphyses. Asci 165–
200 9 35–50 lm (
x = 182 9 42 lm, n = 20), 8-spored,
unitunicate, clavate to ellipsoidal, thick-walled, very short
pedicellate, apex containing a J- refractive canal usually
wider towards its base. Ascospores 40–50 9 20–26 lm
(
x = 46 9 22 lm, n = 20), biseriate, ellipsoidal, oblong or
rarely pyriform, with (3–)5-distosepta and sometimes 1,
longitudinal, distoseptum, appendages on both ends projecting, subglobose, outer margin becoming diffuse.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata 340–450 lm high, 450–
460 lm diam. (
x = 410 9 453 lm, n = 20), immersed,
acervular, solitary, with circular outline, dark brown to
black. Paraphyses 2.5–4 lm diam. (
x = 3.2 lm, n = 10),
unbranched, aseptate, hyaline. Conidiophores reduced to
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 25–35 9 7–
10 lm (
x = 31 9 9 lm, n = 20), holoblastic, cylindrical,
septate,
hyaline.
Conidia
40–45 9 20–25 lm
(
x = 43 9 23 lm, n = 20), pyriform, oval, ellipsoid or
oblong, base truncate and hyaline, brown, with several
distosepta, 1(–2)-longitudinal distosepta, with hyaline
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 103 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a
combined nrITS and nrLSU sequence alignment for taxa of
Sydowiellaceae. Genera are indicated in coloured blocks. Maximum
likelihood bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities are
given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of
changes per site
sheath (description based on Voglmayr and Jaklitsch
2014).
Notes: Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) epitypified the
type species of Stilbospora, Stilbospora macrosperma and
Prosthecium was confirmed as the asexual morph of Stilbospora. Stilbospora is conserved against Prosthecium.
There are 16 species accepted within this genus (Index
Fungorum 2018).
Caulicolous. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic, acervuli, epidermal,
immersed to semi-immersed, brown. Peridium comprising
brown cells of textura angularis to textura globulosa.
Conidiophores unbranched, septate, hyaline, smooth,
invested in mucus. Conidiogenous cells discrete or integrated, cylindrical to lageniform, hyaline, smooth-walled,
proliferating percurrently at apex. Conidia ellipsoid with an
obtuse apex, broad truncate base, euseptate, hyaline, thickwalled, smooth, with several appendages that are tubular,
unbranched, filiform, flexuous, arising from the apex.
Other genera included in Stilbosporaceae
Crinitospora B. Sutton & Alcorn, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc.
84(3): 437 (1985)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04312
123
Crinitospora pulchra B. Sutton & Alcorn, Trans. Br.
mycol. Soc. 84: 439 (1985). Fig. 101.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04313
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
389
Fig. 104 Sydowiella fenestrans (F109251). a Herbarium specimen. b, c Ascomata on host surface. d Cross section of ascomata. e Peridium. f–
h Asci. i–k Ascospores. Scale bars: b, c = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e–h = 20 lm, i–k = 10 lm
Caulicolous. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual
morph: Conidiomata stromatic, acervuloid, separate,
immersed to erumpent, 200–300 lm high, 300–500 lm
wide, brown, opening by irregular rupture with yellow
conidial mass, turns brown when mature. Peridium comprising several layers of pale brown cells of textura
angularis to textura globulosa. Conidiophores up to 50 lm
long, lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, 1–2-septate,
unbranched,
subcylindrical.
Conidiogenous
cells
8–25 9 3–6 lm, subcylindrical to lageniform, hyaline,
smooth. Conidia 30–35 9 15–17 lm, ellipsoid, with
obtuse apex and broadly truncate base, hyaline, smooth,
guttulate, medially 1–septate, rarely 0–2-septate, with 4–10
apical appendages. Appendages up to 50 lm long, tubular,
unbranched, filiform, divergent, flexuous (description
based on Crous et al. 2014).
Notes: The monotypic genus Crinitospora has no known
sexual morph (Crous et al. 2014). The holotype and epitype
material were collected from leaves of Mangifera indica L.
However, the ecology and pathology of Crinitospora is not
well known. Initially, te genus was assigned to Melanconidaceae (Diaporthales) but Maharachchikumbura et al.
(2015), Senanayake et al. (2017b) and Voglmayr et al.
(2017) showed its phylogenetic placement within
Stilbosporaceae.
Natarajania Pratibha & Bhat, Kavaka 33: 129 (2005)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04314
Saprobic in leaf litter. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Colonies effuse greyish velvety. Mycelium semi-immersed to erumpent, composed of smooth,
hyaline to pale brown, branched, septate, thick-walled
hyphae. Conidiophores mononematous, macronematous,
erect, straight to flexuous, solitary or fasciculate, septate,
unbranched, smooth, hyaline to pale brown. Conidiogenous
cells monophialidic, terminal, integrated, cylindrical, upper
half distinctly verrucose, smooth below, with a narrow,
elongated, cylindrical, smooth, hyaline collar-canal, terminating with a flared collarette. Conidia slimy, solitary,
ellipsoidal, smooth, dark brown, aseptate, slightly curved,
with a truncate base.
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 105 Alborbis galericulata (IMI 6600). a Herbarium specimen. b Appearance of ascomata on host surface. c Vertical cross section through
the ascomata. d–g Asci. h–k Ascospores. Scale bars: b = 500 lm, c = 200 lm, d–g = 20 lm, h–k = 10 lm
Type species: Natarajania indica Pratibha & Bhat
Natarajania indica Pratibha & Bhat, Kavaka 33: 129
(2005). Fig. 102.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04315
Saprobic in leaf litter. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Mycelium semi-immersed to erumpent,
composed of smooth, hyaline to pale brown, branched,
septate, thick-walled, 2–3 lm wide hyphae. Conidiophores
50–120 9 2–4.5 lm, mononematous, macronematous,
erect, straight to flexuous, solitary or fasciculate, 1–3septate, unbranched, smooth, hyaline to pale brown.
Conidiogenous cells 30–45 9 2–4 lm, monophialidic,
terminal, integrated, cylindrical, upper half distinctly verrucose, smooth below, with a narrow, elongated, cylindrical, smooth, hyaline collar-canal 4–7 lm long, terminating
with a flared collarette. Conidia 5–7.5 9 3–5 lm, slimy,
solitary, ellipsoidal, smooth, dark brown, aseptate, slightly
curved, with a truncate base. Conidial secession rhexolytic
(description based on Pratibha and Bhat 2005).
123
Notes: Natarajania is a hyphomyceteous genus typified
by Natarajania indica (Pratibha and Bhat 2005). Senanayake et al. (2017b) accommodated this genus in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. However, based on
molecular data, Natarajania grouped in Stilbosporaceae.
Hence,
we
accommodate
Natarajania
within
Stilbosporaceae.
Stegonsporium Corda, in Opiz, Naturalientausch 11: 458
(1827)
Facesoffungi number FoF 01707
Description: See Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014).
Type species: Stegonsporium pyriforme (Hoffm.) Corda
Stegonsporium pyriforme (Hoffm.) Corda, Icon. fung.
(Prague) 3: 23 (1839).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04311
Illustration: See Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014)
Saprobic or mild pathogenic on overwintered plants.
Sexual morph: Pseudostromata inconspicuous, immersed.
Ectostroma 1.5–3 lm wide, restricted to an amber to pale
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
391
Fig. 106 Breviappendix rubi (IMI 252650). a Packet of herbarium.
b Herbarium specimen. c Appearance of ascomata on substrate.
d Vertical section of ascoma. e Peridium. f–h Asci. i–l Ascospores.
m Conidiomata on media. n Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and
conidia. o Conidia. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d, m = 100 lm,
e = 50 lm, f–l, n–o = 10 lm
brown disc of a gel matrix. Ostioles inconspicuous, cylindrical, with pale brown peridium, converging at apex.
Entostroma comprising loosely packed, hyaline to brownish hyphae, around perithecia keeping them tightly packed.
Ascomata 325–350 lm high, 400–480 lm diam.
(
x = 340 9 440 lm, n = 20), perithecial, immersed,
aggregated, globose to subglobose, dark brown to black,
coriaceous. Peridium 20–35 lm wide (
x = 32 lm, n = 20),
comprising dark brown cells of textura angularis. Asci
180–200 9 40–55 lm (
x = 189 9 47 lm, n = 20), 8spored, unitunicate, ellipsoid or clavate, sessile, thickwalled, with J- refractive apical ring. Ascospores 40–
45 9 20–23 lm (
x = 42 9 21 lm, n = 20), uni- or biseriate, ellipsoid to oblong, brown, mostly 5-distoseptate,
with a gelatinous appendage at each end. Asexual morph:
appearing as dark brown to black spots, Conidiomata 420–
500 lm high, 440–480 lm diam. (
x = 458 9 461 lm,
n = 20), immersed, acervular, globose, black to dark
brown, comprising simple, hyaline paraphyses. Conidiophores cylindrical, septate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells
27–40 lm high, 6–8 lm diam. (
x = 32 9 6.7 lm, n = 20),
annellidic. Conidia 35–40 lm high, 15–20 lm diam.
(
x = 36 9 17 lm, n = 20), ellipsoid or oblong, truncate
and hyaline at the base, several distosepta, one longitudinal
distosepta, with a hyaline sheath (description based on
Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014).
Notes: Stegonsporium is considered to be the asexual
morph of Prosthecium. Stegonsporium is closely related to
Stilbospora but distinct in having pyriform conidia with
2–7 transverse and 1–3 longitudinal distosepta, and also the
ascospores are distoseptate (Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2008).
Most Stegonsporium species inhabit Acer but host specificity of Stegonsporium is not well-studied.
Sydowiellaceae Lar.N. Vasilyeva, Pirenomits. Lokuloaskomits. Severa Dal’nego Vostoka (Leningrad): 210
(1987)
History
Sydowiellaceae was introduced by Vasilyeva (1987) to
accommodate a collection of morphologically diversified
taxa. Initially this family comprised the type genus Sydowiella Petr., together with Chapeckia M.E. Barr, Hapalocystis Auersw. ex Fuckel, Stegophora Syd. & P. Syd.
and Sillia P. Karst. Vasilyeva (2001) introduced Rossmania
Lar. N. Vassiljeva typified by R. ukurunduense Lar.
N. Vassiljeva. Kruys and Castlebury (2012) accommodated
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392
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 107 Cainiella borealis (S-F133018). a Herbarium specimen. b, c Appearance of ascomata on substrate. d Cross section of ascoma. e–
g Asci. h–j Ascospores. Scale bars: b, c = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e–g = 20 lm, h–j = 10 lm
Cainiella E. Müll. within this family, typified by C.
johansonii (Rehm) E. Müll. Cannon (2001) accommodated
Uleoporthe Petr. typified by U. orbiculata (Syd. & P. Syd.)
Petr. within Sydowiellaceae. Calosporella J. Schröt. typified by C. innesii (Curr.) J. Schröt. was included here by
Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014). There are 11 genera listed
in this family by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016).
Senanayake et al. (2017a) revised the family based on
nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a combined sequence
phylogeny and introduced several new taxa to the family.
Currently Sydowiellaceae comprises 15 genera (Senanayake et al. 2017a).
123
Life mode
Members of Sydowiellaceae occur on herbaceous plants,
dicotyledonous and hardwood trees as saprobes, endophytes or pathogens. Stegophora ulmea was reported as a
pathogen on living leaves of Ulmus americana, while Sydowiella depressula was reported on leaves and stem
cankers of Rubus fruticosus L. (Nordskog et al. 2003).
Sydowiella fenestrans has been recorded on leaves and
dead stems of various plants. Cainiella johansonii was
reported on both living and dead leaves and petioles of
Dryas species, while Cainiella borealis was found as a
saprobe on dead branches of Cassiope tetragona (Kruys
and Castlebury 2012). Hapalocystis berkeleyi forms stromatic fruiting bodies on dead woody plants. Collections of
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
393
Fig. 108 Chapeckia nigrospora (NYS 2083). a Herbarium specimen. b Appearance of stroma on host surface. c, d Cross section of ascomata in
stroma. e–g Asci. h–j Ascospores. Scale bars: b = 500 lm, c = 100 lm, d = 200 lm, e–g = 20 lm, h–j = 10 lm
Uleoporthe orbiculata were recorded on living and fallen
leaves. There are reports that U. orbiculata and many other
taxa in this family may have biotrophic lifestyles (Cannon
2001; De Silva et al. 2016).
generic boundaries. Kruys and Castlebury (2012) showed
some un-identified clades within this family. Senanayake
et al. (2017a) revealed those clades and introduced several
new genera based on combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and
TEF1-a sequence analysis (Fig. 103).
Morphological characteristics
Taxonomy
Sydowiellaceae is generally characterized by taxa with
solitary or aggregated, erumpent to immersed ascomata,
with wide papilla, a peridium comprising an outer layer of
brown-walled cells of textura globulosa and inner layer of
hyaline cells of textura angularis, cylindrical to cylindroclavate or broadly fusoid unitunicate asci, with a J-,
sometimes bi-lobed apical ring, and hyaline or greenish
brown, 0–11-septate, ellipsoidal or filiform ascospores that
sometimes have apical and basal appendages (Senanayake
et al. 2017a).
Phylogenetic identification
Kruys and Castlebury (2012) analysized nrLSU sequence
data to prove the phylogenetic distinctness of Sydowiellaceae and also analyzed nrITS sequences to demarcate the
Sydowiellaceae Lar.N. Vasilyeva, Pirenomits. Lokuloaskomits. Severa Dal’nego Vostoka (Leningrad): 210
(1987)
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a).
Type genus: Sydowiella Petr.
Notes: Barr (1978) placed Sydowiella in the family
Pseudovalsaceae (subfamily Pseudovalsoideae, tribe Ditopelleae) based on its morphology. There have been also a
few suggestions to place Sydowiella in Gnomoniaceae.
However, Monad (1983) did not accept the placement of
Sydowiella in Gnomoniaceae because of absence of stromatic tissues. Vasilyeva (1987) introduced the family Sydowiellaceae based on Sydowiella fenestrans (Duby) Petr.
and this family was accommodated in the order
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394
Ceratostomatales. Rossman et al. (2007) included
Chapeckia, Hapalocystis, Rossmania, Sillia, and Stegophora in Sydowiellaceae. Sogonov et al. (2008) noted a
close affinity of Lambro and Uleoporthe with this family,
while Kruys and Castlebury (2012) analyzed ITS sequence
data for genera in the family. The phylogenetic position of
Cainiella in Sydowiellaceae was resolved and Winterella
was also included in the family based on molecular data.
Calosporella was introduced and placed in Sydowiellaceae
by Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014).
Sydowiella Petr., Annls mycol. 21(1/2): 30 (1923)
Facesoffungi number FoF 02136
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a).
Type species: Sydowiella fenestrans (Duby) Petr.
Sydowiella fenestrans (Duby) Petr., Annls mycol. 21(1/2):
30 (1923). Fig. 104.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04316
Saprobic on dead branches and twigs. Sexual morph:
Stromata pseudoparenchymatous, comprising outer dark
brown to black line made by hyphal cells and inner light
yellow to hyaline, large cells of textura globosa. Ascomata
380–405 lm
high,
280–315 lm
diam.
(
x = 390 9 305 lm, n = 20), scattered, solitary, immersed
to erumpent, erect or slanted, globose to subglobose,
coriaceous, black, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla 185–225 lm
high, 140–160 lm wide (
x = 210 9 155 lm, n = 20),
internally covered with hyaline periphyses. Peridium 20–
30 lm wide (
x = 24 lm, n = 20), comprising inner layer
of hyaline, thin-walled, compressed cells of textura angularis and outer layer of dark brown, thick-walled, cells of
textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising 3.5–5 lm
(
x = 4 lm, n = 20) wide, septate, cellular paraphyses. Asci
110–120 9 12–15 lm (
x = 113 9 14 lm, n = 20), 8spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short-pedicellate, with
distinct, bilobed, J- apical ring. Ascospores 18–20 9 5–
8 lm (
x = 19 9 7 lm, n = 20), overlapping uniseriate,
oval to widely fusiform, hyaline, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, with a large guttule in each cell.
Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on
Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016).
Material examined: GERMANY, Hessen, Wiesenwald
pr. Oestrich (Nassau), on Epilobii angustifolii, Fuckel,
1894, F109251, holotype.
Notes: Sydowiella is characterized by having solitarily,
erumpent ascomata without stromatic tissues and 2-celled
ascospores (Kobayashi 1970). Currently this genus comprises eleven species (Index Fungorum 2018). Species of
Sydowiella generally occur on leaves and twigs of overwintered plant and herbaceous hosts. Here we illustrate the
holotype specimen of the type species of Sydowiella, S.
fenestrans.
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Other genera listed in Sydowiellaceae
Alborbis Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake,
Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, Al-Sadi,
Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 183 (2017).
Facesoffungi number FoF 02835
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a).
Type species: Alborbis galericulata (Tul. & C. Tul.)
Senan. & K.D. Hyde
Alborbis galericulata (Tul. & C. Tul.) Senan. & K.D.
Hyde, in Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon,
Promputtha, Al-Sadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere
8(1): 186 (2017a). Fig. 105.
Facesoffungi number FoF 02836
Saprobic on dead stems of Fagus sylvatica L. Sexual
morph: Appearing on the surface as small, pustulate
swellings, with a central stellate rupture of the periderm
through a white, minute, elliptic to fusoid ectostromatic
disk, usually containing 1–6 ascomata. Ascomata 600–
950 lm high, 260–450 lm diam., immersed, aggregated,
globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate. Ostiolar canal 375–400 lm high, 80–90 lm wide
(
x = 390 9 83 lm, n = 20), scarcely emergent, separate,
opening to host surface by wide ostiole, internally covered
by hyaline, filamentous periphyses. Peridium 30–35 lm
thick, comprising thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura
angularis. Asci 90–110 9 17–20 lm (
x= 100 9 19 lm,
n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, apex
rounded with J- apical ring, short-pedicellate. Ascospores
21–26 9 5–7 lm (
x = 24 9 6 lm, n = 20), biseriate to
triseriate, often 4-guttulate, ellipsoid to cylindrical, 1-septate, hyaline, slightly constricted at the septum lacking
appendages. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description
based on Senanayake et al. 2017a).
Material examined: UK, England, Surrey, Box Hill, on
twigs of Fagus sylvatica L (Fagaceae), 1 September 1946,
IMI 6600.
Notes: Alborbis was introduced for Valsa galericulata
based on combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a
sequence analysis (Senanayake et al. 2017a). Mejı́a et al.
(2011) reported this species as causing a mild canker of
Fagus species and saprobic on branches of Fagus sylvatica
and mentioned that Cryptodiaporthe galericulata (= Valsa
galericulata) is related to Sydowiellaceae rather than
Gnomoniaceae.
Breviappendix Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake,
Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, Al-Sadi,
Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 186 (2017a).
Facesoffungi number FoF 02837
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a).
Type species: Breviappendix rubi (Rehm) Senan.,
Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
395
Fig. 109 Hapalocystis berkeleyi (K (M) 195743; n-r from MFLUCC
13–0662). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c,
d Appearance of ascomata on substrate. e Vertical cross section of
ascomata. f Peridium. g–i Asci. j–m Ascospores. n Conidiomata. o–
q Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia. r Conidia. Scale
bars: c = 1 mm, d = 500 lm, e = 100 lm, f–i = 20 lm, j–
m = 10 lm, n = 100 lm, o–q = 10 lm, r = 5 lm
Breviappendix rubi (Rehm) Senan., Maharachch. & K.D.
Hyde, in Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon,
Promputtha, Al-Sadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere
8(1): 186 (2017a). Fig. 106.
Facesoffungi number FoF 02838
Pathogenic on living stems of Rubus ulmifolius Schott.
forming cankers. Sexual morph: Ascomata 660–760 lm
high, 520–535 lm diam. (
x = 720 9 530 lm, n = 15),
solitary, scattered, erumpent to immersed, globose, coriaceous, brown, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla 380–410 lm
high, 130–220 lm diam. (
x = 405 9 210 lm, n = 15),
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396
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 110 Italiomyces centaureii (MFLU 16–2866). a Herbarium specimen. b Vertical section of ascoma. c Peridium. d–f Asci. g–i Ascospores.
Scale bars: a = 200 lm, b = 100 lm, c–i = 10 lm
comprising brown, elongate cells, internally covered by
hyaline periphyses. Peridium 20–35 lm wide (
x = 31 lm,
n = 15), comprising inner, thin-walled, hyaline, compressed cells of textura angularis and outer, thick-walled,
brown, compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 9–11 lm wide at base (
x = 10 lm, n = 15), 4–5 lm
wide at the apex (
x = 4.8 lm, n = 15), comprising thinwalled cellular, septate, paraphyses. Asci 35–45 9 5–
10 lm (
x = 41 9 7.8 lm, n = 25), 4(–6)-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, sessile, apex blunt, with a J- apical ring.
123
Ascospores
10–15 9 2.5–3.5 lm
(
x = 13 9 2.8 lm,
n = 25), biseriate, ellipsoid, 1-median septate, slightly
constricted at the septum, hyaline, smooth-walled, ends
with small, pointed, setose appendages 1.5–6 lm long.
Asexual morph: coelomycetous. Conidiomata on MEA
sporodochial, developing in 14 days, with a golden-yellow,
slimy, pycnidial, superficial, globoid conidial head 150–
200 lm wide/diam. (
x = 180 lm, n = 15). Conidiophores
7–11 lm high, 1–3 lm diam. (
x = 9 9 1.6 lm, n = 15),
macronematous, cylindrical, short, septate, branched,
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
hyaline, smooth, compactly packed. Conidiogenous cells
10– 20 lm high, 1–2.5 lm diam., (
x = 14.8 9 1.7 lm,
n = 15), phialidic, discrete, vase-shaped, without collarette,
hyaline, sometimes branched, aseptate, narrowing towards
the apex. Conidia 5.5–7 9 1.5–2 lm (
x = 6.5 9 1.8 lm,
n = 15), lunar, widest in the centre, pointed at both ends,
aseptate, smooth, hyaline, accumulated in a slimy, goldenyellow mass (description based on Senanayake et al.
2017a).
Material examined: GREAT BRITAIN, Buteshire, on
stems of Rubus fruticosus, 08 September 1980, P. M. Krik,
IMI 252650.
Notes: Breviappendix was introduced for Gnomonia
rubi, G. rosae, and G. rostellata by Senanayake et al.
(2017a). Morphological and phylogenetic distinctness of
these three species were already recognized by Morocko
and Fatehi (2007) and Kruys and Castlebury (2012).
Senanayake et al. (2017a) obtained the asexual morph of
Breviappendix rubi for the first time and designated an
epitype for Breviappendix rubi.
Cainiella E. Müll., Sydowia 10(1–6): 120 (1957).
Facesoffungi number FoF 02839
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a).
Type species: Cainiella johansonii (Rehm) E. Müll.
Cainiella borealis M.E. Barr, Contr. Inst. bot. Univ.
Montréal 73: 65 (1959). Fig. 107.
Facesoffungi number FoF 02840
Saprobic or parasitic on both living and dead leaves and
petioles of temperate shrubs. Sexual morph: Ascomata
775–1000 lm
high,
260–345 lm
diam.
(
x = 846 9 300 lm, n = 15), scattered, solitary, erumpent,
globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla 400–450 lm high, 120–150 lm diam.
(
x = 415 9 142 lm, n = 20), erumpent, internal wall
covered by hyaline, filamentous periphyses. Peridium 15–
25 lm wide (
x = 21 lm, n = 20), comprising a few outer
layers of brown-walled cells of textura globulosa and
inner, hyaline cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium
comprising filamentous, hyaline, aseptate paraphyses. Asci
190–220 9 30–40 lm (
x = 204 9 35 lm, n = 20), few in
number, 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindro-clavate, short
pedicellate, apex wide, flat with complex, J-, apical ring.
Ascospores
30–35 9 17–20 lm
(
x = 34 9 19 lm,
n = 20), biseriate, kidney-shaped, guttulate, hyaline,
1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, with a thick
epispore. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description
based on Senanayake et al. 2017a).
Material examined: NORWAY, Svalbard and Jan
Mayen, Svalbard, Brøgger Peninsula: 6 km SE of NyAlesund near the bird cliff on the beach, on stems of
Cassiope tetragona D. Don (Ericaceae), 12 August 1988,
Nils Lundqvist, 17327-d, S(F133018).
397
Notes: The genus Cainiella is characterized by dark,
immersed ascomata, with long-necks, deliquescing paraphyses, and 1-septate ascospores. Cainiella comprises two
species C. johansonii and C. borealis. These taxa are
associated with arctic dwarf shrubs and prostrate evergreen
subshrubs. Kruys and Castlebury (2012) and Senanayake
et al. (2017a) placed Cainiella in Sydowiellaceae based on
nrITS and nrLSU sequence data. We borrowed the holotype of Cainiella johansonii from S fungarium under
accession number F7185 and the specimen was in poor
condition.
Calosporella J. Schröt., in Cohn, Krypt.-Fl. Schlesien
(Breslau) 3.2(4): 442 (1897) [1908]
Facesoffungi number FoF 04319
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a).
Type species: Calosporella innesii (Curr.) J. Schröt.
Calosporella innesii (Curr.) J. Schröt., in Cohn, Krypt.-Fl.
Schlesien (Breslau) 3.2, 4: 442. 1897 (1908).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04320
Illustration: See Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014).
Saprobic on dead branches of deciduous trees. Sexual
morph: Pseudostromata 1–3 mm diam., pustulate on surface, circular, containing up to 20 ascomata. Ectostromatic
disc erumpent, conspicuous, white to light grey, becoming
dark at maturity, fusoid to circular, possessing 1–20 distinctly protruding ostioles. Entostroma crumbly, brownish.
Ascomata 400–600 lm diam., immersed in stromata,
aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black,
ostiolate, papillate. Ostioles erumpent, cylindrical, black.
Asci 60–100 9 16–22 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, broadly
fusoid, without or with inconspicuous pedicel, lacking a
distinct apical ring. Ascospores 20–34 9 6.5–10.5 lm, bito triseriate, fusoid to oblong, 3–4-euseptate, not to slightly
constricted at septa, hyaline, multi-guttulate, with rounded
ends, hyaline tapering appendages at both ends, appendages 5–7 lm long, 3–4.5 lm wide at the base. Asexual
morph: Undetermined (description based on Voglmayr
and Jaklitsch 2014).
Notes: The monotypic genus Calosporella is typified by
C. innesii (Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014) and characterized
by hyaline, mostly 3-septate ascospores, with small apical
appendages. Several phylogenetic analyses proved the
phylogenetic placement of Calosporella in Sydowiellaceae
(Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014; Senanayake et al. 2017a).
Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) epitypified Calosporella
innesii and discussed the morphological difference
between the type specimen of its basionym, Sphaeria
platanoidis Pers. and the lectotype of the genus Calosporella, with C. platanoidis. Therefore, Voglmayr and
Jaklitsch (2014) decided a generic type as Calosporella
innesii and designated an epitype.
123
398
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 111 Ranulospora alnii (MFLU 16–2868). a Appearance of ascomata on host substrate. b Vertical section of ascoma. c Peridium.
d Paraphyses. e Asci. f–i Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 500 lm, b = 100 lm, c, e = 20 lm, f–i = 10 lm
123
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Chapeckia M.E. Barr, Mycol. Mem. 7: 164 (1978)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04341
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a).
Type species: Chapeckia nigrospora (Peck)
Chapeckia nigrospora (Peck) M.E. Barr, Mycol. Mem. 7:
165 (1978). Fig. 108.
Facesoffungi number FoF 02842
Saprobic on branches of deciduous trees and shrubs.
Sexual morph: Stromata 800–925 lm wide (
x = 900 lm,
n = 10), pseudoparenchymatous, scattered on host surface,
immersed, opening to outside through cracks in the host
epidermis, appearing as an aggregation of ostioles, rounded
or elliptic in shape, externally black, internally brown,
composed of compact pseudoparenchymatous tissues, 3–4
or up to 9 ascomata in a stroma. Ascomata 360–455 lm
high, 160–225 lm diam. (
x = 408 9 180 lm, n = 20),
upright, deeply immersed in stromata, necks short and
wide, flared at upper portion, globose. Peridium 10–13 lm
wide (
x = 11 lm, n = 20), thin at the base, comprising 1–3
layers of brown-walled cells of textura angularis and base
of neck comprising 6–8 layers of cells of textura angularis.
Hamathecium comprising cellular paraphyses. Asci 40–
55 9 10–15 lm (
x = 49 9 12 lm, n = 20), 8-spored,
unitunicate, oblong to ellipsoidal, apex slightly pointed,
short-pedicellate.
Ascospores
9.5–11 9 5–6 lm
(
x = 10.7 9 5.6 lm, n = 20), biseriate, oblong-ellipsoidal
to oval, hyaline when immature, light to dark brown at
maturity, 1-median septate, slightly constricted at the
septum, wall surrounded by narrow gel coating becoming
irregularly rough when dry, appendages narrow, short or
elongate. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description
based on Senanayake et al. 2017a).
Material examined: USA, New York, Quaker Street, on
bark of Betula lutea, C.H. Peck, NYS 2083 holotype.
Notes: Chapeckia was introduced by Barr (1978) based
on Diatrype nigrospora. This genus comprises two species
as Chapeckia nigrospora and C. ribesia (Sacc. & Scalia)
M.E. Barr (Index Fungorum 2018). Rossman et al. (2007)
placed Chapeckia in Sydowiellaceae and several later
molecular analyses proved this (De Silva et al. 2009; Kruys
and Castlebury 2012).
Hapalocystis Auersw. ex Fuckel, Fungi rhenani exsic.,
fasc. 6: no. 585 (1863)
Facesoffungi number FoF 02845
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a).
Type species: Hapalocystis berkeleyi Auersw. ex Fuckel
Hapalocystis berkeleyi Auersw. ex Fuckel, Fungi rhenani
exsic., fasc. 6: no. 585 (1863). Fig. 109.
Facesoffungi number FoF 00413
Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Visible
through dark cracks on the host surface. Stromata forming
399
a thin weft of light brown hyphae around upper part of
ascomata. Ascomata 90–185 lm high, 206–302 lm diam.
(
x = 150 9 245 lm, n = 15), immersed, aggregated, subglobose to globose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate. Ostiole
130–195 lm high, 90–113 lm wide (
x = 145 9 105 lm,
n = 10), short papillate, black, cylindrical, with hyaline,
filamentous periphyses. Peridium 4–16 lm wide
(
x = 10 lm, n = 15), comprising 3–5-layers of black,
thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses 3–7 lm
wide (
x = 6 lm, n = 15), few, septate, hyaline, attached to
the base, longer than asci. Asci 112–127 9 46–80 lm
(
x = 121 9 66 lm, n = 20), 4–or 8-spored, unitunicate,
clavate to fusoid, with a short pedicel, with an inconspicuous flat, refractive ring at the lower end of the thickened
apical wall, apex narrow and blunted. Ascospores 34–
42 9 12–18 lm (
x = 37 9 17 lm), 2–5-seriate, inequilaterally ellipsoidal, with broadly rounded ends, initially
hyaline, dark brown at maturity, (1–)2(–3)-septate, with
cells of equal length, thick and smooth-walled, with short,
hyaline, strap-like appendages situated at both rounded
ends, having the same width as the ascospores. Asexual
morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 165–195 lm diam.
(
x = 182 lm, n = 15), pycnidial, superficial, aggregated,
3–5 in a group, globose, orange to brown. Conidiomata
wall 7–13 lm wide (
x = 10 lm, n = 10), comprising 5–10
layers of small, thick-walled, orange cells of textura
angularis. Conidiophores 1.5–2 lm high, 1–1.5 lm wide
(
x = 2 9 1.5 lm, n = 10), branched, hyaline, short, few
conidiogenous cells arising from a single conidiophore,
attached to conidiomatal wall. Conidiogenous cells 10–
14 lm high, 5–7 lm wide, cylindrical, hyaline, bottleshaped, septate, pointed at ends, phialidic. Conidia 0.5–
1.5 lm diam. (
x = 1 lm, n = 20), ellipsoid, 1-celled,
hyaline, smooth-walled (description based on Senanayake
et al. 2017a).
Material examined: GERMANY, Rhineland, Hattenheim (near), Gruenau, L. Fuckel (Fungi rhenani exs. 585;
ex herb. C. E. Brome), isotype, K (M) 195743; ITALY,
Province of Forlı̀-Cesena, Modigliana, Montebello, on
branch of Platanus hybrid, 14 April 2013, E. Camporesi,
MFLU 14–0798; ex-type living cultures, MFLUCC
13–0662.
Notes: Rossman et al. (2007) placed Hapalocystis in
Sydowiellaceae based on its morphology. Currently, Hapalocystis comprises eight species (Index Fungorum 2018).
The asexual morph of Hapalocystis was recorded by Glawe
(1985), Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2004) and Liu et al.
(2015). Here we illustrate the asexual morph derived from
MFLUCC 13–0662 strain (Liu et al. 2015).
Italiomyces Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, AlSadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 186 (2017a)
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Fig. 112 Sillia ferruginea (WI 7125). a, b Packet of the herbarium.
c Herbarium specimen. d Stromata on host substrate. e Horizontal
cross section of stromata. f Vertical cross section of stromata.
g Peridium. h Cross section of ascomata. i Paraphyses. j Stromatic
tissues in KOH. k–m Asci. n–p Ascospores. Scale bars: d–
f = 500 lm, h = 100 lm, g, i, n–p = 10 lm, k–m = 20 lm
Facesoffungi number FoF 02847
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a).
Type species: Italiomyces centaureii Senan., Camporesi
& K.D. Hyde
Italiomyces centaureii Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde,
in Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, Al-Sadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 186
(2017a). Fig. 110.
123
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
401
Fig. 113 Tenuiappendicula alnicola (MFLU 16–1265A). a Herbarium specimen. b Vertical section of ascomata. c Peridium. d, e Asci.
f–h Ascospores. i Conidiomata on substrate. j Vertical section of
conidioma. k Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia. l,
m Conidia. Scale bars: a = 500 lm, b = 100 lm, c = 20 lm, d,
e = 20 lm, f–h = 10 lm, i = 500 lm, j = 100 lm, k–m = 10 lm
Facesoffungi number FoF 02848
Saprobic on dead stems of Centaurea L. Sexual morph:
Ascomata 360–380 lm high, 405–415 lm diam.
(
x = 375 9 411 lm, n = 15), solitary to rarely aggregated,
scattered, immersed, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla 140–165 lm high, 150–
185 lm diam. (
x = 160 9 175 lm, n = 15), emerging
through cracks in the substrate, comprising small, thickwalled cells of textura angularis, internally covered by
hyaline periphyses. Peridium 15–25 lm wide (
x = 20 lm,
n = 15), comprising thick-walled, compressed, dark brown
cells of textura angularis. Asci 90–110 9 15–20 lm
(
x = 105 9 17 lm, n = 25), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, short-pedicellate, apex blunt with bi-lobed apical
ring. Ascospores 20–30 9 6.5–8.5 lm (
x = 26 9 7.7 lm,
n = 25), overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, fusiform to
narrowly oval, 1-septate, bi-guttulate, hyaline, with short,
spine-like appendages at both ends. Asexual morph:
Undetermined (description based on Senanayake et al.
2017a).
Material examined: ITALY, Province of Forlı̀-Cesena,
Fiumicello di Premilcuore, on dead stem of Centaurea sp.
(Asteraceae), 2 April 2014, Erio Camporesi, MFLU
16–2866, holotype.
Notes: Senanayake et al. (2017a) introduced the genus
Italiomyces based on Italiomyces centaureii. This monotypic genus is distinct from other genera in Sydowiellaceae
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Fig. 114 Tortilispora aurantiaca (S-F11759). a, b Herbarium packet.
c Ascomata on substrate. d Herbarium specimen. e Horizontal cross
section of stromata. f, g Cross sections of ascomata. h Papilla.
i Paraphyses. j Peridium. k–m Asci in water. n–q Ascospores. Scale
bars: c, e = 500 lm, f–h = 100 lm, i = 20 lm, j–q = 10 lm
by bi-guttulate or rarely 4-guttulate ascospores with minute, spine-like apical appendages.
Type species: Paragnomonia fragariae (Kleb.) Senan. &
K.D. Hyde
Paragnomonia Senan., & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake,
Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, Al-Sadi,
Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 186 (2017a).
Facesoffungi number FoF 02851
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a).
Paragnomonia fragariae (Kleb.) Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in
Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha,
Al-Sadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 186
(2017a).
Facesoffungi number FoF 02852
Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b).
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
403
Pathogenic on plants. Sexual morph: Ascomata
immersed on roots and petioles, papilla only visible on
host, solitary, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous,
papillate, ostiolate. Necks central, straight to curved.
Peridium comprising outer layer of large, brown cells of
textura angularis and inner layer of compressed, hyaline
cells of textura angularis. Asci 25–35 9 6–7 lm, fusiform
to obovoid, with short pedicel and J- apical ring. Ascospores 8–11 9 2–4 lm, obliquely uniseriate, fusiform,
straight to curved, 1-median septate, not constricted at the
septum, with 4–6 (or more) guttules. Appendages apical
and basal, hyaline, elongate-conical. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata tiny, pycnidial, solitary, immersed to erumpent, black. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Conidiogenous cells elongated, conical, unbranched, hyaline. Conidia oval to ellipsoid, aseptate, bi-guttulate, hyaline (description based on Alexopoulos and Cation 1952).
Notes: Combined gene analyses of nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2
and TEF1-a sequence data in this study confirm the phylogenetic placement of Gnomonia fragariae var. fragariae
in Sydowiellaceae. Hence, we excluded Gnomonia fragariae var. fragariae from Gnomoniopsis comari and
introduced a new genus, Paragnomonia to accommodate
Gnomonia fragariae var. fragariae. Gnomonia fragariae
var. fragariae is a causative agent of root disease in
strawberry and it is not the species that causes foliar and
petiole disease (Senanayake et al. 2017a).
23 lm wide (
x = 16.8 lm, n = 20), composed of 4–6 outer
layers of thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis and
inner, hyaline, thick-walled cells of textura angularis.
Hamathecium comprising few, septate, hyaline, thin-walled paraphyses, longer than asci. Asci 85–120 9 16–22 lm
(
x = 101.7 9 18.5 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate,
cylindrical to fusiform, short pedicellate, apex rounded,
with J- apical ring. Ascospores 45–55 9 7–8 lm
(
x = 48.6 9 7.3 lm, n = 20), uniseriate or biseriate, fusiform to ellipsoid, with long basal appendage, with 1
median and 1 basal septum, slightly constricted at the
septa, smooth-walled, apical cell slightly wider than basal
cell, appendage long filiform, straight or curved, with slight
apical swelling, germ tubes emerging at the median septa
and ascospores becoming olivaceous at germination.
Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on
Senanayake et al. 2017a).
Material examined: ITALY, Province of Trento, Mezzana, Marilleva 900, on dead branch of Alnus incana (L.)
Moench (Betulaceae), 15 August 2013, Erio Camporesi,
MFLU 16–2868 holotype.
Notes: Senanayake et al. (2017a) introduced Ranulospora typified by R. alnii, on bark of grey alder. The
significant character of this genus is ascospore morphology. Senanayake et al. (2017a) illustrated the asexual
morph of R. alnii, which was isolated from the same
specimen and phylogenetically identical.
Ranulospora Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, AlSadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 186 (2017a).
Facesoffungi number FoF 02853
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a).
Rossmania Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Mycoscience 42(4): 401
(2001)
Facesoffungi number FoF 02855
Description: See Vasilyeva (2001).
Type species: Rossmania ukurunduensis Lar.N.
Vassiljeva
Type species: Ranulospora alnii Senan., Camporesi & K.D.
Hyde
Ranulospora alnii Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, in
Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha,
Al-Sadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 186
(2017a). Fig. 111.
Facesoffungi number FoF 02854
Saprobic on dead branches of Alnus incana (L.)
Moench. Sexual morph: Appearing as clusters of black
ostioles emerging through the cracked bark. Pseudostromata comprising sparse, brown, fungal hyphae spreading
around ascomata. Ascomata 480–765 lm high, 280–
345 lm diam. (
x = 640 9 315 lm, n = 20), immersed,
aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, dark brown
to black, with 6–8 ascomata in an aggregation, papillate,
with long ostiolar necks. Papilla 320–380 lm high, 160–
260 lm wide (
x = 349 9 207 lm, n = 20). Peridium 13–
Rossmania ukurunduensis Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Mycoscience 42(4): 401 (2001).
Facesoffungi number FoF 02856
Illustration: See Vasilyeva (2001).
Saprobic on dead bark of Acer ukurunduense Wall.
Sexual morph: Ascomata immersed under the bark, with
clusters of convergent, long, stout erumpent necks, without
a ectostromatic disc, globose, coriaceous, black. Necks
wide, opening through the ostiole, internally covered by
hyaline periphyses, comprising brown cells of textura
porrecta. Peridium thick, comprising outer, thick-walled,
brown cells of textura angularis and inner thick-walled,
hyaline cells of textura angularis at the base. Hamathecium
aparaphysate. Asci 190–230 9 24–28 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to cylindrical, short pedicellate, apex
rounded,
lacking
an
apical
ring.
Ascospores
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 115 Synnemasporella aculeans (redrawn from Fan et al. 2018).
a, b Habit of synnemata on branches. c Longitudinal section through
synnema. d, h Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. e, i Conidia.
f Habit of pycnidia on branches. g Longitudinal section through
pycnidium. Scale bars: a, b = 1 mm, f = 5 mm, g = 500 lm,
c = 100 lm, d, e, h–i = 10 lm
76–125 9 7–9 lm, 4–5-seriate to fasciculate, long fusoid
to cylindrical, slightly curved, 0–7-septate in Melzer’s
reagent, not constricted at the septa, hyaline, sometimes
guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description
based on Vasilyeva 2001).
Notes: Vasilyeva (2001) introduced Rossmania for taxa
with aggregated ascomata with long beaks, non-united
ectostromatic disc and septate elongate ascospores
accommodating in Valsaceae. Rossmania comprises two
species as R. ukurunduensis and R. aculeata (Petch) Lar.N.
Vassiljeva (2001). Rossman et al. (2007) placed Rossmania
in Sydowiellaceae considering its morphology. This
placement was confirmed by Kruys and Castlebury (2012)
and Senanayake et al. (2017a) based on phylogeny.
Sillia P. Karst., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 23: 20, 159,
251 (1873)
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
405
Fig. 116 Consensus tree
resulting from a RAxML
analysis of a combined nrLSU
and nrSSU sequence alignment
for taxa of Tirisporellaceae.
Genera are indicated in coloured
blocks. Maximum likelihood
bootstrap values and Bayesian
posterior probabilities are given
at the nodes. The scale bar
represents the expected number
of changes per site
Facesoffungi number FoF 02857
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a).
Type species: Sillia ferruginea (Pers.) P. Karst.
Sillia ferruginea (Pers.) P. Karst., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat.
Folk 23: 159 (1873). Fig. 109.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04317
Saprobic on dead branches of Corylus avellana L.
Sexual morph: Stromata come out from cracks of bark,
immersed, aggregated in bark, hemispherical, black on the
surface, dark yellow inside, brittle, rouge in 10% KOH.
Ascomata 530–900 lm high, 230–325 lm diam.
(
x = 600 9 300 lm, n = 10), immersed to erumpent,
arising as several layers, gregarious, globose to subglobose,
black, coriaceous, papillate, ostiolate. Neck 250–400 lm
long, 90–130 lm wide (
x = 350 9 125 lm, n = 10),
symmetrical, erumpent through host surface, internally
covered by hyaline periphyses, darker than peridium cells
at the base. Peridium 30–50 lm thick (
x = 38 lm, n = 15),
comprising thick-walled, brown, compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising thin-walled,
septate, unbranched, hyaline paraphyses 5–10 lm wide
(
x = 7 lm,
n = 15).
Asci
135–150 9 15–20 lm
(
x = 140 9 18 lm, n = 25), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, straight or curved, with a short obtuse pedicel,
apical ring not obvious. Ascospores 50–70 9 2–4 lm
(
x = 65 9 2.7 lm, n = 30), multiseriate, parallel to each
other, narrowly fusiform, slightly curved, hyaline, with 3–5
transverse septa, sometimes containing small guttules.
Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Material examined: LITUANIA, Vilnius district, Šveicarija Forest, on bark of dead branch of Corylus avellana
L., April 2010, T. Iznova, WI 7125.
Notes: Only species of Sillia and Tortilispora have
hyaline scolecosporous ascospores in Sydowiellaceae.
Ascospores of Sillia are filiform or acicular and multiseptate while Tortilispora has unicellular, long-cylindricfusoid ascospores (Senanayake et al. 2017a). Initially Sillia
was placed in Melogrammataceae (Lindau 1897). Wehmeyer (1926) placed this genus in Diaporthaceae and Barr
(1978) included Sillia in family Gnomoniaceae. Rossman
et al. (2007) accommodated Sillia in Sydowiellaceae based
on its morphology and this placement was confirmed based
on morphology and molecular data (De Silva et al. 2009;
Kruys and Castlebury 2012; Senanayake et al. 2017a).
Currently this genus comprises six species (Index Fungorum 2018) (Fig. 112).
Tenuiappendicula Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake,
Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, Al-Sadi,
Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 208 (2017a).
Facesoffungi number FoF 02859
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a).
Type species: Tenuiappendicula alnicola Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde
Tenuiappendicula alnicola Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in
Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha,
Al-Sadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 208
(2017a). Fig. 113.
Facesoffungi number FoF 02860
123
406
Saprobic on branches of Alnus cordata (Loisel.) Duby.
Sexual morph: Pseudostromata parenchymatous, comprising thin-walled, light brown cells of textura globosa.
Ascomata 180–200 9 50–80 lm (
x = 191 9 78 lm,
n = 20), aggregated, immersed, globose to subglobose,
black, coriaceous, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla 85–
115 9 30–40 lm (
x = 93 9 36 lm, n = 15), slanted to
horizontal in the substrate, curved, asymmetrical, sometimes convergent, widening towards the apex, internally
covered by hyaline, filamentous periphyses. Peridium 12–
16 lm (
x = 14 lm, n = 15), comprising an outer layer of
thick-walled, light brown, compressed cells of textura
angularis and inner thin-walled, hyaline layer of compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 5–9 lm
(
x = 7.8 lm, n = 15), comprising cellular, wide, septate,
thin-walled paraphyses. Asci 105–120 9 25–35 lm
(
x = 116 9 33 lm, n = 25), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform to clavate, with short pedicel, apex blunt, lacking an
apical
ring.
Ascospores
25–30 9 7–10 lm
(
x = 27 9 8.8 lm, n = 25), biseriate to overlapping biseriate, oval, 1-septate, constricted at septum, thick-walled,
appendaged. Appendages slender, long, 20–30 9 1.5–
2.5 lm (
x = 27 9 2 lm, n = 20), one at each end, hyaline.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata 30–45 9 120–135 lm
(
x = 35 9 130 lm, n = 15), acervuli, scattered, solitary,
immersed, subglobose, unilocular, dark brown. Conidiomatal wall 35–50 lm (
x = 37 lm, n = 15), multi-layered, comprising thick-walled, brown, small cells of
textura angularis. Conidiophores 16–21 9 2.5–6 lm
(
x = 18 9 4.7 lm, n = 15), branched at the base, cylindrical, septate, hyaline, formed from the upper pseudoparenchyma, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells 14–
16 9 4.5–5.5 lm (
x = 15 9 4.8 lm, n = 25), holoblastic,
terminal, discrete, with 1–2 percurrent proliferations,
indeterminate, cylindrical, simple, hyaline, smooth-walled.
Conidia 35–45 9 4.5–5.5 lm (
x = 40 9 5 lm, n = 25),
cylindrical, narrowing towards the ends, with a small spine
at upper end, (4–)5(–6)-septate, hyaline, sometimes guttulate, thick-walled (description based on Senanayake et al.
2017a).
Material examined: ITALY, Province of Forlı̀-Cesena,
Fiumicello di Premilcuore, on dead branch of Alnus cordata (Loisel.) Duby (Betulaceae), 24 April 2013, Erio
Camporesi, MFLU 16–1265A, holotype.
Notes: The monotypic genus Tenuiappendicula is typified by Tenuiappendicula alnicola. Tenuiappendicula is
characterized by 1-septate ascospores with long, thin
appendages and asci without an apical ring. Senanayake
et al. (2017a) illustrated the asexual morph.
Tortilispora Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake,
Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, Al-Sadi,
Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 208 (2017a).
123
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Facesoffungi number FoF 02863
Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a).
Type species: Tortilispora aurantiaca (Wehm.) Senan.
& K.D. Hyde
Tortilispora aurantiaca (Wehm.) Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in
Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha,
Al-Sadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 209
(2017a). Fig. 114.
Facesoffungi number FoF 02864
Saprobic on dead twigs and branches. Sexual morph:
Stromata 0.8–3 mm diam., forming angular, rather
prominent pustules, with grey-brown to orange-brown
ectostromatic discs, immersed, scattered, solitary, black,
parenchymatous, with 2–15 ascomata embedded in a welldeveloped ectostroma, which consists of hyaline to subhyaline, densely compact, thin-walled hyphae, with a valsoid configuration. Ascomata 675–875 lm high, 225–
300 lm wide (
x = 765 9 275 lm, n = 25), immersed,
aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, dark brown
to black, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla 375–500 lm high,
100–125 lm wide (
x = 107 9 466 lm, n = 20), black,
comprising parallel to interwoven, thick-walled, light to
dark brown hyphae, internally covered by hyaline, filamentous
periphyses.
Peridium
10–15 lm
wide
(
x = 13 lm, n = 25), comprising thick-walled, dark brown
to black, small cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium
comprising broad, tapering band-like, septate paraphyses.
Asci 90–100 9 11–13 lm (
x = 93 9 12 lm, n = 25), 8spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, sessile, rounded at apex,
with a J- apical ring, comprising two refractive bodies.
Ascospores 85–95 9 3–4 lm (
x = 93 9 3.5 lm, n = 25),
fasciculate, narrowly fusiform to long cylindrical, hyaline,
1–7-septate, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017a).
Material examined: AUSTRIA, Niederösterreich,
Wechsel in N. Oesterreich, on dead stem of Alnus viridis,
v. Höhnel, 1902, S (F11759), holotype.
Notes: Tortilispora was introduced by Senanayake et al.
(2017a) to accommodate Winterella aurantiaca, W. albofusca, and W. cinctula. Tortilispora is typified by T.
aurantiaca. Mejı́a et al. (2008) synonymized Winterella
under Cryptosporella. However, Winterella aurantiaca, W.
albofusca and W. cinctula are phylogenetically and morphologically separate from Cryptosporella. Hence Tortilispora was introduced for these three species and it was
typified by T. aurantiaca.
Synnemasporellaceae X.L. Fan & J.D.P. Bezerra, in Fan
et al. Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018).
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
407
Fig. 117 Bacusphaeria nypae (MFLU 13–0617). a Ascomata on substrate. b–d Asci. e–g Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 200 lm, b–d = 20 lm, e–
g = 10 lm
History
Wehmeyer (1933) described Cryptodiaporthe aculeans as a
species producing perithecial ascomata and an asexual
morph producing sporodochial and/or pycnidial conidiomata. However this does not fit with the species concept
of Cryptodiaporthe and it was suggested that this genus is a
heterogeneous group of species, and can probably be segregated into several genera. Therefore, Fan et al. (2018)
introduced Synnemasporella for Cryptodiaporthe aculeans
and proposed a new combination as S. aculeans. Additionally, a second species, Synnemasporella toxicodendri,
was introduced to this genus (Fan et al. 2018). Synnemasporella forms a distinct clade in Diaporthales and
this clade was introduced as Synnemasporellaceae based
on morphology and phylogeny (Fan et al. 2018).
Life mode
Members in Synnemasporellaceae are associated with
canker and dieback of host trees. Synnemasporella toxicodendri was obtained from diseased wood of Toxicodendron sylvestre (Sieb. et Zucc.) O. Kuntzein China.
Morphological characteristics
Synnemasporellaceae mainly differs from other families in
Diaporthales by the form of host plant association, disease
symptoms, ascomatal and/or conidiomatal characters,
shape of ascospores, conidiogenous cells, conidia and
distinct synnemata (Fan et al. 2018). This family has an
ambiguous asexual morph which produces synnemata and
pycnidia.
Phylogenetic identification
Combined gene analysis of nrITS DNA, nrLSU DNA,
RPB2 and TEF1-a sequences in Fan et al. (2018) showed
that Synnemasporella species forms a distinct clade which
represents a family between the families Juglanconidaceae
and Apiosporopsidaceae.
Taxonomy
Synnemasporellaceae X.L. Fan & J.D.P. Bezerra, in Fan
et al. Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018).
Description: See Fan et al. (2018)
Type genus: Synnemasporella X.L. Fan & J.D.P.
Bezerra
Notes: Synnemasporellaceae is morphologically and
phylogenetically a well-supported family comprising single
genus Synnemasporella. This family differs from other
families in the type of the host plant association, disease
symptoms, ascomatal and conidiomatal characters, shape
of ascospores, conidiogenous cells and conidia and distinct
synnemata.
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408
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
b Fig. 118 Thailandiomyces bisetulosus (BBH-Wah 110). a Herbarium
specimen. b–f Ascomata on substrate. g Cross section of ascomata. h–
k Asci. l–o Ascospores. Scale bars: b, c = 500 lm, d–g = 200 lm,
h–k = 20 lm, l–o = 10 lm
Synnemasporella X.L. Fan & J.D.P. Bezerra, in Fan et al.
Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018).
Facesoffungi number FoF04891
Pathogenic forming cankers and dieback of tree hosts.
Sexual morph: Pseudostromata appearing upon the surface as pustules containing small groups of a few ostioles
emergent through the adherent periderm or as larger dense
fascicles of elongate-cylindrical ostioles, erumpent through
a whitish pulverulent disk, covered by a whitish pulverulence. Stromatic tissues absent. Perithecia sphaerical or
flattened, with long slender necks, thickly clustered
beneath the ectostromatic disks. Asci clavate. Ascospores
biseriate, long fusoid-ellipsoid, two-celled, hyaline, constricted at the septum, and usually with a short, hyaline,
bristle-like appendage at each end (description based on
Wehmeyer 1933). Asexual morph: Conidiomata synnematal or pycnidial. Synnemata long and determinate,
growing from the host tissue, pale to brown, straight to
curved, parallel, with convex and dark conidiogenous cells
zone, and some host tissue at the base of synnema. Conidiophores aggregated, aseptate, straight to curved. Conidiogenous cells aggregated, hyaline, straight to curved,
cylindrical, arranged alongside one another at the end of
the synnemata, each producing one conidium. Conidia
oblong cylindrical, with a distinct hilum, smooth, multiguttulate, hyaline when young and becoming pale brown
at maturity. Pycnidia with a central circular ostiole,
hemispherical, immersed, somewhat erumpent, contains an
irregular one-chambered locule with black conidial mass.
Conidiophores aggregated, aseptate, straight to curved.
Conidiogenous cells aggregated, hyaline, straight to
curved, cylindrical, arranged alongside one another at the
base of the pycnidia, each producing one conidium.
Conidia ovoid to oblong-fusoid, one-celled, hyaline, multiguttulate (description based on Fan et al. 2018).
Type species: Synnemasporella aculeans (Schwein.) X.L.
Fan & J.D.P. Bezerra
Synnemasporella aculeans (Schwein.) X.L. Fan & J.D.P.
Bezerra, in Fan et al. Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018).
Fig. 115.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04892
Description: See Fan et al. (2018)
Notes: Synnemasporella was proposed for S. aculeans
which is based on Cryptodiaporthe aculeans, producing
perithecial ascomata, and sporodochial or pycnidial conidiomata (Wehmeyer 1933). Fan et al. (2018) was
409
introduced Synnemasporella toxicodendri as the second
species of this genus.
Tirisporellaceae Suetrong et al., in Suetrong et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 36(3): 323 (2015)
History
Tirisporella was introduced and typified by T. beccariana
(Jones et al. 1996), which was associated with the bases of
fronds of the palm Nypa fruticans. This genus was previously assigned to Sphaeria, Melanomma, Gibberidea and
Tryblidiella (Jones et al. 2009). In a phylogenetic analysis,
based on nrSSU and nrLSU, Tirisporella beccariana,
Thailandiomyces bisetulosus and Bacusphaeria nypenthi
formed a well-supported clade and Phruensis brunneispora
clustered basally to this clade with low support values
(Jones et al. 2015). Hence Suetrong et al. (2015) accepted
Bacusphaeria, Thailandiomyces and Tirisporella within
Tirisporellaceae.
Life mode
Members of Tirisporellaceae occur as saprobes in freshwater to brackish habitats. Additionally, some are growing
on the bases of the fronds of the mangrove palm (Nypa
fruticans).
Morphological characteristics
Tirisporellaceae is morphologically distinct having partially immersed to superficial, globose to subglobose,
ascomata and brown ascospores with the basal cell pale
brown or hyaline or hyaline ascospores with a single polar
appendage.
Phylogenetic identification
Jones et al. (2015) and Suetrong et al. (2015) used nrSSU
and nrLSU sequences to resolve the species and generic
boundaries in Tirisporellaceae and to designate its familial
placement. In our phylogenetic analysis, we used nrITS,
nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequences (Fig. 116).
Taxonomy
Tirisporellaceae Suetrong et al., in Suetrong et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 36(3): 323 (2015)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04322
Saprobic on decaying submerged petioles of Nypa fruticans Wurmb. Sexual morph: Ascomata scattered, solitary or gregarious, semi-immersed to superficial, globose to
subglobose, coriaceous to carbonaceous, black, papillate,
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 119 Tubakia japonica (redrawn from Fan et al. 2018). a Symptoms on host leaves. b Pycnothyria on the surface of leaf spot. c Scutellum.
d Conidiophores attached to conidia. e Conidia. Scale bars: c–e = 10 lm
ostiolate. Neck short or very long, central, cylindrical, with
short hyaline periphyses, black. Peridium comprising
inner, hyaline, few layers of cells of textura angularis,
middle, brown, many layers of cells of textura intricata and
outer, small, black to brown cells of textura angularis.
Hamathecium comprising deliquescent, irregular in width,
septate, hyaline paraphyses tapering towards apices and
embedded in a mucilaginous matrix. Asci 4–8 spored,
unitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, thick-walled, indistinct
pedicellate, apex blunt, J- subapical ring comprising a
canal and pore. Ascospores overlapping bi-seriate to triseriate, fusoid, falcate to lunate, straight or curved, hyaline
to brown, basal cell present or absent, if present pointed,
hyaline to pale brown, 1–7 septate, smooth or verrucosewalled, with or without 4–5 large guttules, with or lacking
appendages. Asexual morph: Mycelium comprising
spreading, septate, superficial, smooth, pale brown, branched hyphae. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
cells or if present macronematous, mononematous, erect,
brown, paler toward the apex, straight or flexuous, smooth.
Conidiogenous cells intercalary, enteroblastic, monophialidic, integrated on hyphae, terminal, sometime erect on
hyphae, pale brown, subcylindrical, narrowly ellipsoid,
ampulliform to doliiform. Conidia solitary, smooth, clavate, fusoid-ellipsoid, obovoid or ellipsoid, apex obtuse or
broadly rounded, tapering to a truncate base, hyaline to
pale brown, unicellular or 1-septate. Chlamydospores
123
intercalary, pale brown to brown, smooth, globose to narrowly ellipsoid, 0–1-septate.
Type genus: Tirisporella E.B.G. Jones et al.
Notes: Tirisporellaceae was introduced for Bacusphaeria, Tirisporella and Thailandiomyces (Jones et al.
2015). Phylogenetic analysis of the present study showed
that Tirisporellaceae forms a significant clade in Diaporthales. The sexual morph of this family is
hyphomycetes.
Tirisporella E.B.G. Jones et al., Can. J. Bot. 74(9): 1489
(1996)
Description: See Jones et al. (2015)
Type species: Tirisporella beccariana (Ces.) E.B.G.
Jones et al.
Tirisporella beccariana (Ces.) E.B.G. Jones et al., in Jones
et al., Can. J. Bot. 74(9): 1490 (1996).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04323
Illustration: See Jones et al. (2015)
Saprobic on decaying submerged mangrove petioles.
Sexual morph: Ascomata 1–2.2 9 1.3–2 mm, scattered,
solitary or gregarious, initially immersed becoming
superficial, globose to subglobose, coriaceous becoming
carbonaceous, black, papillate, ostiolate. Neck 83–
235 9 39–54 lm, short, central, cylindrical, with short
hyaline periphyses, black. Peridium 125–150 lm, comprising inner, hyaline, thin-walled, few layers of cells of
textura angularis, middle, light brown, many layers of cells
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
of textura intricata and outer, small, thick-walled, black to
brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising
deliquescent, irregular in width, septate, hyaline, unbranched paraphyses tapering towards apices and embedded in
a mucilaginous matrix. Asci 122–230 9 16–38 lm
(
x = 204 9 20 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, thick-walled, indistinct pedicellate, apex
flattened, J- subapical ring comprising canal and pore.
Ascospores 31–52 9 5–10 lm (
x = 42 9 8.5 lm, n = 20),
biseriate to triseriate, falcate to lunate, straight or curved,
brown, basal cell pointed, hyaline to pale brown, 4–7septate, verrucose, appendages only at the apical end.
Asexual morph: Mycelium comprising spreading, septate,
smooth, branched, pale brown hyphae. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells
13–15 9 1.5–3 lm, intercalary, monophialidic, integrated
on hyphae, pale brown, subcylindrical, ampulliform, doliiform to narrowly ellipsoid. Conidia 4.5–6 9 2.5–3 lm,
solitary, clavate to fusoid-ellipsoid, apex obtuse, tapering
to a truncate base, unicellular to one septate, hyaline to pale
brown, smooth. Chlamydospores intercalary, globose to
narrowly ellipsoid, unicellular to one septate, pale brown to
brown, smooth (description based on Jones et al. 2015).
Notes: Tirisporella is typified by T. beccariana (Jones
et al. 1996), associated with submerged, decaying mangrove woods.
Other genera included in Tirisporellaceae
Bacusphaeria Norlailatul, Alias & Suetrong, in AbdelWahab, Dayarathne, Suetrong, Guo, Alias, Bahkali,
Nagahama, Elgorban, Abdel-Aziz, Hodhod, Al-Hebshi,
Hyde, Bot. Mar.: 11 (2017)
Facesoffungi number FoF 02139
Saprophytic marine ascomycete. Sexual morph: Ascomata globose to subglobose, ostiolate, periphysate,
immersed to erumpent, carbonaceous, lacking interascal
tissue. Asci 8-spored, cylindrical, unitunicate, short pedicellate, with a conspicuous refractive apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate, ellipsoid, 1–5-septate, central cells
brown, end cells hyaline or pale brown, without a sheath or
appendages. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Bacusphaeria nypae Norlailatul, Alias &
Suetrong
Bacusphaeria nypae Norlailatul, Alias & Suetrong, in
Abdel-Wahab, Dayarathne, Suetrong, Guo, Alias, Bahkali,
Nagahama, Elgorban, Abdel-Aziz, Hodhod, Al-Hebshi,
Hyde, Bot. Mar.: 11 (2017). Fig. 117.
Facesoffungi number FoF 02139
Saprophytic marine ascomycete. Sexual morph: Ascomata 800–1000 9 500–550 lm, globose to subglobose,
ostiolate, periphysate, immersed to erumpent, carbonaceous,
lacking
interascal
tissue.
Asci
411
180–215 9 15–18 lm, 8-spored, cylindrical, unitunicate,
short pedicellate, with a conspicuous refractive apical ring.
Ascospores 25–35 9 10–13 lm, uniseriate, ellipsoid, 1–5septate, central cells brown, end cells hyaline or pale brown
without a sheath or appendages. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Abdel-Wahab et al. 2017).
Material examined: MALAYSIA, Kuala Sungai Baru
mangrove, Malacca (GPS: N 02°210 26.400 , E 102°020 16.400 )
on petiole base of Nypa fruticans (Arecaceae), 27
September 2011, Norlailatul and S.A. Alias, MFLU
13–0617, holotype.
Notes: Bacusphaeria nypenthi is distinct from other
genera in having large ascomata, asci with a distinct, large
J-, apical ring and 1–5 septate-ascospores with, with hyaline to pale brown end cells, and other cells brown (AbdelWahab et al. 2017). Bacusphaeria and Tirisporella are
morphologically similar (Jones et al. 2015).
Thailandiomyces Pinruan, Sakay., K.D. Hyde & E.B.G.
Jones, Fungal Diversity 29: 91 (2008)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04326
Saprobic on senescent trunks of a palm. Sexual morph:
Ascomata partially immersed to superficial, globose, black,
coriaceous, ostiolate, scattered to gregarious, with long
cylindrical necks, periphysate with short hyaline cells.
Peridium composed of one stratum of compressed cells of
textura angularis, black to the outside, brown inwardly.
Paraphyses present but deliquescent, irregular in width,
rarely septate, tapering towards the apices, embedded in a
mucilaginous matrix. Asci cylindrical to clavate, unitunicate, apedicellate, free-floating, apically truncate, with a Jsubapical ring. Ascospores overlapping 2-seriate, fusoid,
straight or curved, hyaline, 1-septate, smooth-walled, with
bipolar appendages. Asexual morph: Craspedodidymumlike.
Thailandiomyces bisetulosus Pinruan, Sakay., K.D. Hyde
& E.B.G. Jones, Fungal Diversity 29: 91 (2008). Fig. 118.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04327
Saprobic on senescent trunks of Licuala longicalycata.
Sexual morph: Ascomata 275–325 lm diam., partially
immersed to superficial, globose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate, scattered to gregarious. Neck up to 1 mm long,
100 lm diam., periphyses with short hyaline cells, central,
cylindrical, black. Peridium up to 45 lm thick, composed
of one stratum of compressed cells of textura angularis,
black to the outside, brown inwardly. Paraphyses present
but deliquescent, irregular in width, up to 5–6.5 lm wide,
rarely septate, tapering towards apices, embedded in a
mucilaginous
matrix.
Asci
65–75 9 6–7.5 lm
(
x = 67.5 9 6.8 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, cylindrical to clavate, unitunicate, apedicellate, free-floating, apically truncate, with a J-, subapical ring, 2 9 2 lm. Ascospores 20–
25 9 3.5–5 lm (
x = 22.9 9 4 lm, n = 30), overlapping
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412
2-seriate, fusoid, straight or curved, hyaline, 1-septate,
smooth-walled, with 4–5 large guttules, with bipolar spinelike appendages, usually bent laterally, 5–7.5 lm long,
1–1.5 lm diam. Asexual morph: Craspedodidymum
licualae Pinruan. Mycelium superficial. Conidiophores
macronematous, mononematous, erect, brown, paler
toward the apex, straight or flexuous, smooth, but rough at
the apex. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal,
20–27.5 9 6.2–7.5 lm, enteroblastic and monophialidic.
Conidia 13.7–17.5 9 7.5–10 lm, obovoid or ellipsoid,
broadly rounded at both ends, brown, papillate at the basal
end, 0-septate.
Material examined: THAILAND, Narathiwat, Sirindhorn Peat Swamp Forest, on submerged trunk of Licuala
longicalycata, 12 May 2001, U. Pinruan (Wah 110) BBH.
holotype.
Notes: Thailandiomyces morphologically differs from
Bacusphaeria and Tirisporella having hyaline ascospores
with bipolar appendages. The asexual morph of this genus
has been obtained from culture.
Tubakiaceae U. Braun, J.Z. Groenew. & Crous, in Braun
et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018).
History
Tubakia-like species are characterized by superficial
conidiomata with radiating scutella, a scutellum fixed to
the host surface by a basal columella and hyaline phialidic
conidiogenous cells bearing solitary, one-celled, hyaline to
pigmented conidia. The asexual morphs of tubakia-like
species are diverse with pycnothyria with typical scutella
or sporodochial conidiomata composed of clusters of
conidiogenous cells. Phylogenetic analyses in Braun et al.
(2018) revealed that the heterogeneity of tubakia-like
species and segregated these taxa into several new genera.
Additionally, tubakia-like species formed a distinct clade
which is sister to Melanconiellaceae and this clade was
introduced as Tubakiaceae (Braun et al. 2018). Currently
Tubakiaceae comprises eight genera as Apiognomonioides,
Involutiscutellula, Oblongisporothyrium, Paratubakia,
Racheliella, Saprothyrium, Sphaerosporithyrium and
Tubakia.
Life mode
Some members in Tubakiaceae act as mild pathogens
forming leaf spots or saprobes on shed or still attached
leaves. They mostly form conidiomata on petioles and leaf
blades or close to veins of old necrotic leaves. However
most are endophytes in leaves and twigs of many tree
species.
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Morphological characteristics
Members of Tubakiaceae are characterized by minute,
punctiform conidiomata comprising convex scutella with
radiating threads of cells which attach to the substratum by
a central columella, unicellular, phialidic conidiogenous
cells, globose, subglobose, ellipsoid, broad ellipsoid-obovoid to subcylindrical or somewhat irregular, aseptate,
hyaline, subhyaline to pigmented conidia. Some species
produce crustose-pycnidial conidiomata which are open by
lateral to irregular dehiscence or sporodochia.
Phylogenetic identification
Braun et al. (2018) analyzed molecular sequence data of
nrITS DNA, nrLSU DNA, RPB2, TEF1-a and TUB2 of
tubakia-like taxa and segregated those taxa in to several
genera. Additionally, the novelty of Tubakiaceae was
proven.
Taxonomy
Tubakiaceae U. Braun, J.Z. Groenew. & Crous, in Braun
et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018).
Description: See Braun et al. (2018)
Type genus: Tubakia B. Sutton
Note: Members in Tubakiaceae are morphologically
quite similar but phylogenetically distinct. The sexual
morph of Tubakiaceae is not prominent and Apiognomonioides is the well-known sexual morphic genus in this
family. Dicarpella-like sexual morph was reported for
Tubakia suttoniana.
Tubakia B. Sutton, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 60: 164. 1973.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04893
Endophytes on leaves or phytopathogenic forming leaf
lesions. Leaf spots amphigenous, circular, subcircular to
angular-irregular or oblong, pale brown to greyish white,
margin distinct, reddish brown to fuscous. Sexual morph:
dicarpella-like. Stromatic tissues dark, pseudoparenchymatic. Perithecia rostrate, beak short, usually lateral-eccentric, slightly protuberant, pigmented, ostiolate, ostiole
periphysate. Peridium variable in thickness, paler than
stromatic layers. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, oblong-ellipsoid, stalk short to oblong, ascal apex with two refractive
conoid structures, deliquescing at maturity. Paraphyses
lacking. Ascospores more or less uniseriate, becoming
irregularly biseriate, one-celled, hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform, often inequilateral or slightly curved, wall finely
ornamented, content granular-guttulate. Asexual morph:
Conidiomata amphigenous, scattered to gregarious, punctiform, circular to subcircular, superficial, easily removed,
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413
Fig. 120 Durispora elaeidicola (BRIP 22531). a, b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Cross section of ascomata. e Peridium. f–
h Asci. i Paraphyses. j–o Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 100 lm, e–o = 10 lm
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414
yellowish to blackish brown, scutellate, fixed to the leaf
surface by a central columella. Scutella convex to flattened,
membranous, dense when young, later loose at the margin,
outline regular, circular-subcircular, with a central hyaline
to pale brown disc. Scutellum more or less uniformly pigmented, brown, central cells subcircular or angular-irregular in outline, giving rise to radiating threads of hyphal
cells. Hyphal cells oblong, septate, pale brown to brown,
thick-walled, smooth, simple or one to two times bifurcating, tips of the threads simple to forked, ultimate tips
obtuse to pointed. Central columella delicate, easily collapsing, loose, ephemeral, cylindrical, central cells surrounded by smaller, hyaline to pale brown fertile cells that
form a pseudoparenchymatous sheath. Conidiophores
reduced to conidiogenous cells, arising from the underside
of the scutella, from parenchymatous cells around the
upper part of the columella, radiating, orientation outward
and downward, delicate, enlarged at the base and attenuated towards a narrow tip, cylindrical, conical to ampulliform, hyaline to pale brown, thin-walled, smooth, apex
obtuse to truncate, conidiogenesis phialidic, forming
indistinct periclinal thickenings, sometimes percurrently
proliferating, forming annellations. Conidia solitary, globose, subglobose to broad ellipsoid, large, apex and base
rounded, often with distinct frill, wall somewhat thickened,
hyaline or with a pale brown, smooth. Microconidia
bacilliform, botuliform or narrowly navicular, formed in
smaller conidiomata (description based on Braun et al.
2018).
Type species: Tubakia japonica (Sacc.) B. Sutton
Tubakia japonica (Sacc.) B. Sutton, Trans. Brit. Mycol.
Soc. 60: 165. (1973). Fig. 119.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04894
Description: See Braun et al. (2018)
Notes: Based on the combined RPB2 and nrLSU DNA
sequence analyses, Tubakia sensu stricto formed a distinct
clade divided into 16 species from the Tubakia suttoniana/
Tubakia macnabbi complex. Tubakia species have two
types of asexual morphs as scutellate pycnothyria and
sporodochia. However, the sexual morph reported only
from Tubakia suttoniana having rostrate perithecia, unitunicate 8-spored asci and hyaline conidia.
Apiognomonioides U. Braun, J.Z. Groenew. & Crous, in
Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99
(2018).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04895
Description: See Braun et al. (2018)
Type species: Apiognomonioides supraseptata (Kaneko
& Kobayashi) U. Braun, J.Z. Groenew. & Crous
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Apiognomonioides supraseptata (Kaneko & Kobayashi)
U. Braun, J.Z. Groenew. & Crous, in Braun et al. Fungal
Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04896
Illustrations: See Kaneko & Kobayashi (1984)
Description: See Braun et al. (2018)
Notes: Apiognomonia supraseptata was introduced by
Kaneko and Kobayashi (1984) and asexual morph was not
observed. Apiognomonia supraseptata was accommodated
in Tubakia (Harrington and McNew 2018) and Braun et al.
(2018) recognized this taxon as phylogenetically distant
from Tubakia sensu stricto. Therefore, Apiognomonioides
was introduced to accommodate Apiognomonia supraseptata. However, the typical tubakia-like asexual morph has
not been observed.
Involutiscutellula U. Braun & C. Nakash., in Braun et al.
Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04897
Description: See Braun et al. (2018)
Type species: Involutiscutellula rubra (T. Yokoy. &
Tubaki) U. Braun & C.Nakash.
Involutiscutellula rubra (T. Yokoy. & Tubaki) U. Braun &
C. Nakash., in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04898
Illustrations: See Yokoyama and Tubaki (1971)
Description: See Braun et al. (2018)
Notes: This taxon has only been recorded once from its
type collection in Korea on Quercus serrata (Cho and Shin
2004). This taxon is discernible from other tubakia-like
species by colony morphology becoming reddish brown
when mature, distinctive pycnothyria with involute margin
and very narrow oblong bacilliform to cylindrical
microconidia.
Oblongisporothyrium U. Braun & C. Naksh., in Braun
et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04899
Description: See Braun et al. (2018)
Type species: Oblongisporothyrium castanopsidis (T.
Yokoy. & Tubaki) U. Braun & C. Nakash.
Oblongisporothyrium castanopsidis (T. Yokoy. & Tubaki)
U. Braun & C. Nakash., in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics
and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04900
Illustrations: See Yokoyama and Tubaki (1971)
Description: See Braun et al. (2018)
Notes: Combined nrLSU DNA and RPB2 sequence
analysis of Braun et al. (2018) showed that Actinopelte
castanopsidis clustered outside of Tubakia sensu stricto.
Therefore Oblongisporothyrium was introduced and
accommodate this taxon as O. castanopsidis.
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Fig. 121 Hypodermina nervisequa (F40272). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Conidiomata on substrate. d–f Conidiognous
cells and conidia. g Conidia. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d–g = 10 lm
Paratubakia U. Braun & C. Nakash., in Braun et al. Fungal
Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04901
Description: See Braun et al. (2018)
Type species: Paratubakia subglobosa (T. Yokoy. &
Tubaki) U. Braun & C. Nakash.
Paratubakia subglobosa (T. Yokoy. & Tubaki) U. Braun
& C. Nakash., in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and
Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04902
Illustrations: See Yokoyama and Tubaki (1971)
Description: See Braun et al. (2018)
Notes: Bayesian analysis based on RPB2 and nrLSU
DNA in Braun et al. (2018) showed that Tubakia subglobosa and T. subglobosoides closely clustered outside of the
Tubakia sensu stricto. Therefore this new clade was
introduced as Paratubakia.
Racheliella Crous & U. Braun, in Braun et al. Fungal
Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04903
Description: See Braun et al. (2018)
Type species: Racheliella wingfieldiana Crous & U.
Braun
Racheliella wingfieldiana Crous & U. Braun, in Braun
et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04904
Illustrations and description: See Braun et al. (2018)
Notes: Greeneria saprophytica was described on leaves
of Syzygium cumini and a tubakia-like species on Syzygium
guineense clustered together with high support in the
phylogenetic analysis of Braun et al. (2018). This clade
was introduced as Racheliella and the strain obtained from
Syzygium guineense was named Racheliella wingfieldiana
which is the type species of this genus.
Saprothyrium U. Braun, Crous & J.Z. Groenew., in Braun
et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04905
Description: See Braun et al. (2018)
Type species: Saprothyrium thailandense (Senan. et al.)
U. Braun, Crous & J.Z.Groenew.
Saprothyrium thailandense (Senan. et al.) U. Braun, Crous
& J.Z.Groenew., in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and
Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04906
Illustration and description: See Senanayake et al.
(2017b)
Notes: Phylogenetic analysis of Braun et al. (2018)
showed that Tubakia thailandensis clustered outside of
Tubakia sensu stricto and this species is phylogenetically
distinct from other genera. Therefore, Saprothyrium was
introduced to accommodate this.
Sphaerosporithyrium U. Braun, Crous, O. Moreno-Rico &
Marm., in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1:
41–99 (2018).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04907
Description: See Braun et al. (2018)
Type species: Sphaerosporithyrium mexicanum O.
Moreno-Rico, U. Braun & Marm.
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Fig. 122 Kapooria musarum (IMI 129507). a, b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Cross section of ascomata. e Peridium.
f Paraphyses. g–i Asci. j–l Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 100 lm, e–l = 10 lm
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Sphaerosporithyrium mexicanum O. Moreno-Rico, U.
Braun & Marm., in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and
Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04908
Illustration and description: See Braun et al. (2018)
Notes: Sphaerosporithyrium is phylogenetically and
morphologically distinct from other taxa in Tubakiaceae.
The type species Sphaerosporithyrium mexicanum is
characterized by globose, subglobose to broad ellipsoidovoid conidia and pycnothyria with obtuse to truncate tips
of the radiating scutellum threads.
Notes on excluded genera and Diaporthales
genera incertae sedis
Allantoporthe Petr., Hedwigia 62: 289 (1921)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04328
Allantoporthe was introduced and typified by A. tessella
(Pers.) Petr., for species similar to Diaporthe but having
stromata with several, solitary perithecia immersed in bark
tissues surrounded by a black line and ascospores with
short narrow appendage at the ends (Petrak 1921). Wehmeyer (1933) proposed that the presence of faint hyaline
appendages was not a significant character. There are three
species listed under Allantoporthe in Index Fungorum
(2018). However, Allantoporthe was transferred to the
Diaporthe as D. decedens (Fr.) M.E. Barr considering its
morphological difference from the genus (Wehmeyer
1933; Vasilyeva et al. 2007) and Rossman et al. (2007)
suggest that both A. tessella and A. decedens belong in
Diaporthe sensu lato. Additionally, Allantoporthe leucothoes is morphologically somewhat similar to A. tessella
(Vasilyeva et al. 2007). Hence, we synonymize Allantoporthe under Diaporthe based on their morphological
similarity and giving priority to the older name.
Cryptoleptosphaeria Petr., Annls mycol. 21(3/4): 196
(1923)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04452
Type species: Cryptoleptosphaeria moravica Petr.
Cryptoleptosphaeria moravica Petr., Annls mycol. 21(3/4):
196 (1923)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04329
Notes: The monotypic genus Cryptoleptosphaeria is
typified by C. moravica Petr. This foliicolous genus is
characterized by hyaline, thin-walled ascomata, unitunicate
cylindrical asci with J- apical ring and long-ellipsoidal to
fusiform, septate, hyaline ascospores (Petrak 1923;
Réblová and Seifert 2004). Réblová and Seifert (2004)
observed isotype material (Czech Republic, Moravia,
Hranice na Moravě, Skalická near Bečva, on Phalaris
arundinacea; FH) and confirmed that C. moravica is not
417
congeneric with the other species. Hence Cryptoleptosphaeria is restricted to the type species C. moravica. We
keep this genus in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis until
molecular data is available.
Cytomelanconis Naumov, Bot. Mater. Otd. Sporov. Rast.
Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 7: 108 (1951)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04453
Type species: Cytomelanconis systema-solare Naumov.
Cytomelanconis systema-solare Naumov, Bot. Mater. Otd.
Sporov. Rast. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 7:
109 (1951)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04330
Notes: Cytomelanconis was introduced for C. systemasolare Naumov, a fungus with a sexual morph morphologically similar to Melanconis and an asexual morph
similar to Cytospora-like species (Müller and von Arx
1962). We could not obtain any material of this species and
accommodate it in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis.
Diaporthella Petr., Annls mycol. 22(1/2): 30 (1924)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04331
Type species: Diaporthella aristata (Fr.) Petr., Annls
mycol. 22(1/2): 30 (1924)
Notes: Diaporthella is typified by D. aristata. Molecular
data proved that Diaporthella is a genus in Diaporthales
however without an affinity with any family (Senanayake
et al. 2017b). Therefore, Diaporthella is placed in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis.
Ditopellina J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 45: 1481
(1967)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04454
Type species: Ditopellina saccardoana (Traverso &
Spessa) J. Reid & C. Booth
Ditopellina saccardoana (Traverso & Spessa) J. Reid & C.
Booth [as ‘saccardiana’], Can. J. Bot. 45: 1481 (1967)
=Cryptospora saccardoana Traverso & Spessa [as
‘saccardiana’], Bolm Soc. broteriana, Coimbra 25: 169
(1911)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04332
Illustration and description: See Reid and Booth (1967)
Notes: Ditopellina saccardoana was originally assigned
to Cryptospora based on its ascospores, stroma, non-circinate arrangement of perithecia with non-convergent,
short conical necks and very broad asci. However, Reid
and Booth (1967) introduced Ditopellina for this species
and it was assigned to Diaporthales genera incertae sedis
by subsequent studies (Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2010;
Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).
Durispora K.D. Hyde, Sydowia 46(2): 315 (1994)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04333
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418
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 123 Macrodiaporthe occulta (NY 02932432). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Vertical cross
section of ascomata. e Papilla. f Peridium. g–k Asci. l–q Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 500 lm, d, e = 100 lm, f–k = 20 lm, l–q = 10 lm
Saprobic on dead rachides of palm. Sexual morph:
Ascomata developing under blackened raised circular areas
on the host surface, with a central periphysate, ostiolar
canal, in vertical section ellipsoidal or subglobose,
immersed beneath a clypeus, with a central ostiole.
Peridium brown, comprising 5–7 layers of brown-walled
cells of textura angularis somewhat flattened at the base.
Clypeus comprising host cells with brown intracellular
fungal hyphae. Paraphyses ovoid at the base, hypha-like,
filamentous, septate, hyaline, numerous and tapering
abruptly distally. Asci 8-spored, oblong ellipsoid,
123
pedunculate, thin-walled, unitunicate, apically rounded and
narrowed, with a subapical, refractive, J-, ring. Ascospores
2–3-seriate, fusiform, hyaline, unicellular, with polar
spines. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Durispora elaeidicola K. D. Hyde.
Durispora elaeidicola K.D. Hyde, Sydowia 46(2): 316
(1994). Fig. 120.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04334
Saprobic on dead rachides of Elaeis guineensis Jacq.
Sexual morph: Ascomata 120–160 lm high, 280–400 lm
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419
Fig. 124 Melanamphora spinifera (F145327). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c, d Ascomata on substrate. e Vertical cross
section of ascomata. f Peridium. g–j Asci. k–n Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d = 500 lm, e = 100 lm, f = 50 lm, g–n = 20 lm
diam., developing under blackened, raised, circular areas
on the host surface, with a central ostiolar dot, solitary or
grouped, in vertical section ellipsoidal with a flattened
base, clypeate, with a central periphysate ostiole. Peridium
up to 20 lm wide, brown, comprising 5–7 layers of brownwalled angular cells somewhat flattened at the base. Clypeus comprising host cells with brown intracellular fungal
hyphae. Paraphyses 12 lm wide at the base, ovoid, with
3–5 distal cells, tapering distally and quickly to a fine point,
septate, hyaline, numerous. Asci 70–96 9 18–24 lm,
8-spored, oblong ellipsoid, pedunculate, thin-walled, unitunicate, apically rounded and narrowed, with a subapical,
refractive, J- ring, 3 lm diam., 2 lm high. Ascospores
30–34 9 7–8 lm,
2–3-seriate,
fusiform,
hyaline,
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420
unicellular, apically truncate with polar spines to 24 lm
long (description based on Hyde 1994).
Material examined: MALAYSIA, Petaling Jaya, in
grounds of University of Malaya, behind Rumah University (University House), in secondary re-growth forest
(originally rubber and oil palm plantation), on dead
rachides of Elaeis guineensis, November 1992, K. D. Hyde
ML50, KDH 1645, BRIP 22531, holotype.
Notes: Durispora was introduced and typified by D.
elaeidicola. This monotypic genus is morphologically
somewhat similar to Ceriosporella and Urosporella but
distinct from these genera (Hyde 1994). Durispora was
previously assigned to Cytosporaceae. However, this genus
is morphologically differs from Cytosporaceae (Senanayake et al. 2017b). Durispora does not have any
sequence data and here we assign this taxon to Diaporthales genera incertae sedis until molecular data is
available.
Fremineavia Nieuwl., Am. Midl. Nat. 4: 501 (1916)
= Titania Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 1(1): 49 (1890)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04335
Type species: Fremineavia berkeleyi (Berl.) Nieuwl.
= Titania berkeleyi Berl.
Notes: Fremineavia is typified by F. berkeleyi and was
based on a single collection (Nieuwland 1916). Morphologically it is similar to Coryneum species but it has narrow
ascospores. Wehmeyer (1933) provided a description and
illustration for this genus and Fremineavia was characterized by having aggregated perithecia in dark stromatic
tissues, erumpent necks, 1-spored asci and dark brown,
cylindrical to fusoid, 5–11-septate, ascospores. However, it
is necessary to obtain more collections to determine its
taxonomic position as monospored asci may be an immature state of a fungus.
Hypodermina Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 125(1–2): 55 (1916)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04336
Foliicolous forming spots on abaxial face, following the
midline of the pine needles. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata immersed, pycnidial, globose to subglobose, brown, coriaceous, ostiolate. Peridium
comprising large, thick-walled, cells of textura angularis.
Conidiophores reduced to Conidiogenous cells. Conidiognous cells widely ampulliform to globose, hyaline, aseptate. Conidia ellipsoid, smooth-walled, apically round, base
pointed, hyaline.
Type species: Hypodermina nervisequa (Link) Höhn.
Hypodermina nervisequa (Link) Höhn. [as ‘nervisequia’],
Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1
125(1–2): 55 (1916). Fig. 121.
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= Hypodermium nervisequum Link, in Willdenow, Sp.
pl., Edn 4 6(1): 89 (1824)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04337
Foliicolous forming spots on abaxial face, following the
midline of the pine needles. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Conidiomata immersed, pycnidial, globose to subglobose, brown, coriaceous, ostiolate. Peridium
comprising large, thick-walled, cells of textura angularis.
Conidiophores reduced to Conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 7–10 9 5–6 lm, widely ampulliform to globose, hyaline, aseptate. Conidia 8–10 9 2.5–4 lm,
ellipsoid, smooth-walled, apically round and base pointed,
hyaline.
Material examined: CZECH REPUBLIC, Boehmen,
Teplitz, F. v. Thuemen, 1872, F40272.
Notes: Hypodermina nervisequa is a leaf spot forming
pathogen on Pinus needles, especially those on plants
between 3–6 years old. The damage is local and not
widespread (von Höhnel 1916; Minter and Millar 1984;
López et al. 2003).
Kapooria J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 67(3): 898
(1989)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04338
Saprobic on drying leaf sheaths. Sexual morph:
Superficially appearing as numerous black dots, formed by
the epistroma about the ostiole. Ascomata perithecial,
scattered, solitary, globose, with a separately emergent
cylindrical ostiole. Ostiole internally covered by hyaline
periphyses. Peridium composed of hyaline, strongly compressed cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, narrowly clavate, thin-walled, with a more or less
flattened apex, tapered below to a narrow stalk. Ascospores
unicellular, hyaline, granular, broadly fusoid with pointed
tips, uniseriate or in distal end biseriate. Asexual morph:
Undetermined.
Type species: Kapooria musarum (J.N. Kapoor) J. Reid
& C. Booth
Kapooria musarum (J.N. Kapoor) J. Reid & C. Booth,
Can. J. Bot. 67(3): 898 (1989). Fig. 122.
= Cryptosporella musarum J.N. Kapoor, Trans. Br.
mycol. Soc. 51(2): 328 (1968)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04339
Saprobic on drying leaf sheaths of Musa sapientum L.
Sexual morph: Superficially appearing as numerous black
dots up to 200 lm diam., formed by the epistroma about
the ostiole. Ascomata 200–250 lm diam., perithecial,
scattered, solitary, globose, with a separately emergent
cylindrical ostiole. Ostiole 110–160 9 45–60 lm, internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium up to 20 lm
thick, composed of hyaline, strongly compressed cells of
textura angularis. Asci 90–140 9 10–14 lm, 8-spored,
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421
Fig. 125 Phruensis brunneispora (BBH 24697). a Herbarium specimen. b Ascomata on substrate. c Cross section of ascomata. d Peridium.
e Paraphyses. f Apical ring. g–k Asci. l–p Ascospores. Scale bars: b = 1 mm, c = 100 lm, d, g–l = 50 lm, e = 20 lm, f = 10 lm
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Fig. 126 Plagiostigme couraliae (NY 02932593). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Leaf spots on specimen. d Ascomata on
substrate. e Cross section of ascomata. f–h Asci. i–l Ascospores. Scale bars: b, c = 300 lm, d = 500 lm, e = 30 lm, f–h = 10 lm, i–l = 5 lm
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unitunicate, narrowly clavate, thin-walled, with a more or
less flattened apex, tapered below to a narrow stalk. Ascospores 26–30 9 6–8 lm, unicellular, hyaline, granular,
broadly fusoid with pointed tips, uniseriate or in distal end
biseriate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Material examined: INDIA, Bhowali, on drying leaf
sheaths of Musa sapientum L. (Musaceae), 9 October 1959,
John N. Kapoor, IMI 129507, holotype.
Notes: Kapooria is a monotypic genus typified by
K. musarum. This genus was assigned to Cytosporaceae
(Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015; 2016). However morphologically this genus is distinct from Cytosporaceae and
Senanayake et al. (2017b) assigned it to Diaporthales
genera incertae sedis.
Lollipopaia Inderb., Can. J. Bot. 79(9): 1100 (2001)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04175
Saprobic on corticated woody branch. Sexual morph:
Ascomata black in surface view, seated on a stroma.
Stroma erumpent, pseudoparenchymatous, non pulverulent,
forming a textura intricata in surface view. Paraphyses
broad, deliquescent. Asci at maturity detaching at the base,
unitunicate, cylindrical to obclavate, with inamyloid apical
ring. Ascospores filiform. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Lollipopaia minuta Inderb.
Lollipopaia minuta Inderb., in Inderbitzin & Berbee, Can.
J. Bot. 79(9): 1100 (2001)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04176
Illustration: See Inderbitzin and Berbee (2001)
Saprobic on corticated woody branch. Sexual morph:
Stroma 200–450 9 940–1000 lm, erumpent through the
thin bark of a branch, stroma and ascomata leathery, surrounded by a carbonaceous cortex 10–80 lm wide, consisting of thick-walled pigmented cells, arranged in textura
intricate, medullary cells of the stroma pseudoparenchymatous, irregularly arranged, forming either textura epidermoidea, globulosa, or angularis, with strongly
refractive, dark violet walls up to 2.5 lm wide. Ascomata
500 lm in diam., seated on a stroma as a pair, necks
emerging eccentrically, oblique, globose, oriented in
opposite directions. Peridium 10–20 lm wide, excluding
cortex emerging from the surrounding tissue as an outer
layer of laterally compressed, elongate cells gradually
transforming into an inner thin layer of fusoid hyaline cells.
Neck 1000 9 150 lm, ostiolate, periphysate. Periphyses
30 9 1 lm, presumably deliquescent, only short remnants
present at the base of the ascomatal venter at maturity. Asci
100–102 9 7.5–9 lm, cylindrical to slightly obclavate,
base rounded or pedunculate, apex rounded to truncate,
with an apical ring, asci at maturity detaching at the base
and exuded through the ostiole, apical ring 1–1.5 lm,
cuneiform,
refractive,
J-.
Ascospores
filiform,
67–92 9 2–2.5 lm, with rounded ends, parallel in the
423
ascus in two overlapping tetrads, guttulate, number and
disposition of septa varying between ascospores. Young
ascospores with a median septum, at least four additional
septa in mature ascospores after staining with toluidine
blue or cotton blue. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Inderbitzin and Berbee 2001).
Notes: Lollipopaia is a monotypic genus comprising
only Lollipopaia minuta. There are only two nrSSU
sequences in GenBank. According to the blast results with
GenBank, Lollipopaia minuta is closely related to Diaporthaceae. However we could not add this taxon to our
phylogenetic analysis because of lacking relevant molecular data.
Macrodiaporthe Petr., Annls mycol. 17(2/6): 94 (1920)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04340
Saprobic on woody barks. Sexual morph: Ectostromata
comprising blackish fungal hyphae, concentrated around
the necks, slightly spreading around the base. Ectostromatic disc inconspicuous. Ascomata immersed, aggregated,
5–8 in a group, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous,
ostiolate, with neck. Neck straight or not, wide, comprising
thick-walled, thick leathery outer wall and inner wall
comprising hyaline periphyses. Peridium thick, divided in
to three major layers as inner, brown, thick-walled, cells of
textura globulosa, middle loosely packed, large, brown to
black cells of textura globulosa and outer, somewhat carbonaceous, tightly packed, black cells. Asci 8-spored,
unitunicate, widely fusiform, stalk absent or inconspicuous,
apex broadly rounded, without prominent apical ring. Ascospores crowded, elongate oval, 1-septate, inner wall
constricted, outer wall non-constricted, hyaline, smoothwalled. Appendages short, narrowing towards the distal
end, straight or not. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Macrodiaporthe occulta (Fuckel) Petr.
Macrodiaporthe occulta (Fuckel) Petr., Annls mycol. 17(2/
6): 94 (1920). Fig. 123.
= Calospora occulta Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk.
23–24: 190 (1870).
Facesoffungi number FoF 04341
Saprobic on woody barks. Sexual morph: Ectostromata
comprising blackish fungal hyphae, concentrated around
the necks, slightly spreading around the base. Ectostromatic disc inconspicuous. Ascomata 1000–1300 9 500–
650 lm (
x = 1240 9 575 lm, n = 20), immersed, aggregated, 5–8 in a group, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate, with neck. Neck 775–850 9 400–460 lm
(
x = 820 9 420 lm, n = 20), straight or not, wide, comprising thick-walled, thick leathery outer wall and inner
wall comprising hyaline periphyses. Peridium 150–220 lm
(
x = 200 lm, n = 20), thick, divide in to three major layers
as inner, brown, thick-walled, cells of textura globulosa,
middle loosely packed, large, brown to black cells of
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424
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 127 Phragmodiaporthe caryae (F152953). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Cross
section. e Peridium. f–g Asci. h–j Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e = 10 lm, f–j = 10 lm
123
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425
Fig. 128 Prostratus cyclobalanopsidis (IMI 354625). a, b Herbarium
specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Cross section of ascomata.
e Peridium. f Apical ring. g Paraphyses. h–l Asci. m–s Ascospores.
Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e–g = 20 lm, h–l = 10 lm,
m–s = 5 lm
textura globulosa and outer, somewhat carbonaceous,
tightly packed, black cells. Asci 150–160 9 40–52 lm
(
x = 157 9 41 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, widely
fusiform, stalk absent or inconspicuous, apex broadly
rounded, without prominent apical ring. Ascospores 60–
75 9 16–20 lm (
x = 65 9 18 lm, n = 20), crowded,
elongate oval, 1-septate, inner wall constricted, outer wall
non-constricted, hyaline, smooth-walled. Appendages
short, narrowing towards the distal end, straight or not.
Asexual morph: Undetermined.
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426
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Fig. 129 Pseudothis machaerii (F102866). a, b Packet of herbarium. c Herbarium specimen. d, e Ascomata on host. f Cross section of ascomata.
g–j Asci. k–m Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 1000 lm, e = 200 lm, f = 50 lm, g–j = 20 lm, k–m = lm
Material examined: USA, New York, Nassau, on bark of
Populus sp., April 1893, C. L. Shear, NY 02932432.
Notes: The genus Calospora Fuckel was introducedwith
C. occulta Fuckel. Saccardo (1882; 1883) transferred
Calospora occulta to Melanconis and Calospora ptatanoides (Pers.) Niessl was designated as the type species of
Calospora considering presence of phragmosporous
ascospore. Macrodiaporthe was introduced based on C.
occulta Fuckel., considering its scanty development of
ectostroma (Petrak 1919). Macrodiaporthe occulta was
assigned to Melanconis (Wehmeyer 1933). Morphologically Macrodiaporthe occulta is distinct from species in
Melanconis and Senanayake et al. (2017b) listed this genus
under Diaporthales genera incertae sedis.
Melanamphora Lafl., Sydowia 28(1–6): 243 (1976)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04342
123
Saprobic on wood. Sexual morph: Stromata erumpent,
aggregated, comprising black carbonaceous mass. Ascomata immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, brown, ostiolate with ostiolar canal. Peridium
comprising small, thick-walled, pale brown to hyaline,
cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate,
cylindrical, straight or curved, apex rounded with J-, distinct, bilobed apical ring, short stiped. Ascospores biseriate,
cylindrical, initially hyaline, becoming brown at maturity
except end cells, septate, sometimes guttulate. Asexual
morph: Undetermined.
Melanamphora spinifera (Wallr.) Lafl., Sydowia 28(1–6):
245 (1976). Fig. 124.
= Sphaeria spinifera Wallr., Fl. crypt. Germ. (Norimbergae) 2: no. 4073 (1833)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04343
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427
Saprobic on wood. Sexual morph: Stromata 3–4 lm
wide, erumpent, aggregated, comprising black carbonaceous
mass.
Ascomata
650–740 9 200–225 lm
(
x = 690 9 215 lm, n = 10), immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, brown, ostiolate with
ostiolar canal. Peridium 45–60 lm (
x = 50 lm, n = 20),
comprising small, thick-walled, pale brown to hyaline,
cells of textura angularis. Asci 230–240 9 20–26 lm
(
x = 236 9 25 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, straight or curved, apex rounded with J-, distinct,
bilobed apical ring, short stiped. Ascospores 60–70 9 7.5–
10 lm (
x = 66 9 8.7 lm, n = 20), biseriate, cylindrical,
initially hyaline, becoming brown at maturity except end
cells, septate, sometimes guttulate. Asexual morph:
Undetermined.
Material examined: SWEDEN, Östergötland, Västra
Tollstad par., Mt. Omberg, Stocklycke, 12 May 1995, Nils
Lundqvist, F145327.
Notes: Melanamphora is typified by M. spinifera and the
second species introduced to this genus was Melanamphora sinensis. This genus is morphologically similar to
Melogramma but differs in having ascospores with hyaline
apical and basal cells, solitary to aggregated ascomata in
poorly developed stromatic tissues. The genus is somewhat
similar to species in Tirisporellaceae. However we
accommodate this genus in Diaporthales genera incertae
sedis until molecular data is available.
Phaeoappendicospora Senan., Q.R. Li & K.D. Hyde, in
Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b).
Facesoffungi number FoF FoF 03508
Type species: Phaeoappendicospora thailandensis Q.R.
Li, Senan. & K.D. Hyde.
Phaeoappendicospora thailandensis Senan., Q.R. Li &
K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296
(2017b).
Facesoffungi number FoF 03509
Description and illustration: See Senanayake et al.
(2017b)
Notes: Phaeoappendicospora is typified by P. thailandensis (Senanayake et al. 2017b). Phaeoappendicospora
thailandensis has brown ascospores with guttules and
appendages. Phylogenetically, P. thailandensis has low
bootstrap value and it does not lie within any sequenced
family.
Phruensis Pinruan, in Pinruan, Sakayaroj, Jones & Hyde,
Mycologia 96(5): 1165 (2004)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04324
Saprobic on decaying bark of mangrove palm. Sexual
morph: Ascomata immersed, subglobose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate, with long central cylindrical neck. Peridium composed of 2 layers, outer layer parenchymatous,
Fig. 130 Pseudovalsella thelebola (redrawn from Kobayashi 1970).
a Stroma having perithecia and pycnidial locule. b Asci and
ascospores. c Conidia. Scale bars: a = 100 lm, b, c = 10 lm
intensely brown and merging with the host cells, inner
layer, cells elongate and hyaline. Paraphyses hyaline,
broad, septate and attached at the base of the centrum. Asci
cylindrical to fusiform, unitunicate, apedicellate, apically
rounded, with a refractive, J-, subapical ring. Ascospores
cylindrical, straight or curved, versicolorous, brown with
hyaline or pale brown end cells, trans-septate. Asexual
morph: phialophora-like.
Type species. Phruensis brunneispora Pinruan.
Phruensis brunneispora Pinruan, in Pinruan, Sakayaroj,
Jones & Hyde, Mycologia 96(5): 1165 (2004). Fig. 125.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04325
Saprobic on decaying bark of Licuala longecalycata
Burret. Sexual morph: Ascomata 950–980 lm high, 1.6–
1.7 mm diam., deeply immersed, subglobose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate, scattered. Neck up to 7.5 mm long,
0.5 mm diam., central, cylindrical, black, orange at apex.
Peridium up to 250 lm thick, comprising 2 layers, outer
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428
parenchymatous, intensely brown and merging with the
host cells, inner layer, cells elongate and hyaline. Paraphyses up to 11–15 lm wide at the base, hypha-like,
tapering distally, not embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Asci
260–275 9 45–50 lm (
x = 265 9 48 lm, n = 25), 8spored, cylindro-clavate to fusiform, unitunicate, apedicellate, apically rounded, with a refractive, J-, cuboid
subapical ring, 5–6.2 lm high, 3.7–4.2 lm diam., with a
faint channel leading to the apex. Ascospores 115–
120 9 7.5–8.7 lm (
x = 116.5 9 7.8 lm, n = 25), 4-seriate to fasciculate, cylindrical, straight or curved, versicolored, brown with hyaline to pale brown end cells, 9–11septate, smooth-walled, with minute ephemeral mucilaginous material at the ends. Asexual morph: Mycelium
effuse, brown, party immersed, non-stromatic. Conidiophores up to 5 lm wide at the base, semi-macronematous,
mononematous, branched, straight or slightly flexuous,
pale brown to brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells
monophialidic, determinate, with small collarettes. Conidia
11.5–14 9 1.5 lm (
x = 12 9 1.5 lm, n = 25), aggregated
in slimy heads, semi-endogenous, straight or curved,
oblong, colorless, smooth, 0-septate (description based on
Pinruan et al. 2004).
Material examined: THAILAND, Narathiwat, Sirindhorn Peat Swamp Forest, on dead trunk of Licuala longecalycata Burret., 12 May 2001, U. Pinruan (Wah 113.1),
BBH 24697, holotype.
Notes: Jones et al. (2015) accommodated Phruensis in
Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis. However, blast
results indicate that Phruensis has close affinity with Diaporthaceae. However we could not add this taxon to our
phylogenetic analysis because of lacking relevant molecular data.
Plagiophiale Petr., Sydowia 9(1–6): 585 (1955)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04455
Type species: Plagiophiale ligulata M.E. Barr
Plagiophiale ligulata M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 41(1): 303
(1991)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04344
Illustration and description: See Barr (1991)
Notes: Plagiophiale is typified by P. eucarpa. Previously this genus comprised four species (Index Fungorum
2018) but the type species was excluded from the genus
and transfered to Wettsteinina which placed in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis as W. eucarpa. The
second species P. petrakii (E. Müll.) M.E. Barr was moved
to Plagiostoma as P. petrakii. Currently this genus does not
have a generic type. Therefore, giving priority to the older
name, we designate Plagiophiale ligulata M.E. Barr as the
type species and P. proteae Marinc. as the second species.
We observed authentic material of P. eucarpa from S
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Fig. 131 Wehmeyera acerina. a Packet of Herbarium.
specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Cross section
e Peridium. f Papilla. g–h Asci. i–j Ascospores.
c = 500 lm, d = 100 lm, e, f = 20 lm, g–h = 10 lm,
b Herbarium c
of ascomata.
Scale bars:
i–j = 5 lm
fungarium under accession number F123544 and it has
morphological characters of Dothideomycetes.
Plagiostigme Syd., Annls mycol. 23(3/6): 341 (1925)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04345
Pathogenic forming leaf spots. Sexual morph: Stromata
absent. Ascomata solitary or rarely in pairs, scattered,
immersed, globose, brown, coriaceous, papillate, ostiolate.
Ostiolar canal straight, internally covered by hyaline
periphyses, apex of ostiolar canal with a thickened, brown
cap. Hamathecium comprising aseptate, hyaline cellular
paraphysis. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical, attached
to base, without amyloid apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate,
ellipsoidal to fusiform, hyaline when young, brown at
maturity, unicellular, with a hyaline cap-like appendage.
Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Plagiostigme couraliae Syd.
Plagiostigme couraliae Syd. (1925) Syd., Annls mycol.
23(3/6): 342 (1925). Fig. 126.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04346
Pathogenic forming leaf spots. Sexual morph: Stromata
absent. Ascomata 220–240 9 100–200 lm, solitary or
rarely in pairs, scattered, immersed, globose, brown, coriaceous, papillate, ostiolate. Ostiolar canal straight, internally covered by hyaline periphyses, apex of ostiolar canal
with a thickened, brown cap. Hamathecium comprising
aseptate, hyaline cellular paraphysis. Asci 85–105 9 7.8–
8.8 lm (
x = 95 9 8.3 lm, n = 30), unitunicate, 8-spored,
cylindrical, attached to base, without amyloid apical ring.
Ascospores 13–16 9 4–5 lm (
x = 14 9 4.8 lm, n = 30),
uniseriate, ellipsoidal to fusiform, hyaline when young,
brown at maturity, unicellular, with a hyaline cap-like
appendage. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Material examined: COSTA RICA, La Caja pr., San
Jose, on leaves of Couralia rosea, H. Sydow, 5 January
1925, NY 02932593.
Notes: Plagiostigme was introduced with P. couraliae.
This genus comprises five species which are associated
with leaf spots. We keep Plagiostigme in Diaporthales
genera incertae sedis.
Phragmodiaporthe Wehm., Mycologia 33(1): 54 (1941)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04347
Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Stromata
erumpent, scattered, enterostromatic, more or less definitely marginated by blackish line, black, coriaceous. Ascomata immersed, aggregated, valsoid, coriaceous, dark
brown, ostiolate. Ostiolar canal internally covered by
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
429
123
430
hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising thick-walled,
compressed, brown cells of textura angularis. Asci
8-spored, unitunicate, oval, with J- apical ring, no stipe.
Ascospores crowded, fusiform, ellipsoidal to elongate,
3-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, ends pointed,
hyaline or brown, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Conidia elongate-fusoid, 1–4-celled, hyaline, borne in clusters
or labyrinthiform, enclosed within an entostroma (description of asexual morph from Wehmeyer 1941).
Type species: Phragmodiaporthe caryae (Peck) Wehm.
Phragmodiaporthe caryae (Peck) Wehm., Mycologia
33(1): 55 (1941). Fig. 127.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04348
Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Stromata
erumpent, scattered, enterostromatic, more or less definitely marginated by blackish line, black, coriaceous. Ascomata 560–590 9 310–370 lm, immersed, aggregated,
valsoid, coriaceous, dark brown, ostiolate. Ostiolar canal
internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium
35–45 lm, comprising thick-walled, compressed, brown
cells of textura angularis. Asci 80–90 9 20–28 lm,
8-spored, unitunicate, oval, with J- apical ring, no stipe.
Ascospores 34–40 9 5–7 lm, crowded, fusiform, ellipsoidal to elongate, 3-septate, slightly constricted at the
septa, ends pointed, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual
morph: Undetermined.
Material examined: USA, New York, Lyndonville, Hicoria sp, August 1909, C. E. Fairman, F152953.
Notes: Phragmodiaporthe is typified by Phragmodiaporthe caryae. Currently this genus comprises three species
(Index Fungorum 2018). Phragmodiaporthe is morphologically similar to Diaporthe. However, it differs from
Diaporthe in having 4-celled ascospores.
Prostratus Sivan., W.H. Hsieh & Chi Y. Chen, Mycol.
Res. 97(10): 1179 (1993)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04349
Epifoliar. Sexual morph: Stromata epi-stromatic, scattered, single to rarely aggregated, subcuticular, erumpent,
somewhat dome-shaped, black, not visible from the upper
surface of leaf, with inconspicuous ostioles, often extending beyond the ascomata at the non-ostiolar end. Ascomata
uniocular, single or in pairs, horizontal, depressed globose
to elliptic, with an upwardly bending erumpent, distinctly,
periphysate, ostiolar beak. Peridium composed of 1 to
3-layered, compressed, brown, pseudoparenchymatous
cells forming a textura angularis. Paraphyses numerous,
hyaline, sparsely branched, septate. Asci cylindrical,
8-spored, rarely 4-spored, unitunicate, short stalk, with a
distinct apical structure not blueing with iodine. Ascospores uniseriate to partially biseriate, ovoid to ellipsoid,
smooth, guttulate, 1-septate near the basal or apical end,
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with a large brown cell and a hyaline apical or basal dwarf
cell. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Prostratus cyclobalanopsidis Sivan.,
W.H. Hsieh & Chi Y. Chen
Prostratus cyclobalanopsidis Sivan., W.H. Hsieh & Chi Y.
Chen, Mycol. Res. 97(10): 1179 (1993). Fig. 128.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04350
Epifoliar. Sexual morph: Stromata epi-stromatic, scattered, single to rarely aggregated, subcuticular, erumpent,
somewhat dome-shaped, black, not visible from the upper
surface of leaf, with inconspicuous ostioles, often extending beyond the ascomata at the non-ostiolar end. Ascomata
300–325 9 130–140 lm, uniocular, single or in pairs,
horizontal, depressed globose to elliptic, with an upwardly
bending erumpent, distinctly, periphysate, ostiolar beak.
Peridium composed of 1 to 3-layered, compressed, brown,
pseudoparenchymatous cells forming a textura angularis.
Paraphyses numerous, hyaline, sparsely branched, septate.
Asci 112–175 9 17–25 lm, cylindrical, 8-spored, rarely
4-spored, unitunicate, short stalk, with a distinct apical
structure not blueing with iodine. Ascospores
27–32 9 15–19 lm, uniseriate to partially biseriate, ovoid
to ellipsoid, smooth, guttulate, 1-septate near the basal or
apical end, with a large brown cell and a hyaline apical or
basal dwarf cell 2.5–3 lm. Asexual morph: Undetermined
(description based on Sivanesan et al. 1993).
Material examined: TAIWAN, Taichung County, on
leaves of Cyclobalanopsis mori, 1 April 1991, C.Y. Chen,
IMI 354625 holotype; TAIWAN, Taichung County,
Kukuan, on leaves of Cyclobalanopsis mori, 18 January
1988, A. Sivanesan IMI 323550.
Notes: Prostratus is typified by P. cyclobalanopsidis. It
is a foliar pathogen and has morphological characters that
are not truly related to any families in Diaporthales.
Therefore, we keep this in Diaporthales genera incertae
sedis (Sivanesan et al. 1993).
Pseudocryptosporella J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 47:
1058 (1969)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04351
Type species: Pseudocryptosporella polylepidis (E.
Müll.) J. Reid & C. Booth
= Cryptosporella polylepidis E. Müll., in Müller &
Dennis, Kew Bull. 19(3): 383 (1965)
Notes: Pseudocryptosporella is typified by P. polylepidis. This genus is distinguished from Cryptosporella in
having polystichous insertion of perithecia in a pulvinate to
pseudoparenchymatous stroma and separately erumpent
somewhat broad beaks with sulcate apices.
Pseudothis Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 12(3): 274 (1914)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04352
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Epifoliar. Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial, solitary,
scattered, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate. Peridium comprising small, thick-walled, cells of
textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform,
sessile, apex pointed with J- apical ring. Ascospores biseriate, oval with wide ends, upper end wider than lower end,
1 or 2 septate, initially hyaline, brown at maturity, wall
ornamented. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Pseudothis machaerii (Rehm) Theiss. &
Syd.
Pseudothis machaerii (Rehm) Theiss. & Syd., Annls
mycol. 12(3): 274 (1914). Fig. 129.
= Dothidella machaerii Rehm, Hedwigia 36(6): 377
(1897)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04353
Epifoliar. Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial, solitary,
scattered, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate. Peridium comprising small, thick-walled, cells of
textura angularis. Asci 45–55 9 10–18 lm, 8-spored,
unitunicate, fusiform, sessile, apex pointed with J- apical
ring. Ascospores 10–11 9 4–5 lm, biseriate, oval with
wide ends, upper end wider than lower end, 1 or 2 septate,
initially hyaline, brown at maturity, wall ornamented.
Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Material examined: BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro, on leaves
of Machaerium sp., August 1887, E. Ule, F102866,
holotype.
Notes: Pseudothis is by P. machaerii. Morphologically
this genus is somewhat similar to Gnomoniaceae. However, we keep this in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis
until molecular data is available.
Pseudovalsella Höhn., Annls mycol. 16(1/2): 123 (1918)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04354
Saprobic or pathogenic. Sexual morph: Ectostroma
scanty or distinct, forming disc with converged necks,
composed of parenchymatous or plectenchymatous tissue,
immersed initially, then erumpent and broken through the
bark epidermis, grey to yellowish brown, loose hyphae
forming entostromatic area with the residual tissue of
substratum. Ascomata perithecial, clustered,embedded
within stromatic area, globular to subglobular, brown to
dark brown or black, with neck at the top. Peridium
comprising two layers, outer layer composed of brown to
blackish, thick-walled cells, inner one composed of hyaline, flattened, thin-walled cells. Necks cylindrical, stout or
bent, collectively erumpent through disc, penetrated by a
pore with hyaline periphyses. Asci 4–8-spored, unitunicate,
clavate to oblong-clavate, thin-walled, with thickened tip
with apical ring, fine pore first lined in a layer along the
perithecial wall, then loose and irregularly in perithecium.
Ascospores irregularly uniseriate or biseriate, elliptic to
fusoid, 2-celled, hyaline or brown to greenish brown, often
431
with hyaline appendage on the ends. Asexual morph:
Hendersonula-like.
Type species: Pseudovalsella thelebola (Fr.) Höhn.
Pseudovalsella thelebola (Fr.) Höhn., Annls mycol. 16(1/
2): 123 (1918). Fig. 130.
Facesoffungi number FoF 04355
Saprobic or pathogenic. Sexual morph: Pustules on
bark of cankered or dead stems and twigs, large, 1–3 mm
in diam.; Ectostroma distinct, initially immersed within
bark periderm, then erumpent and broken through the bark
epidermis, forming a disc with converged necks,
entostromatic hyphae mixing with residual tissues of host.
Ascomata 400–1000 lm diam., perithecial, embedded
beneath ectostroma, surrounded by entostromatic hyphae,
globular or somewhat flattened at the base, with broad neck
at the top. Peridium comprising two layers, outer, brown to
dark-brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis, inner,
compressed, hyaline, thin-walled cells of textura angularis.
Necks 400–550 lm high, 100–220 lm wide, erumpent,
with hyaline pore with many periphyses. Asci 90–
165 9 18–30 lm (
x = 140 9 20 lm, n = 20), 8-spored,
unitunicate, clavate to oblong-clavate, with thickened tip
with apical ring. Ascospores 28–48 9 9–16.5 lm
(
x = 35.2 9 11.4 lm, n = 20), irregularly biseriate, elliptic to fusoid, hyaline or ultimately pale brownish, 1-septate,
rarely with one to two distosepta, usually not constricted,
straight or inequilateral, with hyaline hair-like appendage
on each end. Appendage often evanescent in early stage.
Asexual morph: Develops in ectostroma as uni- to multilocules with or without sexual state. Locule wall surrounding by prosenchymatous or pseudoparenchymatous
stroma with a few layers of hyaline flattened cells. Conidiophores arise from innermost cells, produce conidia
acrogenously.
Conidia
28–45 9 7.5–12.5 lm
(
x = 35.4 9 10.1 lm, n = 20), cylindrical, obtuse at the
ends, brown to olive brown, 1–3-septate, straight or curved
(description based on Kobayashi 1970).
Notes: Pseudovalsella is typified by P. thetebola (Fries)
Höhnel. The asexual morph of this genus is reported as
Hendersonula Speg. (Kobayashi 1970). This asexual
morph is similar to Melanconis, however it differs in
having multilocular pycnidia and phaeophragmosporous,
brown conidia.
Savulescua Petr., in Savulescu, Omagiu lui Traian Savulescu, cu Prilejul Implinirii a 70 de Ani (Bucuresti): 591
(1959)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04356
Type species: Savulescua insignis Petr.
Notes: This monotypic genus was identified from Puerto
Rico where it forms tumor-like swellings in living branches
of a melastomataceous plant. Savulescua is characterized
123
432
by having pseudoparenchymatous stromatic tissues,
4-spored asci, and hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, one-septate
ascospores. This fungus has not been recollected and
morphological information is poorly known. Therefore, we
place Savulescua in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis.
Stioclettia Dennis, Kew Bull. 30(2): 362 (1975)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04357
Type species: Stioclettia luzulina Dennis
Facesoffungi number FoF 04456
Notes: Barr (1978) suggested this monotypic genus be
placed in Gnomoniaceae. Stioclettia luzulina has aggregated perithecia oblique immersed in stromata with short,
papillate, lateral beak and oblong fusoid, 5-septate ascospores. However, we could not observe any authentic
specimen from this genus and therefore consider it as Diaporthales genera incertae sedis.
Wehmeyera J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 67(3): 895
(1989)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04358
Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ectostromatic
discs single to clustered, developing beneath the periderm,
becoming exposed by splitting and fissuring of the periderm as the fungus matures, from above discs appearing
elongate, circular, or elliptical in outline; solitary or several
arranged linearly in the peridermal fissures. Ectostromata
carbonaceous, brittle, leathery when fresh, discs may be
perforated by one to several short, cylindric perithecial
beaks that in section often appear slightly flared just below
the ostiole. Perithecia dark brown, up to 6 clustered in the
bark cortex beneath the individual discs, globose to slightly
flattened laterally. Peridium outer, 6–9 rows of dark redbrown to darkbrown, thick-walled, compact cells of textura
angularis, inner, thin-walled, hyaline, compressed, elongated cells of textura angularis. Necks dark brown, not or
only slightly convergent, dark red-brown, thick-walled,
parallel to densely interwoven hyphae, neck canal periphysate. Asci cylindric-clavate to broadest towards the
base, broadly rounded and thickened above the asci, bilobed, apical ring, short stiped. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Ascospores 1-celled, hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform, thick-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Wehmeyera acerina (Wehm.) J. Reid & C.
Booth
Wehmeyera acerina (Wehm.) J. Reid & C. Booth (1989)
Wehm., in Cooke, Mycologia 41(6): 610 (1950). Fig. 131.
= Cryptosporella acerina Wehm. (1950)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04359
Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ectostromatic
discs single to clustered, developing beneath the periderm,
becoming exposed by splitting and fissuring of the
123
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
periderm as the fungus matures, from above discs appearing elongate, circular, or elliptical in outline; solitary or
several arranged linearly in the peridermal fissures. Ectostromata carbonaceous, brittle, leathery when fresh, discs
may be perforated by one to several short, cylindric
perithecial beaks that in section often appear slightly flared
just below the ostiole. Perithecia 400–575 9 315–420 lm
(
x = 450 9 350 lm, n = 10), dark brown, up to 6 clustered in the bark cortex beneath the individual discs, globose to slightly flatten laterally. Peridium outer, 6–9 rows
of dark red-brown to dark brown, thick-walled, compact
cells of textura angularis, inner, thin-walled, hyaline,
compressed, elongated cells of textura angularis. Necks up
to 425 lm long, 200 lm wide; dark-brown, not or only
slightly convergent, dark red-brown, thick-walled, parallel
to densely interwoven hyphae, neck canal periphysate. Asci
40–75 9 11–15 lm, cylindric-clavate to broadest towards
the base, broadly rounded and thickened above the asci, bilobed, apical ring, short stiped. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Ascospores 10–15 9 4–5.5 lm (
x = 12 9 5 lm,
n = 30), 1-celled, hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform, thickwalled. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based
on Reid and Booth 1989).
Material examined: USA, Utah. Weber. Liberty. trail to
Ben Lomond Creek from North Fork County Park,
Wasatch Mountains, C. T. Rogerson, 25 July 1984, NY
02929334, NY 02929335.
Notes: Reid and Booth (1989) introduced this genus for
Cryptosporella acerina Wehm. However, some characters
of Wehmeyera are similar to Phragmoporthe and Ditopella
(Reid and Booth 1967). Morphological characters such as
well-developed apical ring, the asci deliquescent at maturity, relatively massive, well-developed ectostromatic discs
suggested that this genus may be accommodated in Diaporthales. However, the taxonomic placement of
Wehmeyera is not confirmed with any families in Diaporthales. Hence we keep Wehmeyera in Diaporthales
genera incertae sedis.
Keinstirschia J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 67(3): 897
(1989)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04457
Type species: Keinstirschia megalosperma (Kirschst.) J.
Reid & C. Booth.
Keinstirschia megalosperma (Kirschst.) J. Reid & C.
Booth, Can. J. Bot. 67(3): 897 (1989)
=Cryptosporella megalosperma Kirschst., Annls mycol.
37(1/2): 114 (1939)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04360
Illustration: See Reid and Booth (1989)
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Notes: Reid and Booth (1989) introduced Keinstirschia
based on Cryptosporella megalosperma Kirsch. Keinstirschia is distinguished by the shape and large size of the
ascospores, the extremely regular, but somewhat unusual,
granular nature of the ascospores, ascal apex and the persistent, unusually tough or membranaceous ascal walls.
Morphologically this genus does not show affinities to any
families. The holotype was collected from Germany and it
has not been re-collected. Therefore, we accommodate this
genus in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis until molecular data is available.
Genera excluded from Diaporthales
Anisomycopsis I. Hino & Katum., J. Jap. Bot. 39: 325
(1964)
Facesoffungi number FoF 04361
Anisomycopsis is a monotypic genus is typified by A.
rosae I. Hino & Katum. This species is restricted to the
holotype material and has not been re-collected. Unfortunately, we could not obtain holotype material. Lumbsch
and Huhndorf (2007; 2010), Maharachchikumbura et al.
(2015; 2016), and Senanayake et al. (2017b) listed this
genus in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis and Kirk et al.
(2013) accepted this as a valid genus. However, Anisomycopsis is more closely related to Pseudomassaria
Jacz. having similar ascospore morphology and complex
apical ring same as Cainia (Krug 1978). Hence considering
morphological characters, we exclude Anisomycopsis from
Diaporthales genera incertae sedis and include it in Xylariomycetidae genera incertae sedis as it has more similar
characters to taxa in Xylariomycetidae.
Wuestneiopsis J. Reid & Dowsett, Can. J. Bot. 68(11):
2406 (1990)
Type species: Wuestneiopsis georgiana (J.H. Mill. &
G.E. Thomps.) J. Reid & Dowsett
= Gnomoniella georgiana J.H. Mill. & G.E. Thomps.
(1940)
Notes: Wuestneiopsis is typified by W. georgiana. Reid
and Dowsett (1990) suggested that W. georgiana may have
a Mastigosporella asexual morph. Nag Raj and DiCosmo
(1981) examined the holotype of W. georgiana and that
specimen was determined to be the sexual morph of
Mastigosporella nyssae. The type species of Mastigosporella, M. hyalina, has been linked to the asexual morph
of Wuestneiopsis quercifolia (Barr 1978; Nag Raj and
DiCosmo 1981). Rossman et al. (2015) considered that the
type species of Mastigosporella and Wuestneiopsis are
congeneric and hence Wuestneiopsis is synonymized under
Mastigosporella giving priority to the older name. Hence
Wuestneiopsis is not a valid genus.
433
List of accepted genera in Diaporthales
Apiosporopsidaceae Senan. et al.
Apiosporopsis (Traverso) Mariani
Apoharknessiaceae Senan. et al.
Apoharknessia Crous & S.J. Lee
Lasmenia Speg.
Asterosporiaceae Senan. et al.
Asterosporium Kunze
Auratiopycnidiellaceae Senan. et al.
Auratiopycnidiella Crous & Summerell
Coryneaceae Corda
Coryneum Nees
Cryphonectriaceae Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
Amphilogia Gryzenh. et al.
Aurantioporthe G. Beier & Blanchette
Aurantiosacculus Dyko & B. Sutton
Aurapex Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
Aurifilum Begoude et al.
Celoporthe Nakab. et al.
Chromendothia Lar.N. Vassiljeva
Chrysofolia Crous & M.J. Wingf.
Chrysoporthe Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
Corticimorbus S.F. Chen & M.J. Wingf.,
Cryphonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc.
Cryptometrion Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
Diversimorbus S.F. Chen & J. Roux
Endothia Fr.
Foliocryphia Cheewangkoon & Crous
Holocryphia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
Immersiporthe S.F. Chen et al.
Latruncellus M. Verm. et al.
Luteocirrhus C.F. Crane & T.I. Burgess
Mastigosporella Höhn.
Microthia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
Rostraureum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
Ursicollum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
Wuestneia Auersw. ex Fuckel
Cytosporaceae Fr.
Cryptascoma Ananthap.
Cytospora Ehrenb.
Hypophloeda K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones
Pachytrype Berl. ex M.E. Barr et al.
Paravalsa Ananthap
Waydora B. Sutton
Xenotypa Petr.
Diaporthaceae Höhn.
Apioporthella Petr.
Caudospora Starbäack
Chaetoconis Clem.
Chiangraiomyces Senan. & K.D. Hyde
Diaporthe Nitschke
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434
Hyaliappendispora Senan. et al.
Leucodiaporthe M.E. Barr et al.
Mazzantia Mont.
Ophiodiaporthe Y.M. Ju et al.
Paradiaporthe Senan. et al.
Phaeocytostroma Petr.
Phaeodiaporthe Petr.
Pustulomyces D.Q. Dai et al.
Stenocarpella Syd. & P. Syd.
Diaporthosporellaceae C.M. Tian & Q. Yang
Diaporthosporella C.M. Tian & Q. Yang
Diaporthostomataceae X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian
Diaporthostoma X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian
Erythrogloeaceae Senan., et al.
Chrysocrypta Crous & Summerell
Erythrogloeum Petr.
Disculoides Crous et al.
Dendrostoma X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian
Gnomoniaceae G. Winter
Alnecium Voglmayr & Jaklitsch
Ambarignomonia Sogonov
Amphiporthe Petr.
Anisomyces Theiss. & Syd.
Apiognomonia Höhn.
Apioplagiostoma M.E. Barr
Asteroma DC
Bagcheea E. Müll. & R. Menon
Chadefaudiomyces Kamat et al.
Cryptosporella Sacc.
Dicarpella Syd.
Dictyoporthe Petr.
Ditopella De Not.
Ditopellopsis J. Reid & C. Booth
Gloeosporidina Petr.
Gnomonia Ces. & De Not.
Gnomoniella Sacc.
Gnomoniopsis Berl.
Maculatipalma J. Fröhlich & K.D. Hyde
Mamianiella Höhn.,
Marsupiomyces Senan. & K.D. Hyde
Millerburtonia Cif.
Occultocarpon L.C. Mejı́a et al.
Ophiognomonia (Sacc.) Sacc.
Phragmoporthe Petr.
Phylloporthe Syd.
Plagiostoma Fuckel
Pleuroceras Riess.
Sirococcus Preuss
Spataporthe Bronson et al.
Uleoporthe Petr.
Uniseta Ciccar
Valsalnicola D.M. Walker & Rossman
Vismaya V.V. Sarma & K.D. Hyde
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Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Harknessiaceae Crous,
Dwiroopa Subram. & Muthumary
Harknessia Cooke
Mebarria J. Reid & C. Booth
Juglanconidaceae Voglmayr & Jaklitsch
Juglanconis Voglmayr & Jaklitsch
Lamproconiaceae C. Norphanphoun, T.C. Wen & K.D.
Hyde
Hercospora Fr.
Lamproconium (Grove) Grove
Macrohilaceae Crous
Macrohilum H.J. Swart
Melanconidaceae G. Winter
Melanconis Tul. & C. Tul.
Melanconiellaceae Senan. & Maharachch., K.D. Hyde
Dicarpella Syd.
Greeneria Scribn. & Viala
Massariovalsa Sacc.
Melanconiella Sacc.
Microascospora Senan. & K.D. Hyde
Prosopidicolaceae Senan. & K.D. Hyde
Prosopidicola Crous & C.L. Lennox
Pseudomelanconidaceae C.M. Tian & X.L. Fan
Pseudomelanconis C.M. Tian & X.L. Fan
Pseudoplagiostomataceae Cheew. et al.
Pseudoplagiostoma Cheew. et al.
Schizoparmaceae Rossman
Coniella Höhn.
Stilbosporaceae Link
Crinitospora B. Sutton & Alcorn
Natarajania Pratibha & Bhat
Stegonsporium Corda
Stilbospora Pers.
Sydowiellaceae Lar.N. Vassiljeva
Alborbis Senan. & K.D. Hyde
Breviappendix Senan. & K.D. Hyde
Cainiella E. Müll
Calosporella J. Schröt
Chapeckia M.E. Barr
Hapalocystis Auersw. ex Fuckel
Italiomyces Senan. et al.
Lambro Racib.
Paragnomonia Senan. & K.D. Hyde
Ranulospora Senan. et al.
Rossmania Lar.N. Vassiljeva
Sillia P. Karst.
Sydowiella Petr.
Tenuiappendicula Senan. et al.
Tortilispora (Sacc.) Senan. & K.D. Hyde
Synnemasporellaceae X.L. Fan & J.D.P. Bezerra
Synnemasporella X.L. Fan & J.D.P. Bezerra
Tirisporellaceae Suetrong
Bacusphaeria Norlailatul, Alias & Suetrong
Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443
Thailandiomyces Pinruan, Sakay., K.D. Hyde & E.B.G.
Jones
Tirisporella E.B.G. Jones, K.D. Hyde & Alias
Tubakiaceae U. Braun, J.Z. Groenew. & Crous
Apiognomonioides U. Braun, J.Z. Groenew. & Crous
Involutiscutellula U. Braun & C. Nakash.
Oblongisporothyrium U. Braun & C. Naksh.
Paratubakia U. Braun & C. Nakash.
Racheliella Crous & U. Braun
Saprothyrium U. Braun, Crous & J.Z. Groenew.
Sphaerosporithyrium U. Braun et al.
Tubakia B. Sutton
Diaporthales genera incertae sedis
Cryptoleptosphaeria Petr.
Cytomelanconis Naumov
Diaporthella Petr.
Ditopellina J. Reid & C. Booth
Durispora K.D. Hyde
Fremineavia Nieuwl.
Hypodermina Höhn.
Kapooria J. Reid & C. Booth
Keinstirschia J. Reid & C. Booth
Lollipopaia Inderbitzin
Macrodiaporthe Petr.
Melanamphora Lafl.
Phaeoappendicospora Senan. et al.
Phragmodiaporthe Wehm.
Phruensis Pinruan
Plagiophiale Petr.
Plagiostigme Syd.
Prostratus Sivan. et al.
Pseudocryptosporella J. Reid & C. Booth
Pseudothis Theiss. & Syd.
Pseudovalsella Höhn.
Savulescua Petr.
Stioclettia Dennis
Wehmeyera J. Reid & C. Booth
Genera excluded from Diaporthales
Anisomycopsis I. Hino & Katum.
Discussion
Morphological characters of diaporthoid fungi have a wide
variation (Barr 1978; Senanayake et al. 2017b). As a result
of the wide morphological diversity in both macro and
micro-characters, there is some taxonomic confusion that
still needs to be resolved. Earlier, taxonomic concepts in
the Diaporthales have been evaluated basically on characters of ascospores. Barr (1978) presented a monograph of
Diaporthales with emphasis on Gnomoniaceae in North
America. In that classification, Barr used position of
perithecia in stromatic tissues, ascospore shape and
435
septation. However, Monod (1983) used characters of the
stroma, ascospore and the asexual morph to differentiate
and classify taxa within Diaporthales. The principal characters of Diaporthales as explained in prior studies are
brown to black perithecial fruiting bodies immersed in a
stroma or the substrate, unitunicate asci that float free
within the centrum at maturity, J- refractive ring in the
apex, and coelomycetous asexual morph producing phialidic, often annellidic conidiogenous cells, and 0–1-septate
conidia in acervuli or pycnidia with or without a welldeveloped stroma. (Barr 1978; Samuels and Blackwell
2001; Rossman et al. 2007).
To resolve taxonomic problems within diaporthoid fungi
and to demarcate boundaries, it is necessary to use
molecular data (Castlebury et al. 2002). However, a considerable amount of taxa in Diaporthales do not have
sequence data nor ex-type cultures of generic types from
which to obtain sequences. Therefore, it is necessary to reexamine type materials to help determine natural
classification.
Several recent studies have helped to resolve taxonomic
problems in the Diaporthales (Alvarez et al. 2016; Cheewangkoon et al. 2010; Crous et al. 2012b; Gryzenhout et al.
2006a; Jones et al. 2015; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015;
Norphanphoun et al. 2016; Rossman et al. 2007; Senanayake et al. 2017b; Suetrong et al. 2015; Voglmayr and
Jaklitsch 2014; Voglmayr et al. 2017). However, this order
is still problematic and a morphology-based revision is
required to help resolve them. We followed earlier studies
to construct an outline and determine the genera related to
Diaporthales. Here we provided detailed descriptions,
illustrations and notes for all the accepted genera and we
treated some genera which have been placed in uncertain
placements.
Senanayake et al. (2017b) listed 107 genera within
families of Diaporthales and 40 as Diaporthales genera
incertae sedis. In the current study we extend the work
done by Senanayake et al. (2017b) and after examination of
authentic type specimens, we determined some taxa
accommodated in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis must
have familial affinities. We treated 17 genera previously
assigned to Diaporthales genera incertae sedis or other
orders, within several families in Diaporthales such as
Aurantioporthe, Bacusphaeria, Caudospora, Chadefaudiomyces, Corticimorbus, Cryptascoma, Dictyoporthe,
Hypophloeda, Maculatipalma, Massariovalsa, Mebarria,
Natarajania, Thailandiomyces, Tirisporella, Uleoporthe,
Vismaya and Wuestneia. Additionally, we proposed a new
combination, Dendrostoma leiphaemia to the Dendrostoma
(Erythrogloeaceae) based on molecular data. For some
genera we have designated new generic types as they are
lacking type species or type species have affiliations with
other families. In addition, Anisomycopsis showed more
123
436
similar characters to taxa in Xylariomycetidae and therefore we included this genus in Xylariomycetidae genera
incertae sedis. Tirisporellaceae which was previously
placed in Tirisporellales is revised here and it forms a clade
within Diaporthales. Therefore, we included Tirisporellaceae as a family in Diaporthales. Based on morphological characters and molecular data we accepted 27 families,
138 genera within Diaporthales, 24 genera in Diaporthales
genera incertae sedis and one genus in Xylariomycetidae
genera incertae sedis.
Acknowledgements Kevin D. Hyde thanks to National Research
Council of Thailand (Mae Fah Luang University) for the grant
‘‘Biodiversity, phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes of Pandanaceae’’ (Grant No. 592010200112) and Thailand Research Fund
(TRF) grant no RSA5980068 entitled ‘‘Biodiversity, phylogeny and
role of fungal endophytes on above parts of Rhizophora apiculata and
Nypa fruticans’’, the National Research Council of Thailand (Mae
Fah Luang University) Grant No. 60201000201 entitled ‘‘Diseases of
mangrove trees and maintenance of good forestry practice’’, and the
Chinese Academy of Sciences, project number 2013T2S0030, for the
award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at
Kunming Institute of Botany. Samantha C. Karunarathna thanks CAS
President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) for funding his
postdoctoral research (number 2018PC0006). We would like to thank
the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) for funding this
work under the project code 31750110478. Indunil C. Senanayake
extends her grateful acknowledgment to the curators of the BBH, BPI,
BRIP, K, MFLU, NY, PREM, PR, S, and W fungaria for kindly
loaning the herbarium material for the study. As well as Indunil C.
Senanayake thanks to Dhanushka Udayanga, Dongqin Dai and Nalin
N. Wijayawardene for providing photographs for some specimens.
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Affiliations
Indunil C. Senanayake1,2,3 • Rajesh Jeewon4 • Putarak Chomnunti3 • Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe3
Chada Norphanphoun3 • Anuruddha Karunarathna3,5 • Dhandevi Pem3 • Rekhani H. Perera3 •
Erio Camporesi6,7,8 • Eric H. C. McKenzie9 • Kevin D. Hyde1,2,3 • Samantha C. Karunarathna1,2
1
Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East
Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of
Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
2
World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia,
Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
3
Centre of Excellence for Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang
University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
4
Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science,
University of Mauritius, Reduit 80837, Mauritius
5
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of
Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
•
6
A.M.B. Gruppo Micologico Forlivese, Antonio Cicognani,
Via Roma 18, Forlı̀, Italy
7
A.M.B. Circolo Micologico, Giovanni Carini, 314 Brescia,
Italy
8
Società per gliStudiNaturalisticidella Romagna,
144 Bagnacavallo, RA, Italy
9
Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research,
Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand
123