Taxonomic circumscription of Diaporthales based on multigene phylogeny and morphology

Rajesh Jeewon

Sordariomycetes is an earlier and one of the widely distributed class of Ascomycota. The class was initially classified based on morphology in having inoperculate and unitunicate asci. With the development of DNA based phylogenetic analysis, several undetermined or polyphyletic members of Sordariomycetes were reclassified. However, not all species belonging to this class have been sequenced and analyzed. There are a number of species, especially those old and poorly studied ones which have never been sequenced before and not even recollected again for further taxonomic verification. One of the main objective in this study is to revise and update the taxonomy of several well-known old and poorly studied species whose classification are still obscure. Herein, we re-examined the type materials and/or authentic specimens together to explore 74 relatively poorly-studied genera, which mainly belong to Boliniales, Calosphaeriales, Chaetosphaeriales, Jobellisiales, and Sordariales classifie...

We revisit the family Diademaceae based on available sequence data and morphology. Diademaceae is characterized by ascomata opening with a flat circular lid and fissitunicate, short orbicular frequently cylindrical, pedicellate asci. Ascospores are frequently circular in section but narrowing to one end with three or more transverse septa, without longitudinal septa, and mostly with a thick sheath. In recent treatments Clathrospora, Comoclathris, Diadema, Diademosa, and Graphyllium were placed in the family. Following molecular and morphological study, Clathrospora, Comoclathris, and Diademosa, are excluded from the family and referred to Pleosporaceae. Graphyllium is excluded from Diademaceae, based on hysterothecium-like ascomata with a longitudinal opening, and tentatively placed in Hysteriaceae with uncertainty; species with hysterothecia have now been accommodated in at least five families. The study accepts only Diadema in the family. The status of Diademaceae as a distinct fa...

Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0410-z (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789(). ,- volV) Taxonomic circumscription of Diaporthales based on multigene phylogeny and morphology Indunil C. Senanayake1,2,3 • Rajesh Jeewon4 • Putarak Chomnunti3 • Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe3 Chada Norphanphoun3 • Anuruddha Karunarathna3,5 • Dhandevi Pem3 • Rekhani H. Perera3 • Erio Camporesi6,7,8 • Eric H. C. McKenzie9 • Kevin D. Hyde1,2,3 • Samantha C. Karunarathna1,2 • Received: 25 March 2018 / Accepted: 5 September 2018 / Published online: 20 September 2018 Ó School of Science 2018 Abstract Demarcation of family, genus and species boundaries in the Diaporthales has been tentative due to uninformative illustrations and descriptions, overlapping morphological characteristics, misplacement or poor condition of type specimens and shortage of molecular data from ex-type cultures. In this study, we obtained the type specimens or other authentic specimens of diaporthalean taxa from worldwide fungaria. We examined, described and illustrated them. This study is based on morphological characters from type or authentic specimens, details from protologue and original illustrations and molecular data obtained from GenBank. Combined analyses of nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence data were used to construct the molecular phylogeny. Additionally, we provided separate phylogenetic trees for families when necessary to show the generic distribution within these families based on suitable gene markers. Based on morphology and phylogeny, we treat 17 genera previously assigned to Diaporthales genera incertae sedis within several families. For some genera we have designated new generic types as they are lacking type species or type species have affiliations with other families. We exclude Anisomycopsis from Diaporthales and place it in Xylariomycetidae genera incertae sedis. Tirisporellaceae, which was previously placed in Tirisporellales is placed in Diaporthales based on phylogeny and morphology. A new combination, Dendrostoma leiphaemia propose for Amphiporthe leiphaemia (Fr.) Butin. Based on the morphological characters and molecular data we accept 27 families and 138 genera within Diaporthales, 24 genera in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis and one genus in Xylariomycetidae genera incertae sedis. We provide notes for genera in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, and excluded and doubtful genera are listed with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny. Keywords Authentic specimens Dendrostoma leiphaemia Incertae sedis Classification Taxonomy Families Accepted genera Introduction History Fries (1823) accommodated the composite genus Sphaeria, which comprises most diaporthoid taxa, within Sphaeriaceae. Fuckel (1870) placed non-stromatic forms under Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0410-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. & Samantha C. Karunarathna samanthakarunarathna@gmail.com subfamily Ceratostomeae, while stromatic forms were distributed among subfamilies Melanconideae, Valseae, Dothideae and Melogrammeae. Karsten (1873) revised Sphaeriaceae and divided it into four subfamilies as Bertieae (Linospora, Ceuthocarpon), Diaportheae (Diaporthe, Gnomonia, Hypospila), Melanconideae (Pseudovalsa, Melanconis, Hercospora, Cytospora) and Valseae (Valsa). Saccardo (1883) used ascospore septation and pigmentation to classify ascomycetes and diaporthoid taxa were distributed within various sections of his classification. He divided Sphaeriaceae into several subfamilies, those having stromatic tissues in Ceratostomeae, Clypeosphaerieae, Valseae, Melanconideae, Melogrammeae and non-stromatic taxa Gnomonieae. Lindau (1897) resurrected Sphaeriales to accommodate Clypeosphaeriaceae, Extended author information available on the last page of the article 123 242 Gnomoniaceae, Melanconidaceae and Melogrammataceae, Valsaceae and some diaporthoid taxa placed in Dothidiaceae (Dothideales). Von Höhnel (1917) included all diaporthoid taxa in Diaporthaceae and divided this family into two subfamilies as Eu-Diaportheen for taxa without allantoid ascospores and Valseen for taxa with allantoids ascospores. Nannfeldt (1932) introduced Diaporthales to accommodate Höhnel’s Eu-Diaportheen and Valseen taxa excluding diatrypaceous taxa. Luttrell (1951) circumscribed Diaporthales with two families Diaporthaceae and Melanosporaceae. Chadefaud (1960) recognized three families in this order based on stromatic tissues as Diaporthaceae, Gnomoniaceae and Melanconidaceae. Wehmeyer (1975) divided Diaporthales into three families Diaporthaceae, Gnomoniaceae and Valsaceae. Barr (1978) revised Diaporthales with Gnomoniaceae, Melanconidaceae, Coryneaceae and Cytosporaceae using presence or absence of stromata, stromatic development and tissue types, the position of the ascomata and perithecial necks in the substrate and ascospore shape. Monod (1983) revised Gnomoniaceae and distinguished genera based on the characters of stromatic tissues, ascospores and asexual morphs. Three families, Cytosporaceae, Melanconidaceae and Vialaeaceae.were recognised in Diaporthales by Eriksson (2001). Based on an analysis of nrLSU sequence data, Castlebury et al. (2002) accepted Diaporthaceae, Gnomoniaceae, Melanconidaceae and Cytosporaceae in Diaporthales. Gnomoniaceae was revised by several recent studies and several new taxa were introduced (Sogonov et al. 2008; Walker et al. 2010; Mejı́a et al. 2011; Walker et al. 2012). Castlebury et al. (2002) excluded Vialaeaceae from Diaporthales based on molecular data. Réblová et al. (2004) introduced Togniniaceae to Diaporthales based on nrSSU sequence data, although Mostert et al. (2006) concluded that its placement was ambiguous based on nrLSU. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) excluded Togniniaceae from Diaporthales and accommodated it in Togniniales. Gryzenhout et al. (2006a) introduced the family Cryphonectriaceae. Sydowiellaceae and Schizoparmaceae were introduced in Diaporthales (Rossman et al. 2007; Alvarez et al. 2016). Harknessiaceae was introduced into Diaporthales to accommodate Harknessia with wuestneialike sexual morphs (Crous et al. 2012b) and Pseudoplagiostomaceae was introduced to accommodate Pseudoplagiostoma (Cheewangkoon et al. 2010). Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) resurrected Stilbosporaceae in Diaporthales based on phylogenetic analysis of nrLSU sequence data and retained the genera Stegonsporium and Stilbospora in this family. Macrohilaceae was introduced by Crous et al. (2015), based on an analysis of nrLSU to accommodate Macrohilum. Suetrong et al. (2015) 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 introduced Tirisporellaceae into Diaporthales; however, Jones et al. (2015) excluded this family from Diaporthales. Norphanphoun et al. (2016) introduced Lamproconiaceae to accommodate Lamproconium and Hercospora. Juglanconidaceae was introduced in Diaporthales by Voglmayr et al. (2017). Senanayake et al. (2017b) introduced seven new families Apiosporopsidaceae, Apoharknessiaceae, Asterosporiaceae, Auratiopycnidiellaceae, Erythrogloeaceae, Melanconiellaceae, and Prosopidicolaceae based on molecular data. Additionally Diaporthosporellaceae by Yang et al. (2017), Diaporthostomataceae, Pseudomelanconidaceae, and Synnemasporellaceae by Fan et al. (2018) and Tubakiaceae by Braun et al. (2018) were introduced to this order. Therefore Currently there are 27 families accepted in Diaporthales. Ecology and mode of life Members of Diaporthales have a wide range of ecological habitats and modes of nutrition (Barr 1978). Except for members of Tirisporellaceae, most taxa in Diaporthales occur in terrestrial habitats. Generally, they are endophytes, pathogens or saprobes, although sometimes they occur as parasites or secondary invaders of injured plant tissues or those infected by other organisms (Castlebury et al. 2002; Rossman et al. 2007; Alvarez et al. 2016). There are no records of coprophilous, hypersaprobes or mycophylic species in Diaporthales (Senanayake et al. 2017b). Phytopathogenic taxa are associated with fruit, leaves, stems and roots of a wide variety of hosts. Host association has been used for species classification (Sogonov et al. 2008), but this can be misleading (Jeewon et al. 2004). Some endophytes are opportunistic pathogens (Sieber 2007). Some severe pathogens annihilate large scale cultivations of economical crops, timber monocultures and forests. Cryphonectriaceae, Gnomoniaceae, Juglanconidaceae and Lamproconiaceae comprise rather host-specific species. Additionally, some species inhabit soil and living animal and human tissues (Gryzenhout et al. 2006b; Senanayake et al. 2017b). Secondary metabolites Fungal secondary metabolites generally include antibiotics, pheromones, pigments and toxins. Characteristic of secondary metabolites have been used in taxonomy of some fungal groups (Kärnefelt 1989; Daranagama et al. 2017). Diaporthales have been extensively examined for secondary metabolites (Frisvad et al. 1998). However, distribution of secondary metabolites between fungal species in Diaporthales and reasons to produce these metabolites are poorly understood. Hence it is difficult to apply secondary metabolites in their systematics (Rossman et al. 1999; Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Whalley and Edwards 1987, 1995). Secondary metabolites produced by Cryphonectriaceae, Cytosporaceae, Diaporthaceae and Gnomoniaceae in culture media have been investigated (Zhang 2002). In Cryphonectriaceae, the stromatic pigmentation irreversibly changes to red or orange to purple in KOH. This KOH reaction however, also occurs in Hypocreales. This reaction may be an inherited trait which is lost in many lineages because of a mutation, or it may have been gained more than one time. If secondary metabolites are genetically inheritable traits, they may be phylogenetically and taxonomically informative (Zhang 2002). General morphology Species in Diaporthales form solitary or aggregated, immersed to erumpent, rarely superficial, orange, brown or black perithecial ascomata, with short or long necks, that are located in stromatic tissues or substrates, with a hamathecium lacking or with few paraphyses (Alexopoulus and Mims 1978; Barr 1978; Castlebury et al. 2002). Asci are unitunicate with a conspicuous refractive ring (Hawksworth et al. 1995; Rossman et al. 2007). Ascospore are diverse in shape, size and colour. The asexual morphs of Diaporthales are generally coelomycetous (Rossman et al. 2007), producing acervuli, pycnidial or synnematal conidiomata, with or without a welldeveloped stroma. Conidiogenesis is phialidic or rarely annellidic and conidia are usually unicellular or 1-septate (Rossman et al. 2007). However, Natarajania Pratibha & Bhat and asexual morphs of Tirisporellaceae are hyphomycetes. Aim of the paper Morphology based identification of fungi is still a key factor even though we use molecular data for fungal identification and to assess relationships. Therefore, it is crucial to reflect both molecular data and morphology when identifying fungi. Some of described genera in Diaporthales lack molecular data and we need to carefully check the morphology of type or other authentic specimens and decide the taxonomic classification of them. Hence, this monograph extends the work presented in Senanayake et al. (2017b) incorporating both morphology and molecular data to obtain a natural classification. Materials and methods Specimens, morphological observation and redrawing Types and other relevant authentic specimens were loaned from accessible fungaria (BIOTEC Bangkok Herbarium 243 (BBH), U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI), Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (BRIP), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K), Mae Fah Luang University Herbarium (MFLU), New York State Museum (NY), Plant Protection Research Institute (PREM), National Museum in Prague (PR), Swedish Museum of Natural History (S), Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (W)). A small part of the herbarium specimen was cut and rehydrated in water or 5% KOH. Micro-morphological characters were examined from rehydrated ascomata with a Motic SMZ 168 stereomicroscope. Morphological characteristics of ascomata, asci, ascospores and other tissues were photographed with a Canon 550D digital camera fitted to the Nikon ECLIPSE 80i compound microscope. Photomicrographs were arranged with Adobe Photoshop v. CS6 and all measurements were made with Tarosoft v. 0.9.0.7. Several type specimens were in poor condition and little morphological information could be obtained. Hence, we relied on the protologue to obtain morphological information for these taxa and hand drawings of these taxa were made. Faces of fungi and Index Fungorum numbers were obtained (Jayasiri et al. 2015; Index Fungorum 2018). Phylogeny The sequences obtained from GenBank (Supplementary Table 1) are based on published literature (Braun et al. 2018; Fan et al. 2018; Jones et al. 2015; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015; Norphanphoun et al. 2016; Senanayake et al. 2017b; Voglmayr et al. 2017; Yang et al. 2017). Multiple sequence alignments were generated with MAFFT v. 7 (http://mafft.cbrc.jp/align ment/server/index.html) and the alignment was manually improved with BioEdit v. 7.0.5.2 (Hall 1999). Maximum likelihood analysis (ML) was performed in CIPRES webportal (Miller et al. 2009) using RAxMLHPC2 Workflow on XSEDE (8.2.9) tool using default parameters (Stamatakis 2006). The search strategy was set to rapid bootstrapping and the analysis was carried out using the GTRGAMMAI model of nucleotide substitution with 1000 replicates which is the best model predicted for the concatenated nrLSU, nrITS, RPB2 and TEF1-a alignment by MrModeltest v. 2.3 (Nylander 2004). For the Bayesian analyses (BI) of the individual loci and concatenated nrLSU, nrITS, RPB2 and TEF1-a alignment, above model test was used to determine the best nucleotide substitution model settings for MrBayes v. 3.0b4. A dirichlet state frequency was predicted for all four data partitions and GTR ? I?G as best model for all single gene and combined data set. The heating parameter was set to 0.2 and trees were saved every 1000 generations (Ronquist et al. 2012). The Markov Chain Monte Carlo 123 244 (MCMC) analysis of four chains started in parallel from a random tree topology. In addition to above analysis, we provided separate phylogenetic trees for most families based on various gene regions and same analytical conditions as above analysis. Trees were viewed in FigTree v. 1.4.3 (Rambaut 2012). The final alignments and the trees obtained were deposited in TreeBASE (http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/) and the accession number is S22452. Results To reveal the phylogenetic position of genera and families within the order Diaporthales, a phylogenetic analysis was performed with nrLSU, nrITS, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence data. Sequences of representative species were selected from Senanayake et al. (2017b) and supplemented with sequences from GenBank. The nrLSU, nrITS, RPB2, TEF1-a and combined data matrices contained 858, 526, 1062, 407 and 2853 characters with gaps, respectively. The alignment comprised 242 strains and Eutypella sp. (MFLUCC 16–1215) was selected as the out group. The ML analysis yielded a tree with a likelihood value of ln: - 59958.657512 and the following model parameters: alpha: 0.632445; P(A): 0.250737, P(C): 0.245893, P(G): 0.281929, and P(T): 0.221441. The Bayesian analysis lasted 20000000 generations (average standard deviation of split frequencies value = 0.0098) and the consensus trees and posterior possibilities were calculated from the 19999200 trees sampled after discarding the first 20% of generations for burn-in. We use these two analytical methods to determine the topological convergence. The phylogeny resulting from the RAxML maximum likelihood analysis of combined gene sequence data is shown in Fig. 1. Overall, the topologies obtained from the different phylogenetic analyses were mostly similar and the best scoring RAxML tree is illustrated here. The bootstrap support values of maximum likelihood analysis (ML) and Bayesian posterior probability scores (PP) are noted at the nodes. The separation of Diaporthales from other Sordariomycetes taxa is well-supported (ML/PP = 93/0.9). The order separates into 27 familial clades which are represented by 1–27 and two genera incertae sedis clades (Fig. 1). Gnomoniaceae (clade 1) and all its accepted genera which have sequence data are included here. The taxonomic relationships of genera in Gnomoniaceae are presented. Melanconidaceae (clade 2) formed a wellsupported basal clade to Gnomoniaceae and this family is restricted to single genus Melanconis. Family Apiosporopsidaceae (clade 3) comprises the single genus, Apiosporopsis. Juglanconidaceae (clade 4) formed a basal clade to Apiosporopsidaceae. Clade 5 comprises taxa in 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 1 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a c combined nrLSU, nrITS, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence alignment for taxa of Diaporthales and other species in Sordariomycetes. Families are indicated in coloured blocks. Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site. The tree is rooted to Eutypella sp. (MFLUCC 16–1215) Synnemasporellaceae and clade 6 formed a sister clade to Cryphonectriaceae which comprises Harknessiaceae. Clade 7 represents the Cryphonectriaceae. Erythrogloeaceae (clade 8) is a sister clade to Schizoparmaceae (clade 9) which comprises the single genus Coniella while Auratiopycnidiellaceae (clade 10) comprises a single genus. Diaporthella species clustered as sister to Auratiopycnidiellaceae, but with unstable phylogenetic placement, and hence we consider this genus as Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. Pseudomelanconidaceae (clade 11) forms a sister clade to Diaporthostomataceae (clade 12) and Diaporthosporellaceae (clade 13), which are monogeneric families. Tubakiaceae represents by clade 14 with eight genera and clade 15 comprises three genera in Melanconiellaceae. Apoharknessiaceae (clade 16) clades sister to Pseudoplagiostomaceae (clade 17). Coryneaceae (clade 18) comprise the single genus Coryneum. Stilbosporaceae (clade 19) comprises four genera. Prosopidicolaceae (clade 20) comprises a single genus with two species. Phaeoapendispora thailandensis claded sister to Prosopidicolaceae with poor support values. We include 11 genera in Diaporthaceae (clade 21). Macrohilaceae (clade 22) formed a distinct branch sister to Diaporthaceae. Lamproconiaceae (clade 23) forms a sister clade to Cytosporaceae (clade 24) which includes only three genera with sequence data. Tirisporellaceae (clade 25) comprises three genera and placed here based on phylogeny and morphology. Sydowiellaceae (clade 26) forms a sister clade to Asterosporiaceae. Asterosporiaceae (clade 27) forms a well-supported clade for Asterosporium. Taxonomy Diaporthomycetidae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 72: 208 (2015) Description: See Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) Type order: Diaporthales Nannf. Notes: Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) introduced the subclass Diaporthomycetidae with ten orders and 26 families. However, Hongsanan et al. (2017) accepted ten orders within this subclass as Amplistromatales, Annulatascales, Calosphaeriales, Diaporthales, Magnaporthales, Myrmecridiales, Ophiostomatales, Phomatosporales, Tirisporellales and Togniniales. There are 35 families assigned to the Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 245 123 246 Fig. 1 continued 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 247 Fig. 1 continued 123 248 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 1 continued orders. Distoseptisporaceae, Papulosaceae, Sporidesmiaceae, Thyridiaceae and Trichosphaeriaceae were recognized as Diaporthomycetidae family incertae sedis. Hence Diaporthomycetidae currently comprises 40 families (Hongsanan et al. 2017; Senanayake et al. 2017b, Wijayawardene et al. 2017). Diaporthales Nannf., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. Upsal. 8: 53 (1932). Terrestrial or aquatic as saprobes or pathogens in plants, and animals, including humans or inhabiting soil. Sexual 123 morph: Pseudostromata or ascostromata well-developed, poorly developed or absent, scattered, immersed or erumpent, solitary to aggregated, valsoid to diatrypoid, broadly elliptical, oval to circular from above, yellowish orange, pale brown, dark brown to black, some species turning purple or umber in KOH. Entostroma normally limited to the region near the perithecial walls, prosenchymatous, pale-coloured, and slightly differentiated from the surrounding bark tissue. Ectostromatic disc well- or poorly developed, subhyaline, yellowish white, pale brown, rarely Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 dark brown to black, pulvinate, flat or slightly convex, orbicular, circular or somewhat irregular, with or without black zone or a crust consisting of fungus tissue, sclerotioid, coriaceous. Central column present or absent, if present beneath the disc more or less conical, comprising hyaline or pigmented hyphae mixed with a pigmented, cream, yellow, olive, brownish or grey, powdery amorphous substance. Ascomata perithecial, scattered, solitary or aggregated, immersed to erumpent, rarely superficial, globose to subglobose, sometimes circinate, arranged in a valsoid to diatrypoid configuration or single, coriaceous, sometimes with plate-like ornamentation around ostiole, black to brown, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla lacking or upright, long or short, one or more, central or eccentric, slanted to horizontal on host tissue, sometimes converging, with neck swollen at the tips, fuscous black to umber, ostiole with hyaline periphyses. Peridium thin or thick, comprising outer, dark, thick-walled, cells of textura angularis and inner, mostly small, hyaline, thin-walled, flattened cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium aparaphysate or comprising few broad cellular, filiform to cylindrical, septate to aseptate, branched to unbranched, hyaline paraphyses and sometimes parenchymatous cells attached at the base and asci dissolving at maturity. Asci 2–32-spored, unitunicate, ellipsoid, cylindrical, fusiform, clavate, oblong-clavate, broadly fusoid to cylindrical-fusoid, short pedicellate, apex blunt, usually with distinct, Jrefractive ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate, biseriate, partially biseriate to fasciculately arranged, ovoid, ellipsoid, oblong, fusoid, cylindrical, filamentous or allantoid, aseptate to multi-septate, rarely distoseptate, constricted or not at the septa, hyaline, olivaceous to brown, smooth to sometimes ornamented walled, ends mostly rounded, rarely pointed, multi-guttulate, straight or curved, smooth- to sometimes ornamented walled to rarely ornamented, hyaline to dark brown. Appendages absent or present; if present, apical or basal, subulate, navicular or whip-shaped, smooth, hyaline. Asexual morph: generally coelomycetous, rarely hyphomycetous. Stroma present or absent, immersed to superficial, opening by irregular rupture, globose, subglobose to irregular, solitary to gregarious, orange, brown to dark brown, sometimes loculate. Conidiomata amphigenous, eustromatic, punctiform, pycnidial, synnematal or acervular, sometimes pyriform in section and divided into compartments by bending of peridium, subcuticular, peridermal or subepidermal, brown to black or orange with dark brown border, sometimes with a central, well-developed, pale brown, pseudoparenchymatous layer, becoming thinner or absent at the margin of the conidiomata, sometimes with pale coloured, ectostromatic disc and central column or with radiate scutella. Synnemata long, determinate, erumpent, pale brown, straight to curved, parallel. Scutella convex, membranous, 249 brown, somewhat translucent, with a central hyaline or pale disc, giving rise to radiating hyphae, thick-walled cells radiating from a central point, rounded to pointed at the tips. Peridium comprising pale to dark brown cells of textura angularis to textura globulosa. Paraphyses present or absent. If present, hyaline, cellular, subcylindrical, branched or not, with obtuse apex, septate, constricted at septa. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or arising from the upper most cells of basal and parietal tissue or under the developing scutellum, densely aggregated or few, filiform, fusiform, cylindrical to globose, simple or branched, septate or aseptate, sometimes septate only at the base, smooth, hyaline or hyaline at the top, pale brown at the base, sometimes dimorphic. Alpha conidiophores tightly aggregated, subcylindrical, branched in mid region, consisting of few supporting cells, giving rise to septate, ampulliform, cylindrical to irregular conidiogenous cells or paraphyses, straight to sinuous, septate, cylindrical, hyaline to pale brown, branched only at the base, smooth, formed from the innermost layer cells of the conidiomatal wall, sometimes with terminal and lateral apex, with minute periclinal thickening and collarette. Beta conidiophores interspersed among alpha conidiophores, hyaline, subcylindrical, branched, septate. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity of conidioma, enteroblastic to holoblastic, annellidic or phialidic, discrete or integrated, hyaline to olivaceous, smooth, lageniform, subcylindrical to ampulliform, with terminal truncate locus, simple or branched, proliferating several times percurrently near apex, with flaring collarettes or apex truncate, with minute periclinal thickening or terminal truncate locus. Conidia broadly ellipsoid, oval, obovoid, allantoid, fusoid to sigmoid, sinuate to slightly angular, hyaline to brown, hyaline when immature, becoming medium brown to dark brown at maturity, smooth-walled, guttulate, aseptate to euseptate or distoseptate, apex obtuse, base truncate with a visible scar or a flat protruding scar at the base, sometimes the apical and basal cell darker than other cells or with hyaline tip in apical cell, sometimes with or without a longitudinal germ slit, sometimes with marginal frill or becoming golden brown at germination, with solitary, brown, wavy germ tubes (emended from Senanayake et al. 2017b). Notes: The order Diaporthales was introduced to accommodate ‘‘true’’ diaportheen taxa and Eriksson and Winka (1997) accommodated Diaporthales in Sordariomycetidae. After several subsequent studies, Senanayake et al. (2017b) revised Diaporthales based on combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a gene sequences and revealed several new distinct clades later introduced as novel families. Hence there are 21 families accepted in Diaporthales as Apiosporopsidaceae, Apoharknessiaceae, Asterosporiaceae, Auratiopycnidiellaceae, Coryneaceae, Cryphonectriaceae, Cytosporaceae, Diaporthaceae, 123 250 Erythrogloeaceae, Gnomoniaceae, Harknessiaceae, Juglanconidaceae, Lamproconiaceae, Macrohilaceae, Melanconidaceae, Melanconiellaceae, Prosopidicolaceae, Pseudoplagiostomaceae, Schizoparmaceae, Stilbosporaceae, and Sydowiellaceae. However there are five novel families introduced to this order as Diaporthosporellaceae (Yang et al. 2017), Diaporthostomataceae, Pseudomelanconidaceae, and Synnemasporellaceae (Fan et al. 2018) and Tubakiaceae (Braun et al. 2018). Here we additionally accept Tirisporellaceae as a family in Diaporthales based on phylogeny. Hence currently this order comprises 27 families. Apiosporopsidaceae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b). History Sphaerognomonia was introduced and typified by S. carpinea as a genus of the Gnomoniaceae to accommodate non-stromatic, gnomoniella-like fungi with a clypeus above the ostiole and thin-walled, one-celled ascospores (Potebnia 1910). Miller and Thompson (1940) observed freshly collected specimens of S. carpinea on Carpinus leaves and recognized several distinct characters of Sphaerognomonia. S. carpinea differs from many typical members of the Gnomoniaceae in having the asci initially forming a hymenium-like fascicle within apapillate ascomata, bilobed apical ring and the presence of residual stromatic tissue within the locule. Those observations match with the descriptions and illustrations of Potebnia (1910) and Klebahn (1918). Additionally, Sphaerognomonia haraeana Tak. Kobay (Kobayashi 1970) and S. papillostoma (Dearn. & House) Barr (Barr 1978) were introduced to the genus, and Barr (1978) synonymized Sphaerognomonia haraeana to Gnomoniella haraeana. Reid and Dowsett (1990) accepted Sphaerognomonia carpinea as a distinct member of Diaporthales without assigning its taxonomic affinity. Traverso (1906) erected Apiosporopsis as a subgenus of Guignardia to accommodate G. carpinea (Fr.) Schrot. and G. veneta (Sacc. & Speg.). R.P. Korf (unpublished data) noted that Apiosporopsis should be a distinct genus with A. carpinea as the type species. Mariani (1911) raised Apiosporopsis to the generic level typified by A. carpinea and introduced the second species A. saccardoana Mariani. Reid and Dowsett (1990) accepted Apiosporopsis as the appropriate name for Sphaerognomonia and excluded Apiosporopsis veneta and A. papillostoma from this genus. The genus currently comprises three species Apiosporopsis carpinea, A. coronillae Gonz. Frag. and A. saccardoana (Index Fungorum 2018). Senanayake et al. (2017b) 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 introduced Apiosporopsidaceae to accommodate Apiosporopsis species based on phylogeny and morphology. Life mode Apiosporopsis species are generally associated with overwintered plant parts. Mostly they are epifoliar on Acer, Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Castanea, Corylus, and Ostrya (Barr 1978; Reid and Dowsett 1990). Some collections are reported on living leaves. Hence Apiosporopsis species are suspected as saprobes or mild pathogens. Morphological characteristics Apiosporopsidaceae is distinguished from other families of Diaporthales having well or poorly-developed clypeus over the perithecial apex, ostiole without neck, presence of residual stromatic tissue at the base of ascomata, asci with a hymenium-like fascicle and thin-walled, one-celled ascospores. Potebnia (1910) showed this as a pseudothecial fungus, although this it is not proven by later authors. Potebnia (1910) illustrated the asexual morph of Apiosporopsis carpinea which was derived from pure culture. Phylogenetic identification Zhang and Blackwell (2001) and Zhang (2002) showed that Apiosporopsis carpinea is phylogenetically distinct from Gnomoniaceae and it claded basally to Melanconidaceae. Sequences of this species (CBS 617.72 and CBS 738.6) placed the genus in the Diaporthales, but not in the Gnomoniaceae or Melanconidaceae (Sogonov et al. 2008). Senanayake et al. (2017b) recognized the distinctness of Apiosporopsis species from other families of Diaporthales based on combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence data and introduced Apiosporopsidaceae to accommodate those species. Taxonomy Apiosporopsidaceae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017a). Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b). Type genus: Apiosporopsis (Traverso) Mariani Apiosporopsis (Traverso) Mariani, Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat. 50: 165 (1911) Facesoffungi number FoF 04384 Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b). Type species: Apiosporopsis carpinea (Fr.) Mariani Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 251 Fig. 2 Apiosporopsis carpinea (IMI 11662; redrawn from Potebnia 1910). a Ascomata on substrate. b Vertical section of ascomata. c–d Asci. e– g Ascospores. h Cross section of conidioma. i –j Conidia. Scale bars: a = 500 lm, b = 50 lm, c–g = 10 lm, h = 20 lm, i–j = 5 lm Apiosporopsis carpinea (Fr.) Mariani, Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat. (Modena) 50: 165. 1911. Fig. 2. Basionym: Xyloma carpini Fr., Observ. mycol. (Havniae) 2: 363. 1818. Synonymy: See Index Fungorum (2018) Facesoffungi number FoF 03456 Saprobic on over-wintered plants. Sexual morph: Clypeus 70–140 lm wide, 50–70 lm high, slight, prosenchymatous. Ascomata 112–250 lm diam., 140–170 lm high, globose or depressed, immersed, usually hypophyllous, apapillate, apex rounded with plane pore or short papillate or conic. Peridium 10–20 lm wide, comprising thickwalled, brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 40–75 9 8– 14 lm ( x = 55 9 10 lm, n = 15), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, sessile, apical ring bilobed, distinct, shallow. Ascospores 10–15 9 3.5–6.5 lm ( x = 11 9 5 lm, n = 15), overlapping uniseriate, ellipsoid, ovoid or fusoid, straight or often inequilateral, guttulate, hyaline, aseptate. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular, superficial, black, coriaceous. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 5–10 lm long, conical, wide, aseptate, hyaline. Conidia 12–15 9 8–9 lm, oblong to ellipsoid, hyaline, aseptate, with two small guttules (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017b). Material examined: AUSTRIA, Sonntagberg, New Rosenau, July, on leaves of Carpinus betulus L. (Betulaceae), P.P. Strasser, IMI 11662. Notes: Apiosporopsis was introduced based on Apiosporopsis carpinea (= Xyloma carpini Fr.), however Mariani (1911) designated A. saccardiana as the type species. We confirm Apiosporopsis carpinea as the type species, considering the availability of molecular data and good morphological descriptions. Apiosporopsis carpinea was recorded only on over-wintered living leaves. Gloeosporium robergei was reported as the asexual morph of A. carpinea (Potebnia 1910; Treigien and Markovskaja 2007), but there is no molecular data to prove this. Gloeosporium robergei was reported as the causal agent of bud mortality and twig cankers on Ostrya virginiana (Sinclair and Hudler 1980). Apoharknessiaceae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017a). History Apoharknessiaceae was introduced by Senanayake et al. (2017b) to accommodate Apoharknessia and Lasmenia based on combined nrLSU, nrITS, RPB2 and TEF1-a gene analysis. Life mode Apoharknessia forms leaf spot on Eucalyptus species and some are reported from leaf litter (Lee et al. 2004). Lasmenia species cause rachis necrosis, flower abortion and necrotic spots on leaves of Nephelium lappaceum. Lasmenia was introduced and typified by Lasmenia balansae, 123 252 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 3 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a combined nrITS and nrLSU, sequence alignment for taxa of Apoharknessiaceae. Genera are indicated in coloured blocks. Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site and several Lasmenia species associated with tropical fruits as pathogens have been isolated (Serrato-Diaz et al. 2011). Morphological characteristics Species of Apoharknessiaceae are distinct from other families of Diaporthales in having eustromatic to stromatic pycnidial conidiomata, blastic or phialidic conidiogenesis and ellipsoid to conical conidia with a longitudinal band on the flat surface or small globule of mucus at the base. Phylogenetic identification A combined gene analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), Large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU), TUB and CAL sequence in Lee et al. (2004) showed that Apoharknessia is distinct from Harknessia. Crous et al. (2012b) accommodated this genus in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis based on molecular analysis. Additionally, Lasmenia was assigned to Diaporthales genera incertae sedis by several authors (Wijayawardene et al. 2016). DNA-based studies report a close affinity of Lasmenia to Cryphonectriaceae (Serrato-Diaz et al. 2011). However, Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016) accommodated Apoharknessia within Pseudovalsaceae and Lasmenia within Cryphonectriaceae. Combined gene analysis by Senanayake et al. (2017b) was used to introduce Apoharknessiaceae to accommodate Apoharknessia and Lasmenia based on its morphological and phylogenetic distinctness (Fig. 3). 123 Taxonomy Apoharknessiaceae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017a). Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b). Type genus: Apoharknessia Crous & S.J. Lee. Notes: Phylogenetic analysis in Senanayake et al. (2017b) indicated that Apoharknessia and Lasmenia clearly belong to the Diaporthales in a well-supported clade introduced as Apoharknessiaceae. However, the sequences of Lasmenia which were included in that study are not of a known species, so this association must be tentative pending molecular data of more species from the genus. Apoharknessia Crous & S.J. Lee, Stud. Mycol. 50(1): 239 (2004) Facesoffungi number: FoF 03457 Description: See Wijayawardene et al. (2016). Type species: Apoharknessia insueta (B. Sutton) Crous & S.J. Lee. Apoharknessia insueta (B. Sutton) Crous & S.J. Lee, Stud. Mycol. 50: 240. (2004). Fig. 4. Facesoffungi number FoF03458. Foliicolous forming bleached spots or saprobic on various substrates. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic, subepidermal to immersed, solitary to gregarious, subglobose to irregular, unilocular, pale brown. Conidiomata wall outer layer composed of thin-walled, pale brown cells of textura angularis, inner layer pale yellow to hyaline. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 253 Fig. 4 Apoharknessia insueta (redrawn from Lee et al. 2004). a Cross section of conidiomata. b Peridium. c–d Conidiogenous cells attached to conidia. e Conidia. Scale bars: a = 50 lm, b–e = 10 lm cells 5–15 9 4–6 lm ( x = 9 9 4.8 lm), lageniform to ampulliform, hyaline, smooth, invested in mucus. Conidia 10–12 9 7.5–9 lm ( x = 10.5 9 8 lm), conical, aseptate, brown, with a longitudinal band on the flat surface, thick and smooth-walled, guttulate, with short hyaline apiculus, with small globule of mucus on base. Basal appendage 2 9 1–1.5 lm, often gelatinizing and resulting in a minute marginal frill on the truncate base of the conidia (description based on Nag Raj 1993). Notes: Apoharknessia was introduced and typified by Harknessia insueta and this genus currently comprises two species. Morphologically and phylogenetically Harknessia shows close affinity to Lasmenia (Senanayake et al. 2017b). Other genera included in Apoharknessiaceae Lasmenia Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 22(4): 199 (1886) Facesoffungi number FoF 04116 Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates on a range of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular or stromatic, solitary to gregarious, or occasionally coalescing, initially immersed, erumpent at maturity, unilocular or irregularly multilocular, glabrous. Conidiomata wall composed of thin-walled, brown cells of textura angularis, and periphery walls are composed of dark brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores cylindrical, simple or rarely branched, septate, hyaline, or reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, phialidic, cylindrical, determinate, integrated or discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia ellipsoid or ovoid, truncate and protuberant at the base, apex obtuse, pale brown, aseptate, with a central guttule, thick and smooth-walled (Nag Raj and DiCosmo 1981). Type species: Lasmenia balansae Speg. Lasmenia balansae Speg. [as ‘balanse’], Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 22(2): 152 (1886). Fig. 5. Facesoffungi number FoF 04117 Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates on a range of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 290 9 255 lm, acervular or stromatic, solitary to gregarious, or occasionally coalescing, initially immersed, erumpent at maturity, unilocular or irregularly multilocular, glabrous. Conidiomata wall 17 lm wide, composed of thin-walled, brown cells of textura angularis and periphery walls are composed of dark brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores 6–9 9 5– 7 lm ( x = 8 9 6 lm, n = 10), cylindrical, simple or rarely branched, septate, hyaline, or reduced to conidiogenous 123 254 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 5 Lasmenia balansae (F59115). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Conidiomata on substrate. d Vertical cross section of conidiomata. e–f Conidia and conidiogenous cells. g–h Conidia. Scale bars: d = 100 lm, e–h = 10 lm cells. Conidiogenous cells 7–8.5 9 2–4 lm ( x = 8 9 2.5 lm, n = 10), holoblastic, phialidic, cylindrical, determinate, integrated or discrete, hyaline, smooth. Conidia 16 9 10 lm, ellipsoid or ovoid, truncate and protuberant at the base, apex obtuse, pale brown, aseptate, 123 with a central guttule, thick and smooth-walled (description base on Wijayawardene et al. 2016). Material examined: PARAGUAY, Cerra-Hú, près de Paraguari, B. Balansa, November 1882, F59115, holotype. Notes: Lasmenia was introduced without designating any type species and L. balansae was selected as the Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 lectotype species (Von Höhnel 1910). There are 12 species recorded under Lasmenia in Index Fungorum (2018). A few species have been transferred to Lasmeniella, but some species remain doubtful. Several Lasmenia species associated with tropical fruits as pathogens have been isolated. Subsequent molecular analyses placed Lasmenia within Diaporthales genera incertae sedis (Wijayawardene et al. 2016; Crous et al. 2017; Senanayake et al. 2017b). Asterosporiaceae Senan. Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017a). History The monogeneric family Asterosporiaceae was introduced by Senanayake et al. (2017b) based on sequence data of Asterosporium hoffmannii. Asterosporium was earlier accommodated in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. Life mode Asterosporium species are endophytes and saprobes on Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Juglandaceae and Sapindaceae (Wijayawardene et al. 2016). Asterosporium have mainly been recorded from twigs of Alnus and Betula as endophytes (Tanaka et al. 2010). 255 Morphological characteristics Morphologically, Asterosporiaceae species are distinct from other families of Diaporthales in having star-like, brown conidia and acervular, subepidermal, erumpent, solitary or occasionally confluent conidiomata. Phylogenetic identification Asterosporium species were previously assigned to Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis based on molecular phylogeny (Tanaka et al. 2010). However, a combined nrITS and nrLSU sequence analyses in Wijayawardene et al. (2016) showed that Asterosporium species are related to Diaporthales and placed them in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. Senanayake et al. (2017b) introduced Asterosporiaceae to accommodate Asterosporium species in Diaporthales. Taxonomy Asterosporiaceae Senan. Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017a). Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b). Type genus: Asterosporium Kunze. Notes: Senanayake et al. (2017b) introduced Asterosporiaceae to accommodate Asterosporium species Fig. 6 Asterosporium asterospermum (MFLU 15–3555). a, b Conidiomata on host substrate. c Vertical section of conidiomata. d Conidiogeneous cells. e Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b = 500 lm, c = 50 lm, d = 20 lm, e = 30 lm 123 256 which are morphologically distinct from other families in Diaporthales which having transversely distoseptate, starlike conidia with arms. Asterosporium Kunze, Flora, Regensburg 1: 225 (1819) Facesoffungi number FoF 01430 Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b). Type species: Asterosporium hoffmannii Kunze. Asterosporium asterospermum (Pers.) Hughes, Canad. J. Bot. 36: 738. (1958). Fig. 6. Basionym: Stilbospora asterosperma Pers. [as ‘asterospora’], Syn. meth. fung. (Göttingen) 1: 96. 1801. Facesoffungi number FoF 04118 Saprobic on twigs and branches of Fagus sylvatica L. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 2–2.5 mm high, 0.8–1 mm diam. ( x = 2.1 9 0.86 mm, n = 15), acervular, subepidermal, erumpent at maturity, solitary, or occasionally confluent, unilocular, dark brown to black. Conidiomata wall 25– 30 lm ( x = 29, n = 20), composed of thin-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores 30–35 lm high, 5–8 lm wide ( x = 29 9 7 lm, n = 20), cylindrical, branched at the base, septate, hyaline to pale brown. Conidiogenous cells 70–100 94–7 lm ( x = 80 9 5 lm, n = 20), holoblastic, cylindrical, unbranched, integrated, determinate, hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled. Conidia 65– 75 9 90–115 lm ( x = 68 9 100 lm, n = 20), terminal, transversely distoseptate, consisting of four arms, with reduced lumina, brown, smooth-walled (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017b). Material examined: ITALY, Forlı̀-Cesena Province, Santa Sofia, near Passo la Calla, on dead branch of Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae), 29 September 2012, E. Camporesi, MFLU 15–3555. Notes: Asterosporium currently comprises five species as A. acerinum Wijayaw., Camporesi, McKenzie, K. Tanaka & K.D. Hyde, A. asterospermum (Pers.) S. Hughes, A. attenuatum Murvan. & Dekan., A. hoffmannii Kunze, and A. strobilorum Roum. & Fautrey (Index Fungorum Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 2018). The sexual morph of Asterosporium is undetermined (Tanaka et al. 2010). Auratiopycnidiellaceae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017a). History Auratiopycnidiellaceae is a monotypic family, typified by Auratiopycnidiella tristaniopsis Crous & Summerell (Crous et al. 2012a). Auratiopycnidiella is distinct from other genera of Diaporthales having subepidermal, pycnidial, orange conidiomata with dark brown margin, holoblastic conidiogenous cells, ellipsoid, and uni-septate conidia with a thickened hilum or minute marginal frill. Conidia become brown at germination forming a thin, wavy germ tube, 90° to the long axis of the spore. Crous et al. (2012a) however did not confirm the taxonomic placement of Auratiopycnidiella and kept it as a Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. Hence Senanayake et al. (2017b) introduced Auratiopycnidiellaceae based on morphology and phylogeny. Life mode Auratiopycnidiella was proposed for a leaf spotting fungus occurring on Tristaniopsis laurina (Myrtaceae) in New South Wales, Australia (Crous et al. 2012a). Morphological characteristics Sexual morph of Auratiopycnidiella tristaniopsis is undetermined and only asexual morph was reported from Tristaniopsis laurina leaves as foliar spotting pathogen. Subepidermal, pycnidial conidiomata are scattered on upper surface of leaves appearing as orange spots with dark brown margin. Conidiogenous cells proliferate percurrently with or without a thickened scar and ellipsoid, hyaline, 1-septate conidia have a thickened hilum or minute Fig. 7 Aurantiopycnidiella tristaniopsis (redrawn from Crous et al. 2012a). a Close-up of orange pycnidia. b Conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidia. c Disarticulating conidial cells. d Conidia. Scale bars = 10 lm 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 marginal frill. Conidia become brown when germinating forming a wavy germ tube 90° to the long axis of the conidium (Crous et al. 2012a). Cultures growing at 25 °C in the dark produce flat, circular colonies with lobate, feathery margins after 4 weeks and colony colour may vary from dirty white to pale yellow on PDA, MEA and OA. Phylogenetic identification Molecular analysis of Crous et al. (2012a) showed the phylogenetic placement of Auratiopycnidiella tristaniopsis is sister to Greeneria and Melanconiella complex based on nrLSU sequence data and treated this genus as Diaporthales genera incertae sedis pending the availability of more molecular data. A megablast search of NCBI GenBank nucleotide database using the CAL, nrITS and TBU sequences retrieved sequence identities with Harknessiaceae and Cryphonectriaceae (Crous et al. 2012a). Senanayake et al. (2017b) introduced Auratiopycnidiellaceae to accommodate Auratiopycnidiella tristaniopsis considering its morphological and phylogenetic uniqueness. However, there is only one strain available for sequencing and it is necessary to obtain more collections to clarify generic and species diversity of this family. Taxonomy Auratiopycnidiellaceae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017a). Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b). Type genus: Auratiopycnidiella Crous & Summerell. Auratiopycnidiella Crous & Summerell [as ‘tristaniopsis’], in Crous, Summerell, Alfenas, Edwards, Pascoe, Porter & Groenewald, Persoonia 28: 69 (2012a). Facesoffungi number FoF 04385 Description: See Crous et al. (2012a). Type species: Auratiopycnidiella tristaniopsidis Crous & Summerell. Auratiopycnidiella tristaniopsidis Crous & Summerell [as ‘tristaniopsis’], Persoonia 28: 69. 2012a. Fig. 7. Facesoffungi number FoF 03461 Foliicolous. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata up to 200 lm diam., amphigenous, pycnidia, globose, orange on leaves with dark brown border, with irregular central opening. Peridium up to 25 lm thick, comprising 4–7 layers of pale brown cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses hyaline, cellular, subcylindrical, branched or not, with obtuse apex, 2–6-septate, constricted at septa Conidiophores 10–25 9 3–6 lm, reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, 257 lageniform to ampulliform, with terminal truncate locus, thick-walled, sometimes appearing to proliferate percurrently. Conidia 13–15 9 5–5.5 lm, ellipsoid, smooth, solitary, medially 1-septate, constricted at septum, obtuse at apex, truncate at base, sometimes thickened with marginal frill, hyaline becoming golden brown during germination with solitary, brown, wavy germ tubes 90° to the long axis of the spore (description based on Crous et al. 2012a). Notes: Monotypic genus Auratiopycnidiella was introduced and typified by Auratiopycnidiella tristaniopsis. Auratiopycnidiella tristaniopsis forms leaf spots on its host species. Morphologically this taxon shows some similarities to taxa of the Cryphonectriaceae in having orange conidiomata. However, phylogenetically it is distinct from Cryphonectriaceae. Coryneaceae Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 3: 36. 1839. = Pseudovalsaceae M.E. Barr, Mycol. Mem. 7: 151. 1978. History Coryneaceae was introduced by Corda (1839) to accommodate Coryneum which was typified by C. umbonatum Nees. Corda (1839) included Coryneum disciforme as the second species. However, there are now 212 species in Mycobank (2018). Barr (1978) introduced Pseudovalsaceae to accommodate Pseudovalsa, typified by P. lanciformis. Barr (1978) also mentioned Coryneum as the asexual morph of Pseudovalsa. However, Rossman et al. (2015) synonymized Pseudovalsa under Coryneum assuming that they are congeneric. So Senanayake et al. (2017b) listed Pseudovalsaceae under Coryneaceae giving priority to the older name. Fig. 8 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a combined nrITS and nrLSU sequence alignment for taxa of Coryneaceae which is indicated in green block. Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site 123 258 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 9 Coryneum umbonatum (BPI 871006A and IMI 362542). a Herbarium packet. b Herbarium specimen. c Stromata on substrate. d Transverse section of stroma. e–g Asci. h Peridium. i–j Ascospores. k Packet of the herbarium and specimen. l Herbarium specimen. m Conidiomata on substrate. n Cross section of conidiomata. o Conidia attached to conidiophore. p, q Conidia. Scale bars: c = 1 mm, d = 100 lm, e–h = 20 lm, i–j = 10 lm, m = 500 lm, e = 100 lm, o–q = 10 lm Life mode Morphological characteristics Coryneum is a commonly reported plant pathogen (Rossman et al. 2015). Some species are saprobes on leaf and stem litter. Coryneum-blight is a serious fungal disease that forms holes in leaves, rough areas on fruits and concentric lesions on branches. Asexual morph of Coryneum is very common in nature and sometimes the sexual morph is closely associated with it (Senanayake et al. 2017b). Coryneaceae is characterized by having perithecial ascomata arranged in valsoid configuration, hyaline or brown, irregularly fasciculate, ellipsoid, fusoid or elongate, multiseptate ascospores which are often distoseptate. Asexual morph comprises hyaline to dark brown, curved, broadly fusiform to cylindrical or clavate conidia with 4–6distosepta. 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Phylogenetic identification Most members accommodated in Coryneaceae by Barr (1978) were excluded from Coryneaceae by Castlebury et al. (2002) based on molecular data and placed in other families in Diaporthales. Sequences of Coryneum (= Pseudovalsa) obtained by De Silva et al. (2009) showed the distinct lineage of Coryneum species as a family. Subsequent studies have confirmed the distinctness of Coryneaceae as a family (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015, 2016) and Senanayake et al. (2017b) illustrated Coryneum arausiacum (as C. arausiaca) providing sequence data (Fig. 8). Taxonomy Coryneaceae Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 3: 36. 1839. = Pseudovalsaceae M.E. Barr, Mycol. Mem. 7: 151. 1978. Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b). Coryneum Nees, Das System der Pilze and Schwamme 34 (1817). = Coryneum Nees ex Schw., Schr. d. Naturf. - Ges. Leipzig 1: 76 (1822). = Pseudovalsa Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(fasc. 4): 206 (1863). Facesoffungi number FoF 01464 Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b). Coryneum umbonatum Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 34 (1816). Fig. 9. = Pseudovalsa lanciformis (Fr.) Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 206 (1863) = Pseudovalsa longipes (Tul.) Sacc., Michelia 1(no. 5): 463 (1879) Facesoffungi number FoF 04119 Saprobic on twigs and stems of overwintered plants. Sexual morph: Stromata solitary, erumpent, comprising pseudoparenchymatous cells. Ectostromatic disc well or poorly developed, brown to black, comprising small cells of textura prismatica. Ascomata 510–525 9 285–300 lm ( x = 520 9 290 lm, n = 20), perithecial, immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, brown to black, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla 250 9 150 lm, upright, central, broad, sometimes converging. Peridium 10–15 lm ( x = 12 lm, n = 20), comprising outer, thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis and inner, thick-walled, hyaline, compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising broad, cellular, septate paraphyses. Asci 80–95 9 16–18 lm, ( x = 92 9 17 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, ellipsoid to cylindrical, thin-walled, stalk pedicellate, apex rounded, with J- apical ring. Ascospores 259 20–30 9 8–15 lm, ( x = 25 9 10 lm, n = 20), overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, hyaline or initially hyaline, brown at maturity, ellipsoid, fusoid or elongate, one to several septate, often distoseptate, end cells pale brown or hyaline, straight or curved. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 450 9 700 lm, acervular, solitary, erumpent through the outer periderm layers of host scattered, surface tissues above slightly domed. Stromatic pseudoparenchyma layer 30–35 lm, ( x = 34 lm, n = 20), composed of thin-walled, vertically arranged, dark brown cells of textura epidermis. Conidiophores 20–30 9 3–6 lm ( x = 23 9 3.2 lm, n = 20), branched at the base, cylindrical, septate, hyaline at the top, pale brown at the base. Conidiogenous cells 40 9 3.6 lm, formed from the apical cell of the conidiophore, annellidic, cylindrical, hyaline. Conidia 35–45 9 8– 10 lm ( x = 40 9 9 lm, n = 25), curved, broadly fusiform to fusiform-cylindrical or clavate (rather variable in form), dark brown, smooth-walled, distoseptate with 4–6 septa, the apical and basal cell darker than other cells, apical cell with a hyaline tip. Material examined: USA, Maryland, Beltsville, Narragansett Pkwy, on stem of Betula sp., 07 June 2002, Vasilyeva, Larissa BPI 871006A (sexual morph); UK, Devon, Slapton, near Kingsbridge, Slapton, Ley National Nature Reserve, site J1, on twigs of Quercus petraea, 11 May 1994, B. C. Sutton, IMI 362542 (asexual morph). Notes: Coryneum comprises mostly pathogenic and fewer saprobic species. Pathogenic species form cankers, dieback in shoots and twigs. Asexual morph of Coryneum is common in nature and is mostly found as a pathogen. Cryphonectriaceae Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 98: 246. 2006a. History Castlebury et al. (2002) recognized the phylogenetic distinctiveness of Cryphonectria-Endothia complex and Gryzenhout et al. (2006a) formally introduced Cryphonectriaceae.These fungi form orange stromatic tissue at any stage of their life cycle and turn purple and yellow in KOH and lactic acid respectively. Initially, Amphilogia, Endothia, Endothiella, Chrysoporthe, Cryphonectria, Cryptodiaporthe and Rostraureum were accommodated in this family. Later many taxa have been addedto this family, which currently comprises 23 genera (Senanayake et al. 2017b). Life mode Cryphonectriaceae mostly comprises serious pathogens that cause disease on forest trees and economically important plants. Most all members in Cryphonectriaceae 123 260 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 10 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence alignment for taxa of Cryphonectriaceae. Genera are indicated in coloured block. Bootstrap values of RAxML analysis are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site produce many conidia and these are mainly spread by animals and rain (Senanayake et al. 2017b). Members in Cryphonectriaceae form cankers, and rarely leaf spots on various host plants. A few species are saprobic or endophytic. 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 261 Fig. 11 Amphilogia gyrosa (K (M) 109807). A, b Herbarium specimens. c Ascostromata on substrate. d Vertical section of ascomata. e Peridium. f-h Asci. i–n Ascospores. Scale Bars: d = 100 lm, e = 25 lm, f–h = 10 lm, i–n = 5 lm Morphological characteristics This family is characterized by having erumpent, semiimmersed to superficial, ascostromata orange in colour and turning to purple and yellow in 3% KOH and lactic acid, respectively, fuscous black to umber perithecia and ellipsoid, fusoid to cylindrical ascospores. The asexual morph is common in most genera and they produce eustromatic, semi-immersed to superficial, pyriform to pulvinate, 123 262 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 12 Amphilogia gyrosa (asexual morph; redrawn from Gryzenhout et al. 2005a). a Conidiomata on bark. b Vertical section of stroma. c Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 100 lm, c = 10 lm orange to fuscous black, conidiomata and ovoid to cylindrical, aseptate, hyaline conidia. Phylogenetic identification Castlebury et al. (2002) proposed the distinctiveness of this family based on nrLSU data and Gryzenhout et al. (2006a) analysized nrLSU sequence data to show the placement of this family with in Diaporthales and a combined gene analysis of nrITS, TUB1 and TUB2 to demarcate generic boundaries of this family (Fig. 10). Taxonomy Cryphonectriaceae Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 98: 246. 2006a. Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b). Type genus: Cryphonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc. Notes: Cryphonectriaceae is mostly a pathogenic family comprising some of the world’s most important tree pathogens (Vermeulen et al. 2011). Cryphonectriaceous species are mostly phytopathogens and rarely saprobes and endophytes. They cause cankers, blights and dieback of economically important plants and forest trees. Cryphonectriaceae was established by Gryzenhout et al. (2006a) to accommodate the Cryphonectria-Endothia complex and other allied genera following analysis of nrLSU sequence data of fungal taxa in Diaporthales. Senanayake et al. (2017b) accepted 23 genera under this family. Cryphonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 17: 783 (1905) Facesoffungi number FoF 02105 Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b). 123 Type species: Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M.E. Barr Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M.E. Barr, Mycol. Mem. 7: 143. 1978. Facesoffungi number FoF 03463 Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b). Pathogenic on branches of Castanea dentata. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 0.5–1 mm diam. ( x = 0.8 mm, n = 20), comprising erumpent to superficial, orange epistromatic portion and immersed, hyaline, parenchymatous portion. Ascomata 650–715 lm high, 210–220 lm diam. ( x = 685 9 216 lm, n = 20), perithecial, immersed, globose to subglobose, with black to brown ostiole, ostiolar canal slender, covered with orange to fuscous-black stromatic tissue. Hamathecium aparaphysate, comprising parenchymatous tissues. Asci 20–35 9 5–8 lm ( x = 28 9 6.4 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform to cylindrical base with small pedicel, apex oblong. Ascospores 5–6 9 2–2.5 lm ( x = 5.5 9 2.2 lm, n = 20), overlapping uni- or biseriate, hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform, 1-septate. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 250–300 lm high, 180–200 lm diam. ( x = 280 9 185 lm, n = 20), eustromatic, erumpent, pyriform to pulvinate, orange to fuscous black, occurring in the same stroma as perithecia. Conidiophores 3–4 9 1–1.5 lm ( x = 3.4 9 1.1 lm, n = 20), cylindrical, unbranched, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells 2.5–5 9 0.5–1 lm ( x = 3.3 9 0.8 lm, n = 20), phialidic, simple or branched. Conidia 1.8–2.5 9 0.5– 1 lm ( x = 2.1 9 0.9 lm, n = 20), hyaline, minute, allantoid to cylindrical, aseptate (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017b). Notes: Cryphonectria is typified by C. parasitica the causal agent of chestnut blight (Anagnostakis 1987; Heiniger and Rigling 1994). This genus consists of 17 species (Index Fungorum 2018). Cryphonectria and Endothia are Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 congeneric (Kobayashi 1970) and Castlebury et al. (2002) suggested that Endothia is suggested being the asexual morph of Cryphonectria. Cryphonectria parasitica, C. cubensis (Bruner) Hodges and C. eucalypti M. Venter & M.J. Wingf. are serious canker pathogens while other species are mostly saprobes (Roane et al. 1986). Other genera listed in Cryphonectriaceae Amphilogia Gryzenh.et al., Taxon 54(4): 1017 (2005a) Facesoffungi number FoF 04120 Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata orange, erumpent, slightly immersed to superficial, stromatic tissue well-developed, pulvinate with papillate to long orange perithecial necks, perithecia diatrypoid. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusoid. Ascospores hyaline, fusoid to ellipsoid, containing one to three irregularly spaced septa. Asexual morph: Conidiomata orange, separate or on top of the ascostromata, also evident occasionally as locules inside ascostroma, superficial, conical to pyriform to fluted, unilocular. Conidiophores hyaline with phialidic, irregular branching, determinate conidiogenous cells that occur apically or laterally on branches beneath a septum. Conidia hyaline, non-septate, oblong to slightly curved, of variable size. Type species: Amphilogia gyrosa (Berk. & Broome) Gryzenh. et al. Amphilogia gyrosa (Berk. & Broome) Gryzenh. et al., in Gryzenhout et al., Taxon 54(4): 1017 (2005a). Figs. 11, 12. Facesoffungi number FoF 04121 Saprobic on woody barks of Elaeocarpus glandulifer Mast. Sexual morph: Stromata 660–950 lm diam., often occurring in cracks, often confluent, pulvinate, erumpent, slightly immersed to superficial, orange, well-developed stromatic tissue, prosenchymatous at the center, pseudoparenchyma at the edges, orange, up to 22 perithecia in a stroma. Perithecia 460–500 lm high, 340–400 lm diam., surrounded with fungal tissue or with bases touching the host tissue, diatrypoid, globose to subglobose. Peridium 17–21 lm thick, black. Perithecial necks 440 lm long, 100–200 lm wide, periphysate, black, slender, breaking through the stromatal surface as papillae or long cylindrical beaks covered with orange tissue. Asci 46–52 9 7–8 lm, fusoid, floating freely in the perithecial cavity, stipitate only when immature, unitunicate with non-amyloid, refractive apical ring, 8-spored, biseriate. Ascospores 9–12 9 4–5 lm, oval, hyaline, containing one or two irregularly spaced septa. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 400–890 lm high, 100–370 lm diam., separate or above the ascostromata, also appearing as locules inside ascostromata, individual conidiomata unilocular, orange, superficial, conical to pyriform to fluted, conidiomatal tissue pseudoparenchymatous. Conidiophores 13–19 lm 263 long, branched irregularly, cells delimited by septa or not, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, determinate, branches arising beneath a septum, cylindrical to flask-shaped with attenuated apices, 1.5–2.5 lm wide, collarette and periclinal thickening inconspicuous. Conidia 3–12 9 1.5–3.5 lm, non-septate, oblong to slightly curved, hyaline (description based on Gryzenhout et al. 2005a). Material examined: SRI LANKA, on bark of Elaeocarpus glandulifer (Hook.) Mast. (Elaeocarpaceae), July 1868, Thwaites G.H.K. (638), K (M) 109807 holotype (K). Notes: Amphilogia was introduced by Gryzenhout et al. (2005) to accommodate a fungal strain named as ‘‘Cryphonectria gyrosa (CMW 10471/CRY 1551)’’ that occurs on Elaeocarpus glandulifer (Hook.) Mast. in Sri Lanka. Hence, Gryzenhout et al. (2005a) designated this specimen as the generic type material and it was renamed as Amphilogia gyrosa. This strain morphologically differs from other genera in Cryphonectriaceae in having superficial conical conidiomata, conidia of variable size and ascospores with one to three septa. Gryzenhout et al. (2005a) reported another strain (CMW 10469) from New Zealand which is morphologically and phylogenetically similar, but distinct from A. gyrosa and this second strain introduced as A. major Gryzenhout, Glen & M. J. Wingf. Aurantioporthe G. Beier & Blanchette, in Beier, Hokanson, Bates & Blanchette, Mycologia 107(1): 71 (2015) Facesoffungi number FoF 04123 Pathogenic on woody stems. Sexual morph: Ascogenous stromata immersed to semi-immersed, orange, upper region eustromatic to pseudostromatic, lower region pseudostromatic. Ascomata solitary or in groups of 2–4, valsoid to diatrypoid, surrounded by host tissue, globose to subglobose, fuscous black, mature ostiolar necks emerge at stromatal surface having black clypei. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform to ellipsoidal to clavate, J-, refractive ring. Ascospores hyaline, fusiform to ellipsoidal to pyriform, with a median to sub-median septum, occasionally with additional septa. Asexual morph: Conidiomata separate from ascogenous stromata, orange, immersed to semiimmersed, irregularly subsphaerical to flattened, unilocular, single ostiole, cells near ostiole pseudoparenchymatous. Conidiophores obclavate, narrowing to a point, branched, conidiogenous cells phialidic. Conidia minute, hyaline, fusiform to ellipsoidal, aseptate, exuded as orange droplets. Type species: Aurantioporthe corni (Wehm.) G. Beier & R.A. Blanchette Aurantioporthe corni (Wehm.) G. Beier & R.A. Blanchette, in Beier, Hokanson, Bates & Blanchette, Mycologia 107(1): 71 (2015). 123 264 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 13 Aurantiosacculus eucalypti [K (M) 195742]. a Packet of the herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Conidiomata on substrate. d Cross section of conidiomata. e Peridium. f Conidia attached to conidiogenesis cells and conidiophores. g Stromatic tissues became purple at KOH. h–k Conidia. Scale bars: d, g = 100 lm, e– f = 20 lm, h–k = 10 lm Facesoffungi number FoF 04124 Illustration: See Beier et al. (2015) Pathogenic on woody stems. Sexual morph: Ascogenous stromata immersed to semi-immersed, orange, upper region eustromatic to pseudostromatic, lower region pseudostromatic. Ascomata 130–290 9 200–350 lm ( x = 235 9 277 lm, n = 20), perithecia, solitary or in groups of 2–4, valsoid to diatrypoid, surrounded by host tissues, globose to subglobose. Neck 100–350 9 100– 200 lm at base ( x = 217 9 127 lm, n = 20), fuscous black, mature ostiolar necks emerge at stromatal surface having black clypei. Clypeus 95–240 lm wide ( x = 166 lm, n = 60). Asci 40–70 9 6–12 lm ( x = 54 9 8 lm, n = 60), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform to ellipsoidal to clavate, J-, refractive ring present. Ascospores 10–18 9 3–7 lm ( x = 13 9 4 lm, n = 50), 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 fusiform to ellipsoidal to pyriform, with a median to submedian, slightly constricted septum, occasionally with additional septa, hyaline. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 145–385 9 180–510 lm ( x = 241 9 282 lm, n = 50), separate from ascogenous stromata, orange, immersed to semi-immersed, irregularly subsphaerical to flattened, unilocular, single ostiole, cells near ostiole pseudoparenchymatous. Neck 60–185 9 80–265 lm at base ( x = 113 9 155 lm, n = 50), short, wide. Conidiophores 10–15 9 1.5–3 ( x = 12 9 2 lm, n = 80), obclavate narrowing to a point, branched, conidiogenous cells phialidic. Conidia 6–10 9 2–4 lm ( x = 7 9 3 lm, n = 160), minute, hyaline, fusiform to ellipsoidal, aseptate, exuded as orange droplets (description based on Beier et al. 2015). Notes: Aurantioporthe is a monotypic genus comprising the type species, A. corni. This fungus is the causative agent of golden cankers on Cornus alternifolia. This species is mainly distributed in USA and Canada. Morphologically, it differs from other genera in Cryphonectriaceae in having ascogenous stromata, immersed to semi-immersed conidiomata and uni-to multi septate ascospores. Aurantiosacculus Dyko & B. Sutton, in Dyko et al., Mycologia 71(5): 922 (1979) Facesoffungi number FoF 04125 Mild pathogens associated with amphigenous, brown leaf spots. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata amphigenous, eustromatic, subepidermal, becoming erumpent, rupturing epidermis, appearing bright orange; subglobose to flattened, with ostiole central, opening via irregular flaps in upper layer of conidioma. Conidiophores subcylindrical, septate, hyaline, smooth, lining the inner layer of cavity, unbranched or branched below. Conidiogenous cells lageniform to subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, integrated, determinate; apex with minute periclinal thickening and collarette. Conidia hyaline, smooth, aseptate, sigmoid, apex obtuse to subobtuse, base swollen, obtuse with central, thickened, somewhat refractive scar, at times with marginal frill. Type species: Aurantiosacculus eucalypti (Cooke & Massee) Dyko & B. Sutton. Aurantiosacculus eucalypti (Cooke & Massee) Dyko & B. Sutton, in Dyko et al., Mycologia 71(5): 922 (1979). Fig. 13. Facesoffungi number FoF 04126 Mild pathogenic forming leaf spots. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: amphigenous, pale brown, irregular to subcircular, frequently situated along leaf margins, with thin, dark brown border. Conidiomata 400– 600 9 400–500 lm ( x = 367 9 473 lm, n = 25), amphigenous, eustromatic, subepidermal, subglobose to flattened, becoming erumpent, rupturing epidermis, 265 appearing bright orange. Ostiole central, but opening via irregular flaps in upper layer of conidioma. Conidiophores 10–15 9 2.5–4 lm ( x = 13 9 3.5 lm, n = 20), subcylindrical, 0(–2)-septate, hyaline, smooth, lining the inner layer of cavity, at times branched below. Conidiogenous cells 8– 15 9 2.5–3 lm ( x = 13 9 3 lm, n = 20), lageniform to subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, integrated, determinate, apex with minute periclinal thickening and collarette. Conidia 40–70 9 2–3 lm ( x = 36 9 3 lm, n = 20), hyaline, smooth, aseptate, sigmoid, apex subobtuse, base swollen, obtuse with central, thickened, somewhat refractive scar, 1–1.5 lm diam., at times with marginal frill (description based on Crous et al. 2012a). Material examined: AUSTRALIA, Melbourne, on leaves of Eucalyptus incrassatus, Reader 24, holotype K (M) 195742. Notes: Aurantiosacculus species associated with leaf spots on Eucalyptus baxteri, E. incrassate and E. obliqua (Marshall 1997). Members of this genus only reported from Australia (Crous et al. 2012a). Aurantiosacculus is characterized by having characteristic leaf spots, with bright orange conidiomata with brown furfuraceous tissue and aseptate conidia with swollen bases and thickened scars. Phylogenetic analysis of Crous et al. (2012a) showed the taxonomic placement of Aurantiosacculus within Cryphonectriaceae. Aurapex Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 98(1): 112 (2006c) Facesoffungi number FoF 04127 Pathogenic forming cankers. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata eustromatic, globose to pyriform base with one to several, long, cylindrical to attenuated necks with orange tips, superficial to slightly immersed, fuscous-black. Tissue at the edges of conidioma bases of textura globulosa, with elongated cells adjacent to conidial lining and prosenchymatous tissue occurring in the center of the basal tissue. Tissue of necks made up of textura porrecta with cells lining the ostiole thinner, at edge of necks consisting of square cells. Conidiophores cylindrical to flask-shaped, hyaline, occasionally septate with or without lateral branches. Conidiogenous cells phialidic. Conidia obtuse, hyaline, aseptate. Type species: Aurapex penicillata Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. Aurapex penicillata Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., in Gryzenhout et al., Mycologia 98(1): 112 (2006c). Fig. 14. Facesoffungi number FoF 04128 Pathogenic forming cankers. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 150–450 9 300– 700 lm ( x = 436 9 394 lm, n = 10), solitary or aggregated, eustromatic, superficial to slightly immersed, with globose to pyriform bases and attenuated or cylindrical 123 266 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 14 Aurapex penicillata (PREM 57520). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c, d Conidiomata on substrate. e Vertical cross section of conidiomata. f Stromatic tissues turns purple in KOH. g–i Conidiogenous cells and conidia. j Conidia. Scale bars: c, d = 200 lm, e, f = 100 lm, g–j = 5 lm necks, bases fuscous-black with tips of necks orange, unilocular or multilocular, locules opening through 1–3 necks, each either connected to a single locule or to more than one locule, peridium at base comprises thick-walled cells of textura globulosa, umber to sienna at edge, cells around the locules sienna to hazel, larger and more elongated, and almost white prosenchymatous tissue occurring between the edge and the locule. Necks 300–800 9 100– 225 lm ( x = 400 9 150 lm, n = 20), internally covered by hyaline periphyses, tissue consisting of hazel, doublewalled, square cells at the edge, with cells lining the ostiole thinner and those at the center of textura porrecta tissue, tip of necks of textura epidermoidea, containing orange crystals. Conidiophores 7.5–13.5 9 1–1.5 lm, cylindrical or flask-shaped with attenuated apices, occasionally with separating septa and branching, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells 8–12 9 1–2 lm ( x = 13 9 1.4 lm, n = 20), phialidic, determinate, apical or lateral on branches, collaret and periclinal thickening inconspicuous. Conidia 3–4 9 1– 1.5 lm ( x = 3 9 1.5 lm, n = 20), obtuse, aseptate, hyaline, exuded as scarlet spore droplets (description based on Gryzenhout et al. 2006c). Material examined: COLOMBIA, Risaralda, Pereira, Libano farm, 75°350 4900 W and 4°430 1300 N, bark of Miconia theaezans (Bonpl.) Cogn. (Melastomataceae), September 2002, C.A. Rodas, PREM 57520, holotype. Notes: Aurapex was introduced by Gryzenhout et al. (2006c) based on phylogeny and morphology of stromatic tissues and asexual morphic characters. Members of this genus are distinguished from other genera of Cryphonectriaceae in having orange conidiomatal necks with black bases and a unique internal stromatal structure. Species of Aurapex are serious canker causing pathogens of Eucalyptus species. No known sexual morph reported for this genus. 123 Aurifilum Begoude et al., in Begoude et al., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 98(3): 273 (2010) Facesoffungi number FoF 04129 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 267 Fig. 15 Aurifilum marmelostoma (PREM 60256). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c, d Vertical cross section of ascomata. e Peridium. f Asci. g–i Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e = 10 lm, f = 20 lm, g–i = 5 lm Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata large, usually beneath or erumpent through bark, pulvinate to pyriform, semi-immersed, orange, upper region eustromatic, lower region pseudostromatic, pseudoparenchymatous to prosenchymatous tissue. Ascomata perithecia, valsoid, embedded in stroma, fuscous black, bases globose to subglobose, necks emerge at stromatal surface with black ostioles, surround with orange stromatal tissue to form papillae. Asci fusoid to ellipsoidal, floating freely in perithecial cavity, unitunicate with non-amyloid, refractive apical ring. Ascospores hyaline, fusoid to ellipsoidal, one median septum. Asexual morph: Conidiomata part of ascomata as conidial locules or as solitary structures, orange, without a neck, tissue around ostiolar opening darkened, broadly convex, semi-immersed, uni- to multilocular, even to convoluted lining, tissue mostly prosenchymatous with pseudoparenchymatous tissue towards the margin depending on the developmental stage of the structures. Conidiophores cylindrical, aseptate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells phialidic with inflated bases and attenuated apices, some cylindrical cells sterile similar to paraphyses. Conidia minute, hyaline, cylindrical to allantoid, aseptate, exuded through ostioles as orange droplets or tendrils. Type species: Aurifilum marmelostoma Begoude et al. Aurifilum marmelostoma Begoude et al., in Begoude et al., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 98(3): 273 (2010). Fig. 15. Facesoffungi number FoF 04130 Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 300–830 9 760–1050 lm, on bark, gregarious or single, often confluent in cracks, medium to large, 123 268 Fig. 16 Celoporthe dispersa (PREM 58896). a, b Herbarium specimen. c Ascostromata on substrate. d Cross section of ascomata. e Peridium. f Cross section of ostiolar neck. g Parenchymatous cells. 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 h–k Asci. l–q Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 100 lm, e = 25 lm, f = 50 lm, h–k = 10 lm, g, l–q = 5 lm Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 269 Fig. 17 Celoporthe dispersa (asexual morph; redrawn from Nakabonge et al. 2006). a Conidiomata. b Vertical cross section of conidiomata. c Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 100 lm, c = 10 lm ascostromata extending usually beneath or erumpent through bark, semi-immersed, pulvinate to pyriform, orange, upper region eustromatic, lower region pseudostromatic, pseudoparenchymatous to prosenchymatous tissue. Ascomata 190–310 9 170–275 lm, perithecial, valsoid, up to nine per stroma, embedded in stroma at irregular levels with bases touching host tissue, fuscous black, globose to subglobose. Perithecial necks 30–100 lm wide, periphysate, black, emerging at stromatal surface as black ostioles, surrounded with orange stromatal tissue to form papillae, textura porrecta. Peridium 7–12 lm ( x = 10 lm, n = 20), comprising inner, hyaline, compressed, cells of textura angularis and outer, thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 50–55 9 7.5–9 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, fusoid to ellipsoidal, floating freely in the perithecial cavity, unitunicate with non-amyloid, refractive apical rings, non-stipitate. Ascospores 10–12 9 3–4 lm, hyaline, fusoid to ellipsoidal, one median septum with tapered apex. Asexual morph: Conidiomata up to 660 lm high, 600 lm in diam., part of ascomata as conidial locules or as solitary structures, orange, necks absent, tissue around ostiolar openings darkened, broadly convex, semi-immersed, uni- to multilocular, even to convoluted lining. Locule 80–300 lm diam., tissue mostly prosenchymatous with pseudoparenchyma towards the margin depending on the developmental stage of the structure. Conidiophores 15–40 lm long, cylindrical, aseptate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells 2.5–3.5 lm wide, phialidic, sometimes with inflated bases, collarettes inconspicuous with attenuated apexes. Paraphyses 30–65 9 2.5–3.5 lm long, sterile, cylindrical. Conidia 3.5–4.5 9 1–1.5 lm, minute, hyaline, cylindrical to allantoid, aseptate, exuded through opening at stromatal surface as orange droplets or tendrils (description based on Begoude et al. 2010). Material examined: CAMEROON, Mbamalyo, bark of Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev. (Combretaceae), December 2007, Begoude and J. Roux, PREM 60256, holotype. Notes: The monotypic genus Aurifilum was introduced and typified by Aurifilum marmelostoma. This genus is distinguished from other genera of Cryphonectriaceae in having a distinct asexual morph broadly comprising convex conidiomata, presence of darkened ostiolar openings at the apex of the conidiomata, paraphyses or sterile cells longer than 90 lm, one septate, fusoid to ellipsoid ascospores and minute, cylindrical conidia. This is a serious canker causing pathogen on Terminalia species in West Africa which is a popular source of timber, medicine, spiritual and social benefits to rural populations. Celoporthe Nakab. et al., Stud. Mycol. 55: 261 (2006) Facesoffungi number FoF 04131 Pathogenic causing cankers on tree bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata consisting of black, valsoid perithecia embedded in bark tissue, with the cylindrical perithecial necks covered with umber tissue as they protrude through the bark surface. Limited cinnamon to orange prosenchymatous to pseudoparenchymatous stromatic tissue present around the upper parts of the perithecial bases, usually beneath the bark or erumpent through the bark surface. Asci 8-spored, fusoid to ellipsoid. Ascospores hyaline, with one median septum, oblong-ellipsoidal. Asexual morph: Conidiomata superficial, orange to scarlet when young, fuscous-black when mature, pulvinate to conical with or without short attenuated necks, unilocular with even inner surface. Stromatic tissue pseudoparenchymatous. Conidiophores hyaline, branched irregularly at the base or above into cylindrical cells, separated by septa or not. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, apical or lateral on branches beneath the septa. Conidia hyaline, aseptate, oblong to cylindrical to ovoid, occasionally allantoid, exuded as bright luteous tendrils or droplets. Type species: Celoporthe dispersa Nakab et al. 123 270 Celoporthe dispersa Nakab.et al., in Nakab.et al., Stud. Mycol. 55: 261 (2006). Figs. 16, 17. Facesoffungi number FoF 04132 Pathogenic causing cankers on tree bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 100–400 lm high, 320–505 lm diam., semi-immersed in bark, recognizable by short, extending, umber, cylindrical perithecial necks, occasionally erumpent, limited, orange to umber ascostromatic tissue covering the tops of the perithecial bases. Stromatic tissue cinnamon and pseudoparenchymatous at the edges, prosenchymatous in the centre. Perithecia 100–300 lm diam., valsoid, 1–6 per stroma, bases immersed in the bark, black, globose to subglobose. Peridium 30–50 lm thick. Perithecial necks up to 50 lm long, 80–100 lm wide, black, periphysate, emerging through the stromatal surface, covered in umber stromatic tissue of textura porrecta, extended necks, 100–150 lm wide. Asci 23.5–29.5 9 5.5–7 lm, 8-spored, biseriate, unitunicate, free when mature, non-stipitate with a non-amyloid refractive ring, fusoid to ellipsoidal. Ascospores 6–8 9 2.5–3 lm hyaline, with one median septum, oblong-ellipsoidal, with rounded ends. Asexual morph: Stromatic tissue pseudoparenchymatous. Conidiomata 300–500 lm high, 200–1000 lm diam., eustromatic, superficial to slightly immersed, pulvinate to conical without necks, occasionally with a neck that is slightly attenuated, orange to scarlet when young, fuscous-black when mature, conidiomatal bases above the bark surface. Conidiomatal locules 100–550 lm diam., with even to convoluted inner surfaces, occasionally multilocular. Conidiophores 12–17 9 1.5–2.5 lm, hyaline, branched irregularly at the base or above into cylindrical cells, with or without separating septa. Conidiogenous cells 1.5–3 lm wide, phialidic, determinate, apical or lateral on branches beneath a septum, cylindrical with or without attenuated apices, collarette and periclinal thickening inconspicuous. Conidia 3–4 9 1–2.5 lm, hyaline, aseptate, oblong to cylindrical to ovoid, occasionally allantoid, exuded as bright luteous tendrils or droplets (description based on Gryzenhout et al. 2006c). Material examined: SOUTH AFRICA, Limpopo Province, Tzaneen, Syzygium cordatum, 2003, M. Gryzenhout, PREM58896, holotype. Notes: Celoporthe is distinguished from other genera in Cryphonectriaceae based on characteristics of the asci, conidiomata, conidiophores, conidia, paraphyses and growth in culture. Corticimorbus S.F. Chen & M.J. Wingf., in Chen, Wingfield, Li & Liu, Pl. Path. 65(8): 1258 (2016) Facesoffungi number FoF 04133 Pathogenic forming cankers on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata on bark, gregarious or single, 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 superficial to slightly immersed, orange to umber, pulvinate; ascostromatic tissue textura globulosa, covering the tops of the perithecial bases. Ascomata valsoid, fuscous black, embedded beneath surface of bark at base of stromata, bases globose to subglobose. Perithecial necks black, emerging at stromatic surface as black ostioles with orange stromatic tissue of textura porrecta, long necks extending above stromatic surface. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusoid to oval, biseriate, released from inner wall of perithecia when mature, non-stipitate. Ascospores hyaline, 1-septate with septum variously placed in the spore but usually central, constricted at septum, fusoid to ellipsoidal, ends round to slightly tapered. Asexual morph: Conidiomata part of ascostromata as conidial locules or as separate structures, black, conical to globose, superficial, without necks, uni- to multilocular structures, with locules often convoluted, stromatic tissue textura globulosa. Conidiophores aseptate, cylindrical, occasionally with separating septa and branching, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical or flask-shaped with attenuated apices. Paraphyses absent. Conidia hyaline, fusoid to oval, aseptate. Type species: Corticimorbus sinomyrti S.F. Chen, F.F. Liu & M.J. Wingf. Corticimorbus sinomyrti S.F. Chen, F.F. Liu & M.J. Wingf., in Chen, Wingfield, Li & Liu, Pl. Path. 65(8): 1263 (2015) Facesoffungi number FoF 04134 Illustration: See Chen et al. (2016). Pathogenic forming cankers on bark of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. (Myrtaceae). Sexual morph: Ascostromata 100–850 9 200–320 lm, gregarious or rarely solitary, superficial to slightly immersed, orange to umber, pulvinate, ascostromatic tissue textura globulosa, covering the tops of the perithecial bases. Ascomata 110– 490 lm diam. ( x = 318 lm, n = 50), perithecia, valsoid, up to six per stroma, globose to subglobose, fuscous black, embedded beneath surface of bark at base of stromata. Perithecial necks 50–190 9 55–125 lm ( x = 114 9 84 lm, n = 50), black, emerging at the stromatic surface as black ostioles with orange to umber stromatic tissue of textura porrecta. Asci 30–40 9 6–9 lm ( x = 35 9 7.8 lm, n = 100), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusoid to oval, non-stipitate. Ascospores biseriate, hyaline, 1septate with septum variously placed in the spore but usually central, slightly constricted at septum, fusoid to ellipsoidal, ends round to slightly tapered, 8–10 9 2–4 lm ( x = 8.8 9 3.1 lm, n = 100). Asexual morph: Conidiomata 150–1170 9 305–1525 lm ( x = 574 9 759 lm, n = 50), orange when young, fuscous black when mature, conical to globose, superficial, without necks, uni- to multilocular structures, with locules often convoluted, stromatic tissue textura globulosa. Locules 133–305 lm Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 diam. ( x = 199 lm, n = 50). Conidiophores 9–20 lm long ( x = 12.8 lm, n = 50), non-septate, cylindrical, occasionally with separating septa and branching, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells 1–2 lm wide ( x = 1.4 lm, n = 50), cylindrical or flask-shaped with attenuated apices. Paraphyses absent. Conidia 3.5–4.8 9 1.3–2 lm, ( x = 3.8 9 1.5 lm, n = 100), hyaline, fusoid to oval, aseptate, exuded as orange droplets or tendrils (description based on Chen et al. 2016). Notes: Monotypic genus Corticimorbus was introduced and typified by C. sinomyrti. Corticimorbus sinomyrti is a tree pathogen on the Myrtales tree species, especially forms stem canker disease on native Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Chen et al. 2016). 271 Chromendothia possess paraphysate centrum and asci with fascicles. Molecular data proved that Chromendothia is a genus in Cryphonectriaceae (Vasilyeva et al. 2007). Chromendothia Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Mikol. Fitopatol. 27(4): 5 (1993) Facesoffungi number FoF 04135 Saprobic. Sexual morph: Stromata immersed, valsoid, erumpent through the bark with bright yellow, pulvinate ectostromatic disc, studded with greenish or olivaceous ostioles at the surface becoming dark in age, perithecia polystichous. Asci paraphysate, cylindrical, long stalked, apical ring chitinoid. Ascospores uniseriate, one-celled, ellipsoid, brownish. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Chromendothia appendiculata Lar.N. Vassiljeva. Chrysofolia Crous & M.J. Wingf., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 34: 207 (2015) Facesoffungi number FoF 04137 Pathogenic on leaf spots. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, separate to aggregated, exuding a yellow slimy conidial mass; pycnidia globose, base immersed, green-brown in lactic acid, but bright yellow in Shears; wall of 3–6 layers of brown textura angularis; neck long, with a pale-yellow zone just above the agar surface, which then turns yellowbrown while the apical part is pale yellow to almost subhyaline, terminating in an obtusely rounded apex with central ostiole surrounded by loose hyphal elements. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity of base, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform, tapering abruptly towards neck, with several apical percurrent proliferations. Paraphyses interspersed among conidiogenous cells, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, septate. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, ellipsoid, straight to allantoid, apex obtuse, base with flattened hilum. Type species: Chrysofolia colombiana Crous, Rodas & M.J. Wingf. Chromendothia citrina Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Nizshie Rasteniya, Griby i Mokhoobraznye Dalnego Vostoka Rossii, Griby. Tom 4. Pirenomitsety i Lokuloaskomitsety (SanktPetersburg): 172 (1998) Facesoffungi number FoF 04136 Illustration: See Vasilyeva et al. (2007). Saprobic. Sexual morph: Stromata 2–4 9 1.5–2 mm, immersed, valsoid, erumpent through the bark with bright yellow, pulvinate ectostromatic disc studded with greenish or olivaceous ostioles at the surface becoming dark in age; perithecia polystichous, 300–400 lm diam. Asci 40–45 9 4–5 lm, paraphysate, cylindrical, with up to 40 lm long stalks, apical ring chitinoid. Ascospores 5–7 9 3–3.5 lm, uniseriate, one-celled, ellipsoid, brown. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Vasilyeva et al. 2007). Notes: Chromendothia was introduced and typified by C. appendiculata. This genus currently comprises three species. Chromendothia shares morphological characters with many taxonomic groups. Stromatic characters of Chromendothia are shared by hypocreaceous fungi and some diaporthalean members. However, both hypocreaceous and cryphonectriaceous pyrenomycetes have aparaphysate centrum with sessile asci while species of Chrysofolia colombiana Crous, Rodas & M.J. Wingf., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 34: 207 (2015) Facesoffungi number FoF 04138 Illustration: See Crous et al. (2015) Pathogenic on leaf spots. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, separate to aggregated, exudes a yellow slimy conidial mass, globose, base immersed, green-brown in lactic acid. Conidiomatal wall 3–6 layers of brown textura angularis. Neck long, with a pale-yellow zone just above the agar surface, which then turns yellow-brown while the apical part is pale yellow to almost subhyaline; neck 100–300 lm long, 50–110 lm diam., attached to the globose base, terminating in an obtusely rounded apex, 20–40 lm diam., with central ostiole surrounded by loose hyphal elements, 1.5–2 lm diam. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 5–8 9 2–3 lm, lining the inner cavity of base, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform, tapering abruptly towards neck, with several apical percurrent proliferations. Paraphyses up to 55 lm long, interspersed among conidiogenous cells, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, 1–2-septate. Conidia 6–7.5 9 2.5–3 lm, solitary, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, ellipsoid, straight to allantoid, apex obtuse, base with flattened hilum (description based on Crous et al. 2015). 123 272 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 18 Chrysoporthe hodgesiana (PREM 58022). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Conidiomata on substrate. d Vertical cross section of conidiomata. e Stromatic tissues turn to purple in KOH. f, g Conidiogenous cells, conidia. h Conidia. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d, e = 100 lm, f–h = 10 lm Notes: Chrysofolia is distinct from other genera in Cryphonectriaceae having erumpent conidiomata with bright, yellow-brown furfuraceous margins. Chrysofolia colombiana is commonly associated with serious cankers and leaf spots diseases (Crous et al. 2015). cinnamon to orange prosenchymatous stromatic tissue present around the upper part of the perithecial bases, appearing orange to the naked eye, usually present beneath or erumpent through the bark surface. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusoid to ellipsoid. Ascospores hyaline, with one septum in variable, usually median, position, fusoid to oval. Asexual morph: Conidiomata occurring separately or on top of the ascostroma, superficial, fuscous-black, pyriform to pulvinate with one to four attenuated necks, single to multilocular with even to slightly convoluted inner surface. Stromatic tissue of base tissue of textura globulosa and that of neck cells of textura porrecta. Chrysoporthe Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Stud. Mycol. 50(1): 129 (2004) Facesoffungi number FoF 04139 Pathogenic on woody host forming cankers. Sexual morph: Ascostromata consisting of black, valsoid perithecia embedded in bark tissue, long, cylindrical, perithecial necks covered with umber tissue, limited 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 273 Fig. 19 Cryptometrion aestuescens (PREM 60247). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Ascostromata on substrate. d Vertical cross section of ascomata. e Peridium. f–h Ascospores. i KOH reaction of stromatic tissues. j Conidiomata on substrate. k, l Conidiogenous cells and conidia. m Conidia. Scale bars: c, j = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e–h, k–m = 10 lm Conidiophores hyaline, consisting of a basal cell, branched irregularly at the base or above into cylindrical cells, separated by septa or not. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, determinate, apical or lateral on branches beneath the septum. Conidia hyaline, non-septate, oblong, exuded as bright luteous spore tendrils or droplets. Type species: Chrysoporthe cubensis (Bruner) Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. Chrysoporthe cubensis (Bruner) Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., in Gryzenhout et al., Stud. Mycol. 50(1): 130 (2004). Fig. 18. Facesoffungi number FoF 04140 Pathogenic on woody host forming cankers. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 120–230 lm high, 280–490 lm diam., semi-immersed in bark, recognizable by extending, fuscous-black, cylindrical perithecial necks, and in some cases, erumpent, limited, orange ascostromatic tissue. Ascostroma 170–250 lm diam., perithecial, valsoid, 1–9 123 274 perithecia per stroma, bases immersed in bark, black, globose. Peridium 17–22 lm thick, top of perithecial bases covered with cinnamon to orange, predominantly prosenchymatous, stromatic tissue forming a clypeus of variable extent, which is occasionally visible above the bark surface. Perithecial necks up to 240 lm long, 110–610 lm wide, black, periphysate, emerging through bark covered in umber stromatic tissue of textura porrecta, thus appearing fuscous-black, extending necks. Asci 25–34 9 4–6.5 lm, 8-spored, biseriate, unitunicate, free when mature, astipitate, with a non-amyloid refractive ring, fusoid to ellipsoid. Ascospores 6.5–7.5 9 2–2.5 lm, hyaline, one-septate, with septum variously placed in the spore but usually central, fusoid to oval, with tapered apices. Asexual morph: Conidiomata occurring separately or on the top of an ascostroma, distinguishable from ascomata by their pyriform shape, attenuated necks, conidiomatal locules and distinct stromatic tissue. Conidiomata 130–740 lm high, 100–950 lm diam., eustromatic, superficial to slightly immersed, pyriform to clavate, sometimes pulvinate, with one to four attenuated necks per structure, fuscous-black, with an umber interior when young, conidiomatal base above the bark surface. Necks up to 230 lm long, 90–240 lm wide. Conidiomatal locules 110–500 lm diam., with even to convoluted inner surface, occasionally multilocular, single locule connected to one or several necks. Stromatic tissue of base of textura globulosa with walls of outer cells thickened, and neck cells of textura porrecta. Conidiophores 4–7 9 3–5 lm, hyaline, with a globular to rectangular basal cell, branched irregularly at the base or above into cylindrical cells. Paraphyses or cylindrical cells 13–20 lm high, hyaline, septate or not. Conidiogenous cells 2–3 lm wide, phialidic, determinate, apical or lateral on branches beneath the septum, cylindrical to flask-shaped with attenuated apices, collarette and periclinal thickening inconspicuous. Conidia hyaline, nonseptate, oblong, 3.5–4.5 9 1.5–2.5 lm, exuded as bright luteous spore tendrils or droplets (description based on Gryzenhout et al. 2004). Material examined: COLOMBIA, Darien, bark of Tibouchina semidecandra, 2001, R. Arbelaez, PREM 58022, holotype. Notes: Chrysoporthe was introduced and typified by C. cubensis from Tibouchina. Asexual morph is prominent in this genus and most specimens only associated with asexual morph. We observed the holotype specimen of Chrysoporthe cubensis and we could not see the sexual morph. Cryptometrion Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Australas. Pl. Path. 39(2): 166 (2010) Facesoffungi number FoF 04141 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata on host gregarious or single, pulvinate to globose, semi-immersed in bark, orange, pseudoparenchymatous at edge of stroma, prosenchymatous at centre. Perithecia diatrypoid, sometimes forced by host tissue into a valsoid position, embedded in host tissue at base of stroma, fuscous black, necks emerge at stromatal surface as black ostioles covered with orange stromatal tissue to form papillae. Asci fusiform, unitunicate, 8-spored. Ascospores hyaline, fusoid to ellipsoid, one medial to submedian septum. Asexual morph: Conidiomata formed as part of ascostromata as conidial locules, or as separate structures, globose, semiimmersed, orange, uniloculate, with the same tissue morphology and stromatic structure as the ascostromata, spores expelled through opening. Conidiophores hyaline, occasionally with separating septa and branched. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical or flask-shaped with apices attenuated or not, paraphyses absent. Conidia hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate, exuded as orange droplets. Type species: Cryptometrion aestuescens Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. Cryptometrion aestuescens Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Australas. Pl. Path. 39(2): 166 (2010). Fig. 19. Facesoffungi number FoF 04142 Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 60–130 mm high, 160–350 mm diam., on host gregarious or single, pulvinate to globose, semi-immersed in bark, orange, pseudoparenchymatous on edge of stroma, prosenchymatous in centre. Perithecia diatrypoid but can be forced by host tissue into a valsoid position, embedded in host tissue at base of stroma, fuscous black, necks emerge at stromatal surface as black ostioles covered with orange stromatal tissue to form papillae extending up to 230 mm above stromatal surface. Asci 25–32 9 5–7 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform. Ascospores 6.5–7.5 9 2–3 lm, hyaline, fusoid to ellipsoid, one medial to submedian septum. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 80–180 lm high, 90–230 lm diam., part of ascostromata as conidial locules, or as separate structures, globose, semiimmersed, orange, uniloculate, with the same tissue morphology and stromatic structure as the ascostromata, spores expelled through opening. Conidiophores 8–13.5 lm long, occasionally with separating septa and branched, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells 1.5–2.5 lm wide, cylindrical or flaskshaped with apices attenuated or not, no paraphyses present. Conidia 3–5 9 1.5–2 lm, hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate, exuded as orange droplets (description based on Gryzenhout et al. 2010). Material examined: SUMATRA, on bark of Eucalyptus grandis, PREM 60247 holotype. Notes: Cryptometrion was introduced and typified by C. aestuescens. Cryptometrion is distinguished from other Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 275 Fig. 20 Diversimorbus metrosiderotis (PREM 60741). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Cross section of Conidiomata. d Peridium. e, f Conidiogenous cells, conidia. g Conidia. Scale bars: c = 100 lm, d = 20 lm, e–g = 10 lm genera in Cryphonectriaceae based on its orange, limited stromatic tissue, uniseptate, fusoid to ellipsoid ascospores and the absence of paraphyses among the conidiogenous cells in the anamorph. Diversimorbus S.F. Chen et al., Fungal Biol. 117: 300 (2014) Facesoffungi number FoF 04143 Pathogenic on woody barks. Sexual morph: Ascostromata on bark gregarious or single, superficial to slightly immersed, orange to umber, pulvinate; ascostromatic tissue pseudoparenchymatous, covering the tops of the perithecial bases. Ascomata perithecia, valsoid, fuscous black, embedded beneath surface of bark at base of stromata, bases globose to subglobose. Perithecial necks black, emerging at stromatic surface as black ostioles with orange stromatic tissue of textura porrecta, not extending above stromatic surface. Asci eight-spored, unitunicate, fusoid to ellipsoidal, biseriate, released from inner wall of perithecia 123 276 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 21 Endothia gyrosa (NY 2932825). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Cross section of conidiomata. d Stromatic tissues turn to purple with KOH. e Conidiogenous cells, conidia. f Conidia. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d–f = 10 lm when mature, astipitate. Ascospores hyaline, one-septate with central septum, ascospores constricted at septum, fusoid to ellipsoidal, ends round to slightly tapered. Conidiomata part of ascomata as conidial locules or as separate structures, black, pulvinate, globose to conical, superficial to slightly immersed, without necks, uni to multilocular structures, with locules often convoluted, ostioles covered with orange tissue; stromatic tissue pseudoparenchymatous. Conidiophores nonseptate, cylindrical, occasionally with separating septa and branching, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical or flask-shaped with attenuated 123 apices. Paraphyses cylindrical occur among conidiogenous cells, slightly tapered towards apex, branching occasionally. Conidia hyaline, cylindrical to fusoid, aseptate. Type species: Diversimorbus metrosiderotis S.F. Chen et al. Diversimorbus metrosiderotis S.F. Chen et al., Fungal Biol. 117: 301 (2014). Fig. 20. Facesoffungi number FoF 04144 Pathogenic on woody barks. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 120–420 lm high above the bark, 300–1200 lm Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 277 Fig. 22 Foliocryphia eucalypti (redrawn from Cheewangkoon et al. 2009). a Pycnidia on culture media. b Cross section of conidioma. c Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. d conidia. Scale bars: a = 500 lm, b = 100 lm, c, d = 10 lm diam., on bark gregarious or single, superficial to slightly immersed, orange to umber, pulvinate, ascostromatic tissue pseudoparenchymatous, covering the tops of the perithecial bases. Perithecia 100–230 lm diam., valsoid, up to 13 per stroma, fuscous black, embedded beneath surface of bark at base of stromata, perithecial bases globose to subglobose, perithecial necks black, emerging at the stromatic surface as black ostioles with orange stromatic tissue of textura porrecta. Necks 20–90 lm wide, up to 410 lm long, no neck extending above stromatic surface. Asci 46–55 9 9.5–12 lm, 8-spored, fusoid to ellipsoidal, biseriate, unitunicate, released from inner wall of perithecia when mature, non stipitate. Ascospores 8.5–10.5 9 3–4 lm, hyaline, one-septate with septum variously placed in the spore but usually central, ascospores slightly constricted at septum, fusoid to ellipsoidal, ends round to slightly tapered. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 160–500 lm high, 60–620 lm diam., black, pulvinate, globose to conical, superficial to slightly immersed, without necks, uni to multilocular, with locules often convoluted, ostioles covered with orange tissue, stromatic tissue pseudoparenchymatous, conidiomatal bases above the bark surface. Conidiophores 13.5–21 lm long, aseptate, cylindrical, occasionally with separating septa and branching, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical or flask-shaped with attenuated apices. Paraphyses up to 220 lm long, 1–2.5 lm wide, cylindrical, occurring among conidiogenous cells, slightly tapered towards apex, branching occasionally. Conidia 3.5–4 9 1–1.5 lm, hyaline, cylindrical to fusoid, aseptate (description based on Chen et al. 2013). Material examined: SOUTH AFRICA, Western Cape Province, Citrusdal area, on bark of Metrosideros angustifolia (Myrtaceae), 8 March 2011, Jolanda Roux & ShuaiFei Chen, PREM 60741, holotype; Western Cape Province, Porterville area, on bark of Metrosideros angustifolia (Myrtaceae), 9 March 2011, Jolanda Roux & ShuaiFei Chen, PREM 60741, paratype. Notes: Diversimorbus was isolated from South Africa associated with Myrtales tree species. The fungus was shown to be pathogenic on its host (Chen et al. 2013). Endothia Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 385 (1849) Facesoffungi number FoF 04145 Pathogenic forming cankers. Sexual morph: Stromata irregularly spaced on the surface of dead bark, orange when wet. Ascomata perithecia, deeply embedded in the same or similar stromata producing pycnidia, globose, with slightly protruding black necks. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, with short pedicel. Ascospores non-septate, allantoid with tapering ends, hyaline. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidia, embedded in the stromatal tissue, spore tendrils are not formed, irregularly shaped. Conidia rod-shaped, hyaline, unicellular, smooth. Type species: Endothia gyrosa (Schwein.) Berk Endothia gyrosa (Schwein.) Berk. [as‘gyrosum’], Outl. Brit. Fung. (London): 384 (1860). Fig. 21. Facesoffungi number FoF 04146 Pathogenic forming cankers. Sexual morph: Stromata 1.5–2 mm high, 1–2 mm diam., irregularly spaced on the surface of dead bark, orange when wet. Ascomata 250– 300 lm diam., perithecia, deeply embedded in the same or similar stromata producing pycnidia, globose, with slightly protruding black necks. Necks 400–500 lm long, 100– 120 lm diam., Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, with short pedicel. Ascospores 6–10 9 2–2.5 lm, non-septate, allantoid with tapering ends, hyaline. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 385 9 150 lm, pycnidia, embedded in the stromatal tissue, spore tendrils are not formed, irregularly shaped. Conidiophores 5–10 9 1–2 lm ( x = 8 9 1.5 lm, n = 20), cylindrical to irregular, tightly packed, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells 8–12 9 1–2 lm, cylindrical, hyaline, narrowing towards the apex. Conidia 3–4 9 1 lm, rodshaped, hyaline, unicellular, smooth (description based on Snow et al. 1975). 123 278 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 23 Holocryphia eucalypti (PREM 56211). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Ascostromata on substrate. d, e Cross section of ascostromata. f–i Asci. j Paraphyses. k–n Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 100 lm, e = 50 lm, f–i = 20 lm, j–n = 5 lm Material examined: ITALY, Selva, Treviso, Venice, on bark of Castaneae vascae L. (Fagaceae), 1876, P. A. Saccardo s. n., NY 2932825. Notes: Endothia was introduced based on Sphaeria gyrosa Schwein., later renamed as Endothia gyrosa. Endothia gyrosa causes a serious canker disease of Liquidambar formosana Hence (Snow et al. 1975). Endothia species cause hobnail canker on oak (Van Arsdel 1972). Some studies suggest that Endothia is a weak wound pathogen and more recent studies have shown Endothia 123 species to cause serious disease of Quercus species (Stipes and Phipps 1971; Van Arsdel 1972). Foliocryphia Cheew. & Crous, Persoonia 23: 65 (2009) Facesoffungi number FoF 04147 Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata eustromatic, amphigenous, separate, sub superficial, pulvinate, subglobose, with or without ostiole, stromatic tissue of textura angularis, pale to medium brown, with convoluted inner Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 surface, uni- to multilocular. Conidiophores consisting of basal subglobular to angular cells, that branch irregularly, become cylindrical, transversely septate. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, determinate, integrated or discrete, phialidic, cylindrical, tapering to a thinner apical part, with visible collarette and periclinal thickening. Conidia hyaline, aseptate, smooth, ellipsoid, straight to irregularly curved. Type species: Foliocryphia eucalypti Cheew. & Crous Foliocryphia eucalypti Cheew. & Crous, Persoonia 23: 65 (2009). Fig. 22. Facesoffungi number FoF 04148 Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Stromata effuse, yellowish brown, with dark greybrown margin, producing numerous umber to dark brown or fuscous-black conidiomata. Mycelium 1.5–2.3 lm wide, mostly immersed, aerial mycelium sparse, whitish. Conidiomata 300–370 9 320–590 lm, eustromatic, amphigenous on leaf, separate, sub superficial, pulvinate, subglobose to horizontally broadly ellipsoid, with or without ostiole; stromatic tissue of textura angularis, pale to medium brown, somewhat darker and thickerwalled at the outer region; covered with pale brown mycelium as outer layer; conidiomata with convoluted inner surface, occasionally multilocular. Conidiophores 7–16 9 3–4.5 lm, consisting of basal subglobular to angular cells, formed from the inner cells of the locular walls, hyaline to medium brown, slightly thick-walled, irregularly branched, transversely septate, forming cylindrical cells. Conidiogenous cells 12–15 9 3–4 lm, enteroblastic, determinate, integrated or discrete, phialidic, cylindrical, tapering to a narrowly cylindrical part in the apical region, collarette tubular, with visible periclinal thickening. Conidia 9–10 9 3–4.5 lm, hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoid, straight to irregularly curved, apex obtuse, base abruptly tapered to a flat protruding scar, which can be basal or somewhat off-center, smooth, thin-walled (description based on Cheewangkoon et al. 2009). Notes: Foliocryphia was introduced and typified by Foliocryphia eucalypti. This genus is characterized by aseptate conidia in eustromatic conidiomata; stromata do not turn purple in 3% KOH, or yellow in lactic acid. DNA phylogeny confirmed Foliocryphia as a distinct genus in Cryphonectriaceae. Holocryphia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., in Gryzenhout et al., Stud. Mycol. 55: 48 (2006b) Facesoffungi number FoF 04149 Pathogenic forming bark cankers. Sexual morph: Ascostromata semi-immersed, pulvinate, orange, pseudoparenchymatous tissue at the edge of stromata, prosenchymatous tissue in the centre. Perithecia dark- 279 walled, with globose to subglobose bases and slender periphysate necks that emerge at the stromatal surface as black ostioles in papillae covered with orange stromatal tissue. Asci fusiform, floating freely in the perithecial cavity, unitunicate with nonamyloid, refractive apical rings. Ascospores cylindrical, occasionally allantoid, hyaline, aseptate. Asexual morph: Stromata erumpent, semiimmersed, pulvinate, orange, uni- to multilocular and convoluted, locules often occurring in same stroma that contains perithecia. Conidiophores cylindrical with or without inflated bases, tapering, often septate with or without lateral branches beneath a septum, hyaline, paraphyses occurring between conidiophores, conidiogenous cells phialidic. Conidia hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate, expelled through an opening at the stromatal surface as orange droplets or tendrils. Type species: Holocryphia eucalypti (M. Venter & M.J. Wingf.) Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf Holocryphia eucalypti (M. Venter & M.J. Wingf.) Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., in Gryzenhout et al., Stud. Mycol. 55: 48 (2006b). Fig. 23. Facesoffungi number FoF 04150 Pathogenic forming bark cankers. Sexual morph: Stromata surface as black ostioles in papillae covered with orange stromatal tissue. Asci 30–45 9 8–11 lm ( x = 42 9 9.5 lm, n = 20), fusiform, floating freely in the perithecial cavity, unitunicate with nonamyloid, refractive apical rings. Ascospores 9–14 9 2–3 lm ( x = 12 9 2.7 lm, n = 20), cylindrical, occasionally allantoid, hyaline, aseptate. Asexual morph: Stromata erumpent, semi-immersed, pulvinate, orange, uni- to multilocular and convoluted, locules often occurring in same stroma that contains perithecia. Conidiophores cylindrical with or without inflated bases, tapering, often septate with or without lateral branches beneath a septum, hyaline, paraphyses occurring between conidiophores. Conidiogenous cells phialidic. Conidia hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate, expelled through an opening at the stromatal surface as orange droplets or tendrils (description based on Gryzenhout et al. 2006b). Material examined: SOUTH AFRICA, Nyalazi, near Mtubatuba, KwaZula-Natal, on Eucalyptus sp., Gryzenhout M., 25 February 1998, PREM 56211, holotype. Notes: Holocryphia eucalypti is an opportunistic canker pathogen of Eucalyptus and Corymbia species (Chen et al. 2013). Immersiporthe S.F. Chen et al., in Chen et al., Pl. Path. 62: 674 (2013) Facesoffungi number FoF 04151 Pathogenic forming stems and brahces cankers. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pulvinate, immersed to semi-immersed, orange, uni- to multiloculate and convoluted, necks absent, stromatic 123 280 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 24 Latruncellus aurorae (PREM 60348). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Ascostromata on substrate. d, e Asci. f– h Ascospores. i Conidiomata. j Vertical cross section of conidiomata. k Conidiogenous cells and conidia. l Stromatic tissues turns purple in KOH. m Conidia. Scale bars: c = 100 lm, d, e = 10 lm, f– h = 5 lm, i = 200 lm, j = 100 lm, k, m = 10 lm tissue orange, pseudoparenchymatous at the edges, prosenchymatous in the centre. Conidiophores aseptate, occasionally with separating septa and branching. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, cylindrical to flask-shaped with tapering apices. Paraphyses occur between conidiophores. Conidia hyaline, cylindrical to fusoid, occasionally allantoid, aseptate, pushed through opening at stromatal surface as orange droplets or tendrils. Type species: Immersiporthe knoxdaviesiana S.F. Chen et al. Immersiporthe knoxdaviesiana S.F. Chen et al., in Chen et al., Pl. Path. 62: 674 (2013). Facesoffungi number FoF 04152 Illustration: See Chen et al. (2013) 123 Causing cankers on stems and branches of Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 120–320 lm high, 350–1500 lm diam., pulvinate, immersed to semi-immersed, orange when young, umber to brown when mature. Locules 80–350 lm diam., uni- to multiloculate, convoluted, necks absent. Stromatic tissue pseudoparenchymatous at the edges, prosenchymatous in the centre. Conidiophores 15–30 lm long, occasionally with separating septa and branching, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells 1.5–2 lm wide, cylindrical to flask-shaped with tapering apices or not attenuated. Paraphyses up to 150 lm long, cylindrical, seemingly sterile, occurring between conidiophores, branching occasionally into other sterile, cylindrical cells. Conidia 3.5–7 9 1–2 lm, hyaline, cylindrical, Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 281 Fig. 25 Asexual morph of Mastigosporella hyaline (redrawn from Morgan-Jones 1975). a Vertical cross section of conidiomata. b Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars: a = 50 lm, b = 10 lm fusoid, occasionally allantoid, aseptate, exuded as orange droplets or tendrils (description based on Chen et al. 2013). Notes: Immersiporthe was introduced and typified by I. knoxdaviesiana, it is an aggressive pathogen of Rapanea melanophloeos. Immersiporthe is morphologically distinct from other genera in this family having orange pulvinate conidiomata, without conidiomatal necks and with paraphyses. We obtained a dried culture from National Mycological Herbarium in Pretoria (PREM) under accession number PREM 60738, but could not obtain any conidiomata in culture. Latruncellus M. Verm. et al., in Vermeulen et al., Mycologia103(3): 562 (2011) Facesoffungi number FoF 04153 Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata semi-immersed, pulvinate, upper region eustromatic, lower region pseudostromatic, edges pseudoparenchymatous with prosenchymatous tissue inside, orange. Ascomata perithecia, embedded in host tissue at base of stroma, perithecial bases hyaline when young. Asci fusoid to ellipsoid. Ascospores fusoid to oval, single septate, septum median to off-median, hyaline. Asexual morph: Conidiomata conical with distinct, constricted necks, pawnshaped, semi-immersed, uni- to multilocular, convoluted, part of ascomata as conidial locules or as solitary structures, edges of conidiomata pseudoparenchymatous and inside prosenchymatous, orange, necks with textura globulosa. Conidiophores subulate to flask-shaped, aseptate or septate with attenuated apex, branched or unbranched, hyaline. Paraphyses present. Conidia minute, hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate, exuded as orange droplets and tendrils.. Type species: Latruncellus aurorae M. Verm., et al. Latruncellus aurorae M. Verm., et al., in Vermeulen et al., Mycologia 103(3): 562 (2011). Fig. 24. Facesoffungi number FoF 04154 Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 130–345 lm high, 337–827 lm diam., semi-immersed, pulvinate, upper region eustromatic, lower region pseudostromatic, edges pseudoparenchymatous with prosenchymatous inside, orange. Perithecia embedded in host tissue at base of stroma, comprises cells of textura porrecta, hyaline when immature. Necks 45–119 9 58–134 lm, extending above ascostroma. Asci 34.5–46.5 9 6.5–10 lm, fusoid to ellipsoid. Ascospores 9.5–11 9 3–3.5 lm, fusoid to oval, single septate, septum median to off-median, often constricted at septum, apex obtuse, hyaline. Asexual morph: Conidiomata conical, pawn-shaped, semi-immersed, uni- to multilocular, convoluted. Locules 50–200 9 65–130 lm, edges of conidiomata pseudoparenchymatous and inside prosenchymatous, orange. Necks 34–84 9 52–98 lm, constricted, comprises cells of textura globulosa. Conidiophores 8.5–15.5 9 1.5–2 lm, subulate to flask-shaped, aseptate to septate, with attenuated apex, branched or unbranched, hyaline. Paraphyses 24–56 9 1.5–2.5 lm, cylindrical with obtuse apex, aseptate. Conidia 3–4 9 1–1.5 lm, hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate, exuded as orange droplets and tendrils (description based on Vermeulen et al. 2011). Material examined: SWAZILAND, Lubombo, close to the South Africa and Mozambique border, bark of Galpinia transvaalica N.E.Br. (Lythraceae), 2008, J. Roux, PREM 60348, holotype. Notes: The monotypic genus Latruncellus was introduced and typified by L. aurorae. It was associated with cankers on Galpinia transvaalica (Lythraceae, Myrtales) in Swaziland. 123 282 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 26 Sexual morph of Mastigosporella hyalina (NY 830249). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Vertical cross section of ascomata. d Ostiole. e Peridium. f–i Asci. j–m Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 100 lm, d = 20 lm, e = 20 lm, f–i = 10 lm, j–m = 5 lm Luteocirrhus C. Crane & T.I. Burgess IMA Fungus 4(1): 115 (2013) Facesoffungi number FoF 04155 Pathogenic causing cankers. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pulvinate with or without neck, typically separate, fuscous black, subcortical semi-immersed or sometimes superficial erupting through bark, ostiolate, uni- to multiloculate, convoluted, paraphyses present and base cell tissue of textura globulosa. Conidiophores phialidic, enteroblastic, hyaline, channel 123 and collarette minute. Conidia hyaline, aseptate, cylindrical or slightly allantoid, exuded as orange/yellow cirrhi or tendrils, bright luteus in mass. Type species: Luteocirrhus shearii C. Crane & T.I. Burgess Luteocirrhus shearii C. Crane & T.I. Burgess IMA Fungus 4(1): 115 (2013) Facesoffungi number FoF 04156 Illustration: See Crane and Burgess (2013) Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Pathogenic causing cankers. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 200–600 lm high, 200–690 lm diam., pulvinate with or without neck, typically separate, fuscous black, subcortical semi-immersed or sometimes superficial erupting through bark, ostiolate, unito multiloculate, convoluted. Paraphyses 20–40 lm long. Peridium comprises cells of textura globulosa. Conidiophores 8–18 9 2–3 lm, phialidic, enteroblastic, hyaline, channel and collarette minute. Conidia 3–4 9 1 lm, hyaline, aseptate, cylindrical or slightly allantoid, exuded as orange cirrhi, bright luteus on mass, exuded as cirrhi or tendrils (description based on Crane and Burgess 2013). Notes: Luteocirrhus shearii, the only species in Luteocirrhus was isolated from canker lesions in Banksia species and Lambertia echinata. This fungus may cause death of Banksia verticillata. Mastigosporella Höhn. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 123: 135 (1914) Facesoffungi number FoF 04157 Pathogenic. Sexual morph: Ascomata immersed, scattered, solitary, globose to subglobose, pale brown, coriaceous, ostiolate, papillate. Ostiolar canal narrowing towards the base, internally covered by hyaline periphyses, cells around the base small, thick-walled, dark brown. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Peridium comprise thickwalled, compressed, brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, with short stalked, apex rounded with J-, apical ring. Ascospores ellipsoid to fusiform with pointed ends, unicellular, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Conidiomata immersed, pycnidial, yellowish on host tissue, with central ostiole which can become papillate, exuding a yellow conidial cirrhus; wall of 6–10 layers of hyaline to subhyaline textura globulosa to textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, lining the inner cavity, subcylindrical to ampulliform or doliiform, proliferating several times inconspicuous percurrently near apex. Conidia solitary, aseptate, fusoid-ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth, thick-walled, granular, developing a solitary apical appendage, basal hilum truncate, with minute marginal frill; apical appendage developing as continuation of conidium body, containing cytoplasm. Type species: Mastigosporella hyalina (Ellis & Everh.) Höhn. Mastigosporella hyalina (Ellis & Everh.) Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1123: 135 (1914). Figs. 25, 26. Facesoffungi number FoF 04158 Pathogenic. Sexual morph: Ascomata 400–500 9 350– 400 lm ( x = 494 9 372 lm, n = 20), immersed, scattered, solitary, globose to subglobose, pale brown, coriaceous, ostiolate, papillate. Ostiolar canal narrowing 283 towards the base, internally covered by hyaline periphyses, cells around the base small, thick-walled, dark brown. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Peridium 28–32 lm ( x = 30 lm, n = 20), comprise thick-walled, compressed, brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 70–75 9 10–15 lm ( x = 74 9 13 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, with short-stalked, apex rounded with J-, apical ring. Ascospores 20–15 9 5–7 lm ( x = 18 9 6 lm, n = 20), ellipsoid to fusiform with pointed ends, unicellular, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Conidiomata up to 250 lm diam., immersed, pycnidial, yellowish on host tissue, with central ostiolate papilla, exuding a yellow conidial cirrhus. Conidiomatal wall 6–10 layers of hyaline to subhyaline textura globulosa to textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 5–12 9 3–5 lm, hyaline, smooth, lining the inner cavity, subcylindrical to ampulliform or doliiform, proliferating several times inconspicuous percurrently near apex. Conidia solitary, aseptate, fusoid-ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth, thick-walled, granular, developing a solitary apical appendage, develops while still attached to the conidiogenous cell, attenuating into an acutely rounded tip. Conidia 27–30 9 5–6 lm, basal hilum truncate, 1.5–2 lm diam., with minute marginal frill, hyaline. Apical appendage 6–8 lm long, developing as continuation of conidium body, containing cytoplasm (description based on MorganJones 1975). Material examined: USA, New Jersey, Newfield, 06 June 1885, NY 830249. Notes: The asexual morph of Mastigosporella hyalina was described by Morgan-Jones (1975). Mastigosporella hyalina is morphologically similar to Harknessia caudata Ell. & Everh., however differs by having hyaline conidia. Sutton (1971) mentioned that the pattern of conidiogenesis in Harknessia and Mastigosporella differs from each other. Microthia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Stud. Mycol. 55: 44 (2006b) Facesoffungi number FoF 04159 Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata semi-immersed to superficial, pulvinate, orange, tissue predominantly prosenchymatous but pseudoparenchymatous at edges. Perithecia dark-walled, with globose to subglobose bases and slender periphysate necks that emerge at the stromatal surface as black ostioles in papillae covered with orange stromatal tissue. Asci fusiform, floating freely in the perithecial cavity, unitunicate with non-amyloid, refractive apical rings. Ascospores fusoid to ellipsoid, hyaline, 1-septate, often with a slight constriction at the septum. Asexual morph: Anamorphic stromata semi-immersed to superficial, pulvinate, orange, uni- to multilocular and convoluted, locules often occurring in the same stroma that contains perithecia. Conidiophores 123 284 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 27 Microthia coccolobae (PREM 58840). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Conidiomata on substrate. d Vertical cross section of conidiomata. e Conidiogenous cells and conidia. f Conidia. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e, f = 10 lm cylindrical, slightly tapering, often septate with or without lateral branches beneath the septum, hyaline, often long with longest cells sterile and representing paraphyses, conidiogenous cells phialidic. Conidia hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate, expelled through opening at stromatal surface as orange droplets or tendrils. Type species: Microthia havanensis (Bruner) Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf Microthia coccolobae (Vizioli) Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., in Gryzenhout, Myburg, Hodges, Wingfield & Wingfield, Stud. Mycol. 55: 46 (2006). Fig. 27. 123 = Endothia coccolobae Vizioli [as ‘coccolobii’], Mycologia 15(3): 115 (1923) Facesoffungi number FoF 04160 Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata semi-immersed to superficial, pulvinate, orange, tissue predominantly prosenchymatous but pseudoparenchymatous at edges. Ascomata 600 9 450 lm, perithecia, dark brown-walled, globose to subglobose, slender periphysate necks that emerge at the stromatal surface as black ostioles in papillae covered with orange stromatal tissue. Asci 38–45 9 8–11 lm ( x = 40 9 10 lm, n = 20), fusiform, floating freely in the Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 28 Rostraureum tropicale (PREM 57519). a, b Herbarium specimen. c Ascostromata on substrate. d Cross section of ascomata. e Peridium. f–j Asci. k Paraphyses. l–m Ascospores. p Conidiomata 285 on substrate. q Cross section of conidiomata. r–v Conidia attached to the conidiophore. w Conidia. Scale bars: c = 1 mm, d, f–j = 10 lm, e, q = 100 lm, k–o = 5 lm, r–w = 10 lm 123 286 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 29 Ursicollum fallax (redrawn from Gryzenhout et al. 2006b). a Conidiomata on bark. b Longitudinal section through conidioma. c Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 100 lm, c = 10 lm perithecial cavity, unitunicate with non-amyloid, refractive apical rings. Ascospores 7–10 9 3.5–5 lm ( x = 8 9 4 lm, n = 20), fusoid to ellipsoid, hyaline, 1-septate, often with a slight constriction at the septum. Asexual morph: Anamorphic stromata semi-immersed to superficial, pulvinate, orange, uni- to multilocular and convoluted, locules often occurring in the same stroma that contains perithecia. Conidiophores 9– 11 9 1.5–2 lm ( x = 10 9 1.7 lm, n = 20), cylindrical, slightly tapering, often septate with or without lateral branches beneath the septum, hyaline, often long with longest cells sterile and representing paraphyses. Conidiogenous cells 8– 12 9 1.5–3 lm ( x = 10 9 2 lm, n = 20), phialidic, ampulliform, hyaline, aseptate. Conidia 2.5–3.7 9 1.2–1.7 lm ( x = 3 9 1.5 lm, n = 20), hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate, expelled through opening at stromatal surface as orange droplets or tendrils (description based on Gryzenhout et al 2006b). Material examined: USA, Florida, Fort Lauderdale, Coccoloba uvivera L. (Polygonaceae), 8 March 2005, C.S. Hodges, PREM 58840. Notes: Microthia comprises two species Microthia havanensis (Bruner) Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. and M. coccolobae (Vizioli) Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. Microthia is morphologically similar to Cryphonectria and Holocryphia, however is distinct in having small, pulvinate and semi-immersed stromata. Stromata of Microthia also tend to be more superficial on the substrate than Cryphonectria and Holocryphia. Microthia species are associated with woody bark of Anacardiaceae, Eucalyptaceae and Myricaceae tree species. Rostraureum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Mycol. Res. 109(9): 1039 (2005b) Facesoffungi number FoF 04161 Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata erumpent, luteous-pure yellow to orange, consisting of perithecia embedded in bark tissue, with necks erumpent 123 and valsoid, occasionally occurring underneath active pycnidial locules, stromatal tissue absent or present between the necks. Perithecia umber to fulvous, bases globose to subglobose, necks periphysate, surrounded by sheath of white textura porrecta, cells on outside of erumpent perithecial necks of textura globulosa and orange to luteous-pure yellow. Asci fusoid, non-stipitate, unitunicate, with non-amyloid refractive apical ring, 8-spored. Ascospores fusoid to ellipsoid with rounded apices, hyaline, 1-septate. Asexual morph: Conidiomata eustromatic, clavate or rostrate, superficial to slightly immersed, unilocular, even to strongly convoluted lining, luteous-pure yellow to orange, one to three attenuated necks, base tissue of textura epidermoidea, neck tissue of textura porrecta with thickened cells at surface. Conidiophores hyaline, consisting of a basal cell, branched irregularly at the base or above into cylindrical cells, delimited by septa or not. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, determinate, apical or lateral on branches beneath the septum. Conidia cylindrical, hyaline, aseptate. Type species: Rostraureum tropicale Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. Rostraureum tropicale Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Mycol. Res. 109(9): 1040 (2005b). Fig. 28. Facesoffungi number FoF 04162 Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 550–700 lm wide, semi-immersed with pulvinate, above bark surface where necks converge, stromatal tissue between perithecia usually absent in sections, pure yellow when young, orange when mature. Ascomata 500– 600 9 200–350 lm, up to 11 perithecia in valsoid configuration, globose to subglobose, surrounded by host tissue, coriaceous, umber to fulvous. Peridium 15–20 lm thick, comprising thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Perithecial necks 250–400 9 100–250 lm, Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 periphysate, umber, surrounded by internally cells of textura porrecta and outer, cells of textura globulosa. Asci 15–30 9 5–7 lm ( x = 27 9 5 lm, n = 20), fusoid, free when mature, non stipitate, unitunicate, with non-amyloid apical ring. Ascospores 4–7 9 2–3 lm ( x = 5 9 2.7 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, hyaline, fusoid to ellipsoid, sometimes slightly curved, apices rounded, single septum median or off-median. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 400–600 mm high, 150–500 mm wide, eustromatic, clavate or rostrate with neck attenuated or not. Neck 900–1450 lm long, 100– 200 lm wide, superficial to slightly immersed, unilocular, even to convoluted lining, perithecia occasionally forming underneath conidiomata, luteous to pure yellow when young, orange when mature. Locules 200–300 lm at widest point, usually single conidial locule in center opening through neck, longitudinal sections at edge of base reveal more than one locule due to convoluted lining. Peridium 11–15 lm ( x = 14 lm, n = 20), comprises cells of textura epidermoidea, tissue at the junction between neck and base of textura intricata and neck tissue of textura porrecta with thicker cells at edges of neck. Conidiophores 3–7 9 2–6 lm, hyaline, with a globular to rectangular basal cell, branched irregularly at the base or above into cylindrical cells, cells delimited by septa or not. Conidiogenous cells 1.5–2 lm wide, phialidic, determinate, apical or lateral on branches beneath the septum, cylindrical to flask-shaped with attenuated apices, collarette and periclinal thickening inconspicuous. Conidia 287 3–6 9 1.5–2 lm, cylindrical, aseptate, hyaline, exuded as brick red spore droplets (description based on Gryzenhout et al. 2005b). Material examined: ECUADOR, Pichincha, Rio Pitzara, on Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev. (Combretaceae), November 2001, M. J. Wingfield, PREM 57519, holotype. Notes: Rostraureum species form serious basal cankers on bark of dying Terminalia ivorensis trees. This genus is mainly distinguished in having orange, superficial, rostrate, eustromatic conidiomata (Gryzenhout et al. 2005b). Ursicollum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Stud. Mycol. 55: 44 (2006b) Facesoffungi number FoF 04163 Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata eustromatic, pyriform or rostrate, superficial to slightly immersed in bark, unilocular, internally strongly convoluted, orange, with one to three attenuated or cylindrical necks, tissue pseudoparenchymatous but prosenchymatous in the neck. Conidiophores hyaline, delimited by septa or not, cylindrical, conidiogenous cells phialidic, apical or lateral on branches beneath the septum. Conidia cylindrical, hyaline, aseptate. Type species: Ursicollum fallax Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., in Gryzenhout et al. Ursicollum fallax Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., in Gryzenhout et al., Stud. Mycol. 55: 46 (2006b). Fig. 29. Facesoffungi number FoF 04164 Fig. 30 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a combined nrLSU, and nrITS sequence alignment for taxa of Cytosporaceae. Genera are indicated in coloured blocks. Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site 123 288 Pathogenic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 120–400 lm high, 190–550 lm diam., orange, eustromatic, pyriform to rostrate, with one to three attenuated or cylindrical necks, neck up to 400 lm long, 90–180 lm wide, superficial to slightly immersed, unilocular, internally convoluted. Basal tissue predominantly pseudoparenchymatous, neck tissue prosenchymatous. Conidiophores 5.5–19 lm hyaline, cylindrical with or without attenuated apex, cells delimited by septa or not, total length of conidiophore. Conidiogenous cells 1.5–2.5 lm wide, phialidic, apical or lateral on branches beneath the septum, cylindrical to flask-shaped with attenuated apices, collarette and periclinal thickening inconspicuous. Conidia 3–4 9 1.5–2 lm, cylindrical, aseptate, hyaline, exuded as orange droplets (description based on Gryzenhout et al. 2006b). Notes: The monotypic genus Ursicollum is typified by U. fallax. It is distinct in having unique orange, pyriform to globose conidiomata with cylindrical to attenuated necks. Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 It was reported from woody bark of Coccoloba uvifera. However, pathogenicity of this genus is not studied well (Gryzenhout et al. 2006b). Wuestneia Auersw. ex Fuckel, Hedwigia 3: 159 (1864) Facesoffungi number FoF 04165 Type species: Wuestneia aurea (Fuckel) Auersw. Notes: The type species of Wuestneia, W. aurea included in Cryphonectriaceae (Rossman et al. 2007). Most species of Wuestneia have been placed in Harknessia (Crous et al. 2012b; Senanayake et al. 2017b) and some of them have been linked to the Harknessia asexual morph. However, we accommodate Wuestneia in Cryphonectriaceae where its type species is placed. Unfortunately, we could not obtain any authentic specimen of this genus. Cytosporaceae Fr. [as ‘Cytisporei’], Syst. orb. veg. (Lundae) 1: 118. 1825. Fig. 31 Cytospora chrysosperma (PRM 163781). a Ascomata on substrate. b Cross section of ascomata. c Peridium. d–f Asci. g–j Ascospore. Scale bars: a = 500 lm, b = 100 lm, c–f = 20 lm, g–j = 10 lm 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 289 Fig. 32 Cytospora chrysosperma (PRM 163781). a Conidiomata on substrate. b Cross section of conidiomata. c Peridium. d–f Conidiophore with conidia. g Conidia. Scale bars: a = 500 lm, b = 100 lm, c = 50 lm, d–f = 10 lm, g = 5 lm History Cytosporaceae was introduced by Fries (1825) to accommodate Cytospora. However later Valsaceae was introduced by Tulasne and Tulasne (1861) for sexual morph of Cytospora. Senanayake et al. (2017b) listed Valsaceae under Cytosporaceae. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016) accepted 13 genera under this family, however, Senanayake et al. (2017b) excluded several genera and accepted only Cytospora, Pachytrype, Paravalsa, Xenotypa and Waydora within this family. Life mode The Cytosporaceae comprises mostly phytopathogenic species and saprobes. Most Cytospora species are plant pathogens and cause cankers and dieback of many hardwoods and coniferous trees, as well as rarely on herbaceous plants. Generally, Cytospora-cankers are known as valsacanker, Leucostoma-canker or perennial canker (Farr et al. 1989). Cytospora species have been reported as highly virulent and destructive pathogens on Prunus and Populus trees (Biggs 1989; Kepley and Jacobi 2000). A few Cytospora species are considered as facultative wound parasites that attack damaged or weakened plants. Morphological characteristics Cytosporaceae is morphologically characterized by having astromatic to well-developed stromatic perithecia arranged solitary or in valsoid configuration and having ellipsoidal mostly non-stalked, 8 to polysporous asci with allantoids to rod-shaped unicellular ascospores. Asexual morph of this family comprises pyriform, conidiomata divided into compartments within loculate stromata, phialidic, simple or branched, cylindrical conidiogenous cells with unicellular, allantoid, hyaline conidia. Phylogenetic identification Several phylogenetic studies have been done for Cytosporaceae. Adams et al. (2006), Fotouhifar et al. (2010), Fan et al. (2015a, b) and Norphanphoun et al. (2017) have analyzed sequence data of Cytosporaceae collected from China, Iran, Russia and South Africa. Norphanphoun et al. (2017) suggested that nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and Actin are the best gene markers to separate Cytospora species (Fig. 30). Taxonomy Cytosporaceae Fr. [as ‘Cytisporei’], Syst. orb. veg. (Lundae) 1: 118. 1825. Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b) Type genus: Cytospora Ehrenb. Notes: Senanayake et al. (2017b) restricted Cytosporaceae to Cytospora sensu-lato accepting Cytospora, Paravalsa, Pachytrype, Waydora and Xenotypa within the 123 290 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 33 Hypophloeda rhizospora (IMI 315891). a, b Herbarium specimen. c Slides attach to the specimen. d Ascomata. e Peridium. f Paraphyses. g–l Asci. m–p Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 500 lm, e = 50 lm, f, m–p = 10 lm, g–l = 20 lm family. However, only Cytospora, Pachytrype and Waydora have sequence data in accessible data bases. Cytospora Ehrenb., Sylv. mycol. berol. (Berlin): 28 (1818) Facesoffungi number FoF 04386 Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b) Type species: Cytospora chrysosperma (Pers.) Fr. Cytospora chrysosperma (Pers.) Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 2(2): 542 (1823). Figs. 31, 32. Facesoffungi number FoF 04387 Pathogenic or saprobic on plant tissues. Sexual morph: Ectostroma circular, or irregular, usually well developed in the upper regions. Entostroma normally limited to the 123 region near the perithecial walls. Ascomata perithecia, immersed, aggregated 6–10 ascomata together in valsoid configuration, globose to oblong, black, with long neck which swollen at the tips, ostiolate. Ostiole periphysate, open through the neck. Peridium thin, consist with outer, dark brown, thick walled, 4–6 textura angularis cells and inner, small, hyaline, thin walled, 5–7 textura angularis cells. Paraphyses few, limited only young stage. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, clavate, short stalked, apex round, with apical apparatus. Ascospores biseriate, unicellular, allantoid or ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth walled. Asexual morph: Stromata one locule in a stroma, black, circular in shape. Locule composed of numerous interconnecting Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 chambers arranged radially or irregularly within a continuous mass of ectostromatic tissue, one conidiomata per one locule. Conidiomata pyriform in section, brown, divided into parts by bending of peridium. Peridium consists of 5–7 layers of brown, textura angularis cells. Conidiophore reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells arising from conidiomatal wall, phialidic, simple or branched, hyaline, cylindrical. Conidia unicellular, allantoid, hyaline, smooth-walled. Material examined: SOUTHERN MORAVIA, near Lednice, Dolni les, 48.8000736 N, 16.8445072E, on twigs of Tilia, 16.X.1912, H. Zimmermann, PRM 163781, neotype. Notes: Cytospora was introduced and typified by C. chrysosperma. Several studies linked the type species of sexual morph Valsa, V. ambiens to the type species of asexual morph Cytospora, C. chrysosperma giving priority to the older name (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015; Rossman et al. 2015). Most Cytospora species are plant pathogens causing diseases on various tree species. Recently several new species were introduced to this genus by Norphanphoun et al. (2017). Other genera included in Cytosporaceae Cryptascoma Ananthap., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 90(3): 479 (1988) Facesoffungi number FoF 04388 Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Stromata absent. Ascomata perithecia, aggregated, immersed in host tissues, vertically-oriented, partially erumpent, ostiolate. Peridium two layered, outer, thin-walled, brown cells of textura angularis and inner, thin-walled, hyaline cells of textura angularis. Neck cylindrical, periphysate. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, ellipsoidal, thin-walled, with J-, apical ring, short pedicel. Ascospores fusiform, 1-septate, with simple, filiform appendages at both ends. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Cryptascoma bisetula Ananthap. Cryptascoma bisetula Ananthap. [as ‘Cryptascoma bisetulum’], (1988) Facesoffungi number FoF 04389 Illustration: See Ananthapadmanaban (1988) Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Stromata absent. Ascomata 500–545 9 500–545 lm, perithecia, aggregated with 2–5 perithecia, immersed in host tissues, vertically-oriented, partially erumpent, ostiolate. Peridium 10–15 lm thick, two layered, outer, thin-walled, brown cells of textura angularis and inner, thin-walled, hyaline cells of textura angularis. Neck 75–90 9 60–75 lm, cylindrical, periphysate. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 40–48 9 12–20 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, ellipsoidal, thin-walled, with J-, apical ring, short pedicel. Ascospores 291 15–22 9 4.5–6 lm, fusiform, 1-septate, with simple, filiform appendages 7.5–10 9 0.1–0.2 lm, at both ends. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Ananthapadmanaban 1988). Notes: Cryptascoma is a monotypic genus introduced and typified by C. bisetula. This genus is distinguished from other genera in Diaporthales having fusiform, 2-celled, biseriate ascospores with protoplasmic extensions (Barr 1978; Monod 1983) and it was assigned to Cytosporaceae (Ananthapadmanaban 1988). We could not obtain any specimen from this species. Hypophloeda K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 30(1): 61 (1989) Facesoffungi number FoF 04166 Saprobic on submerged mangrove root. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary or aggregated, immersed, globose, subglobose to pyriform, initially hyaline, become yellow to light brown at maturity, coriaceous, ostiolate, with long neck, neck become narrow and pointed at the apex, periphysate, protruding through bark. Peridium composed of an outer, small, textura globulosa cells and inner, thin walled textura angularis cells, both layers hyaline and extreme outer layers are light yellow to brown. Paraphyses numerous septate, longer than asci, wide at the base, narrower towards the apex. Asci 8 spored, clavate, unitunicate, thin walled, with non- amyloid apical ring, with tapering stalk. Ascospores cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, hyaline, non-septate to (2) 3-septate, not constricted at the septa, thin walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Hypophloeda rhizospora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones Hypophloeda rhizospora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 30(1): 62 (1989). Fig. 33. Facesoffungi number FoF 04167 Saprobic on submerged prop root of Rhizophora apiculata Blume. Sexual morph: Ascomata 300–615 9 350– 660 lm, solitary or aggregated, immersed, globose, subglobose to pyriform, initially hyaline, become yellow to light brown at maturity, coriaceous, ostiolate, with long neck. Neck 350–790 9 140–185 lm, become narrow and pointed at the apex, periphysate, protruding through bark. Peridium 30–85 lm, composed of an outer, small, cells of textura globulosa and inner, thin-walled cells of textura angularis, both layers hyaline and extreme outer layers are light yellow to brown. Paraphyses 30–75 9 5.6–7.5 lm, numerous septate, longer than asci, wide at the base, narrower towards the apex. Asci 45–100 9 15–25 lm, 8-spored, clavate, unitunicate, thin-walled, with nonamyloid apical ring, with tapering stalk. Ascospores 20–36 9 3.5–6 lm, cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, hyaline, non-septate to (2) 3-septate, not constricted at the 123 292 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 34 Pachytrype princeps (NY 164026). a Packet of herbarium specimen. b Herbarium specimen. c, d Ascomata on substrate. e, g Vertical cross section through the stromata. f Peridium. h–j Asci. k Ascospores. Scale bars: c, d = 500 lm, e = 200 lm, f = 10 lm, g = 100 lm, h–j = 10 lm, k = 5 lm septa, thin-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Hyde and Jones 1989). Material examined: BRUNEI, Kapok mangrove, Kampong, from intertidal prop root of Rhizophora apiculata Blume (Rhizophoraceae), 17 January 1987, Hyde K. D. & Jones G., IMI 315891, holotype. Notes: Hypophloeda was introduced and typified by Hypophloeda rhizospora. This monotypic genus was assigned to Melanconidaceae. However, Hypophloeda differs morphologically from taxa in Melanconidaceae. Hence Senanayake et al. (2017b) excluded this genus from Melanconidaceae and placed it in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. Hypophloeda rhizospora is morphologically more similar to Cytosporaceae having globose ascomata with long neck, hyaline, allantoid ascospores, and fusiform asci, characters that. commonly occur in Cytosporaceae species. Hence we accommodate Hypophloeda within Cytosporaceae until molecular data becomes available. 123 Pachytrype Berl. ex M.E. Barr, J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju, Mycotaxon 48: 530 (1993) Facesoffungi number FoF 04390 Saprobic on dead wood. Sexual morph: Stromata shallow, rounded to irregular or well-developed as pulvinate or irregular, composed of interwoven hyphae and cells, greenish to brownish. Ascomata monostichous or polystichous, beaks becoming elongate. Asci unitunicate, numerous, oblong, sessile, in spicate configuration. Ascospores hyaline, oblong to allantoid, unicellular. Asexual morph: cytospora-like. Conidiomata pycnidial, single or confluent, somewhat leathery, internally convoluted, lined with short Conidiophore branched. Conidiogenous cells phialidic. Conidia ellipsoidal to allantoids, hyaline. Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 293 Fig. 35 Paravalsa indica. a Ascomata on substrate. b Solitary ascomata. c Vertical cross section of ascomata. d Asci and ascospores. b = 300 lm, c = 100 lm, d = 20 lm 123 294 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 36 Waydora typica (redrawn from Sutton et al. 1976). a Vertical cross section of conidiomata. b Peridium. c Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and Conidia. Scale bars: a = 100 lm, b = 50 lm, c = 10 lm Type species: Pachytrype princeps (Penz. & Sacc.) M.E. Barr, J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju Pachytrype princeps (Penz. & Sacc.) M.E. Barr, J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju, Mycotaxon 48: 530 (1993). Fig. 34. Facesoffungi number FoF 04391 Saprobic on dead wood. Sexual morph: Stromata 2–15 mm diam., irregularly pulvinate, erumpent, soft, fleshy, externally black, internally composed of greenish gray interwoven hyphae and enlarged cells. Ascomata 250–700 lm high, 250–500 lm wide, polystichous, globose or ovoid, with beak, ostiolate. Beak up to 3 mm long, 80–150 lm wide at base, tapered to apex, ostiolar canal periphysate. Peridium 20–30 lm wide, comprising reddish-brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising numerous paraphyses tapering to a narrow apex. Asci 15–20 9 3–5 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, oblong, sessile, J- apical ring. Ascospores 4–8 9 1–2 lm, hyaline, allantoid or oblong, smooth, unicellular. Asexual morph: cytospora-like. Conidiomata 1 mm diam., pycnidial, single or confluent, somewhat leathery, internally convoluted, lined with short Conidiophore branched. Conidiogenous 123 cells 11–18 9 1.5–2 lm, producing phialidic conidia. Conidia 3–17 9 1.5–2 lm, ellipsoidal to allantoid, hyaline (description of the asexual morph based on Roane and Fosberg 1983). Material examined: USA, Hawaii, Oahu, 1980, NY 164026; USA, Hawaii, 1991, NY 164025. Notes: Roane and Fosberg (1983) observed the isotype material of Pachytrype princeps and determined it as a Phomopsis species. However, Barr et al. (1993) commented on the morphological similarity of asci, ascospores and asexual morph with Cytospora and the distinctiveness of stromatic tissues. However, considering morphology of stromatic tissues and size of ascospores and asci, Barr et al. (1993) introduced the genus Pachytrype to accommodate this taxon. Huhndorf et al. (2009) obtained sequence data of Pachytrype princeps and P. rimosa. Senanayake et al. (2017b) confirmed Pachytrype as a distinct genus in Cytosporaceae. There are three species listed under this genus in Index Fungorum (2018). We observed several specimens of Pachytrype princeps (NY164026, NY164025, F90148) and all specimens showed similar morphology to each other and this genus differs from other genera in Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Cytosporaceae in having distinct stromatal characters and large asci and ascospores. Paravalsa Ananthap., Mycol. Res. 94(2): 275 (1990) Facesoffungi number FoF 04392 Saprobic on stems. Sexual morph: Stromata absent. Perithecia solitary, immersed within the host, with prominent necks, ostiolate. Peridium two-layered, outer, thin-walled, brown cells of textura angularis inner, thinwalled, hyaline cells of textura angularis. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, thin-walled, clavate, sessile, J- apical ring. Ascospores allantoid, unicellular, hyaline. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Paravalsa indica Ananthap. Paravalsa indica Ananthap., Mycol. Res. 94(2): 275 (1990). Fig. 35. Facesoffungi number FoF 04393 Saprobic on stems. Sexual morph: Stroma absent. Perithecia 375–420 9 270–315 lm, immersed in substrate, vertically oriented, with prominent neck, solitary, non-stromatic, brown, globose to flattened globose, smooth. Peridium pseudoparenchymatous, outer 14–18 lm thick, 4–5-layered of tangentially elongated, pale brown cells, inner layer 3–4 lm thick, composed of 2–3 layers of thin-walled, hyaline cells. Neck central, straight, stout, 1–1.5 mm long, 90–105 lm wide. Peridium 20–26 lm thick, composed of compacted, 10–12 layers of dark brown cells. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Ostiole, simple, lined with short, slender, upwardly projecting periphyses. Asci 19–25 9 5–9 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, cylindrical to nearly clavate, non-stalked, J- becoming free in perithecial cavity. Ascospores 5–6.5 9 1.5–2 lm, irregularly biseriate, thin-walled, hyaline, allantoid, with round ends, unicellular. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Ananthapadmanaban 1990). Notes: Asci and ascospores morphology of Paravalsa is similar to Diatrypaceae and Cytosporaceae (Ananthapadmanaban 1990). However, Cytospora was introduced to accommodate taxa with aggregated perithecia immersed through the stromatic disc and demarcate ento- and ectostromata (Barr 1978). Ascomatal morphology of Paravalsa is similar to Gnomoniella,but However Paravalsa is lignicolous while Gnomoniella occurs on foliar substrates (Barr 1978). Hence Paravalsa is morphologically distinct in having solitary perithecia and absence of stroma. Considering morphological distinctness, Paravalsa is accommodated in Cytosporaceae although, unfortunately, Paravalsa lacks molecular data. Waydora B. Sutton, in Sutton, Rao & Mhaskar, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 67(2): 248 (1976) Facesoffungi number FoF 04394 295 Saprobic on leaves and petioles of Eucalyptus sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Stromata superficial, solitary, pulvinate to globose, carbonaceous, blackish-brown. Locules vertically divided, surrounding a central column, basal tissues immersed, composed of dark brown, thick-walled, irregular, pseudoparenchymatous cells, circular, non papillate. Central column thin-walled, pale brown, loosely packed pseudoparenchyma. Locule wall consisting of single outer layer and three separate inner layers. Ostiolar canal lined with deeply stained, small-celled pseudoparenchyma. Conidiophores septate, branched, cylindrical, gradually tapering to the apices, hyaline, smooth, with acropleurogenous conidia, formed from the inner wall of the locules. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, integrated, determinate, hyaline, tapered gradually towards the apical wall comparatively thickened. Conidia aseptate, hyaline, smooth, straight or allantoid, eguttulate. Type species: Waydora typica (Rodway) B. Sutton Waydora typica (Rodway) B. Sutton, in Sutton, Rao & Mhaskar, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 67(2): 248 (1976). Fig. 36. = Pulvinaria typica Rodway, Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm.: 110 (1918) Facesoffungi number FoF 04395 Saprobic on leaves and petioles of Eucalyptus sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Stromata 600–800 lm diam., superficial, solitary, pulvinate to globose, carbonaceous, blackish-brown. Locules 5–7 in a stroma, vertically divided each up to 400 lm diam., surrounding a central column, basal tissues immersed, composed of dark brown, thick-walled, irregular, pseudoparenchymatous cells, circular, non papillate. Central column thin-walled, pale brown, loosely packed pseudoparenchyma. Locule wall up to 115 lm wide, consisting of single outer layer and three separate inner layers. Outer layer 20 lm wide, dark-blackish-brown, thick-walled pseudoparenchyma, first layer of inner layer up to 85 lm wide, comprised of thick-walled, gelatinized, pale brown plectenchyma, second layer of inner layer up to 25 lm wide, dark brown, isodiametric, thin-walled cells, becoming smaller in the ostiolar region, third layer of inner layer small-celled, hyaline, pseudoparenchyma from which conidiophores arise. Ostiolar canal lined with deeply stained, small-celled pseudoparenchyma. Conidiophores up to 30 lm long, 1.5–2.5 lm wide, septate, branched, cylindrical, gradually tapering to the apices, hyaline, smooth, with acropleurogenous conidia, formed from the inner wall of the locules. Conidiogenous cells 5–8 9 1–2 lm, enteroblastic, phialidic, integrated, determinate, hyaline, tapered gradually towards the apical wall comparatively thickened. Conidia 6–7 9 0.8–1 lm, 123 296 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 37 Xenotypa aterrima (F130640). a, b Packet of herbarium specimen. c Herbarium specimen. d, e Ascomata on substrate. f Cross section of ascomata. g–i Asci. j Ascospores. Scale bars: d, e = 200 lm, f = 50 lm, g–j = 10 lm unicellular, hyaline, smooth, straight or allantoid, aguttulate (description based on Sutton et al. 1976). Notes: Waydora, introduced and typified by Waydora typica, is phylogenetically distinct from other genera in Cytosporaceae (Senanayake et al. 2017b). Morphologically it differs in having a multi-layered peridium, septate, branched, cylindrical conidiophores and enteroblastic, phialidic conidiogenous cells with acropleurogenous conidia. Xenotypa Petr., Sydowia 9(1–6): 499 (1955) Facesoffungi number FoF 04396 123 Saprobic on stems. Sexual morph: Epistromata comprising black, parenchymatous cells. Ascomata solitary or aggregated, erumpent, globose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla comprising brown, elongated cells, internally lined by hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising thin-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, narrow, elongated stalk, apex rounded, J- apical ring. Ascospores biseriate to triseriate, allantoid to cylindrical, unicellular, hyaline, smooth walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Xenotypa aterrima (Fr.) Petr. Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 297 Fig. 38 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a combined nrLSU, nrSSU, nrITS, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence alignment for taxa of Diaporthaceae. Genera are indicated in coloured blocks. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site Xenotypa aterrima (Fr.) Petr., Sydowia 9(1–6): 499 (1955). Fig. 37. Basionym: Hydnum aterrimum Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 1: 416 (1821) Facesoffungi number FoF 04397 Saprobic on stems. Sexual morph: Epistromata comprising black, parenchymatous cells. Ascomata solitary or aggregated, erumpent, globose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla comprising brown, elongated cells, internally lined by hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising thin-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, narrow, elongated stalk, apex rounded, J- apical ring. Ascospores biseriate to triseriate, allantoid to cylindrical, unicellular, hyaline, smooth walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined: SWEDEN, Smaland (Inre), Femsjö, on bark of Betulae, Fries, F130640, holotype. Notes: Xenotypa, typified by Xenotypa aterrima, was originally placed in Gnomoniaceae. it is characterized by having solitary or rarely aggregated, erumpent, globose, papillate ascomata, interspersed with sterile columnar structures and immersed, through an effuse stroma and allantoid to cylindrical, unicellular, hyaline ascospores (Pirozynski 1974; Barr 1978). Morphologically Xenotypa is similar to Paravalsa and Valsella. Ananthapadmanaban (1990) described the relationship between Xenotypa and Paravalsa, accommodating Paravalsa in Cytosporaceae. Several authors placed Xenotypa in Gnomoniaceae. However, morphologically Xenotypa has closer affinity with Cytosporaceae than with Gnomoniaceae. Senanayake et al. 123 298 (2017b) listed Xenotypa as a genus in Cytosporaceae. Here we illustrate the holotype of Xenotypa aterrima (as Hydnum aterrimum). Diaporthaceae Höhn. ex Wehm., Am. J. Bot. 13: 638. 1926. History Saccardo and Sydow (1899) accepted four families in Sphaeriales as Valsaceae, Melanconidaceae, Diatrypaceaeand Melogrammataceae. Von Höhnel (1917) established Diaporthaceae, instead of Valsaceae for Valsaceae and related families which have a thin ascus membrane except its tip, with an apical ring, aparaphysate hamathecium filled with many asci at various heights resulting from their different length of stalk and hyaline ascospores. Wehmeyer (1926) revised Diaporthaceae with subfamily Valseae having multilocular pycnidium and allantoid conidium and the Diaportheae having simple pycnidium or exposed conidial layer. Nannfeldt (1932) placed Diaporthaceae within a new order Diaporthales. After several consequence studies, Kobayashi (1970) revised this family mainly based on Japanese diaporthoid fungi. Barr (1978, 1991), Dai et al. (2014), Fu et al. (2013), Senanayake et al. (2017b) and Vasilyeva et al. (2007) introduced several new genera to this family. Life mode Diaporthaceae comprises endophytes, saprobes and phytopathogens (Udayanga et al. 2011). Species of Diaporthe and their Phomopsis asexual morph form diseases on a wide range of plants hosts, including economically important crops and forest trees, causing root and fruit rots, dieback, cankers, leaf spots, blights, decay and wilt (Uecker 1988; Mostert et al. 2001; van Rensburg et al. 2006; Santos et al. 2011; Thompson et al. 2011). Some Diaporthe species can be either pathogenic or harmless endophytes depending on the host and its health. Diaporthe toxica causes lupinosis of sheep (Williamson et al. 1994). Additionally, Phaeocytostroma and Stenocarpella are pathogens on grasses. Morphological characteristics Morphologically, Diaporthaceae species show large variation between characters. Solitary or aggregated ascomata immersed to erumpent in well or very poorly developed stromatic tissues. Ascospores are generally hyaline although some species have brown ascospores. Asexual morph is generally phomopsis-like and Chaetoconis, Ophiodiaporthe, Phaeocytostroma, Pustulomyces and 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Stenocarpella have morphologically diverse asexual morphs. Phylogenetic identification Earlier studies used nrLSU sequence data to determine the generic boundaries within Diaporthaceae. However, Dai et al. (2014) used combined nrITS, nrLSU and TEF1-a sequences to demarcate generic boundaries. The nrITS, actin, TEF1-a, TUB, and CAL are determined as best markers for Diaporthe species (Udayanga et al. 2014; Dissanayake et al. 2017). Senanayake et al. (2017b) used nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a to resolve the taxonomic confusion within this family (Fig. 38). Taxonomy Diaporthaceae Höhn. ex Wehm., Am. J. Bot. 13: 638. 1926. Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b) Type genus: Diaporthe Nitschke. Notes: The family Diaporthaceae comprises many endophytic and phytopathogenic fungal species (Udayanga et al. 2011) and it was introduced and accommodated in Diaporthales by Von Höhnel (1917). Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010), Lamprecht et al. (2011); Fu et al. (2013); Dai et al. (2014); Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014); Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015), Senanayake et al. (2017b), Tibpromma et al. (2017) and Wanasinghe et al. (2018) revised this family introducing several genera. Diaporthe Nitschke, Pyrenomyc. Germ. 2: 240 (1870) Facesoffungi number FoF 02106 Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b) Type species: Diaporthe eres Nitschke Diaporthe eres Nitschke, Pyrenomyc. Germ. 2: 245 (1870). Facesoffungi number FoF 02182 Illustration: See Udayanga et al. (2014) Saprobic on dead twigs. Sexual morph: Ascomata 200– 300 lm diam., aggregated, deeply immersed in host tissue with tapering necks, globose, subglobose or irregular, black, coriaceous. Necks 300–700 lm long, protruding through substrata. Asci 40–60 9 7–10 lm ( x = 50 9 8, n = 30), unitunicate, 8-spored, elongate to clavate, sessile, with distinct J- apical ring. Ascospores 12–15 9 3–4 lm ( x = 12 9 3 lm, n = 30), hyaline, two-celled, often 4guttulate, with larger guttules at centre and smaller ones at the ends, elongated to elliptical. Asexual morph: Pycnidia 200–250 lm diam., globose, embedded in tissue, erumpent at maturity. Neck 200–300 lm long, black, elongated, often with yellowish, conidial cirrus extruding from ostiole. Peridium parenchymatous, consisting of 3–4 layers of Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 299 Fig. 39 Apioporthella vepris (NY 346842). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Conidiomata on substrate. d Cross section of conidiomata. e Locule wall. f, g Conidiogenous cells, conidiophores and conidia. h Conidia. Scale bars: c = 100 lm, d = 50 lm, e–h = 10 lm medium brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores 10–15 9 2–3 lm, hyaline, smooth, unbranched, ampulliform, straight to sinuous. Conidiogenous cells 0.5–1 lm diam., phialidic, cylindrical, terminal, slightly tapering towards the apex. Paraphyses absent. Alpha conidia 6– 8 9 3–4 lm ( x = 7.5 9 2.5 lm, n = 30), abundant in culture and on alfalfa twigs, aseptate, hyaline, smooth, ovate to ellipsoidal, often biguttulate, base subtruncate. Beta conidia 22–28 9 1–1.5 lm ( x = 25 9 1.3 lm, n = 30), aseptate, hyaline, smooth, fusiform to hooked, base sub-truncate (description based on Udayanga et al. 2014). Notes: The genus Diaporthe was introduced for fungi with stromata often with blackened zones in the substrate, ellipsoid to fusiform ascospores and enclosed, unilocular pycnidia that contain spermatia, stylospores and conidia (Nitschke 1867). However, morphology of Diaporthe species is diversified based on their ecology, host or substrate and geography (Senanayake et al. 2017b). This genus comprises pathogenic, endophytic and saprobic species with wide range of hosts and geographical distributions (Udayanga et al. 2014). Other genera include in Diaporthaceae 123 300 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 40 Caudospora taleola (F148614, F148641). a, b Packet of herbarium. c Herbarium specimen. d–f Ascomata on substrate. g Cross section of ascomata. h Peridium. i–k Asci. l–n Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 500 lm, e, f = 200 lm, g = 100 lm, h–n = 10 lm Apioporthella Petr., Annls mycol. 27(5/6): 401 (1929) Facesoffungi number FoF 04168 Saprobic on stems of overwintered plants. Sexual morph: Stromata variable, often appearing as longitudinally elongate pustules, sometimes erumpent as circular blackened discs. Ectostromatic disc appears as a cushion of brown cells containing one or a few fused ostioles. Ascomata scattered, aggregated, immersed, globose to 123 subglobose, coriaceous, black. Peridium of base comprising outer, brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis and inner, hyaline, compressed, thin-walled cells of textura angularis and wall of neck comprising brown, parallel elongated cells. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, sessile, with J- apical ring. Ascospores oblong obovoid, apiosporous, constricted at the septum, large cell biguttulate, small cell monoguttulate with an Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 appendage. Appendage narrow, short, bristle-like, mucous (description based on Barr 1991). Asexual morph: phomopsis-like, stromata comprising small, hyaline to pale brown parenchymatous cells. Conidiomata multiloculate, immersed, pycnidial, compressed conical, black, coriaceous. Peridium comprising thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis to textura globulosa. Conidiophores cylindrical, branched, septate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells blastic, phialidic, ampulliform, aseptate, hyaline. Alpha conidia ellipsoidal to oval, hyaline, unicellular, smooth. Type species: Apioporthella vepris (Lacroix) M.E. Barr Apioporthella vepris (Lacroix) M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 41(1): 288 (1991). Fig. 39. Facesoffungi number FoF 04169 Saprobic on stems of overwintered plants. Sexual morph: Stromata variable, often appearing as longitudinally elongate pustules, sometimes erumpent as circular blackened discs. Ectostromatic disc 100–200 lm, a cushion of brown cells containing one or a few fused ostioles. Ascomata 160–300 9 160–200 lm, scattered, aggregated, immersed, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black. Peridium of base comprising outer, brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis and inner, hyaline, compressed, thin-walled cells of textura angularis and wall of neck comprising brown, parallel elongated cells. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 30–40 9 6–8 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, sessile, with J- apical ring. Ascospores 6–10 9 2–2.5 lm, oblong obovoid, apiosporous, constricted at the septum, large cell biguttulate, small cell monoguttulate with an appendage. Appendage 2–5 lm in length, narrow, short, bristle-like, mucous (description based on Barr 1991). Asexual morph: phomopsis-like, stromata comprising small, hyaline to pale brown parenchymatous cells. Conidiomata 100–150 lm wide, multiloculate, immersed, pycnidial, compressed conical, black, coriaceous. Locules 25–35 9 30–50 lm, globose to subglobose, pale brown. Locule wall 7–15 lm wide, comprising thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis to textura globulosa. Conidiophores 5–10 9 3–5 lm, cylindrical, branched, septate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells 7–10 9 2–4 lm, blastic, phialidic, ampulliform, aseptate, hyaline. Alpha conidia 5–7 9 1–1.5 lm, ellipsoidal to oval, hyaline, unicellular, smooth. Beta conidia not seen (description based on Barr 1991). Material examined: USA, Massachusetts. Franklin Co. Sunderland. Mt. Toby. Ceanothus americanus L. (Rhamnaceae), 9 July 1968, M. E. Barr 5175, NY 346842. Notes: Apioporthella was described and typified by A. bavarica Petrak. There are three species listed under this genus in Mycobank (2018). Barr (1991) proposed two new combinations within the genus as Apioporthella apiospora and A. vepris. Monad (1983) obtained the asexual morph of 301 A. vepris from culture, which he described and illustrated. We borrowed authentic material from the New York Botanical Garden (NY) fungaria but could not observe the sexual morph. Caudospora Starbäck, Bih. K. svenska Vetensk Akad. Handl., Afd. 3 15(no. 2): 11 (1889) Facesoffungi number FoF 04170 Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Stromata not conspicuous, circular, with black margin line, comprising light brown, fungal hyphae. Ascomata immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate with ostiolar canal. Ostiolar canal internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising thick-walled, brown, compressed cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, apex rounded with J-, apical ring, with very short stipe. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate, oval, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, hyaline, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Caudospora taleola (Fr.) Starbäck Caudospora taleola (Fr.) Starbäck, Bih. K. svenska Vetensk Akad. Handl., Afd. 3 15(no. 2): 11 (1889). Fig. 40. =Sphaeria taleola Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 2(2): 391 (1823) Facesoffungi number FoF 04171 Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Stromata not conspicuous, circular, with black margin line, comprising light brown, fungal hyphae. Ascomata 760–900 9 300– 460 lm, immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate with ostiolar canal. Ostiolar canal internally covered by hyaline, periphyses. Peridium 20–30 lm ( x = 24 lm, n = 20), comprising thick-walled, brown, compressed cells of textura angularis. Asci 145– 180 9 12–13 lm ( x = 150 9 12.5 lm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, apex rounded with J-, apical ring, with very short stipe. Ascospores 19–25 9 5.5–7 lm ( x = 23 9 6.5 lm, n = 30), overlapping uniseriate, oval, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, hyaline, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined: ITALY, Treviso, Saccardo, F148641; SWEDEN, Småland (Inre), Suecia: Småland, Vestervik, K. Starbäck F148614. Note: This monotypic genus was introduced and typified by Caudospora taleola. Morphologically, this species is similar to some taxa in Diaporthaceae having blackish margin around the stromatic tissues. However Caudospora taleola has long, cylindrical asci with oval ascospores. Leucodiaporthe have this kind of asci and ascospores and C. taleola shows similar morphology to taxa in Diaporthaceae. However, C. taleola lacks sequence data in accessible data bases and considering its morphology, we accommodate Caudospora within Diaporthaceae until molecular data is available. 123 302 Chaetoconis Clem., Gen. fung. (Minneapolis): 125 (1909) Facesoffungi number FoF 04172 Saprobic on stems. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, scattered, subperidermal, immersed to erumpent, globose to subglobose, dark brown, unilocular or multilocular, ostiolate, papillate. Peridium comprising several layers of inner thin-walled, hyaline, compressed cells of textura angularis and outer, thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura angularis. Ostiole one or more, circular. Conidiophores hyaline, branched, septate, smooth, with acropleurogenous conidia, formed from the inner pycnidial wall cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, determinate, integrated, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth, with minute channel and collarette. Conidia obclavate, hyaline, euseptate, continuous, base obtuse, thin-walled, smooth, guttulate, apex extended into a filiform or broad, attenuated, unbranched or branched, flexuous appendage. Type species: Chaetoconis polygoni (Ellis & Everh.) Clem. Chaetoconis polygoni (Ellis & Everh.) Clem., Gen. fung. (Minneapolis): 176. 1909. Facesoffungi number FoF 03475 Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b) Saprobic on stem of Rumex acetosa L. (Polygonaceae). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 175–250 lm high, 200–275 lm diam. ( x = 200 9 250 lm, n = 20), pycnidial, scattered, immersed to erumpent, globose to subglobose, dark brown, unilocular or multilocular, ostiolate, papillate. Peridium 20–30 lm thick, comprising several layers of inner thinwalled, hyaline, compressed cells of textura angularis and outer, thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura angularis. Ostiole one or more, circular. Conidiophores 12–25 9 2– 3.5 lm ( x = 20 9 3 lm, n = 20), hyaline, branched, septate, smooth, with acropleurogenous conidia, formed from the inner pycnidial wall cells. Conidiogenous cells 30– 45 9 9–11 lm ( x = 32 9 9.5 lm, n = 20), enteroblastic, phialidic, determinate, integrated, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth, with minute channel and collarette. Conidia 35– 50 9 4–5 lm ( x = 37 9 4.5 lm, n = 20), hyaline, 2-euseptate, continuous, base obtuse, apex extended into a filiform, cellular, unbranched appendage, thin-walled, smooth, guttulate, obclavate (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017b). Notes: Chaetoconis comprises two species as C. polygoni and C. vaccinii Melnik & Nag Raj (Index Fungorum 2018). Chaetoconis was accommodated in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis and Diaporthaceae respectively by 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 De Gruyter et al. (2009) and Senanayake et al. (2017b) based on sequence analysis. Chiangraiomyces Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b). Facesoffungi number FoF 03469 Saprobic on dead wood. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary, scattered, immersed to erumpent, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla long, internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising outer, thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis and inner, hyaline, thick-walled, compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising hyaline, aseptate, filamentous paraphyses. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, fusiform, sessile to short pedicellate, with J-, funnel-shaped, apical ring. Ascospores biseriate to overlapping uniseriate, fusiform to ellipsoid, hyaline, smoothwalled, 1-septate, with two large guttules in the center and two small guttules at the ends. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, globose, erumpent at maturity, black, coriaceous, short neck. Conidiomatal wall comprising pale brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores ampulliform, straight, branched, septate, hyaline, smooth. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, terminal, cylindrical, slightly tapering towards the apex. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Alpha conidia aseptate, hyaline, smooth, ovate to ellipsoidal, few. Beta conidia fusiform to hooked, base subtruncate, aseptate, hyaline, smooth. Type species: Chiangraiomyces bauhiniae Senan. & K.D. Hyde Chiangraiomyces bauhiniae Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b). Facesoffungi number FoF 03470 Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b) Saprobic. Sexual morph: Ascomata 200–300 lm high, 150–180 lm diam. ( x = 230 9 240 lm, n = 20), solitary, scattered, immersed to erumpent, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla 115–140 lm high, 75–90 lm diam. ( x = 130 9 85 lm, n = 20), long, internally covered by hyaline, periphyses. Peridium 11– 14 lm wide ( x = 12.5 lm, n = 20), comprising outer, thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis and inner, hyaline, thick-walled, compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 2.5–3 lm wide ( x = 2.8 lm, n = 20), comprising hyaline, aseptate, filamentous paraphyses. Asci 75–90 9 12–13 lm ( x = 78 9 12.5 lm, n = 20), unitunicate, 8-spored, fusiform, with J-, funnel-shaped, apical ring, sessile to short pedicellate. Ascospores 17–18 9 3– 4 lm ( x = 17.8 9 3.6 lm, n = 20), biseriate to overlapping uniseriate, fusiform to ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth- Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 walled, 1-septate, with two large guttules in the center and two small guttules at the ends. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 300–500 lm diam. ( x = 450 lm, n = 20), pycnidial, globose, erumpent at maturity, black, coriaceous, short neck. Conidiomatal wall comprising pale brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores 4– 6 9 2–4 lm ( x = 5 9 3 lm, n = 20), ampulliform, straight, branched, septate, hyaline, smooth. Conidiogenous cells 7–109 2–3 lm ( x = 8 9 2.3 lm, n = 20), phialidic, terminal, cylindrical, slightly tapering towards the apex. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Alpha conidia 3– 5 9 2–4 lm ( x = 4.7 9 3.3 lm, n = 20), aseptate, hyaline, smooth, ovate to ellipsoidal, less in amount. Beta conidia 18–38 9 1.5–2 lm ( x = 24 9 1.7 lm, n = 20), fusiform to hooked, base sub-truncate, aseptate, hyaline, smooth (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017b). Notes: Chiangraiomyces was introduced by Senanayake et al. (2017b) based on multigene phylogeny and morphology. Chiangraiomyces bauhiniae has immersed, solitary ascomata, fusiform asci, with a J-, funnel-shaped apical ring, and oval to fusiform ascospores with two large central guttules and two small marginal guttules. Hyaliappendispora Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b). Facesoffungi number FoF 03473 Saprobic on dead stems. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary to aggregate, immersed, globose to subglobose, black to brown, coriaceous, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla short, wide, internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising outer, dark brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis and inner, thin-walled, hyaline, compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising filiform, septate, hyaline paraphyses which are longer than asci. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to fusiform, short pedicellate, apex rounded with a J- apical ring. Ascospores biseriate to overlapping biseriate, oval to ellipsoid, hyaline, medially 1-septate, multiguttulate, with appendages. Appendages at both apical and basal ends, long, thread-like, covered by loose capsule. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata crowded at colony margin, appears as pale yellow bubbles when the conidial mass is released, globose, erumpent, black. Peridium comprising thick-walled, pale brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores ampulliform, septate, branched, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, terminal, cylindrical, elongate, hyaline. Conidia fusiform, unicellular, hyaline, smooth. Type species: Hyaliappendispora galii Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde. Hyaliappendispora galii Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b). Facesoffungi number FoF 03474 Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b) 303 Saprobic on dead stem of Galium sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata 395–450 lm high, 180–200 lm wide ( x = 419 9 190 lm, n = 10), solitary to aggregated, immersed, globose to subglobose, black to brown, coriaceous, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla 160–210 lm high, 100– 185 lm wide ( x = 172 9 158 lm, n = 10), short, wide, internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium 15– 25 lm wide ( x = 20 lm, n = 10), comprising outer, dark brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis and inner, thin-walled, hyaline, compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising filiform, septate paraphyses 1.5– 3.5 lm wide ( x = 2 lm, n = 10), which are longer than asci. Asci 110–125 9 20–25 lm ( x = 116 9 21 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to fusiform, short pedicellate, apex rounded with a J- apical ring. Ascospores 20–25 9 7–10 lm ( x = 22 9 9 lm, n = 20), biseriate to overlapping biseriate, oval to ellipsoid, hyaline, medially 1-septate, multiguttulate, with appendages. Appendages 6–11 9 2–3 lm ( x = 8 9 2.3 lm, n = 10), at both ends, long, thread-like, covered by loose capsule. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata crowded at colony margin, appears at pale yellow bubbles when release the conidial mass. globose, erumpent, black. Peridium comprising thick-walled, pale brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores 10–15 9 1.5–2.5 lm ( x = 13 9 2.1 lm, n = 10), ampulliform, septate, branched, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells 8–16 9 1.5–3 lm ( x = 11 9 2.5 lm, n = 20), phialidic, terminal, cylindrical, elongate, hyaline. Conidia 7.5–9.5 9 1.5–2.5 lm ( x = 8.3 9 2.2 lm, n = 20), fusiform, unicellular, hyaline, smooth (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017b). Notes: Hyaliappendispora is morphologically distinct from other genera in Diaporthaceae in having biguttulate, uniseptate, hyaline ascospores with long filamentous apical and basal appendages and wall of the appendages makes a ring-like ornamentation at the proximal end (Senanayake et al. 2017b). Leucodiaporthe M.E. Barr & Lar.N. Vassiljeva, in Vasilyeva, Rossman & Farr, Mycologia 99(6): 917 (2008) Facesoffungi number FoF 04173 Saprobic on overwintered plants. Sexual morph: Stromata rounded, pulvinate, erumpent, with a pale or dark ectostromatic disk, surrounded by a blackened zone in substratum. Ascomata spherical, beaks sometimes projecting beyond stromatic disk. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate or broadly cylindrical, J- refractive apical ring. Ascospores biseriate or overlapping uniseriate, fusoid or ellipsoid, 1-septate, constricted at the septa, hyaline, without or with blunt appendages, sometimes with gelatinous coating. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Leucodiaporthe acerina M.E. Barr & Lar.N. Vassiljeva 123 304 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 41 Mazzantia galii (MFLU 17–1787). a, b Stromata on substrate. c Horizontal cross section of stromata. d Vertical cross section of ascomata. e Apical ring. f, g Asci. h–k Ascospores. Scale bars: a, b = 500 lm, c = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e–g = 5 lm, h–k = 10 lm Fig. 42 Mazzantia galii (MFLUCC 13–0659). a Conidiomata on MEA. b, c Conidiogenous cells attached to conidia. d Conidia. Scale bars: a = 200 lm, b–d = 10 lm 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 305 Fig. 43 Ophiodiaporthe cyatheae (Illustration based on Fu et al. 2013). a Ascomata on substrate. b Cross section of ascomata. c Asci. d Paraphyses. e Conidiogenous cells and conidia. f Conidia. Scale bars: a = 2 mm, b = 1 mm, c–f = 10 lm Leucodiaporthe acerina M.E. Barr & Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Mycologia 99(6): 919 (2008) Facesoffungi number FoF 04174 Illustration: See Vasilyeva et al. (2007) Saprobic on overwintered plants. Sexual morph: Stromata rounded, pulvinate, erumpent, with pale yellow, ectostromatic disk 1.5–2 lm diam., within substratum surrounded by a blackened zone. Ascomata 350–400 lm diam., perithecia, globose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate, papillate, contrasting with ectostromatic disk and projecting slightly beyond stromatic disk. Asci 110–130 9 20–24 lm, 8-spored, clavate or broadly cylindrical, J- refractive apical ring. Ascospores 20–24 9 9–11 lm, biseriate or overlapping uniseriate, fusoid or ellipsoid, 1-septate, although occasionally appearing pseudomuriform due to numerous guttules, constricted at septum, hyaline, without appendages but sometimes surrounded by gelatinous coating (description based on Vasilyeva et al. 2007). Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Vasilyeva et al. 2007). Notes: Leucodiaporthe was introduced and typified by Leucodiaporthe acerina (Vasilyeva et al. 2007). This genus is distinct in the Diaporthales in having a pale to dark stromatic disk with blackened marginal zones and hyaline ascospores occasionally with a gelatinous coat. Castlebury et al. (2002) proposed that Leucodiaporthe is a genus in the Diaporthaceae sensu-lato. Mazzantia Mont., Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 2: 525 (1855) Facesoffungi number FoF 04177 Saprobic on overwintered plants. Sexual morph: Stromata sub epidermal or slightly erumpent, base attached to cells of cortex, outer comprising black, pigmented, small, tightly-packed cells of textura angularis and inner, hyaline, loosely packed cells of textura globulosa. Ascomata perithecial, globose to subglobose, several per stroma, pale yellow, with long, straight or curved ostiolar canal. Peridium comprising hyaline, small cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, J-, bilobed apical ring, with short stalked. Ascospores biseriate, 123 306 ellipsoid or rarely allantoid, hyaline, straight or one side flattened, unicellular, a globule near each end. Asexual morph: on MEA: forming locules in stroma similar to perithecial stroma, black. Conidiophore reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, ampulliform, aseptate, brown. Conidia elongate to cylindrical, unicellular to rarely 1 median septate, hyaline to olivaceous, smooth. Type species: Mazzantia galii (Fr.) Mont. Mazzantia galii (Fr.) Mont., Syll. gen. sp. crypt. (Paris): 246 (1856). Fig.s 41, 42. Facesoffungi number FoF 04178 Saprobic on shrubs. Sexual morph: Stromata 1–2 mm 9 0.5–1 mm, sub-epidermal or slightly erumpent, base attached to cells of cortex, outer comprising black, pigmented, small, tightly packed cells of textura angularis and inner, hyaline, loosely packed cells of textura globulosa. Ascomata 420–550 9 160–210 lm, perithecial, globose to subglobose, several per stroma, pale yellow, with long, straight or curved ostiolar canal. Peridium comprising hyaline, small cells of textura angularis. Asci 50–65 9 6–10 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, J-, bilobed apical ring, with short stalked. Ascospores 8–10 9 4–5 lm, biseriate, ellipsoid or rarely allantoid, hyaline, straight or one side flattened, unicellular, a globule near each end. Asexual morph: on MEA: forming locules in stroma similar to perithecial stroma, black. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 9 9 2.5 lm, phialidic, ampulliform, aseptate, brown. Conidia 5–7 9 2–3 lm, elongate to cylindrical, unicellular to rarely 1-median septate, hyaline to olivaceous, smooth. Material examined: ITALY, Marsignano, Predappio (province of Forlı̀-Cesena), on dead stem of Galium sp., 19 March 2013, Camporesi Erio, IT 1131, MFLU 17–1787, ex-type living culture MFLUCC 13–0659. Notes: Mazzantia was introduced and typified by M. galii (Fr.) Mont. There are 18 species listed under this genus in Index Fungorum (2018). However, M. galii has not been cultured. Mazzantia is characterized by having a sharply delimited, strongly melanized, sclerotial clypeal ectostroma, a whitish entostroma, and aseptate ascospores (von Höhnel 1918; Petrak 1940). Based on an analysis of nrLSU sequences, M. napelli is a species closely related, but distinct from Diaporthe (Castlebury et al. 2002, 2003). Ophiodiaporthe Y.M. Ju, H.M. Hsieh, C.H. Fu, C.Y. Chen & T.T. Chang, Mycologia 105(4): 866 (2013) Facesoffungi number FoF 04179 Pathogenic on Cyathea lepifera causing wilt disease. Sexual morph: Stromata conspicuous, partially immersed, 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 differentiated into a continuous outer layer and inner tissue, containing multiple perithecia. Perithecia solitary or with several aggregated in valsoid configuration. Ostioles longcylindrical. Paraphyses present only in developing centrum, cylindrical, tapering upward, septate, unbranched. Asci oblong-fusoid, sessile, with an inamyloid apical ring. Ascospores hyaline, bicellular, ellipsoid, lacking a germination site. Asexual morph: aggregated into conidiomata and embedded in stromata as convoluted locules. Conidiophores lining locules as dense palisades. Conidia produced enteroblastically. Type species: Ophiodiaporthe cyatheae Y.M. Ju et al. Ophiodiaporthe cyatheae Y.M. Ju, H.M. Hsieh, C.H. Fu, Chi Y. Chen & T.T. Chang, Mycologia 105(4): 868 (2013). Fig. 43. Facesoffungi number FoF 04180 Pathogenic on Cyathea lepifera causing wilt. Sexual morph: Stromata 3–10 mm diam., pulvinate to orbicular, slightly convex, solitary or confluent, outer layer 50– 150 lm thick, hard, black, inner tissue whitish, composed of thin-walled, white hyphal cells, several perithecia immersed polystichously. Ascomata 350–500 lm diam., solitary or with 2–5 aggregated in valsoid configuration, globose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate with neck. Peridium 12–17 lm ( x = 14 lm, n = 10), comprising thick-walled, pale brown, jigsaw-shaped cells. Ostioles 1.5–3.5 mm long, 0.1–0.2 mm diam., long-cylindrical, smooth, black. Hamathecium 5–8 mm comprises cylindrical, tapering upward, septate, unbranched, broad paraphyses. Asci 49–56 9 9.5–12 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, oblong-fusoid, slightly broadened in the middle, sessile, with a discoid apical ring 2 9 1.5 lm. Ascospores 8–12 9 4–5 lm, biseriate or partially biseriate, hyaline, bicellular, ellipsoid, slightly constricted at septum, usually with narrowly rounded ends, smooth. Asexual morph: Conidiomata embedded in stromata as convoluted locules. Conidiophores 2.5–3.5 lm wide, lining locules as dense palisades, dichotomously branched once or twice in short intervals, hyaline to pale brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells 30–40 9 2.5–3 lm, terminal, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, tapering upward. Conidia 6–7.5 lm diam., enteroblastic, hyaline, smooth, globose to subglobose (description based on Fu et al. 2013). Notes: Ophiodiaporthe was introduced and typified by O. cyatheae based on its unique asexual morphic characters and host preference (Fu et al. 2013). Close affinity between Ophiodiaporthe and Diaporthe was proposed by Fu et al. (2013) using similarity in their sexual morphs and phylogenetic analyses based on nrSSU, nrLSU, TEF1-a, TEF2-a Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 and RPB2. Therefore Fu et al. (2013) placed Ophiodiaporthe in Diaporthaceae sensu lato. However, later authors (Dai et al. 2014; Senanayake et al. 2017b) determined Ophiodiaporthe as a distinct genus in Diaporthaceae. Paradiaporthe Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b). Facesoffungi number FoF 03471 Saprobic on dead twigs of Artemisia sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary, scattered, immersed, becoming erumpent when mature, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla periphysate with short, wide, prominent ostiole. Peridium thin at the base, gradually thickening towards the neck, comprising inner, hyaline, compressed, thin-walled cells of textura angularis and outer, thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform to clavate, sessile, apex rounded with a J- apical ring. Ascospores biseriate, fusiform with pointed ends, medially 1-septate, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Paradiaporthe artemisiae Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde Paradiaporthe artemisiae Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b). Facesoffungi number FoF 03472 Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b) Saprobic on dead twigs of Artemisia sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata 280–300 lm high, 180–200 lm wide ( x = 290 9 190 lm, n = 10), solitary, scattered, immersed, becoming erumpent when mature, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla 135–138 lm high, 110–140 lm wide, ( x = 136 9 115 lm, n = 10), comprising filiform, hyaline periphyses with short, wide, prominent ostiole. Peridium 8–13 lm ( x = 10 lm, n = 10), thin at the base, gradually thickened towards the neck, comprising inner, hyaline, compressed, thin-walled cells of textura angularis and outer, thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 45–60 9 11–14 lm ( x = 51 9 13.5 lm, n = 20) 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform to clavate, sessile, apex rounded, with a J-, bi-lobed, apical ring. Ascospores 14–18.5 9 4–5 lm ( x = 16 9 4.2 lm, n = 20) biseriate to overlapping uniseriate, fusiform with two small globules at the ends and two large globules at the middle of spore, medially 1-septate, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017b). Notes: Paradiaporthe artemisiae has erumpent, solitary ascomata with prominent, wide papilla. Morphologically, 307 Paradiaporthe is similar to Diaporthe. However, phylogenetically, Paradiaporthe artemisiae is distinct from other genera in Diaporthaceae (Senanayake et al. 2017b). Phaeocytostroma Petr., Annls mycol. 19(1/2): 45 (1921) Facesoffungi number FoF 04181 Endophytic or saprobic on various substrates of a range of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic, rarely confluent, immersed, unilocular, multilocular or convoluted, dark brown, ostiolate. Ostiole slightly papillate, single, circular, central. Conidiomata wall thick, composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses filiform, apex obtuse, branched, hyaline, septate. Conidiophores cylindrical to filiform, septate, hyaline, branched at the base. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, cylindrical, determinate, discrete or integrated, hyaline. Macroconidia cylindrical or ellipsoid, base truncate, apex obtuse, aseptate, brown, eguttulate, thin or thick and smooth-walled. Microconidia fusiform, short or elongate, hyaline, smooth-walled. Type species: Phaeocytostroma ambiguum (Mont.) Petr. Phaeocytostroma ambiguum (Mont.) Petr., in Petrak & Sydow, Feddes Repert., Beih. 42: 457 (1927). Facesoffungi number FoF 04182 Illustration: See Wijayawardene et al. (2016) Endophytic or saprobic on a range of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 500 9 300 lm, stromatic, rarely confluent, immersed, unilocular, multilocular or convoluted, dark brown, ostiolate. Ostiole slightly papillate, single, circular, central. Conidiomata wall thick, composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses filiform, apex obtuse, branched, hyaline, septate. Conidiophores 15– 35 9 2–3.5 lm, cylindrical to filiform, septate, hyaline, branched at the base. Conidiogenous cells 30–35 9 4– 3 lm, enteroblastic, phialidic, cylindrical, determinate, discrete or integrated, hyaline. Macroconidia 12– 15 9 5.5–6.5 lm, cylindrical or ellipsoid, base truncate, apex obtuse, aseptate, brown, eguttulate, thin or thick and smooth-walled. Microconidia fusiform, short or elongate, hyaline, smooth-walled (description based on Wijayawardene et al. 2016). Notes: Phaeocytostroma was introduced and initially typified with P. istrica (Petrak 1921). However, Petrak and Sydow (1927) revealed that Sphaeropsis ambigua was morphologically identical to Phaeocytostroma and it was the oldest species in this genus. Sutton (1980) synonymized Phaeocytostroma istrica under P. ambiguum. Lević and Petrović (1998) reported both a and b conidia from Phaeocytostroma ambiguum. Kirk et al. (2008) mentioned 123 308 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 44 Phaeodiaporthe appendiculata (F279626). a, b Herbarium packet. c Herbarium specimen. d Ascomata on substrate. e Cross section of ascomata. f Peridium. g–i Asci. j–l Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 200 lm, e = 100 lm, f–l = 10 lm Clypeoporthe Höhn. is the sexual morph of Phaeocytostroma. However, this is not proved by cultural examination or molecular data. Several molecular studies have confirmed the taxonomic placement of Phaeocytostroma 123 within Diaporthaceae (Lamprecht et al. 2011; Verkley et al. 2014). There are seven species listed in Index Fungorum (2018). Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 309 Fig. 45 Pustulomyces bambusicola (MFLU 13–0369). a Conidiomata on substrate. b Vertical cross section of conidiomata. c, d Conidiogenous cells attached to conidia. e–k Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b = 50 lm, e–k = 5 lm Phaeodiaporthe Petr., Annls mycol. 17(2/6): 99 (1920) Facesoffungi number FoF 04183 Saprobic on stems. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata more than 10 perithecia, often limited by a faint blackish marginal zone. Ectostromatic disc brown to blackish, circular, erumpent through a cortical rupture, containing 2–12 ostioles. Entostroma whitish to brownish. Ostioles erumpent, convergent, cylindrical to conic, black. Ascomata immersed in stromatic tissues, aggregated, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to broadly fusoid, J- apical ring, with short stalk. Ascospores biseriate, ellipsoid to oblong, dark to blackish brown, 1-euseptate, constricted at septum, distinctly multiguttulate, with rounded ends. Appendages blunt, hyaline, cap-like, both basal and apical. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Phaeodiaporthe appendiculata (G.H. Otth) Lar.N. Vassiljeva Phaeodiaporthe appendiculata (G.H. Otth) Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Pyrenomycetes of the Russian Far East, 2. Valsaceae (Vladivostok): 29 (1994). Fig. 44. Facesoffungi number FoF 04184 Saprobic on stems. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata 1–3 mm diam., more than 10 perithecia, often limited by a faint blackish marginal zone. Ectostromatic disc brown to blackish, circular, erumpent through a cortical rupture, containing 2–12 ostioles. Entostroma whitish to brownish. Ostioles erumpent, convergent, cylindrical to conic, black. Ascomata 450–800 lm diam., immersed in stromatic tissues, aggregated, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous. Asci 150–190 9 30–40 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to broadly fusoid, J- apical ring, with short stalk. Ascospores 30–40 9 14–20 lm, biseriate, ellipsoid to oblong, dark to blackish brown, 1-euseptate, constricted at septum, distinctly multi-guttulate, with rounded ends. Appendages 2.5–8 9 5–7 lm, blunt, hyaline, cap-like, both basal and apical. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014). Material examined: CZECH REPUBLIC, Mähr.-Weisskirchen, Mil.-Oberrealschule, Acer sp, J. Petrak, 06 February 1919, F279626 (isolectotype of Phaeodiaporthe keissleri Petr.). Notes: Phaeodiaporthe was introduced based on P. keissleri and later Petrak (1921) recognized it as a synonym of Diaporthe appendiculata. Diaporthe appendiculata was formally accommodated in Phaeodiaporthe by Vassiljeva (1994). Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) epitypified Phaeodiaporthe appendiculata and synonymized Phaeodiaporthe keissleri under Phaeodiaporthe appendiculata. So 123 310 currently Phaeodiaporthe is a monospecific genus comprising only P. appendiculata. Stenocarpella Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 15(3/4): 258 (1917) Facesoffungi number FoF 04185 Endophytic or saprobic on a range of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, or occasionally confluent, subepidermal, unilocular, globose or elongated, dark brown, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, single, circular. Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores usually reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, cylindrical, determinate, discrete, collarette and channel minute, periclinal wall thickened. Conidia cylindrical, fusiform, straight or curved, apex obtuse, base tapered and truncate, pale brown, 0–3-septate, continuous or constricted, thick and smooth-walled, aguttulate. Type species: Stenocarpella macrospora (Earle) B. Sutton Stenocarpella macrospora (Earle) B. Sutton, Mycol. Pap. 141: 202 (1977). Facesoffungi number FoF 04274 Illustration: See Wijayawardene et al. (2016) Endophytic or saprobic on a range of host plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 200–300 lm, pycnidial, solitary, or occasionally confluent, subepidermal, unilocular, globose or elongated, dark brown, ostiolate. Ostiole papillate, single, circular. Conidiomata wall composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores usually reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 5–15 9 5–8 lm, Fig. 46 Diaporthosporella cercidicola (redrawn from Yang et al. 2017). a Ascomata on substrate. b Horizontal cross section of ascomata. c Asci. d Ascospores. e Vertical cross section of 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 enteroblastic, phialidic, cylindrical, determinate, discrete, collarette and channel minute, periclinal wall thickened. Conidia 20–25 9 4–5 lm, cylindrical, fusiform, straight or curved, apex obtuse, base tapered and truncate, pale brown, 0–3-septate, continuous or constricted, thick and smoothwalled, aguttulate (description based on Wijayawardene et al. 2016). Notes: Stenocarpella was established and typified by S. zeae (Sydow and Sydow 1917). However, the oldest name of Stenocarpella zeae was Diplodia macrospora (Sutton 1977) and the type species was renamed as S. macrospora. The second species, S. maydis (Berk.) B. Sutton was introduced by Sutton (1980). Both Stenocarpella macrospora and S. maydis are well known pathogens of corn, the causal agent of stalk and ear rot and leaf spot (Latterell and Rossi 1983; Da Silva et al. 2014). Stenocarpella was accommodated in Diaporthales based on LSU sequence data Crous et al. (2006a, b). Pustulomyces D.Q. Dai, Bhat & K.D. Hyde, in Dai, Bahkali, Wijayawardene, Bhat, Chukeatirote & Rui-Lin, Cryptog. Mycol. 35(1): 68 (2014). Facesoffungi number FoF 04275 Saprobic on bamboo culms. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular, immersed, erumpent and pustule-like at maturity, solitary, scattered, coriaceous, with black, ostiolate. Conidiomatal wall outer layer composed of dark brown, thin-walled cells of textura angularis, with hyaline conidiogenous inner layer. Conidiophores cylindrical to irregular, branched only at the base, septate, hyaline, smooth. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, with a small collarette, determinate, integrated, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth. Conidia fusiform, elongated, straight to curved, conidiomata. f Conidiogenous cells attached to conidia. g Conidia. Scale bars: b, e = 200 lm, c, d, f, g = 10 lm Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 occasionally slightly sigmoid, pale brown, aseptate, guttulate, smooth-walled. Type species: Pustulomyces bambusicola D.Q. Dai et al. Pustulomyces bambusicola D.Q. Dai et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 35(1): 64 (2014). Fig. 45. Facesoffungi number FoF 04276 Saprobic on bamboo culms on slightly to strongly raised areas. Sexual morph: Unknown. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 150–200 lm high, 400–500 lm in diam., acervular, immersed under the host tissue, erumpent and pustule-like when mature, solitary, scattered, conical in section, coriaceous, ostiolate. Neck 40–60 lm long, black. Conidiomatal wall 5–15 lm wide, 1–2 layers of cells of textura angularis, with dark brown outer layers and hyaline conidiogenous inner layer. Conidiophores 2–4.5 9 1–2.5 lm ( x = 2.8 9 1.3 lm, n = 20), hyaline, branched only at the base, septate, cylindrical to irregular, smooth, formed from the inner cells of the conidiomata wall. Conidiogenous cells 5–8.5 9 1–2 lm ( x = 6.8 9 1.5 lm, n = 20), enteroblastic, phialidic, with a small collarette, determinate, integrated, cylindrical, slender, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidia 10–15 9 2–3 lm ( x = 12.1 9 2.5 lm, n = 20), fusiform, straight to curved, occasionally slightly sigmoid, pointed at both ends, pale brown, aseptate, smooth-walled, with guttules (description based on Dai et al. 2014). Material examined (by Dong Qin Dai): THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang University, on dead culm of Bamboo, 19 July 2011, Dong-Qin Dai, MFLU 13–0369, holotype. Notes: Monospecific genus Pustulomyces was introduced and typified by P. bambusicola (Dai et al. 2014). Pustulomyces shows similar morphological characters to Bambusicola. However, phylogenetically these genera have distinct placements, with Pustulomyces bambusicola in Diaporthaceae (Dai et al. 2014) and Bambusicola in Bambusicolaceae (Hyde et al. 2013). Diaporthosporellaceae C.M. Tian & Q. Yang, in Yang et al., Mycoscience 59(3): 229–235 (2017) History The monogeneric and monospecific family Diaporthosporellaceae was introduced based on Diaporthosporella cercidicola (Yang et al. 2017). This family 311 is distinct from other families of Diaporthales in its morphology and phylogeny. Life mode The only member of Diaporthosporellaceae, Diaporthosporella cercidicola is a phytopathogen on branches and twigs of Cercis chinensis. Morphological characteristics Diaporthosporellaceae is distinct from other families in Diaporthales in having unicellular allantoid or subreniform, aseptate ascospores, conidiophores acropleurogenous, branched or sympodially branched and hyaline, biguttulate conidia. Phylogenetic identification Combined nrITS DNA and nrLSU DNA sequence data analysis in Yang et al. (2017) indicated that Diaporthosporellaceae formed a distinct family in Diaporthales. This was supported by Fan et al. (2018) based on combined gene analysis of nrITS DNA, nrLSU DNA, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence data. Taxonomy Diaporthosporellaceae C.M. Tian & Q. Yang, in Yang et al., Mycoscience 59(3): 229–235 (2017). Description: See Yang et al. (2017) Type genus: Diaporthosporella C.M. Tian & Q. Yang Notes: This is a monogeneric family phylogenetically distinct from other families of Diaporthales. However morphologically, it is not highly significant. It is necessary to obtain more specimens to provide a better resolved. Diaporthosporella C.M. Tian & Q. Yang, in Yang et al., Mycoscience 59(3): 229–235 (2017). Facesoffungi number FoF 04885 Pathogenic on branches and twigs of Cercis chinensis Bunge. Sexual morph: Ascostroma immersed or slightly erumpent, globose to subglobose, 5–10 perithecia in black entostromata. Perithecia globose and subglobose, clustered beneath disc at top. Paraphyses filiform, hyaline, unbranched, slightly sinuous, dissolved at maturity. Asci 8-spored, 123 312 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 47 Diaporthostoma machili (redrawn from Fan et al. 2018). a, b Ascomata on substrate. c Vertical cross section of ascomata. d, e Asci. f Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b, c = 100 lm, d–f = 10 lm unitunicate, thin-walled, clavate, oblong-clavate, sessile. Ascospores irregularly uniseriate, allantoid or sub-reniform, somewhat acute at one end and obtuse at other, 3–4guttules, with larger guttules at center and smaller ones at ends, hyaline, aseptate. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed, erumpent at maturity, conspicuous. Ectostromatic disc black, with one ostiole per disc. Locule undivided. Conidiophores acropleurogenous, branched or sympodially branched, cylindrical, aseptate. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, cylindrical, terminal, slightly tapering towards apex. Conidia ellipsoidal, 123 aseptate, hyaline, smooth, bi-guttulate at each end (description based on Yang et al. 2017). Type species: Diaporthosporella cercidicola C.M. Tian & Q. Yang Diaporthosporella cercidicola C.M. Tian & Q. Yang, in Yang et al., Mycoscience 59(3): 229–235 (2017). Fig. 46. Facesoffungi number FoF 04886 Description: See Yang et al. (2017) Notes: Diaporthosporella cercidicola is morphologically similar to Diaporthe (Yang et al. 2017). However this Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 313 Fig. 48 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a combined nrLSU and nrITS sequence alignment for taxa of Erythrogloeaceae. Genera are indicated in coloured blocks. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site taxon is phylogenetically distinct from other taxa in Diaporthales representing a family. Diaporthostomataceae X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian, in Fan et al. Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018). History The family Diaporthostomataceae was introduced based on Diaporthostoma which is typified by D. machili (Fan et al. 2018). This is phylogenetically and morphologically distinct from other families. Life mode Morphological characteristics Diaporthostomataceae is distinct from other families in Diaporthales by forming discrete perithecia and fusoid, straight to curved ascospores with a median septum (Fan et al. 2018). Phylogenetic identification Combined gene analysis of nrITS DNA, nrLSU DNA, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequences in Fan et al. (2018) showed that Diaporthostomataceae is a distinct family which represents by a single species Diaporthostoma machili and it is sister to Diaporthosporellaceae. Species in this family are phytopathogens on Machilus leptophylla Hand.-Mazz. forming cankers and diebacks. 123 314 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 49 Erythrogloeum hymenaeae (F45468). a Herbarium specimen. b Conidiomata on substrate. c, d Conidiophores, Conidiogenous cells and conidia. e Conidia. Scale bars: b = 100 lm, c, d = 10 lm, e = 5 lm Fig. 50 Chrysocrypta corymbiae (redrawn from Crous et al. 2012a; CBS H-20963). a Conidiogenous cells attached to conidia. b Conidia. Scale bars: 10 lm Taxonomy moderately supported (MP/ML = 66/78), morphologically well-supported family. Diaporthostomataceae X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian, in Fan et al. Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018). Description: See Fan et al. (2018) Type genus: Diaporthostoma X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian Notes: Combined gene analysis in Fan et al. (2018) showed that Diaporthostomataceae is a phylogenetically Diaporthostoma X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian, in Fan et al. Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018). Facesoffungi number FoF 04887 Pathogenic forming cankers and diebacks. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata immersed in host bark, slightly erumpent. Ectostromatic disc yellowish to dark grey, 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 nearly flat, ovoid to ellipsoid. Central column beneath the disc more or less conical. Stromatic zones lacking. Perithecia conical, surrounding the ectostromatic disc, regularly scattered. Ostioles single, dark grey to black. Paraphyses deliquescent. Asci 8-spored, oblong to cylindrical-clavate, with a more or less distinct apical ring. Ascospores 2–3-seriate, hyaline, smooth, fusoid, multiguttulate, straight to slight curved, bicellular, with a median septum, not constricted at the septum. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Fan et al. 2018). Type species: Diaporthostoma machili X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian Diaporthostoma machili X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian, in Fan et al. Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018). Fig. 47. Facesoffungi number FoF 04888 Description: See Fan et al. (2018) Notes: Diaporthostoma machili is presently only known from Machilus leptophylla. It is characterized by the scattered, conical perithecia and fusoid, straight to curved Fig. 51 Dendrostoma mali (redrawn from Fan et al. 2018). a, b Habit of pseudostromata on branches. c Transverse section of perithecia. d Longitudinal section through perithecia. e Asci. f Ascospores. 315 ascospores with a median septum which differs with other species in Diaporthales. Erythrogloeaceae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b) History Phylogenetic analysis of Crous et al. (2012a) showed that Disculoides and Erythrogloeum form a distinct clade. However, Senanayake et al. (2017b) introduced this clade as Erythrogloeaceae to accommodate Disculoides and Erythrogloeum together with Chrysocrypta. Life mode Erythrogloeum hymenaeae is associated with a severe anthracnose of apical twigs and seedlings of Hymenaeae species (Ferreira et al. 1992). This fungus has been reported from Brazil and Costa Rica. g Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. h Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b–d = 500 lm, e–h = 10 lm 123 316 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 52 Disculoides eucalypti (redrawn from Crous et al. 2012a; CPC 17650). a Leaf spot symptoms. b Conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidia. c Conidia. Scale bars = 10 lm Morphological characteristics Morphologically members of Erythrogloeaceae have epiphyllous acervuli, conidiomata and subcylindrical to ampulliform conidiogenous cells. The sexual morphs of these taxa have not been reported. Phylogenetic identification Phylogenetic analyses from Senanayake et al. (2017b) based on combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2, and TEF1-a sequences, showed that Chrysocrypta, Disculoides and Erythrogloeum forms a distinct clade and introduced it as Erythrogloeaceae. However, the nrITS sequence analysis of Crous et al. (2012a) showed that Amphiporthe leiphaemia also claded with this family and it might not be a species in Amphiporthe (Fig. 48). Taxonomy Erythrogloeaceae Senan., Maharachch. & K. D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b) Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b) Type genus: Erythrogloeum Petr. Notes: Erythrogloeaceae was introduced by Senanayake et al. (2017b) to accommodate Chrysocrypta, Disculoides and Erythrogloeum based on rDNA sequence analyses. However, molecular phylogeny of combined nrLSU and nrITS sequence data in present study (Fig. 55) proposed a new combination as for Dendrostoma as D. leiphaemia. Currently Erythrogloeaceae comprises four genera (Fan et al. 2018). Erythrogloeum Petr., Sydowia 7: 378. 1953. 123 Facesoffungi number FoF 04398 Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b) Type species: Erythrogloeum hymenaeae Gonz. Frag. & Cif. ex Petr. Erythrogloeum hymenaeae Gonz. Frag. & Cif. ex Petr., Sydowia 7: 379. 1953. Fig. 49. Facesoffungi number FoF 03479 Foliicolous, associated with leaf spots. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata up to 250 lm diam., acervular, epiphyllous, eustromatic, subepidermal, solitary, rupturing surface by irregular splits. Peridium comprises thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 5–10 9 2.5–4 lm, hyaline, smooth, phialidic with periclinal thickening, discrete, lageniform to cylindrical, lining the inner walls of cavity. Conidia 7–9 9 2.5–3 lm, hyaline, smooth, guttulate or not, thinwalled, ellipsoid to ovoid, apex obtusely rounded, tapering to a truncate base (description based on Crous et al. (2012a). Material examined: COSTA RICA, San José, on leaves of Hymenaea courbaril L. (Fabaceae), November 1929, H. Schmidt, F45468, syntype. Notes: Erythrogloeum comprises the single species Erythrogloeum hymenaeae, reported as a foliar pathogen on Hymenaea courbaril. Erythrogloeum hymenaeae produces pale brown leaf spots which have marginal black lines. Stromatic tissues turn to purple in KOH, which is a characteristic feature of Cryphonectriaceae. However, this species phylogenetically distant from Cryphonectriaceae and clustered together with Chrysocrypta and Disculoides. Other genera listed in Erythrogloeaceae Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Chrysocrypta Crous & Summerell, in Crous et al., Persoonia 28: 165 (2012a). Facesoffungi number FoF 04401 Foliicolous. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata characteristic yellow-orange structures on leaf spots, eustromatic, separate, subepidermal, subglobose, opening by means of irregular rupture. Peridium 3–6 layers of orange-brown textura angularis, conidiomata exuding slimy orange masses of conidia. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity of conidioma, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform, apex truncate, with minute periclinal thickening, at times apical part elongated into a long neck. Conidia dimorphic, intermixed in same conidiomata. Macroconidia broadly ellipsoid to obovoid, hyaline, smooth, granular to guttulate, thick-walled, apex obtuse, base flattened. Microconidia hyaline, smooth, guttulate, fusoid-ellipsoid, apex acutely rounded, base truncate. Type species: Chrysocrypta corymbiae Crous & Summerell. Chrysocrypta corymbiae Crous & Summerell, in Crous et al., Persoonia 28: 165 (2012a). Fig. 50. Facesoffungi number FoF 04402 Foliicolous, associated with leaf spots. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: lesions amphigenous, subcircular, grayish-brown with dark brown border. Conidiomata up to 400 lm diam., visible as characteristic yellow-orange structures on leaf spots, eustromatic, separate, subepidermal, subglobose, opening by means of irregular rupture. Peridium 3–6 layers of orange-brown textura angularis, conidiomata exuding slimy orange masses of conidia. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 4–6 9 5–10 lm, 1.5 lm diam., lining the inner cavity of conidioma, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform, apex truncate, with minute periclinal thickening, at times apical part elongated into a long neck, up to 15 lm long, 2–3 lm diam. Conidia dimorphic, intermixed in same conidiomata. Macroconidia 8–10 9 4–6 lm, broadly ellipsoid to obovoid, hyaline, smooth, granular to guttulate, thick-walled, apex obtuse, base flattened. Microconidia 5–7 9 2.5–3 lm hyaline, smooth, guttulate, fusoid-ellipsoid, apex acutely rounded, base truncate (description based on Crous et al. 2012a). Notes: Chrysocrypta is morphologically distinct in forming dimorphic conidia. Chrysocrypta is reported as a pathogen associated with leaf spots on Corymbia. This genus was assigned to Cryphonectriaceae based on its morphological similarity to some genera in Cryphonectriaceae (Crous et al. 2012a). However, Chrysocrypta is phylogenetically distant from type species of Cryphonectriaceae, Cryphonectria parasitica. Chrysocrypta clustered 317 together with Disculoides and Erythrogloeum in Erythrogloeaceae (Senanayake et al. 2017b). Dendrostoma X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian, in Fan et al., Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018) Facesoffungi number FoF 04403 Description: See Fan et al. (2018) Type species: Dendrostoma mali X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian Dendrostoma mali X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian, in Fan et al., Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018). Fig. 51. Facesoffungi number FoF 04694 Description: See Fan et al. (2018) Notes: Dendrostoma was introduced and typified by D. mali and currently this genus comprises four species. Dendrostoma differs from other genera in Erythrogloeaceae having the typical diaporthalean perithecia with clavate asci and fusoid to cylindrical, bicellular ascospores. Dendrostoma leiphaemia (Fr.) Senan., & K.D. Hyde comb. nov. Facesoffungi number FoF 04404; Index Fungorum number IF554383 Basionym: Sphaeria leiphaemia Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 2(2): 399 (1823) = Amphiporthe leiphaemia (Fr.) Butin, Sydowia 33: 22 (1980) Illustration and description: See Fries (1823). Notes: Phylogenetic analysis based on nrLSU and nrITS DNA of this study (Fig. 54) showed that Amphiporthe leiphaemia is phylogenetically distant from type species of Amphiporthe and it clusters with Dendrostoma. Therefore we proposed a new combination to accommodate this taxon. Disculoides Crous, Pascoe, I.J. Porter & Jacq. Edwards, in Crous, Summerell, Alfenas, Edwards, Pascoe, Porter & Groenewald, Persoonia 28: 71 (2012b) Facesoffungi number FoF 04399 Foliicolous, associated with leaf spots. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata brown to black, erumpent, subepidermal, acervular, opening by irregular rupture. Conidiomatal wall 2–3 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity of conidioma, hyaline to olivaceous, smooth, subcylindrical to ampulliform, tapering to a long, thin neck, proliferating several times percurrently near apex, with flaring collarettes. Conidia olivaceous, smooth, guttulate, ellipsoid to fusoid to somewhat obclavate, straight to curved, apex subobtuse, base truncate, with prominent marginal frill, up to 1 lm long. Type species: Disculoides eucalypti Crous et al. 123 318 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 b Fig. 53 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a combined nrLSU, nrITS and RPB2 sequence alignment for taxa of Gnomoniaceae. Genera are indicated in coloured blocks. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site 319 morphology and phylogeny (Barr 1978, 1990; Cannon 1988; Monod 1983; Mejı́a et al. 2008; Senanayake et al. 2017b; Sogonov 2005; Sogonov et al. 2007, 2008; Vasilyeva 1998; Wehmeyer 1975). Life mode Disculoides eucalypti Crous, Pascoe, I.J. Porter & J. Edwards, in Crous, Summerell, Alfenas, Edwards, Pascoe, Porter & Groenewald, Persoonia 28: 71 (2012b). Fig. 52. Facesoffungi number FoF 04400 Foliicolous, associated with leaf spots. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Leaf spots 1–18 mm diam., amphigenous, subcircular to irregular, pale to medium brown, with prominent, wide reddish-purple margin. Conidiomata up to 350 lm diam., brown to black, amphigenous, subepidermal, acervular, opening by irregular rupture. Peridium 2–3 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 8–25 9 3–5 lm, lining the inner cavity of conidioma, hyaline to olivaceous, smooth, subcylindrical to ampulliform, tapering to a long, thin neck, proliferating several times percurrently near apex, with flaring collarettes. Conidia 14–16 9 4–6 lm, olivaceous, smooth, guttulate, ellipsoid to fusoid to somewhat obclavate, straight to curved, apex sub-obtuse, base truncate, with prominent marginal frill, up to 1 lm long (description based on Crous et al. 2012a). Notes: The genus Disculoides is a foliar pathogen; morphologically similar to Discula, but phylogenetically distant. Conidia of Disculoides are hyaline on host but become olivaceous when sporulating on culture media. Phylogenetically, Disculoides shows close affinity to Cryphonectriaceae, Harknessiaceae and Schizoparmaceae (Crous et al. 2012a). Gnomoniaceae G. Winter [as ‘Gnomonieae’], Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 570. 1886. History Gnomoniaceae was introduced by Winter (1886) for species having upright perithecia with or without long or short neck and presence or absence of stromatic tissues. Different taxonomic studies revised this family based on Species in Gnomoniaceae mainly occur on fallen or attached, overwintered leaves including petioles, leaf blades or herbaceous stems and some occur on woody substrates (Sogonov et al. 2008). Some species of Gnomoniaceae have been reported as endophytes of woody plants (Danti et al. 2002; Green 2004; Moricca and Ragazzi 2008). Others are pathogenic causing disease of economically important hardwood trees, such as Apiognomonia veneta (sycamore anthracnose), Gnomoniopsis fructicola (strawberry stem rot), Discula betulae (foliar disease of birch and dieback of young shoots), Ophiognomonia leptostyla (walnut anthracnose and leaf blotch) (Maas 1998; Green 2004; Green and Castlebury 2007; Pennycook 2007). Morphological characteristics The Gnomoniaceae are characterized by ascomata that are generally immersed, solitary, without a stroma, or aggregated with a rudimentary stroma, in herbaceous plant material especially in leaves, twigs or stems, but also in bark or wood. The ascomata are black, soft-textured, thinwalled, and pseudoparenchymatous with one or more central or eccentric necks. The asci usually have a distinct apical ring. The Gnomoniaceae includes species having ascospores that are small, mostly less than 25 lm long, and range from non-septate to one-septate, rarely multi-septate. Phylogenetic identification Castlebury et al. (2002) presented the first phylogenetic analysis for this family based on nrLSU sequences. Sogonov et al. (2008) analysized nrLSU, translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-a), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) sequences of Foliicolous Gnomoniaceae species. Additionally, several studies used nrITS, nrLSU, TEF1-a and RPB2, guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-like protein (MS204), beta-tubulin to 123 320 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 54 Gnomonia gnomon (BPI 844273). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Cross section of ascoma. e Peridium. f–h Asci. i–l Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 1 mm, d = 200 lm, e = 20 lm, f–h = 20 lm, i–l = 10 lm resolve species boundaries within each genus (Sogonov et al. 2008; Mejı́a et al. 2011; Walker et al. 2012) (Fig. 53). Taxonomy Gnomoniaceae G. Winter [as ‘Gnomonieae’], Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 570. 1886. 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 321 Fig. 55 Ambarignomonia petiolorum (NY 2931324). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Cross section of ascomata. e Peridium. f–h Asci. i–k Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 500 lm, d = 100 lm, e = 20 lm, f–k = 10 lm Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b) Type genus: Gnomonia Ces. & De Not. Notes: Gnomoniaceae was introduced (Winter 1886) with Gnomonia gnomon (Tode) J. Schröt., as the type. Gnomoniaceae comprises microfungal species reported as pathogens and endophytes in leaves of herbaceous or woody trees (Rossman et al. 2007). Mejı́a et al. (2011) reported Betulaceae, Fagaceae, and Salicaceae as common host families. Gnomoniaceae comprises 30 genera (Senanayake et al. 2017b). Gnomonia Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 231 (1863) Facesoffungi number FoF 02109 Saprobic on overwintered, fallen or attached leaves of shrubs, usually epiphyllous or on petioles, rarely hypophyllous. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, 123 322 solitary, without stroma or sometime very poorly developed stromatic tissues, black, initially immersed, later become erumpent, rarely partly erumpent, sometimes wide opening with pinkish white powdery collar around the neck, globose to subglobose when moist, bowl-shaped when dry, with 1–3 necks Necks central to marginal, never truly lateral, slightly curved, longer, sometimes almost absent. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, oval to fusiform, short stalked, with J- apical ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate or irregularly multi-seriate, one-septate, fusiform to acerose, ends narrowly rounded, appendages ovoid, subulate or acicular with diffuse ends or rarely absent. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Gnomonia gnomon (Tode) J. Schröt. Gnomonia gnomon (Tode) J. Schröt., in Cohn, Krypt.-Fl. Schlesien (Breslau) 3.2(4): 390 (1897). Fig. 54. Facesoffungi number FoF 04405 Saprobic on overwintered, fallen or attached leaves of shrubs, usually epiphyllous or on petioles, rarely hypophyllous. Sexual morph: Ascomata 250–285 9 150– 185 lm ( x = 246 9 167 lm, n = 20), perithecial, solitary, without stroma or sometime very poorly developed stromatic tissues, black, initially immersed, later become erumpent, rarely partly erumpent, sometimes wide opening with pinkish white powdery collar around the neck, globose to subglobose when moist, bowl-shaped when dry, with 1–3 necks. Necks central to marginal, never truely lateral, slightly curved, sometimes almost absent. Asci 25– 35 9 7.5–8.5 lm ( x = 26 9 7.9 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, oval to fusiform, short stalked, with J- apical ring. Ascospores 12–14 9 0.5–1 lm ( x = 13 9 0.9 lm, n = 20), overlapping uniseriate or irregularly multi-seriate, one-septate, fusiform to acerose, ends narrowly rounded, appendages ovoid, subulate or acicular with diffuse ends or rarely absent. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016). Material examined: FINLAND, Helsinki, Helsinki University Botanical Garden, overwintered fallen leaves of Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae), 19 April 2004, Shchigel, Dmitry S., BPI 844273, epitype. Notes: Gnomonia was introduced by Cesati and De Notaris (1863) and typified by Gnomonia gnomon. This genus is characterized by having non-stromatic, solitary, thin-walled, immersed perithecia with long necks and ascospores with one median septum. Species of Gnomonia occur on overwintered leaves and plant twigs. Gnomonia comprises 273 species (Index Fungorum 2018). Other genera listed in Gnomoniaceae Alnecium Voglmayr & Jaklitsch, Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 33: 76 (2014) Facesoffungi number FoF 04406 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Saprobic on corticated dead branches. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata indistinctly pustulate in face view, containing 3–8 perithecia. Ectostromatic disc inconspicuous, brown to grey, scarcely erumpent through a circular to elongate cortical crack. Entostroma poorly developed, small, central, olive-grey. Ostioles erumpent, 1–8, cylindrical to conic, black. Perithecia black. Asci broadly fusoid to saccate, containing 8 uni- to triseriate ascospores, apex without a distinct ring. Ascospores hyaline to subhyaline, ellipsoid to oblong, with 1-euseptum, with age eventually becoming light brown and 3-septate, not to slightly constricted at septa, multiguttulate when fresh, thick-walled, with rounded ends and hyaline cylindrical appendages at both ends projecting at the base. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Alnecium auctum (Berk. & Broome) Voglmayr & Jaklitsch Alnecium auctum (Berk. & Broome) Voglmayr & Jaklitsch, Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 33: 76 (2014). = Sphaeria aucta Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 2(9): 323 (1852) Facesoffungi number FoF 04407 Illustration: See Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) Saprobic on corticated dead branches. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata 1.5–2 mm diam., indistinctly pustulate in face view, containing 3–8 perithecia. Ectostromatic disc inconspicuous, brown to grey, scarcely erumpent through a circular to elongate cortical crack. Entostroma poorly developed, small, central, olive-grey. Ostioles erumpent, cylindrical to conic, black. Perithecia 400–800 lm diam., aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black. Asci 105–120 9 31–42 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, broadly fusoid to saccate, apex without a distinct ring. Ascospores 32–37 9 11–14 lm, uni- to triseriate, hyaline to subhyaline, ellipsoid to oblong, 1-euseptate, with age eventually becoming light brown and 3-septate, not to slightly constricted at septa, multiguttulate when fresh, thick-walled, with rounded ends and hyaline cylindrical appendages at both ends projecting for 2.5–5 lm and 3–5 lm wide at the base. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014). Notes: Alnecium was introduced and typified by A. auctum (Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014). This monotypic genus occurs as a saprobe on corticated dead branches of overwintered plants. Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) introduced this genus based on nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2, and TEF1a combined sequence data. Ambarignomonia Sogonov, Stud. Mycol. 62: 35 (2008) Facesoffungi number FoF 04408 Saprobic on leaves and petioles. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary, immersed, scattered, without stroma, on fallen leaves, on petioles and basal parts of major veins of Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 323 Fig. 56 Amphiporthe hranicensis (F11714). a, b Packet of herbarium. c Herbarium specimen. d–f stromata on substrate. g Horizontal section of ascoma. h Peridium. i–k Asci. l–n Ascospores. Scale bars: d, e = 200 lm, f = 500 lm, g = 100 lm, h = 10 lm, i–k = 20 lm, l–n = 10 lm fallen leaves, black, sub oblate when moist, concave when dry, round in top view. Necks central, straight, tapering to their ends, at base surrounded by white powdery collar not soluble in water or 3% KOH. Peridium comprising inner, few layers of hyaline, compressed, cells of textura angularis and outer, brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, with J-, distinct apical ring. Ascospores irregularly fasciculate, fusiform, 1-septate, hyaline, with ovoid to subulate appendages. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Ambarignomonia petiolorum (Schwein.) Sogonov Ambarignomonia petiolorum (Schwein.) Sogonov, Stud. Mycol. 62: 36 (2008). Fig. 55. 123 324 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 57 Anisomyces papilloideoseptatus (F7899). a, b Herbarium specimen. c stromata on substrate. d Horizontal section of ascoma. e Peridium. f–i Asci. j Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e = 10 lm, f–j = 10 lm = Sphaeria petiolorum Schwein., Schr. naturf. Ges. Leipzig 1: 41 (15 of repr.) (1822) Facesoffungi number FoF 04409 Saprobic on leaves and petioles. Sexual morph: Ascomata 175–250 lm high 9 250–450 lm diam., solitary, immersed, scattered, without stroma, evenly and densely 123 distributed over petioles of fallen leaves, sometimes also on basal parts of major veins, black, sub oblate when moist, concave when dry. Necks central, straight, 250–500 lm long, 50–80 lm wide at base. Asci 25–30 9 7–10 lm ( x = 28 9 10 lm, n = 25), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform with narrow tapering stipe, apical ring 1.3–2 lm diam. Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Ascospores 10–15 9 2–3 lm ( x = 12 9 2.5 lm, n = 25), irregularly multiseriate or unevenly parallel, fusiform, slightly curved 2-celled, not constricted at septum, with 3–5 guttules. Appendages 1–5 lm long, subulate or whiplike. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Sogonov et al. 2008). Material examined: USA, Maryland, Prince Georges Patuxent Wildlife Refuge, on leaves of Liquidambar styraciflua L. (Altingiaceae), M.E. Barr, NY 02931320; USA, Georgia Campus, Athens, on leaves of Liquidambar styraciflua L. (Altingiaceae), M.E. Barr with E.S. Luttrell, NY 2931322; USA, Florida, Alachua, Sugarfoot Hammock, on leaves of Liquidambar styraciflua L. (Altingiaceae), Conway F. and Aldrich H., NY 2931324. Notes: Ambarignomonia was introduced and typified by A. petiolorum which is a common species on petioles and leaves of Liquidambar styraciflua. This monotypic genus is identified by the whitish powdery collar surrounding the central neck (Sogonov et al. 2008). Amphiporthe Petr., Sydowia 24(1–6): 257 (1971). Facesoffungi number FoF 04410 Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Entostromata indistinct, comprising loosely packed hyaline to grey parenchymatous tissues. Ascomata perithecia, aggregated, immersed, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, papillate. Peridium comprising outer, brown thickwalled cells of textura angularis and inner, hyaline, compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising cellular, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform to oval, sessile, apex blunt with J- apical ring. Ascospores overlapping biseriate, oval, unicellular, hyaline, sometime guttulate, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Amphiporthe hranicensis (Petr.) Petr. Amphiporthe hranicensis (Petr.) Petr., Sydowia 24(1–6): 257 (1971). Fig. 56. = Diaporthe hranicensis Petr., Annls mycol. 12(5): 477 (1914) Facesoffungi number FoF 04411 Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Entostromata indistinct, comprising loosely packed hyaline to grey parenchymatous tissues. Ascomata 800–1025 lm high 9 450–550 lm diam., perithecial, aggregated, immersed, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, papillate. Peridium 45–60 lm wide, comprising outer, brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis and inner, hyaline, compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising cellular, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 65–80 9 12– 16 lm ( x = 78 9 15 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform to oval, sessile, apex blunt with J- apical ring. 325 Ascospores 10–15 9 3–5 lm ( x = 13 9 4.4 lm, n = 20), overlapping biseriate, oval, unicellular, hyaline, sometime guttulate, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined: CZECH REPUBLIC, Mähr.-Weisskirchen, Teplitz, on leaves of Tilia platyphylla Scop. (Malvaceae), May 1914, F. Petrak, F11714, holotype. Notes: Only a few members of the Gnomoniaceae have a well-developed stroma (e.g. species of Cryptosporella, Apiognomonia hystrix, Plagiostoma salicellum). Type species of Amphiporthe, A. hranicensis produces limited stromatic tissues. Anisomyces Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 12(3): 270 (1914). Facesoffungi number FoF 04412 Saprobic on leaves. Sexual morph: Stromata scattered, superficial, aggregated, upper layer thin, comprising small, tightly packed, dark brown to black cells and inner, brown, loosely arranged cells of textura angularis. Ascomata immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla wide, internally covered by brown periphyses. Peridium comprising thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis, non-distinguishable with stromatic tissues. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, with short stalk, apex rounded with J-, distinct apical apparatus. Ascospores crowded, apiosporous, fusiform to oval, initially hyaline, at maturity large cell pale brown and small basal cell lighter than large cell, thick, smooth-walled, one septate. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Anisomyces papilloideoseptatus (Henn.) Theiss. & Syd. Anisomyces papilloideoseptatus (Henn.) Theiss. & Syd., Annales Mycologici 12 (3): 270 (1914). Fig. 57. Facesoffungi number FoF 04413 Saprobic on upper surface of leaves. Sexual morph: Stromata scattered, superficial, aggregated, upper layer thin, comprising small, tightly packed, dark brown to black cells and inner, brown, loosely arranged cells of textura angularis. Ascomata 400–450 9 200–300 lm ( x = 443 9 263 lm, n = 20), immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla wide, internally covered by brown periphyses. Peridium 15– 25 lm ( x = 22 lm, n = 20), comprising thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis, non-distinguishable with stromatic tissues. Asci 45–55 9 12–17 lm ( x = 52 9 15 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, with short stalk, apex rounded with J-, distinct apical apparatus. Ascospores 12–14 9 5–7 lm ( x = 13 9 6.6 lm, n = 20), crowded, apiosporous, fusiform to oval, initially hyaline, at maturity large cell pale brown and small basal cell lighter than large cell, thick, smooth-walled, one septate. Asexual morph: Undetermined. 123 326 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 58 Apioplagiostoma populi (BPI 611826). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Vertical cross section of ascomata. e–g Asci. h–j Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e–g = 10 lm, h–j = 5 lm Material examined: BRAZIL, Amazonas, Rio Juruá, Marary, on leaves of Sapindaceae plant, September 1900, E. Ule 2707, F7899, holotype. Notes: Anisomyces was introduced and typified by A. nectrioides. This genus is morphologically identified by having stromatic tissues surrounding the short beak and brown, apiosporous ascospores when mature (Barr 1978). The life mode is not confirmed within this genus as they simply colonize living leaves without forming any symptoms. Currently, Anisomyces comprises two species as A. theissenii (Syd. & P. Syd.) E. Müll. and A. nectrioides (Rehm) Petr. However, there are no sequence data to confirm its taxonomic placement and we accommodate Anisomyces within Gnomoniaceae considering its morphological similarity with gnomoniaceous species. Apiognomonia Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 35: 635, 637 (1917) Facesoffungi number FoF 04414 123 Saprobic on leaves. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary, epiphyllous on fallen leaves, petioles, dead but attached pedicels of trees and shrubs, or on dead parts of herbaceous plants, aggregated with 5–15 perithecia with or without weakly developed stroma, immersed in substrate, oblate to globose when moist, convex, or with some irregular dents when dry, black, coriaceous, ostiolate, with one neck. Necks central to marginal, not truly lateral. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, with a J-, bi-lobed, distinct apical ring, with short pedicel. Ascospores irregularly multiseriate or obliquely uniseriate, 1-septate, rarely unicellular, oval to fusiform, ends mostly rounded, rarely pointed, appendages mostly absent or rarely present, if present; subulate, navicular or whip-shaped. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular, immersed forming bumps, conidiogenous layer covering all the inner surface of acervular chambers. Conidiophores densely branched, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells usually phialidic, rarely annellidic, irregular, lageniform to cylindrical, gradually tapering to ends, straight or Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 327 Fig. 59 Asteroma frondicola (MFLU 15–3850). a Herbarium specimen. b Conidiomata on substrate. c Vertical cross section of conidiomata. d– g Conidiogenous cells and developing conidia. h Conidia. Scale bars: b = 200 lm, c = 100 lm, d–h = 10 lm curved, sometimes asymmetric swollen nodes, proliferating into other conidiogenous cells at basal or middle part. Conidia broadly ellipsoid to oval, sometimes obovoid, often allantoid, occasionally curved or sinuate to slightly angular. Type species: Apiognomonia veneta (Sacc. & Speg.) Höhn. Apiognomonia veneta (Sacc. & Speg.) Höhn., Hedwigia 62: 47 (1920). Facesoffungi number FoF 04415 Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b) Saprobic on leaves. Sexual morph: Ascomata 170– 215 lm high, 200–285 lm diam. ( x = 200 9 245 lm, n = 20), hypophyllous, scattered, irregularly over leaf blade, immersed, becoming dark brown or black when moist, oblate to globose, collapsing cupulate from bottom or occasionally from side when dry. Beaks 90–140 lm high, 50–75 lm basal diam. ( x = 112 9 62 lm, n = 20), central, straight, black at base becoming pale at apex. Asci 55–75 9 13–16 mm ( x = 64 9 14 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, with short pedicel, J-, apical ring. Ascospores 15–17 9 5–5.5 lm ( x = 16.6 9 5.3 lm, n = 25), irregularly fasciculate, fusiform, apiosporous, apex blunt, rounded (description based on Sogonov et al. 2007). Asexual morph: Conidiomata 180–200 lm high, 250–265 lm diam ( x = 188 9 260 lm, n = 10), acervular, immersed forming bumps, conidiogenous layer covering all the inner surface of acervular chambers. Conidiophores 10–15 9 2.5–4.5 lm ( x = 12 9 3.4 lm, n = 20), densely branched, ampulliform, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells 14– 21 9 2.7–3.5 lm ( x = 18 9 3 lm, n = 10), usually phialidic, rarely annellidic, irregular, lageniform to cylindrical, gradually tapering to ends, straight or curved, sometimes asymmetric swollen nodes, proliferating into other conidiogenous cells at basal or middle part. Conidia 12–20 9 4– 6 lm ( x = 16 9 5 lm, n = 20), broadly ellipsoid to oval, sometimes obovoid, often allantoid, occasionally curved or sinuate to slightly angular (description based on Sogonov et al. 2008). Notes: Apiognomonia comprises 24 species (Index Fungorum 2018). The asexual morph of Apiognomonia reported as Discula (Sogonov et al. 2007) and several phylogenetic analyses showed that Discula groups outside of Apiognomonia (Sogonov et al. 2008; Senanayake et al. 2017b). However, the type species of Discula, D. destructive has only a beta-tubulin sequence and this sequence has not been used in recent studies. Apiognomonia causes diseases such as sycamore or plane tree anthracnose on some overwintered plant families. Apioplagiostoma M.E. Barr, Mycol. Mem. 7: 101 (1978) Facesoffungi number FoF 04416 Pathogenic causing foliar and branch dieback. Sexual morph: Ascomata immersed to erumpent, solitary, scattered, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black. Papilla short, narrowing towards the apex, comprising pale brown elongated cells, internally covered by hyaline periphyses. 123 328 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 60 Bagcheea castaneae (IMI 32473). a Herbarium packet. b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Cross section of ascoma. e Peridium. f, g Ascospores. Scale bars: d–g = 20 lm Peridium comprising compressed, pale brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 4–8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, thin-walled, short-stalked to almost sessile. Ascospores apiosporous, biseriate to overlapping uniseriate, smoothwalled, hyaline. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Apioplagiostoma populi (E.K. Cash & Waterman) M.E. Barr. Material examined: USA, Massachusetts, Harvard Forest, Petersham, on leaves of Populus tremuloides Michx. (Salicaceae), 11 May 1955, S. S. Pauley, BPI 611826, holotype. Notes: Apioplagiostoma comprises three species and the genus is typified by Apioplagiostoma populi. Bronze leaf disease is a destructive disorder of Populus for which the causal agent has been identified as Apioplagiostoma populi. Apioplagiostoma populi (E.K. Cash & Waterman) M.E. Barr, Mycol. Mem. 7: 102 (1978). Fig. 58. Facesoffungi number FoF 04417 Pathogenic causing foliar and branch dieback. Sexual morph: Ascomata 140–155 9 140–150 lm ( x = 150 9 143 lm, n = 20), immersed to erumpent, solitary, scattered, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black. Papilla 55–65 9 35–50 lm ( x = 62 9 46 lm, n = 20), short, narrowing towards the apex, comprising pale brown elongated cells, internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising compressed, pale brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 23–26 9 7–9 lm ( x = 25 9 8 lm, n = 20), 4–8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, thin-walled, short-stalked to almost sessile. Ascospores 12–20 9 4–6 lm ( x = 16 9 5 lm, n = 20), apiosporous, biseriate to overlapping uniseriate, smoothwalled, hyaline. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Asteroma DC., in de Candolle & Lamarck, Fl. franç., Edn 3 (Paris) 5/6: 162 (1815) Synonyms: See Index Fungorum (2018) Facesoffungi number FoF 04418 Pathogenic on leaves and twigs. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular, subcuticular, solitary or aggregated, pale brown to hyaline. Conidiomatal wall comprising thin-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, discrete, determinate, ampulliform to lageniform, not cylindrical, hyaline, smooth, collarette and channel minute, formed from the upper cells of the pseudoparenchyma. Conidia hyaline, thin-walled, eguttulate, smooth, straight or curved, cylindrical to fusiform and acicular or even more broadly fusiform. Type species: Asteroma padi Grev. 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 61 Cryptosporella hypodermia (F48426, F143456). a, b Packet of herbarium. c, d Herbarium specimens. e, f Conidiomata on substrate. g Vertical cross section of conidiomata. h–g Conidiogenous 329 cells and conidia. j Conidia. Scale bars: e, f = 200 lm, g = 100 lm, h = 20 lm, i, j = 10 lm 123 330 Asteroma frondicola (Fr.) M. Morelet, Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Archéol. Toulon & Var: 15 (1978). Fig. 59. Facesoffungi number FoF 04419 Pathogenic on leaves and twigs. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 200–400 lm, acervular, subcuticular, solitary or aggregated, pale brown to hyaline. Conidiomatal wall comprising thin-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 7–12 9 2–3 lm, enteroblastic, phialidic, discrete, determinate, ampulliform to lageniform, not cylindrical, hyaline, smooth, collarette and channel minute, formed from the upper cells of the pseudoparenchyma. Conidia 5–9 9 2–2.5 lm, hyaline, thin-walled, eguttulate, smooth, straight or curved, cylindrical to fusiform and acicular or even more broadly fusiform. Material examined: RUSSIA, Krasnodar Krai, Sochi, Khostinsky, Khosta, live leaves of Populus alba L. (Sapindaceae), 30 October 2015, Okatov G.V., RS 106, MFLU 15–3850. Notes: Asteroma was introduced by De Candolle (1815) for six species without designating a type species. Fries (1823) restricted this genus to only A. padi. However, von Höhnel (1916) selected A. phyteumatis DC as lectotype species and this was followed by Clements and Shear (1931). Fries (1823) referred A. phyteumatis as a synonym of Dothidea stellaris And therefore, it can not serve as a lectotype species. Another two species, Asteroma polygonati and A. fraxini were synonymized as Dothidea asteroma Fr. and Septoria fraxini DC., respectively. Hence Asteroma was typified by A. padi (Sutton 1980). Currently Asteroma comprises 163 species (Mycobank 2018). Bagcheea E. Müll. & R. Menon, Phytopath. Z. 22(4): 417 (1954) Facesoffungi number FoF 04420 Pathogenic forming leaf spots on living leaves. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecia, immersed in leaf tissue, globose to subglobose, with short broad neck, effused hypostroma. Peridium comprising few layers of outer, thick-walled, brown, compressed cells of textura angularis and inner, hyaline, compressed cells of textura angularis. Neck bearing at the top of perithecium, slightly protruded from the under-leaf surface as black papilla, broader at the tip, penetrated by broad pore with hyaline periphyses, wall darker than the perithecium. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, J-, furnished apical plate or apical ring at the thickened tip, with short evanescent stalk. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Ascospores elliptic, hyaline to pale yellowish. brown, unicellular, but granular plasma divided into two parts with wide vacuous space between. them, polar diplastic. Asexual morph: Undetermined. 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Type species: Bagcheea castaneae E. Müll. & R. Menon. Bagcheea castaneae E. Müll. & R. Menon, Phytopath. Z. 22(4): 418 (1954). Fig. 60. Facesoffungi number FoF 04421 Pathogenic forming leaf spots 0.5–l. 5 mm in diam., on living leaves, white to greyish white, limited by brown zone, circular or irregular, indistinct from under-leaf surface. Sexual morph: Ascomata 275–350 9 300–450 lm ( x = 295 9 430 lm, n = 25), perithecia, immersed in leaf tissue, scattered as black pin-head points, globose to subglobose, with short broad neck, effused hypostroma. Peridium comprising few layers of outer, thick-walled, brown, compressed cells of textura angularis and inner, hyaline, compressed cells of textura angularis. Neck 90– 100 lm high, 80–90 lm wide ( x = 95 9 83 lm, n = 20), bearing at the top of perithecium, slightly protruded from the under-leaf surface as black papilla, broader at the tip, penetrated by broad pore with hyaline periphyses, wall darker than the perithecium. Asci 70–85 9 8–10 lm ( x = 74 9 9.5 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, J-, with apical plate or apical ring at the thickened tip, with short evanescent stalk. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Ascospores 25–30 9 8–10 lm, ( x = 28 9 9 lm, n = 20), elliptic, hyaline to pale yellowish-brown, unicellular, but granular plasma divided into two parts with wide vacuous space between them, polar diplastic. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Kobayashi 1970). Material examined: INDIA, West Himalaya, Uttaranchal, Dehra Dun, Forest Institute & College, on Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A.DC. (Fagaceae), 14 February 1945, IMI 32473. Notes: Bagcheea was introduced and typified by Bagcheea castaneae E. Müll. & R. Menon. Currently this genus comprises three species. Bagcheea is easily distinguishable from the other genera of Gnomoniaceae by its conspicuous character of ascospore. However, Bagcheea does not have sequence data in molecular data bases and we accommodate Bagcheea in Gnomoniaceae until molecular data is available. Chadefaudiomyces Kamat, V.G. Rao, A.S. Patil & Ullasa, in Ullasa, Rao & Patil, Revue Mycol., Paris 38(1–2): 19 (1974) Facesoffungi number FoF 04422 Type species: Chadefaudiomyces indicus Kamat, V.G. Rao, A.S. Patil & Ullasa Facesoffungi number FoF 04423 Illustration: See Ullasa et al. (1974) Notes: The monotypic genus Chadefaudiomyces was introduced and typified by C. indicus. This was originally collected from Maharashtra, India. This genus was assigned to Cytosporaceae, however, Chadefaudiomyces Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 331 Fig. 62 Dictyoporthe bipapillata (redrawn from Jaklitsch and Barr 1997) a Peridium cells. b Asci and paraphyses. c Ascospores. Scale bars: a, c = 20 lm, b = 30 lm indicus has astromatic, horizontal perithecia with oblique beaks and small, inversely apiosporous ascospores. The fungus was obtained from living leaves of Celastrus paniculata Willd. Morphologically, Chadefaudiomyces indicus is similar to taxa in Gnomoniaceae specially Apioplagiostoma, so we place it in Gnomoniaceae. Cryptosporella Sacc., Michelia 1 (1): 30 (1877) = Cryptospora Tul. & C. Tul., Sel. Fung. Carp. 2: 144 (1863) [non Karelin & Kirilow 1842.] Winterella (Sacc.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1: 34 (1891). Ophiovalsa Petr., Sydowia 19: 272 (1966). Facesoffungi number FoF 04277 Endophytic or saprobic on dead, overwintered twigs or branches of trees in the Betulaceae, Tiliaceae, and Ulmaceae. Sexual morph: Ascomata erumpent to strongly erumpent, valsoid arrangement, clustered to circinate, up to 10 in a cluster, globose to subglobose, black, shiny, smooth, embedded in the entostroma or the almost unaltered bark cortex. Ectostroma well or poorly-developed, composed of dark brown to black thick-walled, strongly interwoven hyphae. Entostroma composed of thinwalled, hyaline, hyphal elements ramifying amongst the bark cortex cells. Peridium composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura angularis cells and inner, hyaline, thin-walled, strongly compressed cells of textura angularis. Necks dark brown to black, composed of dark-brown, thick-walled, parallel to densely interwoven hyphae, internally lining the neck canal by hyaline periphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindric-clavate, broadly rounded and thickened above at the apex, apical ring not seen, short stipitate. Ascospores unicellular, hyaline, fusiform to elongate-fusiform, often asymmetrical. Asexual morph: Disculina sp. Stromata not conspicuous, comprising light brown hyphae around neck. Conidiomata immersed in stromatic tissues, 5–10 in stromata, picnidial, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, brown, ostiolate, papillate. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical to ampulliform, aseptate, hyaline. Conidia 123 332 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 63 Diplacella paulliniae (F56602). a Packet of herbarium. b, c Herbarium specimen. d Ascomata on substrate. e–g Horizontal sections of ascomata. h–j Asci. k–n Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 500 lm, d = 200 lm, f, g = 100 lm, h–j = 20 lm, k–n = 10 lm elliptical, rod-shaped, aseptate, hyaline, smooth-walled, guttulate. Type species: Cryptosporella hypodermia Fuckel. Cryptosporella hypodermia Fuckel, Jahrbücher des Nassauischen Vereins für Naturkunde 23–24: 192 (1870). Fig. 61. Facesoffungi number FoF 04278 Synonymys: See Mycobank (2018) Endophytic or saprobic on dead, overwintered twigs or branches of trees in the Betulaceae, Tiliaceae, and Ulmaceae. Sexual morph: Ascomata 490–700 9 350– 500 lm, erumpent to strongly erumpent, valsoid arrangement, clustered to circinate, up to 10 in a cluster, globose to subglobose, black, shiny, smooth, embedded in the 123 entostroma or the almost unaltered bark cortex. Ectostroma well or poorly-developed, composed of dark brown to black thick-walled, strongly interwoven hyphae. Entostroma composed of thin-walled, hyaline, hyphal elements ramifying amongst the bark cortex cells. Peridium 50–70 lm thick, composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura angularis cells and inner, hyaline, thinwalled, strongly compressed cells of textura angularis. Necks 900 lm long, 200 lm wide, dark brown to black, composed of dark brown, thick-walled, parallel to densely interwoven hyphae, internally lining the neck canal by hyaline periphyses. Asci 80–180 9 16–25 lm ( x = 150 9 22 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindric-clavate, broadly rounded and thickened above at the Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 apex, apical ring not seen, short stipitate. Ascospores 30– 75 9 6–10 lm ( x = 60 9 8 lm, n = 20), unicellular, hyaline, fusiform to elongate-fusiform, often asymmetrical (description based on Mejı́a et al. 2008). Asexual morph: Disculina sp. Stromata not conspicious, comprising light brown hyphae around neck. Conidiomata 200–300 9 175– 250 lm ( x = 250 9 200 lm, n = 20), immersed in stromatic tissues, 5–10 in stromata, pycnidial, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, brown, ostiolate, papillate. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 8–15 9 2–4 lm ( x = 10 9 3 lm, n = 20), cylindrical to ampulliform, aseptate, hyaline. Conidia 7–8 9 3– 4 lm ( x = 7.6 9 3.3 lm, n = 20), elliptical, aseptate, hyaline, smooth-walled, guttulate (description based on Mejı́a et al. 2011). Material examined: CZECH REPUBLIC, Mähren: Mährish-Weisskirchen (Hrenice), untere Höllenschlucht bei Podhorn, Ulmus sp., October 1925, F. Petrak, F48426, holotype; CZECH REPUBLIC, Tschechoslowakei, Mähren, Mährisch-Weisskirchen, Podhorn Ulmus sp., F. Petrak, October 1922, F143456. Notes: Cryptosporella was introduced and typified by C. hypoderma and Mejı́a et al. (2008) synonymized Ophiovalsa and Winterella under Cryptosporella considering congeneric state of their type species. Mejı́a et al. (2011) revised Cryptosporella species and demarcated the species boundaries based on host-associations and geographic distribution of genus. Cryptosporella species are known all over the temperate regions, especially North America, Europe and Japan. Those species are saprobes, endophytes and occasionally pathogens on hardwood trees such as Alnus, Betula, Corylus, Tilia, and Ulmus (Kobayashi 1970; Barr 1978; Glawe and Jenson 1986; Reid and Booth 1987, 1989; Chlebicki 2002). The asexual morph of this genus is known as Disculina species (Mejı́a et al. 2011). Dictyoporthe Petr., Sydowia 9(1–6): 556 (1955) Facesoffungi number FoF 04279 Saprobic on dead branches of overwintered plants. Sexual morph: Stromata small pulvinate pustules in various configurations below the epidermis of the host, consisting of valsoid groups of perithecia, covered by ectostromatic disc. Ectostromatic disc inconspicuous, but highly variable, sometimes lacking, whitish to light brown or greyish-brown, dark brown or decomposed when mature, exposed through longitudinal fissures in the bark, ostioles appears as black dots. Ascomata in valsoid groups of up to 8 per stroma or single, globose, in upper part united by the ectostroma, densely aggregated, often laterally compressed by mutual pressure, in lower part frequently fused laterally, embedded in bark. Ostiole generally minutely papillate to short conical, arising 333 centrally, sometimes slightly elongated, cylindrical, convergent to a central point if the ectostroma is reduced, emerging in the disc in more or less regular distances, internally covered by numerous hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising inner, hyaline, cells of textura angularis and outer, brown, strongly compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising numerous, hyaline, distantly septate, paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to narrowly clavate, rather thick-walled, wall apically thin, without an apical ring. Ascospores obliquely uniseriate to partially biseriate, broadly fusoid, initially hyaline, becoming pale to dark brown with a hyaline cell at both ends, muriform, distinctly distoseptate, several transverse pseudosepta which become true septa during maturation, one rather irregularly arranged longitudinal septum on 0–2 central cells, guttulate, smooth, the end cells are thick-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Dictyoporthe ahmadii Petr., Sydowia 9(1–6): 556 (1955) Dictyoporthe bipapillata (Tul. & C. Tul.) Jaklitsch & M.E. Barr, Öst. Z. Pilzk. 6: 46 (1997). Fig. 62. Facesoffungi number FoF 04280 Saprobic on dead branches of Carpinus betulus. Sexual morph: Stromata up to 2 mm diam., small pulvinate pustules in various configurations below the epidermis of the host, consisting of valsoid groups of perithecia, covered by ectostromatic disc. Ectostromatic disc diameter \ 0.5 mm, inconspicuous, but highly variable, sometimes lacking, whitish to light brown or greyish brown, dark brown or decomposed when mature, exposed through longitudinal fissures in the bark, ostioles appears as black dots. Ascomata 300–450 um diam., in valsoid groups of up to 8 per stroma or single, globose, in upper part united by the ectostroma, densely aggregated, often laterally compressed, in lower part frequently fused laterally, embedded in bark. Ostiole up to 200 lm long, 50–80 lm diam., generally minutely papillate to short conical, arising centrally, sometimes slightly elongated, cylindrical, convergent to a central point if the ectostroma reduced, emerging in the disc in more or less regular distances, internally covered by numerous hyaline periphyses. Peridium 20–60 lm, comprising inner, hyaline, cells of textura angularis and outer, brown, strongly compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising numerous, hyaline, distantly septate, 2–5 lm wide paraphyses. Asci 130–200 9 18–25 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to narrowly clavate, rather thick-walled, wall apically thin, without an apical ring. Ascospores 28–44 9 12–18 lm, obliquely uniseriate to partially biseriate, broadly fusoid, initially hyaline, becoming pale to dark brown with a hyaline cell at both ends, muriform, distinctly distoseptate 123 334 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 64 Ditopellopsis linearis (NY 00921913). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Cross section of ascomata. e Peridium. f–h Asci. i–l Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e = 20 lm, f–h = 10 lm, i–k = 5 lm 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 with 3–7 transverse pseudosepta which become true septa during maturation, may have one oblique longitudinal septum on 0–2 central cells, guttulate, smooth, end cells are thick-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Jaklitsch and Barr 1997). Notes: Dictyoporthe was introduced and typified by D. ahmadii. Currently this genus comprises five species. Generally, muriform ascospores are rare in diaporthalean taxa and Dictyoporthe is one genus that has such ascospores (Petrak 1955). This genus is distinguishable from Phragmodiaporthe Wehm., only by its muriform ascospore. However, based on morphological characters, we accommodate this genus in Gnomoniaceae. Diplacella Syd., Annls mycol. 28(1/2): 101 (1930) Facesoffungi number FoF 04281 Epiphyllous, forming black, flat, leaf spots with dark brown margin. Sexual morph: Ascomata immersed, solitary, scattered, globose to sub globose, coriaceous, dark brown, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla short, internally covered by periphyses. Peridium comprising brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, narrowing towards the apex, sessile. Ascospores biseriate, oval, unicellular, one guttule at ends, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Diplacella paulliniae (Gonz. Frag. & Cif.) Syd. Diplacella paulliniae (Gonz. Frag. & Cif.) Syd., Annls mycol. 28(1/2): 101 (1930). Fig. 63. Facesoffungi number FoF 04282 Epifoliar, forming black, flat, leaf spots with dark brown margin. Sexual morph: Ascomata 110–165 9 13–15 lm ( x = 81 9 14 lm, n = 20), immersed, solitary, scattered, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, dark brown, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla short, internally covered by periphyses. Peridium comprising brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Asci 30–36 9 5–7 lm ( x = 32 9 6 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, narrowing towards the apex, sessile. Ascospores 6–7.5 9 2.5–3.5 lm ( x = 8.9 9 3.2 lm, n = 20), biseriate, oval, unicellular, one guttule at ends, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined: VENEZUELA, Distrito Federal, D. F., Los Rastrojos pr. Puerto La Cruz, Paullinia L. sp. (Sapindaceae), 31 December 1927, H. Sydow 147, F56602. Notes: Diplacella is a leaf spot forming fungal genus comprising two species as Diplacella mararyensis (Henn.) Arx & E. Müll and D. paulliniae (Gonz. Frag. & Cif.) Syd. 335 Members of this genus have not been cultured and hence lack sequence data. However, morphologically this genus nicely fits with gnomoniaceous species. Ditopella De Not., Sfer. Ital.: 42 (1863) Facesoffungi number FoF 04283 Saprobic on bark or leaf. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary, immersed, globular to broadly conical, depressed at the bottom, with short neck at the top. Peridium membranaceous,comprising several layers of dark-brown, thick-walled cells which are and somewhat flat, inner, hyaline, flattened, thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Necks cylindrical or broad conical, surrounded by a clypeus-like stroma, erumpent, internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Asci 8–32-spored, unitunicate, clavate, thinwalled with thickened, J- apical ring. Ascospores elliptical to fusoid, hyaline, unicellular to septate. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Ditopella fusispora De Not. Ditopella biseptata Perera, Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al., Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b). Fig. 61. Facesoffungi number FoF 03487 Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b) Saprobic on dead branch of Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (Betulaceae). Sexual morph: Stromata surrounding the perithecial necks, extending outward beneath the host periderm as a distinct clypeus, composed of dark brown thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Ascomata 500– 900 lm diam., immersed in the ectostroma, situated between the epidermis and the cortex of the host tissue, appearing as solitary swellings of the host epidermis, sometimes epidermis ruptures to expose the rounded apex of the ostiole, perithecial, depressed globose to oval, ostiolate. Ostiolar neck lined with thin-walled hyaline, septate periphyses. Peridium 44 lm thick, 2-layered, outer layer composed of angular, sometimes slightly compressed, dark brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis, inner layer of elongate, hyaline, thin-walled, compressed cells of textura angularis, wider around the ostiole, composed of dark brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Asci 63– 90 9 15–19 lm ( x = 79 9 18.3 lm, n = 10), 16- to 32spored, elongate-ellipsoidal to clavate, apedicellate, with a J- refractive apical ring, without paraphyses. Ascospores 18–27 9 3–4 lm ( x = 23.8 9 3.6 lm, n = 30), multi-seriate, (1–)2(–3)-septate, not constricted at the septum, cylindrical to narrowly ellipsoidal, straight or very slightly curved, tapering slightly to broadly rounded ends, hyaline, 123 336 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 b Fig. 65 Gloeosporidina moravica (F45798). a, b Packet of herbar- ium. c Herbarium specimen. d–f Ascomata on substrate. g Cross section of ascoma. h Peridium. i–l Asci. m–p Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 500 lm, e = 200 lm, f = 100 lm, g = 50 lm, h, m–p = 10 lm, i–l = 20 lm 337 guttulate, smooth-walled, with 2 polar appendages. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Senanayake et al. (2017b). Notes: Senanayake et al. (2017b) introduced Ditopella biseptata based on phylogeny. Ditopella biseptata forms a Fig. 66 Gnomoniella tubiformis (F144257). a, b Packets of herbarium. c Herbarium specimen. d Ascomata on substrate. e Vertical cross section of ascomata. f Peridium. g–i Asci. j–l Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 200 lm, e = 100 lm, f = 10 lm, g–i = 20 lm, j–l = 10 lm 123 338 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 67 Gnomoniopsis chamaemori (F81544, F81543). a, b Packet of herbarium. c Herbarium specimen. d Ascomata on substrate. e Cross section of ascomata. f Peridium. g–i Asci. j–l Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 200 lm, e = 100 lm, f = 20 lm, g–l = 10 lm distinct clade which is sister to Ditopella ditopa. Morphologically Ditopella biseptata has two-septa and minute appendages at both ends. Ditopellopsis J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 45(9): 1479 (1967) Facesoffungi number FoF 04284 Saprobic forming pustules on bark. Sexual morph: Stroma develops quite well, pseudoparenchymatous, 123 enveloping perithecia entirely, immersed in bark tissue, then erumpent through bark epiderm forming grey to blackish disc. Perithecia embedded singly or a few in one stroma, globular to subglobular, with stout cylindric neck at the top. Perithecial wall distinct, composed of flattened, dark, thick-walled cells, innermost cells hyaline and thinwalled. Neck with periphyses on the inner surface of the pore. Asci clavate to cylindric, with thickened tip and Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 evanescent short stalk, 8-spored, irregularly in perithecium. Ascospores elliptic to fusoid, hyaline, 2-celled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Ditopellopsis clethrae J. Reid & C. Booth Ditopellopsis linearis M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 46: 389 (1993). Fig. 64. Facesoffungi number FoF 04285 Saprobic forming pustules on bark. Sexual morph: Stroma well-developed, pseudoparenchymatous, enveloping perithecia entirely, immersed in bark tissue, erumpent through bark epiderm forming grey to blackish disc. Ascomata 490–530 9 310–325 lm ( x = 500 9 318 lm, n = 30), embedded singly or a few in one stroma, globular to subglobular, with stout cylindric neck at the top. Peridium 20–32 lm ( x = 30 lm, n = 20), distinct, composed of flattened, dark, thick-walled cells, innermost cells hyaline and thin-walled. Neck with periphyses on the inner surface of the pore. Asci 70–80 9 8–10 lm ( x = 79 9 9.3 lm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate with thick wall, clavate to cylindric, with thickened tip and evanscent short stalk. Ascospores 13–15 9 4–5 lm ( x = 14 9 4.3 lm, n = 30), uniseriate, elliptic to fusoid, hyaline, 2-celled, with appendages. Material examined: CANADA, British Columbia, Sidney, Cromarty, on Gaultheria shallon Pursh, 9 April 1991, M. E. Barr, NY 00921913 isotype. Notes: Ditopellopsis is characterized by having pseudoparenchymatous stroma closely surrounding the upright perithecium, short and broad necks, and ascospores with medium septum. This species mainly occurs on overwintered branches or leaves of hardwood shrubs or trees or herbaceous stalks. Gloeosporidina Petr., Annls mycol. 19(3–4): 214 (1921) Facesoffungi number FoF 04286 Saprobic on leaves. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary, sometime partially aggregated, immersed to erumpent, scattered, epiphyllous, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, non-papillate. Peridium comprising thickwalled, brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, long stalked, apex rounded with distinct J-, apical ring. Ascospores uni to biseriate, oval, unicellular, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Caulicolous and foliicolous. Conidiomata acervular, more or less circular, subcuticular, scattered, brown, composed of hyaline pseudoparenchymatous cells. Conidiophores not distinct or reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells formed directly from the upper cells of the conidiomata, enteroblastic, monophialidic with a short collarette and a distinct channel surrounded by a thickened region of the conidiogenous cell wall, terminal, discrete, 339 determinate, hyaline, cylindrical to lageniform. Conidia hyaline, aseptate, spheroid to pyriform, base more or less truncate, produced in chains (description from Yuan et al. 2000). Type species: Gloeosporidina moravica Petr. Gloeosporidina moravica Petr., Annls mycol. 19(3–4): 214 (1921). Fig. 65. Facesoffungi number FoF 04287 Saprobic on leaves. Sexual morph: Ascomata 110– 125 9 130–145 lm ( x = 118 9 138 lm, n = 30), solitary, sometime partially aggregated, immersed to erumpent, scattered, epiphyllous, globose to sub-glpbose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, non-papillate. Peridium comprising thickwalled, brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 20–30 9 3– 5 lm ( x = 23 9 3.7 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, long stalked, apex rounded with distinct J-, apical ring. Ascospores 3–4 9 1–2 lm ( x = 3.4 9 1.5 lm, n = 20), uni to biseriate, oval, unicellular, hyaline, smoothwalled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined: CZECH REPUBLIC, Mähr-Weisskirchen, Svrcow, on leaves of Quercus robur L. (Fagaceae), 20 December 1920, F. Petrak, F45798. Notes: Gloeosporidina is a genus of mitosporic fungi and currently contains six species. Gloeosporidina produces subepidermal to epidermal acervuli with cylindrical, enteroblastic conidiogenous cells and distinctive tiny, aseptate, hyaline conidia (Sutton 1980). Members of Gloeosporidina are found on plant leaves, shoots, as well as on galls induced by other fungi (Sutton 1980; Yuan et al. 2000). Gnomoniella Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 7): 312 (1881) Facesoffungi number FoF 04288 Saprobic on leaves. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary to rarely paired, erumpent, scattered, globose to subglobose, brown, coriaceous, ostiolate with a neck. Neck comprising elongate, brown, elongate cells and internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising compressed, thick-walled, cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, apex with bi-lobed, apical ring, with short stipe. Ascospores bi-seriate, oval to kidneyshaped, unicellular, hyaline. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Gnomoniella tubiformis (Tode) Sacc. Gnomoniella tubiformis (Tode) Sacc., Sylloge Fungorum 1: 413 (1882). Fig. 66. Facesoffungi number FoF 04289 Foliicolous on overwintered leaves. Sexual morph: Ascomata 150–350 9 300–500 lm, scattered, erumpent, globose to subglobose, brown, coriaceous, ostiolate with long, wide neck. Peridium comprising very few layers of 123 340 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 68 Maculatipalma frondicola (BRIP 21402). a, b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Cross section of ascomata. e Peridium. f Paraphyses. g–i Asci. j–l Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 100 lm, e–l = 10 lm 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 341 Fig. 69 Mamianiella coryli (F144462, F144463). a, b Packet of herbarium. c Herbarium specimen. d–f Ascomata on substrate. g Cross section of ascomata. h Peridium. i–k Asci. l–n Ascospores. Scale bars: d–f = 200 lm, g = 100 lm, h = 20 lm, i–k = 10 lm, l–n = 5 lm thick-walled, brown cells of textura globulosa to textura angularis. Neck 200–450 9 100–120 lm, tapering towards the blunt apex. Asci 40–65 9 10–18 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, with distinct, cap-like apical ring, shortstalked. Ascospores 10–15 9 6–10 lm, biseriate, oval, unicellular, hyaline, smooth. Asexual morph: reported as Cylindrosporella alnea (Lev.) v. Höhnel (Klebahn 1908). Material examined: GERMANY, Uppland, Täby, Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (Betulaceae), I. Holmgren, 4 May 1911, F144257. Notes: Gnomoniella was introduced and typified by G. tubiformis. Gnomoniella species generally associated with leaves and petiole of overwintered plants. Some species form leaf spots on living leaves (Barr 1998). Gnomoniopsis Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 1(3): 93 (1893) Facesoffungi number FoF 04290 Foliicolous on overwintered canes, leaves, and twigs. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary, lacking stroma, or in groups of up to 11, aggregated in minimal stroma, black, globose to subglobose, concave from base when dry. Neck 123 342 central to lateral, straight or slightly curved to curved, short to long, sometimes almost absent, in cross section circular to oval or flattened. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, ellipsoid, ovoid, obovoid, to fusiform, with conspicuous apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate, biseriate or irregularly multiseriate, fusiform, obovoid or pyriform, one-septate, median to submedian, constricted or not at septum, hyaline, lacking appendages. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Gnomoniopsis chamaemori (Fr.) Berl. Gnomoniopsis chamaemori (Fr.) Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 1(3): 93 (1893). Fig. 67. Facesoffungi number FoF 04291 Hypophyllous and epiphyllous on overwintered leaves, leaf veins and blades or canes and twigs. Sexual morph: Ascomata 150–275 9 150–500 lm ( x = 206 9 278 lm, n = 20), immersed, solitary, scattered, globose to subglobose, glossy black, coriaceous. Necks 90–120 9 75– 110 lm ( x = 110 9 80 lm, n = 20), central to lateral, short, some barely emerging from host tissue, sometimes with multiple necks per perithecium. Peridium 25–50 lm wide ( x = 40 lm, n = 20), comprising thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 25–50 9 6–10 lm ( x = 33 9 7.5 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform to ellipsoid, with short pedicel, apical ring indistinct. Ascospores 8–12 9 2–4 lm ( x = 10 9 3 lm, n = 30), arranged irregularly biseriate or obliquely uniseriate, fusiform, straight to slightly curved, one-septate, submedian, not constricted or slightly constricted at septum, each cell with 2–4 distinct guttules, with slender, hyaline appendages at both ends. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Sogonov et al. 2008). Material examined: SWEDEN, Uppland, Jumkil parish, Stigsbo Rödmosse, on Rubus chamaemorus L. (Rosaceae), 05 June 1973, K. & L. Holm, F81544; SWEDEN, Austria, Wald (Nassau), Rubus coriifolius Liebm. (Rosaceae), Fuckel, F81543. Notes: Gnomoniopsis was introduced and typified by G. chamaemori (Fr.) Berl. Gnomoniopsis is characterized by having small, black perithecia immersed in the host tissue or stromatic tissues, perithecia with single central, marginal or lateral neck, oval to fusiform asci and one-septate, oval to fusiform ascospores (Sogonov et al. 2008). Gnomoniopsis species are generally host genus specific on plants in Fagaceae, Onagraceae and Rosaceae. Gnomoniopsis contains economically important phytopathogens of Rosaceae crop plants (Bolay 1972; Monod 1983; Maas 1998). Gnomoniopsis fructicola (Arnaud) Sogonov causes leaf blotch and petiole blight of strawberry (Fall 1951; Bolton 1954; Van Adriechem and Bosher 1958; Maas 1998). Maculatipalma J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde, Mycol. Res. 99(6): 727 (1995) 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Facesoffungi number FoF 04292 Pathogenic on leaves of palm forming roughly ellipsoidal, brown spots with thin yellow margin on both surfaces of leaves. Sexual morph: Ascomata scattered, concentrated at the center of the lesion, solitary, immersed, subglobose, ostiolate. Peridium thin, composed black to brown, thick-walled, 5–8 cell layers of textura angularis. Paraphyses few, parenchymatous, septate. Asci 8-spored, broad-cylindrical, unitunicate, J-, sessile. Ascospores uniseriate, ellipsoidal to obpyriform, hyaline, highly constricted one septate, 1/3 to 1/2 from the base, lower cell is more pointed at the end than larger cell. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Maculatipalma frondicola J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde Maculatipalma frondicola J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde [as ‘fronsicola’], Mycol. Res. 99(6): 727 (1995). Fig. 68. Facesoffungi number FoF 04293 Pathogenic on leaves of palm forming roughly ellipsoidal, brown spots 20–25 9 8–16 lm, with thin yellow margin on both surfaces of leaves. Sexual morph: Ascomata 130–325 9 160–250 lm, scattered, concentrated at the center of the lesion, solitary, immersed, subglobose, ostiolate. Peridium 10–20 lm thick, thin, composed black to brown, thick walled, 5–8 cell layers of textura angularis. Paraphyses few, parenchymatous, septate. Asci 85– 130 9 10–17 lm ( x = 103 9 13 lm, n = 25), 8-spored, broad-cylindrical, unitunicate, J-, sessile. Ascospores 20– 23 9 5.5–8.5 lm ( x = 22 9 7 lm, n = 50), uniseriate, ellipsoidal to obpyriform, hyaline, one-septate, 1/3 to 1/2 from the base, constricted, lower cell is more pointed at the end than larger cell. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Fröhlich and Hyde 1995). Material examined: AUSTRALIA, north Queensland, Mossman River Gorge, living leaf of Linospadix microcarya, June 1992, J. Frohlich, KDH 1346, BRIP 21402 holotype. Notes: The monotypic genus Maculatipalma was introduced and typified by Maculatipalma frondicola. This genus was placed in Cytosporaceae (Fröhlich and Hyde 1995). This genus does not have sequence data in available data bases. However, morphologically Maculatipalma frondicola shows similar characters to Gnomoniaceae such as Foliicolous life mode, solitary, thin-walled ascomata, and cylindrical to fusiform asci. Therefore, we placed Maculatipalma frondicola within Gnomoniaceae based on morphology. Mamianiella Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 35: 635, 637 (1917) Facesoffungi number FoF 04294 Pathogenic forming spots on living leaves. Sexual morph: Stromata within leaf tissue, compact Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 343 plectenchymatous, hyaline to pale brown, entirely surrounded by black, thick and clypeus-like crust. Ascomata embedded within stroma, single or in small group, globular, with long black neck at the top. Peridium membranaceous, brown to dark brown, composed of flattened, blackish, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Necks cylindrical, slender, composed of dark brown, prolonged, plectenchymatous cells, with hyaline periphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate or cylindric-clavate, thinwalled, with thickened tip with apical ring, irregularly in perithecium. Ascospores elliptic to oblong-ovoid, unicellular, hyaline. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Mamianiella coryli (Batsch) Höhn. lower and upper leaf epidermis, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla long, asymmetrically located, slanted or on substrate, curved or erect. Peridium comprising thick-walled, brown, large cells of textura globulosa or textura epidermoidea. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, with short, pointed pedicel, apex rounded with bi-lobed, distinct, apical ring. Ascospores uni- to tri-seriate, fusiform, cylindrical to elongate fusiform, straight or very slightly curved, 1-septate, hyaline, guttulate, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Marsupiomyces quercina Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde. Mamianiella coryli (Batsch) Höhn., Annls mycol. 16(1/2): 102 (1918). Fig. 69. Facesoffungi number FoF 04295 Pathogenic forming spots on living leaves. Sexual morph: Stromata 400–450 9 900–1000 lm ( x = 432 9 918 lm, n = 20), within leaf tissue, compact plectenchymatous, hyaline to pale brown, entirely surrounded by black, thick and clypeus-like crust. Ascomata 700–750 9 250–300 lm ( x = 716 9 281 lm, n = 20), embedded within stroma, single or in small group, globular, with long black neck at the top. Peridium 18–30 lm ( x = 22 lm, n = 20), membranaceous, brown to dark brown, composed of flattened, blackish, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Necks 490–525 9 75–130 lm ( x = 492 9 110 lm, n = 20), cylindrical, slender, composed of dark brown, prolonged, plectenchymatous cells, with hyaline periphyses. Asci 30–40 9 12–14 lm ( x = 36 9 13 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate or cylindric-clavate, thin-walled, with thickened tip apical ring, irregularly in perithecium. Ascospores 7–8 9 3–4 lm ( x = 7.7 9 3.3 lm, n = 20), elliptic to oblong-ovoid, unicellular, hyaline. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined: JAPAN, Mt. Hakkoda, Prov. Mutsu, Corylus rostrata Marshall (Betulaceae), 24 August 1930, F144462; SWEDEN, Suecia. Uppland, Möja sn, Ramsmoraö, Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae), 17 August 1918, T. Vestergren, F144463. Notes: Senanayake et al. (2017b) synonymized Mamiania under Mamianiella based on its morphological similarity. This genus forms ascomata on leaf surface. Marsupiomyces quercina Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b). Facesoffungi number FoF 03485 Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b) Saprobic on leaves of Quercus. Sexual morph: Stromatic cavity pale in colour, tightly packed cells, forming a thin, coating around ascomata. Ascomata 150–250 lm high 160–300 lm diam. ( x = 175 9 200 lm, n = 10), solitary, scattered, immersed horizontally in the lower and upper leaf epidermis, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla long, asymmetrically located, slanted or on substrate, curved or erect. Peridium 25– 45 lm wide ( x = 35 lm, n = 10), comprising thick-walled, brown, large cells of textura globulosa. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 125–150 9 9–11 lm ( x= 134 9 9.8 lm, n = 30), unitunicate, 8-spored, fusiform, with short, pointed pedicel, apex rounded with bilobed, distinct, apical ring. Ascospores 15–21 9 6–8 lm ( x = 17.4 9 6.6 lm, n = 40), biseriate, cylindrical to elongate fusiform, 1-septate, hyaline, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017b). Notes: Marsupiomyces is typified by M. quercina and contains a second species M. epidermoidea. Members of this genus occur on Fagaceae. Phylogenetic analysis based on combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequences in Senanayake et al. (2017b) showed that Marsupiomyces is closely related to Apioplagiostoma. However, Apioplagiostoma differs from Marsupiomyces in having leaf lesions with dark purple to brown pigmentation, and apiosporous ascospores. Marsupiomyces Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b). Facesoffungi number FoF 03484 Saprobic on leaves of Fagaceae. Sexual morph: Appearing on the surface as black solitary swellings on the leaf surface. Ascomatal cavity pale in colour, tightly packed cells, forming a thin coating around ascomata. Ascomata solitary, scattered, immersed horizontally in the Millerburtonia Cif., Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 6(1): 26 (1951) Facesoffungi number FoF 04296 Foliicolous, parasitic. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervuli, subepidermal, minute ostiolate. Conidiogenous cells forming hyaline, 123 344 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 70 Ophiognomonia melanostyla (F249901). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Peridium. d–f Asci. g Ascospores. Scale bars: b = 200 lm, c = 20 lm, d–f = 20 lm, g = 10 lm packed, simple and widely branched. Conidia filiform, aciculate, hyaline. Type species: Millerburtonia oyedaeae Cif. Millerburtonia oyedaeae Cif., Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 6(1): 27 (1951) Facesoffungi number FoF 04297 Illustration: See Ciferri (1950) Pathogenic forming leaf spots spreading on leaf surface. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervuli, erumpent, subepidermal, globose to subglobose, aggregated 2–10 in a spot, black, ostiolate. Ostiole 200–400 lm diam., erumpent, minute. Conidiophores 123 reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 60–100 9 0.6–1 lm, dense, parallel, crowded, erect, branched or unbranched, delicate, hyaline, continuously releasing conidia. Conidia filiform, aciculate, hyaline, straight or curved (description based on Ciferri 1950). Notes: Millerburtonia was introduced based on Chalcosphaeria oyedaeae (Syd.) Cif.which is a parasitic, leaf spot forming fungus. Millerburtonia is typified by the single species M. oyedaeae obtained from leaves of Oyedeae verbesinoides. Morphologically, this genus is similar to Hypospila (Sacc.) Traverso. Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 345 Fig. 71 Phragmoporthe ploettneriana (F13480). a, b Packet of herbarium specimen. c Herbarium specimen. d Ascomata on host. e, f Cross section of ascomata. g Peridium. h–j Asci. k Ascospores. Scale bars: d, e = 200 lm, f = 100 lm, g = 50 lm, h–j = 20 lm, k = 10 lm Occultocarpon L.C. Mejı́a & Zhu L. Yang, in Mejı́a et al., Fungal Divers 52(1): 101 (2012) Facesoffungi number FoF 04298 Foliicolous. Sexual morph: Ascomata scattered in groups, immersed, black, coriaceous, with grey to brown, scanty stroma above perithecia, with thin central to eccentric necks protruding from periderm and extending beyond surface, cream-yellow mycelium at base of perithecia. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical-elongated, apical ring J- with 2 reniform bodies. Ascospores obliquely parallel or biseriate, oblong elliptical-elongated, hyaline, short, one-septate, multiguttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Occultocarpon ailaoshanense L.C. Mejı́a & Zhu L. Yang Occultocarpon ailaoshanense L.C. Mejı́a & Zhu L. Yang, in Mejı́a et al. Fungal Divers 52(1): 101 (2012) Facesoffungi number FoF 04299 Illustration: See Mejı́a et al. (2012) Foliicolous. Sexual morph: Ascomata 470–480 9 360– 375 lm ( x = 477 9 367, n = 10), immersed, solitary or aggregated, subglobose, black, coriaceous. Necks 380– 500 9 35–55 lm ( x = 425 9 45 lm, n = 10), eccentric, thin, central, protruding from periderm and extending beyond surface, with ostiolar opening. Mycelium at base of perithecia cream-yellow, perithecia collapsing from bottom 123 346 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 72 Phylloporthe vernoniae (F8777). a, b Packet of herbarium. c Herbarium specimen. d Stromata on substrate. e, f Vertical cross section of ascomata. g–i Asci. j–m Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 200 lm, e, f = 100 lm, g–m = 10 lm when dry. Asci 65–75 9 15–20 lm ( x = 67 9 16, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, elongated, apical ring 2– 4 lm diam., J- with two slightly reniform bodies. Ascospores 18–22 9 3–5 lm ( x = 21 9 4 lm, n = 30), obliquely parallel or biseriate, hyaline, short, oblong elliptical-elongated, with rounded ends, with many guttules, appearing granulated, one-septate, often with upper cell slightly wider than lower, slightly constricted at septum. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Mejı́a et al. 2012). Notes: Occultocarpon was introduced and typified by O. ailaoshanense is characterized by aggregated, stromatic perithecia with thin, central to eccentric necks and oblong 123 elliptical-elongated, one-septate ascospores. this monotypic genus occurs on the bark of Alnus nepalensis (Betulaceae). Ophiognomonia (Sacc.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 14(1): 613 (1899) Facesoffungi number FoF 04424 Saprobic on leaves and veins. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary, aggregated up to three, or in loose clusters, without stroma, epiphyllous and hypophyllous on overwintered leaf blades or on overwintered petioles, dark brown to glossy black, rarely cream, globose to subglobose, immersed or partially erumpent. Neck central, lateral, or marginal, straight, curved, or sinuous, long to short. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform to oval or filiform, apical Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 347 Fig. 73 Plagiostoma salicicola (MFLU 17–0878) a Ascomata on substrate. b Cross section of ascoma. c Peridium. d–f Asci. g–i Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 500 lm, b = 100 lm, c–i = 10 lm ring often conspicuous, occasionally intertwined. Ascospores uni-, bi-, and multiseriate or parallel, two-celled, rarely one-celled, oval, fusiform, or filiform, ends blunt to rounded, with or without appendages. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Ophiognomonia melanostyla (DC.) Sacc. Ophiognomonia melanostyla (DC.) Sacc., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 2: 146 (1899). Fig. 70. Facesoffungi number FoF 04425 Saprobic on leaves and veins. Sexual morph: Perithecia 180–220 9 220–350 lm, hypophyllous, without stroma, solitary, evenly distributed over large areas of leaf blades, sometimes on upper part of petioles, immersed at first, partly erumpent at maturity, oblate to sub oblate when moist, convex, occasionally irregularly dented or concave when dry. Necks 500–1000 lm long, 30–50 lm wide at base, central or eccentric, usually sinuous. Asci 55– 65 9 4.5–5 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, narrowly fusiform, apical ring 1–1.5 lm, J-, evenly or slightly unevenly parallel. Ascospores 37–42.5 9 1.5–2 lm ( x = 39 9 1.5 lm, n = 20), clavate filiform, slightly sinuous two-celled, slightly constricted at septum, ends blunt, rounded, basal cell narrower than distal cell, each cell with a few small guttules, appendages 5–25 lm long, subulate to whipshaped. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Sogonov et al. 2008). 123 348 Material examined: CZECH REPUBLIC, Mähr-Weisskirchen, Teplitz, Tilia platyphylla Scop. (Malvaceae), F. Petrak, April 1914, F249901. Notes: Ophiognomonia comprises leaf-inhabiting endophytes, pathogens, and saprobes that infect plants in Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Juglandaceae, Lauraceae, Malvaceae, Platanaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae, and Sapindaceae mainly in temperate areas,although some are from subtropics. Phragmoporthe Petr., Annls mycol. 32(5/6): 354 (1934) Facesoffungi number FoF 04426 Saprobic on Betulaceae. Sexual morph: Stromata spread around ostiolar canals, comprising brown parenchymatous tissues. Ascomata immersed, aggregated globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate. Ostiolar canal long, wide, comprising brown elongated cells, internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising brown, thick-walled, somewhat compressed cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, globose to irregular, sessile, thin-walled. Ascospores crowded, fusiform, 3-septate, not constricted at septum, hyaline, smoothwalled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Phragmoporthe ploettneriana (Henn.) Petr. Phragmoporthe ploettneriana (Henn.) Petr., Annls mycol. 32(5/6): 354 (1934). Fig. 71. Facesoffungi number FoF 04427 Saprobic on Alnus glutinosa L., appearing as conical pustules on the host surface. Sexual morph: Ascomata 700–930 9 400–500 lm ( x = 780 9 461 lm, n = 20), perithecial, minutely stromatic, solitary, erumpent or immersed directly below the host epidermis, globose, membranous, dark brown to black, with a periphysate ostiole. Peridium 14–24 lm wide ( x = 22 lm, n = 10), comprising 7–15 cell layers, outer layers heavily pigmented, thin-walled, comprising dark brown cells of textura angularis, inner layers composed of hyaline to brown, thin-walled, flat cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 80–95 9 30–35 lm ( x = 89 9 35 lm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, straight, short pedicellate, apically rounded or truncate, with a refractive, Japical ring. Ascospores 19–24 9 8–10 lm ( x = 22 9 9.9 lm, n = 20), multi-seriate, fusiform, mainly with 3 transverse septa, occasionally constricted at septa, hyaline, smooth and thick-walled, without a mucilaginous sheath or appendages. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Sogonov et al. 2008). Material examined: GERMANY, Brandenburg, Mark Brandenburg, Rathenow, on stem of Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (Betulaceae), 8 April 1899, Plöttner, F13480, isotype. 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Notes: The genus Phragmoporthe was introduced based on P. ploettneriana as the type species (Petrak 1934). Phragmoporthe is characterized by multi-septate ascospores and 8-spored asci (Sogonov et al. 2008). The closest genus to Phragmoporthe is Ditopella De Not., which differs from Phragmoporthe in having 1-septate, rarely aseptate ascospores and polysporous asci (Sogonov et al. 2008). Phylloporthe Syd., Annls mycol. 23(3/6): 348 (1925) Facesoffungi number FoF 04428 Parasite on living leaves of Vernonia triflosculosa Kunth. Sexual morph: Stromata poorly developed, irregular in shape, superficial, aggregated, epifoliar, black, coriaceous. Ascomata immersed in stromatic tissues, solitary or aggregated, globose to subglobose, brown, coriaceous. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical, J- apical ring. Ascospores ellipsoid to globose, 1-septate, hyaline, smooth. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Phylloporthe vernoniae Syd. Phylloporthe vernoniae Syd., Annls mycol. 23(3/6): 349 (1925). Fig. 72. Facesoffungi number FoF 04429 Parasite on living leaves of Vernonia triflosculosa Kunth. Sexual morph: Stromata poorly developed, irregular in shape, superficial, aggregated, epifoliar, black, coriaceous. Ascomata 300–325 9 320–410 lm ( x = 304 9 341 lm, n = 20), immersed in stromatic tissues, solitary or aggregated, globose to subglobose, brown, coriaceous. Asci 45–55 9 8–12 lm ( x = 53 9 11 lm, n = 20), unitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical, J- apical ring. Ascospores 8–12 9 4–5 lm ( x = 11 9 4.3 lm, n = 20), ellipsoid to globose, 1-septate, hyaline, smooth. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined: COSTA RICA, La Caja bei San José, on leaves of Vernonia triflosculosa Kunth (Asteraceae), 4 January 1925, H. Sydow, S-F8777, holotype. Notes: The monotypic genus Phylloporthe is typified by P. vernoniae Syd., which is a parasite on living leaves of Vernonia triflosculosa in Costa Rica. Phylloporthe is morphologically similar to Lambro, however distinct in having strongly erumpent, almost superficial stromata, aparaphysate hamathecium and thin-walled ascospores. There are no sequence data for this genus and Barr (1978) placed Phylloporthe in the Gnomoniaceae based on morphology. Plagiostoma Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 118 (1870) [1869–70] Facesoffungi number FoF 04430 Saprobic on twigs of dead, fallen or still attached host, in midvein or petiole of leaves or leaf lamina, or stalks and peduncles of herbaceous plants. Sexual morph: Stromata scanty, flocculose, grey, brownish, cream, yellowish white, or whitish. Perithecia black, sub oblate, usually collapsed Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 349 Fig. 74 Pleuroceras oregonense (NY 00921992). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c–d Ascomata on substrate. e Vertical cross section of ascomata. f Peridium. g–j Asci. k– l Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 1 mm, d = 200 lm, e = 100 lm, f = 20 lm, g–j = 10 lm, k–l = 10 lm from base when dry, with or without stromatic tissue surrounding neck. Ascomata immersed, solitary or aggregated, globose, slightly flattened to subglobose, black, coriaceous. Neck central to marginal, mostly cylindrical, sometimes flattened, short and stout, upright, straight, contorted, slanted or straight, with or without a disk-like expansion, apex rounded, acute, flared, cupulate, papillate, or conic, black, brown, yellow or hyaline, with or without furrows. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, obclavate, ovoidal to cylindrical and cylindric-fusoid, usually with a short stalk, a conspicuous apical ring with two refractive bodies. Ascospores obliquely parallel, biseriate, multiseriate, or twisted, ellipsoid, ellipsoid-fusoid, oblong-ellipsoid or ovoid, hyaline, unicellular or 1-septate, constricted or not at median to submedian septum, sometimes apiosporous, with four or more rounded guttules, or appearing granulated, with or without an appendage at each end. Asexual morph: Undetermined. 123 350 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 75 Sirococcus conigenus (redrawn from Sutton 1980). a Vertical cross section of conidiomata. b Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells attached to conidia. c Conidia. Scale bars: a = 200 lm, b, c = 10 lm Type species: Plagiostoma euphorbiae (Fuckel) Fuckel Plagiostoma salicicola Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b). Fig. 73. Facesoffungi number FoF 03490 Saprobic on dead twigs of Salix sp. Sexual morph: Stromata loosely packed comprising pseudoparenchymatous tissues. Ascomata 400–600 lm high, 250–400 lm diam. ( x = 580 9 300 lm, n = 20), perithecial, aggregated in groups of 3–10, immersed, oblate globose when moist but convex with irregular dents around base of papilla when dry, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, papillate. Necks 420–700 lm long, 100–150 lm wide at base, 60–150 lm wide at apex, converged or not, eccentric to marginal, slightly curved. Asci 45–70 9 10–20 lm ( x = 62 9 16 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, apex narrowly obtuse, sessile, with J- apical ring. Ascospores 15–25 9 4–7 lm ( x = 17 9 6 lm, n = 20), obliquely biseriate to fasciculate, ellipsoidal to fusiform, medially 1-septate, constricted or not at the septum, ends rounded to tapering, with upper cell slightly wider than basal cell, hyaline. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017b). Material examined: ITALY, Province of Trento, Val di Sole, near Croviana, on dead branch of Salix sp. (Salicaceae), 29 July 2013, E. Camporesi, MFLU 17–0878, holotype. Notes: Plagiostoma, which is typified by Plagiostoma euphorbiae, currently comprises 53 species (Index Fungorum 2018). Mejı́a et al. (2011) revisited the genus and observed distinct grouping pattern of Plagiostoma with expanded necks and species with cylindrical necks on Salicaceae. Pleuroceras Riess, Hedwigia 1(6): 25 (1854) 123 = Cryptoderis Auersw., Mycologia europaea. Abbildungen sämmtlicher Schwämme Europas 5–6: 29 (1869). Facesoffungi number FoF 04431 Pathogenic forming blackish area on leaves. Sexual morph: Stromata absent. Ascomata solitary, scattered, erumpent, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, brown, with asymmetrically located neck, ostiolate. Neck internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising thickwalled, brown cells of textura globulosa. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, with very short stalk, non amyloid apical ring. Ascospores parallel, filamentous, aseptate, ends pointed, hyaline. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Pleuroceras ciliatum Riess Pleuroceras oregonense M. Monod, Beih. Sydowia 9: 164 (1983). Fig. 74. Facesoffungi number FoF 04432 Pathogenic forming blackish area on leaves. Lesions irregular, black, scattered on leaves. Sexual morph: Ascomata 200–275 9 100–110 lm ( x = 163 9 103 lm, n = 20), solitary, scattered, erumpent, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, brown, with asymmetrically located neck, ostiolate. Neck 160–180 9 35–50 lm ( x = 163 9 42 lm, n = 20), internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium 9–13 lm ( x = 12 lm), comprising thick-walled, brown cells of textura globulosa. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 150–200 9 10–20 lm ( x = 189 9 18 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, with very short stalk, non amyloid apical ring. Ascospores 130–150 9 2–3.5 lm ( x = 145 9 3 lm, n = 20), parallel, filamentous, aseptate, ends pointed, hyaline. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Barr 1978). Material examined: USA, Oregon, US 20 near Lost prairie and Lava beds, Willamette national forest, Salix sp. Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 351 Fig. 76 Uniseta flagellifera (NY 01167853). a Herbarium packet. b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d, e Asci. f–h Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d, e = 10 lm, f–h = 5 lm (Salicaceae), 16 August 1975, M. E. Barr, NY 00921992, holotype. Notes: The genus Pleuroceras Riess includes gnomonialike fungi having ascomata with eccentric, lateral necks and elongated ascospores and was placed in the Valsaceae by Barr (1978). The type species is P. cryptoderis (Lév.) Höhn., which occurs on overwintered leaves of Populus alba. Many of the 23 species currently recognized in Pleuroceras were transferred from Gnomonia by Barr (1978) and Monod (1983). Most of the species included in Pleuroceras are found on overwintered leaves of hardwood trees in temperate regions. Sirococcus Preuss, Linnaea 26: 716 (1855) Facesoffungi number FoF 04433 Pathogenic on mostly temperate plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidia, multilocular, eustromatic, glabrous, erumpent without a clypeus, globose to flattened, black, coriaceous. Peridium comprising multilayered, brown cells of textura angularis. Locules uni- or multi-ostiolate, ostiolate. Conidiophores simple or branched, septate. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic. Conidia hyaline, median-septate, fusiform. Type species: Sirococcus conigenus (Pers.) P.F. Cannon & Minter Sirococcus conigenus (Pers.) P.F. Cannon & Minter, Taxon 32(4): 577 (1983). Fig. 75. =Sirococcus trobilinus Preuss, Linnaea 26: 716 (1853) Facesoffungi number FoF 04434 Pathogenic causing cankers on all woody parts of overwintered plants including twigs, branches, stems and buttress roots. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 170–300 lm diam., solitary or in groups, pycnidia, globose, black, unilocular, with irregular opening in the upper part. Conidiophores 30–50 lm long, 3.5–5.0 lm wide at the base, hyaline branched, septate. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, ampulliform, aseptate, hyaline. Conidia 9.8–15.6 9 2.2–3.6 lm, hyaline, fusiform, straight or slightly curved, mostly one-septate and constricted at the septum (description based on Sutton 1980). 123 352 Notes: Sirococcus is a pathogenic genus causing blight of conifers and some other temperate trees and as endophytes causing Javart disease. This genus was introduced and typified by Sirococcus conigenus. There are 41 species in the genus (Mycobank 2018). Spataporthe Bronson et al., Int. J. Pl. Sci. 174(3): 278–292 (2013) Facesoffungi number FoF 04435 Carbonated on a coniferous leaf. Sexual morph: Perithecia immersed in host tissue, spherical. Peridium two-layered, outer layer pseudoparenchymatous, inner layer filamentous. Perithecium neck forms widened basal chamber at contact with centrum. Basal neck chamber occupied by transient pseudoparenchyma plug and, later, periphyses. Hamathecium absent at maturity. Asci clavate, inoperculate, without conspicuous apical ring, detaching from hymenium at maturity. Ascospores oval. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Bronson et al. 2013). Type species: Spataporthe taylorii Bronson et al. Spataporthe taylorii Bronson et al., Int. J. Pl. Sci. 174(3): 278–292 (2013) Facesoffungi number FoF 04436 Illustration: See Bronson et al. (2013) Carbonated on a coniferous leaf. Sexual morph: Perithecia up to [ 150 lm high, 320–470 lm diam., densely distributed, immersed, globose. Peridium twolayered, outer 2–4 layered, pseudoparenchymatous, intergrading with plant host tissue and inner, pale brown, filamentous, up to 25 lm thick. Neck with hemispherical to bell-shaped chamber at base; basal neck chamber 75–105 lm high, 115–140 lm in diam., at base; above basal chamber lined with longitudinal hyphae and 30–35 lm wide, filled with pseudoparenchyma disintegrating, leaving collar that forms constriction at contact with centrum, periphysate. Hamathecium 12–33 lm diam., consisting of pseudoparenchyma, overlying inner wall layer, basal in perithecium, absent at maturity. Asci 30–47 9 12–20 lm, clavate, inoperculate, without conspicuous apical ring, thinly tapered at base, with fine papillae on surface. Ascospores 4.7 9 3.2 lm, ovoid. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Bronson et al. 2013). Notes: Spataporthe is a monotypic genus typified by S. taylorii. This is the only genus known as a fossil in Diaporthales (Bronson et al. 2013). Based on the divergent time estimates, Spataporthe provides a minimum age (136 Ma) for the order which is the oldest representative of the Diaporthales. Morphologically, Spataporthe is distinct from other genera in Gnomoniaceae having perithecial necks with bell-shaped chamber, peridium with outer, large 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 pseudoparenchymatous layer and inner, thin filamentous layer, and clavate asci with thinly tapered bases which are detached from the hymenium to float freely in the perithecium. Uleoporthe Petr., Annls mycol. 39(4/6): 279 (1941) Facesoffungi number FoF 02861 Saprobic or biotrophic on recently dead plant tissues. Sexual morph: Stromata roughly circular, on the surface of leaves. Ascomata surrounding the conidiomata, deeply immersed in stromatic tissues, globose to subglobose, ostiolate, papillate, with copious paraphyses. Peridium of strongly flattened, pale brown cells of textura angularis at the base and thick-walled, hyaline cells of textura angularis in the papilla region. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, shortpedicellate to almost sessile, apex rounded. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, clavate, 2-celled, hyaline. Asexual morph: Conidiomata loculate, irregular in shape, ostiolate. Peridium comprising layers of brown, thin-walled cells of textura epidermoidea. Conidiophores poorly differentiated, thin-walled, ellipsoidal. Conidiogenous cells in small clusters or short branched chains of cells, irregular or narrowly flask-shaped, tapering towards the upper region, both percurrent and sympodial proliferation, minute, slightly flared collarettes where percurrent proliferation occurs. Conidia ellipsoidal to fusiform, hyaline, aseptate (description of asexual morph from Cannon 2001). Type species: Uleoporthe orbiculata (Syd. & P. Syd.) Petr. Uleoporthe orbiculata (Syd. & P. Syd.) Petr., Annls mycol. 39(4/6): 280 (1941). Basionym: Valsonectria orbiculata Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 14(1/2): 86 (1916) Facesoffungi number FoF 02862 Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b) Saprobic or biotrophic on recently dead plant tissues. Sexual morph: Stromata 3–7 mm diam., roughly circular in external view, epiphyllous, occupying the upper epidermis and palisade layers of the leaf, erumpent, convex, initially with simple stellate splits, later becoming more complex and branched, mostly coalescing with yellowbrown host tissue at the surface, with poorly to well-developed black line around the stroma and internal eustromatic tissue with thick-walled, glassy hyaline cells of textura globulosa to textura angularis around the basal region of ascomata and dark brown cells of textura globulosa to textura angularis around the ostioles. Ascomata 435–450 lm high, 400–460 lm wide ( x = 445 9 450 lm, n = 15), surrounding the conidiomata, deeply immersed in stromatic tissues, solitary, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, light brown, ostiolate. Papilla 190–200 lm high, 80–90 lm wide ( x = 195 9 85 lm, n = 15), conical, slightly eccentric, hyaline, filamentous periphysate. Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 353 Fig. 77 Valsalnicola oxystoma (NY 01293359). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c, d Ascomata on substrate. e Vertical cross section of ascomata. f Peridium. g–i Asci. j–l Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 500 lm, d = 200 lm, e = 50 lm, f–i = 10 lm, j-l = 5 lm Peridium 15–20 lm wide ( x = 19 lm, n = 15), comprising 5–6 layers of strongly flattened, pale brown cells of textura angularis at the base and thick-walled, hyaline cells of textura angularis in the ostiolar region. Hamathecium comprising copious, very thin-walled, persistent paraphyses, swollen at the base and gradually tapering towards the apex. Asci 60–80 9 10–20 lm ( x = 65 9 14 lm, n = 25), 8-spored, unitunicate, narrowly clavate, short-pedicellate to almost sessile, apex rounded, sometimes slightly attenuate. Ascospores 16–20 9 5–6.5 lm ( x = 18 9 5.4 lm, n = 15), overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, clavate, upper cell ellipsoidal and the lower cylindric-ellipsoidal, with a median to slightly supramedian septum, thick-walled, hyaline, smooth-walled, each cell sometimes biguttulate. Asexual morph: Conidiomata loculate, irregularly-shaped, ostiolate. Peridium comprising 2–3 layers of brown, thin- 123 354 walled cells of textura epidermoidea. Conidiophores poorly differentiated, thin-walled, ellipsoidal. Conidiogenous cells in small clusters or short branched chains of cells, irregular or narrowly flask-shaped, tapering towards the upper region, both percurrent and sympodial proliferation, minute, with slightly flared collarettes where percurrent proliferation occurs. Conidia ellipsoidal to fusiform, apex acute to obtuse, base narrowly truncate, thick-walled, hyaline, aseptate, smooth-walled. Notes: The monotypic genus is typified by U. orbiculata, a leaf epiphyte forming circular, erumpent to superficial stromata. Previously this genus was assigned to Sydowiellaceae and Senanayake et al. (2017a) moved this genus to Diaporthales genera, incertae sedis. However, morphologically this genus is closer to Gnomoniaceae specially Phyloporthe in having foliicolous life mode, solitary, globose, non-stromatic ascomata and fusiform asci. Therefore, we place Uleoporthe within Gnomoniaceae until molecular data available. Uniseta Ciccar., Nuovo G. bot. ital. 54: 711 (1948) Facesoffungi number FoF 04437 Saprobic on woody bark and twigs. Sexual morph: Ascomata non stromatic, immersed, solitary to aggregated, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate. Peridium comprising thick-walled, large, brown cells of textura globulosa to textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising hyaline, densely packed cellular mass. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, oval to widely fusiform, short-stalked. Ascospores biseriate, fusiform, ends blunt, slightly curved, guttulate, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Uniseta flagellifera (Ellis & Everh.) Ciccar. Uniseta flagellifera (Ellis & Everh.) Ciccar., Nuovo G. bot. ital. 54: 15 (1947). Fig. 76. Facesoffungi number FoF 04438 Saprobic on woody bark and twigs. Sexual morph: Ascomata non stromatic, immersed, solitary to aggregated, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate. Peridium comprising thick-walled, large, brown cells of textura globulosa to textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising hyaline, densely packed cellular mass. Asci 25–35 9 9– 12 lm ( x = 33 9 10 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, oval to widely fusiform, short-stalked. Ascospores 8– 12 9 2.5–3.5 lm ( x = 9 9 3 lm, n = 20), biseriate, fusiform, ends blunt, slightly curved, guttulate, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined: USA, New Jersey, Newfield, on dead stems of Comptonia asplenifolia (L.) J.M.Coult. (Myricaceae), Ellis J. B., June 1889, NY 01167853 holotype. 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 78 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a c combined nrLSU, nrITS, TUB and CAL sequence alignment for taxa of Harknessiaceae. Genera are indicated in coloured blocks. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site Notes: A monotypic genus typified by U. flagellifera. Uniseta is morphologically similar to several genera in Gnomoniaceae. However, this genus is distinct in having sessile, widely fusiform asci deeply immersed in a hyaline, cellular mass and fusiform, slightly curved, guttulate ascospores. There are no sequence data in GenBank and we accommodate this genus in Gnomoniaceae until molecular data is available. Valsalnicola D.M. Walker & Rossman, in Crous et al., Persoonia 29: 149 (2012) Facesoffungi number FoF 04439 Pathogenic causing linear cankers and lesions. Sexual morph: Ectostromata well-developed, brown to black, thick disc from which perithecial necks emerge. Ascomata perithecial, immersed beneath ectostroma, aggregated in groups of 13–23, converging into 5–20 necks. Asci fusiform, with indistinct apical ring. Ascospores allantoid with rounded ends, 1-septate, hyaline. Asexual morph: Dimorphic in same conidiomata. Conidiomata pycnidial, exuding masses of brown conidia. Alpha conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical to ampulliform, hyaline, aseptate. Alpha conidia cylindrical, brown, finely verruculose, apex obtuse, base truncate, euseptate. Beta conidiophores subcylindrical, straight to curved, aseptate or septate, hyaline to subhyaline. Beta conidiogenous cells proliferating percurrently or sympodially. Beta conidia hyaline to subhyaline, narrowly obclavate, apex subobtuse, base truncate, straight to curved, up to 11-septate. Type species: Valsalnicola oxystoma (Rehm) D.M. Walker & Rossman Valsalnicola oxystoma (Rehm) D.M. Walker & Rossman, in Crous et al., Persoonia 29: 149 (2012). Fig. 77. Facesoffungi number FoF 04440 Pathogenic causing linear cankers and lesions. Sexual morph: Ectostroma well-developed, brown to black, perithecial necks emerge and form a thick disc. Ascomata 250–400 9 260–350 lm ( x = 380 9 320, n = 20), immersed beneath ectostroma, aggregated, 10–20 perithecia in a group, subglobose to globose, glossy black, ostiolate, necks converging into 5–20 necks, emerging at surface through ectostromatic disc. Necks 180–225 lm high ( x = 200 lm, n = 10), central, straight to curved. Asci Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 355 123 356 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 79 Dwiroopa ramya (redrawn from Farr and Rossman 2003). a Vertical cross section of conidiomata. b Conidiogenous cells attached to conidia. c Conidia. Scale bars: a = 50 lm, b, c = 10 lm 30–45 9 8–12 lm ( x = 38 9 11 lm, n = 20), fusiform, apex broadly rounded, with indistinct, J- apical ring, stipe acute, rounded, or tapering to a point. Ascospores 10– 12 9 2–3 lm ( x = 11 9 2 lm, n = 30), irregularly multiseriate, allantoid with rounded ends, mostly curved, rarely straight, 1-median septate, slightly constricted or not at septum, with several small guttules, hyaline. Asexual morph: Dimorphic in same conidiomata. Conidiomata pycnidial, exuding masses of brown conidia. Alpha conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical to ampulliform, hyaline, aseptate. Alpha conidia 15–23 9 4–5 lm, cylindrical, brown, finely verruculose, apex obtuse, base truncate, 3–5-euseptate. Beta conidiophores 8–15 9 2–3 lm, subcylindrical, straight to curved, 0–2-septate, hyaline to subhyaline. Beta conidiogenous cells proliferating percurrently or sympodially. Beta conidia 25–80 9 2.5–3 lm, hyaline to subhyaline, narrowly obclavate, apex subobtuse, base truncate, straight to curved, up to 11-septate (description based on Crous et al. 2012c). Material examined: AUSTRIA, Tirol (Tyrol). Oetztal. Im Oetzthal zwishcen Umhausen und Längenfeld, Alnus viridis (Chaix.) D.C. (Betulaceae), F. Rehm s.n., August 1874, NY 01293359, isolectotype; CANADA, Ontario. Chambers township, North Bay district, on Alnus viridis (Chaix.) D.C. (Betulaceae), L.S. MacLeod, November 1988, NY 02932689. Notes: Valsalnicola was introduced based on Valsa oxystoma Rehm., and this genus is distinct in having allantoid, 1-septate ascospores. Valsalnicola is closely related to Valsa melanodiscus which has 1-septate allantoid ascospores, however the former lacks a black line surrounding in the ascomatal cavity. Molecular sequence data analysis placed Valsalnicola within the GnomoniaceaeMelanconidaceae complex (Crous et al. 2012c). Senanayake et al. (2017b) and Voglmayr et al. (2017) confirmed phylogenetic placement of Valsalnicola within the Gnomoniaceae. 123 Vismaya V.V. Sarma & K.D. Hyde, Nova Hedwigia 73(1–2): 247 (2001) Facesoffungi number FoF 04300 Saprobic on decaying twigs. Sexual morph: Ascomata globose or subglobose, immersed, solitary, brown to black, coriaceous, long papillate, with a central periphysate, ostiolar canal. Peridium comprising outer, thick-walled, brown cells of textura epidermoidea and inner, thin-walled, compressed, hyaline, cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising few, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 4-spored, unitunicate, subclavate to clavate, non-pedicellate, with Japical ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate, ellipsoid, unicellular, hyaline, slightly verruculose, with appendages at both ends. Appendages initially pad-like, later stretching to form long, slender filaments. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Vismaya chaturbeeja V.V. Sarma & K.D. Hyde Vismaya chaturbeeja V.V. Sarma & K.D. Hyde, Nova Hedwigia 73(1–2): 248 (2001) Facesoffungi number FoF 04301 Illustration: See Sarma and Hyde (2001) Saprobic on decaying twigs. Sexual morph: Ascomata 120–260 9 360–520 lm, globose or subglobose, immersed, solitary, brown to black, coriaceous, long papillate, with a central periphysate, ostiolar canal. Peridium up to 40 lm thick, comprising outer, thick-walled, brown cells of textura epidermoidea and inner, thin-walled, compressed, hyaline, cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising few, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 142– 175 9 25–32 lm ( x = 156 9 27 lm, n = 25), 4-spored, unitunicate, subclavate to clavate, non-pedicellate, with Japical ring. Ascospores 45–58 9 18–27 lm ( x = 49 9 23 lm, n = 25), overlapping uniseriate, ellipsoid, unicellular, hyaline, slightly verruculose, with appendages at both ends. Appendages initially pad-like, later stretching to form long, slender filaments. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description from Sarma and Hyde 2001). Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Notes: This monotypic genus Vismaya is typified by V. chaturbeeja and characterized by having immersed perithecial ascomata with long protruding necks, fourspored asci and hyaline, one-celled, verruculose ascospores with appendages at both ends. Vismaya chaturbeeja is morphologically similar to Gnomoniella and Gnomonia. The genus lacks sequence data and we place Vismaya in Gnomoniaceae considering its morphology. Harknessiaceae Crous, Persoonia 28: 55. 2012b. History Harknessiaceae was initially proposed by Castlebury et al. (2002) as an unresolved complex and it was formally introduced by Crous et al. (2012b) to accommodate Harknessia with their wuestneia-like sexual morphs. Several subsequent studies divided harknessia-like taxa into a few genera. Von Höhnel (1914) introduced Mastigosporella to accommodate harknessia-like taxa with hyaline conidia and apical appendages while Lee et al. (2004) introduced Apoharknessia for species having brown conidia with apical and basal appendages. Farr and Rossman (2003) introduced Dwiroopa to accommodate species with very thick conidial walls and longitudinal slits. Crous et al. (2012b) restricted this family into Harknessia. Life mode Members of Harknessiaceae are distributed worldwide and are commonly associated with leaf spots and branches of various hosts (Nag Raj 1993; Sankaran et al. 1995; Farr and Rossman 2001). They also occur as endophytes and saprobes in leaves and twigs of various angiosperm plants and noxious weeds (Crous et al. 2012b). A few species of this family have been isolated from leaf and twig litter (Lee et al. 2004; Marincowitz et al. 2008). Morphological characteristics Harknessiaceae is distinguished by having pycnidial conidiomata with brown, furfuraceous margins, brown conidia with or without hyaline, tube-like basal appendages, widely or narrowly spaced longitudinal striations on smooth or thickened wall and rhexolytic secession. Sexual morph of this family comprises stromatic perithecia, deliquescent stalked asci and uniseriate, hyaline, ellipsoidal to inequilateral ascospores. Phylogenetic identification Castlebury et al. (2002) recognized Wuestneia/Harknessia complex as a distinct clade in Diaporthales based on 357 nrLSU sequence data. Interspecific relationships of Harknessia species were determined based on combined gene analysis of nrITS, TUB and CAL genes (Lee et al. 2004). Summerell et al. (2006) and Crous et al. (2007) engaged an incorporated approach with molecular data to resolve the species boundaries and host specificity. Crous et al. (2012b) analyzed combined gene sequences of nrITS, nrLSU, TUB and CAL and recognized Harknessiaceae as a distinct family in Diaporthales. Crous et al. (2012b) introduced six novel species of Harknessia from Eucalyptus and phylogenetic relationships based on a multigene analysis of nrITS, CAL and TUB genes were provided for these species. However only Harknessia and Dwiroopa have sequence data (Fig. 78). Taxonomy Harknessiaceae Crous, Persoonia 28: 55. 2012b. Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b). Type genus: Harknessia Cooke. Notes: Harknessiaceae was introduced to accommodate Harknessia with their wuestneia-like sexual morph (Crous et al. 2012b). This family was monogeneric but Senanayake et al. (2017b) accommodated Dwiroopa in Harknessiaceae based on both morphology and phylogeny. In the present study, we accommodate Mebarria in Harknessiaceae based on its morphological similarity to species in Harknessiaceae. Species of Harknessiaceae are distributed in both tropical and temperate biomes and are associated with leaves and branches of host trees forming leaf spots, leaf tip dieback, leaf scorch and stem cankers (Crous et al. 1989, 1993; Farr and Rossman 2001). Harknessia Cooke, in Cooke & Harkness, Grevillea 9(no. 51): 85 (1881) Facesoffungi number FoF 04302 Description: See Crous et al. (2012b). Type species: Harknessia eucalypti Cooke. Harknessia eucalypti Cooke, Grevillea 9 (no. 51): 85. 1881. Facesoffungi number FoF 04303 Illustration: See Crous et al. (2012b) Saprobic on Eucalyptus globulus appearing as nearly circular, distinct black spots. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 390–550 lm high, 400–600 lm diam., erumpent, scattered, pycnidial, unilocular, globose to subglobose, brown. Peridium 3–4 layers of brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores short, cylindrical, almost globose, branched, 1–2 layers, hyaline, mixed with peridium cells. Conidiogenous cells 8– 13 9 4–6 lm, ampulliform, cylindrical, hyaline to brown. Conidia 11.5–15 9 8–9.5 lm ( x = 13 9 8.5 lm, n = 20), 123 358 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 80 Mebarria thujina (NY 00921763). a Asci. b Ascospores. c Packet of specimen. d Herbarium specimen. e Conidiomata on specimen. f Cross section of conidioma. g, h Peridium, conidiogenous cells and conidia. i–m Macroconidia. n Microconidia. Scale bars: a, b = 30 lm, c = 200 lm, d, e = 100 lm, f = 20 lm, g–k = 10 lm globose to ovoid with a truncate apiculate apex and an obtuse to blunt base, smooth, hyaline when young, brown at maturity, with longitudinal striations along the length of some conidia. Basal appendages 5–15 9 1.5–3 lm ( x = 10 9 2.5 lm, n = 20), hyaline, tubular, smooth, thinwalled, often collapsing (description based on Crous et al. 2012b). Notes: Harknessia species are associated with leaf spots, leaf tip dieback or leaf scorch, stem cankers as a pathogen and with leaf litter as a saprobe (Crous et al. 1989; Marincowitz et al. 2008). Wuestneia-like sexual morphs have been reported from Harknessia (Crous et al. 2012b, 2017). erumpent, stromatic, brown to black, nonostiolate, with irregular opening, multiloculate, Conidiophores reduced to Conidiogenous cells. Macroconidiogenous cells holoblastic, rectangular, ampulliform, not branched. Macroconidia brown to dark brown, obovoid to ovoid oblong or subglobose to irregularly ellipsoidal, aseptate, thick-walled, with five to ten longitudinal slits, mostly extending from base to apex, apex broadly rounded, base truncate with a short flange. Mesoconidia if present pale brown, ellipsoidal, aseptate, apex rounded, base truncate. Microconidia if present globose to ellipsoidal, hyaline, aseptate. Type species: Dwiroopa ramya Subram. & Muthumary Other genera included in Harknessiaceae Dwiroopa ramya Subram. & Muthumary, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Plant Sci.) 96: 196, 1986. Fig. 79. Facesoffungi number FoF 04442 Saprobic on leaves and twigs. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervuli, solitary, scattered, immersed to semi-immersed, becoming erumpent, stromatic, brown to black, non-ostiolate, with Dwiroopa Subram. & Muthumary, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Pl. Sci. 96(3): 196 (1986) Facesoffungi number FoF 04441 Saprobic on leaves and twigs. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervuli, solitary, scattered, immersed to semi-immersed, becoming 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 irregular opening, multiloculate, Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Macroconidiogenous cells 8–11 9 5– 7 lm, holoblastic, rectangular, ampulliform, not branched. Macroconidia 20–27 9 12–17 lm ( x= 24 9 14 lm, n = 20), brown to dark brown, obovoid to ovoid oblong, aseptate, thick-walled, with six to ten longitudinal slits, mostly extending from base to apex, apex broadly rounded, base truncate with a short flange. Mesoconidia 8–13 9 3– 6 lm ( x= 10.5 9 5.3 lm, n = 20), pale brown, ellipsoidal, aseptate, apex rounded, base truncate. Microconidia absent (description based on Farr and Rossman 2003). Notes: Dwiroopa is typified by D. ramya Subram. & Muthumary. Farr and Rossman (2003) observed a portion of the type collection (IMI 255137) of D. ramya and designated as the lectotype. Morphology and culture characteristics of Harknessia lythri (Farr and Rossman 2001) are distinct from other Harknessia species and it is taxonomically close to Dwiroopa. Therefore, Farr and Rossman (2003) transfered Harknessia lythri to Dwiroopa lythri. Currently Dwiroopa comprises only the two species. Only D. lythri has molecular data and Senanayake et al. (2017b) accommodated this genus in Harknessiaceae based on morphology and phylogeny. Phylogenic analysis from the present study showed that Dwiroopa forms a sister clade to Harknessia with low bootstrap support values. Mebarria J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 67(3): 898 (1989) Facesoffungi number FoF 04443 Saprobic on leaves and stems. Sexual morph: Ectostroma not obvious, comprising hyaline to pale yellow, thin-walled, densely packed cells and appearing somewhat granular on its surface when dissected free. Stromatic disc minute, pale yellow, emerge from the leaf tissue. Ascomata immersed, solitary or rarely in pairs or groups, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous. Peridium outer, thick-walled, black cells of texture angularis and inner, thin-walled, 359 strongly compressed, hyaline cells of textura angularis. Necks erumpent, straight to curved, cylindrical to subcylindrical, occasionally flaring at their tips, comprising thin-walled cells. Asci 3- to 8-spored, thin-walled, broadly clavate to clavate, sharply tapered to occasionally somewhat broadly rounded above, J-, distinct apical ring lying free in the venter cavity, stalk minute. Ascospores uniseriate to irregularly biseriate, globose to broadly ellipsoidal, unicellular, very thick- and smooth-walled, dark brown (description based on Reid and Booth 1989). Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic, amphigenous on needles, subepidermal or subperidermal, immersed becoming erumpent, globose to subglobose, unilocular, divided irregularly, glabrous, lacking an ostiole. Peridium comprising inner, hyaline, cells of textura angularis and outer, yellowish brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells lining the cavity of the conidiomata. Macroconidiognous cells subcylindrical to legeniform, hyaline, smooth. Microconidiogenous cells ampulliform to subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth. Macroconidia comprising conidium body and basal appendages, broadly ellipsoidal, unicellular, dark brown, thick-walled, smooth, longitudinal striation in some areas, guttulate. Basal appendages tubular to cylindrical, irregular with collapsed wall, flexuous, thin-walled, smooth, hyaline, devoid of cell content, Microconidia ellipsoidal with a turncate base, with minute marginal frills, unicellular, hyaline, smooth (description based on Reid and Booth 1989). Type species: Mebarria thujina (Nag Raj & DiCosmo) J. Reid & C. Booth Notes: Reid and Booth (1989) observed holotype and paratype specimens of Cryptosporella thujina at NY and recognised the distinctness of this species from other Cryptosporella species. Hence they introduced the genus Mebarria to accommodate C. thujina. Additionally, those Cryptosporella thujina specimens were intimately Fig. 81 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence alignment for taxa of Juglanconidaceae. Family is indicated in green block. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site 123 360 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 b Fig. 82 Juglanconis juglandina (redrawn from Voglmayr et al. 2017). a, b Ostiolar openings from the ectostromatic discs. c Horizontal cross section of ascoma. d Vertical cross section of ascoma. e, f Asci. g Apical ring. h–l Ascospores. m Conidioma on substrate and horizontal cross section of conidioma. n Vertical cross section of conidioma. o, p Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia. q Conidia. Scale bars: a, m = 1 mm, b–d, n, o = 500 lm, e, f = 20 lm, g–l, p–r = 10 lm associated with Harknessia thujina (Nag Raj and DiCosmo 1981; Reid and Booth 1989). However, Reid and Booth (1989) mentioned the requirement of cultural studies to confirm Harknessia thujina as the asexual morph of Cryptosporella thujina. Here, we re-examined the holotype specimen of Mebarria thujina and recognized the close association of both sexual and asexual morphs of Mebarria thujina. Hence, considering the morphological distinctness, we accommodate Mebarria within Harknessiaceae. Mebarria thujina (Nag Raj & DiCosmo) J. Reid & C. Booth, Canadian Journal of Botany 67 (3): 898 (1989). Fig. 80. = Cryptosporella thujina Nag Raj & DiCosmo, Biblthca Mycol. 80: 49 (1981) = Harknessia thujina Ellis & Everh., Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 45: 459 (1894) Facesoffungi number FoF 04444 Saprobic on leaves and stems. Sexual morph: Appearing on the stems as patches of 1–4 strongly erumpent necks. Ectostroma not obvious, comprising hyaline to pale yellow, thin-walled, densely packed cells and appearing somewhat granular on its surface when dissected free. Stromatic disc minute, pale yellow. Ascomata 240– 310 9 210–380 lm, immersed, solitary or rarely in pairs 361 or groups, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous. Peridium up to 30 lm thick, outer, thick-walled, black cells of texture angularis and inner, thin-walled, strongly compressed, hyaline cells of textura angularis. Necks up to 900 lm long, 220 lm wide, erumpent, straight to curved, cylindrical to subcylindrical, occasionally flaring at their tips, comprising thin-walled cells. Asci 90–115 9 20– 35 lm, unitunicate, 3–8-spored thin-walled, broadly clavate to clavate, sharply tapered to occasionally somewhat broadly rounded above, J-, distinct apical ring lying free in the venter cavity, stalk minute. Ascospores 12–22 9 12– 16 lm, uniseriate to irregularly biseriate, globose to broadly ellipsoidal, unicellular, very thick- and smoothwalled, dark brown. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 270– 400 9 190–230 lm, stromatic, amphigenous on needles, subepidermal or subperidermal, immersed becoming erumpent, globose to subglobose, unilocular, divided irregularly, glabrous, lacking an ostiole. Peridium comprising inner, hyaline, cells of textura angularis and outer, yellowish brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells lining the cavity of the conidiomata,. Macroconidiogenous cells 7–12 9 3–7 lm ( x = 9.6 9 4.5 lm, n = 20), subcylindrical to lageniform, hyaline, smooth. Microconidiogenous cells 8–12 9 5– 10 lm ( x = 10 9 6 lm, n = 20) ampulliform to subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth. Macroconidia 18–21 9 9–11 lm ( x = 19 9 10 lm, n = 20) comprising conidium body and basal appendages, broadly ellipsoidal, unicellular, dark brown, thick-walled, smooth, longitudinal striation in some areas, guttulate. Basal appendages 6–15 9 2–3 lm ( x = 10 9 2.5 lm, n = 20), tubular to cylindrical, irregular with collapsed wall, flexuous, thin-walled, smooth, hyaline, devoid of cell content, mean conidium body length/width Fig. 83 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a combined nrLSU and nrITS DNA sequence alignment for taxa of Lamproconiaceae. Genera are indicated in coloured blocks. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site 123 362 ratio = 2/1. Microconidia 4–7 9 1–3 lm ( x = 6 9 3 lm, n = 20), ellipsoidal with a turncate base, with minute marginal frills, unicellular, hyaline, smooth (description based on Reid and Booth 1989). Material examined: USA, New Jersey, Burlington Co. Calico-Martha, along East Branch of Wading River, southeast of Jenkins, on leaves of Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., 20 October 1973, C. T. Rogerson and D.G. Huttleston, NY 00921762 holotype; USA, New Jersey, Burlington Co. Calico-Martha, along Mullica River, Quaker Bridge, east of Atsion, Wharton Tract State Forest, on leaves of Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., 9 October 1973, C.T. Rogerson, K.P. Dumont and V. DeMoulin, NY 00921763 paratype. Notes: Mebarria is distinct from Dwiroopa and Harknessia in having thick-walled, globose to widely oval, unito biseriate ascospores while Harknessia has thin, smoothwalled, ellipsoid ascospores. Ascal apical ring in Mebarria is distinct and it is inconspicuous in Harknessia. Dwiroopa has acervuli or widely opened conidiomata, while Mebarria and Harknessia have pycnidial conidiomata. Mebarria does not have sequence data and we accommodate this genus within Harknessiaceae considering its morphology. Juglanconidaceae Voglmayr & Jaklitsch, Persoonia 38: 142. 2017. = Melansporellaceae C.M. Tian et al. Phytotaxa 305: 194. 2017. History Juglanconidaceae is typified by Melanconium juglandinum (Voglmayr et al. 2017). Currently this family comprises four species. Melansporellaceae was introduced for Juglanconis juglandina (Du et al. 2017) and this was synonymized under Juglanconidaceae (Senanayake et al. 2017b). Life mode Juglanconis species are mostly pathogenic on Juglandaceae tree species and cause to black pustular dieback (Graves 1923; Belisario 1999). Some species are associated with dead plant parts of Juglandaceae (Du et al. 2017). Morphological characteristics Juglanconidaceae is characterized by having perithecia surrounding the ectostromatic disc without stroma, cylindrical, base swollen, hyaline to brown conidiogenous cells producing conidia by annellidic proliferation and a conidial wall that is smooth on the outer surface but with inconspicuous to distinct irregular verrucae on the inner surface. 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Phylogenetic identification Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on nrITS and nrLSU sequence of Melanconis species occurring on Juglandaceae demonstrated that these species are phylogenetically distinct from Melanconis sensu stricto, and this group was introduced as Juglanconidaceae. A combined gene matrix of nrITS, nrLSU, CAL, hisms204, RPB1, RPB2, TEF1-a and TUB2 was used to demarcate the species boundaries (Voglmayr et al. 2017) (Fig. 81). Taxonomy Juglanconidaceae Voglmayr & Jaklitsch, Persoonia 38: 142. 2017. Description: See Voglmayr et al. (2017). Type genus: Juglanconis Voglmayr & Jaklitsch. Notes: Juglanconidaceae is morphologically restricted to the melanconium-like species occuring on Juglandaceae. Most Juglanconidaceae are pathogenic causing black pustular dieback disease (Belisario 1999). Juglanconis Voglmayr & Jaklitsch, in Voglmayr, Castlebury, Jaklitsch, Persoonia 38: 142 (2017) Facesoffungi number FoF 04445 Description: See Voglmayr et al. (2017). Type species: Juglanconis juglandina (Kunze) Voglmayr & Jaklitsch. Juglanconis juglandina (Kunze) Voglmayr & Jaklitsch, Persoonia 38: 144. 2017. Fig. 82. Facesoffungi number FoF 04446 Saprobic on dead twigs and branches of Juglandaceae. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata 0.8–2 mm diam., typically inconspicuous, sometimes distinct, circular, slightly projecting, without perithecial bumps. Ectostromatic disc 0.5–1.2 mm diam., indistinct, circular or oblong, dark grey, brown or black, often covered by densely arranged ostioles, pulvinate. Central column yellowish to brownish grey. Entostroma indistinct. Ascomata 440–565 lm diam., perithecial, aggregated, immersed, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, arranged in various configurations. Asci 140–160 9 17–22 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to fusoid, indistinct apical ring, with small narrow stalk. Ascospores 25–30 9 8–11 lm, uni- to irregularly biseriate, hyaline, inequilaterally ellipsoid or broadly fusoid, asymmetric, distinctly constricted at the septum, without appendages, upper cell mostly larger, with rounded to subacute end, lower cell subacute to narrowly rounded, multiguttulate, containing mostly one large and numerous small guttules per cell. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular, 1–4 mm diam., black, scattered or occasionally confluent, with central or eccentric stromatic column, at Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 363 Fig. 84 Hercospora tiliae (F148711). a Packet of herbarium specimen. b Herbarium specimen. c Cross section of ascomata. d Peridium. e Papilla. f–h Asci in water. i–k Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 100 lm, d, f–h = 20 lm, e = 50 lm maturity covered by black discharged conidial masses, usually conspicuous. Conidiophores 25–35 lm high, 5–6.5 lm wide, cylindrical to lageniform, simple, rarely branched at the base, smooth, subhyaline to pale brown. Conidiogenous cells annellidic with distinct annellations, integrated. Conidia 20–25 9 12–15 lm, unicellular, hyaline when immature, brown to blackish when mature, broadly ellipsoid to broadly pip-shaped, truncate with distinct scar at the base, multiguttulate, thick-walled, wall ornamented on the inside with irregular confluent verrucae and with gelatinous sheath (description based on Voglmayr et al. 2017). Notes: Belisario and Onofri (1995) reported the morphological similarity of Melanconium juglandinum and M. oblongum, as well as the symptomatic similar disease. Graves (1923) observed the sexual morph connections of these two species and Melanconium oblongum linked to Melanconis juglandis (Ellis & Everh.) A. H. Graves, and M. juglandinum connected to Melanconis chartusiana Tul. Belisario and Onofri (1995) reported the morphological distinctness of conidiogenesis and cultures. Voglmayr et al. (2017) recognized the significance of these species and introduced the genus Juglanconis for them. Lamproconiaceae C. Norphanphoun, T.C. Wen & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 270: 94. 2016. 123 364 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 85 Hercospora tiliae (NY 449735, NY 02859120, NY 02859118, NY 02859119). a, b Packet of herbarium. c Herbarium specimen. d, e Conidiomata on substrate. f Vertical cross section of conidiomata. g Papilla. h–i Peridium, conidiogenous cells attached to conidia. j Conidiogenous cells, attached to conidia. k–n Conidia. Scale bars: d = 500 lm, e = 200 lm, f = 100 lm, g = 25 lm, h– j = 10 lm, k–n = 5 lm History two genera have distinct characters and most species in this family are host-specific. Lamproconiaceae was introduced by Norphanphoun et al. (2016) to accommodate Lamproconium and Hercospora (= Rabenhorstia). Both Lamproconium and Hercospora were previously placed in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis (Cannon and Minter 2014). Morphologically these 123 Life mode Pathogenic and saprobic on dead herbaceous branches of mostly Tiliaceae plants. Some species cause cankers in woody bark. Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Morphological characteristics Morphologically Lamproconiaceae is distinct from other families of Diaporthales in having dark blue or dark blackish brown pycnidial conidiomata and fusiform to ellipsoid, aseptate, bluish to glistening dark blue or hyaline conidia. The sexual morph is reported only for Hercospora which is characterized by aggregated ascomata in stromatic tissues with converging papilla and large open and ellipsoid, uniseptate, hyaline ascospores. Phylogenetic identification Lamproconiaceae was introduced by Norphanphoun et al. (2016) based on a combined gene analysis of nrITS, nrLSU sequence data. Combined gene analysis of nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2, and TEF1-a in Senanayake et al. (2017b) showed that Lamproconiaceae is a distinct family that is sister to Sydowiellaceae (Fig. 83). Taxonomy Lamproconiaceae C. Norphanphoun, T.C. Wen & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 270: 94. 2016. Description: See Norphanphoun et al. (2016). Type: Lamproconium (Grove) Grove. Notes: Lamproconiaceae was introduced to accommodate Lamproconium and Hercospora (Norphanphoun et al. 2016). Sexual morph of this family only reported for Hercospora and asexual morph of both genera share similar characters. Phylogenically these two genera form a distinct clade. Lamproconium (Grove) Grove, British Stem- and LeafFungi (Coelomycetes) (Cambridge) 2: 321 (1937) Facesoffungi number FoF 04447 Description: See Norphanphoun et al. (2016). 365 Type species: Lamproconium desmazieri (Berk. & Broome) Grove. Lamproconium desmazieri (Berk. & Broome) Grove [as ‘desmazieri’], British Stem- and Leaf-Fungi (Coelomycetes) (Cambridge) 2: 321. 1937. Facesoffungi number FoF 02249 Illustration: See Norphanphoun et al. (2016) Pathogenic and saprobic on dead twigs and branches of lime trees (Tilia sp.). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 0.8–1 9 0.4–0.55 mm, pycnidial, solitary, partly immersed in host tissue, uniloculate, dark blue, with a raised centre. Pycnidia 50–70 lm, with multi-layered wall, thin at inner layer, hyaline, wall cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses interspersed with conidiophores. Conidiophores 30–120 lm high, arising from the outermost wall layer at the base of pycnidium, filiform or cylindrical, pale bluish to hyaline, septate, branched, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical to sub-cylindrical, annellidic, with flared periclinal thickenings in the collarette zone, colourless to olivaceous, smooth-walled. Conidia 22–28 9 8–10 lm ( x = 25.25 9 9 lm, n = 30), fusiform, ellipsoid, infrequently slightly curved, aseptate, initially hyaline, bluish to glistening dark blue at maturity, narrowly rounded at ends, smooth-walled (description based on Norphanphoun et al. 2016). Notes: Melanconium desmazieri is morphologically distinct from the type species of Melanconium in having 1-septate, bluish to glistening dark blue conidia and Lamproconium was introduced to accommodate this taxon (Grove 1937). The sexual morph of this genus is not reported. Other genera listed in Lamproconiaceae Hercospora Fr., Syst. orb. veg. (Lundae) 1: 119 (1825) Facesoffungi number FoF 02250 Fig. 86 Macrohilum eucalypti (illustration based on Crous et al. 2015). a, b Conidiogenous cells. c Conidia. Scale bars: a–c = 10 lm 123 366 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 87 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence alignment for taxa of Melanconidaceae. Family is indicated in green block. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site Saprobic on branches and twigs of temperate trees. Sexual morph: Stromatic tissues prosenchymatous around perithecia, delimited externally by blackened dense pseudoparenchymatous zone, interior whitish, composed of interwoven hyphae mixed with substrate cells. Ascomata perithecial, few, small, circinate, beaks converging, becoming united and erumpent through stroma surface as single large opening. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, broadly cylindrical. Ascospores hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, oneseptate, wall smooth, without gel coating, with narrow terminal and median appendages in some species. Asexual morph: Stromata prosenchymatous. Conidiomata pycnidial, uniloculate, ostiolate, ostiole surrounded by a superficial cap of sterile tissues. Conidiophores elongate. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, cylindrical, septate, branched, hyaline. Conidia hyaline, ovoid to ellipsoid, onecelled. Type species: Hercospora tiliae (Pers.) Tul. & C. Tul. Hercospora tiliae (Pers.) Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 2: 154 (1863). Figs. 84, 85. Facesoffungi number FoF 02252 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Saprobic on branches and twigs of Tilia sp. Sexual morph: Stromata 700–800 lm wide, prosenchymatous around perithecia, delimited externally by greenish-blackened dense pseudoparenchymatous zone, interior whitish, composed of interwoven hyphae mixed with substrate cells, 3–5 ascomata in a stroma. Ascomata 1–1.05 mm high, 0.24–0.34 mm diam., ( x = 1.02 9 334 lm, n = 10), perithecial, small, aggregated, scattered, globose to subglobose, light brown to dark brown, coriaceous, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla 625–645 lm high, 190–290 lm diam., ( x = 640 9 250 lm, n = 10), converging and erumpent through stroma surface as single, large opening, wide at the top, narrowing towards the base, dark brown region around base of papilla. Peridium 10–20 lm wide ( x = 16 lm, n = 10), comprising light brown, compressed, cells of textura angularis. Asci 140–175 lm 9 17–24 lm diam., ( x = 160 9 21 lm, n = 10), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short-stalked, J- apical apparatus. Ascospores 20– 25 lm 9 9–11 lm diam. ( x = 23 9 10 lm, n = 10), uniseriate, broadly ellipsoid, 1-septate, not or slightly constricted at the septa, hyaline, smooth. Asexual morph: Stromata prosenchymatous. Conidiomata pycnidial, uniloculate, ostiolate, ostiole surrounded by a superficial cap of sterile tissues. Conidiophores elongate. Conidia 14– 16.5 9 4.5–6.5 lm ( x = 15 9 5 lm, n = 10), hyaline ovoid to ellipsoid, one-celled (description based on Norphanphoun et al. 2016). Material examined: SWEDEN, Uppland, Upl. Stockholm: Roslagstull Stockholm, on bark of Tilia sp., L. Romell, 1 April 1887, F148711 (sexual morph); CANADA, Ontario, Brant Co. New Durham, on stem of Tilia americana L., 5 May 1938, R.F. Cain, NY 449735; USA, New York, Alcove, On stem of Tilia sp., 17 June 1938, C.L Shear, NY 02859120; USA, on dead twigs of Tilia sp., O.F. Cook, NY 02859118, NY 02859119 (asexual morph). Notes: Hercospora is typified by Hercospora tiliae (Index Fungorum 2018). Hercospora is characterized by eustromatic, subepidermal, immersed, uni- to multiloculate, conidiomata, with branched hyaline, septate, conidiophores often developing at the base and sides of the conidiomatal wall and ellipsoid, thick-walled, hyaline, aseptate conidia (Petrak 1938; Sutton 1980). Several subsequent phylogenetic studies placed H. tiliae in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis (Castlebury et al. 2002; Rossman et al. 2007; Voglmayr et al. 2012; Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014). Norphanphoun et al. (2016) introduced Lamproconiaceae to accommodate Hercospora tiliae together with Lamproconium desmazierii. Rabenhorstia tiliae (Pers.) Fr. was assigned as the asexual morph of Hercospora tiliae (Petrak 1938). Thirteen species are listed under this genus (Index Fungorum 2018). 367 Macrohilaceae Crous, IMA Fungus 6: 180. 2015. History The family Macrohilaceae is typified by Macrohilum (Crous et al. 2015)and comprises the single genus Macrohilum. Subsequent studies ave proved the distinctness of Macrohilaceae within Diaporthales (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016; Senanayake et al. 2017b). Life mode Macrohilum species form leaf spots on Eucalyptus species from Australia and New Zealand (Sankaran et al. 1995; Crous et al. 2006a, b; Crous et al. 2015). There are no records of other hosts or substrates. However, host specificity of Macrohilum is still unresolved. Morphological characteristics Macrohilaceae is distinct from other families in Diaporthales in having solitary, medium to dark brown, guttulate, medially septate, ovoid conidia with an obtuse apex and a truncate base with a visible scar. Phylogenetic identification Based on nrITS and nrLSU blast searches, Crous et al. (2006a, b) accommodated Macrohilum within Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. However, nrLSU sequence data analysis of Crous et al. (2015) identified the morphological and phylogenetic distinctness of Macrohilum species and introduced Macrohilaceae for them. Subsequent studies confirmed the phylogenetic distinctness of Macrohilaceae (Senanayake et al. 2017b). Taxonomy Macrohilaceae Crous, IMA Fungus 6: 180. 2015. Description: See Crous et al. (2015). Type genus: Macrohilum H.J. Swart. Notes: The monotypic family Macrohilaceae is typified by Macrohilum (Crous et al. 2015) and placed in Diaporthales based on nrLSU sequence data. Macrohilaceae differs from other families of Diaporthales in having single, dark brown, guttulate, thick-walled, medially septate, oval conidia with an obtuse apex and a truncate base (Crous et al. 2015). Members in this family are leaf spot forming pathogens. Macrohilum H.J. Swart, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 90(2): 288 (1988) Facesoffungi number FoF 02118 123 368 Fig. 88 Melanconis stilbostoma (BPI 615061). a Herbarium packet. b Herbarium specimen. c Stromata on substrate. d, e Cross section of stroma. f Peridium. g–i Asci. j–m Ascospores. n–p Conidia and to the 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 conidiogenous cells from AR3548. q Conidia. Scale bars: c, d = 200 lm, e = 100 lm, f–i = 20 lm, j–q = 10 lm Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 89 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence alignment for taxa of Melanconiellaceae. Genera are indicated in coloured blocks. 369 Maximum likelihood bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site 123 370 Pathogenic forming leaf spots. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata immersed, becoming erumpent, medium brown, globose. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity, pale brown, cylindrical, proliferating percurrently near the apex. Conidia solitary, medium to dark brown, ovoid, smooth, guttulate, developing a single medially septum, thick-walled, frequently constricted at the septum, apex obtuse, base truncate with a visible scar (description based on Crous et al. 2015). Type species: Macrohilum eucalypti H.J. Swart. Macrohilum eucalypti H.J. Swart, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 90: 288. 1988. Fig. 84. Facesoffungi number FoF 03493 Pathogenic forming leaf spots. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata immersed, becoming erumpent, medium brown, globose, to 300 lm diam. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity, pale brown, cylindrical, finely roughened, proliferating percurrently near the apex, 10–15 9 3–5 lm. Conidia solitary, medium to dark brown, ovoid, smooth, guttulate, developing a single, dark brown, supra-median septum, thickwalled, frequently constricted at the septum, apex obtuse, base truncate and protruding, with a visible scar, 2–3 lm wide, 15–20 9 10–12 lm (description based on Crous et al. 2015). Notes: Macrohilum is typified by M. eucalypti (Swart 1988) and this taxon was epitypified by Crous et al. (2015) (Fig. 86). Melanconidaceae G. Winter [as ‘Melanconideae’], Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 764 (1886). History The family Melanconidaceae was introduced by Winter (1886) to accommodate species having yellowish white ectostromatic discs surrounding ascomata in a circle. Castlebury et al. (2002) and Rossman et al. (2007) showed this family comprises a single genus Melanconis and its asexual morph Melanconium, based on their morphology and phylogeny. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) listed 26 genera under this family. However, Senanayake et al. (2017b) restricted this family to Melanconis sensu-stricto. Life mode Members of this family are plant pathogens causing disease of economic plant species and woody forest plants. Some species are saprobes on recently dead plant materials. Some Melanconis species have been reported from leaf spots of Alnus species and cause black pustular dieback of Juglans 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 species. Melanconium apiocarpum was detected as an endophyte on Alnus species in Europe (Sieber et al. 1991). The pathogenicity of some Melanconium species has been confirmed on Alnus and other deciduous trees (Kobayashi 1974). Melanconium apiocarpurn and M. marginale were frequently collected from diseased alders and were suspected to be pathogens (Dorworth 1990). Morphological characteristics Members of Melanconidaceae produce well-developed stromata having a pale-colored ectostromatic disc and a concolorous central column with circinately arranged, immersed ascomata; hyaline, one-septate ascospores and anamorphic states recognized as melanconium-like. Pycnidia develop in the stromata prior to formation of the ascomata and produce unicellular, dark-brown conidia. Phylogenetic identification Castlebury et al. (2002) showed the phylogenetic distinctness of Melanconidaceae with in Diaporthales. Most genera listed in Melanconidaceae by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016) were excluded by Senanayake et al. (2017b) who restricted this family to the Melanconis-Melanconium complex (Fig. 87). Taxonomy Melanconidaceae G. Winter [as ‘Melanconideae’], Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 764 (1886). Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b) Type genus: Melanconis Tul. & C. Tul. Melanconis Tul. & C. Tul., Selecta fungcarpol (Paris) 2: 115 (1863). Facesoffungi number FoF 02119 Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b) Type species: Melanconis stilbostoma (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul. Melanconis stilbostoma (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 2: 115 (1863). Fig. 88. Facesoffungi number FoF 04448 Saprobic or pathogenic on plants. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata well-developed, obvious, erumpent. Ectostromatic disc surrounded by bark or not, yellowish white, causing a coarse bark surface, inverted conical, ostioles open at margin and middle of the disc. Ascomata 800–1000 9 300–600 lm, perithecial, oblique or horizontal, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, with long periphysate, lateral ostiolar canals. Hamathecium comprising wide, hyphae-like, hyaline, septate paraphyses, deliquescent at maturity. Peridium comprising outer, thickwalled, brown cells of textura globosa to textura angularis Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 371 Fig. 90 Melanconiella spodiaea (NY 02932469, NY 02932468). a, b Packet of herbarium. c Herbarium specimen. d Ascomata on substrate. e Vertical cross section of ascomata. f–i Asci. j– l Ascospores. m Vertical cross section of conidiomata. n–p Conidiogenous cells, conidia. q Conidia. Scale bars: d = 500 lm, e = 100 lm, f–l = 10 lm, m = 100 lm, n–q = 10 lm and inner, thick-walled, flat, hyaline cells of textura angularis. Asci 60–90 9 10–16 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, oblong to fusiform, short pedicellate, with distinct, J- apical ring. Ascospores 15–18 9 6–8 lm, overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, hyaline, ellipsoid, 1-septate, not or slightly constricted at the septum, smooth-walled, with or without blunt or pointed appendages. Asexual morph: melanconium-like. Conidiomata acervular, scattered, solitary, 123 372 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 91 Massariovalsa sudans (NY 2932254-sexual morph). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Vertical cross section of ascomata. d Peridium. e Paraphyses. f–i Asci. j–n Ascospores. o Sheath. Scale bars: c = 100 lm, d, e = 10 lm, f–i = 50 lm, j–o = 10 lm superficial, black, coriaceous. Conidiophores hyaline, branched at the base, septate, few-celled, smooth walled. Conidiogenous cells 14–18 9 2.6–3.4 lm, hyaline, annellidic, cylindrical. Conidia 8–15 9 4–8 lm, hyaline to brown, ellipsoid or subglobose smooth-walled, thick-walled, outer layer produced continuously, with the inner layer of the conidiogenous cell (description based on Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016). Material examined: CZECHOSLOVAKIA, Moravia, Ratschitz, on branches of Betula sp., Niessl, BPI 615061; RUSSIA, Sakhalin Island, Valley of the river Evay, on stems of Betula sp., 27 August 2000, A. Bogachova, BPI 748234. Notes: Melanconis species are mainly associated with bark, twigs and shoots of overwintered plants. Both sexual and asexual morph of Melanconis cause diseases such as cankers and shoot blight. Melanconiellaceae Senan. & Maharachch., K.D. Hyde, in Stud Mycol 86: 217–296 (2017). =Melanconiellaceae Locq., Mycol. gén. struct. (Paris): 210. 1984. (nom. inval., Art 39.1, Melbourne Code). History Melanconiellaceae was invalidly introduced by Locquin (1984) and Senanayake et al. (2017b) validated this family designating Melanconiella as the type genus. Voglmayr 123 et al. (2012) reviewed melanconiella-like taxa and confirmed the distinctness of Melanconiella from Melanconis. Senanayake et al. (2017b) included a few genera such as Dicarpella, Greeneria, Microascospora and Tubakia within this family in Europe and North America. However Braun et al. (2018) accommodated Tubakia within Tubakiaceae. Life mode Some genera in Melanconiellaceae such as Melanconiella,are mainly restricted to overwintered plants as saprobes or mild canker causing agents (Voglmayr et al. 2012). Greeneria is a plant pathogenic fungus on Vitis and Navarrete et al. (2009) reported Greeneria uvicola as the causative agent for grapevine dead-arm dieback and grapevine trunk diseases. Greeneria uvicola also causes bitter-rot of grapes (Farr et al. 2001). Species of Microascospora are mainly saprobes. Morphological characteristics Melanconiellaceae comprises fungal species which are stromatic or astromatic, sometimes epiphyllous or immersed, 2–8-spored asci and hyaline or yellowish brown, oblong, fusoid or ellipsoid ascospores with or without appendages and gelatinous sheath. The coelomycetous Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 373 Fig. 92 Massariovalsa sudans (NY 01097261-asexual morph). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Conidiomata on substrate. d, e Vertical cross section of conidiomata. f– h Conidiogenous cells, conidia. i–m Conidia. Scale c = 500 lm, d, e = 100 lm, f–h = 15 lm, i–m = 10 lm asexual morph comprises acervular, pycnidial or punctiform conidiomata with subcuticular, ectostromatic disc or radiate scutella. Annellidic or phialidic conidiogenesis produce hyaline to brown, ellipsoid, obovoid or oblong conidia. Phylogenetic identification bars: Senanayake et al. (2017b) presented a multigene analysis for this family and demarcate the generic boundaries. However Braun et al. (2018) accommodated Tubakia in Tubakiaceae. Therefore currently this family comprises three genera as Greeneria, Melanconiella and Microascospora (Fig. 89). 123 374 Taxonomy Melanconiellaceae Senan. & Maharachch., K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017). Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b) Type genus: Melanconiella Sacc. Notes: The phylogenetic analyses of current study (Figure 100) showed that Greeneria, Melanconiella and Microascospora form a distinct clade which represents the family Melanconiellaceae. Additionally Melanconiella syzygii (CPC 28750) claded separately between Greeneria and Microascospora (clade A) and Melanconiella sp. (CBS 110385) forms a basal clade (clade B) to Greeneria. Melanconiella Sacc., Syll Fung 1: 741 (1882). Facesoffungi number FoF 04449 Saprobic on stems. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata consisting of an inconspicuous, erumpent, pale or dark ectostromatic disc or pulvillus causing a more or less pustulate bark surface. Ectostromatic disc convex, flat or concave, variously coloured, surrounded by bark or not. Central column beneath the disc more or less conical, comprising hyaline or pigmented hyphae mixed with a pigmented, most commonly cream, yellow, olive, brownish or grey, powdery amorphous substance; residual entostroma between perithecia mostly of scant hyphae. Stromatic zones lacking. Perithecia inconspicuous at the bark level or appearing as rounded bumps beneath the bark surface surrounding the ectostromatic disc, oblique or horizontal, scattered or often arranged in a circle around the central column, with long lateral ostioles that converge at the margin of the central column or within. Ostioles emerging in various positions in the ectostromatic disc, flat in the disc or slightly projecting, rarely distinctly projecting and cylindrical, often obscuring the disc. Paraphyses broad bands, deliquescent at maturity. Asci oblong or fusoid, octosporous, with a distinct apical ring, becoming detached from their base. Ascospores hyaline, yellowish or brown, fusoid or ellipsoid, bicellular, with a central or slightly eccentric, not or slightly constricted septum, smooth; wall swelling in water mounts or not, with or without short, blunt appendages and sometimes with a narrow gelatinous sheath. Asexual morph: melanconium- or discosporinalike. Conidiomata acervular, peridermal or subperidermal; possessing the same type of ectostromatic disc and central column or lighter than that of the teleomorph, usually preceding it. Conidiophores branched and septate only at the base, few-celled, smooth, hyaline to light brown. Conidiogenous cells annellidic or phialidic. Conidia brown or hyaline, ellipsoid, subglobose, ovoid or oblong, with or without distinct hyaline sheath. Type species: Melanconiella spodiaea (Tul.) Sacc. 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Melanconiella spodiaea (Tul.) Sacc., Syll Fung 1: 740 (1882). Fig. 90. Facesoffungi number FoF 04450 Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata inconspicuous, 1.3–3 mm diam., little projecting, circular, perithecial contours typically not evident. Ectostromatic disc 0.25–1.1 mm long, mostly oblong, sometimes circular or triangular, generally laterally enclosed by bark, projecting 0.1–0.5 mm, often concealed by densely disposed ostioles, light to dark grey, greyish brown, light to dull or dark brown. Central column well-defined, light to dark grey, greyish brown or grey-olive, perforated by ostioles. Entostroma of subhyaline or yellowish hyphae. Ostioles often in 1 or 2 rows, 1–15 per disc, 60–190 lm diam., shiny black, stout, papillate to short cylindrical, with rounded, sometimes flattened apices, distinct or fused in the disc. Perithecia 0.3–0.5 mm diam., up to 20 per stroma. Asci cylindrical, 110–120 9 15–17 lm, 8-spored, with distinct apical ring, 3–3.8 lm diam., 1–1.5 lm high. Ascospores 15.5–18.3 9 7.5–8.8 lm, uniseriate, dark umber brown, broadly ellipsoid, slightly constricted at the straight to slightly oblique septum, ends broadly rounded, with broad, persistent, hyaline cap-like appendages 4–5.5 9 1–1.7 lm wide; cells monomorphic to slightly dimorphic, multiguttulate, often with one large guttule almost entirely filling the lumen and few peripheral small guttules; wall not swelling. Asexual morph: melanconium-like. Conidiomata 1–4 mm diam., blackish, mostly with central or eccentric stromatic column, at maturity covered by black discharged conidial masses. Conidiogenous cells annellidic, hyaline, 20–29 9 2.5–5 lm. Conidia dark umber brown, variable in shape, ovoid, obovoid, ellipsoid, oblong, sometimes slightly constricted in the middle, 13–15 9 7.5–8.5 lm, multiguttulate, with gelatinous sheath (description based on Voglmayr et al. 2012). Material examined: GERMANY, Berlin, Jungfernheide, on bark of Carpinus sp., P. Sydow s. n., NY 02932467, NY 02932468; SWITZERLAND, Kaferberg und Uetliberg bei Zurich. P. Sydow s. n., NY 02932469. Notes: Melanconiella species are generally restricted to recently dead corticated branches. They are highly hostspecific and mainly on Betulaceae trees. Other genera included in Melanconiellaceae Greeneria Scribn. & Viala, C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 105: 473 (1887). Facesoffungi number FoF 01493 Pathogenic or saprobic. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata subcuticular acervular with Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 375 Fig. 93 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a combined nrITS and nrLSU sequence alignment for taxa of Prosopidicolaceae. Family is indicated in green block. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site a central, well-developed, pale brown, pseudoparenchymatous layer that becomes thinner or absent at the margin of the conidiomata. Conidiophores branched, forming a compact layer above the pseudoparenchymatous tissue and extending beyond at the margins. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, frequently proliferating percurrently, usually with thin periclinal thickenings, evident as flared collarettes. Conidia fusiform, oval to ellipsoidal, with a truncate base and obtuse to bluntly pointed apex, pale brown, smooth. Type species: Greeneria uvicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Punith. Greeneria uvicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Punith., Mycol. Pap. 136: 6 (1974). Facesoffungi number FoF 04695 Illustration: See Farr et al. (2001) Pathogenic. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 150–550 lm diam., subcuticular, scattered, acervular with well-developed, pale brown, pseudoparenchymatous tissue becoming multiloculate. Conidiophores branched forming a compact layer above the pseudoparenchymatous tissue and extending towards the margins. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, frequently proliferating percurrently, with thin periclinal thickenings. Conidia 6–13 9 3.3–5.2 lm, pale brown, smooth, fusiform, oval, to ellipsoidal, each with a truncate base and obtuse to bluntly pointed apex (description based on Farr et al. 2001). Notes: Greeneria comprises single species G. uvicola. Another species G. fuliginea Scribn. & Viala and G. saprophytica Tangthir., S. Philippe, Bhat & K.D. Hyde which previously accommodated in this genus, are now placed in Melanconium (Mycobank 2018) and Racheliella respectively (Braun et al. 2018). Greeneria uvicola is a pathogen which causes bitter-rot and stem lesions of grapes (Farr et al. 2001). Massariovalsa Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 8): 569 (1882) = Melanconiopsis Ellis & Everh., Bull. Torrey bot. Club 27: 575 (1900) Facesoffungi number FoF 04304 Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascomata immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, papillate. Peridium comprising thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising cellular, aseptate, paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, without pedicel, apex rounded without apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate, ellipsoid to fusiform, initially hyaline becoming brown when mature, 1-median septate, slightly constricted at the septum, sheath present. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pustulate, solitary or aggregated, irregular in shape, immersed to erumpent, acervular, black, coriaceous, conidial mass extruding through the opening. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or cylindrical, straight to curved or sinuous, hyaline, prominently septate, sometimes branched at the base. Conidiogenous cells integrated, enteroblastic, phialidic, ampulliform, hyaline. Conidia oval to spherical, truncate at the base, aseptate, initially hyaline, becoming brown when mature, smooth, thick-walled with wall ornamentation, truncate at the base. Type species: Massariovalsa sudans (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc. Massariovalsa sudans (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 8): 569 (1882). Figs. 91, 92. = Melanconiopsis inquinans Ellis & Everh., Bull. Torrey bot. Club 27: 575 (1900) Facesoffungi number FoF 04305 Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ascomata immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, 123 376 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 94 Prosopidicola mexicana (redrawn from Lennox et al. 2004). a, b Disease symptoms associated with Prosopidicola mexicana on pods of Prosopis glandulosa. c Cross section of conidiomata. d Conidiophores, Conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars: 10 lm black, ostiolate, papillate. Peridium comprising thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising cellular, aseptate, paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, without pedicel, apex rounded without apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate, ellipsoid to fusiform, initially hyaline became brown when mature, 1-median septate, slightly constricted at the septum, sheath present. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pustulate, solitary or aggregated, irregular in shape, immersed to erumpent, acervular, black, coriaceous, conidial mass extruding through the opening. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or cylindrical,straight to curved or sinuous, hyaline, prominently septate, sometimes branched at the base. Conidiogenous cells integrated, enteroblastic, phialidic, ampulliform, hyaline. Conidia oval to spherical, truncate at the base, aseptate, initially hyaline, becoming 123 brown when mature, smooth, thick-walled with wall ornamentation, truncate at the base. Material examined: USA, Georgia, Clarke, University of Georgia Botanical Gardens, Athens, on twigs of Carya sp., M.E. Barr-Bigelow 6456, NY 2932254 (sexual morph); USA, Kansas, Acer dasycarpum Ehrh., E. Bartholomew, NY 01097261 (asexual morph). Notes: Initially, Massariovalsa was considered as a subgenus of Melanconis (Wehmeyer 1941). Petrak (1952) and Müller and von Arx (1962) suggested this as a separate genus based on presence of mucous epispore on ascospore and pycnidial asexual morph. The type species of Massariovalsa, M. sudans, is considered the sexual morph of Melanconiopsis inquinans, which is type species of Melanconiopsis (Wehmeyer 1939; Rossman et al. 2015). Massariovalsa produce conidia by integrated, enteroblastic, phialidic conidiogenous cells. Conidial morphology of Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Massariovalsa is similar to Juglanconis having dark brown conidia with wall ornamentation. However, stromatic disc is absent in Massariovalsa and conidiogenesis of Massariovalsa is more similar to Melanconiella. Currently this genus comprises 13 species (Index Fungorum 2018). There are no available sequence data in GenBank. Hence, we accommodate Melanconiopsis in Melanconiellaceae based on morphology. Microascospora Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Stud Mycol 86: 217–296 (2017b). Facesoffungi number FoF 03498 Saprobic on dead stems. Sexual morph: Ascomata scattered, solitary, immersed, globose to subglobose, brown, coriaceous, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla narrow, long, straight or curved, comprising thick-walled, brown, compressed cells of textura angularis, internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising thick-walled, brown, somewhat compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to fusiform, J- apical ring, attached to base without a pedicel. Ascospores overlapping biseriate, ellipsoid to fusiform, hyaline, aseptate, with two large fat globules at ends, appendages long, filiform to wavy, hyaline. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Microascospora rubi Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde. Microascospora rubi Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, in Stud Mycol 86: 217–296 (2017b). Facesoffungi number FoF 03499 Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b) Saprobic on dead stems of Rubus ulmifolia Schott. Sexual morph: Ascomata 250–290 9 205–255 lm ( x = 269 9 230 lm), scattered, solitary, immersed, globose to subglobose, brown, coriaceous, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla 115–155 lm high, 55–67 lm diam. ( x = 139 9 65 lm, n = 10), narrow, long, straight or curved, comprising thick-walled, brown, compressed cells of textura angularis, internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium 10–25 lm ( x = 18 lm), comprising thick-walled, brown, large, somewhat compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 68– 377 70 9 15–18 lm ( x = 69 9 16 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to fusiform, J- apical ring, attached to base without a pedicel. Ascospores 14–19 9 5–7 lm ( x = 17 9 6 lm, n = 20), overlapping biseriate, ellipsoid to fusiform, hyaline, aseptate, with two large fat globules at ends, appendages long, filiform to wavy, hyaline. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017b). Notes: The monotypic genus Microascospora was introduced based on M. rubi. This genus is morphologically and phylogenetically distinct from other genera in Melanconiellaceae having small ascospores (\ 20 lm length) with wavy, filiform long appendages, and immersed, solitary ascomata with wavy papilla. The second species M. fragariae (F. Stevens & Peterson) Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde was transfered by Senanayake et al. (2017b). Prosopidicolaceae Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b). History Senanayake et al. (2017b) introduced Prosopidicolaceae to accommodate Prosopidicola species based on morphology and phylogeny. Prosopidicola was introduced with P. mexicana and its close phylogenetic relationship to Cryphonectria-Endothia complex was noted (Lennox et al. 2004). Prosopidicola albizziae was assigned to Diaporthales genera incertae sedis (Crous et al. 2016). Phylogenetic analysis of current study shows that Prosopidicola albizziae and P. mexicana form a wellsupported clade. Life mode Prosopidicola mexicana was considered as a potential biocontrol agent of Prosopis glandulosa because of causing a pod disease of this host in Mexico and the USA (Lennox et al. 2004). Prosopidicola albizziae also forms stem cankers on Albizzia falcataria, as well as reported from leaves of Albizzia (Crous et al. 2016). Fig. 95 Pseudomelanconis caryae (redrawn from Fan et al. 2018). a Conidiomata on substrate. b Cross section of conidiomata. c Conidiogenous cells attached to conidia. d Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b = 500 lm, c, d = 10 lm 123 378 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 96 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TUB sequence alignment for taxa of Pseudoplagiostomataceae. Family is indicated in grey block. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site Morphological characteristics Sexual morph of Prosopidicolaceae has not been reported and this family is distinct from other families of Diaporthales in having pycnidial, rarely acervular, eustromatic conidiomata with one to several ostioles, mono- to polyphialidic, ampulliform, subcylindrical to lageniform conidiogenous cells with prominent periclinal thickening and subhyaline to brown conidia that are ellipsoid to fusoid-ellipsoid in shape. Phylogenetic identification Phylogenetic analysis by Lennox et al. (2004) based on nrSSU gene placed Prosopidicola mexicana in the Diaporthales. As well as an analysis of the nrITS region exposed it to clade closely to Cryphonectria and Endothia. Based on the blast result in NCBI, Crous et al. (2016) accommodated P. albizziae in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. A multigene analysis of Senanayake et al. (2017b) accommodated this genus in Prosopidicolaceae (Fig. 93). 123 Taxonomy Prosopidicolaceae Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b). Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b). Type genus: Prosopidicola Crous & C.L. Lennox. Notes: Senanayake et al. (2017b) introduced Prosopidicolaceae for Prosopidicola species. Currently Prosopidicola comprises two species as Prosopidicola albizziae and P. mexicana (Lennox et al. 2004; Crous et al. 2016). Prosopidicola Crous & C.L. Lennox, Stud. Mycol. 50(1): ‘187’ [191] (2004) Facesoffungi number FoF 04307 Pathogenic on species of Fabaceae. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, resembling those of Coniothyrium. Conidiophores brown, Conidiogenous cells proliferating percurrently, rarely sympodially, greenish-brown, roughened at apex (description based on Lennox et al. 2004). Type species: Prosopidicola mexicana Crous & C.L. Lennox. Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 379 Fig. 97 Pseudoplagiostoma eucalypti (redrawn from Cheewangkoon et al. 2010). a, b Ascomata associated with leaf spots. c Vertical section of ascoma. d Asci. e Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 5 mm, b = 1 mm, c = 30 lm, d, e = 15 lm Prosopidicola mexicana Crous & C.L. Lennox, Stud. Mycol. 50: 191. 2004. Fig. 94. Facesoffungi number 03503 Pathogenic causing pod rot disease on Prosopidis glandulosae Torr. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Lesions 2–3 mm wide and up to 7 mm long, covering the pod, irregular, extending across the width of the pod, pale brown with a raised, dark brown margin. Conidiomata up to 250 lm diam., amphigenous, pycnidial, rarely acervular, scattered, immersed to erumpent, globose to subglobose, unilocular, black. Peridium up to 15 lm thick, consisting of 3–4 layers of brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores 5–50 lm high, 3–4 lm diam., lining the whole inner layer of the wall, subcylindrical, branched, 0–3-septate, straight to irregularly curved, base pale brown, becoming medium greenish-brown at apex. Conidiogenous cells 5–16 9 3–4 lm, phialidic when young, with prominent periclinal thickening and proliferating percurrently with age, subcylindrical to lageniform, green-brown, smooth when young, becoming medium to dark green-brown and warty at maturity, apex with flared collarettes, rarely with two loci per conidiogenous cell. Conidia 10–15 9 4.5–5.5 lm, solitary, broadly ellipsoidal, medium brown, straight to slightly curved, rounded at the apex, tapering to a subtruncate base, with an inconspicuous 123 380 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 98 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence alignment for taxa of Schizoparmaceae. Family is indicated in green block. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site dehiscence scar, smooth, thin-walled, aseptate (description based on Lennox et al. 2004). Notes: Prosopidicola mexicana causes severe pod rot disease on Prosopidis glandulosa. This fungus was proposed as a biocontrol agent against Prosopidis glandulosa (Lennox et al. 2004). History Pseudomelanconidaceae C.M. Tian & X.L. Fan, in Fan et al. Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018). 123 Pseudomelanconidaceae based on Pseudomelanconis which was introduced and typified by P. caryae from Carya cathayensis in China. This species is morphologically similar to Juglanconis, Melanconiella and Melanconis. However, Pseudomelanconis differs from the above genera in being host specific on Carya Nutt., conidiogenous cells with discreet annellations and an inconspicuous hyaline conidial sheath at maturity and DNA phylogeny. Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Life mode Members of Pseudomelanconidaceae are associated with canker and dieback of trees. Morphological characteristics Pseudomelanconidaceae differs from other families of Diaporthales having conidiogenous cells with discreet annellations and an inconspicuous hyaline conidial sheath at maturity. Phylogenetic identification Phylogenetic analysis in Fan et al. (2018) based on nrITS DNA, nrLSU DNA, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence data showed that Pseudomelanconis forms a distinct clade which is sister to Melanconiellaceae. Taxonomy Pseudomelanconidaceae C.M. Tian & X.L. Fan, in Fan et al. Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018). Description: See Fan et al. (2018) Type genus: Pseudomelanconis C.M. Tian & X.L. Fan Note: Members in Pseudomelanconidaceae are morphologically similar to Juglanconis, Melanconiella or Melanconis. However this family is phylogenetically distinct from other families. Pseudomelanconis C.M. Tian & X.L. Fan, in Fan et al. Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018). Facesoffungi number FoF 04889 Pathogenic forming cankers on trees. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: melanconium-like. Conidiomata acervular, immersed in host bark to erumpent, covered by brown to blackish exuding conidial masses at maturity. Central column beneath the disc more or less conical. Conidiophores unbranched, aseptate, cylindrical, hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells annellidic, occasionally with distinct annellations and collarettes. Conidia hyaline when immature, becoming greyish sepia to olivaceous, ellipsoid to oblong, multiguttulate, aseptate, with distinct hyaline sheath, becoming inconspicuous when mature. Conidial wall smooth on the outer surface (description based on Fan et al. 2018). Type species: Pseudomelanconis caryae C.M. Tian & X.L. Fan Pseudomelanconis caryae C.M. Tian & X.L. Fan, in Fan et al. Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018). Fig. 95. Facesoffungi number FoF 04890 381 Description: See Fan et al. (2018) Note: The monospecific genus Pseudomelanconis has acervular conidiomata covered by a pustulate conidial mass on the bark surface. This genus is significantly different from similar taxa such as Juglanconis oblonga, Melanconis juglandis var. caryae and Melanconiella pallida (Fan et al. 2018). Pseudoplagiostomataceae Cheew. et al. [as ‘Pseudoplagiostomaceae’], Fungal Diversity 44: 95. 2010. History Cheewangkoon et al. (2010) revised the morphology and phylogeny of cryptosporiopsis-like fungi and introduced Pseudoplagiostomaceae to accommodate fungal species morphologically similar to Gnomoniaceae, but phylogenetically distinct from Gnomoniaceae. This monotypic family comprises only Pseudoplagiostoma and Cheewangkoon et al. (2010) recognized three species within the genus. Crous et al. (2012c) and Suwannarach et al. (2016) introduced two additional species. Life mode Members of Pseudoplagiostomaceae are mainly reported from Eucalyptus species as foliar pathogens and are distributed over a wide geographical range (Old et al. 2003). Morphological characteristics Pseudoplagiostomaceae is distinguished from other families of Diaporthales in having non-stromatic, solitary, thinwalled, immersed ascomata with asymmetrical beaks, asci with a distinct apical ring and 1-septate ascospores. Phylogenetic identification Cheewangkoon et al. (2010) analyzed nrLSU sequence data to show the distinct placement of Pseudoplagiostomaceae within Diaporthales. A combined gene sequences analysis of nrITS and TUB was made to determine species boundaries within the genus. Suwannarach et al. (2016) used the same gene regions to introduce new Pseudoplagiostoma species and Crous et al. (2012c) used blast results to determine the phylogenetic distinctiveness (Fig. 96). Taxonomy Pseudoplagiostomataceae Cheew. et al. [as ‘Pseudoplagiostomaceae’], Fungal Diversity 44: 95. 2010. Description: See Cheewangkoon et al. (2010). 123 382 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 99 Coniella africana (BPI 797000). a–c Packet of herbarium. d Herbarium specimen. e Vertical cross section of conidiomata. f Peridium. g–l Conidiogenous cells, conidiophores and conidia. m Conidia. Scale bars: d = 200 lm, e = 100 lm, f = 50 lm, g–m = 10 lm 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 383 Fig. 100 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence alignment for taxa of Stilbosporaceae. Genera are indicated in coloured blocks. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site Type genus: Pseudoplagiostoma Cheew. M.J. Wingf. & Crous. with sparse hyphae visible growing into the host tissue; stromatic tissue not formed. Asci subcylindrical to long obovoid, lacking paraphyses, unitunicate, with non-amyloid subapical ring, wedge-shaped, refractive, with canal leading to the apex. Ascospores hyaline, ellipsoidal, tapering towards rounded ends, usually straight, medially 1-septate, wall smooth, with terminal, elongate, hyaline appendages. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular to pycnidial, subcuticular to epidermal, wall composed of textura angularis. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical to ampulliform, proliferating enteroblastically with periclinal thickening and collarette, or Pseudoplagiostoma Cheew., M.J. Wingf. & Crous, in Cheewangkoon, Groenewald, Verkley, Hyde, Wingfield, Gryzenhout, Summerell, Denman, Toanun & Crous, Fungal Diversity 44: 96 (2010). Facesoffungi number FoF 04308 Pathogenic on leaves, forming spots. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, immersed in host tissue, oblique to horizontal, depressed globose or elliptical, dark brown to black; beak usually erumpent epiphyllously, eccentric to lateral; ostiole lined with periphyses; peridium coriaceous, 123 384 percurrently proliferating in the apical part. Conidia holoblastic, ellipsoid, with obtuse apex and a flat protruding scar at the base, 0-septate (description based on Cheewangkoon et al. 2010). Type species: Pseudoplagiostoma eucalypti Cheew., M.J. Wingf. & Crous. Notes: Cheewangkoon et al. (2010) introduced Pseudoplagiostomaceae for Pseudoplagiostoma species. Morphologically they are cryptosporiopsis-like fungi and some characters similar to members in Gnomoniaceae. However, Cheewangkoon et al. (2010) showed the morphological and phylogenetic distinctness of those species within Diaporthales. Pseudoplagiostomaceae is distinct in having astromatic, slanted to horizontal, globose ascomata with aparaphysate hamathecium, ascospores with terminal, elongate, hyaline appendages and a cryptosporiopsis-like asexual morph. Pseudoplagiostoma eucalypti Cheew., M.J. Wingf. & Crous, Fungal Diversity 44: 98. 2010. Fig. 97. Facesoffungi number FoF 03504 Pathogenic on leaves forming leaf spots. Sexual morph: Ascomata 130–150 lm high, 100–130 lm diam., perithecia, immersed in host tissue, slanted to horizontal, globose to elliptical, coriaceous, brown to black, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla 60–65 lm diam., erumpent, internal wall lined by hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising few layers of thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 65–70 9 11–13 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, subcylindrical to long obovoid, with wedge-shaped, J- subapical ring, apex blunt and without a distinct pedicel. Ascospores 17–19 9 5–7 lm, overlapping uni- to biseriate, ellipsoid, tapering towards rounded ends, hyaline, median 1-septate, widest at septum, with terminal, elongate, hyaline appendages. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 180–200 lm high, 170–190 lm diam., acervular to pycnidial, subcutical to epidermal. Peridium comprising small, brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 absent. Conidiogenous cells 8–12 9 2–4 lm, cylindrical to ampulliform, enteroblastic proliferation with periclinal thickening. Conidia 17–19 9 7–8 lm, holoblastic, ellipsoid, unicellular, with obtuse apex and a flat protruding scar at the base (description based on Cheewangkoon et al. 2010). Notes: Pseudoplagiostoma initially comprised the type species, P. eucalypti and two other species, P. oldii and P. variabile. Later, P. corymbiae and P. dipterocarpi were introduced to this genus by Crous et al. (2012c) and (Suwannarach et al. 2016), respectively. These species are foliar pathogens causing leaf spots in Eucalyptus. Schizoparmaceae Rossman, Mycoscience 48: 137. 2007. History Schizoparmaceae was introduced by Rossman et al. (2007) to accommodate Pilidiella-Schizoparme complex with a closely related genus Coniella, the later proposed by Castlebury et al. (2002). This complex was initially recognized by Samuels et al. (1993). Recently, Alvarez et al. (2016) revised this family based on multi-gene analysis and synonymized Pilidiella and Schizoparme under Coniella. Alvarez et al. (2016) demarcated the species boundaries of Coniella. Life mode Members of Schizoparmaceae are phytopathogens associated with fruits, leaves, stems and roots of a wide variety of hosts (Van Niekerk et al. 2004). Some are considered parasites on dicotyledonous plants (Samuels et al. 1993) or sometimes become secondary invaders of plant tissues infected by other organisms or physical injuries (Ferreira et al. 1997). Fig. 101 Crinitospora pulchra (redrawn from Sutton and Alcorn 1985). a Vertical cross section of conidiomata. b Conidiogenous cells, conidiophores and conidia. c Conidia. a = 100 lm, b–c = 20 lm 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Morphological characteristics Members of the Schizoparmeaceae produce erumpent brown or black, ascomata or conidiomata through the host tissues and later become superficial, irregularly thickened peridium with plate-like ornamentation and one-celled ascospores, initially hyaline and later becoming pale to dark brown. Phylogenetic identification The morphological distinctness of Schizoparme, Coniella and Pilidiella was recognized by Samuels et al. (1993). This was phylogenetically proved by Castlebury et al. (2002) based on nrLSU analysis. Alvarez et al. (2016) revised this family based on combined gene analysis of nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TUB and 61 species were accepted (Fig. 98). Taxonomy Schizoparmaceae Rossman, Mycoscience 48: 137. 2007. Description: See Alvarez et al. (2016). Type genus: Coniella Höhn. Coniella Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 36: 316. 1918. Facesoffungi number FoF 04309 Pathogens or saprobes. Sexual morph: Ascomata brown to black, collapsed collabent, erumpent, becoming superficial, globose, papillate, with central periphysate ostiole. Asci clavate to subcylindrical, with distinct apical ring, floating free at maturity. Paraphyses lacking. Ascospores ellipsoid, aseptate, hyaline, sometimes becoming pale brown at maturity, smooth, with or without mucoid caps. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed to semi-immersed, unilocular, glabrous, ostiolate. Ostiole central, circular or oval, often situated in a conical or rostrate neck. Conidiomata wall brown to dark brown or black wall of thin, pale brown textura angularis on exterior, and hyaline, thin-walled textura prismatica in the inner layers except at base, which has a convex, pulvinate tissue of hyaline textura angularis giving rise to conidiophores or conidiogenous cells. Conidiophores mostly reduced to conidiogenous cells, occasionally septate and branched at base, invested in mucus. Conidiogenous cells discrete, cylindrical, subcylindrical, obclavate or lageniform, hyaline, smooth-walled, proliferating percurrently, or with visible periclinal thickening. Conidia ellipsoid, globose, napiform, fusiform or naviculate with a truncate base and an obtuse to apiculate apex, unicellular, thin or thickwalled, smooth, olivaceous brown to brown, sometimes 385 with a longitudinal germ-slit, with or without a mucoid appendage extending from apex to base on one side; basal hilum with or without short tubular basal appendage. Spermatophores formed in same conidioma, hyaline, smooth, 1-septate with several apical conidiogenous cells, or reduced to conidiogenous cells. Spermatogenous cells hyaline, smooth, lageniform to subcylindrical, with visible apical periclinal thickening. Spermatia hyaline, smooth, rod-shaped with rounded ends (description from Alvarez et al. 2016). Type species: Coniella fragariae (Oudem.) B. Sutton Coniella africana L.V. Alvarez & Crous, in Alvarez, Groenewald & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 85: 12 (2016). Fig. 99. =Coniella pulchella Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 36(7): 316 (1918) Facesoffungi number FoF 04310 Saprobic. Sexual morph: schizoparme-like. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, immersed or superficial, globose to depressed, brown, unilocular, ostiolate, 285–330 lm high, 200–250 lm diam. ( x = 300 9 220 lm, n = 10), with a central short ostiole. Conidiomata wall 7–10 lm wide ( x = 8 lm), with brown to dark brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores 4– 8 lm high, 1.5–4 lm wide, densely packed, branched at the base, hyaline, smooth, sometimes reduced to Conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 7–10 lm high, 1.5–2 lm wide, holoblastic to enteroblastic, phialidic, simple. Conidia 16–21 9 2–4 ( x = 18 9 3 lm, n = 20), cylindrical, sometimes bent to naviculate, apex acute to nearly rounded, base truncate, smooth, hyaline, multi-guttulate (description based on Alvarez et al. 2016). Material examined: USA, Virginia, Arlington, Arlington Farm, on Rosa rugosa var. prostrate, C.L. Shear, 16 September 1920, BPI 797000, holotype. Notes: Alvarez et al. (2016) restricted Schizoparmaceae to the single genus Coniella. Morphologically Coniella comprises inter-species variations. Therefore molecular data is needed to separate species in Coniella. Stilbosporaceae Link [as ‘Stilbosporei’], Abh. Königl. Akad.Wiss. Berlin 1824: 180. 1826, emend. History Stilbosporaceae was introduced by Link (1826) as ‘‘Stilbosporei’’. However, this family was resurrected by Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) who restricted it to Stegonsporium and Stilbospora. Senanayake et al. (2017b) included Crinitospora as a genus in this family and Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) included Natarajania in Stilbosporaceae based on multigene phylogeny. However, 123 386 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 102 Natarajania indica (redrawn from Pratibha and Bhat 2005). Conidiophores, Conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bar = 10 lm Senanayake et al. (2017b) suggested that the reliability of the deposited sequences and the identification of that taxon must be investigated further. (Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2008). Some species are recorded from corticated, dead branches of overwintered plants (Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014). Life mode Morphological characteristics Members of Stilbosporaceae are mostly recorded from Europe and North America (Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014). Asexual morphs of those species are common and well-known opportunistic, moderate phytopathogens causing branch dieback or twig blight on overwintered plants Stilbosporaceae is characterized and distinct from other families of Diaporthales by having asci with or without a refractive canal in the apex, ascospores and hyaline to brown conidia with transverse eusepta or distosepta, 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 sometimes with several, tubular, unbranched, filiform, flexuous, apical appendages. Phylogenetic identification Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) analysized nrLSU sequence data of taxa in Diaporthales and showed the distinct placement of members of Stilbosporaceae as a family. Additionally, nrITS, TEF1-a and RPB2 gene sequences analyses has been done to show inter-species boundaries. Voglmayr et al. (2017) and Senanayake et al. (2017b) showed the phylogenetic affiliation of Crinitospora within Stilbosporaceae (Fig. 100). Taxonomy Stilbosporaceae Link [as ‘Stilbosporei’], Abh. Königl. Akad.Wiss. Berlin 1824: 180. 1826, emend. Saprobic on bark of trees and shrubs. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata inconspicuous, immersed. Ectostromatic disc absent or if present inconspicuous, pale brown, rarely dark brown. Entostroma prosenchymatous, pale coloured, slightly differentiated from the surrounding bark tissue. Ascomata loosely arranged as valsoid groups in a single layer, immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, papillate. Ostiole not obvious, convergent in groups. Hamathecium comprising filiform, aseptate, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, initially attached to the base, later floating in centrum, with J- refractive, apical ring. Ascospores overlapping uni- to biseriate, brown, ellipsoid to oblong, distoseptate. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous or hyphomycetous. If coelomycetes; Conidiomata stromatic, acervular with circular outline, epidermal, immersed to semi-immersed, brown, basal stroma of textura angularis to textura globulosa, with simple, septate, hyaline paraphyses and hyaline, unbranched cylindrical conidiophores. Conidiophores arising from the uppermost cells of basal and parietal tissue, unbranched, cylindrical, septate at only the base, hyaline, smooth, invested in mucus. Conidiogenous cells annellidic, discrete or integrated, cylindrical to lageniform, hyaline, smooth-walled, proliferating several times percurrently at apex. Conidia ellipsoid or oblong, with an obtuse apex and broad truncate base, sometimes 3-euseptate or distoseptate, with a hyaline sheath, hyaline to brown, thick-walled, smooth, sometimes with several, tubular, unbranched, filiform, flexuous, apical appendages. If hyphomycetous; Mycelium semi-immersed to erumpent, composed of smooth, hyaline to pale brown, branched, septate, thick-walled hyphae. Conidiophores 387 mononematous, macronematous, erect, straight to flexuous, solitary or fasciculate, septate, unbranched, smooth, hyaline to pale brown. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, terminal, integrated, cylindrical, upper-half distinctly verrucose, smooth below, with a narrow, elongated, cylindrical, smooth, hyaline collar-canal, terminating with a flared collarette. Conidia slimy, solitary, ellipsoidal, smooth, dark brown, aseptate, slightly curved, with a truncate base. Type genus: Stilbospora Pers. Stilbospora Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 93 (1794) Facesoffungi number FoF 01711 Description: See Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) Stilbospora macrosperma Pers., Syn. meth. fung. (Göttingen) 1: 96 (1801). Facesoffungi number FoF 03506 Illustration: See Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) Saprobic on branches of Acer pseudoplatanus. Sexual morph: Pseudostroma comprising white, greyish to yellowish hyphae. Ascomata 300–350 lm high, 350–465 lm diam. ( x = 325 9 420 lm, n = 20), immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla cylindrical, pale brown, emerging from perithecial apices and merging separately with the stromatal disc, inconspicuous, often invisible on the bark surface. Peridium 20–40 lm diam. ( x = 32 lm, n = 20), comprising thick-walled, brown, large, cells of textura angularis and hyaline, thick-walled, compressed cells of textura angularis around the base of papilla. Hamathecium comprising multiguttulate, hyaline, septate paraphyses. Asci 165– 200 9 35–50 lm ( x = 182 9 42 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to ellipsoidal, thick-walled, very short pedicellate, apex containing a J- refractive canal usually wider towards its base. Ascospores 40–50 9 20–26 lm ( x = 46 9 22 lm, n = 20), biseriate, ellipsoidal, oblong or rarely pyriform, with (3–)5-distosepta and sometimes 1, longitudinal, distoseptum, appendages on both ends projecting, subglobose, outer margin becoming diffuse. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 340–450 lm high, 450– 460 lm diam. ( x = 410 9 453 lm, n = 20), immersed, acervular, solitary, with circular outline, dark brown to black. Paraphyses 2.5–4 lm diam. ( x = 3.2 lm, n = 10), unbranched, aseptate, hyaline. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 25–35 9 7– 10 lm ( x = 31 9 9 lm, n = 20), holoblastic, cylindrical, septate, hyaline. Conidia 40–45 9 20–25 lm ( x = 43 9 23 lm, n = 20), pyriform, oval, ellipsoid or oblong, base truncate and hyaline, brown, with several distosepta, 1(–2)-longitudinal distosepta, with hyaline 123 388 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 103 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a combined nrITS and nrLSU sequence alignment for taxa of Sydowiellaceae. Genera are indicated in coloured blocks. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site sheath (description based on Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014). Notes: Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) epitypified the type species of Stilbospora, Stilbospora macrosperma and Prosthecium was confirmed as the asexual morph of Stilbospora. Stilbospora is conserved against Prosthecium. There are 16 species accepted within this genus (Index Fungorum 2018). Caulicolous. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic, acervuli, epidermal, immersed to semi-immersed, brown. Peridium comprising brown cells of textura angularis to textura globulosa. Conidiophores unbranched, septate, hyaline, smooth, invested in mucus. Conidiogenous cells discrete or integrated, cylindrical to lageniform, hyaline, smooth-walled, proliferating percurrently at apex. Conidia ellipsoid with an obtuse apex, broad truncate base, euseptate, hyaline, thickwalled, smooth, with several appendages that are tubular, unbranched, filiform, flexuous, arising from the apex. Other genera included in Stilbosporaceae Crinitospora B. Sutton & Alcorn, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 84(3): 437 (1985) Facesoffungi number FoF 04312 123 Crinitospora pulchra B. Sutton & Alcorn, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 84: 439 (1985). Fig. 101. Facesoffungi number FoF 04313 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 389 Fig. 104 Sydowiella fenestrans (F109251). a Herbarium specimen. b, c Ascomata on host surface. d Cross section of ascomata. e Peridium. f– h Asci. i–k Ascospores. Scale bars: b, c = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e–h = 20 lm, i–k = 10 lm Caulicolous. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic, acervuloid, separate, immersed to erumpent, 200–300 lm high, 300–500 lm wide, brown, opening by irregular rupture with yellow conidial mass, turns brown when mature. Peridium comprising several layers of pale brown cells of textura angularis to textura globulosa. Conidiophores up to 50 lm long, lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, 1–2-septate, unbranched, subcylindrical. Conidiogenous cells 8–25 9 3–6 lm, subcylindrical to lageniform, hyaline, smooth. Conidia 30–35 9 15–17 lm, ellipsoid, with obtuse apex and broadly truncate base, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, medially 1–septate, rarely 0–2-septate, with 4–10 apical appendages. Appendages up to 50 lm long, tubular, unbranched, filiform, divergent, flexuous (description based on Crous et al. 2014). Notes: The monotypic genus Crinitospora has no known sexual morph (Crous et al. 2014). The holotype and epitype material were collected from leaves of Mangifera indica L. However, the ecology and pathology of Crinitospora is not well known. Initially, te genus was assigned to Melanconidaceae (Diaporthales) but Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015), Senanayake et al. (2017b) and Voglmayr et al. (2017) showed its phylogenetic placement within Stilbosporaceae. Natarajania Pratibha & Bhat, Kavaka 33: 129 (2005) Facesoffungi number FoF 04314 Saprobic in leaf litter. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Colonies effuse greyish velvety. Mycelium semi-immersed to erumpent, composed of smooth, hyaline to pale brown, branched, septate, thick-walled hyphae. Conidiophores mononematous, macronematous, erect, straight to flexuous, solitary or fasciculate, septate, unbranched, smooth, hyaline to pale brown. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, terminal, integrated, cylindrical, upper half distinctly verrucose, smooth below, with a narrow, elongated, cylindrical, smooth, hyaline collar-canal, terminating with a flared collarette. Conidia slimy, solitary, ellipsoidal, smooth, dark brown, aseptate, slightly curved, with a truncate base. 123 390 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 105 Alborbis galericulata (IMI 6600). a Herbarium specimen. b Appearance of ascomata on host surface. c Vertical cross section through the ascomata. d–g Asci. h–k Ascospores. Scale bars: b = 500 lm, c = 200 lm, d–g = 20 lm, h–k = 10 lm Type species: Natarajania indica Pratibha & Bhat Natarajania indica Pratibha & Bhat, Kavaka 33: 129 (2005). Fig. 102. Facesoffungi number FoF 04315 Saprobic in leaf litter. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Mycelium semi-immersed to erumpent, composed of smooth, hyaline to pale brown, branched, septate, thick-walled, 2–3 lm wide hyphae. Conidiophores 50–120 9 2–4.5 lm, mononematous, macronematous, erect, straight to flexuous, solitary or fasciculate, 1–3septate, unbranched, smooth, hyaline to pale brown. Conidiogenous cells 30–45 9 2–4 lm, monophialidic, terminal, integrated, cylindrical, upper half distinctly verrucose, smooth below, with a narrow, elongated, cylindrical, smooth, hyaline collar-canal 4–7 lm long, terminating with a flared collarette. Conidia 5–7.5 9 3–5 lm, slimy, solitary, ellipsoidal, smooth, dark brown, aseptate, slightly curved, with a truncate base. Conidial secession rhexolytic (description based on Pratibha and Bhat 2005). 123 Notes: Natarajania is a hyphomyceteous genus typified by Natarajania indica (Pratibha and Bhat 2005). Senanayake et al. (2017b) accommodated this genus in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. However, based on molecular data, Natarajania grouped in Stilbosporaceae. Hence, we accommodate Natarajania within Stilbosporaceae. Stegonsporium Corda, in Opiz, Naturalientausch 11: 458 (1827) Facesoffungi number FoF 01707 Description: See Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014). Type species: Stegonsporium pyriforme (Hoffm.) Corda Stegonsporium pyriforme (Hoffm.) Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 3: 23 (1839). Facesoffungi number FoF 04311 Illustration: See Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) Saprobic or mild pathogenic on overwintered plants. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata inconspicuous, immersed. Ectostroma 1.5–3 lm wide, restricted to an amber to pale Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 391 Fig. 106 Breviappendix rubi (IMI 252650). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Appearance of ascomata on substrate. d Vertical section of ascoma. e Peridium. f–h Asci. i–l Ascospores. m Conidiomata on media. n Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia. o Conidia. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d, m = 100 lm, e = 50 lm, f–l, n–o = 10 lm brown disc of a gel matrix. Ostioles inconspicuous, cylindrical, with pale brown peridium, converging at apex. Entostroma comprising loosely packed, hyaline to brownish hyphae, around perithecia keeping them tightly packed. Ascomata 325–350 lm high, 400–480 lm diam. ( x = 340 9 440 lm, n = 20), perithecial, immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, dark brown to black, coriaceous. Peridium 20–35 lm wide ( x = 32 lm, n = 20), comprising dark brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 180–200 9 40–55 lm ( x = 189 9 47 lm, n = 20), 8spored, unitunicate, ellipsoid or clavate, sessile, thickwalled, with J- refractive apical ring. Ascospores 40– 45 9 20–23 lm ( x = 42 9 21 lm, n = 20), uni- or biseriate, ellipsoid to oblong, brown, mostly 5-distoseptate, with a gelatinous appendage at each end. Asexual morph: appearing as dark brown to black spots, Conidiomata 420– 500 lm high, 440–480 lm diam. ( x = 458 9 461 lm, n = 20), immersed, acervular, globose, black to dark brown, comprising simple, hyaline paraphyses. Conidiophores cylindrical, septate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells 27–40 lm high, 6–8 lm diam. ( x = 32 9 6.7 lm, n = 20), annellidic. Conidia 35–40 lm high, 15–20 lm diam. ( x = 36 9 17 lm, n = 20), ellipsoid or oblong, truncate and hyaline at the base, several distosepta, one longitudinal distosepta, with a hyaline sheath (description based on Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014). Notes: Stegonsporium is considered to be the asexual morph of Prosthecium. Stegonsporium is closely related to Stilbospora but distinct in having pyriform conidia with 2–7 transverse and 1–3 longitudinal distosepta, and also the ascospores are distoseptate (Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2008). Most Stegonsporium species inhabit Acer but host specificity of Stegonsporium is not well-studied. Sydowiellaceae Lar.N. Vasilyeva, Pirenomits. Lokuloaskomits. Severa Dal’nego Vostoka (Leningrad): 210 (1987) History Sydowiellaceae was introduced by Vasilyeva (1987) to accommodate a collection of morphologically diversified taxa. Initially this family comprised the type genus Sydowiella Petr., together with Chapeckia M.E. Barr, Hapalocystis Auersw. ex Fuckel, Stegophora Syd. & P. Syd. and Sillia P. Karst. Vasilyeva (2001) introduced Rossmania Lar. N. Vassiljeva typified by R. ukurunduense Lar. N. Vassiljeva. Kruys and Castlebury (2012) accommodated 123 392 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 107 Cainiella borealis (S-F133018). a Herbarium specimen. b, c Appearance of ascomata on substrate. d Cross section of ascoma. e– g Asci. h–j Ascospores. Scale bars: b, c = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e–g = 20 lm, h–j = 10 lm Cainiella E. Müll. within this family, typified by C. johansonii (Rehm) E. Müll. Cannon (2001) accommodated Uleoporthe Petr. typified by U. orbiculata (Syd. & P. Syd.) Petr. within Sydowiellaceae. Calosporella J. Schröt. typified by C. innesii (Curr.) J. Schröt. was included here by Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014). There are 11 genera listed in this family by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016). Senanayake et al. (2017a) revised the family based on nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a combined sequence phylogeny and introduced several new taxa to the family. Currently Sydowiellaceae comprises 15 genera (Senanayake et al. 2017a). 123 Life mode Members of Sydowiellaceae occur on herbaceous plants, dicotyledonous and hardwood trees as saprobes, endophytes or pathogens. Stegophora ulmea was reported as a pathogen on living leaves of Ulmus americana, while Sydowiella depressula was reported on leaves and stem cankers of Rubus fruticosus L. (Nordskog et al. 2003). Sydowiella fenestrans has been recorded on leaves and dead stems of various plants. Cainiella johansonii was reported on both living and dead leaves and petioles of Dryas species, while Cainiella borealis was found as a saprobe on dead branches of Cassiope tetragona (Kruys and Castlebury 2012). Hapalocystis berkeleyi forms stromatic fruiting bodies on dead woody plants. Collections of Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 393 Fig. 108 Chapeckia nigrospora (NYS 2083). a Herbarium specimen. b Appearance of stroma on host surface. c, d Cross section of ascomata in stroma. e–g Asci. h–j Ascospores. Scale bars: b = 500 lm, c = 100 lm, d = 200 lm, e–g = 20 lm, h–j = 10 lm Uleoporthe orbiculata were recorded on living and fallen leaves. There are reports that U. orbiculata and many other taxa in this family may have biotrophic lifestyles (Cannon 2001; De Silva et al. 2016). generic boundaries. Kruys and Castlebury (2012) showed some un-identified clades within this family. Senanayake et al. (2017a) revealed those clades and introduced several new genera based on combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence analysis (Fig. 103). Morphological characteristics Taxonomy Sydowiellaceae is generally characterized by taxa with solitary or aggregated, erumpent to immersed ascomata, with wide papilla, a peridium comprising an outer layer of brown-walled cells of textura globulosa and inner layer of hyaline cells of textura angularis, cylindrical to cylindroclavate or broadly fusoid unitunicate asci, with a J-, sometimes bi-lobed apical ring, and hyaline or greenish brown, 0–11-septate, ellipsoidal or filiform ascospores that sometimes have apical and basal appendages (Senanayake et al. 2017a). Phylogenetic identification Kruys and Castlebury (2012) analysized nrLSU sequence data to prove the phylogenetic distinctness of Sydowiellaceae and also analyzed nrITS sequences to demarcate the Sydowiellaceae Lar.N. Vasilyeva, Pirenomits. Lokuloaskomits. Severa Dal’nego Vostoka (Leningrad): 210 (1987) Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a). Type genus: Sydowiella Petr. Notes: Barr (1978) placed Sydowiella in the family Pseudovalsaceae (subfamily Pseudovalsoideae, tribe Ditopelleae) based on its morphology. There have been also a few suggestions to place Sydowiella in Gnomoniaceae. However, Monad (1983) did not accept the placement of Sydowiella in Gnomoniaceae because of absence of stromatic tissues. Vasilyeva (1987) introduced the family Sydowiellaceae based on Sydowiella fenestrans (Duby) Petr. and this family was accommodated in the order 123 394 Ceratostomatales. Rossman et al. (2007) included Chapeckia, Hapalocystis, Rossmania, Sillia, and Stegophora in Sydowiellaceae. Sogonov et al. (2008) noted a close affinity of Lambro and Uleoporthe with this family, while Kruys and Castlebury (2012) analyzed ITS sequence data for genera in the family. The phylogenetic position of Cainiella in Sydowiellaceae was resolved and Winterella was also included in the family based on molecular data. Calosporella was introduced and placed in Sydowiellaceae by Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014). Sydowiella Petr., Annls mycol. 21(1/2): 30 (1923) Facesoffungi number FoF 02136 Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a). Type species: Sydowiella fenestrans (Duby) Petr. Sydowiella fenestrans (Duby) Petr., Annls mycol. 21(1/2): 30 (1923). Fig. 104. Facesoffungi number FoF 04316 Saprobic on dead branches and twigs. Sexual morph: Stromata pseudoparenchymatous, comprising outer dark brown to black line made by hyphal cells and inner light yellow to hyaline, large cells of textura globosa. Ascomata 380–405 lm high, 280–315 lm diam. ( x = 390 9 305 lm, n = 20), scattered, solitary, immersed to erumpent, erect or slanted, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla 185–225 lm high, 140–160 lm wide ( x = 210 9 155 lm, n = 20), internally covered with hyaline periphyses. Peridium 20– 30 lm wide ( x = 24 lm, n = 20), comprising inner layer of hyaline, thin-walled, compressed cells of textura angularis and outer layer of dark brown, thick-walled, cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising 3.5–5 lm ( x = 4 lm, n = 20) wide, septate, cellular paraphyses. Asci 110–120 9 12–15 lm ( x = 113 9 14 lm, n = 20), 8spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short-pedicellate, with distinct, bilobed, J- apical ring. Ascospores 18–20 9 5– 8 lm ( x = 19 9 7 lm, n = 20), overlapping uniseriate, oval to widely fusiform, hyaline, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, with a large guttule in each cell. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016). Material examined: GERMANY, Hessen, Wiesenwald pr. Oestrich (Nassau), on Epilobii angustifolii, Fuckel, 1894, F109251, holotype. Notes: Sydowiella is characterized by having solitarily, erumpent ascomata without stromatic tissues and 2-celled ascospores (Kobayashi 1970). Currently this genus comprises eleven species (Index Fungorum 2018). Species of Sydowiella generally occur on leaves and twigs of overwintered plant and herbaceous hosts. Here we illustrate the holotype specimen of the type species of Sydowiella, S. fenestrans. 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Other genera listed in Sydowiellaceae Alborbis Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, Al-Sadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 183 (2017). Facesoffungi number FoF 02835 Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a). Type species: Alborbis galericulata (Tul. & C. Tul.) Senan. & K.D. Hyde Alborbis galericulata (Tul. & C. Tul.) Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, Al-Sadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 186 (2017a). Fig. 105. Facesoffungi number FoF 02836 Saprobic on dead stems of Fagus sylvatica L. Sexual morph: Appearing on the surface as small, pustulate swellings, with a central stellate rupture of the periderm through a white, minute, elliptic to fusoid ectostromatic disk, usually containing 1–6 ascomata. Ascomata 600– 950 lm high, 260–450 lm diam., immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate. Ostiolar canal 375–400 lm high, 80–90 lm wide ( x = 390 9 83 lm, n = 20), scarcely emergent, separate, opening to host surface by wide ostiole, internally covered by hyaline, filamentous periphyses. Peridium 30–35 lm thick, comprising thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 90–110 9 17–20 lm ( x= 100 9 19 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, apex rounded with J- apical ring, short-pedicellate. Ascospores 21–26 9 5–7 lm ( x = 24 9 6 lm, n = 20), biseriate to triseriate, often 4-guttulate, ellipsoid to cylindrical, 1-septate, hyaline, slightly constricted at the septum lacking appendages. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017a). Material examined: UK, England, Surrey, Box Hill, on twigs of Fagus sylvatica L (Fagaceae), 1 September 1946, IMI 6600. Notes: Alborbis was introduced for Valsa galericulata based on combined nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence analysis (Senanayake et al. 2017a). Mejı́a et al. (2011) reported this species as causing a mild canker of Fagus species and saprobic on branches of Fagus sylvatica and mentioned that Cryptodiaporthe galericulata (= Valsa galericulata) is related to Sydowiellaceae rather than Gnomoniaceae. Breviappendix Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, Al-Sadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 186 (2017a). Facesoffungi number FoF 02837 Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a). Type species: Breviappendix rubi (Rehm) Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 395 Fig. 109 Hapalocystis berkeleyi (K (M) 195743; n-r from MFLUCC 13–0662). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c, d Appearance of ascomata on substrate. e Vertical cross section of ascomata. f Peridium. g–i Asci. j–m Ascospores. n Conidiomata. o– q Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia. r Conidia. Scale bars: c = 1 mm, d = 500 lm, e = 100 lm, f–i = 20 lm, j– m = 10 lm, n = 100 lm, o–q = 10 lm, r = 5 lm Breviappendix rubi (Rehm) Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, Al-Sadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 186 (2017a). Fig. 106. Facesoffungi number FoF 02838 Pathogenic on living stems of Rubus ulmifolius Schott. forming cankers. Sexual morph: Ascomata 660–760 lm high, 520–535 lm diam. ( x = 720 9 530 lm, n = 15), solitary, scattered, erumpent to immersed, globose, coriaceous, brown, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla 380–410 lm high, 130–220 lm diam. ( x = 405 9 210 lm, n = 15), 123 396 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 110 Italiomyces centaureii (MFLU 16–2866). a Herbarium specimen. b Vertical section of ascoma. c Peridium. d–f Asci. g–i Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 200 lm, b = 100 lm, c–i = 10 lm comprising brown, elongate cells, internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium 20–35 lm wide ( x = 31 lm, n = 15), comprising inner, thin-walled, hyaline, compressed cells of textura angularis and outer, thick-walled, brown, compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 9–11 lm wide at base ( x = 10 lm, n = 15), 4–5 lm wide at the apex ( x = 4.8 lm, n = 15), comprising thinwalled cellular, septate, paraphyses. Asci 35–45 9 5– 10 lm ( x = 41 9 7.8 lm, n = 25), 4(–6)-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, sessile, apex blunt, with a J- apical ring. 123 Ascospores 10–15 9 2.5–3.5 lm ( x = 13 9 2.8 lm, n = 25), biseriate, ellipsoid, 1-median septate, slightly constricted at the septum, hyaline, smooth-walled, ends with small, pointed, setose appendages 1.5–6 lm long. Asexual morph: coelomycetous. Conidiomata on MEA sporodochial, developing in 14 days, with a golden-yellow, slimy, pycnidial, superficial, globoid conidial head 150– 200 lm wide/diam. ( x = 180 lm, n = 15). Conidiophores 7–11 lm high, 1–3 lm diam. ( x = 9 9 1.6 lm, n = 15), macronematous, cylindrical, short, septate, branched, Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 hyaline, smooth, compactly packed. Conidiogenous cells 10– 20 lm high, 1–2.5 lm diam., ( x = 14.8 9 1.7 lm, n = 15), phialidic, discrete, vase-shaped, without collarette, hyaline, sometimes branched, aseptate, narrowing towards the apex. Conidia 5.5–7 9 1.5–2 lm ( x = 6.5 9 1.8 lm, n = 15), lunar, widest in the centre, pointed at both ends, aseptate, smooth, hyaline, accumulated in a slimy, goldenyellow mass (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017a). Material examined: GREAT BRITAIN, Buteshire, on stems of Rubus fruticosus, 08 September 1980, P. M. Krik, IMI 252650. Notes: Breviappendix was introduced for Gnomonia rubi, G. rosae, and G. rostellata by Senanayake et al. (2017a). Morphological and phylogenetic distinctness of these three species were already recognized by Morocko and Fatehi (2007) and Kruys and Castlebury (2012). Senanayake et al. (2017a) obtained the asexual morph of Breviappendix rubi for the first time and designated an epitype for Breviappendix rubi. Cainiella E. Müll., Sydowia 10(1–6): 120 (1957). Facesoffungi number FoF 02839 Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a). Type species: Cainiella johansonii (Rehm) E. Müll. Cainiella borealis M.E. Barr, Contr. Inst. bot. Univ. Montréal 73: 65 (1959). Fig. 107. Facesoffungi number FoF 02840 Saprobic or parasitic on both living and dead leaves and petioles of temperate shrubs. Sexual morph: Ascomata 775–1000 lm high, 260–345 lm diam. ( x = 846 9 300 lm, n = 15), scattered, solitary, erumpent, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla 400–450 lm high, 120–150 lm diam. ( x = 415 9 142 lm, n = 20), erumpent, internal wall covered by hyaline, filamentous periphyses. Peridium 15– 25 lm wide ( x = 21 lm, n = 20), comprising a few outer layers of brown-walled cells of textura globulosa and inner, hyaline cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising filamentous, hyaline, aseptate paraphyses. Asci 190–220 9 30–40 lm ( x = 204 9 35 lm, n = 20), few in number, 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindro-clavate, short pedicellate, apex wide, flat with complex, J-, apical ring. Ascospores 30–35 9 17–20 lm ( x = 34 9 19 lm, n = 20), biseriate, kidney-shaped, guttulate, hyaline, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, with a thick epispore. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017a). Material examined: NORWAY, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Svalbard, Brøgger Peninsula: 6 km SE of NyAlesund near the bird cliff on the beach, on stems of Cassiope tetragona D. Don (Ericaceae), 12 August 1988, Nils Lundqvist, 17327-d, S(F133018). 397 Notes: The genus Cainiella is characterized by dark, immersed ascomata, with long-necks, deliquescing paraphyses, and 1-septate ascospores. Cainiella comprises two species C. johansonii and C. borealis. These taxa are associated with arctic dwarf shrubs and prostrate evergreen subshrubs. Kruys and Castlebury (2012) and Senanayake et al. (2017a) placed Cainiella in Sydowiellaceae based on nrITS and nrLSU sequence data. We borrowed the holotype of Cainiella johansonii from S fungarium under accession number F7185 and the specimen was in poor condition. Calosporella J. Schröt., in Cohn, Krypt.-Fl. Schlesien (Breslau) 3.2(4): 442 (1897) [1908] Facesoffungi number FoF 04319 Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a). Type species: Calosporella innesii (Curr.) J. Schröt. Calosporella innesii (Curr.) J. Schröt., in Cohn, Krypt.-Fl. Schlesien (Breslau) 3.2, 4: 442. 1897 (1908). Facesoffungi number FoF 04320 Illustration: See Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014). Saprobic on dead branches of deciduous trees. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata 1–3 mm diam., pustulate on surface, circular, containing up to 20 ascomata. Ectostromatic disc erumpent, conspicuous, white to light grey, becoming dark at maturity, fusoid to circular, possessing 1–20 distinctly protruding ostioles. Entostroma crumbly, brownish. Ascomata 400–600 lm diam., immersed in stromata, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, papillate. Ostioles erumpent, cylindrical, black. Asci 60–100 9 16–22 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, broadly fusoid, without or with inconspicuous pedicel, lacking a distinct apical ring. Ascospores 20–34 9 6.5–10.5 lm, bito triseriate, fusoid to oblong, 3–4-euseptate, not to slightly constricted at septa, hyaline, multi-guttulate, with rounded ends, hyaline tapering appendages at both ends, appendages 5–7 lm long, 3–4.5 lm wide at the base. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014). Notes: The monotypic genus Calosporella is typified by C. innesii (Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014) and characterized by hyaline, mostly 3-septate ascospores, with small apical appendages. Several phylogenetic analyses proved the phylogenetic placement of Calosporella in Sydowiellaceae (Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014; Senanayake et al. 2017a). Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) epitypified Calosporella innesii and discussed the morphological difference between the type specimen of its basionym, Sphaeria platanoidis Pers. and the lectotype of the genus Calosporella, with C. platanoidis. Therefore, Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) decided a generic type as Calosporella innesii and designated an epitype. 123 398 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 111 Ranulospora alnii (MFLU 16–2868). a Appearance of ascomata on host substrate. b Vertical section of ascoma. c Peridium. d Paraphyses. e Asci. f–i Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 500 lm, b = 100 lm, c, e = 20 lm, f–i = 10 lm 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Chapeckia M.E. Barr, Mycol. Mem. 7: 164 (1978) Facesoffungi number FoF 04341 Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a). Type species: Chapeckia nigrospora (Peck) Chapeckia nigrospora (Peck) M.E. Barr, Mycol. Mem. 7: 165 (1978). Fig. 108. Facesoffungi number FoF 02842 Saprobic on branches of deciduous trees and shrubs. Sexual morph: Stromata 800–925 lm wide ( x = 900 lm, n = 10), pseudoparenchymatous, scattered on host surface, immersed, opening to outside through cracks in the host epidermis, appearing as an aggregation of ostioles, rounded or elliptic in shape, externally black, internally brown, composed of compact pseudoparenchymatous tissues, 3–4 or up to 9 ascomata in a stroma. Ascomata 360–455 lm high, 160–225 lm diam. ( x = 408 9 180 lm, n = 20), upright, deeply immersed in stromata, necks short and wide, flared at upper portion, globose. Peridium 10–13 lm wide ( x = 11 lm, n = 20), thin at the base, comprising 1–3 layers of brown-walled cells of textura angularis and base of neck comprising 6–8 layers of cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising cellular paraphyses. Asci 40– 55 9 10–15 lm ( x = 49 9 12 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, oblong to ellipsoidal, apex slightly pointed, short-pedicellate. Ascospores 9.5–11 9 5–6 lm ( x = 10.7 9 5.6 lm, n = 20), biseriate, oblong-ellipsoidal to oval, hyaline when immature, light to dark brown at maturity, 1-median septate, slightly constricted at the septum, wall surrounded by narrow gel coating becoming irregularly rough when dry, appendages narrow, short or elongate. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017a). Material examined: USA, New York, Quaker Street, on bark of Betula lutea, C.H. Peck, NYS 2083 holotype. Notes: Chapeckia was introduced by Barr (1978) based on Diatrype nigrospora. This genus comprises two species as Chapeckia nigrospora and C. ribesia (Sacc. & Scalia) M.E. Barr (Index Fungorum 2018). Rossman et al. (2007) placed Chapeckia in Sydowiellaceae and several later molecular analyses proved this (De Silva et al. 2009; Kruys and Castlebury 2012). Hapalocystis Auersw. ex Fuckel, Fungi rhenani exsic., fasc. 6: no. 585 (1863) Facesoffungi number FoF 02845 Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a). Type species: Hapalocystis berkeleyi Auersw. ex Fuckel Hapalocystis berkeleyi Auersw. ex Fuckel, Fungi rhenani exsic., fasc. 6: no. 585 (1863). Fig. 109. Facesoffungi number FoF 00413 Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Visible through dark cracks on the host surface. Stromata forming 399 a thin weft of light brown hyphae around upper part of ascomata. Ascomata 90–185 lm high, 206–302 lm diam. ( x = 150 9 245 lm, n = 15), immersed, aggregated, subglobose to globose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate. Ostiole 130–195 lm high, 90–113 lm wide ( x = 145 9 105 lm, n = 10), short papillate, black, cylindrical, with hyaline, filamentous periphyses. Peridium 4–16 lm wide ( x = 10 lm, n = 15), comprising 3–5-layers of black, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses 3–7 lm wide ( x = 6 lm, n = 15), few, septate, hyaline, attached to the base, longer than asci. Asci 112–127 9 46–80 lm ( x = 121 9 66 lm, n = 20), 4–or 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to fusoid, with a short pedicel, with an inconspicuous flat, refractive ring at the lower end of the thickened apical wall, apex narrow and blunted. Ascospores 34– 42 9 12–18 lm ( x = 37 9 17 lm), 2–5-seriate, inequilaterally ellipsoidal, with broadly rounded ends, initially hyaline, dark brown at maturity, (1–)2(–3)-septate, with cells of equal length, thick and smooth-walled, with short, hyaline, strap-like appendages situated at both rounded ends, having the same width as the ascospores. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 165–195 lm diam. ( x = 182 lm, n = 15), pycnidial, superficial, aggregated, 3–5 in a group, globose, orange to brown. Conidiomata wall 7–13 lm wide ( x = 10 lm, n = 10), comprising 5–10 layers of small, thick-walled, orange cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores 1.5–2 lm high, 1–1.5 lm wide ( x = 2 9 1.5 lm, n = 10), branched, hyaline, short, few conidiogenous cells arising from a single conidiophore, attached to conidiomatal wall. Conidiogenous cells 10– 14 lm high, 5–7 lm wide, cylindrical, hyaline, bottleshaped, septate, pointed at ends, phialidic. Conidia 0.5– 1.5 lm diam. ( x = 1 lm, n = 20), ellipsoid, 1-celled, hyaline, smooth-walled (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017a). Material examined: GERMANY, Rhineland, Hattenheim (near), Gruenau, L. Fuckel (Fungi rhenani exs. 585; ex herb. C. E. Brome), isotype, K (M) 195743; ITALY, Province of Forlı̀-Cesena, Modigliana, Montebello, on branch of Platanus hybrid, 14 April 2013, E. Camporesi, MFLU 14–0798; ex-type living cultures, MFLUCC 13–0662. Notes: Rossman et al. (2007) placed Hapalocystis in Sydowiellaceae based on its morphology. Currently, Hapalocystis comprises eight species (Index Fungorum 2018). The asexual morph of Hapalocystis was recorded by Glawe (1985), Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2004) and Liu et al. (2015). Here we illustrate the asexual morph derived from MFLUCC 13–0662 strain (Liu et al. 2015). Italiomyces Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, AlSadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 186 (2017a) 123 400 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 112 Sillia ferruginea (WI 7125). a, b Packet of the herbarium. c Herbarium specimen. d Stromata on host substrate. e Horizontal cross section of stromata. f Vertical cross section of stromata. g Peridium. h Cross section of ascomata. i Paraphyses. j Stromatic tissues in KOH. k–m Asci. n–p Ascospores. Scale bars: d– f = 500 lm, h = 100 lm, g, i, n–p = 10 lm, k–m = 20 lm Facesoffungi number FoF 02847 Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a). Type species: Italiomyces centaureii Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde Italiomyces centaureii Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, Al-Sadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 186 (2017a). Fig. 110. 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 401 Fig. 113 Tenuiappendicula alnicola (MFLU 16–1265A). a Herbarium specimen. b Vertical section of ascomata. c Peridium. d, e Asci. f–h Ascospores. i Conidiomata on substrate. j Vertical section of conidioma. k Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia. l, m Conidia. Scale bars: a = 500 lm, b = 100 lm, c = 20 lm, d, e = 20 lm, f–h = 10 lm, i = 500 lm, j = 100 lm, k–m = 10 lm Facesoffungi number FoF 02848 Saprobic on dead stems of Centaurea L. Sexual morph: Ascomata 360–380 lm high, 405–415 lm diam. ( x = 375 9 411 lm, n = 15), solitary to rarely aggregated, scattered, immersed, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla 140–165 lm high, 150– 185 lm diam. ( x = 160 9 175 lm, n = 15), emerging through cracks in the substrate, comprising small, thickwalled cells of textura angularis, internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium 15–25 lm wide ( x = 20 lm, n = 15), comprising thick-walled, compressed, dark brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 90–110 9 15–20 lm ( x = 105 9 17 lm, n = 25), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, short-pedicellate, apex blunt with bi-lobed apical ring. Ascospores 20–30 9 6.5–8.5 lm ( x = 26 9 7.7 lm, n = 25), overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, fusiform to narrowly oval, 1-septate, bi-guttulate, hyaline, with short, spine-like appendages at both ends. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017a). Material examined: ITALY, Province of Forlı̀-Cesena, Fiumicello di Premilcuore, on dead stem of Centaurea sp. (Asteraceae), 2 April 2014, Erio Camporesi, MFLU 16–2866, holotype. Notes: Senanayake et al. (2017a) introduced the genus Italiomyces based on Italiomyces centaureii. This monotypic genus is distinct from other genera in Sydowiellaceae 123 402 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 114 Tortilispora aurantiaca (S-F11759). a, b Herbarium packet. c Ascomata on substrate. d Herbarium specimen. e Horizontal cross section of stromata. f, g Cross sections of ascomata. h Papilla. i Paraphyses. j Peridium. k–m Asci in water. n–q Ascospores. Scale bars: c, e = 500 lm, f–h = 100 lm, i = 20 lm, j–q = 10 lm by bi-guttulate or rarely 4-guttulate ascospores with minute, spine-like apical appendages. Type species: Paragnomonia fragariae (Kleb.) Senan. & K.D. Hyde Paragnomonia Senan., & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, Al-Sadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 186 (2017a). Facesoffungi number FoF 02851 Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a). Paragnomonia fragariae (Kleb.) Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, Al-Sadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 186 (2017a). Facesoffungi number FoF 02852 Illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b). 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 403 Pathogenic on plants. Sexual morph: Ascomata immersed on roots and petioles, papilla only visible on host, solitary, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous, papillate, ostiolate. Necks central, straight to curved. Peridium comprising outer layer of large, brown cells of textura angularis and inner layer of compressed, hyaline cells of textura angularis. Asci 25–35 9 6–7 lm, fusiform to obovoid, with short pedicel and J- apical ring. Ascospores 8–11 9 2–4 lm, obliquely uniseriate, fusiform, straight to curved, 1-median septate, not constricted at the septum, with 4–6 (or more) guttules. Appendages apical and basal, hyaline, elongate-conical. Asexual morph: Conidiomata tiny, pycnidial, solitary, immersed to erumpent, black. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells elongated, conical, unbranched, hyaline. Conidia oval to ellipsoid, aseptate, bi-guttulate, hyaline (description based on Alexopoulos and Cation 1952). Notes: Combined gene analyses of nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence data in this study confirm the phylogenetic placement of Gnomonia fragariae var. fragariae in Sydowiellaceae. Hence, we excluded Gnomonia fragariae var. fragariae from Gnomoniopsis comari and introduced a new genus, Paragnomonia to accommodate Gnomonia fragariae var. fragariae. Gnomonia fragariae var. fragariae is a causative agent of root disease in strawberry and it is not the species that causes foliar and petiole disease (Senanayake et al. 2017a). 23 lm wide ( x = 16.8 lm, n = 20), composed of 4–6 outer layers of thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis and inner, hyaline, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising few, septate, hyaline, thin-walled paraphyses, longer than asci. Asci 85–120 9 16–22 lm ( x = 101.7 9 18.5 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to fusiform, short pedicellate, apex rounded, with J- apical ring. Ascospores 45–55 9 7–8 lm ( x = 48.6 9 7.3 lm, n = 20), uniseriate or biseriate, fusiform to ellipsoid, with long basal appendage, with 1 median and 1 basal septum, slightly constricted at the septa, smooth-walled, apical cell slightly wider than basal cell, appendage long filiform, straight or curved, with slight apical swelling, germ tubes emerging at the median septa and ascospores becoming olivaceous at germination. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017a). Material examined: ITALY, Province of Trento, Mezzana, Marilleva 900, on dead branch of Alnus incana (L.) Moench (Betulaceae), 15 August 2013, Erio Camporesi, MFLU 16–2868 holotype. Notes: Senanayake et al. (2017a) introduced Ranulospora typified by R. alnii, on bark of grey alder. The significant character of this genus is ascospore morphology. Senanayake et al. (2017a) illustrated the asexual morph of R. alnii, which was isolated from the same specimen and phylogenetically identical. Ranulospora Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, AlSadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 186 (2017a). Facesoffungi number FoF 02853 Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a). Rossmania Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Mycoscience 42(4): 401 (2001) Facesoffungi number FoF 02855 Description: See Vasilyeva (2001). Type species: Rossmania ukurunduensis Lar.N. Vassiljeva Type species: Ranulospora alnii Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde Ranulospora alnii Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, Al-Sadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 186 (2017a). Fig. 111. Facesoffungi number FoF 02854 Saprobic on dead branches of Alnus incana (L.) Moench. Sexual morph: Appearing as clusters of black ostioles emerging through the cracked bark. Pseudostromata comprising sparse, brown, fungal hyphae spreading around ascomata. Ascomata 480–765 lm high, 280– 345 lm diam. ( x = 640 9 315 lm, n = 20), immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, dark brown to black, with 6–8 ascomata in an aggregation, papillate, with long ostiolar necks. Papilla 320–380 lm high, 160– 260 lm wide ( x = 349 9 207 lm, n = 20). Peridium 13– Rossmania ukurunduensis Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Mycoscience 42(4): 401 (2001). Facesoffungi number FoF 02856 Illustration: See Vasilyeva (2001). Saprobic on dead bark of Acer ukurunduense Wall. Sexual morph: Ascomata immersed under the bark, with clusters of convergent, long, stout erumpent necks, without a ectostromatic disc, globose, coriaceous, black. Necks wide, opening through the ostiole, internally covered by hyaline periphyses, comprising brown cells of textura porrecta. Peridium thick, comprising outer, thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis and inner thick-walled, hyaline cells of textura angularis at the base. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Asci 190–230 9 24–28 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to cylindrical, short pedicellate, apex rounded, lacking an apical ring. Ascospores 123 404 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 115 Synnemasporella aculeans (redrawn from Fan et al. 2018). a, b Habit of synnemata on branches. c Longitudinal section through synnema. d, h Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. e, i Conidia. f Habit of pycnidia on branches. g Longitudinal section through pycnidium. Scale bars: a, b = 1 mm, f = 5 mm, g = 500 lm, c = 100 lm, d, e, h–i = 10 lm 76–125 9 7–9 lm, 4–5-seriate to fasciculate, long fusoid to cylindrical, slightly curved, 0–7-septate in Melzer’s reagent, not constricted at the septa, hyaline, sometimes guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Vasilyeva 2001). Notes: Vasilyeva (2001) introduced Rossmania for taxa with aggregated ascomata with long beaks, non-united ectostromatic disc and septate elongate ascospores accommodating in Valsaceae. Rossmania comprises two species as R. ukurunduensis and R. aculeata (Petch) Lar.N. Vassiljeva (2001). Rossman et al. (2007) placed Rossmania in Sydowiellaceae considering its morphology. This placement was confirmed by Kruys and Castlebury (2012) and Senanayake et al. (2017a) based on phylogeny. Sillia P. Karst., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 23: 20, 159, 251 (1873) 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 405 Fig. 116 Consensus tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of a combined nrLSU and nrSSU sequence alignment for taxa of Tirisporellaceae. Genera are indicated in coloured blocks. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site Facesoffungi number FoF 02857 Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a). Type species: Sillia ferruginea (Pers.) P. Karst. Sillia ferruginea (Pers.) P. Karst., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 23: 159 (1873). Fig. 109. Facesoffungi number FoF 04317 Saprobic on dead branches of Corylus avellana L. Sexual morph: Stromata come out from cracks of bark, immersed, aggregated in bark, hemispherical, black on the surface, dark yellow inside, brittle, rouge in 10% KOH. Ascomata 530–900 lm high, 230–325 lm diam. ( x = 600 9 300 lm, n = 10), immersed to erumpent, arising as several layers, gregarious, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous, papillate, ostiolate. Neck 250–400 lm long, 90–130 lm wide ( x = 350 9 125 lm, n = 10), symmetrical, erumpent through host surface, internally covered by hyaline periphyses, darker than peridium cells at the base. Peridium 30–50 lm thick ( x = 38 lm, n = 15), comprising thick-walled, brown, compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising thin-walled, septate, unbranched, hyaline paraphyses 5–10 lm wide ( x = 7 lm, n = 15). Asci 135–150 9 15–20 lm ( x = 140 9 18 lm, n = 25), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, straight or curved, with a short obtuse pedicel, apical ring not obvious. Ascospores 50–70 9 2–4 lm ( x = 65 9 2.7 lm, n = 30), multiseriate, parallel to each other, narrowly fusiform, slightly curved, hyaline, with 3–5 transverse septa, sometimes containing small guttules. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined: LITUANIA, Vilnius district, Šveicarija Forest, on bark of dead branch of Corylus avellana L., April 2010, T. Iznova, WI 7125. Notes: Only species of Sillia and Tortilispora have hyaline scolecosporous ascospores in Sydowiellaceae. Ascospores of Sillia are filiform or acicular and multiseptate while Tortilispora has unicellular, long-cylindricfusoid ascospores (Senanayake et al. 2017a). Initially Sillia was placed in Melogrammataceae (Lindau 1897). Wehmeyer (1926) placed this genus in Diaporthaceae and Barr (1978) included Sillia in family Gnomoniaceae. Rossman et al. (2007) accommodated Sillia in Sydowiellaceae based on its morphology and this placement was confirmed based on morphology and molecular data (De Silva et al. 2009; Kruys and Castlebury 2012; Senanayake et al. 2017a). Currently this genus comprises six species (Index Fungorum 2018) (Fig. 112). Tenuiappendicula Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, Al-Sadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 208 (2017a). Facesoffungi number FoF 02859 Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a). Type species: Tenuiappendicula alnicola Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde Tenuiappendicula alnicola Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, Al-Sadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 208 (2017a). Fig. 113. Facesoffungi number FoF 02860 123 406 Saprobic on branches of Alnus cordata (Loisel.) Duby. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata parenchymatous, comprising thin-walled, light brown cells of textura globosa. Ascomata 180–200 9 50–80 lm ( x = 191 9 78 lm, n = 20), aggregated, immersed, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla 85– 115 9 30–40 lm ( x = 93 9 36 lm, n = 15), slanted to horizontal in the substrate, curved, asymmetrical, sometimes convergent, widening towards the apex, internally covered by hyaline, filamentous periphyses. Peridium 12– 16 lm ( x = 14 lm, n = 15), comprising an outer layer of thick-walled, light brown, compressed cells of textura angularis and inner thin-walled, hyaline layer of compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 5–9 lm ( x = 7.8 lm, n = 15), comprising cellular, wide, septate, thin-walled paraphyses. Asci 105–120 9 25–35 lm ( x = 116 9 33 lm, n = 25), 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform to clavate, with short pedicel, apex blunt, lacking an apical ring. Ascospores 25–30 9 7–10 lm ( x = 27 9 8.8 lm, n = 25), biseriate to overlapping biseriate, oval, 1-septate, constricted at septum, thick-walled, appendaged. Appendages slender, long, 20–30 9 1.5– 2.5 lm ( x = 27 9 2 lm, n = 20), one at each end, hyaline. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 30–45 9 120–135 lm ( x = 35 9 130 lm, n = 15), acervuli, scattered, solitary, immersed, subglobose, unilocular, dark brown. Conidiomatal wall 35–50 lm ( x = 37 lm, n = 15), multi-layered, comprising thick-walled, brown, small cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores 16–21 9 2.5–6 lm ( x = 18 9 4.7 lm, n = 15), branched at the base, cylindrical, septate, hyaline, formed from the upper pseudoparenchyma, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells 14– 16 9 4.5–5.5 lm ( x = 15 9 4.8 lm, n = 25), holoblastic, terminal, discrete, with 1–2 percurrent proliferations, indeterminate, cylindrical, simple, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidia 35–45 9 4.5–5.5 lm ( x = 40 9 5 lm, n = 25), cylindrical, narrowing towards the ends, with a small spine at upper end, (4–)5(–6)-septate, hyaline, sometimes guttulate, thick-walled (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017a). Material examined: ITALY, Province of Forlı̀-Cesena, Fiumicello di Premilcuore, on dead branch of Alnus cordata (Loisel.) Duby (Betulaceae), 24 April 2013, Erio Camporesi, MFLU 16–1265A, holotype. Notes: The monotypic genus Tenuiappendicula is typified by Tenuiappendicula alnicola. Tenuiappendicula is characterized by 1-septate ascospores with long, thin appendages and asci without an apical ring. Senanayake et al. (2017a) illustrated the asexual morph. Tortilispora Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, Al-Sadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 208 (2017a). 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Facesoffungi number FoF 02863 Description: See Senanayake et al. (2017a). Type species: Tortilispora aurantiaca (Wehm.) Senan. & K.D. Hyde Tortilispora aurantiaca (Wehm.) Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake, Maharachchikumbura, Jeewon, Promputtha, Al-Sadi, Camporesi & Hyde, Mycosphere 8(1): 209 (2017a). Fig. 114. Facesoffungi number FoF 02864 Saprobic on dead twigs and branches. Sexual morph: Stromata 0.8–3 mm diam., forming angular, rather prominent pustules, with grey-brown to orange-brown ectostromatic discs, immersed, scattered, solitary, black, parenchymatous, with 2–15 ascomata embedded in a welldeveloped ectostroma, which consists of hyaline to subhyaline, densely compact, thin-walled hyphae, with a valsoid configuration. Ascomata 675–875 lm high, 225– 300 lm wide ( x = 765 9 275 lm, n = 25), immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, dark brown to black, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla 375–500 lm high, 100–125 lm wide ( x = 107 9 466 lm, n = 20), black, comprising parallel to interwoven, thick-walled, light to dark brown hyphae, internally covered by hyaline, filamentous periphyses. Peridium 10–15 lm wide ( x = 13 lm, n = 25), comprising thick-walled, dark brown to black, small cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising broad, tapering band-like, septate paraphyses. Asci 90–100 9 11–13 lm ( x = 93 9 12 lm, n = 25), 8spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, sessile, rounded at apex, with a J- apical ring, comprising two refractive bodies. Ascospores 85–95 9 3–4 lm ( x = 93 9 3.5 lm, n = 25), fasciculate, narrowly fusiform to long cylindrical, hyaline, 1–7-septate, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Senanayake et al. 2017a). Material examined: AUSTRIA, Niederösterreich, Wechsel in N. Oesterreich, on dead stem of Alnus viridis, v. Höhnel, 1902, S (F11759), holotype. Notes: Tortilispora was introduced by Senanayake et al. (2017a) to accommodate Winterella aurantiaca, W. albofusca, and W. cinctula. Tortilispora is typified by T. aurantiaca. Mejı́a et al. (2008) synonymized Winterella under Cryptosporella. However, Winterella aurantiaca, W. albofusca and W. cinctula are phylogenetically and morphologically separate from Cryptosporella. Hence Tortilispora was introduced for these three species and it was typified by T. aurantiaca. Synnemasporellaceae X.L. Fan & J.D.P. Bezerra, in Fan et al. Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018). Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 407 Fig. 117 Bacusphaeria nypae (MFLU 13–0617). a Ascomata on substrate. b–d Asci. e–g Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 200 lm, b–d = 20 lm, e– g = 10 lm History Wehmeyer (1933) described Cryptodiaporthe aculeans as a species producing perithecial ascomata and an asexual morph producing sporodochial and/or pycnidial conidiomata. However this does not fit with the species concept of Cryptodiaporthe and it was suggested that this genus is a heterogeneous group of species, and can probably be segregated into several genera. Therefore, Fan et al. (2018) introduced Synnemasporella for Cryptodiaporthe aculeans and proposed a new combination as S. aculeans. Additionally, a second species, Synnemasporella toxicodendri, was introduced to this genus (Fan et al. 2018). Synnemasporella forms a distinct clade in Diaporthales and this clade was introduced as Synnemasporellaceae based on morphology and phylogeny (Fan et al. 2018). Life mode Members in Synnemasporellaceae are associated with canker and dieback of host trees. Synnemasporella toxicodendri was obtained from diseased wood of Toxicodendron sylvestre (Sieb. et Zucc.) O. Kuntzein China. Morphological characteristics Synnemasporellaceae mainly differs from other families in Diaporthales by the form of host plant association, disease symptoms, ascomatal and/or conidiomatal characters, shape of ascospores, conidiogenous cells, conidia and distinct synnemata (Fan et al. 2018). This family has an ambiguous asexual morph which produces synnemata and pycnidia. Phylogenetic identification Combined gene analysis of nrITS DNA, nrLSU DNA, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequences in Fan et al. (2018) showed that Synnemasporella species forms a distinct clade which represents a family between the families Juglanconidaceae and Apiosporopsidaceae. Taxonomy Synnemasporellaceae X.L. Fan & J.D.P. Bezerra, in Fan et al. Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018). Description: See Fan et al. (2018) Type genus: Synnemasporella X.L. Fan & J.D.P. Bezerra Notes: Synnemasporellaceae is morphologically and phylogenetically a well-supported family comprising single genus Synnemasporella. This family differs from other families in the type of the host plant association, disease symptoms, ascomatal and conidiomatal characters, shape of ascospores, conidiogenous cells and conidia and distinct synnemata. 123 408 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 b Fig. 118 Thailandiomyces bisetulosus (BBH-Wah 110). a Herbarium specimen. b–f Ascomata on substrate. g Cross section of ascomata. h– k Asci. l–o Ascospores. Scale bars: b, c = 500 lm, d–g = 200 lm, h–k = 20 lm, l–o = 10 lm Synnemasporella X.L. Fan & J.D.P. Bezerra, in Fan et al. Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018). Facesoffungi number FoF04891 Pathogenic forming cankers and dieback of tree hosts. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata appearing upon the surface as pustules containing small groups of a few ostioles emergent through the adherent periderm or as larger dense fascicles of elongate-cylindrical ostioles, erumpent through a whitish pulverulent disk, covered by a whitish pulverulence. Stromatic tissues absent. Perithecia sphaerical or flattened, with long slender necks, thickly clustered beneath the ectostromatic disks. Asci clavate. Ascospores biseriate, long fusoid-ellipsoid, two-celled, hyaline, constricted at the septum, and usually with a short, hyaline, bristle-like appendage at each end (description based on Wehmeyer 1933). Asexual morph: Conidiomata synnematal or pycnidial. Synnemata long and determinate, growing from the host tissue, pale to brown, straight to curved, parallel, with convex and dark conidiogenous cells zone, and some host tissue at the base of synnema. Conidiophores aggregated, aseptate, straight to curved. Conidiogenous cells aggregated, hyaline, straight to curved, cylindrical, arranged alongside one another at the end of the synnemata, each producing one conidium. Conidia oblong cylindrical, with a distinct hilum, smooth, multiguttulate, hyaline when young and becoming pale brown at maturity. Pycnidia with a central circular ostiole, hemispherical, immersed, somewhat erumpent, contains an irregular one-chambered locule with black conidial mass. Conidiophores aggregated, aseptate, straight to curved. Conidiogenous cells aggregated, hyaline, straight to curved, cylindrical, arranged alongside one another at the base of the pycnidia, each producing one conidium. Conidia ovoid to oblong-fusoid, one-celled, hyaline, multiguttulate (description based on Fan et al. 2018). Type species: Synnemasporella aculeans (Schwein.) X.L. Fan & J.D.P. Bezerra Synnemasporella aculeans (Schwein.) X.L. Fan & J.D.P. Bezerra, in Fan et al. Persoonia 40: 119–134 (2018). Fig. 115. Facesoffungi number FoF 04892 Description: See Fan et al. (2018) Notes: Synnemasporella was proposed for S. aculeans which is based on Cryptodiaporthe aculeans, producing perithecial ascomata, and sporodochial or pycnidial conidiomata (Wehmeyer 1933). Fan et al. (2018) was 409 introduced Synnemasporella toxicodendri as the second species of this genus. Tirisporellaceae Suetrong et al., in Suetrong et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 36(3): 323 (2015) History Tirisporella was introduced and typified by T. beccariana (Jones et al. 1996), which was associated with the bases of fronds of the palm Nypa fruticans. This genus was previously assigned to Sphaeria, Melanomma, Gibberidea and Tryblidiella (Jones et al. 2009). In a phylogenetic analysis, based on nrSSU and nrLSU, Tirisporella beccariana, Thailandiomyces bisetulosus and Bacusphaeria nypenthi formed a well-supported clade and Phruensis brunneispora clustered basally to this clade with low support values (Jones et al. 2015). Hence Suetrong et al. (2015) accepted Bacusphaeria, Thailandiomyces and Tirisporella within Tirisporellaceae. Life mode Members of Tirisporellaceae occur as saprobes in freshwater to brackish habitats. Additionally, some are growing on the bases of the fronds of the mangrove palm (Nypa fruticans). Morphological characteristics Tirisporellaceae is morphologically distinct having partially immersed to superficial, globose to subglobose, ascomata and brown ascospores with the basal cell pale brown or hyaline or hyaline ascospores with a single polar appendage. Phylogenetic identification Jones et al. (2015) and Suetrong et al. (2015) used nrSSU and nrLSU sequences to resolve the species and generic boundaries in Tirisporellaceae and to designate its familial placement. In our phylogenetic analysis, we used nrITS, nrLSU, RPB2 and TEF1-a sequences (Fig. 116). Taxonomy Tirisporellaceae Suetrong et al., in Suetrong et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 36(3): 323 (2015) Facesoffungi number FoF 04322 Saprobic on decaying submerged petioles of Nypa fruticans Wurmb. Sexual morph: Ascomata scattered, solitary or gregarious, semi-immersed to superficial, globose to subglobose, coriaceous to carbonaceous, black, papillate, 123 410 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 119 Tubakia japonica (redrawn from Fan et al. 2018). a Symptoms on host leaves. b Pycnothyria on the surface of leaf spot. c Scutellum. d Conidiophores attached to conidia. e Conidia. Scale bars: c–e = 10 lm ostiolate. Neck short or very long, central, cylindrical, with short hyaline periphyses, black. Peridium comprising inner, hyaline, few layers of cells of textura angularis, middle, brown, many layers of cells of textura intricata and outer, small, black to brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising deliquescent, irregular in width, septate, hyaline paraphyses tapering towards apices and embedded in a mucilaginous matrix. Asci 4–8 spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, thick-walled, indistinct pedicellate, apex blunt, J- subapical ring comprising a canal and pore. Ascospores overlapping bi-seriate to triseriate, fusoid, falcate to lunate, straight or curved, hyaline to brown, basal cell present or absent, if present pointed, hyaline to pale brown, 1–7 septate, smooth or verrucosewalled, with or without 4–5 large guttules, with or lacking appendages. Asexual morph: Mycelium comprising spreading, septate, superficial, smooth, pale brown, branched hyphae. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or if present macronematous, mononematous, erect, brown, paler toward the apex, straight or flexuous, smooth. Conidiogenous cells intercalary, enteroblastic, monophialidic, integrated on hyphae, terminal, sometime erect on hyphae, pale brown, subcylindrical, narrowly ellipsoid, ampulliform to doliiform. Conidia solitary, smooth, clavate, fusoid-ellipsoid, obovoid or ellipsoid, apex obtuse or broadly rounded, tapering to a truncate base, hyaline to pale brown, unicellular or 1-septate. Chlamydospores 123 intercalary, pale brown to brown, smooth, globose to narrowly ellipsoid, 0–1-septate. Type genus: Tirisporella E.B.G. Jones et al. Notes: Tirisporellaceae was introduced for Bacusphaeria, Tirisporella and Thailandiomyces (Jones et al. 2015). Phylogenetic analysis of the present study showed that Tirisporellaceae forms a significant clade in Diaporthales. The sexual morph of this family is hyphomycetes. Tirisporella E.B.G. Jones et al., Can. J. Bot. 74(9): 1489 (1996) Description: See Jones et al. (2015) Type species: Tirisporella beccariana (Ces.) E.B.G. Jones et al. Tirisporella beccariana (Ces.) E.B.G. Jones et al., in Jones et al., Can. J. Bot. 74(9): 1490 (1996). Facesoffungi number FoF 04323 Illustration: See Jones et al. (2015) Saprobic on decaying submerged mangrove petioles. Sexual morph: Ascomata 1–2.2 9 1.3–2 mm, scattered, solitary or gregarious, initially immersed becoming superficial, globose to subglobose, coriaceous becoming carbonaceous, black, papillate, ostiolate. Neck 83– 235 9 39–54 lm, short, central, cylindrical, with short hyaline periphyses, black. Peridium 125–150 lm, comprising inner, hyaline, thin-walled, few layers of cells of textura angularis, middle, light brown, many layers of cells Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 of textura intricata and outer, small, thick-walled, black to brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising deliquescent, irregular in width, septate, hyaline, unbranched paraphyses tapering towards apices and embedded in a mucilaginous matrix. Asci 122–230 9 16–38 lm ( x = 204 9 20 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, thick-walled, indistinct pedicellate, apex flattened, J- subapical ring comprising canal and pore. Ascospores 31–52 9 5–10 lm ( x = 42 9 8.5 lm, n = 20), biseriate to triseriate, falcate to lunate, straight or curved, brown, basal cell pointed, hyaline to pale brown, 4–7septate, verrucose, appendages only at the apical end. Asexual morph: Mycelium comprising spreading, septate, smooth, branched, pale brown hyphae. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 13–15 9 1.5–3 lm, intercalary, monophialidic, integrated on hyphae, pale brown, subcylindrical, ampulliform, doliiform to narrowly ellipsoid. Conidia 4.5–6 9 2.5–3 lm, solitary, clavate to fusoid-ellipsoid, apex obtuse, tapering to a truncate base, unicellular to one septate, hyaline to pale brown, smooth. Chlamydospores intercalary, globose to narrowly ellipsoid, unicellular to one septate, pale brown to brown, smooth (description based on Jones et al. 2015). Notes: Tirisporella is typified by T. beccariana (Jones et al. 1996), associated with submerged, decaying mangrove woods. Other genera included in Tirisporellaceae Bacusphaeria Norlailatul, Alias & Suetrong, in AbdelWahab, Dayarathne, Suetrong, Guo, Alias, Bahkali, Nagahama, Elgorban, Abdel-Aziz, Hodhod, Al-Hebshi, Hyde, Bot. Mar.: 11 (2017) Facesoffungi number FoF 02139 Saprophytic marine ascomycete. Sexual morph: Ascomata globose to subglobose, ostiolate, periphysate, immersed to erumpent, carbonaceous, lacking interascal tissue. Asci 8-spored, cylindrical, unitunicate, short pedicellate, with a conspicuous refractive apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate, ellipsoid, 1–5-septate, central cells brown, end cells hyaline or pale brown, without a sheath or appendages. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Bacusphaeria nypae Norlailatul, Alias & Suetrong Bacusphaeria nypae Norlailatul, Alias & Suetrong, in Abdel-Wahab, Dayarathne, Suetrong, Guo, Alias, Bahkali, Nagahama, Elgorban, Abdel-Aziz, Hodhod, Al-Hebshi, Hyde, Bot. Mar.: 11 (2017). Fig. 117. Facesoffungi number FoF 02139 Saprophytic marine ascomycete. Sexual morph: Ascomata 800–1000 9 500–550 lm, globose to subglobose, ostiolate, periphysate, immersed to erumpent, carbonaceous, lacking interascal tissue. Asci 411 180–215 9 15–18 lm, 8-spored, cylindrical, unitunicate, short pedicellate, with a conspicuous refractive apical ring. Ascospores 25–35 9 10–13 lm, uniseriate, ellipsoid, 1–5septate, central cells brown, end cells hyaline or pale brown without a sheath or appendages. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Abdel-Wahab et al. 2017). Material examined: MALAYSIA, Kuala Sungai Baru mangrove, Malacca (GPS: N 02°210 26.400 , E 102°020 16.400 ) on petiole base of Nypa fruticans (Arecaceae), 27 September 2011, Norlailatul and S.A. Alias, MFLU 13–0617, holotype. Notes: Bacusphaeria nypenthi is distinct from other genera in having large ascomata, asci with a distinct, large J-, apical ring and 1–5 septate-ascospores with, with hyaline to pale brown end cells, and other cells brown (AbdelWahab et al. 2017). Bacusphaeria and Tirisporella are morphologically similar (Jones et al. 2015). Thailandiomyces Pinruan, Sakay., K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Fungal Diversity 29: 91 (2008) Facesoffungi number FoF 04326 Saprobic on senescent trunks of a palm. Sexual morph: Ascomata partially immersed to superficial, globose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate, scattered to gregarious, with long cylindrical necks, periphysate with short hyaline cells. Peridium composed of one stratum of compressed cells of textura angularis, black to the outside, brown inwardly. Paraphyses present but deliquescent, irregular in width, rarely septate, tapering towards the apices, embedded in a mucilaginous matrix. Asci cylindrical to clavate, unitunicate, apedicellate, free-floating, apically truncate, with a Jsubapical ring. Ascospores overlapping 2-seriate, fusoid, straight or curved, hyaline, 1-septate, smooth-walled, with bipolar appendages. Asexual morph: Craspedodidymumlike. Thailandiomyces bisetulosus Pinruan, Sakay., K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Fungal Diversity 29: 91 (2008). Fig. 118. Facesoffungi number FoF 04327 Saprobic on senescent trunks of Licuala longicalycata. Sexual morph: Ascomata 275–325 lm diam., partially immersed to superficial, globose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate, scattered to gregarious. Neck up to 1 mm long, 100 lm diam., periphyses with short hyaline cells, central, cylindrical, black. Peridium up to 45 lm thick, composed of one stratum of compressed cells of textura angularis, black to the outside, brown inwardly. Paraphyses present but deliquescent, irregular in width, up to 5–6.5 lm wide, rarely septate, tapering towards apices, embedded in a mucilaginous matrix. Asci 65–75 9 6–7.5 lm ( x = 67.5 9 6.8 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, cylindrical to clavate, unitunicate, apedicellate, free-floating, apically truncate, with a J-, subapical ring, 2 9 2 lm. Ascospores 20– 25 9 3.5–5 lm ( x = 22.9 9 4 lm, n = 30), overlapping 123 412 2-seriate, fusoid, straight or curved, hyaline, 1-septate, smooth-walled, with 4–5 large guttules, with bipolar spinelike appendages, usually bent laterally, 5–7.5 lm long, 1–1.5 lm diam. Asexual morph: Craspedodidymum licualae Pinruan. Mycelium superficial. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, erect, brown, paler toward the apex, straight or flexuous, smooth, but rough at the apex. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, 20–27.5 9 6.2–7.5 lm, enteroblastic and monophialidic. Conidia 13.7–17.5 9 7.5–10 lm, obovoid or ellipsoid, broadly rounded at both ends, brown, papillate at the basal end, 0-septate. Material examined: THAILAND, Narathiwat, Sirindhorn Peat Swamp Forest, on submerged trunk of Licuala longicalycata, 12 May 2001, U. Pinruan (Wah 110) BBH. holotype. Notes: Thailandiomyces morphologically differs from Bacusphaeria and Tirisporella having hyaline ascospores with bipolar appendages. The asexual morph of this genus has been obtained from culture. Tubakiaceae U. Braun, J.Z. Groenew. & Crous, in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018). History Tubakia-like species are characterized by superficial conidiomata with radiating scutella, a scutellum fixed to the host surface by a basal columella and hyaline phialidic conidiogenous cells bearing solitary, one-celled, hyaline to pigmented conidia. The asexual morphs of tubakia-like species are diverse with pycnothyria with typical scutella or sporodochial conidiomata composed of clusters of conidiogenous cells. Phylogenetic analyses in Braun et al. (2018) revealed that the heterogeneity of tubakia-like species and segregated these taxa into several new genera. Additionally, tubakia-like species formed a distinct clade which is sister to Melanconiellaceae and this clade was introduced as Tubakiaceae (Braun et al. 2018). Currently Tubakiaceae comprises eight genera as Apiognomonioides, Involutiscutellula, Oblongisporothyrium, Paratubakia, Racheliella, Saprothyrium, Sphaerosporithyrium and Tubakia. Life mode Some members in Tubakiaceae act as mild pathogens forming leaf spots or saprobes on shed or still attached leaves. They mostly form conidiomata on petioles and leaf blades or close to veins of old necrotic leaves. However most are endophytes in leaves and twigs of many tree species. 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Morphological characteristics Members of Tubakiaceae are characterized by minute, punctiform conidiomata comprising convex scutella with radiating threads of cells which attach to the substratum by a central columella, unicellular, phialidic conidiogenous cells, globose, subglobose, ellipsoid, broad ellipsoid-obovoid to subcylindrical or somewhat irregular, aseptate, hyaline, subhyaline to pigmented conidia. Some species produce crustose-pycnidial conidiomata which are open by lateral to irregular dehiscence or sporodochia. Phylogenetic identification Braun et al. (2018) analyzed molecular sequence data of nrITS DNA, nrLSU DNA, RPB2, TEF1-a and TUB2 of tubakia-like taxa and segregated those taxa in to several genera. Additionally, the novelty of Tubakiaceae was proven. Taxonomy Tubakiaceae U. Braun, J.Z. Groenew. & Crous, in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018). Description: See Braun et al. (2018) Type genus: Tubakia B. Sutton Note: Members in Tubakiaceae are morphologically quite similar but phylogenetically distinct. The sexual morph of Tubakiaceae is not prominent and Apiognomonioides is the well-known sexual morphic genus in this family. Dicarpella-like sexual morph was reported for Tubakia suttoniana. Tubakia B. Sutton, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 60: 164. 1973. Facesoffungi number FoF 04893 Endophytes on leaves or phytopathogenic forming leaf lesions. Leaf spots amphigenous, circular, subcircular to angular-irregular or oblong, pale brown to greyish white, margin distinct, reddish brown to fuscous. Sexual morph: dicarpella-like. Stromatic tissues dark, pseudoparenchymatic. Perithecia rostrate, beak short, usually lateral-eccentric, slightly protuberant, pigmented, ostiolate, ostiole periphysate. Peridium variable in thickness, paler than stromatic layers. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, oblong-ellipsoid, stalk short to oblong, ascal apex with two refractive conoid structures, deliquescing at maturity. Paraphyses lacking. Ascospores more or less uniseriate, becoming irregularly biseriate, one-celled, hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform, often inequilateral or slightly curved, wall finely ornamented, content granular-guttulate. Asexual morph: Conidiomata amphigenous, scattered to gregarious, punctiform, circular to subcircular, superficial, easily removed, Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 413 Fig. 120 Durispora elaeidicola (BRIP 22531). a, b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Cross section of ascomata. e Peridium. f– h Asci. i Paraphyses. j–o Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 100 lm, e–o = 10 lm 123 414 yellowish to blackish brown, scutellate, fixed to the leaf surface by a central columella. Scutella convex to flattened, membranous, dense when young, later loose at the margin, outline regular, circular-subcircular, with a central hyaline to pale brown disc. Scutellum more or less uniformly pigmented, brown, central cells subcircular or angular-irregular in outline, giving rise to radiating threads of hyphal cells. Hyphal cells oblong, septate, pale brown to brown, thick-walled, smooth, simple or one to two times bifurcating, tips of the threads simple to forked, ultimate tips obtuse to pointed. Central columella delicate, easily collapsing, loose, ephemeral, cylindrical, central cells surrounded by smaller, hyaline to pale brown fertile cells that form a pseudoparenchymatous sheath. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, arising from the underside of the scutella, from parenchymatous cells around the upper part of the columella, radiating, orientation outward and downward, delicate, enlarged at the base and attenuated towards a narrow tip, cylindrical, conical to ampulliform, hyaline to pale brown, thin-walled, smooth, apex obtuse to truncate, conidiogenesis phialidic, forming indistinct periclinal thickenings, sometimes percurrently proliferating, forming annellations. Conidia solitary, globose, subglobose to broad ellipsoid, large, apex and base rounded, often with distinct frill, wall somewhat thickened, hyaline or with a pale brown, smooth. Microconidia bacilliform, botuliform or narrowly navicular, formed in smaller conidiomata (description based on Braun et al. 2018). Type species: Tubakia japonica (Sacc.) B. Sutton Tubakia japonica (Sacc.) B. Sutton, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 60: 165. (1973). Fig. 119. Facesoffungi number FoF 04894 Description: See Braun et al. (2018) Notes: Based on the combined RPB2 and nrLSU DNA sequence analyses, Tubakia sensu stricto formed a distinct clade divided into 16 species from the Tubakia suttoniana/ Tubakia macnabbi complex. Tubakia species have two types of asexual morphs as scutellate pycnothyria and sporodochia. However, the sexual morph reported only from Tubakia suttoniana having rostrate perithecia, unitunicate 8-spored asci and hyaline conidia. Apiognomonioides U. Braun, J.Z. Groenew. & Crous, in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018). Facesoffungi number FoF 04895 Description: See Braun et al. (2018) Type species: Apiognomonioides supraseptata (Kaneko & Kobayashi) U. Braun, J.Z. Groenew. & Crous 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Apiognomonioides supraseptata (Kaneko & Kobayashi) U. Braun, J.Z. Groenew. & Crous, in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018). Facesoffungi number FoF 04896 Illustrations: See Kaneko & Kobayashi (1984) Description: See Braun et al. (2018) Notes: Apiognomonia supraseptata was introduced by Kaneko and Kobayashi (1984) and asexual morph was not observed. Apiognomonia supraseptata was accommodated in Tubakia (Harrington and McNew 2018) and Braun et al. (2018) recognized this taxon as phylogenetically distant from Tubakia sensu stricto. Therefore, Apiognomonioides was introduced to accommodate Apiognomonia supraseptata. However, the typical tubakia-like asexual morph has not been observed. Involutiscutellula U. Braun & C. Nakash., in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018). Facesoffungi number FoF 04897 Description: See Braun et al. (2018) Type species: Involutiscutellula rubra (T. Yokoy. & Tubaki) U. Braun & C.Nakash. Involutiscutellula rubra (T. Yokoy. & Tubaki) U. Braun & C. Nakash., in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018). Facesoffungi number FoF 04898 Illustrations: See Yokoyama and Tubaki (1971) Description: See Braun et al. (2018) Notes: This taxon has only been recorded once from its type collection in Korea on Quercus serrata (Cho and Shin 2004). This taxon is discernible from other tubakia-like species by colony morphology becoming reddish brown when mature, distinctive pycnothyria with involute margin and very narrow oblong bacilliform to cylindrical microconidia. Oblongisporothyrium U. Braun & C. Naksh., in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018). Facesoffungi number FoF 04899 Description: See Braun et al. (2018) Type species: Oblongisporothyrium castanopsidis (T. Yokoy. & Tubaki) U. Braun & C. Nakash. Oblongisporothyrium castanopsidis (T. Yokoy. & Tubaki) U. Braun & C. Nakash., in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018). Facesoffungi number FoF 04900 Illustrations: See Yokoyama and Tubaki (1971) Description: See Braun et al. (2018) Notes: Combined nrLSU DNA and RPB2 sequence analysis of Braun et al. (2018) showed that Actinopelte castanopsidis clustered outside of Tubakia sensu stricto. Therefore Oblongisporothyrium was introduced and accommodate this taxon as O. castanopsidis. Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 415 Fig. 121 Hypodermina nervisequa (F40272). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Conidiomata on substrate. d–f Conidiognous cells and conidia. g Conidia. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d–g = 10 lm Paratubakia U. Braun & C. Nakash., in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018). Facesoffungi number FoF 04901 Description: See Braun et al. (2018) Type species: Paratubakia subglobosa (T. Yokoy. & Tubaki) U. Braun & C. Nakash. Paratubakia subglobosa (T. Yokoy. & Tubaki) U. Braun & C. Nakash., in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018). Facesoffungi number FoF 04902 Illustrations: See Yokoyama and Tubaki (1971) Description: See Braun et al. (2018) Notes: Bayesian analysis based on RPB2 and nrLSU DNA in Braun et al. (2018) showed that Tubakia subglobosa and T. subglobosoides closely clustered outside of the Tubakia sensu stricto. Therefore this new clade was introduced as Paratubakia. Racheliella Crous & U. Braun, in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018). Facesoffungi number FoF 04903 Description: See Braun et al. (2018) Type species: Racheliella wingfieldiana Crous & U. Braun Racheliella wingfieldiana Crous & U. Braun, in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018). Facesoffungi number FoF 04904 Illustrations and description: See Braun et al. (2018) Notes: Greeneria saprophytica was described on leaves of Syzygium cumini and a tubakia-like species on Syzygium guineense clustered together with high support in the phylogenetic analysis of Braun et al. (2018). This clade was introduced as Racheliella and the strain obtained from Syzygium guineense was named Racheliella wingfieldiana which is the type species of this genus. Saprothyrium U. Braun, Crous & J.Z. Groenew., in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018). Facesoffungi number FoF 04905 Description: See Braun et al. (2018) Type species: Saprothyrium thailandense (Senan. et al.) U. Braun, Crous & J.Z.Groenew. Saprothyrium thailandense (Senan. et al.) U. Braun, Crous & J.Z.Groenew., in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018). Facesoffungi number FoF 04906 Illustration and description: See Senanayake et al. (2017b) Notes: Phylogenetic analysis of Braun et al. (2018) showed that Tubakia thailandensis clustered outside of Tubakia sensu stricto and this species is phylogenetically distinct from other genera. Therefore, Saprothyrium was introduced to accommodate this. Sphaerosporithyrium U. Braun, Crous, O. Moreno-Rico & Marm., in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018). Facesoffungi number FoF 04907 Description: See Braun et al. (2018) Type species: Sphaerosporithyrium mexicanum O. Moreno-Rico, U. Braun & Marm. 123 416 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 122 Kapooria musarum (IMI 129507). a, b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Cross section of ascomata. e Peridium. f Paraphyses. g–i Asci. j–l Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 100 lm, e–l = 10 lm 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Sphaerosporithyrium mexicanum O. Moreno-Rico, U. Braun & Marm., in Braun et al. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 41–99 (2018). Facesoffungi number FoF 04908 Illustration and description: See Braun et al. (2018) Notes: Sphaerosporithyrium is phylogenetically and morphologically distinct from other taxa in Tubakiaceae. The type species Sphaerosporithyrium mexicanum is characterized by globose, subglobose to broad ellipsoidovoid conidia and pycnothyria with obtuse to truncate tips of the radiating scutellum threads. Notes on excluded genera and Diaporthales genera incertae sedis Allantoporthe Petr., Hedwigia 62: 289 (1921) Facesoffungi number FoF 04328 Allantoporthe was introduced and typified by A. tessella (Pers.) Petr., for species similar to Diaporthe but having stromata with several, solitary perithecia immersed in bark tissues surrounded by a black line and ascospores with short narrow appendage at the ends (Petrak 1921). Wehmeyer (1933) proposed that the presence of faint hyaline appendages was not a significant character. There are three species listed under Allantoporthe in Index Fungorum (2018). However, Allantoporthe was transferred to the Diaporthe as D. decedens (Fr.) M.E. Barr considering its morphological difference from the genus (Wehmeyer 1933; Vasilyeva et al. 2007) and Rossman et al. (2007) suggest that both A. tessella and A. decedens belong in Diaporthe sensu lato. Additionally, Allantoporthe leucothoes is morphologically somewhat similar to A. tessella (Vasilyeva et al. 2007). Hence, we synonymize Allantoporthe under Diaporthe based on their morphological similarity and giving priority to the older name. Cryptoleptosphaeria Petr., Annls mycol. 21(3/4): 196 (1923) Facesoffungi number FoF 04452 Type species: Cryptoleptosphaeria moravica Petr. Cryptoleptosphaeria moravica Petr., Annls mycol. 21(3/4): 196 (1923) Facesoffungi number FoF 04329 Notes: The monotypic genus Cryptoleptosphaeria is typified by C. moravica Petr. This foliicolous genus is characterized by hyaline, thin-walled ascomata, unitunicate cylindrical asci with J- apical ring and long-ellipsoidal to fusiform, septate, hyaline ascospores (Petrak 1923; Réblová and Seifert 2004). Réblová and Seifert (2004) observed isotype material (Czech Republic, Moravia, Hranice na Moravě, Skalická near Bečva, on Phalaris arundinacea; FH) and confirmed that C. moravica is not 417 congeneric with the other species. Hence Cryptoleptosphaeria is restricted to the type species C. moravica. We keep this genus in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis until molecular data is available. Cytomelanconis Naumov, Bot. Mater. Otd. Sporov. Rast. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 7: 108 (1951) Facesoffungi number FoF 04453 Type species: Cytomelanconis systema-solare Naumov. Cytomelanconis systema-solare Naumov, Bot. Mater. Otd. Sporov. Rast. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 7: 109 (1951) Facesoffungi number FoF 04330 Notes: Cytomelanconis was introduced for C. systemasolare Naumov, a fungus with a sexual morph morphologically similar to Melanconis and an asexual morph similar to Cytospora-like species (Müller and von Arx 1962). We could not obtain any material of this species and accommodate it in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. Diaporthella Petr., Annls mycol. 22(1/2): 30 (1924) Facesoffungi number FoF 04331 Type species: Diaporthella aristata (Fr.) Petr., Annls mycol. 22(1/2): 30 (1924) Notes: Diaporthella is typified by D. aristata. Molecular data proved that Diaporthella is a genus in Diaporthales however without an affinity with any family (Senanayake et al. 2017b). Therefore, Diaporthella is placed in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. Ditopellina J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 45: 1481 (1967) Facesoffungi number FoF 04454 Type species: Ditopellina saccardoana (Traverso & Spessa) J. Reid & C. Booth Ditopellina saccardoana (Traverso & Spessa) J. Reid & C. Booth [as ‘saccardiana’], Can. J. Bot. 45: 1481 (1967) =Cryptospora saccardoana Traverso & Spessa [as ‘saccardiana’], Bolm Soc. broteriana, Coimbra 25: 169 (1911) Facesoffungi number FoF 04332 Illustration and description: See Reid and Booth (1967) Notes: Ditopellina saccardoana was originally assigned to Cryptospora based on its ascospores, stroma, non-circinate arrangement of perithecia with non-convergent, short conical necks and very broad asci. However, Reid and Booth (1967) introduced Ditopellina for this species and it was assigned to Diaporthales genera incertae sedis by subsequent studies (Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2010; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). Durispora K.D. Hyde, Sydowia 46(2): 315 (1994) Facesoffungi number FoF 04333 123 418 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 123 Macrodiaporthe occulta (NY 02932432). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Vertical cross section of ascomata. e Papilla. f Peridium. g–k Asci. l–q Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 500 lm, d, e = 100 lm, f–k = 20 lm, l–q = 10 lm Saprobic on dead rachides of palm. Sexual morph: Ascomata developing under blackened raised circular areas on the host surface, with a central periphysate, ostiolar canal, in vertical section ellipsoidal or subglobose, immersed beneath a clypeus, with a central ostiole. Peridium brown, comprising 5–7 layers of brown-walled cells of textura angularis somewhat flattened at the base. Clypeus comprising host cells with brown intracellular fungal hyphae. Paraphyses ovoid at the base, hypha-like, filamentous, septate, hyaline, numerous and tapering abruptly distally. Asci 8-spored, oblong ellipsoid, 123 pedunculate, thin-walled, unitunicate, apically rounded and narrowed, with a subapical, refractive, J-, ring. Ascospores 2–3-seriate, fusiform, hyaline, unicellular, with polar spines. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Durispora elaeidicola K. D. Hyde. Durispora elaeidicola K.D. Hyde, Sydowia 46(2): 316 (1994). Fig. 120. Facesoffungi number FoF 04334 Saprobic on dead rachides of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Sexual morph: Ascomata 120–160 lm high, 280–400 lm Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 419 Fig. 124 Melanamphora spinifera (F145327). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c, d Ascomata on substrate. e Vertical cross section of ascomata. f Peridium. g–j Asci. k–n Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d = 500 lm, e = 100 lm, f = 50 lm, g–n = 20 lm diam., developing under blackened, raised, circular areas on the host surface, with a central ostiolar dot, solitary or grouped, in vertical section ellipsoidal with a flattened base, clypeate, with a central periphysate ostiole. Peridium up to 20 lm wide, brown, comprising 5–7 layers of brownwalled angular cells somewhat flattened at the base. Clypeus comprising host cells with brown intracellular fungal hyphae. Paraphyses 12 lm wide at the base, ovoid, with 3–5 distal cells, tapering distally and quickly to a fine point, septate, hyaline, numerous. Asci 70–96 9 18–24 lm, 8-spored, oblong ellipsoid, pedunculate, thin-walled, unitunicate, apically rounded and narrowed, with a subapical, refractive, J- ring, 3 lm diam., 2 lm high. Ascospores 30–34 9 7–8 lm, 2–3-seriate, fusiform, hyaline, 123 420 unicellular, apically truncate with polar spines to 24 lm long (description based on Hyde 1994). Material examined: MALAYSIA, Petaling Jaya, in grounds of University of Malaya, behind Rumah University (University House), in secondary re-growth forest (originally rubber and oil palm plantation), on dead rachides of Elaeis guineensis, November 1992, K. D. Hyde ML50, KDH 1645, BRIP 22531, holotype. Notes: Durispora was introduced and typified by D. elaeidicola. This monotypic genus is morphologically somewhat similar to Ceriosporella and Urosporella but distinct from these genera (Hyde 1994). Durispora was previously assigned to Cytosporaceae. However, this genus is morphologically differs from Cytosporaceae (Senanayake et al. 2017b). Durispora does not have any sequence data and here we assign this taxon to Diaporthales genera incertae sedis until molecular data is available. Fremineavia Nieuwl., Am. Midl. Nat. 4: 501 (1916) = Titania Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 1(1): 49 (1890) Facesoffungi number FoF 04335 Type species: Fremineavia berkeleyi (Berl.) Nieuwl. = Titania berkeleyi Berl. Notes: Fremineavia is typified by F. berkeleyi and was based on a single collection (Nieuwland 1916). Morphologically it is similar to Coryneum species but it has narrow ascospores. Wehmeyer (1933) provided a description and illustration for this genus and Fremineavia was characterized by having aggregated perithecia in dark stromatic tissues, erumpent necks, 1-spored asci and dark brown, cylindrical to fusoid, 5–11-septate, ascospores. However, it is necessary to obtain more collections to determine its taxonomic position as monospored asci may be an immature state of a fungus. Hypodermina Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 125(1–2): 55 (1916) Facesoffungi number FoF 04336 Foliicolous forming spots on abaxial face, following the midline of the pine needles. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata immersed, pycnidial, globose to subglobose, brown, coriaceous, ostiolate. Peridium comprising large, thick-walled, cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to Conidiogenous cells. Conidiognous cells widely ampulliform to globose, hyaline, aseptate. Conidia ellipsoid, smooth-walled, apically round, base pointed, hyaline. Type species: Hypodermina nervisequa (Link) Höhn. Hypodermina nervisequa (Link) Höhn. [as ‘nervisequia’], Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 125(1–2): 55 (1916). Fig. 121. 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 = Hypodermium nervisequum Link, in Willdenow, Sp. pl., Edn 4 6(1): 89 (1824) Facesoffungi number FoF 04337 Foliicolous forming spots on abaxial face, following the midline of the pine needles. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata immersed, pycnidial, globose to subglobose, brown, coriaceous, ostiolate. Peridium comprising large, thick-walled, cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to Conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 7–10 9 5–6 lm, widely ampulliform to globose, hyaline, aseptate. Conidia 8–10 9 2.5–4 lm, ellipsoid, smooth-walled, apically round and base pointed, hyaline. Material examined: CZECH REPUBLIC, Boehmen, Teplitz, F. v. Thuemen, 1872, F40272. Notes: Hypodermina nervisequa is a leaf spot forming pathogen on Pinus needles, especially those on plants between 3–6 years old. The damage is local and not widespread (von Höhnel 1916; Minter and Millar 1984; López et al. 2003). Kapooria J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 67(3): 898 (1989) Facesoffungi number FoF 04338 Saprobic on drying leaf sheaths. Sexual morph: Superficially appearing as numerous black dots, formed by the epistroma about the ostiole. Ascomata perithecial, scattered, solitary, globose, with a separately emergent cylindrical ostiole. Ostiole internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium composed of hyaline, strongly compressed cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, narrowly clavate, thin-walled, with a more or less flattened apex, tapered below to a narrow stalk. Ascospores unicellular, hyaline, granular, broadly fusoid with pointed tips, uniseriate or in distal end biseriate. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Kapooria musarum (J.N. Kapoor) J. Reid & C. Booth Kapooria musarum (J.N. Kapoor) J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 67(3): 898 (1989). Fig. 122. = Cryptosporella musarum J.N. Kapoor, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 51(2): 328 (1968) Facesoffungi number FoF 04339 Saprobic on drying leaf sheaths of Musa sapientum L. Sexual morph: Superficially appearing as numerous black dots up to 200 lm diam., formed by the epistroma about the ostiole. Ascomata 200–250 lm diam., perithecial, scattered, solitary, globose, with a separately emergent cylindrical ostiole. Ostiole 110–160 9 45–60 lm, internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium up to 20 lm thick, composed of hyaline, strongly compressed cells of textura angularis. Asci 90–140 9 10–14 lm, 8-spored, Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 421 Fig. 125 Phruensis brunneispora (BBH 24697). a Herbarium specimen. b Ascomata on substrate. c Cross section of ascomata. d Peridium. e Paraphyses. f Apical ring. g–k Asci. l–p Ascospores. Scale bars: b = 1 mm, c = 100 lm, d, g–l = 50 lm, e = 20 lm, f = 10 lm 123 422 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 126 Plagiostigme couraliae (NY 02932593). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Leaf spots on specimen. d Ascomata on substrate. e Cross section of ascomata. f–h Asci. i–l Ascospores. Scale bars: b, c = 300 lm, d = 500 lm, e = 30 lm, f–h = 10 lm, i–l = 5 lm 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 unitunicate, narrowly clavate, thin-walled, with a more or less flattened apex, tapered below to a narrow stalk. Ascospores 26–30 9 6–8 lm, unicellular, hyaline, granular, broadly fusoid with pointed tips, uniseriate or in distal end biseriate. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined: INDIA, Bhowali, on drying leaf sheaths of Musa sapientum L. (Musaceae), 9 October 1959, John N. Kapoor, IMI 129507, holotype. Notes: Kapooria is a monotypic genus typified by K. musarum. This genus was assigned to Cytosporaceae (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015; 2016). However morphologically this genus is distinct from Cytosporaceae and Senanayake et al. (2017b) assigned it to Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. Lollipopaia Inderb., Can. J. Bot. 79(9): 1100 (2001) Facesoffungi number FoF 04175 Saprobic on corticated woody branch. Sexual morph: Ascomata black in surface view, seated on a stroma. Stroma erumpent, pseudoparenchymatous, non pulverulent, forming a textura intricata in surface view. Paraphyses broad, deliquescent. Asci at maturity detaching at the base, unitunicate, cylindrical to obclavate, with inamyloid apical ring. Ascospores filiform. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Lollipopaia minuta Inderb. Lollipopaia minuta Inderb., in Inderbitzin & Berbee, Can. J. Bot. 79(9): 1100 (2001) Facesoffungi number FoF 04176 Illustration: See Inderbitzin and Berbee (2001) Saprobic on corticated woody branch. Sexual morph: Stroma 200–450 9 940–1000 lm, erumpent through the thin bark of a branch, stroma and ascomata leathery, surrounded by a carbonaceous cortex 10–80 lm wide, consisting of thick-walled pigmented cells, arranged in textura intricate, medullary cells of the stroma pseudoparenchymatous, irregularly arranged, forming either textura epidermoidea, globulosa, or angularis, with strongly refractive, dark violet walls up to 2.5 lm wide. Ascomata 500 lm in diam., seated on a stroma as a pair, necks emerging eccentrically, oblique, globose, oriented in opposite directions. Peridium 10–20 lm wide, excluding cortex emerging from the surrounding tissue as an outer layer of laterally compressed, elongate cells gradually transforming into an inner thin layer of fusoid hyaline cells. Neck 1000 9 150 lm, ostiolate, periphysate. Periphyses 30 9 1 lm, presumably deliquescent, only short remnants present at the base of the ascomatal venter at maturity. Asci 100–102 9 7.5–9 lm, cylindrical to slightly obclavate, base rounded or pedunculate, apex rounded to truncate, with an apical ring, asci at maturity detaching at the base and exuded through the ostiole, apical ring 1–1.5 lm, cuneiform, refractive, J-. Ascospores filiform, 67–92 9 2–2.5 lm, with rounded ends, parallel in the 423 ascus in two overlapping tetrads, guttulate, number and disposition of septa varying between ascospores. Young ascospores with a median septum, at least four additional septa in mature ascospores after staining with toluidine blue or cotton blue. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Inderbitzin and Berbee 2001). Notes: Lollipopaia is a monotypic genus comprising only Lollipopaia minuta. There are only two nrSSU sequences in GenBank. According to the blast results with GenBank, Lollipopaia minuta is closely related to Diaporthaceae. However we could not add this taxon to our phylogenetic analysis because of lacking relevant molecular data. Macrodiaporthe Petr., Annls mycol. 17(2/6): 94 (1920) Facesoffungi number FoF 04340 Saprobic on woody barks. Sexual morph: Ectostromata comprising blackish fungal hyphae, concentrated around the necks, slightly spreading around the base. Ectostromatic disc inconspicuous. Ascomata immersed, aggregated, 5–8 in a group, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate, with neck. Neck straight or not, wide, comprising thick-walled, thick leathery outer wall and inner wall comprising hyaline periphyses. Peridium thick, divided in to three major layers as inner, brown, thick-walled, cells of textura globulosa, middle loosely packed, large, brown to black cells of textura globulosa and outer, somewhat carbonaceous, tightly packed, black cells. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, widely fusiform, stalk absent or inconspicuous, apex broadly rounded, without prominent apical ring. Ascospores crowded, elongate oval, 1-septate, inner wall constricted, outer wall non-constricted, hyaline, smoothwalled. Appendages short, narrowing towards the distal end, straight or not. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Macrodiaporthe occulta (Fuckel) Petr. Macrodiaporthe occulta (Fuckel) Petr., Annls mycol. 17(2/ 6): 94 (1920). Fig. 123. = Calospora occulta Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 190 (1870). Facesoffungi number FoF 04341 Saprobic on woody barks. Sexual morph: Ectostromata comprising blackish fungal hyphae, concentrated around the necks, slightly spreading around the base. Ectostromatic disc inconspicuous. Ascomata 1000–1300 9 500– 650 lm ( x = 1240 9 575 lm, n = 20), immersed, aggregated, 5–8 in a group, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate, with neck. Neck 775–850 9 400–460 lm ( x = 820 9 420 lm, n = 20), straight or not, wide, comprising thick-walled, thick leathery outer wall and inner wall comprising hyaline periphyses. Peridium 150–220 lm ( x = 200 lm, n = 20), thick, divide in to three major layers as inner, brown, thick-walled, cells of textura globulosa, middle loosely packed, large, brown to black cells of 123 424 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 127 Phragmodiaporthe caryae (F152953). a Packet of herbarium. b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Cross section. e Peridium. f–g Asci. h–j Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e = 10 lm, f–j = 10 lm 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 425 Fig. 128 Prostratus cyclobalanopsidis (IMI 354625). a, b Herbarium specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Cross section of ascomata. e Peridium. f Apical ring. g Paraphyses. h–l Asci. m–s Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 200 lm, d = 100 lm, e–g = 20 lm, h–l = 10 lm, m–s = 5 lm textura globulosa and outer, somewhat carbonaceous, tightly packed, black cells. Asci 150–160 9 40–52 lm ( x = 157 9 41 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, widely fusiform, stalk absent or inconspicuous, apex broadly rounded, without prominent apical ring. Ascospores 60– 75 9 16–20 lm ( x = 65 9 18 lm, n = 20), crowded, elongate oval, 1-septate, inner wall constricted, outer wall non-constricted, hyaline, smooth-walled. Appendages short, narrowing towards the distal end, straight or not. Asexual morph: Undetermined. 123 426 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 129 Pseudothis machaerii (F102866). a, b Packet of herbarium. c Herbarium specimen. d, e Ascomata on host. f Cross section of ascomata. g–j Asci. k–m Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 1000 lm, e = 200 lm, f = 50 lm, g–j = 20 lm, k–m = lm Material examined: USA, New York, Nassau, on bark of Populus sp., April 1893, C. L. Shear, NY 02932432. Notes: The genus Calospora Fuckel was introducedwith C. occulta Fuckel. Saccardo (1882; 1883) transferred Calospora occulta to Melanconis and Calospora ptatanoides (Pers.) Niessl was designated as the type species of Calospora considering presence of phragmosporous ascospore. Macrodiaporthe was introduced based on C. occulta Fuckel., considering its scanty development of ectostroma (Petrak 1919). Macrodiaporthe occulta was assigned to Melanconis (Wehmeyer 1933). Morphologically Macrodiaporthe occulta is distinct from species in Melanconis and Senanayake et al. (2017b) listed this genus under Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. Melanamphora Lafl., Sydowia 28(1–6): 243 (1976) Facesoffungi number FoF 04342 123 Saprobic on wood. Sexual morph: Stromata erumpent, aggregated, comprising black carbonaceous mass. Ascomata immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, brown, ostiolate with ostiolar canal. Peridium comprising small, thick-walled, pale brown to hyaline, cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, straight or curved, apex rounded with J-, distinct, bilobed apical ring, short stiped. Ascospores biseriate, cylindrical, initially hyaline, becoming brown at maturity except end cells, septate, sometimes guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Melanamphora spinifera (Wallr.) Lafl., Sydowia 28(1–6): 245 (1976). Fig. 124. = Sphaeria spinifera Wallr., Fl. crypt. Germ. (Norimbergae) 2: no. 4073 (1833) Facesoffungi number FoF 04343 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 427 Saprobic on wood. Sexual morph: Stromata 3–4 lm wide, erumpent, aggregated, comprising black carbonaceous mass. Ascomata 650–740 9 200–225 lm ( x = 690 9 215 lm, n = 10), immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, brown, ostiolate with ostiolar canal. Peridium 45–60 lm ( x = 50 lm, n = 20), comprising small, thick-walled, pale brown to hyaline, cells of textura angularis. Asci 230–240 9 20–26 lm ( x = 236 9 25 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, straight or curved, apex rounded with J-, distinct, bilobed apical ring, short stiped. Ascospores 60–70 9 7.5– 10 lm ( x = 66 9 8.7 lm, n = 20), biseriate, cylindrical, initially hyaline, becoming brown at maturity except end cells, septate, sometimes guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined: SWEDEN, Östergötland, Västra Tollstad par., Mt. Omberg, Stocklycke, 12 May 1995, Nils Lundqvist, F145327. Notes: Melanamphora is typified by M. spinifera and the second species introduced to this genus was Melanamphora sinensis. This genus is morphologically similar to Melogramma but differs in having ascospores with hyaline apical and basal cells, solitary to aggregated ascomata in poorly developed stromatic tissues. The genus is somewhat similar to species in Tirisporellaceae. However we accommodate this genus in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis until molecular data is available. Phaeoappendicospora Senan., Q.R. Li & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b). Facesoffungi number FoF FoF 03508 Type species: Phaeoappendicospora thailandensis Q.R. Li, Senan. & K.D. Hyde. Phaeoappendicospora thailandensis Senan., Q.R. Li & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al. Stud. Mycol. 86: 217–296 (2017b). Facesoffungi number FoF 03509 Description and illustration: See Senanayake et al. (2017b) Notes: Phaeoappendicospora is typified by P. thailandensis (Senanayake et al. 2017b). Phaeoappendicospora thailandensis has brown ascospores with guttules and appendages. Phylogenetically, P. thailandensis has low bootstrap value and it does not lie within any sequenced family. Phruensis Pinruan, in Pinruan, Sakayaroj, Jones & Hyde, Mycologia 96(5): 1165 (2004) Facesoffungi number FoF 04324 Saprobic on decaying bark of mangrove palm. Sexual morph: Ascomata immersed, subglobose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate, with long central cylindrical neck. Peridium composed of 2 layers, outer layer parenchymatous, Fig. 130 Pseudovalsella thelebola (redrawn from Kobayashi 1970). a Stroma having perithecia and pycnidial locule. b Asci and ascospores. c Conidia. Scale bars: a = 100 lm, b, c = 10 lm intensely brown and merging with the host cells, inner layer, cells elongate and hyaline. Paraphyses hyaline, broad, septate and attached at the base of the centrum. Asci cylindrical to fusiform, unitunicate, apedicellate, apically rounded, with a refractive, J-, subapical ring. Ascospores cylindrical, straight or curved, versicolorous, brown with hyaline or pale brown end cells, trans-septate. Asexual morph: phialophora-like. Type species. Phruensis brunneispora Pinruan. Phruensis brunneispora Pinruan, in Pinruan, Sakayaroj, Jones & Hyde, Mycologia 96(5): 1165 (2004). Fig. 125. Facesoffungi number FoF 04325 Saprobic on decaying bark of Licuala longecalycata Burret. Sexual morph: Ascomata 950–980 lm high, 1.6– 1.7 mm diam., deeply immersed, subglobose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate, scattered. Neck up to 7.5 mm long, 0.5 mm diam., central, cylindrical, black, orange at apex. Peridium up to 250 lm thick, comprising 2 layers, outer 123 428 parenchymatous, intensely brown and merging with the host cells, inner layer, cells elongate and hyaline. Paraphyses up to 11–15 lm wide at the base, hypha-like, tapering distally, not embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 260–275 9 45–50 lm ( x = 265 9 48 lm, n = 25), 8spored, cylindro-clavate to fusiform, unitunicate, apedicellate, apically rounded, with a refractive, J-, cuboid subapical ring, 5–6.2 lm high, 3.7–4.2 lm diam., with a faint channel leading to the apex. Ascospores 115– 120 9 7.5–8.7 lm ( x = 116.5 9 7.8 lm, n = 25), 4-seriate to fasciculate, cylindrical, straight or curved, versicolored, brown with hyaline to pale brown end cells, 9–11septate, smooth-walled, with minute ephemeral mucilaginous material at the ends. Asexual morph: Mycelium effuse, brown, party immersed, non-stromatic. Conidiophores up to 5 lm wide at the base, semi-macronematous, mononematous, branched, straight or slightly flexuous, pale brown to brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, determinate, with small collarettes. Conidia 11.5–14 9 1.5 lm ( x = 12 9 1.5 lm, n = 25), aggregated in slimy heads, semi-endogenous, straight or curved, oblong, colorless, smooth, 0-septate (description based on Pinruan et al. 2004). Material examined: THAILAND, Narathiwat, Sirindhorn Peat Swamp Forest, on dead trunk of Licuala longecalycata Burret., 12 May 2001, U. Pinruan (Wah 113.1), BBH 24697, holotype. Notes: Jones et al. (2015) accommodated Phruensis in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis. However, blast results indicate that Phruensis has close affinity with Diaporthaceae. However we could not add this taxon to our phylogenetic analysis because of lacking relevant molecular data. Plagiophiale Petr., Sydowia 9(1–6): 585 (1955) Facesoffungi number FoF 04455 Type species: Plagiophiale ligulata M.E. Barr Plagiophiale ligulata M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 41(1): 303 (1991) Facesoffungi number FoF 04344 Illustration and description: See Barr (1991) Notes: Plagiophiale is typified by P. eucarpa. Previously this genus comprised four species (Index Fungorum 2018) but the type species was excluded from the genus and transfered to Wettsteinina which placed in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis as W. eucarpa. The second species P. petrakii (E. Müll.) M.E. Barr was moved to Plagiostoma as P. petrakii. Currently this genus does not have a generic type. Therefore, giving priority to the older name, we designate Plagiophiale ligulata M.E. Barr as the type species and P. proteae Marinc. as the second species. We observed authentic material of P. eucarpa from S 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Fig. 131 Wehmeyera acerina. a Packet of Herbarium. specimen. c Ascomata on substrate. d Cross section e Peridium. f Papilla. g–h Asci. i–j Ascospores. c = 500 lm, d = 100 lm, e, f = 20 lm, g–h = 10 lm, b Herbarium c of ascomata. Scale bars: i–j = 5 lm fungarium under accession number F123544 and it has morphological characters of Dothideomycetes. Plagiostigme Syd., Annls mycol. 23(3/6): 341 (1925) Facesoffungi number FoF 04345 Pathogenic forming leaf spots. Sexual morph: Stromata absent. Ascomata solitary or rarely in pairs, scattered, immersed, globose, brown, coriaceous, papillate, ostiolate. Ostiolar canal straight, internally covered by hyaline periphyses, apex of ostiolar canal with a thickened, brown cap. Hamathecium comprising aseptate, hyaline cellular paraphysis. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical, attached to base, without amyloid apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate, ellipsoidal to fusiform, hyaline when young, brown at maturity, unicellular, with a hyaline cap-like appendage. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Plagiostigme couraliae Syd. Plagiostigme couraliae Syd. (1925) Syd., Annls mycol. 23(3/6): 342 (1925). Fig. 126. Facesoffungi number FoF 04346 Pathogenic forming leaf spots. Sexual morph: Stromata absent. Ascomata 220–240 9 100–200 lm, solitary or rarely in pairs, scattered, immersed, globose, brown, coriaceous, papillate, ostiolate. Ostiolar canal straight, internally covered by hyaline periphyses, apex of ostiolar canal with a thickened, brown cap. Hamathecium comprising aseptate, hyaline cellular paraphysis. Asci 85–105 9 7.8– 8.8 lm ( x = 95 9 8.3 lm, n = 30), unitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical, attached to base, without amyloid apical ring. Ascospores 13–16 9 4–5 lm ( x = 14 9 4.8 lm, n = 30), uniseriate, ellipsoidal to fusiform, hyaline when young, brown at maturity, unicellular, with a hyaline cap-like appendage. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined: COSTA RICA, La Caja pr., San Jose, on leaves of Couralia rosea, H. Sydow, 5 January 1925, NY 02932593. Notes: Plagiostigme was introduced with P. couraliae. This genus comprises five species which are associated with leaf spots. We keep Plagiostigme in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. Phragmodiaporthe Wehm., Mycologia 33(1): 54 (1941) Facesoffungi number FoF 04347 Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Stromata erumpent, scattered, enterostromatic, more or less definitely marginated by blackish line, black, coriaceous. Ascomata immersed, aggregated, valsoid, coriaceous, dark brown, ostiolate. Ostiolar canal internally covered by Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 429 123 430 hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising thick-walled, compressed, brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, oval, with J- apical ring, no stipe. Ascospores crowded, fusiform, ellipsoidal to elongate, 3-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, ends pointed, hyaline or brown, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Conidia elongate-fusoid, 1–4-celled, hyaline, borne in clusters or labyrinthiform, enclosed within an entostroma (description of asexual morph from Wehmeyer 1941). Type species: Phragmodiaporthe caryae (Peck) Wehm. Phragmodiaporthe caryae (Peck) Wehm., Mycologia 33(1): 55 (1941). Fig. 127. Facesoffungi number FoF 04348 Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Stromata erumpent, scattered, enterostromatic, more or less definitely marginated by blackish line, black, coriaceous. Ascomata 560–590 9 310–370 lm, immersed, aggregated, valsoid, coriaceous, dark brown, ostiolate. Ostiolar canal internally covered by hyaline periphyses. Peridium 35–45 lm, comprising thick-walled, compressed, brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 80–90 9 20–28 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, oval, with J- apical ring, no stipe. Ascospores 34–40 9 5–7 lm, crowded, fusiform, ellipsoidal to elongate, 3-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, ends pointed, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined: USA, New York, Lyndonville, Hicoria sp, August 1909, C. E. Fairman, F152953. Notes: Phragmodiaporthe is typified by Phragmodiaporthe caryae. Currently this genus comprises three species (Index Fungorum 2018). Phragmodiaporthe is morphologically similar to Diaporthe. However, it differs from Diaporthe in having 4-celled ascospores. Prostratus Sivan., W.H. Hsieh & Chi Y. Chen, Mycol. Res. 97(10): 1179 (1993) Facesoffungi number FoF 04349 Epifoliar. Sexual morph: Stromata epi-stromatic, scattered, single to rarely aggregated, subcuticular, erumpent, somewhat dome-shaped, black, not visible from the upper surface of leaf, with inconspicuous ostioles, often extending beyond the ascomata at the non-ostiolar end. Ascomata uniocular, single or in pairs, horizontal, depressed globose to elliptic, with an upwardly bending erumpent, distinctly, periphysate, ostiolar beak. Peridium composed of 1 to 3-layered, compressed, brown, pseudoparenchymatous cells forming a textura angularis. Paraphyses numerous, hyaline, sparsely branched, septate. Asci cylindrical, 8-spored, rarely 4-spored, unitunicate, short stalk, with a distinct apical structure not blueing with iodine. Ascospores uniseriate to partially biseriate, ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, guttulate, 1-septate near the basal or apical end, 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 with a large brown cell and a hyaline apical or basal dwarf cell. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Prostratus cyclobalanopsidis Sivan., W.H. Hsieh & Chi Y. Chen Prostratus cyclobalanopsidis Sivan., W.H. Hsieh & Chi Y. Chen, Mycol. Res. 97(10): 1179 (1993). Fig. 128. Facesoffungi number FoF 04350 Epifoliar. Sexual morph: Stromata epi-stromatic, scattered, single to rarely aggregated, subcuticular, erumpent, somewhat dome-shaped, black, not visible from the upper surface of leaf, with inconspicuous ostioles, often extending beyond the ascomata at the non-ostiolar end. Ascomata 300–325 9 130–140 lm, uniocular, single or in pairs, horizontal, depressed globose to elliptic, with an upwardly bending erumpent, distinctly, periphysate, ostiolar beak. Peridium composed of 1 to 3-layered, compressed, brown, pseudoparenchymatous cells forming a textura angularis. Paraphyses numerous, hyaline, sparsely branched, septate. Asci 112–175 9 17–25 lm, cylindrical, 8-spored, rarely 4-spored, unitunicate, short stalk, with a distinct apical structure not blueing with iodine. Ascospores 27–32 9 15–19 lm, uniseriate to partially biseriate, ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, guttulate, 1-septate near the basal or apical end, with a large brown cell and a hyaline apical or basal dwarf cell 2.5–3 lm. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Sivanesan et al. 1993). Material examined: TAIWAN, Taichung County, on leaves of Cyclobalanopsis mori, 1 April 1991, C.Y. Chen, IMI 354625 holotype; TAIWAN, Taichung County, Kukuan, on leaves of Cyclobalanopsis mori, 18 January 1988, A. Sivanesan IMI 323550. Notes: Prostratus is typified by P. cyclobalanopsidis. It is a foliar pathogen and has morphological characters that are not truly related to any families in Diaporthales. Therefore, we keep this in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis (Sivanesan et al. 1993). Pseudocryptosporella J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 47: 1058 (1969) Facesoffungi number FoF 04351 Type species: Pseudocryptosporella polylepidis (E. Müll.) J. Reid & C. Booth = Cryptosporella polylepidis E. Müll., in Müller & Dennis, Kew Bull. 19(3): 383 (1965) Notes: Pseudocryptosporella is typified by P. polylepidis. This genus is distinguished from Cryptosporella in having polystichous insertion of perithecia in a pulvinate to pseudoparenchymatous stroma and separately erumpent somewhat broad beaks with sulcate apices. Pseudothis Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 12(3): 274 (1914) Facesoffungi number FoF 04352 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Epifoliar. Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial, solitary, scattered, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate. Peridium comprising small, thick-walled, cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, sessile, apex pointed with J- apical ring. Ascospores biseriate, oval with wide ends, upper end wider than lower end, 1 or 2 septate, initially hyaline, brown at maturity, wall ornamented. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Pseudothis machaerii (Rehm) Theiss. & Syd. Pseudothis machaerii (Rehm) Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 12(3): 274 (1914). Fig. 129. = Dothidella machaerii Rehm, Hedwigia 36(6): 377 (1897) Facesoffungi number FoF 04353 Epifoliar. Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial, solitary, scattered, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate. Peridium comprising small, thick-walled, cells of textura angularis. Asci 45–55 9 10–18 lm, 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform, sessile, apex pointed with J- apical ring. Ascospores 10–11 9 4–5 lm, biseriate, oval with wide ends, upper end wider than lower end, 1 or 2 septate, initially hyaline, brown at maturity, wall ornamented. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined: BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro, on leaves of Machaerium sp., August 1887, E. Ule, F102866, holotype. Notes: Pseudothis is by P. machaerii. Morphologically this genus is somewhat similar to Gnomoniaceae. However, we keep this in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis until molecular data is available. Pseudovalsella Höhn., Annls mycol. 16(1/2): 123 (1918) Facesoffungi number FoF 04354 Saprobic or pathogenic. Sexual morph: Ectostroma scanty or distinct, forming disc with converged necks, composed of parenchymatous or plectenchymatous tissue, immersed initially, then erumpent and broken through the bark epidermis, grey to yellowish brown, loose hyphae forming entostromatic area with the residual tissue of substratum. Ascomata perithecial, clustered,embedded within stromatic area, globular to subglobular, brown to dark brown or black, with neck at the top. Peridium comprising two layers, outer layer composed of brown to blackish, thick-walled cells, inner one composed of hyaline, flattened, thin-walled cells. Necks cylindrical, stout or bent, collectively erumpent through disc, penetrated by a pore with hyaline periphyses. Asci 4–8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to oblong-clavate, thin-walled, with thickened tip with apical ring, fine pore first lined in a layer along the perithecial wall, then loose and irregularly in perithecium. Ascospores irregularly uniseriate or biseriate, elliptic to fusoid, 2-celled, hyaline or brown to greenish brown, often 431 with hyaline appendage on the ends. Asexual morph: Hendersonula-like. Type species: Pseudovalsella thelebola (Fr.) Höhn. Pseudovalsella thelebola (Fr.) Höhn., Annls mycol. 16(1/ 2): 123 (1918). Fig. 130. Facesoffungi number FoF 04355 Saprobic or pathogenic. Sexual morph: Pustules on bark of cankered or dead stems and twigs, large, 1–3 mm in diam.; Ectostroma distinct, initially immersed within bark periderm, then erumpent and broken through the bark epidermis, forming a disc with converged necks, entostromatic hyphae mixing with residual tissues of host. Ascomata 400–1000 lm diam., perithecial, embedded beneath ectostroma, surrounded by entostromatic hyphae, globular or somewhat flattened at the base, with broad neck at the top. Peridium comprising two layers, outer, brown to dark-brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis, inner, compressed, hyaline, thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Necks 400–550 lm high, 100–220 lm wide, erumpent, with hyaline pore with many periphyses. Asci 90– 165 9 18–30 lm ( x = 140 9 20 lm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to oblong-clavate, with thickened tip with apical ring. Ascospores 28–48 9 9–16.5 lm ( x = 35.2 9 11.4 lm, n = 20), irregularly biseriate, elliptic to fusoid, hyaline or ultimately pale brownish, 1-septate, rarely with one to two distosepta, usually not constricted, straight or inequilateral, with hyaline hair-like appendage on each end. Appendage often evanescent in early stage. Asexual morph: Develops in ectostroma as uni- to multilocules with or without sexual state. Locule wall surrounding by prosenchymatous or pseudoparenchymatous stroma with a few layers of hyaline flattened cells. Conidiophores arise from innermost cells, produce conidia acrogenously. Conidia 28–45 9 7.5–12.5 lm ( x = 35.4 9 10.1 lm, n = 20), cylindrical, obtuse at the ends, brown to olive brown, 1–3-septate, straight or curved (description based on Kobayashi 1970). Notes: Pseudovalsella is typified by P. thetebola (Fries) Höhnel. The asexual morph of this genus is reported as Hendersonula Speg. (Kobayashi 1970). This asexual morph is similar to Melanconis, however it differs in having multilocular pycnidia and phaeophragmosporous, brown conidia. Savulescua Petr., in Savulescu, Omagiu lui Traian Savulescu, cu Prilejul Implinirii a 70 de Ani (Bucuresti): 591 (1959) Facesoffungi number FoF 04356 Type species: Savulescua insignis Petr. Notes: This monotypic genus was identified from Puerto Rico where it forms tumor-like swellings in living branches of a melastomataceous plant. Savulescua is characterized 123 432 by having pseudoparenchymatous stromatic tissues, 4-spored asci, and hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, one-septate ascospores. This fungus has not been recollected and morphological information is poorly known. Therefore, we place Savulescua in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. Stioclettia Dennis, Kew Bull. 30(2): 362 (1975) Facesoffungi number FoF 04357 Type species: Stioclettia luzulina Dennis Facesoffungi number FoF 04456 Notes: Barr (1978) suggested this monotypic genus be placed in Gnomoniaceae. Stioclettia luzulina has aggregated perithecia oblique immersed in stromata with short, papillate, lateral beak and oblong fusoid, 5-septate ascospores. However, we could not observe any authentic specimen from this genus and therefore consider it as Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. Wehmeyera J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 67(3): 895 (1989) Facesoffungi number FoF 04358 Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ectostromatic discs single to clustered, developing beneath the periderm, becoming exposed by splitting and fissuring of the periderm as the fungus matures, from above discs appearing elongate, circular, or elliptical in outline; solitary or several arranged linearly in the peridermal fissures. Ectostromata carbonaceous, brittle, leathery when fresh, discs may be perforated by one to several short, cylindric perithecial beaks that in section often appear slightly flared just below the ostiole. Perithecia dark brown, up to 6 clustered in the bark cortex beneath the individual discs, globose to slightly flattened laterally. Peridium outer, 6–9 rows of dark redbrown to darkbrown, thick-walled, compact cells of textura angularis, inner, thin-walled, hyaline, compressed, elongated cells of textura angularis. Necks dark brown, not or only slightly convergent, dark red-brown, thick-walled, parallel to densely interwoven hyphae, neck canal periphysate. Asci cylindric-clavate to broadest towards the base, broadly rounded and thickened above the asci, bilobed, apical ring, short stiped. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Ascospores 1-celled, hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform, thick-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Type species: Wehmeyera acerina (Wehm.) J. Reid & C. Booth Wehmeyera acerina (Wehm.) J. Reid & C. Booth (1989) Wehm., in Cooke, Mycologia 41(6): 610 (1950). Fig. 131. = Cryptosporella acerina Wehm. (1950) Facesoffungi number FoF 04359 Saprobic on woody bark. Sexual morph: Ectostromatic discs single to clustered, developing beneath the periderm, becoming exposed by splitting and fissuring of the 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 periderm as the fungus matures, from above discs appearing elongate, circular, or elliptical in outline; solitary or several arranged linearly in the peridermal fissures. Ectostromata carbonaceous, brittle, leathery when fresh, discs may be perforated by one to several short, cylindric perithecial beaks that in section often appear slightly flared just below the ostiole. Perithecia 400–575 9 315–420 lm ( x = 450 9 350 lm, n = 10), dark brown, up to 6 clustered in the bark cortex beneath the individual discs, globose to slightly flatten laterally. Peridium outer, 6–9 rows of dark red-brown to dark brown, thick-walled, compact cells of textura angularis, inner, thin-walled, hyaline, compressed, elongated cells of textura angularis. Necks up to 425 lm long, 200 lm wide; dark-brown, not or only slightly convergent, dark red-brown, thick-walled, parallel to densely interwoven hyphae, neck canal periphysate. Asci 40–75 9 11–15 lm, cylindric-clavate to broadest towards the base, broadly rounded and thickened above the asci, bilobed, apical ring, short stiped. Hamathecium aparaphysate. Ascospores 10–15 9 4–5.5 lm ( x = 12 9 5 lm, n = 30), 1-celled, hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform, thickwalled. Asexual morph: Undetermined (description based on Reid and Booth 1989). Material examined: USA, Utah. Weber. Liberty. trail to Ben Lomond Creek from North Fork County Park, Wasatch Mountains, C. T. Rogerson, 25 July 1984, NY 02929334, NY 02929335. Notes: Reid and Booth (1989) introduced this genus for Cryptosporella acerina Wehm. However, some characters of Wehmeyera are similar to Phragmoporthe and Ditopella (Reid and Booth 1967). Morphological characters such as well-developed apical ring, the asci deliquescent at maturity, relatively massive, well-developed ectostromatic discs suggested that this genus may be accommodated in Diaporthales. However, the taxonomic placement of Wehmeyera is not confirmed with any families in Diaporthales. Hence we keep Wehmeyera in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. Keinstirschia J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 67(3): 897 (1989) Facesoffungi number FoF 04457 Type species: Keinstirschia megalosperma (Kirschst.) J. Reid & C. Booth. Keinstirschia megalosperma (Kirschst.) J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 67(3): 897 (1989) =Cryptosporella megalosperma Kirschst., Annls mycol. 37(1/2): 114 (1939) Facesoffungi number FoF 04360 Illustration: See Reid and Booth (1989) Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Notes: Reid and Booth (1989) introduced Keinstirschia based on Cryptosporella megalosperma Kirsch. Keinstirschia is distinguished by the shape and large size of the ascospores, the extremely regular, but somewhat unusual, granular nature of the ascospores, ascal apex and the persistent, unusually tough or membranaceous ascal walls. Morphologically this genus does not show affinities to any families. The holotype was collected from Germany and it has not been re-collected. Therefore, we accommodate this genus in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis until molecular data is available. Genera excluded from Diaporthales Anisomycopsis I. Hino & Katum., J. Jap. Bot. 39: 325 (1964) Facesoffungi number FoF 04361 Anisomycopsis is a monotypic genus is typified by A. rosae I. Hino & Katum. This species is restricted to the holotype material and has not been re-collected. Unfortunately, we could not obtain holotype material. Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2007; 2010), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; 2016), and Senanayake et al. (2017b) listed this genus in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis and Kirk et al. (2013) accepted this as a valid genus. However, Anisomycopsis is more closely related to Pseudomassaria Jacz. having similar ascospore morphology and complex apical ring same as Cainia (Krug 1978). Hence considering morphological characters, we exclude Anisomycopsis from Diaporthales genera incertae sedis and include it in Xylariomycetidae genera incertae sedis as it has more similar characters to taxa in Xylariomycetidae. Wuestneiopsis J. Reid & Dowsett, Can. J. Bot. 68(11): 2406 (1990) Type species: Wuestneiopsis georgiana (J.H. Mill. & G.E. Thomps.) J. Reid & Dowsett = Gnomoniella georgiana J.H. Mill. & G.E. Thomps. (1940) Notes: Wuestneiopsis is typified by W. georgiana. Reid and Dowsett (1990) suggested that W. georgiana may have a Mastigosporella asexual morph. Nag Raj and DiCosmo (1981) examined the holotype of W. georgiana and that specimen was determined to be the sexual morph of Mastigosporella nyssae. The type species of Mastigosporella, M. hyalina, has been linked to the asexual morph of Wuestneiopsis quercifolia (Barr 1978; Nag Raj and DiCosmo 1981). Rossman et al. (2015) considered that the type species of Mastigosporella and Wuestneiopsis are congeneric and hence Wuestneiopsis is synonymized under Mastigosporella giving priority to the older name. Hence Wuestneiopsis is not a valid genus. 433 List of accepted genera in Diaporthales Apiosporopsidaceae Senan. et al. Apiosporopsis (Traverso) Mariani Apoharknessiaceae Senan. et al. Apoharknessia Crous & S.J. Lee Lasmenia Speg. Asterosporiaceae Senan. et al. Asterosporium Kunze Auratiopycnidiellaceae Senan. et al. Auratiopycnidiella Crous & Summerell Coryneaceae Corda Coryneum Nees Cryphonectriaceae Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. Amphilogia Gryzenh. et al. Aurantioporthe G. Beier & Blanchette Aurantiosacculus Dyko & B. Sutton Aurapex Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. Aurifilum Begoude et al. Celoporthe Nakab. et al. Chromendothia Lar.N. Vassiljeva Chrysofolia Crous & M.J. Wingf. Chrysoporthe Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. Corticimorbus S.F. Chen & M.J. Wingf., Cryphonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc. Cryptometrion Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. Diversimorbus S.F. Chen & J. Roux Endothia Fr. Foliocryphia Cheewangkoon & Crous Holocryphia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. Immersiporthe S.F. Chen et al. Latruncellus M. Verm. et al. Luteocirrhus C.F. Crane & T.I. Burgess Mastigosporella Höhn. Microthia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. Rostraureum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. Ursicollum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. Wuestneia Auersw. ex Fuckel Cytosporaceae Fr. Cryptascoma Ananthap. Cytospora Ehrenb. Hypophloeda K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones Pachytrype Berl. ex M.E. Barr et al. Paravalsa Ananthap Waydora B. Sutton Xenotypa Petr. Diaporthaceae Höhn. Apioporthella Petr. Caudospora Starbäack Chaetoconis Clem. Chiangraiomyces Senan. & K.D. Hyde Diaporthe Nitschke 123 434 Hyaliappendispora Senan. et al. Leucodiaporthe M.E. Barr et al. Mazzantia Mont. Ophiodiaporthe Y.M. Ju et al. Paradiaporthe Senan. et al. Phaeocytostroma Petr. Phaeodiaporthe Petr. Pustulomyces D.Q. Dai et al. Stenocarpella Syd. & P. Syd. Diaporthosporellaceae C.M. Tian & Q. Yang Diaporthosporella C.M. Tian & Q. Yang Diaporthostomataceae X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian Diaporthostoma X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian Erythrogloeaceae Senan., et al. Chrysocrypta Crous & Summerell Erythrogloeum Petr. Disculoides Crous et al. Dendrostoma X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian Gnomoniaceae G. Winter Alnecium Voglmayr & Jaklitsch Ambarignomonia Sogonov Amphiporthe Petr. Anisomyces Theiss. & Syd. Apiognomonia Höhn. Apioplagiostoma M.E. Barr Asteroma DC Bagcheea E. Müll. & R. Menon Chadefaudiomyces Kamat et al. Cryptosporella Sacc. Dicarpella Syd. Dictyoporthe Petr. Ditopella De Not. Ditopellopsis J. Reid & C. Booth Gloeosporidina Petr. Gnomonia Ces. & De Not. Gnomoniella Sacc. Gnomoniopsis Berl. Maculatipalma J. Fröhlich & K.D. Hyde Mamianiella Höhn., Marsupiomyces Senan. & K.D. Hyde Millerburtonia Cif. Occultocarpon L.C. Mejı́a et al. Ophiognomonia (Sacc.) Sacc. Phragmoporthe Petr. Phylloporthe Syd. Plagiostoma Fuckel Pleuroceras Riess. Sirococcus Preuss Spataporthe Bronson et al. Uleoporthe Petr. Uniseta Ciccar Valsalnicola D.M. Walker & Rossman Vismaya V.V. Sarma & K.D. Hyde 123 Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Harknessiaceae Crous, Dwiroopa Subram. & Muthumary Harknessia Cooke Mebarria J. Reid & C. Booth Juglanconidaceae Voglmayr & Jaklitsch Juglanconis Voglmayr & Jaklitsch Lamproconiaceae C. Norphanphoun, T.C. Wen & K.D. Hyde Hercospora Fr. Lamproconium (Grove) Grove Macrohilaceae Crous Macrohilum H.J. Swart Melanconidaceae G. Winter Melanconis Tul. & C. Tul. Melanconiellaceae Senan. & Maharachch., K.D. Hyde Dicarpella Syd. Greeneria Scribn. & Viala Massariovalsa Sacc. Melanconiella Sacc. Microascospora Senan. & K.D. Hyde Prosopidicolaceae Senan. & K.D. Hyde Prosopidicola Crous & C.L. Lennox Pseudomelanconidaceae C.M. Tian & X.L. Fan Pseudomelanconis C.M. Tian & X.L. Fan Pseudoplagiostomataceae Cheew. et al. Pseudoplagiostoma Cheew. et al. Schizoparmaceae Rossman Coniella Höhn. Stilbosporaceae Link Crinitospora B. Sutton & Alcorn Natarajania Pratibha & Bhat Stegonsporium Corda Stilbospora Pers. Sydowiellaceae Lar.N. Vassiljeva Alborbis Senan. & K.D. Hyde Breviappendix Senan. & K.D. Hyde Cainiella E. Müll Calosporella J. Schröt Chapeckia M.E. Barr Hapalocystis Auersw. ex Fuckel Italiomyces Senan. et al. Lambro Racib. Paragnomonia Senan. & K.D. Hyde Ranulospora Senan. et al. Rossmania Lar.N. Vassiljeva Sillia P. Karst. Sydowiella Petr. Tenuiappendicula Senan. et al. Tortilispora (Sacc.) Senan. & K.D. Hyde Synnemasporellaceae X.L. Fan & J.D.P. Bezerra Synnemasporella X.L. Fan & J.D.P. Bezerra Tirisporellaceae Suetrong Bacusphaeria Norlailatul, Alias & Suetrong Fungal Diversity (2018) 93:241–443 Thailandiomyces Pinruan, Sakay., K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones Tirisporella E.B.G. Jones, K.D. Hyde & Alias Tubakiaceae U. Braun, J.Z. Groenew. & Crous Apiognomonioides U. Braun, J.Z. Groenew. & Crous Involutiscutellula U. Braun & C. Nakash. Oblongisporothyrium U. Braun & C. Naksh. Paratubakia U. Braun & C. Nakash. Racheliella Crous & U. Braun Saprothyrium U. Braun, Crous & J.Z. Groenew. Sphaerosporithyrium U. Braun et al. Tubakia B. Sutton Diaporthales genera incertae sedis Cryptoleptosphaeria Petr. Cytomelanconis Naumov Diaporthella Petr. Ditopellina J. Reid & C. Booth Durispora K.D. Hyde Fremineavia Nieuwl. Hypodermina Höhn. Kapooria J. Reid & C. Booth Keinstirschia J. Reid & C. Booth Lollipopaia Inderbitzin Macrodiaporthe Petr. Melanamphora Lafl. Phaeoappendicospora Senan. et al. Phragmodiaporthe Wehm. Phruensis Pinruan Plagiophiale Petr. Plagiostigme Syd. Prostratus Sivan. et al. Pseudocryptosporella J. Reid & C. Booth Pseudothis Theiss. & Syd. Pseudovalsella Höhn. Savulescua Petr. Stioclettia Dennis Wehmeyera J. Reid & C. Booth Genera excluded from Diaporthales Anisomycopsis I. Hino & Katum. Discussion Morphological characters of diaporthoid fungi have a wide variation (Barr 1978; Senanayake et al. 2017b). As a result of the wide morphological diversity in both macro and micro-characters, there is some taxonomic confusion that still needs to be resolved. Earlier, taxonomic concepts in the Diaporthales have been evaluated basically on characters of ascospores. Barr (1978) presented a monograph of Diaporthales with emphasis on Gnomoniaceae in North America. In that classification, Barr used position of perithecia in stromatic tissues, ascospore shape and 435 septation. However, Monod (1983) used characters of the stroma, ascospore and the asexual morph to differentiate and classify taxa within Diaporthales. The principal characters of Diaporthales as explained in prior studies are brown to black perithecial fruiting bodies immersed in a stroma or the substrate, unitunicate asci that float free within the centrum at maturity, J- refractive ring in the apex, and coelomycetous asexual morph producing phialidic, often annellidic conidiogenous cells, and 0–1-septate conidia in acervuli or pycnidia with or without a welldeveloped stroma. (Barr 1978; Samuels and Blackwell 2001; Rossman et al. 2007). To resolve taxonomic problems within diaporthoid fungi and to demarcate boundaries, it is necessary to use molecular data (Castlebury et al. 2002). However, a considerable amount of taxa in Diaporthales do not have sequence data nor ex-type cultures of generic types from which to obtain sequences. Therefore, it is necessary to reexamine type materials to help determine natural classification. Several recent studies have helped to resolve taxonomic problems in the Diaporthales (Alvarez et al. 2016; Cheewangkoon et al. 2010; Crous et al. 2012b; Gryzenhout et al. 2006a; Jones et al. 2015; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015; Norphanphoun et al. 2016; Rossman et al. 2007; Senanayake et al. 2017b; Suetrong et al. 2015; Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014; Voglmayr et al. 2017). However, this order is still problematic and a morphology-based revision is required to help resolve them. We followed earlier studies to construct an outline and determine the genera related to Diaporthales. Here we provided detailed descriptions, illustrations and notes for all the accepted genera and we treated some genera which have been placed in uncertain placements. Senanayake et al. (2017b) listed 107 genera within families of Diaporthales and 40 as Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. In the current study we extend the work done by Senanayake et al. (2017b) and after examination of authentic type specimens, we determined some taxa accommodated in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis must have familial affinities. We treated 17 genera previously assigned to Diaporthales genera incertae sedis or other orders, within several families in Diaporthales such as Aurantioporthe, Bacusphaeria, Caudospora, Chadefaudiomyces, Corticimorbus, Cryptascoma, Dictyoporthe, Hypophloeda, Maculatipalma, Massariovalsa, Mebarria, Natarajania, Thailandiomyces, Tirisporella, Uleoporthe, Vismaya and Wuestneia. Additionally, we proposed a new combination, Dendrostoma leiphaemia to the Dendrostoma (Erythrogloeaceae) based on molecular data. For some genera we have designated new generic types as they are lacking type species or type species have affiliations with other families. In addition, Anisomycopsis showed more 123 436 similar characters to taxa in Xylariomycetidae and therefore we included this genus in Xylariomycetidae genera incertae sedis. Tirisporellaceae which was previously placed in Tirisporellales is revised here and it forms a clade within Diaporthales. Therefore, we included Tirisporellaceae as a family in Diaporthales. Based on morphological characters and molecular data we accepted 27 families, 138 genera within Diaporthales, 24 genera in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis and one genus in Xylariomycetidae genera incertae sedis. Acknowledgements Kevin D. Hyde thanks to National Research Council of Thailand (Mae Fah Luang University) for the grant ‘‘Biodiversity, phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes of Pandanaceae’’ (Grant No. 592010200112) and Thailand Research Fund (TRF) grant no RSA5980068 entitled ‘‘Biodiversity, phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes on above parts of Rhizophora apiculata and Nypa fruticans’’, the National Research Council of Thailand (Mae Fah Luang University) Grant No. 60201000201 entitled ‘‘Diseases of mangrove trees and maintenance of good forestry practice’’, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, project number 2013T2S0030, for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botany. Samantha C. Karunarathna thanks CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) for funding his postdoctoral research (number 2018PC0006). We would like to thank the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) for funding this work under the project code 31750110478. 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Wanasinghe3 Chada Norphanphoun3 • Anuruddha Karunarathna3,5 • Dhandevi Pem3 • Rekhani H. Perera3 • Erio Camporesi6,7,8 • Eric H. C. McKenzie9 • Kevin D. Hyde1,2,3 • Samantha C. Karunarathna1,2 1 Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China 2 World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China 3 Centre of Excellence for Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand 4 Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit 80837, Mauritius 5 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand • 6 A.M.B. Gruppo Micologico Forlivese, Antonio Cicognani, Via Roma 18, Forlı̀, Italy 7 A.M.B. Circolo Micologico, Giovanni Carini, 314 Brescia, Italy 8 Società per gliStudiNaturalisticidella Romagna, 144 Bagnacavallo, RA, Italy 9 Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand 123

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