O IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria 1992 CONTENTS OF SET 113 Description No. Species Principal hosts 1121 Aristastoma camarographioides Glycine, Pueraria 1122 Cytosphaera mangiferae Mango 1123 Drechslera gigantea Grasses, Banana 1124 Elsino# batatas Sweet potato 1125 Guignardia dioscoreae Taro 1126 Phyllachora alpiniae Wild ginger 1127 PhyIlachora musicola Banana 1128 Pseudocercospora artocarpi Breadfruit 1129 Pseudoepicoccum cocos Coconut 1130 Stigmina mangiferae Mango ISSUED BY T H E I N T E R N A T I O N A L MYCOLOGICAL INSTITUTE AN INSTITUTE OF CAB INTERNATIONAL Kew, Surrey, United Kingdom Mycopathologia 1 1 3 : 4 3 - 6 4 9 CAB International, 1992. IMI DESCRIPTIONS OF FUNGI AND BACTERIA The object of this series (formerly CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, Sets 1-100 and CMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, Sets 101-102) is to provide, in convenient form, standardized, usually illustrated, descriptions of pathogens for use by plant pathologists and veterinary and medical mycologists. Besides a detailed description of the species, information is included on such subjects as the disease caused by the organism, its geographical distribution, physiologic specialization, transmission etc. Fungi of importance to other applied fields like biocontrol of insects and weeds, biodeterioration, biotechnology, industrial mycology etc. are also covered. References to key literature are also given. The information provided is based, wherever possible, on the 13/11Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, the Review of Plant Pathology (formerly Review of Applied Mycology) and the Review of Medical and Veterinary Mycology. The descriptions are published in sets of 10, four sets being issued each year. Mycoparhologia 119: 45-46, 1992, IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria No. 1121 ARISTASTOMA CAMAROGRAPHIOIDES A, V.s. of conidioma; B, Conidioma; C-G, Conidia; H, Immature conidia and conidiogenous cells (Bars= i0 Ixm). 46 Aristastoma camarographioides B. Sutton, Mycological Papers 97: 7, 1964. Conidiomata pycnidial, hyaline to light brown, solitary, immersed, setose, unilocular, thin-walled, of textura angularis, 120-140 Ixm high, 80-160 Ixm wide. Ostiole central, circular, papillate and light brown. Setae ostiolar, more or less straight, unbranched, tapering at the apex, dark brown, smooth, thin-walled, septate. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells determinate, discrete, doliiform, hyaline, smooth, formed from the inner cells of the pycnidial wall. Conidia holoblastic, hyaline, transversely (3-) 7 (-8) septate with longitudinal septa in one or two cells, cylindric, truncate at the ends, thin-walled, smooth, guttulate, 31-54 • 7 - 1 0 Ixm, with a mucilaginous appendage at each end. HOSTS: Glycine max and Pueraria spp. DISEASE: Brown to grey, circular to irregular leaf spot on Pueraria spp. G E O G R A P H I C A L DISTRIBUTION: India, Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands. P H Y S I O L O G I C S P E C I A L I Z A T I O N : None reported. TRANSMISSION: No research is available, but almost certainly by air-borne dispersal of conidia. NOTES: This disease is common in Papua New Guinea where the fungus causes large irregular brown spots on the host leaves. The effect of the fungus is unknown, but is likely to retard growth affecting persistance of Pueraria pastures. It has also been found on soybean in India. L I T E R A T U R E : Hyde & Philemon, Mycological Research 95: 1151-1152, 1991; Maiti & Dhar, Transactions of the British Mycological Society 79: 547-548, 1982; McKenzie & Jackson, Regional Project Governments of the South Pacific Island Countries, Field Document 11, FAO, 1986; Sutton, The Coelomycetes, CMI, 1980. K.D. Hyde: & E. Philemon 2 1plant Pathology Branch, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Mareeba, Qld 4880, Australia. ZDepartment of Agriculture and Livestock, Agricultural Products Division, P.O. Box 2141, Boroko, Papua New Guinea. [Numbers in brackets, e.g. (62, 5055), refer to abstracts in the Review of Plant Pathology] Issued by the International Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3AF, U.K. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 5 9 C.A.B International, 1992. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Mycopathologia 119: 47-48, 1992. IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria No. 1122 CYTOSPHAERA MANGIFERAE A. Vertical section of conidioma; B. Conidiomata on leaf surface; C. Leaf spot; D,E. Conidia; F. Conidium formation (Bars, A,B = 100 txm, C= 10 mm, D - F = 10 b~m). 48 Cytosphaera mangiferae Died., Annales Mycologici 14: 205, 1916. Haplosporella mangiferae (Died.) Petrak & H. Sydow, ReD. spec. nov. regni, reg. 42: 102, 1927. Colonies on potato dextrose agar pellicular, with crenate margins, whitish grey to buff, conidiomata produced in concentric bands above dark flecks. Mycelium on mango fruit, initially immersed in host tissue, later forming a white stromatal collar at the stem end. On leaves forming a brown zonate leaf spot with conidiomata on the upper surface. Conidiomata on mango fruit scattered, initially immersed, but becoming strongly erumpent, eustromatic, tan, discrete, or less commonly aggregated, 400-900 ~m diam, locules 300-400 txm and walls 50140 ixm. Walls comprised of an outer layer (45-65 ~m wide) of textura intricata, a middle layer (45-95 bern) of textura porrecta and an inner layer (28-46 ~m) of flattened cells. Conidiomata on leaves scattered, eustromatic, immersed, becoming erumpent, discrete, opening by irregular cracking of the host epidermis. Conidiophores 1-2-septate, hyaline, smooth, formed from the cells at the base of the locule. Conidiogenous cells simple, cylindric, aseptate, hyaline, smooth, phialidic. Conidia 16-26• 10-13 itm, hyaline, oblong to ovate, unicellular, basally truncate, very thick walled (1.7 2.5 >m), cytoplasm granular, sometimes weakly constricted at the centre, sometimes basally papillate. HOSTS: Mangifera indica, Aquilaria agallocha (56, 5142), Artocarpus frengenifolia, Macadamia integrifolia, Sabal palmetto. DISEASE: Zonate leaf spot of mango. Stem or limb canker and dieback of mango, stem canker of macadamia, stem end rot of mango fruit. G E O G R A P H I C A L DISTRIBUTION: Australia, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea. P H Y S I O L O G I C S P E C I A L I Z A T I O N : None reported. TRANSMISSION: By waterborne or windborne conidia. C. mangiferae occurs endophytically in mango stems. Fruit infection and stem cankers are thought to arise from endophytic mycelium. NOTES: The fungus causes large brown zonate leaf spots on mango leaves, but appears to do very little damage since spots are usually sparse. C. mangiferae is associated with twig die back, stem and limb canker and stem end rot of fruit less commonly than the anamorphs of Botryosphaeria spp. The latter are considered to outcompete-it. Cytosphaera mangiferae is distinguished from Haplosporella by the hyaline, thick walled conidia and different stromatic structure. The genus is monotypic. The teleomorph of C. mangiferae is a Cryptodiaporthe sp. (Alcorn, unpublished). Colonies display a moderate growth rate (cf. Lasiodiplodia fast, Guignardia slow) on potato dextrose agar, with conidiomata produced in 12-14 days at 23 ~ C. Sutton (i980) described the formation of a multi-locular stroma, 1250 Ixm diam, with locules 190-375 ~tm diam and walls 35-40 ~m. Microconidia were also reported as hyaline, aseptate, thin-walled, guttulate, ellipsoid to cylindrical, 2.5 3 • 1 ixm. L I T E R A T U R E : Diedicke, Annales Mycologici 14: 205, 1916: Sutton, The Coelomycetes, p. 161, Kew, CMI 1980; G.I. Johnson et al., Acta Horticulturae 291: i991; G.I. Johnson et al., Acta Horticulturae 1992, in press. G.I. Johnson I & K.D. Hyde ? ~Plant Pathology Branch, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Indooroopilly Qld 4068, Australia. 2Plant Pathology Branch, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Mareeba, Qld 4880, Australia. [Numbers in brackets, e.g. (62, 5055), refer to abstracts in the Review of Plant Pathology] Issued by the International Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3AF, U.K. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 9 C.A.B International, 1992. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Mycopathologia 119: 49-50, 1992. IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria No. 1123 DRECHSLERA GIGANTEA Conidiophores and conidia ( x 250). Drechslera gigantea (Heald & F.A. Wolf) S. Ito, Proceedings of the hnperial Academy of Japan 6: 355, 1930. Helminthosporium giganteum Heald & F.A. Wolf, Mycologia 3: 21, 1911. Colonies growing moderately, consisting of fine, hyaline, branched strands. Conidiophores single or in small groups, dark brown at the base, pale brown to subhyaline at the apex, septate, up to 400 txm long, 9-12 p~m wide, cylindrical, cicatrized, slightly geniculate above, with a swollen base and sometimes swollen near the apex which often has a saucer-like depression at the scar. Conidia straight, cylindrical, thin-walled, smooth, hyaline at first, later becoming very pale brown, 3-6 (commonly -5) - septate, 200-500 • 15-30 p~m, ends hemispherical. 50 HOSTS: Agropyron, Agrostis, Anthephora, Bambusa, Brornus, Cenchrus, Cocos, Cornmelina, Cynodon, Dendrocal- arnus, Echinochloa, Eleusine, Elymus, Eragrostis, Festuca, Glyceria, Hilaria, Lasiagrostis, Leersia, Melinis, Musa, Oryza, Panicum, Penniseturn, Phalaris, Poa, Saccharum, Sporobolus, Terarnnus, Trichachne, Uniola, Zinnia. DISEASE: Zonate eye-spot of grasses, eye-spot of banana. G E O G R A P H I C A L DISTRIBUTION: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Panama, Peru, USA. P H Y S I O L O G I C S P E C I A L I Z A T I O N : Not known. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia. NOTES: Leaf spots on Bermuda grass are minute, brown with a white to lightly straw coloured centre becoming zonate with age. Large areas of leaves are killed with the spread of the eyespots. Conidia are produced relatively in abundance in moist conditions and are short-lived. Mature eyespots on banana are 16 • 6 mm, with a greyish or white centre and dark brown margin (41: 732). On rice the symptoms are minute, longitudinal oval spots, 14 mm long, 0.5-1 m wide, with white to light straw-coloured necrotic centres and narrow dark brown margins (60: 3171). The disease is of minor economic importance. Fungicide treatments did not appreciably affect the incidence of the disease on turf (56: 742). A regular diurnal periodicity was observed in spore discharge in Jamaica, being maximum at 8.00 and 14.00 hr, particularly after rain (42: 477). In test for resistant cultivars of Zinnia in the USA, cultivars Netum, K-2 and Johnson were found to be susceptible to the eyespot fungus (62: 249). L I T E R A T U R E : Drechsler, Journal afAricultural Research 37: 473-492, 1928; 39: 129-135, 1929; Meredith, Annals of Applied Biology 51: 29-40, 1963; Transactions of the British Mycological Society 46: 201-207, 1963; Meredith & Campbell, Plant Disease Reporter 46: 305, 1962. A. Sivanesan [Numbers in brackets, e.g. (62, 5055), refer to abstracts in the Review of Plant Pathology] Issued by the International Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3AF, U.K. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 9 C.A.B International, 1992. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Mycopathologia 119: 51-52, 1992. IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria No. 1124 A, Scab lesion on leaf x7; B, Scab lesion on petiole x7; C, Asci • ELSINOE BATATAS I), Ascospores • E|sino~ batatas Vi6gas & A.E. Jenkins in Jenkins and Vi6gas, Journal of the Washington Academy of Science 33: 248, 1943. Anamorph: Sphaceloma batatas Sawada, ReD. Dept. Agric. Formosa 57: 105, 1931. Lesions on leaves and stems, separate or confluent, circular, elliptical or elongate; on leaves mostly hypophyllous, mainly along the midrib, veins and petioles, up to 2 mm diam. Scabs irregularly discoid to subglobose, corky, tan to brown, confluent. Ascomata subepidermal, dark brown to black, solitary to aggregated, up to 52 150 ixm diam, composed of pseudoparenchymatic tissue containing numerous monascus locules. Asci globose or ovoid, 8-spored, thick walled, 18-25 • 12-25 ixm. Ascospores hyaline, smooth, transversely 1-3 septate, sometimes constricted at the midseptum, 12-18 x 4-5 ~m. Conidiomata acervulus, amphigenous, mostly hypophyllous, 12-60 0,m diam, immersed becoming erumpent, with a wall of 1-2 layers of pseudoparenchymatous cells, Conidiophores short, simple to rarely branched, 10 • 3 txm. Conidia hyaline, smooth, aseptate, oblong, 49 x 2.5-3.5 p~m formed on monophialidic to polyphialidic conidiogenous cells on the conidiophore. HOST: Ipomoea batams. DISEASE: Leaf and stem scab of sweet potato. G E O G R A P H I C A L DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Brazil, Brunei, Caroline Islands, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Guadalcanal?, Guam, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia (including Sabah and Sarawak), New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Taiwan, Tonga, Vanuata. P H Y S I O L O G I C S P E C I A L I A T I O N : None reported. TRANSMISSION: By waterborne spores and through cuttings. NOTES: The fungus causes small corky outgrowths on the lower leaf surface and on the midribs, main veins, petioles and main stem. The scabs are brown or tan and cause distortion and reduction of growth in the plant. Similar symptoms can also be caused by a thrip, Dendrothripoides innoxius. In Queensland 20% yield loss was caused to crops of the cultivar "Porto Rico'. In other countries yield losses have been reported at 50%. It is most severe in mountainous regions where rain, mist and dews are abundant. Relatively little is known about controlling this disease although research is currently underway to improve resistance in new cultivars. A high degree of control has been achieved with chlorothalonil, while mancozeb has been less effective. Of nine fungicides tested in north Queensland only benomyl and chlorothalonil reduced disease incidence, the former being significant in its reduction (68,637). Benomyl was also found to be effective in trials in Papua New Guinea (63, 2112; 68, 1087). Twenty commercial cultivars were tested for resistance and the varieties Centennial '83 was highly resistant and Beerwah Gold moderately resistant. Philippine cultivars V2-t, V2-3 and V2-30, and a number of AVRDC cultivars were found to be highly resistant in tests in Taiwan (68, 2962). Resistant varieties had a thicker cuticle and fewer stomata and lenticels than the susceptible varieties (67, 1099), and so providing a much reduced chance of invasion by the fungus. In culture abundant conidial production was obtained in sweet potato agar exposed to continuous darkness (67, 2196). L I T E R A T U R E : Clark & Moyer, Compendium of Sweet Potato Diseases, APS, 1988; Divinagracia & Mailum, Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 31: 104, 1976; Floyd, Tropical Agriculture 65: 6-8, 1988; Goodbody, Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 60: 302-303, 1983; Jenkins & Vi6gas, Journal of the Washington Academy of Science 33: 244--249, 1943; McKenzie & Jackson, Regional Project Governments of South Pacific Island Countries, I"Teld Document II, F A O , I986; Ramsey, Vawdrey & Hardy, Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28: 137141, 1988. A. Sivanesan & K.D. Hyde* *Plant Pathology Branch, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Mareeba, Qld 4880, Australia. [Numbers in brackets, e.g. (62, 5055), refer to abstracts in the Review of Plant Pathology] Issued by the International Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3AF, U.K. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 9 C.A.B International, 1992. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Mycopathologia 119: 53-54, 1992. GUIGNARDIA DIOSCOREAE IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria No. 1125 A, Asci; B, Ascospores; C, Conidia (all x 650). Guignardia dioscoreae A.K. Pande, Sydowia 22: 167, 1968 (1969). Discosphaerina dioscoreae Petrak, Annls mycol. 29: 201, 1931. Guignardia dioscoreae Sawada, Spec. Publ. Coll. Agric., Taiwan 8: 58, 1959 (non rite publ., without Latin diagnosis). Guignardia dioscoreae Sawada ex Katumoto, Jap. J. Bot. 40: 193, 1965 (non rite publ., without indication of type and rank of the taxon). Anamorph: Phyllosticta dioscoreae Cooke, Grevillea 6: 136, 1878. Septoria dioscoreae Cooke, Hedwigia 17: 38, 1878. Phyllosticta dioscoreacearum Baccarini, Nuovo G. bot. ltal., N.S. 12: 697, 1905. Phyllosticta graffiana Sacc., Annls mycol. 11: 316, 1913. Phyllostictina dioscoreae Petrak, Annls mycol. 38: 255, 1940. 54 Ascomata epiphyllous, immersed in brown to dark brown necrotic regions, bordered by black margin, up to 1 cm diam, brown to black, globose to somewhat depressed, unilocular, 60-150 #,m diam, papillate, with an apical ostiole. Peridium composed of brownish-black pseudoparenchymatous cells of 2-3 layers, up to 15 ixm thick. Asci clavate, bitunicate, 8-spored, sessile to stalked, 32-55 • 9-15 bum, arising from a cushion-shaped basal region of thin-walled, colourless ceils. Ascospores overlapping 2-3-seriate, hyaline, ovoid, ellipsoid or rhomboidal, often wider in the middle, aseptate, straight to sometimes slightly curved, guttulate, 8-16 x 4-9 ~xm, often with a hyaline mucilaginous appendage at both ends. Leaf spots subcircular, up to 1 cm long, at first brownish becoming whitish and surrounded by a dark, brown or purple, slightly raised rim, visible on both sides of the leaf. Pycnidia epiphyllous, scattered in spots, solitary, unilocular, globose or somewhat depressed, 60-130 Ixm diam, flat or slightly papillate with an apical ostiole. Stroma prosenchymatous but pseudoparenchymatous under the epidermis. Peridium of 1-4 layers is composed of thick-walled, dark brown, irregular cells. Conidiogenous Ixm, arising from the inner walls of the pycnidium. Conidia aseptate, obovoid, cells cylindrical, 4-11• globose, somewhat pyriform when young, or clavate with a truncate base, apically broadly rounded and indented, 6-9 x 5-7 ixm, surrounded by a thick mucilaginous layer, with an apical mucilaginous appendage 3-6 ixm long. HOSTS: Dioscorea spp. (D. alata, D. bulbifera, D. esculenta, D. fasciculata, D. oppositifolia, D. pentaphylla, D. rogersii, D. totunda, D. tistri, D. villosa). DISEASE: Leaf spot of Dioscorea spp. G E O G R A P H I C A L DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Burma, India, Ivory Coast, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, USA, Western Samoa. PHYSIOLOGIC SPECIALIZATION: None reported. TRANSMISSION: By waterborne conidia and ascospores. NOTES: The name Guignardia dioscoreae Sawada(1.c.) is not validly published and probably refers to Glomerella cingulata (Stonem.) Spald. & Schrenk according to Katumoto (1965). Katumoto's G. dioscoreae Sawada ex Katumoto (1965) is based on other collections but is again not validly published. The disease can be quite severe with leaf spots occupying large areas of leaves. The effect of the disease is not reported, however, heavy infections are certain to reduce yam production. Fungicide applications may be economically beneficial when infection is heavy. L I T E R A T U R E : Aa van der, Studies in Mycology S: 1-110, i973 (taxonomy); Katumoto, Japanese Journal of Botany 40: 193-198, 1965; McKenzie & Jackson, Regional Project Governments of South Pacific Island Countries, Field Document II, FAG, 1986; Pande, Sydowia 22: 366-368, (1968) i969. A. Sivanesan & K.D. Hyde* *Plant Pathology Branch, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Mareeba, Qld 4880, Australia. [Numbers in brackets, e.g. (62, 5055), refer to abstracts in the Review of Plant Pathology] Issued by the International Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3AF, U.K. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 9 C.A.B International, 1992. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Mycopathologia 119: 55-56, !,992. IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria No. 1126 PHYLLACHORA ALPINIAE A-B, Ascostromata on leaf surface; C, Paraphyses; D, Ascus tip with apical ring; E - H , Ascospores with mucilage. I, Ascus (Bars, A = I cm, B=500 btm, C-I=10 tam). 56 Phyilachora alpiniae Sacc. & A.N. Berl., Atti della R. Istituto veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti 6 ser, III, 711-743, 1885. Phyllachora alpiniae Cooke & Mass., Grevillea 17: 56, 1889. Catacaurna alpiniae (Sacc. & A.N. Berl.) Theiss. & H. Sydow, Annales Mycologici 13: 375, 1915. Stromata black, producing a typical 'black cross' appearance, up to 15 cm long and 7 cm diam. Ascomata forming on the upper leaf surface, seen as a series of black raised dome-shaped areas with a central ostiole, immersed, subglobose, 260-520 p,m diam. Peridium pseudoparenchymatic. Paraphyses hyphae-like, up to 3.5 txm wide, septate and branching between asci. Asci clavate, short stalked, 8- spored, unitunicate, 100-126 x 1620 txm with a truncate apex containing a non amyloid apical ring. Ascospores arranged bi- to tri-seriately in the ascus, unicellular, cylindric, hyaline, guttulate, 26-36 x 7-10 txm, with a thin mucilaginous sheath. HOSTS: Alpinia arct~flora, A. caerulea. DISEASE: Tar (spot in the shape of a black cross) and diamond-shaped lesions on leaves. G E O G R A P H G I C A L DISTRIBUTION: Australia. P H Y S I O L O G I C S P E C I A L I Z A T I O N : None reported. NOTES: This disease has only been found on Alpinia spp. in Australia. It is common in tropical rain forests where it causes disease on leaves. Initial symptoms are the formation of a cross-like stromata with discolouration of the leaves in a diamond-shape around the stromata. The lesions become yellow and then brown and can occupy large areas. L I T E R A T U R E : Simmonds, Host index of plant diseases in Queensland, QDPI, 1966; Theissen & Sydow, Annales Mycologici 13: 375, 1915. K.D. Hyde* *Plant Pathology Branch, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Mareeba, Qld 4880, Australia. [Numbers in brackets, e.g. (62, 5055), refer to abstracts in the Review of Plant Pathology] Issued by the International Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3AF, U.K. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 9 C.A.B International, 1992. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Mycopathologia 119: 57-58, 1992. IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria No. 1127 PHYLLACHORA MUSICOLA A, Ascostromata on leaf; B, Paraphyses; C, Ascus tip with apical ring D-G. Ascospores: H, Ascus (Bars, A = 10 mm, B - H = 1 0 Fro). 58 Phyllachora musicola C. Booth & D.E. Shaw, Papua New Guinea Agricultural Journal 13: 158, i961. Stromata black, producing typical 'black cross' appearance, 3-6 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide. Ascomata forming on the adaxial surface, seen as a series of black dots, immersed, subglobose or ovate, 200-240 Ixm in diam, 1040 ascomata per stroma. Peridium 12-18 txm thick, pale brown, pseudoparenchymatic. Paraphyses hyphae-like, septate and between asci. Asci cylindrical or somewhat clavate, thin-walled, short stalked, unitunicate, 150190 • 16.5-20 ttm, apex truncate with a nonamyloid apical ring. Ascospores arranged biseriately in the ascus, aseptate or occasionally with a septum, hyaline, obovate to clavate, smooth, 42-52 • 8-10 txm, surrounded by a deliquescing mucilaginous sheath. HOST: Musa spp. DISEASE: Tar spot of banana (black cross disease). G E O G R A P H I C A L DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu. P H Y S I O L O G I C A L S P E C I A L I Z A T I O N : None reported. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne and water-borne ascospores. NOTES: Although the fungus is very conspicuous on its hosts, it appears to cause little damage but the plant growth must be retarded by its presence. The disease occurs on A A B and ABB banana varieties and can be quite severe. Commercial varieties of the A A A type are probably resistant as is M. textilis. The ascospore measurements in the specimens from Australia (42-52 x 8-10 b~m) are little larger than those of the type material from Papua New Guinea (35-50 x 6.5-8 Ixm). Lesions formed around the stroma are at first yellow and then become light brown and occasionally whitish in the centre. L I T E R A T U R E : Booth & Shaw, Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 13: 157-159, 1961; McKenzie & Jackson, Regional Project Governments of South Pacific Island Countries, Field Document 11: 203, 1986, F A O ; Meredith, Transactions of the British Mycological Society 53: 324-325, 1969; Stover, Banana, Plantain and Abaca Diseases: 109-110, 1972, CMI. K.D. Hyde* *Plant Pathology Branch, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Mareeba, Qld 4880, Australia. [Numbers in brackets, e.g. (62, 5055), refer to abstracts in the Review of Plant Pathology] Issued by the International Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3AF, U.K. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 9 C.A.B International, 1992. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Mycopathologia 119: 59-60, 1992. IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria No. 1128 PSEUDOCERCOSPORA ARTOCARPI Stroma, conidiophores and conidia (• 650). Pseudocereospora artocarpi (H. Sydow & Sydow) Deighton, Mycological Papers 140: 139, 1976. Cercospora artocarpi H. Sydow & Sydow, Annls rnycol. 12: 202, 1914. Leaf spots amphigenous, irregular between veins, extending from leaf margin to midrib, often confluent, 12 cm long, yellowish to dark brown. Primary mycelium internal, intercellular. Stroma globose, dark brown to black, substomatal, up to 75 ixm wide and 50 ixm high, composed of brown swollen hyphae. Caespituli epiphyllous, olivaceous brown to dark brown. Conidiophores fasciculate, emerging through a stoma, divergent, pale brown 60 to brown, simple, smooth, geniculate above, straight to slightly curved, multiseptate, 40-100 • 2.5-4 Ixm, with unthickened conidial scars about 1 ixm wide. Conidia acrogenous, obclavate-cylindric to subcylindric, straight to somewhat curved, mostly smooth, sometimes lightly verruculose, pale to olivaceous brown, obtuse at the apex, 3-7-septate, not constricted at the septa, 35-110 • 3.5-5 Ixm, with a truncate base. HOSTS: Artocarpus spp. (A. chaplasha, A. communis, A. heterophyllus, A. incisa, A. indica, A. integrifolia, A. lakoocha). DISEASE: Leaf spot. Large brown spots which later fall out producing a shot-hole effect (34,400). G E O G R A P H I C A L DISTRIBUTION: Hong Kong, India, Papua New Guinea, Philippines. P H Y S I O L O G I C SPECIALIZATION: None reported. TRANSMISSION: Not reported, but almost certainly by air-borne dispersal of conidia. NOTES: The disease is often found on older leaves. There are no research reports on the effect of the disease, but it is probably minimal. L I T E R A T U R E : Chupp, A monograph of the fungus genus Cercospora, 1954; Shaw, Microorganisms in Papua New Guinea, DPI, Port Moresby, 1984. A. Sivanesan & K.D. Hyde* *Plant Pathology Branch, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Mareeba, Qld 4880, Australia. ]Numbers in brackets, e.g. (62, 5055), refer to abstracts in the Review of Plant Pathology] Issued by the International Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3AF, U.K. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 9 C.A.B International, 1992. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Mycopathologia 119: 61-62, 1992. IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria No. 1129 PSEUDOEPICOCCUM COCOS A, Leaf spot; B,C, Sporodochia; D, Conidiophores; E, Conidia (Bars, A=10 mm, B - E = 1 0 btm). Pseudoepieoeeum eoeos (F.L. Stevens) M.B. Ellis, Dematiaceous Hyphornycetes: 270, 1971. Epicoccurn cocos F.L. Stevens, Philipp. Agric. 21: 81, 1932. Leaf spots ellipsoid, reddish brown, with zonate blackened centres and yellow margins, up to 1.8 cm diam. In older specimens grey necrotic centres may be formed. Sporodochia up to 80 Ixm diam, punctiform, pulvinate, dark brownish black, mostly on the upper surface of leaves, lying over stromata. Stromata superficial, hemisphaerical, brown, pseudoparenchymatous, 40-100 ixm wide and 20-50 txm high. Setae and hyphopodia lacking. Conidiophores 8-16 x 2.5-4.0 btm, unbranched, cylindrical or clavate, short, septate, straight or slightly flexuous, pale olivaceous brown and verruculose or smooth. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, sympodial, cylindrical and cicatrized. Conidia 2.5-3.5 ixm diam, unicellular, solitary, dry, born at the tip and on the sides, simple, subspherical, pale olivaceous brown and smooth to verruculose. 62 HOSTS: Areca sp., Cocos nucifera, Elaeis guineensis. DISEASE: Oval reddish brown, zonate, leaf spots, 18• mm (11,780). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Cook Islands, Solomon Islands, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kiribati, Malaysia, Mauritius, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Niue, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sarawak, Seychelles, Tanzania, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, Western Samoa. PHYSIOLOGIC SPECIALIZATION: None reported. TRANSMISSION: By airborne conidia. NOTES: The disease is usually present in older leaves. Improvement in growing conditions and plant nutrition is thought to decrease the disease incidence. There is no research on the effect of the disease, but it is probably minor. LITERATURE: Ellis, Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, CMI, 1971; McKenzie & Jackson, Regional Project Governments of South Pacific Island Countries, Field Document 11, FAO, 1986. K.D. Hyde* *Plant Pathology Branch, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Mareeba, Qld 4880, Australia. [Numbers in brackets, e.g. (62, 5055), refer to abstracts in the Review of Plant Pathology] Issued by the International Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3AF, U.K. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 9 C.A.B International, 1992. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner, Mycopathologia 119: 63-64, 1992. IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria No. 1130 STIGMINA MANGIFERAE A, B, C, Sporodochia and developing conidia; D, Leaf spot: E, F, G, H, Conidia (Bars, A = 100 pom B, C, E - H = 10 p.m, D = 10 ram). 64 Stigmina mangiferae (Koorders) M.B. Ellis, Mycological Papers 72: 49, 1959. Cercospora mangiferae Koorders, Verh. Akad. Wet. Amst., (2) 13: 236, 1907. Sporodochia on leaf spots on the undersurface of leaves, appearing as grey brown fuzzy spots up to 30 ixm high and 50 Ixm diam, dark olivaceous brown. Stromata partly superficial, pale olivaceous brown, 20-50 Ixm wide. Conidiophores arising terminally and laterally from the upper cells of the stromata, short and packed closely together forming a minute punctiform sporodochia, straight or curved, lageniform, olivaceous brown, 618 • 3.5 ixm, with up to 7 annellations. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal, percurrent, cylindrical, light brown, 4-8 x 3-4 ixm. Conidia cylindrical to narrowly obclavate, reddish-brown, straight or mostly curved, paler near the apex, smooth or verruculose, 2~5-septate, not constricted at the septa, with I-2 large guttules in each of the lower cells, 24-76 Ixm long, 4-6 ~m thick in the broadest part, 2-2.5 txm thick at the apex, which is rounded and weakly swollen. HOSTS: Mangifera indica. DISEASE: Leaf spot, black, angular and relatively small (0.5-6.0 mm diam), each surrounded by a raised rim, and a wide greenish or yellowish halo. G E O G R A P H I C A L DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Cook Islands, Dominica, Fiji, Ghana, Honduras, Indonesia, Jamaica, Japan, Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, New Caledonia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tanzania, Taiwan, Tongo, Trinidad, Uganda, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Western Samoa, Zambia. PHYSIOLOGIC SPECIALIZATION: None reported. TRANSMISSION: By windborne conidial NOTES: This disease occurs on a wide range of cultivars, e.g. Apple, Bedami Vert, Eldon, Irwin, Teluk Anson Green, Malgoa, and both young and old leaves are infected. When infection of young leaves occurs appreciable defoliation may result. The disease is most severe during the wet season when foliar flushes appear. Effective control can be achieved with fungicides, e.g., Benomyl, thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim. Infected leaves on the ground should also be removed and burned, since they provide a source of inoculum. Stigmina leaf spot is distinct from other fungal leaf spots of mango as the spots are small and angular. Field susceptibility of 42 var. using a disease index based on the percentage of spotting of fruit and leaves has been recorded (43, 3273). L I T E R A T U R E : Ellis, Mycological Papers 72: 49-50, 1959; Ellis, Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes: 146, CMI, 1971; Kranz, FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 11: 129-130, 1963; McKenzie & JacksOn, Regional Project Governments of South Pacfic Island Countries, Field Document 11, FAO, 1986; Lira and Khoo, Diseases and Disorders of Mango in Malaysia: 35-36, 1985, Tropical Press, Kuala Lumpur. K.D. Hyde* *Plant Pathology Branch, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Mareeba, Qld 4880, Australia. [Numbers in brackets, e.g. (62, 5055), refer to abstracts in the Review of Plant Pathology] Issued by the International Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3AF, U.K. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 9 C.A.B International, 1992. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.