Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
DOI 10.1007/s13225-014-0309-2
REVIEW
Naming and outline of Dothideomycetes–2014 including proposals
for the protection or suppression of generic names
Nalin N. Wijayawardene & Pedro W. Crous & Paul M. Kirk & David L. Hawksworth &
Saranyaphat Boonmee & Uwe Braun & Dong-Qin Dai & Melvina J. D’souza & Paul Diederich &
Asha Dissanayake & Mingkhuan Doilom & Singang Hongsanan & E. B. Gareth Jones &
Johannes Z. Groenewald & Ruvishika Jayawardena & James D. Lawrey & Jian-Kui Liu &
Robert Lücking & Hugo Madrid & Dimuthu S. Manamgoda & Lucia Muggia &
Matthew P. Nelsen & Rungtiwa Phookamsak & Satinee Suetrong & Kazuaki Tanaka &
Kasun M. Thambugala & Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe & Saowanee Wikee & Ying Zhang &
André Aptroot & H. A. Ariyawansa & Ali H. Bahkali & D. Jayarama Bhat & Cécile Gueidan &
Putarak Chomnunti & G. Sybren De Hoog & Kerry Knudsen & Wen-Jing Li &
Eric H. C. McKenzie & Andrew N. Miller & Alan J. L. Phillips & Marcin Piątek &
Huzefa A. Raja & Roger S. Shivas & Bernad Slippers & Joanne E. Taylor & Qing Tian &
Yong Wang & Joyce H. C. Woudenberg & Lei Cai & Walter M. Jaklitsch & Kevin D. Hyde
Received: 16 August 2014 / Accepted: 30 September 2014 / Published online: 4 November 2014
# School of Science 2014
Abstract Article 59.1, of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICN; Melbourne Code),
which addresses the nomenclature of pleomorphic fungi, became effective from 30 July 2011. Since that date, each fungal
species can have one nomenclaturally correct name in a particular classification. All other previously used names for this
species will be considered as synonyms. The older generic
epithet takes priority over the younger name. Any widely used
younger names proposed for use, must comply with Art. 57.2
and their usage should be approved by the Nomenclature
Committee for Fungi (NCF). In this paper, we list all genera
currently accepted by us in Dothideomycetes (belonging to 23
In loving memory of Sajith Wijayawardene (09.03.1987-31.05.2014) −
you will always be missed as brother and best friend and I cherish the
memories we had together – N. N. Wijayawardene
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article
(doi:10.1007/s13225-014-0309-2) contains supplementary material,
which is available to authorized users.
N. N. Wijayawardene I D.-Q. Dai I R. Phookamsak I W.-J. Li I
K. D. Hyde (*)
Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science,
Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
e-mail: kdhyde3@gmail.com
N. N. Wijayawardene I D.-Q. Dai I R. Phookamsak I K. D. Hyde
World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia,
Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
N. N. Wijayawardene I S. Boonmee I D.-Q. Dai I M. J. D'souza I
A. Dissanayake I M. Doilom I S. Hongsanan I R. Jayawardena I
J.-K. Liu I D. S. Manamgoda I R. Phookamsak I K. M. Thambugala I
D. N. Wanasinghe I S. Wikee I H. A. Ariyawansa I D. J. Bhat I
P. Chomnunti I W.-J. Li I Q. Tian I K. D. Hyde
Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Chiang Rai 57100,
Thailand
S. Boonmee I D.-Q. Dai I M. J. D'souza I A. Dissanayake I M. Doilom I
S. Hongsanan I R. Jayawardena I J.-K. Liu I D. S. Manamgoda I
R. Phookamsak I K. M. Thambugala I D. N. Wanasinghe I S. Wikee I
H. A. Ariyawansa I D. J. Bhat I P. Chomnunti I W.-J. Li I Q. Tian
School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University,
Chiang Rai 57100,Thailand
Y. Wang
Department of Plant Pathology, Agriculture College,
Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025,
People’s Republic of China
P. W. Crous
Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University
of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
2
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Dothideomycetes is one of the largest and most significant
classes within Ascomycota (Kirk et al. 2008; Schoch et al.
2009; Hyde et al. 2013). Thousands of species that are
important either as plant pathogens in agriculture and
forestry (Cortinas et al. 2006; Crous et al. 2007; Wikee
et al. 2011, 2013a, b; Manamgoda et al. 2012), or medical (Siu and Lzumi 2004; da Cunha et al. 2012, 2013)
or biotechnological industries (Verkley et al. 2004;
Damm et al. 2008; de Wit et al. 2012; Ohm et al.
2012; Stergiopoulos et al. 2012; Hyde et al. 2014) are
included in the Dothideomycetes. A large number of
Dothideomycetes show pleomorphism, that is, they occur
as sexual and asexual states through their life history, but
may be separated in time and space (Kendrick 1979). As
a result dual names have been applied to the same genus
and this has resulted in a great deal of confusion among
scientists interested in Dothideomycetes (Cannon and
Kirk 2000; Wingfield et al. 2012). Furthermore, the dual
names have a direct influence on many allied disciplines,
such as plant quarantine and trade in food and fibre,
human health, industrial mycology, and plant breeding.
Saccardo (1904) promulgated the dual system of fungal
nomenclature (i.e. asexual and sexual morphs with different
P. W. Crous I J. Z. Groenewald I H. Madrid I G. S. De Hoog I
J. H. C. Woudenberg
CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584
CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
A. Dissanayake I R. Jayawardena
Institute of Plant and Environment Protection,
Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,
Beijing 100097, People’s Republic of China
P. M. Kirk
State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101,
People_s Republicof China
E. B. G. Jones
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science,
King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
P. M. Kirk I D. L. Hawksworth
Mycology Section, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond,
Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
J. D. Lawrey
Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason
University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444, USA
D. L. Hawksworth I C. Gueidan
Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum,
Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
R. Lücking I M. P. Nelsen
Science and Education, Integrative Research (Botany),
The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago,
IL 60605-2496, USA
orders and 110 families), including pleomorphic and nonpleomorphic genera. In the case of pleomorphic genera, we
follow the rulings of the current ICN and propose single
generic names for future usage. The taxonomic placements
of 1261 genera are listed as an outline. Protected names and
suppressed names for 34 pleomorphic genera are listed separately. Notes and justifications are provided for possible proposed names after the list of genera. Notes are also provided
on recent advances in our understanding of asexual and sexual
morph linkages in Dothideomycetes. A phylogenetic tree
based on four gene analyses supported 23 orders and 75
families, while 35 families still lack molecular data.
Keywords Article 59.1 . Ascomycota . One name .
Phylogeny . Pleomorphism
Introduction
D. L. Hawksworth
Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia,
Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal,
Madrid 28040, Spain
H. Madrid
Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics and Medicine Faculty,
Mayor University, Camino La Pirámide 5750,
Huechuraba Santiago, Chile
U. Braun
Institut Für Biologie, Martin-Luther-Universität, Bereich Geobotanik
Und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle
(Saale), Germany
P. Diederich
Musée National d'histoire Naturelle, 25 Rue Munster,
L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
L. Muggia
Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010,
Graz, Austria
L. Muggia
Department of Life Science, University of Trieste,
Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, Italy
M. P. Nelsen
Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago,
1025 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
S. Suetrong
Fungal Biodiversity Laboratory (BFBD), National Center for
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC),
113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng,
Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
3
names) as a solution to the confused situation of asexual and
sexual morphs faced by taxonomists at the time. This was
accepted by the International Botanical Congress (IBC) in
Vienna, Austria (Briquet et al. 1906), and captured in what
became Article 59 in more recent editions of the International
Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) (Taylor 2011).
The concept of the ‘holomorph’ (i.e. the whole life cycle
with sexual and asexual morphs) was first demonstrated by
the Tulasne brothers and Berkeley (1857). Kendrick (1979)
and Sivanesan (1984) are classic mycologists who attempted
to integrate asexual and sexual morphs. Sutton (1980) also
summarized established links between coelomycetous asexual
states and their sexual states, while Seifert et al. (2011) did the
same for hyphomycetous genera. Most of these established
links were based on co-occurrence of both morphs on the
same substrate (Walker and Sutton 1974) or culture-based
methods, particularly the development of asexual morphs
from single ascospore isolates (Leonard and Suggs 1974;
Hyde et al. 1996). However, utilization of PCR and DNA
sequencing in the fungi since the late-1990s (Nilsson et al.
2014), have established and confirmed many sexual and asex-
ual links (e.g. Alternaria-Lewia, Bipolaris-Cochliobolus,
Botryosphaeria-Fusicoccum, Cladosporium-Davidiella,
Mycosphaerella-Ramularia, Teratosphaeria-Kirramyces fide
Crous et al. 2009; Bensch et al. 2012; Manamgoda et al. 2012;
Phillips et al. 2013; Hyde et al. 2014), while many other links
have been rejected (e.g. Cercospora-Mycosphaerella,
Paraconiothyrium-Paraphaeosphaeria, PlenodomusLeptosphaeria, Pseudocercospora-Mycosphaerella,
Stagonospora-Phaeosphaeria fide Crous et al. 2012; de
Gruyter et al. 2013; Groenewald et al. 2013; Quaedvlieg
et al. 2013, 2014; Verkley et al. 2014).
There has been considerable research interest in the molecular phylogeny of the Dothideomycetes in the last four years
with studies based on single and multi-gene rDNA sequence
data (Hyde et al. 2013). These phylogenetic advances have
helped taxonomists to link species or generic names, enabling
us to now propose or select one name for a single species, or
genus. Decisions taken at the XVIIIth International Botanical
Congress, in Melbourne, Australia in 2011 (Hawksworth
2012) ruled that separate nomenclatural status for naming of
asexual and sexual names morphs of the same species was no
K. Tanaka
Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University,
3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
H. A. Raja
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 457 Sullivan Science
Building, University of North Carolina, Greensboro,
NC 27402-6170, USA
Y. Zhang
Institute of Microbiology, Beijing Forestry University, P.O. Box 61,
Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
A. Aptroot
ABL Herbarium, G.v.d.Veenstraat 107, NL-3762 XK Soest,
The Netherlands
A. H. Bahkali
College of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department,
King Saud University, Riyadh 1145, Saudi Arabia
D. J. Bhat
No. 128/1-J,AzadHousing Society, Curca, Goa Velha 403108, India
K. Knudsen
Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences,
Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Kamýcká 129,
Praha 6—Suchdol CZ–165 21, Czech Republic
E. H. C. McKenzie
ManaakiWhenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland,
New Zealand
A. N. Miller
Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois,
1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
A. J. L. Phillips
Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da
Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de
Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica Lisbon, Portugal
J. E. Taylor
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row,
Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
M. Piątek
Department of Mycology, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish
Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, PL-31-512 Kraków, Poland
B. Slippers
Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology
Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
R. S. Shivas
Plant Pathology Herbarium, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Forestry, Dutton Park 4102, Queensland, Australia
L. Cai
State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190,
People’s Republic of China
W. M. Jaklitsch
Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research,
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna,
Rennweg 14, 1030 Wien, Austria
W. M. Jaklitsch
Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest
Protection, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences,
Hasenauerstrasse 38, A-1180 Wien, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
4
Table 1 Index to adopted names
of pleomorphic genera
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Protected names
Suppressed names
Alternaria Nees
Antennulariella Woron.
Anthracostroma Petr.
Bipolaris Shoemaker
Blasdalea Sacc. & P. Syd.
Lewia M.E. Barr & E.G. Simmons
Antennariella Bat. & Cif., Capnodendron S. Hughes
Camarosporula Petr.
Cochliobolus Drechsler
Chrysogloeum Petr.
Botryohypoxylon Samuels & J.D. Rogers
Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not.
Brooksia Hansf.
Capnodium Mont.
Cladosporium Link
Comminutispora A.W. Ramaley
Curvularia Boedijn
Iledon Samuels & J.D. Rogers
Fusicoccum Corda
Hiospira R.T. Moore
Polychaeton (Pers.) Lév.
Davidiella Crous & U. Braun
Hyphospora A.W. Ramaley
Pseudocochliobolus Tsuda et al.
Cyclopeltis Petr.
Elsinoë Racib.
Excipulariopsis P.M. Kirk & Spooner
Exosporiella P. Karst.
Exserohilum K.J. Leonard & Suggs
Farlowiella Sacc.
Kellermania Ellis & Everh.
Kirschsteiniothelia D. Hawksw.
Lecanosticta Syd.
Macrodiplodiopsis Petr.
Cyclopeltella Petr.
Sphaceloma de Bary
Kentingia Sivan. & W.H. Hsieh
Anomalemma Sivan.
Setosphaeria K.J. Leonard & Suggs
Acrogenospora M.B. Ellis
Planistromella A.W. Ramaley
Dendryphiopsis S. Hughes
Eruptio M.E. Barr
Misturatosphaeria Mugambi & Huhndorf,
Phaeosphaeria I. Miyake
Phragmocapnias Theiss. & Syd.
Floricola Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.
Phaeoseptoria Speg.
Phyllosticta Pers.
Polythrincium Kunze
Prillieuxina G. Arnaud
Prosthemium Kunze
Pseudodidymella C.Z. Wei et al.
Conidiocarpus Woron.
Guignardia Viala & Ravaz
Cymadothea F.A. Wolf
Leprieurina G. Arnaud
Pleomassaria Speg.
Pycnopleiospora C.Z. Wei et al.
Pyrenophora Fr.
Ramularia Unger
Drechslera S. Ito
Mycosphaerella Johanson
Sphaeropsis Sacc.
Stemphylium Wallr
Teratosphaeria Syd. & P. Syd.
Phaeobotryosphaeria Speg.
Pleospora Rabenh. ex Ces. & De Not.
Colletogloeopsis Crous & M.J. Wingf., Kirramyces J. Walker et al.
Tetraploa Berk. & Broome
Tetraplosphaeria Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray.
longer permitted; this became effective from 30 July 2011
(Hawksworth 2012; Wingfield et al. 2012). Based on this
ruling, mycologists now have the task to clear up the historical
confusion that has resulted from the practice of dual nomenclature, and in this paper we deal with the largest group of ascomycetes, Dothideomycetes. We therefore propose a single name
for pleomorphic dothideomycete genera to be added to the list of
“accepted/protected names”, while other names (sexual/asexual)
will be included in a list of “suppressed names” (Table 1). At the
same time, we incorporate all asexual genera into natural classification system where molecular data are available. Currently
Fig. 1 The best scoring RAxML Dothideomycetes tree from 415 taxa
based on a combined dataset of LSU, SSU, TEF1 and RPB2 sequences
with all lineages collapsed to family level where possible. The tree is the
same as Fig. 1. Bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood (ML,
red) and maximum parsimony (MP, black) greater than 50% are given
above the nodes; Bayesian posterior probabilities (BYPP, green) above
0.90 are given below the nodes. The original strain numbers are given
after the species names. Type and ex-type strains are emphasized in bold.
The tree was rooted with Schismatomma dirinellum (S-F206034) and
S. decolorans (DUKE 47570)
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
5
6
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Fig. 1 (continued)
Dothideomycetes comprises of 23 orders, 110 families and 1261
genera. However, 23 orders and 76 families are supported by
molecular data, while 36 families lack molecular data.
The draft of this manuscript with 71 initial authors from
all disciplines interested in Dothideomycetes was first
prepared and placed online on the International Commission
on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF) webpage (http://www.
fungaltaxonomy.org/) on 20 February 2014. Comments were
then invited from interested parties who were also invited
to co-author the paper. A draft version was discussed at
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
7
Fig. 1 (continued)
the “Genomes and Genera” symposium in Amsterdam on
the 24–25 April 2014 and some of the more contentious
cases in the Nomenclature Sessions during the 10th International Mycological Congress (IMC10) in Bangkok,
Thailand, on 3–8 August 2014.
Materials and methods
The proposed names are based on Kirk et al. (2008,
2013), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) and Hyde et al.
(2013). The links between asexual and sexual morphs take
8
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Fig. 1 (continued)
into account the important publications of Kendrick
(1979), Sivanesan (1984), Sutton (1980), Seifert et al.
(2011), Hyde et al. (2011), Wijayawardene et al. (2012)
and other recent research based on culture and molecular
phylogeny (e.g. Crous et al. 2009, 2013; de Gruyter et al.
2013; Boonmee et al. 2012, 2014b; Chomnunti et al. 2011;
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
9
Fig. 1 (continued)
Liu et al. 2011; Manamgoda et al. 2012; Phillips et al. 2013;
Wijayawardene et al. 2014a, b, c).
Proposed names are selected depending on the following
criteria:
1. The evidence for established links
2.
3.
4.
5.
a. Culture-based (e.g. single-spore) methods
b. Molecular methods
Number of epithets in Index Fungorum and MycoBank
The oldest generic name
Other significant aspects, such as pathogenic importance
and industrial applications
Usage of the name in literature and databases
The oldest name is accepted where it conforms best
with current practice, while usage of a widely used
name is proposed when this is more significant. Proposed names (protected names) are listed in the first
column (Table 1) of the table and second column comprises suppressed names. The suppressed name could be
a sexual, asexual or a synasexual morph. Asterisk marks
(*) are added for genera which we provide notes on
recent changes and naming. Genera marked with (#)
refer to changes made via articles in the same journal
volume and annotated under the family or order (i.e.
Ariyawansa et al. 2014c; Boonmee et al. 2014b;
Hongsanan et al. 2014c; Thambugala et al. 2014c;
10
Phookamsak et al. 2014). In the present outline, we
have added (C) = coelomycetous and (H) = hyphomycetous asexual genera against entries where known.
In giving preference here to the earliest validly published generic name regardless of the morph represented
by the type specimen of the type species of the genus,
we are aware that Art. 57.2 of the current Code (McNeill
et al. 2012) requires that in cases where a wellestablished asexually typified name is preferred, there
should first be a formal proposal made to the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). We regard this is an
unnecessarily time-consuming process, and proposals to
delete this provision were strongly supported in the Nomenclature Sessions at IMC10 and will be made to the
next International Botanical Congress in 2017. Inclusion
in Lists of Accepted Names which are approved in due
course by the NCF is a preferable way to handle such
cases, and for Dothideomycetes, this article will be the
basis of the eventual list for this class.
Phylogenetic analyses
Sequences (Table 1) were obtained from GenBank following
Hyde et al. (2013) and other recent publications (eg. Crous
et al. 2013; Phillips et al. 2013; Quaedvlieg et al. 2013, 2014;
Slippers et al. 2013; Wijayawardene et al. 2013, 2014a, b, c;
Pérez-Ortega et al. 2014). DNA sequences for each gene
region (small subunits ribosomal RNA (SSU), large subunits
ribosomal RNA (LSU), the translation elongation factor-1
alpha (TEF1) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) were initially aligned using Bioedit (Hall
2004) and ClustalW v. 1.6 (Thompson et al. 1997).
Alignments were manually checked and optimized wherever necessary. The dataset was refined visually in
BioEdit v. 7.0.1 (Hall 2004). All absent genes were coded as
missing data.
The phylogenetic analyses of the combined LSU,
SSU, TEF1 and RPB2 data were performed using maximum likelihood, Bayesian and maximum parsimony
algorithms.
Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis was performed at the
RAxML 7.2.8 as part of the “RAxML-HPC2 on TG” tool
(Stamatakis 2006) implemented in raxmlGUI v.0.9b2
(Silvestro and Michalak 2010). A general time reversible
model (GTR) was applied with a discrete gamma distribution and four rate classes. Hundred thorough maximum likelihood (ML) tree searches were done in
RAxML v. 7.2.7 under the same model. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values (MLBP) equal or greater than 50
% are given above each node (Fig. 1).
Maximum-parsimony analyses were performed by
PAUP v. 4.0b10 (Swofford 2002) using the heuristic
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
search option with 1,000 random taxa addition and tree
bisection and reconnection (TBR) as the branch swapping algorithm. All characters were unordered and of
equal weight and gaps were treated as missing data. The
Tree Length (TL), Consistency Indices (CI), Retention
Indices (RI), Rescaled Consistency Indices (RC) and
Homoplasy Index (HI) were calculated for each tree
generated. Maxtrees were unlimited, branches of zero
length were collapsed and all multiple, equally parsimonious trees were saved. Clade stability was assessed
using a bootstrap (BT) analysis with 1,000 replicates,
each with 10 replicates of random stepwise addition of taxa
(Hillis and Bull 1993). Maximum parsimony bootstrap values
(MPBP) equal or greater than 50 % are given above each node
(Fig. 1).
The model of evolution was estimated by using
MrModeltest 2.2 (Nylander 2004). Independent Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were performed in MrBayes
v. 3.1.2 (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001) using a uniform [GTR+I+G] model, lsetnst=6 rates=invgamma;
prsetstatefreqpr =dirichlet (1,1,1,1). Posterior probabilities (PP) (Rannala and Yang 1996; Zhaxybayeva and
Gogarten 2002) were determined by Markov Chain
Monte Carlo sampling (BMCMC) in MrBayes v. 3.0b4
(Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001). Six simultaneous
Markov chains were run for 10,000,000 generations and trees
were sampled every 100th generation (resulting in 10,000
total trees).
Phylogenetic trees were visualized with Treeview v. 1.6.6
(Page 1996) and MEGA 5 (Tamura et al. 2011).
Results
Phylogenetic analyses
The combined LSU, SSU, TEF1 and RPB2 data set consists
of 415 taxa, with Schismatomma dirinellum (S-F206034)
and S. decolorans (DUKE 47570) which representing the
outgroup taxa. The dataset consists of 4,302 characters after
alignment, 1,496 characters are conserved, and 2,228 characters are parsimony informative, while 2,767 are variable
characters. A heuristic search with random addition of taxa
(1,000 replicates) and treating gaps as missing characters
generated six equally parsimonious trees. The best scoring
RAxML trees are shown in Fig. 1. Bootstrap support (BS)
values of MP and ML (equal to or above 50 %) and
Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BYPP) with those equal
or greater than 0.90 given below each node are shown on
the upper branches.
Twenty-three orders (Abrothallales, Acrospermales,
Asterinales, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideales, Dyfrolomycetales,
Capnodiales, Hysteriales, Jahnulales, Lichenoconiales,
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Lichenotheliales, Microthyriales, Monoblastiales,
Mytilinidiales, Myriangiales, Natipusillales, Patellariales,
Phaeotrichales, Pleosporales, Strigulales, Trypetheliales,
Tubeufiales and Venturiales) are recognized. This agrees with
Hyde et al. (2013) and Pérez-Ortega et al. (2014), the latter who
introduced Abrothallales. In their analyses, Pérez-Ortega et al.
(2014) showed Abrothallales grouped with Patellariales
however, in our analyses Abrothallales groups with
Asterinales and Lichenoconiales. Recently introduced families by Slippers et al. (2013) viz. Aplosporellaceae Slippers
et al., Melanopsaceae Phillips et al. and Saccharataceae
Slippers et al. clustered within Botryosphaeriales with high
bootstrap values. Aureobasidiaceae Thambugala & K.D.
Hyde grouped as a distinct clade in Dothideales
(Thambugala et al. 2014a). New clades appeared for
Camarosporium sensu stricto (Camarosporiaceae fide
Wijayawardene et al. in prep.) and Homortomyces with low
and high bootstrap values respectively. Wiesneriomycetaceae
grouped as a sister clade to Tubeufiaceae and this agrees with
Suetrong et al. (2014). Extremaceae and Neodevriesiaceae
appeared as new distinct clades in Capnodiales as shown by
Quaedvlieg et al. (2014). However, Teratosphaeriaceae separated into two distinct clades (Fig. 1) which does not agree
with Quaedvlieg et al. (2014).
11
Capnodiales Woron.
Antennulariellaceae Woron.
Achaetobotrys Bat. & Cif.*
Antennulariella Woron.* (see Table 1)
Capnofrasera S. Hughes
Capnodiaceae (Sacc.) Höhn. ex Theiss.
Capnodium Mont.* (see in Table 1)
Leptoxyphium Speg.
Phragmocapnias Theiss. & Syd.* (see in Table 1)
?Plurispermiopsis Pereira-Carv. et al.*
Scoriadopsis J.M. Mend.
Scorias Fr.
Cladosporiaceae Nann.
Acroconidiella J.C. Lindq. & Alippi (H)
Cladosporium Link (H)* (see in Table 1)
Graphiopsis Trail (H)
Hoornsmania Crous (H)
Rachicladosporium Crous et al. (H)
Toxicocladosporium Crous & U. Braun (H)
Verrucocladosporium K. Schub. et al. (H)
Dissoconiaceae Crous & de Hoog*
Outline of the Dothideomycetes
Class Dothideomycetes sensu O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Subclass Dothideomycetidae P.M. Kirk et al. ex C.L.
Schoch et al.
Asterinales M.E. Barr ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.*
Asterinaceae Hansf. (=Lembosiaceae Hosag.)*
Asterina Lév.*
Asterinella Theiss.#
Asterotexis Arx#
Batistinula Arx#
Cirsosia G. Arnaud#
Echidnodella Theiss. & Syd.#
Halbania Racib.#
Lembosia Lév.*
Meliolaster Höhn.#
Parasterinopsis Bat.#
Platypeltella Petr.*
Prillieuxina G. Arnaud* (see in Table 1)
Schenckiella Henn.*
Trichasterina G. Arnaud#
Trichopeltospora Bat. & Cif.*
Uleothyrium Petr.#
Vizellopsis Bat. et al.*
#
for notes see under Asterinaceae
Dissoconium de Hoog et al. (H)
Pseudoveronaea Crous & Batzer*
Ramichloridium Stahel (H)*
Uwebraunia Crous & M.J. Wingf. (H)*
Metacapnodiaceae S. Hughes & Corlett
Capnobotrys S. Hughes (H)
Capnophialophora S. Hughes (H)
Hyphosoma Syd.
Metacapnodium Speg.*
Extremaceae Quaedvlieg & Crous*
Extremus Quaedvlieg & Crous (H)*
Petrophila de Hoog & Quaedvlieg (H)*
Pseudoramichloridium Cheewangkoon & Crous (H)*
Staninwardia B. Sutton (C)*
Vermiconia Egidi & Onofri (H)*
Mycosphaerellaceae Lindau
Acervuloseptoria Crous & Jol. Roux (C)*
Achorodothis Syd.
Amycosphaerella Quaedvlieg & Crous*
12
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Annellosympodiella Crous & Assefa*
Asperisporium Maubl. (H)
Brunneosphaerella Crous
Bryopelta Döbbeler & Poelt*
Caryophylloseptoria Verkley et al. (C)*
Cercospora Fresen. (H)*
Cercosporella Sacc. (H)
Colletogloeum Petr. (C)*
Distocercospora N. Pons & B. Sutton (H)
Dothistroma Hulbary (C)
Euryachora Fuckel
Gillotia Sacc. & Trotter
Lecanosticta Syd. (C)* (see in Table 1)
Lembosiopsis Theiss.*
Lophiosphaerella Hara*
Melanodothis R.H. Arnold
Microcyclosporella J. Frank et al. (H)
Mycoporis Clem.*
Neoceratosperma Crous & Cheew. (H)*
Neomycosphaerella Crous*
Neopenidiella Quaedvlieg & Crous (H)*
Neopseudocercospora Crous (H)*
Neoseptoria Quaedvlieg et al. (C)*
Pallidocercospora Crous (H)
Paracercospora Deighton (H)*
Paramycosphaerella Crous & Jol. Roux*
Passalora Fr. (H)
Periconiella Sacc. (H)
Phaeocercospora Crous (H)
Phaeophleospora Rangel (C)*
Phloeospora Wallr. (C)*
Placocrea Syd.
Polyphialoseptoria Quaedvlieg et al. (C)*
Polysporella Woron.
Polythrincium Kunze (H)* (see in Table 1)
Pseudocercospora Speg. (H)*
Pseudocercosporella Deighton (H)
Pseudostigmidium Etayo
Ramularia Unger (H)* (see in Table 1)
Ramulispora Miura (H)
Ruptoseptoria Quaedvlieg et al. (C)*
Scolecostigmina U. Braun
Septoria Sacc. (C)*
Sonderhenia H.J. Swart & J. Walker (C)
Sphaerellothecium Zopf
Sphaerulina Sacc.*
Stigmidium Trevis.
Stromatoseptoria Quaedvlieg et al. (C)*
Trochophora R.T. Moore (H)
?Wernerella Nav.-Ros. et al.
Xenomycosphaerella Quaedvlieg & Crous*
Zasmidium Fr. (H)*
Zymoseptoria Quaedvlieg & Crous (C)*
Neodevriesiaceae Quaedvlieg & Crous*
Neodevriesia Quaedvlieg & Crous (H)*
Piedraiaceae Viégas ex Cif. et al.
Piedraia Fonseca & Leão
Teratosphaeriaceae Crous & U. Braun
Acidomyces B.J. Baker et al. (H)
Apenidiella Quaedvlieg & Crous (H)*
Aulographina Arx & E. Müll.*
Austroafricana Quaedvlieg & Crous*
Batcheloromyces Marasas et al. (H)
Baudoinia J.A. Scott & Unter. (H)
Capnobotryella Sugiy. (H)
Catenulostroma Crous & U. Braun (H)
Constantinomyces Egidi & Onofri (H)*
Devriesia Seifert & N.L. Nick. (H)
Elasticomyces Zucconi & Selbmann (H)
Eupenidiella Quaedvlieg & Crous (H)*
Euteratosphaeria Quaedvlieg & Crous*
Friedmanniomyces Onofri (H)
Hispidoconidioma Tsuneda & Davey (H)
Hortaea Nishim. & Miyaji (H)
Incertomyces Egidi & Zucconi (H)*
Lapidomyces de Hoog & Stielow (H)*
Meristemomyces Isola & Onofri (H)*
Microcyclospora J. Frank et al. (H)
Monticola Selbmann & Egidi (H)*
Mycophycias Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm
Myrtapenidiella Quaedvlieg & Crous (H)*
Neocatenulostroma Quaedvlieg & Crous (H)*
Neophaeothecoidea Quaedvlieg & Crous (H)*
Neotrimmatostroma Quaedvlieg & Crous*
Oleoguttula Selbmann & de Hoog (H)*
Pachysacca Syd.*
Parapenidiella Crous & Summerell (H)
Parateratosphaeria Quaedvlieg & Crous*
Penidiella Crous & U. Braun (H)
Phacellium Bonord. (H)
Phaeothecoidea Crous (H)
Pseudotaeniolina J.L. Crane & Schokn. (H)
Pseudoteratosphaeria Quaedvlieg & Crous*
Queenslandipenidiella Quaedvlieg & Crous (H)*
Ramopenidiella Crous & R.G. Shivas (H)*
Readeriella Syd. & P. Syd. (C)*
Recurvomyces Selbmann & de Hoog (H)
Stenella Syd. (H)
Suberoteratosphaeria Quaedvlieg & Crous*
Teratosphaeria Syd. & P. Syd.* (see in Table 1)
Teratosphaericola Quaedvlieg & Crous*
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Teratosphaeriopsis Quaedvlieg & Crous*
Xenoconiothyrium Crous & Marinc. (C)
Xenopenidiella Quaedvlieg & Crous (H)*
Xenoteratosphaeria Quaedvlieg & Crous*
13
Lichenoconiales Diederich et al.
Lichenoconiaceae Diederich & Lawrey
Lichenoconium Petr. & Syd. (C)
Capnodiales, genera incertae sedis
Arthrocatena Egidi & Selbmann*
Catenulomyces Egidi & de Hoog (H)*
Cystocoleus Thwaites*
?Eriosporella Höhn. (C)*
Hyphoconis Egidi & Quaedvlieg (H)*
Mucomycosphaerella Quaedvlieg & Crous*
Neohortaea Quaedvlieg & Crous (H)*
Perusta Egidi & Stielow*
Ramimonilia Stielow & Quaedvlieg (H)*
Dothideales Lindau*
Aureobasidiaceae K.M. Thambugala & K.D. Hyde*
Aureobasidium Viala & G. Boyer (H)#
Columnosphaeria Munk#
Kabatiella Bubák (H)#
Pseudoseptoria Speg.#
Pseudosydowia K.M. Thambugala & K.D. Hyde*
Saccothecium Fr.#
Selenophoma Maire (C)*
#
for notes see under Aureobasidiaceae
Dothideaceae Chevall.*
Coleophoma Höhn. (C)#
Cylindroseptoria Quaedvlieg et al. (C)#
Delphinella (Sacc.) Kuntze#
Dictyodothis Theiss. & Syd.#
Dothidea Fr.#
Dothiora Fr.#
Endoconidioma Tsuneda et al.#
Endodothiora Petr.#
Hormonema Lagerb. & Melin (H)*
Kabatina R. Schneid. & Arx (H)#
Neocylindroseptoria K.M. Thambugala & K.D.
Hyde*
Phaeocryptopus Naumov#
Plowrightia Sacc.#
?Pringsheimia Schulzer*
Stylodothis Arx & E. Müll.#
?Sydowia Bres.*
#
for notes see under Dothideaceae
Dothideales, genera incertae sedis
Celosporium Tsuneda & M.L. Davey*
Lichenotheliales K. Knudsen et al.
Lichenotheliaceae Henssen
Karschia Körb.*
Lichenostigma Hafellner
Lichenothelia D. Hawksw.
Myriangiales Starbäck
Elsinoaceae Höhn. ex Sacc. & Trotter*
Elsinoë Racib.* (see in Table 1)
Molleriella G. Winter*
Myriangiaceae Nyl.*
Anhellia Racib.*
Ascostratum Syd. & P. Syd.*
Butleria Sacc.*
Dictyocyclus Sivan. et al.*
Diplotheca C.C. Gordon & C.G. Shaw*
Eurytheca De Seynes*
Hemimyriangium J. Reid & Piroz*
Micularia Boedijn*
Myriangium Mont. & Berk.*
Zukaliopsis Henn.*
Subclass Pleosporomycetidae C.L. Schoch et al.
Pleosporales Luttrell ex M.E. Barr
Aigialaceae Suetrong et al.
Aigialus S. Schatz & Kohlm.
Ascocratera Kohlm.
Fissuroma J.K. Liu et al.
Neoastrosphaeriella J.K. Liu et al.
Rimora Kohlm. et al.
Amniculicolaceae Yin. Zhang et al.
?Amniculicola Y. Zhang & K.D. Hyde*
?Anguillospora Ingold (H)*
Murispora Y. Zhang bis et al.
Neomassariosphaeria Y. Zhang bis et al.
Anteagloniaceae K.D. Hyde et al.
Anteaglonium Mugambi & Huhndorf
14
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Bambusicolaceae D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde
Bambusicola D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde
Biatriosporaceae K.D. Hyde
Biatriospora K.D. Hyde & Borse
Coniothyriaceae W.B. Cooke
Coniothyrium Corda (C)*
Camarosporaceae Wijayawardene & K.D. Hyde*
Camarosporium Schulzer (C)*
Corynesporascaceae Sivan.
Corynespora Güssow (H)*
Corynesporasca Sivan.
Cucurbitariaceae G. Winter
Cucurbidothis Petr.*
Cucurbitaria Gray*
Curreya Sacc.
Pyrenochaeta De Not. (C)*
Pyrenochaetopsis Gruyter et al. (C)
Rhytidiella Zalasky
Syncarpella Theiss. & Syd.*
Delitschiaceae M.E. Barr
Delitschia Auersw.
Ohleriella Earle
Semidelitschia Cain & LuckAllen
Diademaceae Shoemaker & C.E. Babc.
Comoclathris Clem.
Diadema Shoemaker & C.E. Babc.
Diademosa Shoemaker & C.E. Babc.
Didymellaceae Gruyter et al.
Ascochyta Lib. (C)*
Boeremia Aveskamp et al. (C)
Chaetasbolisia Speg. (C)
Dactuliochaeta G.L. Hartm. & J.B. Sinclair (C)
Didymella Sacc.*
Epicoccum Link (H)
Leptosphaerulina McAlpine*
Macroventuria Aa
Microsphaeropsis Höhn. (C)
Mixtura O.E. Erikss. & J.Z. Yue*
Monascostroma Höhn.
Phoma Sacc. (C)*
Piggotia Berk. & Broome (C)
Pithomyces Berk. & Broome (H)*
Didymosphaeriaceae Munk (=Montagnulaceae)*
Alloconiothyrium Verkley & Stielow (C)#
Barria Z.Q. Yuan*
Bimuria D. Hawksw. et al.#
Deniquelata Ariyawansa & K.D. Hyde#
Didymocrea Kowalski#
Didymosphaeria Fuckel#
Julella Fabre*
Kalmusia Niessl#
Karstenula Speg.#
Letendraea Sacc.*
Montagnula Berl.#
Neokalmusia Kaz. Tanaka et al.*
Paracamarosporium Wijayawardene & K.D. Hyde (C)*
Paraconiothyrium Verkley (C)*
Paraphaeosphaeria O.E. Erikss.*
Phaeodothis Syd. & P. Syd.#
Pseudocamarosporium Wijayawardene & K.D. Hyde (C)*
Pseudotrichia Kirschst.*
Tremateia Kohlm. et al.#
#
for notes see under Didymosphaeriaceae
Dothidotthiaceae Crous & A.J.L. Phillips
Dothidotthia Höhn.
Muellerites L. Holm*
Thyrostroma Höhn. (H)*
Halojulellaceae Suetrong et al.
Halojulella Suetrong et al.
Halotthiaceae Ying Zhang et al.
Halotthia Kohlm.
Mauritiana Poonyth et al.
Phaeoseptum Ying Zhang et al.
Pontoporeia Kohlm.
Hypsostromataceae Huhndorf
Hypsostroma Huhndorf
Lentitheciaceae Y. Zhang ter et al.
Katumotoa Kaz. Tanaka & Y. Harada
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Lentithecium K.D. Hyde et al.
Setoseptoria Quaedvlieg et al. (C)
Tingoldiago K. Hiray. & Kaz. Tanaka
Leptosphaeriaceae M.E. Barr
Acicuseptoria W. Quaedvlieg et al. (C)*
Alternariaster E.G. Simmons*
Chaetoplea (Sacc.) Clem.*
Heterospora (Boerema et al.) Gruyter et al.*
Leptosphaeria Ces. & De Not.*
Neophaeosphaeria M.P.S. Câmara
Paraleptosphaeria Gruyter et al.
Plenodomus Preuss (C)*
Subplenodomus Gruyter et al. (C)*
Lindgomycetaceae K. Hiray. et al.
Clohesyomyces K.D. Hyde
Hongkongmyces Tsang et al.*
Lindgomyces K. Hiray. et al.
Lolia Abdel-Aziz & Abdel-Whab (C)
Lophiostomataceae Sacc.
Dimorphiopsis Crous (C)*
Lophiostoma Ces. & De Not.
Macrodiplodiopsis Petr.* (see in Table 1)
Tumularia Descals & Marvanová (H)
Lophiotremataceae K. Hiray. & Kaz.
Lophiotrema Sacc.
Massariaceae Nitschke
Massaria De Not.
Massarinaceae Munk
Massarina Sacc.
Stagonospora (Sacc.) Sacc. (C)*
Melanommataceae G. Winter
Aposphaeria Sacc. (C)*
Asymmetricospora J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde
Bertiella (Sacc.) Sacc. & P. Syd.
Beverwykella Tubaki (H)
Bicrouania Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.
Byssosphaeria Cooke
Calyptronectria Speg.
Caryosporella Kohlm.
15
Exosporiella P. Karst. (H)* (see in Table 1)
Herpotrichia Fuckel
Mamillisphaeria K.D. Hyde et al.
Melanomma Nitschke ex Fuckel
Mycopappus Redhead & G.P. White (H)*
Navicella Fabre*
Nigrolentilocus R.F. Castañeda & Heredia
Ohleria Fuckel
Sporidesmiella P.M. Kirk (H)
Xenostigmina Crous (H)*
Morosphaeriaceae Suetrong et al.
Helicascus Kohlm.
Morosphaeria Suetrong et al.
Phaeosphaeriaceae M.E. Barr*
Amarenographium O.E. Erikss. (C)#
Amarenomyces O.E. Erikss.#
Ampelomyces Ces. ex Schltdl. (C)#
Bricookea M.E. Barr#
Chaetosphaeronema Moesz (C)#
Dematiopleospora Wanasinghe et al.*
Dothideopsella Höhn.*
Entodesmium Riess#
Eudarluca Speg.#
Loratospora Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.#
Neosetophoma Gruyter et al. (C)#
Neostagonospora Quaedvlieg et al. (C)#
Nodulosphaeria Rabenh#
Ophiobolus Riess#
Ophiosphaerella Speg.*
Paraphoma Morgan-Jones & J.F. White (C)#
Parastagonospora Quaedvlieg et al. (C)#
Phaeosphaeria I. Miyake* (see in Table 1)
Phaeosphaeriopsis M.P.S. Câmara et al.#
Phaeostagonospora A.W. Ramaley (C)#
Sclerostagonospora Höhn. (C)#
Scolecosporiella Petr. (C)#
?Scolicosporium Lib. ex Roum. (C)*
?Septoriella Oudem. (C)#
Setomelanomma M. Morelet#
Setophoma Gruyter et al. (C)#
Tiarospora Sacc. & Marchal (C)#
Vrystaatia Quaedvlieg et al. (C)#
Wojnowicia Sacc. (C)*
Xenoseptoria Quaedvlieg et al. (C)#
#
for notes see under Pahaeosphaeriaceae
Platystomaceae J. Schröt.
Ostropella (Sacc.) Höhn.
16
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Platystomum Trevis.
Xenolophium Syd.
Loculohypoxylon M.E. Barr
Sinodidymella J.Z. Yue & O.E. Erikss.
Teichospora Fuckel
Pleomassariaceae M.E. Barr
Lichenopyrenis Calat. et al.
Peridiothelia D. Hawksw.
Prosthemium Kunze (C)* (see in Table 1)
Splanchnonema Corda
Pleosporaceae Nitschke
Alternaria Nees (H)* (see in Table 1)
Bipolaris Shoemaker (H)* (see in Table 1)
Clathrospora Rabenh.
Curvularia Boedijn (H)* (see in Table 1)
Decorospora Inderb. et al.
Dendryphion Wallr. (H)
Edenia M.C. González et al. (H)
Exserohilum K.J. Leonard & Suggs (H)* (see in Table 1)
Extrawettsteinina M.E. Barr
Marielliottia Shoemaker (H)
Neocamarosporium Crous & M.J. Wingf. (C)*
Paradendryphiella Woudenberg & Crous (H)*
Pleoseptum A.W. Ramaley & M.E. Barr*
Platysporoides (Wehm.) Shoemaker & C.E. Babc.
Pseudoyuconia Lar. N. Vassiljeva
Pyrenophora Fr.* (see in Table 1)
Stemphylium Wallr. (H)* (see in Table 1)
Salsugineaceae K.D. Hyde & S. Tibpromma
Acrocordiopsis Borse & K.D. Hyde
Salsuginea K.D. Hyde
Shiraiaceae Y.X. Liu et al.
Grandigallia M.E. Barr et al.*
Shiraia Henn.
Sporormiaceae Munk
Chaetopreussia Locq.-Lin.
Pleophragmia Fuckel
Preussia Fuckel
Sporormia De Not.
Westerdykella Stolk
Teichosporaceae M.E. Barr
Chaetomastia (Sacc.) Berl
Testudinaceae Arx
Tetraplosphaeriaceae Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray.
Polyplosphaeria Kaz. et al.
Pseudotetraploa Kaz. et al. (H)
Quadricrura Kaz. et al. (H)
Tetraploa Berk. & Broome (H)* (see in Table 1)
Triplosphaeria Kaz. et al.
Thyridariaceae Q. Tian & K.D. Hyde
Thyridaria Sacc.*
Trematosphaeriaceae K.D. Hyde et al.
Bryosphaeria Döbbeler*
Falciformispora K.D. Hyde
Hadrospora Boise*
Halomassarina Suetrong et al.
Medicopsis Gruyter et al. (C)*
Trematosphaeria Fuckel
Zopfiaceae G. Arnaud ex D. Hawksw.
Caryospora De Not.
Coronopapilla Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.
Rechingeriella Petr.
Richonia Boud.
Zopfia Rabenh.
Zopfiofoveola D. Hawksw.
Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis
Acrocalymma Alcorn & J.A.G. Irwin (C)*
Ascorhombispora L. Cai & K.D. Hyde
Aquasubmersa K.D. Hyde & Huang Zhang
Ascoronospora Matsush.*
Atradidymella M.L. Davey & Currah
Bahusandhika Subram.
Bellojisia Réblová
Berkleasmium Zobel (H)
Briansuttonia R.F. Castañeda et al. (H)
Cerebella Ces. (H)
Cheiromoniliophora Tzean & J.L. Chen (H)
Cyclothyrium Petr. (C)*
Dangeardiella Sacc. & P. Syd.
Dendryphiella Bubák & Ranoj.(H)
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Dictyosporium Corda (H)
Didymosphaerella Cooke
Digitodesmium P.M. Kirk (H)
Diplococcium Grove (H)
Ellisembia Subram. (H)
Eremodothis Arx
Faurelina Locq.-Lin.
Fusculina Crous & Summerell (C)
Glaxoa P.F. Cannon*
Gordonomyces Crous & Marinc. (C)
Margaretbarromyces Mindell et al.
Massariosphaeria (E. Müll.) Crivelli
Mycocentrospora Deighton (H)
Neopeckia Sacc.
Nigrograna Gruyter et al. (C)*
Noosia Crous et al. (H)
Ochrocladosporium Crous & U. Braun (H)
Periconia Tode (H)
Phaeomycocentrospora Crous et al.
Pleosphaerellula Naumov & Czerepan.
Polyschema H.P. Upadhyay (H)
Pseudochaetosphaeronema Punith. (C)
Pseudopassalora Crous (H)
Pseudopyrenidium Nav.-Ros. et al.
Rebentischia P. Karst.*
Repetophragma Subram. (H)
?Scleroramularia Batzer & Crous (H)
Setophaeosphaeria Crous & Y. Zhang ter*
Sirodesmium De Not. (C)
Spiroplana Voglmayr et al. (H)
Trinosporium Crous & Decock
Versicolorisporium Sat. Hatak. et al. (C)
Wicklowia Raja et al.
Xenobotryosphaeria Quaedvlieg et al.*
Dothideomycetes, orders incertae sedis
Abrothallales Pérez-Ortega & Suija*
Abrothallaceae Pérez-Ortega & Suija*
17
Auerswaldiella Theiss. & Syd.
Barriopsis A.J.L. Phillips et al. (C)
Botryobambusa Phook. et al.
Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not.* (see in Table 1)
Coccostromella Petr.*
Cophinforma Doilom et al.
Dichomera Cooke (C)
Diplodia Fr. (C)*
Dothiorella Sacc. (C)
Endomelanconiopsis E.I. Rojas & Samuels
Lasiodiplodia Ellis & Everh. (C)
Macrophomina Petr. (C)
Macrovalsaria Petr.
Metameris Theiss. & Syd.*
Microdiplodia Allesch. (C)
Neodeightonia C. Booth
Neofusicoccum Crous et al. (C)
Neoscytalidium Crous & Slippers (H)
Phaeobotryon Theiss. & Syd.
Phyllachorella Syd.
Pyrenostigme Syd.
Septorioides Quaedvlieg et al.*
Sivanesania W.H. Hsieh & Chi Y. Chen
Sphaeropsis Sacc. (C)* (see in Table 1)
Spencermartinsia A.J.L. Phillips et al.
Tiarosporella Höhn.
Vestergrenia Rehm
Melanopsaceae Phillips et al.*
Melanops Nitschke ex Fuckel
Phyllostictaceae Fr.
Leptoguignardia E. Müll.
Phyllosticta Pers. (C)* (see in Table 1)
Pseudofusicoccum Mohali et al. (C)*
Planistromellaceae M.E. Barr
Abrothallus De Not.*
Botryosphaeriales C.L. Schoch et al.
Aplosporellaceae Slippers et al.*
Aplosporella Speg. (C)*
Bagnisiella Speg.*
Kellermania Ellis & Everh. (C)* (see in Table 1)
Mycosphaerellopsis Höhn.
Planistroma A.W. Ramaley*
Saccharataceae Slippers et al. *
Saccharata Denman & Crous
Botryosphaeriaceae Theiss. & Syd.
Botryosphaeriales, genera incertae sedis
Alanphillipsia Crous & M.J. Wingf.*
Auerswaldia Sacc.
Hendersonula Speg. (C)
18
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Acrospermales Minter et al.
Acrospermaceae Fuckel
Acrospermum Tode*
Gonatophragmium Deighton (H)
Oomyces Berk. & Broome
Dyfrolomycetales K.L. Pang et al.
Dyfrolomycetaceae K.D. Hyde et al.
Dyfrolomyces K.D. Hyde et al.
Hysteriales Lindau
Hysteriaceae Chevall.
Actidiographium Lar. N. Vassiljeva
Coniosporium Link (H)
Gloniella Sacc.
Gloniopsis De Not.
Hysterium Pers.
Hysterobrevium E. Boehm & C.L. Schoch (C)
Hysterocarina H. Zogg
Hysteropycnis Hilitzer
Oedohysterium E. Boehm & C.L. Schoch*
Ostreichnion Duby
Psiloglonium Höhn.
Rhytidhysteron Speg.
Sphaeronaema Fr.
Jahnulales Pang et al.
Aliquandostipitaceae Inderbitzin
Aliquandostipite Inderb.
Brachiosphaera Nawawi (H)
Jahnula Kirschst.*
Megalohypha A. Ferrer & Shearer
Speiropsis Tubaki
Xylomyces Goos et al.
Manglicolaceae Suetrong & E.B.G. Jones
Micropeltis Mont.
Scolecopeltidium F. Stevens & Manter
Sirothyriella Höhn.
Stomiopeltis Theiss.
Stomiopeltopsis Bat. & Cavalc.
Stomiotheca Bat.
Microthyriaceae Sacc.
Arnaudiella Petr.*
Asterostomula Theiss. (C)
Calothyriopsis Höhn.
Caribaeomyces Cif.
Chaetothyriothecium Hongsanan & K.D. Hyde*
Hansfordiella S. Hughes (H)
Isthmospora F. Stevens (H)
Leptothyrium Kunze (C)
Microthyrium Desm.
Palawania Syd. & P. Syd.
Seynesiella G. Arnaud
Microthyriales, genera incertae sedis
Neomicrothyrium Boonmee et al.
Monoblastiales Lücking et al.
Monoblastiaceae Walt. Watson
Acrocordia A. Massal.
Anisomeridium (Müll. Arg.) M. Choisy
Caprettia Bat. & H. Maia
Megalotremis Aptroot
Monoblastia Riddle
Trypetheliopsis Asahina
Mytilinidiales Boehm et al.
Gloniaceae (Corda) Boehm et al.
Cenococcum Moug. & Fr. (C)
Cleistonium Speer (C)
Glonium Muhl.
Manglicola Kohlm. & E. Kohlm.
Mytilinidiaceae Kirschst.
Microthyriales G. Arnaud
Micropeltidaceae Clem. & Shear
Anariste Syd.*
Caudella Syd. & P. Syd.
Chaetothyrina Theiss.
Dictyopeltella Bat. & I.H. Lima
Haplopeltheca Bat. et al.
Heliocephala V. Rao et al.
Holubovaniella R.F. Castañeda (H)
Actidium Fr.
Camaroglobulus Speer (C)*
Lophium Fr.
Mytilinidion Duby
Ostreola Darker
Peyronelia Cif. & Gonz. Frag.
Quasiconcha M.E. Barr & M. Blackw.
Septonema Corda (H)
Taeniolella S. Hughes (H)
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Zoggium Lar. N. Vassiljeva
Natipusillales Raja et al.
Natipusillaceae Raja et al.
Natipusilla A. Ferrer
Patellariales D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
Patellariaceae Corda
Baggea Auersw.
Colensoniella Hafellner*
Endotryblidium Petr.
Holmiella Petrini et al.
Lecanidiella Sherwood
Lirellodisca Aptroot
Murangium Seaver
Patellaria Fr.
Poetschia Körb.
Pseudoparodia Theiss. & Syd.
Rhizodiscina Hafellner
Schrakia Hafellner
Stratisporella Hafellner
Tryblidaria (Sacc.) Rehm
Phaeotrichales Ariyawansa et al.
Phaeotrichaceae Cain
Echinoascotheca Matsush.
Phaeotrichum Cain & M.E. Barr
Trichodelitschia Munk
Strigulales Lücking et al.
Strigulaceae Zahlbr.
Flavobathelium Lücking et al.
Phyllobathelium (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg
Phyllocratera Sérus. & Aptroot
Strigula Fr.
Trypetheliales Lücking et al.
Trypetheliaceae Zenker
19
Acanthophiobolus Berl.#
Acanthostigma De Not.#
Acanthostigmina Höhn.#
Aquaphila Goh et al. (H)#
Bifrontia Norman#
Boerlagiomyces Butzin#
Chaetosphaerulina I. Hino*
Chlamydotubeufia Boonmee & K.D. Hyde#
Helicangiospora Boonmee*
Helicoma Corda (H)#
Helicomyces Link (H)#
Helicoön Morgan (H)
Helicosporium Nees (H)*
Kamalomyces R.K. Verma et al.#
Neoacanthostigma Boonmee et al.*
Podonectria Petch#
Tamhinispora Rajeshkumar & Rahul Sharma#
Thaxteriella Petr.#
Thaxteriellopsis Sivan. et al.*
Tubeufia Penz. & Sacc.#
#
for notes see under Tubeufiaceae
Venturiales Yin. Zhang et al.
Venturiaceae E. Müll. & Arx ex M.E. Barr
Acantharia Theiss. & Syd.
Acroconidiellina (Berk. & Broome) M.B. Ellis (H)
Apiosporina Höhn.*
Atopospora Petr.
Caproventuria U. Braun
Coleroa Rabenh.
Helicodendron Peyronel (H)
Maireella Syd. ex Maire*
Metacoleroa Petr.
Pithosira Petr. (H)
Protoventuria Berl. & Sacc.
Pseudocladosporium U. Braun
Pseudoparodiella F. Stevens
Spilodochium Syd. (H)
Tyrannosorus Unter. & Malloch
Venturia Sacc.
Sympoventuriaceae Yin. Zhang ter et al.
Architrypethelium Aptroot
Bathelium Ach.
Polymeridium (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris
Pseudopyrenula Müll. Arg.
Trypethelium Spreng.
Tubeufiales Boonmee & K.D. Hyde*
Tubeufiaceae M.E. Barr*
Acanthohelicospora Boonmee & K.D. Hyde*
Clavatispora S. Boonmee & K.D. Hyde*
Ochroconis de Hoog & Arx (H)*
Sympoventuria Crous & Seifert
Veronaeopsis Arzanlou & Crous (H)
Dothideomycetes, families incertae sedis
Argynnaceae Shearer & J.L. Crane
Argynna Morgan
20
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Lepidopterella Shearer & J.L. Crane
Schiffnerula Höhn.*
Thrauste Theiss.*
Arthopyreniaceae W. Watson
Eremomycetaceae Malloch & Cain
Arthopyrenia A. Massal.
Ascoporiaceae Kutorga & D. Hawksw.
Arthrographis G. Cochet ex Sigler & J.W. Carmich. (H)*
Eremomyces Malloch & Cain
Rhexothecium Samson & Mouch.
Ascoporia Samuels & A.I. Romero
Euantennariaceae Hughes & Corlett
Aulographaceae Luttr. ex P.M. Kirk et al.*
Aulographum Lib.#
Echidnodes Theiss. & Syd.*
Lembosiella Sacc.*
Lembosina Theiss.*
Morenoina Theiss.*
Thyriopsis Theiss. & Syd.*
#
for notes see under Aulographaceae
Antennatula Fr. ex F. Strauss (H)
Capnokyma S. Hughes (H)
Euantennaria Speg.
Hormisciomyces Bat. & Nascim. (H)
Plokamidomyces Bat. et al. (H)
Racodium Fr. (H)
Rasutoria M.E. Barr
Strigopodia Bat.
Trichothallus F. Stevens (H)
Coccoideaceae Henn. ex Sacc. & D. Sacc.
Fenestellaceae M.E. Barr
Coccoidea Henn.
Coccoidella Höhn.
Cookellaceae Höhn. ex Saccardo & Trotter
Cookella Sacc.
Pycnoderma Syd. & P. Syd.*
Uleomyces Henn.
Dacampiaceae Körb.
Aaosphaeria Aptroot*
Clypeococcum D. Hawksw.
Dacampia A. Massal.
Eopyrenula R.C. Harris
Leptocucurthis Aptroot
Munkovalsaria Aptroot
Polycoccum Saut. ex Körb.
Pseudonitschkia Coppins & S.Y Kondr
Pyrenidium Nyl.
Weddellomyces D. Hawksw.
Englerulaceae Henn.*
Allosoma Syd.*
Capnodiastrum Speg. (C)
Digitosarcinella S. Hughes (H)
Englerula Henn.*
Goosia B. Song*
Parenglerula Höhn.*
Rhytidenglerula Höhn.*
Fenestella Tul. & C. Tul.
Lojkania Rehm
Pleurostromella Petr. (C)
Kirschsteiniotheliaceae S. Boonmee & K.D. Hyde
Kirschsteiniothelia D. Hawksw.* (see in Table 1)
Leptopeltidaceae Höhn. ex Trotter
Dothiopeltis E. Müll.
Leptopeltis Höhn.
Nannfeldtia Petr.
Phacidina Höhn.
Ronnigeria Petr.
Staibia Bat. & Peres
Mesnieraceae Arx & E. Müll.
Bondiella Piroz.
Mesniera Sacc. & P. Syd.
Stegasphaeria Syd. & P. Syd.
Muyocopronaceae K.D. Hyde
Muyocopron Speg.
Naetrocymbaceae Höhn. ex R.C. Harris
Jarxia D. Hawksw.
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Leptorhaphis Körb.
Naetrocymbe Körb. ex Körb.
Tomasellia A. Massal.
Paranectriellaceae S. Boonmee & K.D. Hyde
Paranectriella (P. Henn. ex Sacc & D. Sacc) Höhn.* (see
in Table 1)
Puttemansia Henn.
Parmulariaceae E. Müll. & Arx ex M.E. Barr*
Aldona Racib.
Aldonata Sivan. & A.R.P. Sinha
Antoniomyces Inácio
Aulacostroma Syd. & P. Syd.
Campoa Speg.
Cocconia Sacc.
Cycloschizon Henn.
Cyclostomella Pat.
Dothidasteroma Höhn.*
Ferrarisia Sacc.
Hemigrapha (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. ex D. Hawksw.
Hysterostomella Speg.
Inocyclus Theiss. & Syd.
Kiehlia Viégas
Mintera Inácio & P.F. Cannon
Pachypatella Theiss. & Syd.
Palawaniella Doidge
Parmularia Lév.
Parmulariopsella Sivan.
Parmulariopsis Petr.
Parmulina Theiss. & Syd.
Placoasterella Sacc. ex Theiss. & Syd.*
Placosoma Höhn.*
Placostromella Petr.*
Pleiostomellina Bat. et al.*
Polycyclina Theiss. & Syd.
Polycyclus Höhn.
Protothyrium G. Arnaud
Pseudolembosia Theiss.
Rhagadolobium Henn. & Lindau
Rhipidocarpon (Theiss.) Theiss. & Syd.
Symphaeophyma Speg.
Thallomyces H.J. Swart
Viegasella Inácio & P.F. Cannon
Parodiellaceae Theiss. & H. Syd. ex M.E. Barr
Parodiella Speg.
21
Perisporiopsidaceae E. Müll. & Arx ex R. Kirschner &
T.A. Hofm.
Alina Racib.
Balladyna Racib.
Balladynocallia Bat.
Balladynopsis Theiss. & Syd.
Chevalieropsis G. Arnaud
Cleistosphaera Syd. & P. Syd.
Dimeriella Speg.
Dimerium (Sacc. & P. Syd.) McAlpine
Dysrhynchis Clem.
Hyalomeliolina F. Stevens
Leptomeliola Höhn.
Neoparodia Petr. & Cif.
Ophiomeliola Starbäck
Ophioparodia Petr. & Cif.
Parodiellina Henn. ex G. Arnaud
Perisporiopsis Henn.
Pilgeriella Henn.
Scolionema Theiss. & Syd.
Stomatogene Theiss.
Polystomellaceae Theiss. & H. Syd.
Dermatodothella Viégas*
Munkiella Speg.
Parastigmatea Doidge
Protoscyphaceae Kutorga & D. Hawksw.
Protoscypha Syd.
Pseudoperisporiaceae Toro
Aphanostigme Syd.
Bryochiton Döbbeler & Poelt
Bryomyces Döbbeler
Chaetoscutula E. Müll.*
Epibryon Döbbeler
Episphaerella Petr.
Eudimeriolum Speg.
Eumela Syd.
Jaffuela Speg.*
Keratosphaera H.B.P. Upadhyay
Lasiostemma Theiss. et al.
Lizonia (Ces. & De Not.) De Not.
Myxophora Döbbeler & Poelt
Nematostigma Syd. & P. Syd.
Nematostoma Syd. & P. Syd.
Nematothecium Syd. & P. Syd.
Neocoleroa Petr.
Ophiociliomyces Bat. & I.H. Lima
22
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Phaeodimeriella Speg.
Phaeostigme Syd. & P. Syd.
Phragmeriella Hansf.
Pododimeria E. Müll.
Raciborskiomyces Siemaszko
Toroa Syd.
Pachythyrium G. Arnaud ex Spooner & P.M. Kirk
Trichothyrium Speg.
Vizellaceae H.J. Swart
Blasdalea Sacc. & P. Syd.* (see in Table 1)
Vizella Sacc.
Roussoellaceae J.K. Liu et al.*
Wiesneriomycetaceae Suetrong et al.*
Appendispora K.D. Hyde*
Cytoplea Bizz. & Sacc. (C)*
Neoroussoella J.K. Liu et al.*
Roussoella Sacc.
Roussoellopsis I. Hino & Katum.
Schizothyriaceae Höhn. ex Trotter et al.
Amazonotheca Bat. & H. Maia
Chaetoplaca Syd. & P. Syd.
Henningsiella Rehm
Hexagonella F. Stevens & Guba ex F. Stevens
Hysteropeltella Petr.*
Kerniomyces Toro
Lecideopsella Höhn.
Linopeltis I. Hino & Katum.
Mendogia Racib.
Metathyriella Syd.
Mycerema Bat. et al.
Myriangiella Zimm.
Neopeltella Petr.
Orthobellus A.A. Silva & Cavalc.
Plochmopeltis Theiss.
Schizothyrium Desm. (H)*
Zygophiala E.W. Mason (H)*
Seynesiopeltidaceae K.D. Hyde
Seynesiopeltis F. Stevens & R.W. Ryan
Trichopeltinaceae (Theiss.) Bat. (=Brefeldiellaceae) *
Acrogenotheca Cif. & Bat.*
Brefeldiella Speg.*
Saccardinula Speg.*
Trichopeltella Höhn.*
Trichopeltheca Bat. et al.*
Trichopeltina Theiss.*
?Trichothyrinula Petr.*
Trichothyriaceae Theiss.
Lichenopeltella Höhn.
Macrographa Etayo
Wiesneriomyces Koord.
Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis
Acanthorus Bat. & Cavalc. (C)
Acanthostigmella Höhn.*
Acarella Syd. (C)
Achorella Theiss. & Syd.
Acredontium de Hoog
Actinomyxa Syd. & P. Syd.
Alascospora Raja et al.
Allonecte Syd.
Amorosia Mantle & D. Hawksw. (H)
Ampullifera Deighton (H)
Anguillosporella U. Braun (H)
Anopeltis Bat. & Peres
Anthracostroma Petr.* (see in Table 1)
Anungitea B. Sutton (H)
Anungitopsis R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. (H)
Apoa Syd.
Aptrootia Lücking & Sipman
Aquamarina Kohlm. et al.
Aquaticheirospora Kodsueb & W.H. Ho (H)
Arkoola J. Walker & Stovold
Armata W. Yamam.
Asbolisia Bat. & Cif.
Ascocoronospora Matsush. (H)
Ascominuta Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde
Asterinema Bat. & Gayão*
Asteritea Bat. & R. Garnier
Asterodothis Theiss.*
Asteromassaria Höhn.
Asteromella Pass. & Thüm. (C)
Asteronia (Sacc.) Henn.
Asterostromina (C)
Astrosphaeriella Syd. & P. Syd.*
Astrothelium Eschw.
Atramixtia Tsuneda et al.
Austropleospora R.G. Shivas & L. Morin
Bactrodesmium Cooke (H)
Bahugada K.A. Reddy & V. Rao
Bahusakala Subram. (H)
Bahusutrabeeja Subram. & Bhat (H)
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Banhegyia L. Zeller & Tóth
Belizeana Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.
Biciliopsis Diederich
Bonaria Bat.
Botryochora Torrend*
Botryohypoxylon Samuels & J.D. Rogers* (see in
Table 1)
Botryostroma Höhn.
Brachyconidiella R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. (H)
Bramhamyces Hosag.
Brevicatenospora R.F. Castañeda et al.
Brooksia Hansf.* (see in Table 1)
Bryorella Döbbeler
Bryostroma Döbbeler
Bryothele Döbbeler
Buelliella Fink
Buscalionia Sambo
Byssocallis Syd.
Byssogene Syd.
Byssolophis Clem.
Byssopeltis Bat. et al.
Byssothecium Fuckel
Callebaea Bat.
Calyptra Theiss. & Syd.
Campylothelium Müll. Arg.
Capillataspora K.D. Hyde
Capnocheirides J.L. Crane & S. Hughes (H)
Capnodaria (Sacc.) Theiss. & Syd.
Capnodinula Bat. & Cif.
Capnophaeum Speg.
Capnosporium S. Hughes (H)
Carinispora K.D. Hyde
Catenolaria G.Y. Sun & H.Y. Li
Catinella Boud.
Catulus Malloch & Rogerson
Celtidia J.D. Janse
Ceramoclasteropsis Bat. & Cavalc.
Ceratophoma Höhn. (C)
Cercidospora Körb.
Cerodothis Muthappa
Ceuthodiplospora Died. (C)
Chaetocrea Syd.*
Chaetonectrioides Matsush.
Chaetosticta Petr. & Syd.
Chalara (Corda) Rabenh. (H)
Cheirosporium L. Cai & K.D. Hyde (H)
Chionomyces Deighton & Piroz.
Chuppia Deighton (H)
Cilioplea Munk
Cirsosina Bat. & J.L. Bezerra
Cirsosiopsis Butin & Speer
Cladoriella Crous (H)
Clasterosporium Schwein. (H)
23
Clavariopsis De Wild. (H)
Clypeispora A.W. Ramaley (C)
Clypeolina Theiss.
Clypeostroma Theiss. & Syd.
Cocciscia Norman
Coccochora Höhn.
Coccochorina Hara
Coccodothis Theiss. & Syd.
Comesella Speg.
Comminutispora A.W. Ramaley* (see in Table 1)
Coronospora M.B. Ellis*
Crauatamyces Viégas
Crotone Theiss. & Syd.
Cryomyces Selbmann et al. (H)
Cyclopeltis Petr.* (see in Table 1)
Cyclotheca Theiss.
Cylindrosympodium W.B. Kendr. & R.F. Castañeda
Cyrtidium Vain.
Cyrtidula Minks
Cyrtopsis Vain.
Cytostagonospora Bubák (C)
Dactuliophora C.L. Leakey (H)
Dawsomyces Döbbeler
Dawsophila Döbbeler
Decaisnella Fabre
Dermatodothis Racib. ex Theiss. & Syd.
Dianesea Inácio & P.F. Cannon
Dibotryon Theiss. & Syd.
Dictyoasterina Hansf.
Dictyodochium Sivan.
Dictyopeltis Theiss.
Dictyostomiopelta Viégas
Dictyothyrina Theiss.
Dictyothyrium Theiss.
Didymochora Hohn. (C)
Didymocyrtidium Vain.
Didymocyrtis Vain.
Didymolepta Munk
Didymopleella Munk
Diederichia D. Hawksw. (C)
Dilophospora Desm.
Diplochorina Gutner
Disculina Höhn. (C)
Dothichiza Lib. ex Roum.
Dothidasteromella Höhn.*
Dothidella Speg.
Dothivalsaria Petr.
Dubitatio Speg.
Dubujiana D.R. Reynolds & G.S. Gilber
Echinothecium Zopf
Elletevera Deighton (H)
Elmerinula Syd.
Endosporium Tsuneda (H)
24
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Englerodothis Theiss. & Syd.
Epiphegia G.H. Otth
Epiphora Nyl.
Epipolaeum Theiss. & P. Syd.
Eriocercospora Deighton (H)
Eriocercosporella Rak. Kumar et al. (H)
Eriomycopsis Speg. (H)
Eriothyrium Speg. (C)
Eupelte Syd.*
Excipulariopsis P.M. Kirk & Spooner* (see in Table 1)
Exiliseptum R.C. Harris
Extrusothecium Matsush.
Farlowiella Sacc.* (see in Table 1)
Frondisphaeria K.D. Hyde
Fulvia Cif.
Fumiglobus D.R. Reynolds & G.S. Gilbert (C)
Funbolia Crous & Seifert (H)
Fusicladiella Höhn. (H)
Fusicladium Bonord. (H)
Gibbago E.G. Simmons (H)
Gibbera Fr.
Gibberidea Fuckel
Gilletiella Sacc. & P. Syd.
Globoa Bat. & H. Maia
Globulina Speg.
Gloeodiscus Dennis
Glyphium Nitschke ex F. Lehm.
Govindua Bat. & H. Maia
Graphyllium Clem.
Halokirschsteiniothelia Boonmee & K.D. Hyde
Hansfordiellopsis Deighton (H)
Hansfordiopsis Bat.
Harknessiella Sacc.
Hassea Zahlbr.
Heleiosa Kohlm. et al.
Helminthopeltis Sousa da Câmara
Helminthosporium Link (H)
Heptameria Rehm & Thüm.
Heptaster Cif. et al. (H)
Heteroconium Petr. (H)
Heterosphaeriopsis Hafellner
Hidakaea I. Hino & Katum.
Hobsoniopsis D. Hawksw. (H)
Homortomyces Crous & M.J. Wingf. (C)
Homostegia Fuckel
Hormiokrypsis Bat. & Nascim. (H)
Houjia G.Y. Sun & Crous (H)
Hugueninia J.L. Bezerra & T.T. Barros
Hyalocrea Syd. & P. Syd.
Hyaloscolecostroma Bat. & J. Oliveira
Hyalosphaera F. Stevens
Hyalotheles Speg.*
Hypobryon Döbbeler
Hysterodifractum D.A.C. Almeida et al.
Hysteroglonium Rehm ex Lindau
Hysteropsis Rehm
Idriella P.E. Nelson & S. Wilh. (H)
Immotthia M.E. Barr
Isthmosporella Shearer & J.L. Crane
Japonia Höhn.
Kabatia Bubák (C)
Koordersiella Höhn.
Kriegeriella Höhn.
Krishnamyces Hosag. (C)*
Kullhemia P. Karst.
Kusanobotrys Henn.
Lanatosphaera Matzer
Laocoön J.C. David (H)
Lasiobotrys Kunze
Lasmenia Speg.
Lautitia S. Schatz*
Lazarenkoa Zerova
Lembosiopeltis Bat. & J.L. Bezerra
Lemonniera De Wild. (H)
Leptospora Rabenh.
Letendraeopsis K.F. Rodrigues & Samuels
Leveillella Theiss. & Syd.*
Leveillina Theiss. & Syd.
Licopolia Sacc. et al.
Lidophia J. Walker & B. Sutton*
Limaciniopsis J.M. Mend.
Lineolata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.
Lineostroma H.J. Swart
Lophiella Sacc.
Lophionema Sacc.
Lopholeptosphaeria Sousa da Câmara
Lucidascocarpa A. Ferrer et al.*
Macowaniella Doidge*
Maheshwaramyces Hosag.*
Malacaria Syd.*
Manginula G. Arnaud (C)
Manoharachariella Bagyan. et al.
Marcelaria Aptroot et al.
Massariola Füisting
Maublancia G. Arnaud
Megaloseptoria Naumov (C)
Melioliphila Speg.*
Mendoziopeltis Bat.
Microcyclella Theiss.
Microcyclus Sacc. et al.
Microdothella Syd. & P. Syd.
Micropustulomyces R.W. Barreto (C)
Microxiphium (Harv. ex Berk. & Desm.) Thüm. (H)
Minteriella Heredia et al.
Minutisphaera Shearer et al.
Mitopeltis Speg.
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Miuraea Hara (H)
Monoblastiopsis R.C. Harris & C.A. Morse
Monodictys S. Hughes (H)
Monotosporella S. Hughes (H)
Montagnella Speg.
Moriolomyces Cif. & Tomas.
Moristroma A.I. Romero & Samuels
Muroia I. Hino & Katum.
Mycocryptospora J. Reid & C. Booth
Mycodidymella C.Z. Wei et al.
Mycoglaena Höhn.
Mycomicrothelia Keissl.
Mycopepon Boise
Mycoporellum Müll. Arg.
Mycothyridium Petr.
Mycovellosiella Rangel (H)
Myriangiopsis Henn.
Myriostigmella G. Arnaud
Mytilostoma P. Karst.
Myxocyclus Riess (C)
Neocoleroa Petr.
Neodeightoniella Crous & W.J. Swart (H)
Neoovularia U. Braun (H)
Neoramularia U. Braun (H)
Neottiosporina Subram. (C)
Neoventuria Syd. & P. Syd.
Ocala Raja & Shearer
Omphalospora Theiss. & Syd.*
Ophiotrichum Kunze (H)
Otthia Nitschke ex Fuckel
Parahendersonia A.W. Ramaley (C)*
Paraliomyces Kohlm.
Parastenella J.C. David (H)
Parasterinella Speg.*
Parmulariella Henn.
Paropodia Cif. & Bat.
Passeriniella Berl.
Passerinula Sacc.
Pazschkeella Syd. & P. Syd.
Peltaster Syd. & P. Syd. (C)
Peltasterella Bat. & H. Maia (C)
Pendulispora M.B. Ellis (H)
Perischizon Syd. & P. Syd.
Peroschaeta Bat. & A.F. Vital
Petrakina Cif.*
Petrakiopeltis Bat. et al.
Phaeocyrtidula Vain.
Phaeoglaena Clem.
Phaeopeltosphaeria Berl. & Peglion
Phaeoramularia Munt.-Cvetk. (H)
Phaeosclera Sigler et al. (H)
Phaeosperma Nitschke ex G.H. Otth
Phaeotheca Sigler et al. (H)
25
Phaeothecoidiella Batzer & Crous (H)
Phaeothyriolum Syd.
Phaeotomasellia Katum.
Phaeoxyphiella Bat. & Cif. (C)
Phanerococculus Cif.
Philobryon Döbbeler
Philonectria Hara
Phragmaspidium Bat.
Phragmogibbera Samuels & Rogerson
Phragmoscutella Woron. & Abramov*
Phragmosperma Theiss. & Syd.
Phycorella Döbbeler
Physalosporopsis Bat. & H. Maia
Pirozynskia Subram. (H)*
Placoasterina Toro
Placodothis Syd.
Placomelan Cif.*
Placosphaeria (De Not.) Sacc.
Plagiostromella Höhn.
Plectopycnis Bat. & A.F. Vital (C)
Plejobolus (E. Bommer et al.) O.E. Erikss.
Plenotrichaius Bat. & Valle (C)
Pleostigma Kirschst.
Pleotrichiella Sivan.
Pleurophoma Höhn. (C)
Pleurophomopsis Petr. (C)*
Podoplaconema Petr. (C)
Polychaetella Speg. (C)
Polyclypeolina Bat. & I.H. Lima
Polycyclinopsis Bat. et al.
Polyrhizon Theiss. et al.
Polysporidiella Petr.
Polystomellina Bat. & A.F. Vital
Polystomellopsis F. Stevens
Prathoda Subram. (H)
Pseudoallosoma F.B. Rocha et al.
Pseudodictyosporium Matsush. (H)
Pseudodidymella C.Z. Wei et al.* (see in Table 1)
Pseudoepicoccum M.B. Ellis
Pseudomorfea Punith.
Pseudopleospora Petr.
Pseudorobillarda M. Morelet (C)
Pseudoscypha J. Reid & Piroz.
Pseudovirgaria H.D. Shin et al. (H)
Pteridiospora Penz. & Sacc.
Pteropus R.W. Ham
Punctillum Petr. & Syd.
Pycnocarpon Theiss.
Pyrenobotrys Theiss. & Syd.
Pyrenochium Link
Pyrenocyclus Petr.
Quasiphloeospora B. Sutton et al. (H)
Quintaria Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm
26
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Racoleus R. Sant. & D. Hawksw.
Racovitziella Döbbeler & Poelt
Ramulariopsis Speg. (H)
Resendea Bat.
Rhabdospora (Durieu & Mont. ex Sacc.) Sacc. (C)
Rhizogene Syd. & P. Syd.
Rhizopycnis D.F. Farr (C)
Rhizosphaera L. Mangin & Har.
Rhizotexis Theiss. & Syd.*
Rhopographus Nitschke ex Fuckel
Robillardiella S. Takim.
Rosaria N. Carter
Rosasphaeria Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
Rosellinula R. Sant.
Rosenscheldia Speg.
Rosenscheldiella Theiss. & Syd.
Roumegueria (Sacc.) Henn.
Saccharicola D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss
Sakireeta Subram. & K. Ramakr. (C)
Sapucchaka K. Ramakr.
Sarcinomyces Lindner (H)
Sarcophoma Höhn.
Saxomyces Selbmann & Isola
Scirrhia Nitschke ex Fuckel
Scleroconidioma Tsuneda et al. (H)
Sclerophoma Höhn. (C)*
Scolecobonaria Bat.
Scolecoxyphium Cif. & Bat. (C)
Semifissispora H.J. Swart
Semisphaeria K. Holm & L. Holm
Septoidium G. Arnaud (H)
Shearia Petr. (C)*
Shivamyces Hosag.
Sirosporium Bubák & Serebrian. (H)
Sivanesaniella Gawande & D.K. Agarwal
Spermatoloncha Speg. (H)
Sphaerellopsis Cooke (C)
Spirosphaera Beverw. (H)
Sporidesmajora Batzer & Crous (H)
Sporidesmium Link (H)
Stegasphaeria Syd. & P. Syd.
Stegothyrium Höhn.
Stephanotheca Syd. & P. Syd.*
Stigmatodothis Syd. & P. Syd.
Stigmatophragmia Tehon & G.L. Stout
Stromatopogon Zahlbr.
Stuartella Fabre
Symphaster Theiss. & Syd.
Syrropeltis Bat. et al.
Teichosporella (Sacc.) Sacc.
Teratoschaeta Bat. & O.M. Fonseca
Tetracrium Henn. (H)
Thalassoascus Ollivier
Thelenidia Nyl.
Thryptospora Petr.
Thyrinula Petr. & Syd. (C)
Thyriodictyella Cif.
Thyrospora Kirschst.
Tilakiella Srinivas.
Titaea Sacc. (H)
Tomeoa I. Hino
Torulopsiella Bender (H)
Tothia Bat.
Trematosphaeriopsis Elenkin
Tretospora M.B. Ellis (H)
Trichodothella Petr.
Trichodothis Theiss. & Syd.
Trichometasphaeria Munk
Trichosporiella Kamyschko (H)
Trichothyriella Theiss.
Trichothyriomyces Bat. & H. Maia
Triposporium Corda (H)
Troposporella P. Karst. (H)
Uleodothis Theiss. & Syd.
Uredinophila Rossman*
Valsaria Ces. & De Not.
Verrucisporota D.E. Shaw & Alcorn (H)
Verruconis Samerpitak & de Hoog
Vishnumyces Hosag.*
Wentiomyces Koord.
Westea H.J. Swart
Wettsteinina Höhn.
Xenomeris Syd.
Xenophacidiella Crous
Xenosonderhenia Crous (C)
Xenosporium Penz. & Sacc.
Xenostomella Syd.
Xylopezia Höhn.
Yoshinagaia Henn.*
Yoshinagella Höhn.
Zalerion R.T. Moore & Meyers
Zeloasperisporium R.F. Castañeda (H)
Notes on recent changes and naming
In this section we provide notes explaining our proposals to
grant particular generic names protected or suppressed status
(Table 1), and also drawing attention to recent advances in our
understanding of asexual and sexual morph linkages in
Dothideomycetes. Furthermore, we provide notes for all newly introduced names for families and genera Dothideomycetes
since Hyde et al. (2013).
Aaosphaeria Aptroot, Nova Hedwigia 60 (3–4): 329 (1995)
Notes: Aptroot (1995) stated that the type species,
Aaosphaeria arxii (Aa) Aptroot has a Microsphaeropsis
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
asexual state that “could be close to Polycoccum in the
Dacampiaceae”. The type species of Microsphaeropsis, Mi.
olivacea (Bonord.) Höhn. however, was shown to cluster in
Didymellaceae (de Gruyter et al. 2009), thus we conclude
Aaosphaeria has a microsphaeropsis-like asexual state.
Abrothallaceae Sergio Pérez-Ortega & Ave Suija, Fungal
Diversity 64 (1): 303 (2014)
Notes: See notes under Abrothallales.
Abrothallales Sergio Pérez-Ortega & Ave Suija, Fungal
Diversity 64 (1): 302 (2014)
Notes: Pérez-Ortega et al. (2014) introduced this order and
it comprises one family viz. Abrothallaceae. Currently only
one genus is placed in Abrothallaceae i.e. Abrothallus and it
appears to be well-established order in Dothideomycetes. The
molecular analyses of Pérez-Ortega et al. (2014) are supported
in our multi-gene analyses (Fig. 1).
Abrothallus De Not., Mem Reale Accad Sci Torino ser. 2
10: 351–355 (1845)
Notes: See notes under Abrothallales.
Acanthohelicospora Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 68 (2014)
Notes: The genus Acanthohelicospora (Tubeufiaceae) was
introduced by Boonmee et al. (2014b) with A. pinicola
Boonmee & K.D. Hyde as the type species. Currently the
genus comprises four species including the type species A.
aureum, A. guianense and A. scopulum.
Acanthostigmella Hön., Annls mycol. 3 (4): 327 (1905)
Notes: Boonmee et al. (2014b) excluded this genus from
Tubeufiaceae and placed in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae
sedis.
Acervuloseptoria Crous & Jol. Roux, Persoonia 32: 275
(2014)
Notes: Crous et al. (2014) introduced Acervuloseptoria
with A. ziziphicola Crous & Jol. Roux as the type species.
Acervuloseptoria is morphologically and phylogenetically
quite distinct from Septoria sensu stricto, however, it belongs
in Mycosphaerellaceae (Crous et al. 2014).
Achaetobotrys Bat. & Cif., Saccardoa 2: 49 (1963)
Notes: Kirk et al. (2008) stated that this genus has
Antennariella Bat. & Cif. asexual states. However, taxonomic
placement of Antennariella is uncertain; hence we do not
synonymize these two genera. Further molecular-based analyses are essential.
Acicuseptoria Quaedvlieg et al., Stud. Mycol. 75: 376
(2013)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2013) introduced Acicuseptoria
and molecular data analyses showed it belongs in
Leptosphaeriaceae.
Acrocalymma Alcorn & J.A.G. Irwin, Trans. Br. mycol.
Soc. 88 (2): 163 (1987)
Notes: Alcorn and Irwin (1987) established this genus with
Acrocalymma medicaginis Alcorn & J.A.G. Irwin as the type
species. Shoemaker et al. (1991) observed the sexual state of
27
Acrocalymma medicaginis in pure culture and named it as
Massarina walkeri Shoemaker et al. Zhang et al. (2012)
introduced a new species, Acrocalymma aquatica H. Zhang
& K.D. Hyde and confirmed the close relationship with A.
medicaginis in their combined SSU and LSU and ITS analyses. However, Zhang et al. (2012) further showed that
Massarina walkeri is not congeneric with Massarina sensu
stricto and placed it in Pleosporales genera incertae sedis
close to Morosphaeriaceae. Thus, we conclude that
Acrocalymma has massarina-like sexual states.
Acrogenotheca Cif. & Bat., Saccardoa 2: 51 (1963)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014a) accepted this genus in
Trichopeltinaceae.
Acrospermum Tode, Fung. mecklenb. sel. (Lüneburg) 1: 8
(1790)
Notes: Carmichael et al. (1980) reported Acrospermum
compressum Tode to have a Dactylaria Sacc. asexual state.
However, Dactylaria is considered as polyphyletic (Seifert et
al. 2011; Wijayawardene et al. 2012), hence we conclude that
Acrospermum has dactylaria-like asexual states.
Alanphillipsia Crous & M.J. Wingf., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl.
Evol. Fungi 31: 197 (2013)
Notes: Crous et al. (2013) introduced this genus with four
species and megablast results showed it belongs to
Botryosphaeriaceae.
Allosoma Syd., Annls mycol. 24 (5/6): 353 (1926)
Notes: Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) listed Allosoma under Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis. Thambugala et al.
(2014c) refer Allosoma to Englerulaceae based on morphological similarities with the generic type of Englerulaceae.
Alternaria Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 72 (1816)
[1816–17]
= Elosia Pers., Mycol. Eur. (Erlanga) 1: 12 (1822)
= Macrosporium Fr., Syst. Mycol. (Lundae) 3: 373
(1832)
= Rhopalidium Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 6: 30
(1836)
= Brachycladium Corda, Icon. Fungorum hucusque
Cogn. (Prague) 2: 14 (1838)
= Ulocladium Preuss, Linnaea 24: 111 (1851)
= Macrospora Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24:
139 (1870) [1869–70]
= Chmelia Svob.-Pol., Biologia (Bratislava) 21: 82
(1966)
= Embellisia E.G. Simmons, Mycologia 63: 380 (1971)
= Trichoconiella B.L. Jain, Kavaka 3: 39 1976 [1975]
= Botryomyces de Hoog & C. Rubio, Sabouraudia 20: 19
(1982) (nom. illegit.)
= Lewia M.E. Barr & E.G. Simmons, Mycotaxon 25: 289
(1986)
= Ybotromyces Rulamort, Bull. Soc. Bot. Centre-Ouest,
Nouv. Sér. 17: 192 (1986)
28
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
= Nimbya E.G. Simmons, Sydowia 41: 316 (1989)
= Allewia E.G. Simmons, Mycotaxon 38: 260 (1990)
= Crivellia Shoemaker & Inderb., Canad. J. Bot. 84: 1308
(2006)
= Chalastospora E.G. Simmons, CBS Biodiversity Ser.
(Utrecht) 6: 668 (2007)
= Teretispora E.G. Simmons, CBS Biodiversity Ser.
(Utrecht) 6: 674 (2007)
= Undifilum B.M. Pryor et al., Botany 87: 190 (2009)
= Sinomyces Yong Wang bis & X.G. Zhang, Fungal Biol.
115: 192 (2011)
Notes: Simmons (1986; 2002; 2007) showed that Lewia is
the sexual morph of Alternaria and discussed the morphological differences of the latter from Pleospora to which
Alternaria was originally linked (Pleospora is the sexual state
of Stemphylium). Simmons (1986) also mentioned that Lewia
scrophulariae (Desm.) M.E. Barr & E.G. Simmons, the generic type, has an Alternaria asexual state. Woudenberg et al.
(2013) showed that Lewia states developed in several sections
of Alternaria, and reduced Brachycladium, Chalastospora,
Chmelia, Crivellia, Embellisia, Lewia, Nimbya, Sinomyces,
Teretispora, Ulocladium, Undifilum and Ybotromyces to synonymy under Alternaria based on molecular and morphological studies. Furthermore, Woudenberg et al. (2013) treated the
type species of Macrospora Fuckel, M. scirpicola (DC.)
Fuckel as a synonym of Alternaria scirpicola (Fuckel) Sivan.
which is the type species of Alternaria, section Nimbya.
Alternariaster E.G. Simmons, CBS Diversity Ser. (Utrecht)
6: 667 (2007)
Notes: Simmons (2007) introduced this monotypic genus
and transferred Alternaria helianthi (Hansf.) E.G. Simmons to
Alternariaster helianthi (Hansf.) E.G. Simmons. Simmons
(2007) considered Alternariaster to be related to Alternaria,
however, Alves et al. (2013) and Woudenberg et al. (2013)
clealy showed Alternariaster (Leptosphaeriaceae) to have a
distinct phylogenetic affinity in Pleosporales and removed it
from Alternaria sensu stricto (Pleosporaceae).
Amniculicola Y. Zhang ter & K.D. Hyde, Mycol. Res.
112(10): 1189 (2008)
Notes: Zhang et al. (2009a, b) showed that this genus
forms a well-established monophyletic clade in their LSU
rDNA analysis. In the same clade, two asexual fungi i.e.
Anguillospora longissima (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Ingold and
Repetophragma ontariense (Matsush.) W.P. Wu also
grouped. The type species of Amniculicola, A. lignicola
Y. Zhang ter & K.D. Hyde grouped with Anguillospora
longissima, the type species of Anguillospora with low
bootstrap values. However, it is essential to include more
strains and more gene regions before synonymizing
Amniculicola under an older hyphomycete name.
Amycosphaerella Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33:
22 (2014)
N o t e s : Q u a e d v l i e g et a l . (2 01 4) s ho we d th at
Mycosphaerella africana Crous & M.J. Wingf. is not congeneric with Mycosphaerella sensu stricto and introduced
Amycosphaerella to accommodate M. africana. Both genera
are distinct in morphology, and Amycosphaerella does not
produce a Ramularia asexual morph (Quaedvlieg et al. 2014).
Anariste Syd., Annls mycol. 25(1/2): 76 (1927)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014c) transferred this genus
from Asterinaceae to Micropeltidaceae.
Anguillospora Ingold, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 25(4): 401
(1942) [1941]
Notes: See notes under Amniculicola.
Anhellia Racib., Parasit. Alg. Pilze Java's (Jakarta) 2: 10
(1900)
Notes: See notes under Myriangiaceae.
Annellosympodiella Crous & Assefa, Persoonia, Mol.
Phyl. Evol. Fungi 32: 245 (2014)
Notes: Crous et al. (2014) introduced this genus and
showed it belongs to Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales.
Antennulariella Woron., Trudy Byuro Prikl. Bot. 8(6): 771
(1915)
= Antennariella Bat. & Cif., Quad. Lab. crittogam., Pavia
31: 22 (1963)
= Capnodendron S. Hughes, Mycologia 68(4): 750
(1976)
= Capnociferria Bat., Saccardoa 2: 76 (1963)
= Capnocrinum Bat. & Cif., Saccardoa 2: 78 (1963)
= Capnodina (Sacc.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 24(1):
366 (1926)
= Capnodium subgen. Capnodina Sacc., Syll. fung.
(Abellini) 22: 60 (1913)
Notes: Hughes (1976; 2000) stated that the sooty
mould genus Antennulariella is the sexual state of
Antennariella and its Capnodendron synasexual. Most of
these links were established based on co-occurrence of
both morphs on the same substrate and so far not proved
by molecular phylogeny. However, Hyde et al. (2013)
synonymised Antennariella Bat. & Cif and Capnodendron
S. Hughes under Antennulariella.
Anthracostroma Petr., Sydowia 8(1–6): 96 (1954)
= Camarosporula Petr., Sydowia 8(1–6): 99 (1954)
Notes: Petrak (1954) established Camarosporula to place
the conidial state of Anthracostroma. This established link
was confirmed by Crous et al. (2011) in their DNA sequence analysis. Both genera are monophyletic and thus
priority should apply to the older name Anthracostroma
and the asexual state Camarosporula synonymized under
Anthracostroma.
Apenidiella Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33: 28 (2014)
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Notes: The genus Apenidiella was introduced to place the
morphologically similar Penidiella strumelloidea (Milko &
Dunaev) Crous & U. Braun (Quaedvlieg et al. 2014), which is
phylogenetically distinct. It is placed in Teratosphaeriaceae
by molecular data.
Apiosporina Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 119: 439 (1910)
= Dibotryon Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(5/6): 663
(1915)
= Parodiodia Bat., Saccardoa 1:9 (1960)
Notes: Zhang et al. (2011) and Hyde et al. (2013) considered Dibotryon to be a synonym of Apiosporina following
von Arx and Müller (1975), Barr (1968) and Crous et al.
(2007). Furthermore, Winton et al. (2007) phylogenetically
showed that Apiosporina collinsii (Schwein.) Höhn., the type
species of Apiosporina and Dibotryon morbosum (Schwein.)
Theiss. & Syd., the type species of Dibotryon are congeneric.
Herein, we also accept Dibotryon, as a synonym of
Apiosporina.
Aplosporella Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 10(5–6): 157
(1880)
Notes: See notes under Aplosporellaceae.
Aplosporellaceae Slippers et al., Stud Mycol 76: 41 (2013)
Notes: Slippers et al. (2013) showed that Aplosporella and
Bagnisiella, Melanops, and Saccharata have distinct phylogenetic lineages in Botryosphaeriales. Hence they introduced
Aplosporellaceae (Aplosporella and Bagnisiella),
Melanopsaceae (Melanops) and Saccharataceae
(Saccharata) as new families in Botryosphaeriales.
Aposphaeria Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 4 (1880)
Notes: De Gruyter et al. (2013) showed that Aposphaeria
accommodated in Melanommataceae in their molecular data
analyses.
Appendispora K.D. Hyde, Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 46(1):
29 (1994)
Notes: Based on its similarities with Roussoellaceae,
Ariyawansa et al. (2014b) placed Appendispora in
Roussoellaceae.
Arnaudiella Petr., Annls mycol. 25(3/4): 339 (1927)
Notes: Crous and Kendrick (1994) introduced
Xenogliocladiopsis to place the conidial state of Arnaudiella
eucalyptorum Crous & W.B. Kendr. However, several collections of X. eucalyptorum from Eucalyptus in Australia
and South Africa have since shown that this published
connection was in fact incorrect, and that Xenogliocladiopsis
is a distinct genus in the Hypocreales (Nectriaceae), and
does not belong to the Dothideomycetes (P.W. Crous,
unpubl. data). Presently there are no confirmed asexual
morphs for Arnaudiella.
Arthrocatena E. Egidi & L. Selbmann, Fungal Diversity
65: 159 (2014)
29
Notes: This new genus was introduced with A. tenebrio
Egidi & Selbmann in Egidi et al. (2014). Molecular analyses
of a combined data set of nu LSU, RPB2, ITS, BT2 showed
Arthrocatena to belong in Capnodiales incertae sedis (Egidi
et al. 2014).
Arthrographis G. Cochet ex Sigler & J.W. Carmich.,
Mycotaxon 4(2): 359 (1976)
Notes: The genus Arthrographis is traditionally considered
as a member of Eremomycetaceae (Malloch and Sigler 1988).
Giraldo et al. (2014) showed that Arthrographis is polyphyletic. However, the type species of Arthrographis, A. kalrae
(R.P. Tewari & Macph.) Sigler & J.W. Carmich. was shown to
belong in Eremomycetaceae (Giraldo et al. 2014).
Ascohyta Lib., Pl. crypt. Arduenna (Liège), fasc. 1(Praef.):
8 (1830)
= Ascochytella Tassi, Bulletin Labor. Orto Bot. de R.
Univ. Siena 5: 6, 27 (1902)
= Ascochytula (Potebnia) Died., Annls mycol. 10(2): 141
(1912)
= Macrodiplodina Petr., Sydowia 15(1–6): 190 (1962)
[1961]
= Stagonosporopsis Died., Annls mycol. 10(2): 142
(1912)
Notes: De Gruyter et al. (2009) showed that Ascochyta pisi,
the sexual state Didymella pisi and generic type of Ascochyta,
groups close to Didymella exigua (Niessl) Sacc., the type
species of Didymella. Peever et al. (2007) showed that A.
pinodes L.K. Jones has Didymella sexual states (i.e. D.
pinodes (Berk. & A. Bloxam). Didymella exigua was not
linked with any Ascochyta spp., but it groups close to A. pisi
and other Ascochyta spp. Woudenberg et al. (2009) however,
also showed Phoma clematidina (Thüm.) Boerema also has a
Didymella sexual state. Further research is necessary, however, to resolve clades in the Didymellaceae. Because the phylogeny of Didymella and Ascochyta has yet to be resolved,
both genera are maintained for usage.
Ascoronospora Matsush., Matsush. Mycol. Mem. 10: 179
(2003)
Notes: Matsushima (2003) described the genus
Ascoronospora and observed the Coronospora asexual state
in culture. However, the link between Ascoronospora and
type species of Coronospora was not confirmed. Hence we
conclude Ascoronospora has coronospora-like asexual state.
Ascostratum Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 10(1): 41
(1912)
Notes: Tian et al. (2014) placed Ascostratum in
Myriangiaceae based on the difference colour and shape of
the ascospores and their completely different habits.
Asterina Lév., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 3: 59 (1845)
= Aphanopeltis Syd., Annls mycol. 25(1/2): 82 (1927)
30
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
= Asterolibertia G. Arnaud, Annals d'École National
d'Agric. de Montpellier, Série 2 16(1–4): 165 (1918)
[1917]
= Asterostomella Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 22(4):
198 (1886)
= Bheemamyces Hosag., J. Threatened Taxa 2(12): 1323
(2010)
= Gangamyces Hosag., Mycosphere 3(5): 778 (2012)
= Ishwaromyces Hosag. [as ‘Ishwaramyces’], J. Econ.
Taxon. Bot. 28(1): 183 (2004)
= Mahanteshomyces Hosag. & C.K. Biju [as
‘Mahanteshamyces’], J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 28(1): 189
(2004)
= Neostomella Syd., Annls mycol. 25(1/2): 38 (1927)
= Placoasterina Toro, J. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico 14(4):
229 (1930)
= Symphaster Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(3/4): 217
(1915)
Notes: Several genera listed above were newly synonymized under Asterina by Hongsanan et al. (2014c) who also
provided a generic revision.
Asterinaceae Hansf., Mycol. Pap. 15: 188 (1946)
= Lembosiaceae Hosag., J. Mycopathol. Res. 39(1): 61
(2001)
= Lembosiaceae Höhn., Annls mycol. 16(1/2): 146
(1918)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014c) revised Asterinaceae and
accepted 16 genera. Furthermore, Lembosiaceae Hosag. and
Lembosiaceae Höhn. were treated as synonyms of
Asterinaceae. At the same time Hongsanan et al. (2014c)
transferred Aulographina to Teratosphaeriaceae and
Yamamotoa Bat. was listed as a synonym of Lembosia.
Asterinales M.E. Barr ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss., Syst.
Ascom. 5(1): 177 (1986)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014c) revisited Asterinales and
accepted only one family i.e. Asterinaceae. Aulographaceae
and Parmulariaceae was listed under Asterinales in Lumbsch
and Huhndorf (2010) but Hongsanan et al. (2014c) treated
both families as Dothideomycetes, family incertae sedis.
Asterinema Bat. & Gayão, Anais IV Congr. Soc. bot.
Brasil: 160 (1953)
Notes: Wu et al. (2014) transferred this genus to Asterinaceae.
However, Hongsanan et al. (2014c) treated this genus as
Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis as the genus has characters that are typical of Asterinaceae and Microthyriaceae.
Asterodothis Theiss., Annls mycol. 10(2): 179 (1912)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014c) transferred this genus
from Asterinaceae to Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis.
Astrosphaeriella Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 11(3):
260 (1913)
Notes: Tanaka and Harada (2005) observed a
pleurophomopsis-like conidial state in the cultures of A.
aggregata (I. Hino & Katum.) Kaz. Tanaka & Y. Harada.
However, molecular analysis has not been carried out for
Pleurophomopsis hence its taxonomic position remains
uncertain.
Aulographaceae Luttr. ex P.M. Kirk et al., Ainsworth &
Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi Edn 9 (Wallingford): ix (2001)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014c) revised the family and
accepted six genera.
Aulographina Arx & E. Müll., Sydowia 14: 330 (1960)
Notes: Aulographina pinorum (Desm.) Arx & E. Müll., the
ex-type of Aulographina, clusters apart from A. eucalypti
(Cooke & Massee) Arx & E. Müll., which has Thyrinula
eucalypti (Cooke & Massee) H.J. Swart (type of Thyrinula)
as asexual morph (Carnegie and Keane 2003). Target spot of
Eucalyptus, should therefore more correctly be ascribed to T.
eucalypti rather than to Aulographina. Both genera,
Aulographina and Thyrinula should thus be retained.
Hongsanan et al. (2014c) transferred Aulographina from
Asterinaceae to Teratosphaeriaceae.
Aureobasidiaceae K.M. Thambugala & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 68 (2014)
Notes: See notes under Dothideales and Thambugala et al.
(2014a).
Austroafricana Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33: 25
(2014)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) introduced Austroafricana
to accommodate three teratosphaeria-like species as
Teratosphaeria associata (Crous & Carnegie) Crous & U.
Braun, T. keanei Carnegie & G.S. Pegg and T. parva (R.F.
Park & Keane) Crous & U. Braun, which are phylogenetically
distinct from Teratosphaeria sensu stricto in their molecular
data analysis.
Bagnisiella Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 10(5–6): 146
(1880)
Notes: See notes under Aplosporellaceae. Further taxonomic notes are provided in Thambugala et al. (2014a).
Barria Z.Q. Yuan, Mycotaxon 51: 313 (1994)
Notes: Hyde et al. (2013) listed this genus in
Phaeosphaeriaceae but Phookamsak et al. (2014) excluded
it based on morphological characters, and Ariyawansa et al.
(2014c) transferred Barria to Didymosphaeriaceae based on
morpholgy.
Bipolaris Shoemaker, Can. J. Bot. 37(5): 882 (1959)
= Cochliobolus Drechsler, Phytopathology 24: 973
(1934)
Notes: Manamgoda et al. (2012) resolved the complex of
Bipolaris, Cochliobolus and Curvularia and showed
Bipolaris to be the asexual state of Cochliobolus. At the same
time Manamgoda et al. (2012) proposed the use of Bipolaris
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
over the older Cochliobolus name stating the importance of
Bipolaris as an economically significant pathogen.
Manamgoda et al. (2012) also considered the number of
epithets under each genus to support their argument, with
Bipolaris having many more epithets than Cochliobolus.
Rossman et al. (2013) introduced their proposal to conserve
Bipolaris over Cochliobolus.
Blasdalea Sacc. & P. Syd., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 16: 634
(1902)
= Singeriella Petr., Sydowia 12(1–6): 252 (1959) [1958]
= Chrysogloeum Petr., Sydowia 12(1–6): 254 (1959)
[1958]
Notes: Petrak (1958) established the genus Chrysogloeum
to accommodate the conidial state of Singeriella Petr.
Singeriella was considered as a synonym of Blasdalea Sacc.
(Kirk et al. 2008) and as both genera are monotypic. Hence we
propose the oldest name Blasdalea over Chrysogloeum.
Botryochora Torrend, Brotéria, sér. bot. 12: 65 (1914)
Notes: Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) listed this genus
under Dothioraceae (=Dothideaceae fide Thambugala et al.
2014a) but Thambugala et al. (2014a) excluded this genus
from Dothideaceae and placed in Dothideomycetes, genera
incertae sedis based on morphology.
Botryohypoxylon Samuels & J.D. Rogers, Mycotaxon
25(2): 631 (1986)
= Iledon Samuels & J.D. Rogers, Mycotaxon 25(2): 633
(1986)
Notes: Samuels and Rogers (1986) described the genus
Botryohypoxylon. Its coelomycetous asexual state was
observed in culture and described as Iledon. Both genera
are monotypic (Index Fungorum 2014, http://www.
indexfungorum.org/names/names.asp). In this case, we give
priority to the older sexual state and propose Botryohypoxylon
over Iledon.
Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital.
1(4): 211 (1863)
= Fusicoccum Corda, Deutschl. Fl., 3 Abt. (Pilze
Deutschl.) 2: 111 (1829)
Notes: Slippers et al. (2004) reduced Fusicoccum aesculi
Corda, the type species of Fusicoccum under Botryosphaeria
dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & De Not., the type species of
Botryosphaeria. Phillips et al. (2013) accept six species
of Botryosphaeria with Fusicoccum asexual morphs
based on culture and molecular studies. Botryosphaeria
was chosen over the older name Fusicoccum, as its
clearly defined, epitypified and commonly used in plant
pathological literature.
31
Brefeldiella Speg., Boln Acad. nac. Cienc. Córdoba 11(4):
558 (1889)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014a) accepted this genus in
Trichopeltinaceae.
Brooksia Hansf., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 81: 32 (1956)
= Hiospira R.T. Moore, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 45(1): 145
(1962)
Notes: Moore (1962) established Hiospira R.T. Moore to
accommodate the conidial state of Brooksia tropicalis Hansf.,
the type species of Brooksia Hansf. Hence, we reduce
Hiospira, the younger asexual typified name under Brooksia,
the sexual typified name.
Butleria Sacc., Annales Mycologici 12: 302 (1914)
Notes: See notes under Elsinoaceae.
Bryopelta Döbbeler & Poelt, Mitt. bot. StSamml., Münch.
14: 126 (1978)
Notes: Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) referred this genus
to Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis however, Li et al.
(2014) reexamined the type species of Bryopelta and accepted
it as a genus in Mycosphaerellaceae.
Bryosphaeria Döbbeler, Mitt. bot. StSamml., Münch. 14:
151 (1978)
Notes: Li et al. (2014) referred Bryosphaeria in
Trematosphaeriaceae based on morphological similarities
with the generic type Trematosphaeria.
Camaroglobulus Speer, Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr.
102: 100 (1986)
Notes: Speer (1986) introduced Camaroglobulus to accommodate the conidial state of Mytilinidion resinae Speer. However, M. resinae was not confirmed as a Mytilinidion species
by molecular phylogeny. Therefore, we do not synonymize
Camaroglobulus under Mytilinidion and conclude that
Camaroglobulus has a mytilinidion-like sexual state.
Camarosporaceae Wijayawardene & K. D. Hyde (in prep.)
Notes: See notes under Camarosporium.
Camarosporium Schulzer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 20:
649 (1870)
Notes: Cortinas et al. (2006) showed that the type species,
C. quaternatum Schulzer grouped outside the
Botryosphaeriaceae. Liu et al. (2012), however concluded
placement of Camarosporium under Botryosphaeriales
incertae sedis. This genus has been considered as the asexual
state of Cucurbitaria (Doilom et al. 2013), hence a generic
revision for camarosporium-like coelomycetous fungi is required. However, Wijayawardene et al. (2014a) showed that
Camarosporium sensu stricto groups in Pleosporinae,
Pleosporales. Furthermore, it shows cucurbitaria-like sexual
states (viz. Cucurbitaria elongata hence introduced as a new
combination of Camarosporium) (Wijayawardene et al.
2014c). Furthermore, Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) showed
that the genus Camarosporium is polyphyletic, and introduced
32
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Paracamarosporium Wijayawardene & K.D. Hyde and
Pseudocamarosporium Wijayawardene & K.D. Hyde
(Montagnulaceae, Massarineae), while Crous et al. (2014) introduced Neocamarosporium Crous & M.J. Wingf. Our phylogenetic analyses agree with Wijayawardene et al. (2014a, c) and
Wijayawardene et al. (in prep) introduced Camarosporaceae to
accommodate Camarosporium sensu stricto.
Capnodium Mont., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 11: 233
(1849)
= Polychaeton (Pers.) Lév., Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat. 8: 493
(1846)
= Fumagospora G. Arnaud, Annals d'École National
d'Agric. de Montpellier, Série 2 10(4): 326 (1911)
Notes: Chomnunti et al. (2011) adopted Capnodium, the
younger, but more widely used name over the older name,
Polychaeton, typified by species with an asexual morph type.
We also accept Capnodium as it has a larger number of
epithets (Index Fungorum 2014) and thus this approach reduces nomenclature changes. This selection was given as an
example of good practice in the Melbourne Code under Art.
57.2 (McNeill et al. 2012).
Caryophylloseptoria Verkley et al., Stud. Mycol. 75: 233
(2013)
Notes: Verkley et al. (2013) introduced this genus and
showed it belongs in Mycosphaerellaceae.
Catenulomyces E. Egidi & G.S. de Hoog, Fungal Diversity
65: 154 (2014)
Notes: Egidi et al. (2014) introduced this genus with C.
convolutus Egidi & de Hoog. as the type species. Molecular
analyses showed that this genus is related to Capnodiales,
genera incertae sedis (Egidi et al. 2014).
Celosporium Tsuneda & M.L. Davey, Botany 88: 472 (2010)
Notes: Thambugala et al. (2014a) treated this genus as
Dothideales, genera incertae sedis as the type species of
Celosporium, C. laricicola Tsuneda & M.L. Davey formed a
distinct clade in their molecular data analyses.
Cercospora Fresen., Beitr. Mykol. 3: 91 (1863)
Notes: Goodwin et al. (2001) and Crous et al. (2007, 2009)
accepted that Cercospora has mycosphaerella-like sexual
states. However, Crous et al. (2009) restricted Mycosphaerella
sensu stricto to Ramularia sensu stricto and synonymised the
former under the latter genus. Thus, Cercospora is now recognized as a separate genus with mycosphaerella-like sexual
morphs (Crous et al. 2009, 2013; Groenewald et al. 2013).
The case is discussed in detail by Braun et al. (2013).
Chaetocrea Syd., Annls mycol. 25(1/2): 18 (1927)
Notes: Boonmee et al. (2014b) excluded this genus
from Tubeufiaceae and placed in Dothideomycetes, genera
incertae sedis.
Chaetoplea (Sacc.) Clem., Gen. fung., Edn 2 (Minneapolis):
275 (1931)
Notes: Hyde et al. (2013) listed this genus in
Phaeosphaeriaceae but Phookamsak et al. (2014) excluded
it based on morphological characters and placed the genus in
Leptosphaeriaceae.
Chaetoscutula E. Müll., Sydowia 12(1–6): 190 (1959)
[1958]
Notes: Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) placed
Chaetoscutula in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis.
Based on morphological characters, Tian et al. (2014) transferred this genus to Pseudoperisporiaceae.
Chaetosphaerulina I. Hino, Bulletin Miyazaki Coll. Agric.
Forest. 10: 62 (1938)
Notes: Boonmee et al. (2014b) treated this genus as a
doubtful genera but listed under Tubeufiaceae.
Chaetothyriothecium Hongsanan & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa
161 (2): 161 (2014)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014b) introduced
Chaetothyriothecium as a new genus in Microthyriaceae
based on LSU data analysis. This familial placement agrees
with our molecular data analyses (Fig. 1).
Cladosporium Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin
7: 37 (1816) [1815]
= Davidiella Crous & U. Braun, Mycol. Progr. 2(1): 8
(2003)
Notes: Braun et al. (2003) proposed Davidiella to accommodate Cladosporium sensu stricto Schoch et al. (2006) introduced
the family Davidiellaceae to accommodate these two genera.
Bensch et al. (2012) and Crous et al. (2013) however, reinstated
Cladosporiaceae, which had been introduced in Nannizzi
(1934) and accepted Cladosporium as the family type. Hyde et
al. (2013) also accepted this arrangement. We therefore propose
using the oldest name Cladosporim over Davidiella. This makes
sense as Cladosporium has many more described species
(Bensch et al. 2012) and is well known amongst mycologists.
Clavatispora S. Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa 176(1):
95 (2014)
Notes: Boonmee et al. (2014a) introduced this genus and
molecular phylogenetic analyses show it belongs in
Sympoventuriaceae, Venturiales. It has unusual alternaria-like
asospores.
Coccostromella Petr., Sydowia 21: 267 (1968) [1967]
Notes: Thambugala et al. (2014a) excluded this genus from
Dothideaceae and placed it in Botryosphaeriaceae as it has
filiform pseudoparaphyses and clavate to cylindro-clavate asci
and aseptate ascospores.
Colensoniella Hafellner, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 62:
160 (1979)
Notes: Based on morphological characters, Tian et al.
(2014) suggested to place Colensoniella in Patellariaceae
based on similarities in morphology.
Colletogloeum Petr., Sydowia 7(5–6): 368 (1953)
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Notes: Sutton (1980) and Verkley and Priest (2000) reported Colletogloeum to have mycosphaerella-like sexual morphs.
Although, morphologically, Colletogloeum and Phloeospora
Wallr. are quite similar, Quaedvlieg et al. (2013) accepted both
genera as legitimate names.
Comminutispora A.W. Ramaley, Mycologia 88(1): 132
(1996)
= Hyphospora A.W. Ramaley, Mycologia 88(1): 133
(1996)
Notes: When Ramaley (1996) established the genus
Comminutispora with C. agavacearum A.W. Ramaley, its
hyphomycetous asexual state i.e. Hyphospora (Hyphospora
agavacearum A.W. Ramaley) was observed in the culture. We
propose to accept the name of older sexual state viz.
Comminutispora over Hyphospora.
Coniothyrium Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 4: 38 (1840)
Notes: Coniothyrium was considered to be the asexual state
of Leptosphaeria, Mycosphaerella and Massarina (Sivanesan
1984). However, many species were removed from
Coniothyrium and included in other genera or upgraded to
generic level (Verkley et al. 2004, 2014; Cortinas et al. 2006).
De Gruyter et al. (2013) reinstated Coniothyriaceae
(Coniothyrium as family type), which was synonymized under Leptosphaeriaceae (Kirk et al. 2008). Hyde et al. (2013)
recognized Coniothyriaceae as an accepted family.
Constantinomyces E. Egidi & S. Onofri, Fungal Diversity
65: 155 (2014)
Notes: The genus Constantinomyces was introduced by
Egidi et al. (2014) with C. virgultus Egidi & Onofri as the
type species. Multi-gene analysis of nu LSU, RPB2, ITS and
BT2 showed this genus clusters in Teratosphaeriaceae (Egidi
et al. 2014).
Coronospora M.B. Ellis, Mycol. Pap. 125: 16 (1971)
Notes: See notes under Ascoronospora.
Corynespora Güssow, Z. PflKrankh. PflPath. PflSchutz
16: 10 (1906)
Notes: Corynespora has been shown to be the asexual
morph of many genera (Seifert et al. 2011). Sivanesan
(1996) established Corynesporascaceae Sivan. to accommodate Corynespora and Corynesporasca Sivan. sexual states.
Tanaka et al. (2005) stated that Pleomassaria swidae Kaz.
Tanaka, Y. Harada & M.E. (Pleomassariaceae) has a
Corynespora asexual state. Schoch et al. (2009) did not include Corynesporascaceae in their phylogenetic analysis but
showed Corynespora to be polyphyletic. We conclude that
this genus requires more work to confirm its taxonomic position and propose that the usage of the Corynespora and
Corynesporasca should be continued pending further studies.
Cucurbidothis Petr., Annls mycol. 19(3–4): 201 (1921)
Notes: After observing the paratype of the genus
Cucurbidothis, C. pityophila, Ariyawansa et al. (2014d)
33
proposed to maintain this genus as a separate genus in
Cucurbitariaceae.
Cucurbitaria Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 508, 519
(1821)
Notes: The link between Cucurbitaria and Pyrenochaeta
was discussed by de Gruyter et al. (2010). They accepted
Cucurbitaria berberidis (Pers.) Gray, the generic type of
Cucurbitaria as the sexual state of Pyrenochaeta berberidis
(Sacc.) Brunaud. In this study, they used the name C.
berberidis (CBS 363.93 and CBS 394.84), and this was
followed by de Gruyter et al. (2013). De Gruyter (2010)
further showed that C. berberidis grouped along with P.
nobilis De Not., the generic type of Pyrenochaeta. Doilom
et al. (2013) however, considered these two genera to be
distinct as P. nobilis De Not, the type species of Pyrenochaeta,
groups separate from Cucurbitaria berberidis (Pers.) Gray,
the type species of Cucurbitaria. We therefore propose the
continued use of Cucurbitaria and Pyrenochaeta pending
further studies.
Curvularia Boedijn, Bull. Jard. bot. Buitenz, 3 Sér. 13(1):
123 (1933)
= Pseudocochliobolus Tsuda, Ueyama & Nishih.,
Mycologia 69(6): 1117 (1978) [1977]
Notes: Manamgoda et al. (2012) confirmed the phylogenetic
relationship between Curvularia and Pseudocochliobolus and
proposed Curvularia to take priority. We agree with this as
Curvularia is the oldest and more commonly used name, which
is also used by plant pathologists (Monterio et al. 2003).
Cyclopeltis Petr., Sydowia 7(5–6): 370 (1953)
= Cyclopeltella Petr., Sydowia 7 (5–6): 373 (1953)
Notes: Cyclopeltella was described to accommodate the
conidial state of Cyclopeltis Petr. in the same publication, but
three pages after the sexual state was introduced (Petrak
1953). Cyclopeltis has more epithets than Cyclopeltella (Index
Fungorum 2014), hence we propose usage of the older name,
Cyclopeltis over Cyclopeltella.
Cyclothyrium Petr., Annls mycol. 21(1/2): 5 (1923)
Notes: Cyclothyrium was treated at subgeneric rank within
Cytoplea Bizz. & Sacc. by Petrak and Sydow (1927). Sutton
(1980) however, accepted Cyclothyrium as a distinct genus.
Sutton (1980) mentioned that Thyridaria rubronotata (Berk.
& Br.) Sacc. is the sexual state of Cyclothyrium juglandis
(Schum .ex Rabenh.) Sutton, which is the type species of
Cyclothyrium. This was accepted by Verkley et al. (2004)
and Damm et al. (2008) while de Gruyter et al. (2013) showed
its taxonomic placement in Pleosporales by analysis of SSU
rDNA sequence data. However, the type species of Thyridaria
is not linked to any Cyclothyrium species hence we conclude
that Cyclothyrium has thyridaria-like sexual states.
34
Cystocoleus Thwaites, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 2 3: 241
(1849)
Notes: Phylogenetic analysis showed C. ebeneusis not
close to lichenized members and rather belongs to
Capnodiales (Muggia et al. 2008). Following a phylogenetic
analysis, Hyde et al. (2013) suggested that Cystocoleus should
be placed in Capnodiales, genera incertae sedis.
Cytoplea Bizz. & Sacc., Atti Ist. Veneto Sci. lett. ed Arti,
Sér. 3 3: 307 (1885)
Notes: Hyde et al. (1996) showed by cultural methods that
Roussoella hysterioides (Ces.) Höhn. has a conidial state in
Cytoplea (i.e. C. hysterioides K.D. Hyde) and Hyde (1997)
recognized R. hysterioides as an accepted species in
Roussoella. Kang et al. (1998) confirmed this relationship
using molecular data and Verkley et al. (2004) accepted this
in the analyses of ITS and SSU sequence analyses. Liu et al.
(2014) listed Cytoplea as a possible synonym of Roussoëlla.
However, this relationship must be confirmed by using the
type species of Cytoplea hence we propose the continued use
of Cytoplea and Roussoella pending further studies. Cytoplea
would have priority as it is the oldest genus and has higher
number of species epithets (Index Fungorum 2014) and higher
number of Google Scholar hits.
Dematiopleospora Wanasinghe et al., Crypto. Mycol. 35
(2): 110 (2014)
N o t e s : Wa n a s i n g h e e t a l . ( 2 0 1 4 ) i n t r o d u c e d
Dematiopleospora with D. mariae Wanasinghe et al. as the
type species. Combined gene analyses (LSU and SSU) shows
Dematiopleospora belongs in Phaeosphaeriaceae
(Wanasinghe et al. 2014).
Dermatodothella Viégas, Bragantia 4(1–6): 150 (1944)
Notes: Ariyawansa et al. (2013) placed Dermatodothella in
Polystomellaceae based on multi-loculate, globose to
subglobose ascostromata, with widely porate ostioles and its
similarities with other genera in this family.
Dictyocyclus Sivan. et al., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 126(4): 324
(1998)
Notes: See notes under Myriangiaceae.
Didymella Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 57 (1880)
Notes: See note under Ascochyta and Phoma.
Didymosphaeriaceae Munk, Dansk bot. Ark. 15(no. 2):
128 (1953)
Notes: Ariyawansa et al. (2014c) revised the family
D i d y m o s p h a e r i a c e a e w i t h 2 0 g en er a an d l i s t e d
Montagnulaceae as a symonym of Didymosphaeriaceae. Detailed taxonomic notes and revisions are provided in
Ariyawansa et al. (2014c) for this family and its accepted
genera.
Dimorphiopsis Crous, Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi
31: 217 (2013)
Notes: Crous et al. (2013) introduced this monotypic genus
and placed it in Lophiostomataceae based on molecular data.
Diplodia Fr., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2 1: 302 (1834)
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Notes: Phillips et al. (2008, 2013) and Liu et al. (2012)
accepted this genus as a well-supported genus in
Botryosphaeriaceae based on their molecular-based analyses.
The type species of Diplodia, D. mutila Fr. has a
botryosphaeria-like sexual state, “Botryosphaeria stevensii”.
Diplotheca Starbäck, Botaniska Notiser: 30 (1893)
Notes: See notes under Myriangiaceae.
Dissoconiaceae Crous & de Hoog, Stud. Mycol. 64: 36
(2009)
Notes: Li et al. (2012) revised this family and their molecular analyses show Dissoconiaceae comprises of four distinct
genera viz. Dissoconium, Pseudoveronaea, Ramichloridium
and Uwebraunia.
Dothidasteroma Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 1509 (1909)
Notes: See notes under Placomelan.
Dothidasteromella Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 119: 421 (1910)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014c) transferred this genus
from Asterinaceae to Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis.
Dothideales Lindau, Nat. Pflanzenfam., Teil. I (Leipzig)
1(1): 373 (1897)
Notes: Based on molecular data analyses, Thambugala et
al. (2014a) have not treated Dothioraceae as a distinct family
in Dothideales and reduced it under Dothideaceae. They
accepted 15 genera in Dothideaceae. Furthermore,
Thambugala et al. (2014a) introduced Aureobasidiaceae to
place Aureobasidium and other six genera.
Dothideaceae Chevall., Fl. gén. env. Paris (Paris) 1: 446
(1826); as ‘Dothideae’.
Notes: See notes under Dothideales and Thambugala et al.
(2014a). Notes for genera marked with # are provided in
Thambugala et al. (2014a).
Dothideopsella Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 124: 70 (1915)
Notes: Dothideopsella shows similarities with
Phaeosphaeriaceae in having immersed ascomata with short
papillate ostioles, a peridium of pseudoparenchymatous cells,
cellular pseudoparaphyses and pale brown, septate ascospores
thus Ariyawansa et al. (2013) referred Dothideopsella to
Phaeosphaeriaceae.
Echidnodes Theiss. & Syd., Annls. Mycol. 15(6): 422
(1918) [1917]
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014c) accepted this genus as a
member of Aulographaceae.
Elsinoë Racib., Parasit. Alg. Pilze Java's (Jakarta) 1: 14
(1900)
= Sphaceloma de Bary, Ann. Oenol. 4: 165–167 (1874)
Notes: Sutton (1980) and Sivanesan (1984) stated that
Elsinoë is the sexual state of Sphaceloma, which has also
been well established based on different molecular studies
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
(Mchau et al. 1998; Swart et al. 2001; Cheewangkoon et al.
2009). Sphaceloma has a larger number of species epithets
(168) than Elsinoë (139) and is also the older genus. However,
the number of Google scholar hits of Elsinoë (3810) is higher
than Sphaceloma (2690). Elsinoë is also well established in
the plant pathological and plant breeder community (Wang et
al. 2009; Chung 2011) hence Hyde et al. (2013) recognised
Elsinoë as the accepted name over Sphaceloma.
Elsinoaceae Höhn. ex Sacc. & Trotter, Syll. fung.
(Abellini) 22: 584 (1913)
Notes: Jayawardena et al. (2014) revised the family and
accepted only Elsinoë Racib. (=Sphaceloma de Bary) and
Molleriella G. Winter. Furthermore, Jayawardena et al.
(2014) excluded Hemimyriangium, Butleria, Micularia
(placed in Myriangiaceae), Saccardinula (placed in
Trichopeltinaceae), Hyalotheles Speg. (placed in
Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), Beelia F. Stevens
& R.W. Ryan (Chaetothyriaceae) and Xenodium Syd.
(Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis) from Elsinoaceae.
Englerula Henn., Bot. Jb. 34: 49 (1904)
Notes: See notes under Englerulaceae.
Englerulaceae Henn., Hedwigia Beibl. 43: 353 (1904)
Notes: Dai et al. (2014b) revised this family and accepted
Englerula, Goosia, Parenglerula, Rhytidenglerula,
Schiffnerula and Thrauste. Höhn. Thambugala et al. (2014c)
accepted Allosoma Syd. as a genus in this family.
Eriosporella Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 125(1–2): 109 (1916)
Notes: Dai et al. (2014c) introduced a new species
Eriosporella i.e. Eriosporella bambusicola Dai et al. and
showed that this species is belonging to Capnodiales incertae
sedis in their molecular data analyses. However, Eriosporella
calami (Niessl) Höhn., the type species of Eriosporella was
not linked with any taxonomic level (Wijayawardene et al.
2012). Hence we conclude that Eriosporella sensu lato belongs to Capnodiales.
Eupelte Syd., Annls mycol. 22(3/6): 426 (1924)
Notes: See notes under Pirozynskia.
Eupenidiella Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33: 25
(2014)
Notes: The genus Eupenidiella was introduced to accommodate Penidiella venezuelensis Crous & U. Braun
(Quaedvlieg et al. 2014) since it is phylogenetically distinct
from Penidiella sensu stricto and is placed in
Teratosphaeriaceae by molecular data.
Eurytheca De Seynes, Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 25: 88 (1878)
Notes: See notes under Myriangiaceae.
Euteratosphaeria Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33: 25
(2014)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) introduced
Euteratosphaeria to accommodate Mycosphaerella
verrucosiafricana Crous & M.J. Wingf., which clusters in
Teratosphaeriaceae. Euteratosphaeria is morphologically
35
similar to species of Teratosphaeria but phylogenetically
distinct.
Excipulariopsis P.M. Kirk & Spooner, Trans. Br. mycol.
Soc. 78(2): 251 (1982)
= Kentingia Sivan. & W.H. Hsieh, Mycol. Res. 93(1): 83
(1989)
Notes: Sivanesan and Hsieh (1989) established Kentingia
to accommodate the sexual state of Excipulariopsis
narsapurensis (Subram.) Spooner & P.M. Kirk. Both genera
are monotypic and hence we propose to use the oldest name,
Excipulariopsis over Kentingia.
Exosporiella P. Karst., Finlands mögelsvampar, (Hyphomycetes fennici): 160 (1892)
= Anomalemma Sivan., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 81(2): 328
(1983)
Notes: Sivanesan (1983) introduced Anomalemma as a
new combination and at the same time confirmed the link
with its asexual morph Exosporiella. Each genus is monotypic
and herein we propose usage of the oldest name Exosporiella.
Exserohilum K.J. Leonard & Suggs, Mycologia 66(2):
289 (1974)
= Setosphaeria K.J. Leonard & Suggs, Mycologia 66(2):
294 (1974)
Notes: Exserohilum has sexual states in Setosphaeria. We
propose the usage of Exserohilum over Setosphaeria.
Exserohilum has more epithets (Index Fungorum 2014), and
is more commonly used in literature. Furthermore, several
Exserohilum species names are considered to be of important
quarantine significance (Takuya and Takao 2012), or of importance in medical mycology (Adler et al. 2006).
Extremus Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33: 21 (2014)
Notes: Devriesia sensu stricto was shown to belong
in Teratosphaeriaceae, but D. adstricta and D.
antarctica grouped away from Teratosphaeriaceae
(Quaedvlieg et al. 2014). Hence the genus Extremus
was introduced (in Extremaceae) by Quaedvlieg et al.
(2014) to accommodate these two species as E.
adstrictus and E. antarcticus.
Extremaceae Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33: 21
(2014)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) introduced this family and
currently it comprises of five genera; viz Extremus, Petrophila,
Pseudoramichloridium, Staninwardia and Vermiconia.
Farlowiella Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 9: 1100 (1891)
= Acrogenospora M.B. Ellis, Demat. Hyphom. (Kew):
114 (1971)
36
Notes: Ellis (1971, 1976) stated that Farlowiella is the
sexual state of Acrogenospora. Schoch et al. (2009) accepted
Farlowiella as the sexual state of Acrogenospora and hence,
we propose usage of the oldest name, Farlowiella over
Acrogenospora.
Glaxoa P.F. Cannon, Syst. Ascom. 15(1–2): 122 (1997)
Notes: Boonmee et al. (2014b) transferred this genus to
Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis from Tubeufiaceae.
Goosia B. Song, Mycotaxon 87: 413 (2003)
Notes: See notes under Englerulaceae.
Grandigallia M.E. Barr et al., Mycotaxon 29: 196 (1987)
Notes: Based on similarities with Shiraia, Ariyawansa et
al. (2013) suggested that Grandigallia can be referred to
Pleosporales where it may be related to Shiraiacaeae.
Hadrospora Boise, Mem. N. Y. bot. Gdn 49: 310 (1989)
Notes: Hyde et al. (2013) listed this genus in
Phaeosphaeriaceae however, Phookamsak et al. (2014) excluded it based on morphological characters and placed it in
Trematosphaeriaceae.
Helicangiospora Boonmee et al., Fungal Diversity 68
(2014)
Notes: Boonmee et al. (2014b) introduced
Helicangiospora with H. lignicola Boonmee et al. as the type
species and showed it belongs in Tubeufiaceae in their molecular analyses.
Helicosporium Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 68 (1816)
[1816–17]
Notes: Boonmee et al. (2014b) showed that Tubeufia cerea
(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Höhn. grouped with the type species of
Helicosporium, H. vegetum Nees in their molecular data analyses. Based on this, we conclude that Helicosporium sensu
stricto has tubeufia-like sexual states.
Hemimyriangium J. Reid & Piroz., Can. J. Bot. 44: 650
(1966)
Notes: See notes under Elsinoaceae.
Heterospora (Boerema et al.) Gruyter et al., Stud. Mycol.
75: 18 (2012)
Notes: Heterospora was considered as a section of Phoma
(Boerema 1997) and the type of this section is P.
heteromorphospora. De Gruyter et al. (2013) showed by
phylogenetic analysis that this species is unrelated to two other
phoma-like genera (i.e. Plenodomus and Subplenodomus) in
Leptosphaeriaceae as well Phoma sensu stricto in
Didymellaceae. Hence, the section Heterospora was
upgraded to generic level and Phoma heteromorphospora
and P. dimorphospora were transferred to H. chenopodii
and H. dimorphospora respectively and palced in
Leptosphaeriaceae.
Hongkongmyces Tsang et al., Medical Mycology 52 (7):
740 (Tsang et al. 2014)
Notes: Tsang et al. (2014) introduced this mycelial fungal
genus, known to infect humans, and showed it belongs to
Lindgomycetaceae in their phylogenetic analysis.
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Hormonema Lagerb. & Melin, Svensk Skogsv. Tidskr. 25:
233 (1927)
Notes: See notes under Pseudosydowia and Sydowia.
Hyalotheles Speg., Revta Mus. La Plata 15(2): 11 (1908)
Notes: See notes under Elsinoaceae.
Hyphoconis E. Egidi & W. Quaedvlieg, Fungal Diversity
65: 153 (2014)
Notes: Egidi et al. (2014) introduced this genus from a
culture and showed it belongs to Capnodiales incertae sedis
based on molecular data analysis of the combined data set of
nu LSU, RPB2, ITS and BT2. However the type species of
Hyphoconis, H. sterilis Egidi & Quaedvlieg lacks conidia or
chlamydospores and thus morphological characters are unknown (Egidi et al. 2014).
Hysteropeltella Petr., Annls mycol. 21(1/2): 9 (1923)
Notes: Hysteropeltella shows similar characters with the
genera of Schizothyriaceae thus Ariyawansa et al. (2013)
tentatively referred Hysteropeltella in Schizothyriaceae.
Incertomyces E. Egidi & L. Zucconi Galli Fonseca, Fungal
Diversity 65: 157 (2014)
Notes: The genus Incertomyces was introduced by Egidi et
al. (2014) and shown to belong in Teratosphaeriaceae based
on analysis of combined LSU, RPB2, ITS and BT2 sequence
data.
Jaffuela Speg., Boln Acad. nac. Cienc. Córdoba 25: 39
(1921)
Notes: Thambugala et al. (2014a) excluded this genus
from Dothioraceae (=Dothideaceae fide Thambugala et
al. 2014a) and placed in Pseudoperisporiaceae based on
morphology.
Jahnula Kirschst., Annls mycol. 34(3): 196 (1936)
Notes: Sivichai et al. (2011) predicted that Jahnula
aquatica (Kirschst.) Kirschst., the type species of Jahnula
would prove to be the sexual state of Xylomyces
chlamydosporus Goos et al. the type species of Xylomyces
Goos et al., using a culture-based approach. However,
Campbell et al. (2007) and Suetrong et al. (2011) showed
that the link was not supported by molecular data analysis.
Hence, it is essential to carry out further molecular data
analyses by using different isolates of both genera.
Julella Fabre, Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 6 9: 113 (1879)
[1878]
Notes: Hyde et al. (2013) listed this genus in
Halojulellaceae but with uncertainty. However, Ariyawansa
et al. (2014c) transferred Julella to Didymosphaeriaceae.
Karschia Körb., Parerga lichenol. (Breslau): 459 (1865)
Notes: Thambugala et al. (2014b) transferred this genus
from Dothideomycetes incertae sedis to Lichenotheliaceae.
Kellermania Ellis & Everh., J. Mycol. 1(12): 53 (1885)
= Planistromella A.W. Ramaley, Mycotaxon 47: 260
(1993)
= Piptarthron Mont. ex Höhn., Hedwigia: 60: 203 (1918)
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
= Alpakesa Subram. & K. Ramakr., J. Indian Bot. Soc.
33: 204 (1954)
= Septoplaca Petr., Sydowia 17: 271 (1964) [1963]
Notes: Ramaley (1993) introduced Planistromella to accommodate the sexual state of Kellermania. She recognized
Planistromella yuccifoliorum A.W. Ramaley and P.
uniseptata A.W. Ramaley as sexual state of Kellermania
yuccifoliorum A.W. Ramaley and K. yuccigena Ellis & Everh.
respectively. These links were confirmed by DNA sequence
analyses and accepted by Minnis et al. (2012) and Monkai et
al. (2013). Minnis et al. (2012) and Hyde et al. (2013) accepted the oldest name i.e. Kellermania as the preferred name and
we agree with this conclusion.
Kirschsteiniothelia D. Hawksw., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 91:182
(1985)
= Dendryphiopsis S. Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 31:655 (1953)
Notes: Boonmee et al. (2012) found in their DNA sequence
analyses, that the type species of Kirschsteiniothelia, K.
aethiops (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) D. Hawksw. grouped with
Dendryphiopsis atra (Corda) S. Hughes, the type species of
Dendryphiopsis. The link had previously been confirmed by
Hughes (1978) from cultures of fragments of the ascomata. In
Index Fungorum (2014) there are 18 epithets for
Kirschsteiniothelia, whereas Dendryphiopsis only has six epithets. Further, asexual recombination not been established for
many species of Kirschsteiniothelia. If we choose
Dendryphiopsis it might result in more name changes than
Kirschsteiniothelia. Therefore, we propose to use
Kirschsteiniothelia over Dendryphiopsis, the former also being
better established in literature than Dendryphiopsis. [This decision means that the correct name for the type species becomes
Kirschteiniothelia atra (Corda) D. Hawksw., comb. nov.
(Mycobank no. MB804962; basionym: Dendryphion atrum
Corda, Icon. Fung. 4: 33, 1840; synonym: Dendryphiopsis
atra (Corda) S. Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 31: 655, 1953)]
Krishnamyces Hosag., Zoos' Print Journal 18(8): 1159
(2003)
Notes: Hosagoudar (2003) introduced the genus
Krishnamyces to accommodate the conidial state of
Rhytidenglerula tremae (Sydow) Arx. However, the current
name of Rhytidenglerula tremae is Schiffnerula trematis Syd.
(Species Fungorum 2014) and we conclude that
Krishnamyces has schiffnerula-like sexual states.
Lapidomyces de G.S. de Hoog & B. Stielow, Fungal Diversity 65: 159 (2014)
Notes: Egidi et al. (2014) introduced this genus in
Teratosphaeriaceae based on molecular data analysis. However Lapidomyces was described from a culture and lacks
distinguishing morphological characters (Egidi et al. 2014).
Lautitia S. Schatz, Can. J. Bot. 62(1): 31 (1984)
37
Notes: Phookamsak et al. (2014) excluded this genus from
Phaeosphaeriaceae based on its morphological characters and
placed in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis.
Lecanosticta Syd., Annls mycol. 20(3/4): 211 (1922)
= Eruptio M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 60: 437 (1996)
Notes: The sexual morph of Lecanosticta acicola is the
type species of Eruptio (E. acicola (Dearn.) M.E. Barr ≡
Mycosphaerella dearnesii M.E. Barr) (Barr 1996).
Lecanosticta acicola (=L. pini fide Crous et al. 2009), the type
species of Lecanosticta is reported as the asexual state of
Mycosphaerella dearnesii (Crous et al. 2009; Markovskaja
et al. 2011). The genus Lecanosticta is of quarantine concern
on conifers (Quaedvlieg et al. 2012). The older asexual
morph-typified name Lecanosticta has been prioritized by
Crous et al. (2009) and Hyde et al. (2013), as its well
established in literature, and commonly used by plant
pathologists.
Lembosia Lév., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 3: 58 (1845)
= Heraldoa Bat., Atti Ist. bot. Univ. Lab. crittog. Pavia,
Ser. 5 16: 105 (1959)
= Lembosidium Speg., Boln Acad. nac. Cienc. Córdoba
26(2–4): 342 (1921)
= Lembosiellina Bat. & H. Maia, Atas Inst. Micol. Univ.
Recife 1: 323 (1960)
= Yamamotoa Bat., Publicações Inst. Micol. Recife 291:
11 (1960)
= Viegasia Bat., Bol. Secr. Agric. (Pernambuco) 18: 32
(1951)
= Micrographa Müll. Arg., Flora, Jena 73: 194 (1890)
= Micrographomyces Cif. & Tomas., Atti Ist. bot. Univ.
Lab. crittog. Pavia, Ser. 5 10(1): 77 (1953)
= Morenoella Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 19(6): 258
(1885)
= Trichamelia Bat., Publicações Inst. Micol. Recife 295:
9 (1960)
Notes: Several genera listed above were newly synonymized under Lembosia by Hongsanan et al. (2014c) who also
provided a generic revision.
Lembosiella Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 9: 1101 (1891)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014c) accepted this genus as a
member of Aulographaceae.
Lembosina Theiss., Annls mycol. 11(5): 437 (1913)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014c) accepted this genus as a
member of Aulographaceae.
Lembosiopsis Theiss., Annls mycol. 15(6): 422 (1917)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014c) transferred this genus to
Mycosphaerellaceae from Asterinaceae.
Leptosphaeria Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital.
1(4): 234 (1863)
38
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Notes: De Gruyter et al. (2009) and Aveskamp et al. (2010)
showed that some species of Phoma grouped in the family
Leptosphaeriaceae. However, de Gruyter et al. (2013) restricted Phoma sensu stricto for species in the Didymellaceae,
hence new combinations were introduced in phoma-like species that grouped with Leptosphaeria doliolum (Pers.) Ces. &
De Not. the type species of Leptosphaeria. Therefore, the
usage of Leptosphaeria is maintained and asexual morphs
are considered phoma-like.
Leptosphaerulina McAlpine, Fungus diseases of stonefruit trees in Australia and their treatment: 103 (1902)
Notes: Roux (1986) reported that Leptosphaerulina
chartarum Cec. Roux was the sexual state of Pithomyces
chartarum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) M.B. Ellis. However, these
species are not types of Leptosphaerulina or Pithomyces.
Leptosphaerulina australis McAlpine and Pithomyces flavus
Berk. & Broome are type species of these respective genera,
hence we do not reduce the younger sexual name to synonymy under the older asexual typified name, and propose the
continued use of both names until the link between the type
species is proven by molecular data analyses. Recently,
Phookamsak et al. (2013) reported that Leptosphaerulina
saccharicola Phookamsak et al. has a pithomyces-like asexual
state based on cultural studies. Furthermore, Phookamsak et
al. (2013) showed that Leptosphaerulina sensu stricto and
Pithomyces sensu stricto have distinct separate phylogenetic
affinities.
Letendraea Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 73 (1880)
= Wilmia Dianese et al., Mycologia 93(5): 1014 (2001)
Notes: Ariyawansa et al. (2014c) treated Wilmia Dianese et
al. as a synonym of Letendraea Sacc.
Leveillella Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(3/4): 284
(1915)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014c) transferred this genus
from Asterinaceae to Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis.
The asci are subglobose unlike most Asterinaceae, however
the brown conglobate ascospores, asci with a thick opaque
region and colonies are rather typical of Asterinaceae
(Hongsanan et al. 2014c).
Lidophia J. Walker & B. Sutton, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc.
62(2): 232 (1974)
Notes: Walker and Sutton (1974) introduced this genus
with Dilophospora Desm. (D. alopecuri (Fr.) Fr.) as its asexual state. Their proposition was based on the psuedothecia of
L. graminis (Sacc.) J. Walker & B. Sutton mixed with
pycnidia of Dilophospora alopecuri. However this link was
not established by culture or molecular methods (Walker and
Sutton 1974), so both names should be retained until studies
confirm this link.
Lophiosphaerella Hara, Byogaichu-Hoten (Manual of
Pests and Diseases): 778 (1948)
Notes: Li et al. (2014) re-examined and illustrated
L o p h i o s p h a e re l l a e u r y a e , t h e t y p e s p e c i e s o f
Lophiosphaerella and transferred it from Dothideomycetes,
genera incertae sedis to Mycosphaerellaceae.
Lucidascocarpa A. Ferrer et al., Mycologia 100(4): 642
(2008)
Notes: Thambugala et al. (2014a) excluded this genus from
Dothideaceae and placed in Dothideomycetes, genera
incertae sedis based on morphology.
Macowaniella Doidge, Bothalia 1(1): 9 (1921)
Notes: Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) listed this genus
under Asterinaceae however; Hongsanan et al. (2014c) treated
it as a doubtful genus.
Macrodiplodiopsis Petr., Annls mycol. 20(5/6): 343 (1922)
= Floricola Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Bot. Mar. 43(4):
385 (2000)
= Misturatosphaeria Mugambi & Huhndorf, Stud.
Mycol. 64: 108 (2009)
Notes: Wijayawardene et al. (2014b) showed that Floricola
and Misturatosphaeria grouped in a well-supported monophyletic clade with high bootstrap values in multi-gene analyses.
Hence, Wijayawardene et al. (2014b) transferred the type species of Floricola, F. striata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. to
Macrodiplodiopsis and other nine species of Misturatosphaeria.
Macrodiplodiopsis was used as it is the oldest name.
Maheshwaramyces Hosag., Indian Journal of Science and
Technology 2(6): 12 (2009)
Notes: Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) listed
Maheshwaramyces under Asterinaceae however; Hongsanan
et al. (2014c) treated it as a doubtful genus.
Maireella Syd. ex Maire, Annls mycol. 6(2): 145 (1908)
Notes: Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) placed the genus in
Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis. Maireella has similarities with Venturiaceae and shares similar characters with
the type species of Venturia, thus Li et al. (2014) referred
Maireella to Venturiaceae (Venturiales).
Malacaria Syd., Annls mycol. 28(1/2): 69 (1930)
Notes: Boonmee et al. (2014b) excluded this genus
from Tubeufiaceae and placed in Dothideomycetes, genera
incertae sedis.
Medicopsis Gruyter et al., Stud. Mycol. 75: 28 (2012)
[2013]
Notes: de Gruyter et al. (2013) introduced this genus to
accommodate a pyrenochaeta-like taxon in
Trematosphaeriaceae.
Melanopsaceae Phillips et al., Stud. Mycol. 76: 43 (2014)
Notes: See notes in Aplosporellaceae.
Melioliphila Speg., Boln Acad. nac. Cienc. Córdoba 26(2–4):
344 (1921)
Notes: Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) listed this genus
under Tubeufiaceae but Boonmee et al. (2014b) excluded this
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
genus from Tubeufiaceae and placed in Dothideomycetes,
genera incertae sedis.
Meristemomyces D. Isola & S. Onofri, Fungal Diversity
65: 158 (2014)
Notes: The genus Meristemomyces was introduced by
Egidi et al. (2014) and clustered in Teratosphaeriaceae in
their molecular analysis.
Metacapnodium S. Hughes & Corlett, N.Z. Jl. Bot. 10:
239 (1972)
Notes: The application of the earlier name Antennularia
Reichenb. (≡Antennaria Link, non Gaertn.) has recently
been clarified and found to apply to a species of
Metacapnodium (Hyde et al. 2013). As the generic name
Antennularia has not been adopted by modern authors,
while Metacapnodium is well-established, protection of
Metacapnodium is proposd.
Metameris Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(3/4): 342
(1915)
Notes: Hyde et al. (2013) listed this genus under
Phaeosphaeriaceae but Phookamsak et al. (2014) excluded
it from Phaeosphaeriaceae and placed in Botryosphaeriaceae
based on morpholgy.
Micularia Boedijn, Persoonia 2(1): 67 (1961)
Notes: See notes under Elsinoaceae.
Mixtura O.E. Erikss. & J.Z. Yue, Mycotaxon 38: 203
(1990)
Notes: Hyde et al. (2013) listed this genus under
Phaeosphaeriaceae but Phookamsak et al. (2014) excluded
it from Phaeosphaeriaceae and placed in Didymellaceae
based on morphology.
Molleriella G. Winter, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana,
Coimbra, sér 1, 4: 199 (1886)
Notes: Jayawardena et al. (2014) accepted this genus as
belonging in Elsinoaceae.
Monticola L. Selbmann & E. Egidi, Fungal Diversity 65:
155 (2014)
Notes: Egidi et al. (2014) described Monticola with M.
elongata Selbmann & Egidi as the type species. Molecular
analysis shows Monticola belongs in Teratosphaeriaceae
(Egidi et al. 2014).
Morenoina Theiss., Annls mycol. 11(5): 434 (1913)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014c) accepted this genus as a
member of Aulographaceae.
Mucomycosphaerella Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33:
22 (2014)
Notes: The genus Mucomycosphaerella (Capnodiales,
incertae sedis) was introduced by Quaedvlieg et al. (2014)
to accommodate Mycosphaerella eurypotami Kohlm. et
al. Mucomycosphaerella is morphologically and phylogenetically distinguished from Mycosphaerella sensu
stricto and there are no asexual states so far reported
(Quaedvlieg et al. 2014).
Muellerites L. Holm, Svensk bot. Tidskr. 62: 231 (1968)
39
Notes: Dai et al. (2014a) this genus as a member of
Dothidotthiaceae.
Mycopappus Redhead & G.P. White, Can. J. Bot. 63(8):
1430 (1985)
Notes: Phookamsak et al. (2014) showed this genus belongs to Melanommataceae in their molecular phylogenetic
analyses and hence excluded it from Phaeosphaeriaceae.
Mycoporis Clem., Gen. fung. (Minneapolis) 50: 173
(1909)
Notes: Thambugala et al. (2014a) excluded this genus from
Dothideaceae and placed in Mycosphaerellaceae based on
morphology.
Myriangiaceae Nyl., Mém. Soc. Sci. nat. Cherbourg 2: 9
(1854)
Notes: Dissanayake et al. (2014) revised the family
Myriangiaceae and accepted only Anhellia, Ascostratum,
Butleria, Dictyocyclus, Diplotheca, Eurytheca,
Hemimyriangium, Micularia, Myriangium and Zukaliopsis
as the accepted genera.
Myriangium Mont. & Berk., London J. Bot. 4: 72 (1845)
Notes: See notes under Myriangiaceae.
Myrtapenidiella Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33: 26
(2014)
Notes: The genus Myrtapenidiella was introduced by
Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) to accommodate Penidiella corymbia
Cheew. & Crous and P. eucalypti Cheew. et al.
Myrtapenidiella and Penidiella share close morphological
characters but show distinct phylogenetic placements in
Teratosphaeriaceae (Quaedvlieg et al. 2014).
Navicella Fabre, Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 6 9: 96 (1879)
[1878]
Notes: Based on superficial globose to subglobose, coriaceous ascomata with long, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses
embedded in a gelatinous matrix and brown ascospores,
Ariyawansa et al. (2014d) assign Navicella to
Melanommataceae pending molecular investigation
Neoacanthostigma Boonmee et al., Fungal Diversity 68
(2014)
Notes: The generic name Neoacanthostigma is based
on the type species, N. fusiforme Boonmee et al. and is
a distinct genus in Tubeufiaceae (Boonmee et al.
2014b). Neoacanthostigma is morphologically similar
to Acanthostigma but phylogenetically distinct
(Boonmee et al. 2014b).
Neocamarosporium Crous & M.J. Wingf., Persoonia 32:
273 (2014)
Notes: See notes under Camarosporium.
Neocatenulostroma Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33:
26 (2014)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) introduced
Neocatenulostroma to accommodate three Catenulostroma
species, viz. C. abietis (Butin & Pehl) Crous & U. Braun, C.
germanicum Crous & U. Braun and C. microsporum (Joanne
40
E. Taylor & Crous) Crous & U. Braun, which group away
from Catenulostroma sensu stricto in Teratosphaeriaceae.
Neoceratosperma Crous & Cheew., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl.
Evol. Fungi 32: 257 (2014)
Notes: Crous et al. (2014) introduced this genus and
showed it belongs to Mycosphaerellaceae.
Neocylindroseptoria K.M. Thambugala & K.D. Hyde,
Fungal Diversity 68 (2014)
Notes: Thambugala et al. (2014a) introduced this genus
and showed it belongs to Dothideaceae, Dothideales.
Neodevriesia Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33: 24
(2014)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) showed that Devriesia
hilliana Crous & U. Braun and D. xanthorrhoeae Crous et
al. are phylogenetically distinct from Devriesia sensu stricto
(Mycosphaerellaceae) and hence introduced Neodevriesia
(Neodevriesiaceae) to accommodate them.
Neodevriesiaceae Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33: 24
(2014)
Notes: See notes under Neodevriesia.
Neohortaea Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33: 27 (2014)
Notes: The genus Neohortaea was introduced by
Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) to place Hortaea acidophila Hölker
which has distinct phylogenetic lineage from Hortea sensu
stricto in Teratosphaeriaceae.
Neokalmusia Kaz. Tanaka et al., Fungal Diversity 68
(2014)
Notes: Ariyawansa et al. (2014c) introduced this genus to
accomodate Kalmusia brevispora and K. scabrispora in
Didymosphaeriaceae.
Neomycosphaerella Crous, Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol.
Fungi 31: 195 (2013)
Notes: Crous et al. (2013) introduced Neomycosphaerella
with N. pseudopentameridis Crous as the type species.
Neomycosphaerella is morphologically similar with
Mycosphaerella sensu stricto (i.e. Ramularia sensu stricto)
b u t l a c k s R a m u l a r i a a s e x u a l s t a t e s . H o w e v e r,
Neomycosphaerella phylogenetically distinct from
Mycosphaerella and closer related to Brunneosphaerella
(Crous et al. 2013)
Neopenidiella Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33: 22
(2014)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) showed that Penidiella
nectandrae Crous et al. is not congeneric with Penidiella sensu
stricto thus introduced Neopenidiella in Mycosphaerellaceae.
Neophaeothecoidea Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33:
27 (2014)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) introduced
Neophaeothecoidea (Teratosphaeriaceae) to accommodate
Phaeothecoidea proteae Crous, which is phylogenetically distinct from Phaeothecoidea sensu stricto (Mycosphaerellaceae).
Neopseudocercospora Crous, Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol.
Fungi 31: 219 (2013)
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Notes: Crous et al. (2013) introduced this genus and
megablast results of LSU, SSU and ITS gene regions showed
it belongs in Mycosphaerellaceae.
Neoseptoria Quaedvlieg et al., Stud. Mycol. 75: 352
(2013)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2013) introduced this genus and
molecular data analyses showed it belongs in
Mycosphaerellaceae.
Neoroussoella J.K. Liu et al. Phytotaxa (2014)
Notes: See notes under Roussoellaceae.
Neotrimmatostroma Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33:
27 (2014)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) introduced
Neotrimmatostroma to accommodate two Trimmatostroma
species, viz. T. bifarium Gadgil & M.A. Dick and T.
excentricum B. Sutton & Ganap. However, only
Neotrimmatostroma excentricum (B. Sutton & Ganap.)
Quaedvlieg & Crous is shown to belong in
Teratosphaeriaceae.
Nigrograna Gruyter et al., Stud. Mycol. 75: 31 (2012)
[2013]
Notes: De Gruyter et al. (2013) introduced this genus and
showed it belongs in Pleosporales via molecular data
analyses.
Ochroconis de Hoog & Arx, Kavaka 1: 57 (1973)
Notes: Machouart et al. (2014) showed that Ochroconis de
Hoog & Arx belongs to Sympoventuriaceae (Venturiales) in
their multi-gene analyses.
Oedohysterium E. Boehm & C.L. Schoch, Stud. Mycol.
64: 59 (2009)
Notes: Boehm et al. (2009) established Oedohysterium and
mentioned the type species, O. insidens (Schwein.) E.W.A.
Boehm & C.L. Schoch had a Septonema spilomeum as asexual state. However, Septonema was listed in Mytilinidiaceae
(Seifert et al. 2011). We conclude that Oedohysterium has a
septonema-like asexual state.
Oleoguttula L. Selbmann & G.S. de Hoog, Fungal Diversity 65: 152 (2014)
Notes: The genus Oleoguttula was described by Egidi et al.
(2014) and belongs in Teratosphaeriaceae based on molecular
analysis.
Omphalospora Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(3/4): 361
(1915)
Notes: Thambugala et al. (2014a) excluded this genus from
Dothideaceae and placed in Dothideomycetes, genera
incertae sedis based on morphology.
Ophiosphaerella Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. B. Aires, ser. 3
12: 401 (1909)
Notes: See notes under Wojnowicia.
Pachysacca Syd., Annls mycol. 28(5/6): 435 (1930)
Notes: Thambugala et al. (2014c) excluded this genus
from Dothideaceae and placed in Teratosphaeriaceae
based on morphology.
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Paracamarosporium Wijayawardene & K.D. Hyde,
Crypt. Mycol. 35 (2): 183 (2014)
Notes: See notes under Camarosporium.
Paracercospora Deighton, Mycol. Pap. 144: 47 (1979)
Notes: Stewart et al. (1999) reduced Paracercospora to
synonym with Pseudocercospora. Crous et al. (2012) show
that Paracercospora is distinct from Pseudocercospora
in their molecular DNA analysis hence the genus was
reinstated.
Paraconiothyrium Verkley, Stud. Mycol. 50(2): 327
(2004)
Notes: See under Paraphaeosphaeria O.E. Erikss.
Paradendryphiella Woudenberg & Crous, Stud. Mycol.
75(1): 207 (2013)
Notes: Woudenberg et al. (2013) introduced this genus and
showed it belongs in Pleosporaceae via their molecular data
analyses.
Parahendersonia A.W. Ramaley, Aliso 14(2): 152 (1995)
Notes: Ramaley (1995) introduced Parahendersonia A.W.
Ramaley to accommodate the coelomycetous asexual state of
Chaetoplea dasylirii A.W. Ramaley based on culture
methods. However, the relationship between C. dasylirii and
C. calvescens (Fr.) Clem. the type species of Chaetoplea
(Sacc.) Clem. is not confirmed. Hence we conclude
Parahendersonia has chaetoplea-like sexual states.
Paramycosphaerella Crous & Jol. Roux, Persoonia 31:
245 (2013)
Notes: Crous et al. (2013) observed that Paramycosphaerella
is morphologically similar to Mycosphaerella, but phylogenetically distinct from Mycosphaerella sensu stricto
and also lacks a Ramularia asexual morph. It is placed
in Mycosphaerellaceae.
Paranectriella (Henn. ex Sacc. & D. Sacc.) Höhn., Sber.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 119: 899 (1910)
= Araneomyces Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 894 (1909)
Notes: Araneomyces was introduced as the asexual state of
Paranectria juruana Henn. by Höhnel (1909). Höhnel (1910),
however transferred Paranectria juruana into a new genus as
new combination and established Paranectriella (Henn. ex
Sacc. & D. Sacc.) Höhn. Hence Araneomyces was accepted as
the asexual state of Paranectriella (Sutton 1984; Wu et al.
1997). Although Araneomyces is the oldest name, it has fewer
epithets in Index Fungorum than Araneomyces and all
Paranectriella species are not linked with Araneomyces. Thus
we propose Paranectriella as the proposed name over
Araneomyces.
Paraphaeosphaeria O.E. Erikss., Ark. Bot., ser. 2 6: 405
(1967)
Notes: Verkley et al. (2004) described Paraconiothyrium
to accommodate coniothyrium-like fungi which are
41
phyllogenetically distinct from Coniothyrium palmarum,
the generic type of Coniothyrium. Verkley et al. (2004)
also showed that Paraconiothyrium groups with
Paraphaeosphaeria in their molecular data analysis. Further, Damm et al. (2008) also showed that the type species
(Paraphaeosphaeria michotii (Westend.) O.E. Erikss. and
Paraconiothyrium estuarinum Verkley & M. da Silva) of
bo th ge ner a clus ter in sa m e clad e with oth er
Paraconiothyrium species. However, Verkley et al. (2014)
showed Paraconiothyrium estuarinum to represent a distinct phylogenetic linage from Paraphaeosphaeria michotii
in their multi gene analyses. At the same time Verkley et al.
(2014) introduced new combinations (as Paraphaeosphaeria
sporulosa and Para. minitans) for Paraconiothyrium
s p o r u l o s a a n d P. m i n i t a n s w h i c h c l u s t e r w i t h
Paraphaeosphaeria. Hence we retain both genera i.e.
Paraconiothyrium and Paraphaeosphaeria, acknowledging
that Paraphaeosphaeria has paraconiothyrium-like asexual states. Ariyawansa et al. (2014a, c) showed that
Paraconiothyrium brasiliense grouped with Didymosphaeria
rubi-ulmifolii (in Didymosphaeria sensu stricto) hence the
former name was synonymised under the later name. At
the same time, Ariyawansa et al. (2014c) reported the
sexual state of Paraconiothyrium fuckelii. Furthermore,
Ariyawansa et al. (2014c) established a new epitype for
Paraphaeosphaeria michotii.
Parasterinella Speg., Boln Acad. nac. Cienc. Córdoba
27(4): 382 (1924)
Notes: Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) listed this genus
under Asterinaceae however; Hongsanan et al. (2014c) treated
it as a doubtful genus.
Parateratosphaeria Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33: 28
(2014)
Notes: The genus Parateratosphaeria is morphologically
indistinguishable from Teratosphaeria but distinguishable
with molecular data. Both genera group well in
Teratosphaeriaceae with distinct phylogenetic linages
(Quaedvlieg et al. 2014).
Parenglerula Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 119: 465 (1910)
Notes: See notes under Englerulaceae.
Parmulariaceae E. Müll. & Arx ex M.E. Barr, Mycologia
71(5): 944 (1979)
Notes: See notes under Asterinales.
Perusta E. Egidi & B. Stielow, Fungal Diversity 65: 155
(2014)
Notes: Egidi et al. (2014) introduced Perusta, with P.
inaequalis Egidi & Stielow as the type species. Molecular
analysis of ITS sequences shows that it belongs to
Capnodiales, incertae sedis (Egidi et al. 2014).
Petrakina Cif., Annls mycol. 30(3/4): 225 (1932)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014c) transferred this genus
from Asterinaceae to Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis
42
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
because its copious pseudoparaphyses, fusiform asci and
muriform ascopores are atypical of Asterinaceae.
Petrophila G.S. de Hoog & W. Quaedvlieg, Fungal Diversity 65: 152 (2014)
Notes: The genus Petrophila was introduced by Egidi et al.
(2014) and belonged in Teratosphaeriaceae sensu lato. However, Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) showed that Petrophila was
more closely related with Extremus Quaedvlieg & Crous
(Extremaceae).
Phaeophleospora Rangel, Arquiv Mus. Nac. Rio de
Janeiro 18: 162 (1916)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) showed that three
mycosphaerella-like species cluster with Phaeophleospora
sensu stricto (Mycosphaerellaceae) in their molecular analysis
and introduced new combinations of Phaeophleospora to
accommodate Mycosphaerella gregaria, M. scytalidii and
M. stramenti.
Phaeosphaeria I. Miyake, Bot. Mag., Tokyo 23: 93 (1909)
= Phaeoseptoria Speg., Revta Mus. La Plata 15: 39
(1908)
Phyllosticta Pers., Traité Champ. Comest. (Paris): 55, 147
(1818).
= Guignardia Viala & Ravaz, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 8: 63
(1892)
Notes: Glienke et al. (2011), Wikee et al. (2011) and Su and
Cai (2012) reconfirmed the well-established relationship between Phyllosticta and Guignardia with molecular data. All
the above publications use Phyllosticta over Guignardia. Liu
et al. (2012) showed in their multigene analysis that both these
genera have distinct phylogenetic relationships from other
accepted genera in Botryosphaeriaceae. Hence, Wikee et al.
(2013a, b) reinstated the family Phyllostictaceae to include
both of these genera. Since Phyllosticta is the oldest name, is a
more important pathogen, has more species and has been used
over Guignardia in recent publications (Wulandari et al. 2010;
Glienke et al. 2011; Wikee et al. 2011, 2013a, b; Su and Cai
2012), we also propose using Phyllosticta over Guignardia.
Phoma Sacc., Michelia 2: 4 (1880), nom. cons.
= Phoma Fr., Nov. Fl. Suec.: 80 (1819), nom. rej.
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2013) showed that Phaeoseptoria
papayae Speg., the type species of Phaeoseptoria groups with
Phaeosphaeria oryzae I. Miyake, the type species of
Phaeosphaeria. Furthermore, they reduced Phaeoseptoria
under Phaeosphaeria as the latter sexual typified genus is
the widely used name. We also agree with the adopted name
i.e. Phaeosphaeria.
Phaeosphaeriaceae M.E. Barr, Mycologia 71(5): 948 (1979)
Notes: Phookamsak et al. (2014) revisited
Phaeosphaeriaceae and accepted 30 genera. Detailed taxonomic notes for genera marked in # are provided in
Phookamsak et al. (2014).
Phloeospora Wallr., Flora Cryptogamica Germaniae 2: 176
(1833)
Notes: Crous et al. (2012) showed that the type species
of Phloeospora, P. ulmi (Fr.) Wallr. grouped in
Mycosphaerellaceae. However, Phloeospora is shown to be
polyphyletic by Quaedvlieg et al. (2011).
Phragmocapnias Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 15(6): 480
(1918) [1917]
= Conidiocarpus Woron., Annls mycol. 24(3/4): 250
(1927) [1926]
Notes: Chomnunti et al. (2011) accepted that
Conidiocarpus is the asexual state of Phragmocapnias and
introduced new combination for the type species of
Conidiocarpus, (i.e. Conidiocarpus penzigii Woron.) as
Phragmocapnias penzigii (Woron.) Chomnunti & K.D. Hyde.
We accept this adoption and propose to use Phragmocapnias
as the accepted name.
Notes: Phoma is very important phytopathogen
(Aveskamp et al. 2010) and much research has been carried
out on this the genus which was established by Saccardo
(1880). Molecular based studies have shown that Phoma is
polyphyletic and scattered throughout Pleosporales
(Cucurbitariaceae, Didymellaceae, Leptosphaeriaceae,
Phaeosphaeriaceae and Pleosporaceae) (de Gruyter et al.
2009, 2010, 2013; Aveskamp et al. 2010). The type species
of Phoma, P. herbarum Westend. grouped in Didymellaceae
(de Gruyter et al. 2009), hence Pyrenochaetopsis Gruyter et al.
was introduced to accommodated phoma-like species in
Cucurbitariaceae (de Gruyter et al. 2009), while Setophoma
Gruyter et al., Neosetophoma Gruyter et al. and Paraphoma
Morgan-Jones & J.F. White were introduced to accommodate
phoma-like species in Phaeosphaeriaceae. Furthermore, de
Gruyter et al. (2013) raised Plenodomus Preuss, Heterospora
(Boerema, Gruyter & Noordel.) Gruyter et al. to generic level
and introduced Subplenodomus Gruyter et al. to accommodate
phoma-like species in Leptosphaeriaceae.
Phragmoscutella Woron. & Abramov, Annls mycol.
24(3/4): 231 (1927) [1926]
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014a) excluded this genus from
Trichopeltinaceae and its placement is uncertain.
Pirozynskia Subram., Curr. Sci. 41(19): 711 (1972)
Notes: Subramaniam (1972) introduced Pirozynskia to accommodate the conidial state of the type species of
Maurodothina i.e. Maurodothina dothideoides (Ellis &
Everh.) Piroz. & Shoemaker (≡Asteridium dothideoides Ellis
& Everh.). Von Arx and Müller (1975) moved Maurodothina
dothideoides to Eupelte as a new combination i.e. Eupelte
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
dothideoides (Ellis & Everh.) Arx & E. Müll. However, there
is no established link between type species of Eupelte, Eupelte
amicta Syd. and Pirozynskia, hence we propose the continued
use of both names until prove the links between two genera by
using molecular data analyses. Hongsanan et al. (2014c)
regarded Eupelte as a doubtful genus as they could not locate
good type material.
Pithomyces Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 100
(1873) [1875]
Notes: See notes under Leptosphaerulina.
Placoasterella Sacc. ex Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(3/
4): 236 (1915)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014c) transferred this genus to
Parmulariaceae from Asterinaceae.
Placomelan Cif., Atti Ist. bot. Univ. Lab. crittog. Pavia, ser.
5 19: 124 (1962)
Notes: The type species of Placomelan, i.e. P. dipteridis
Cif. was the conidial state of Melanoplaca dipteris Syd. & P.
Syd. (current name Dothidasteroma dipteridis (Syd. & P.
Syd.) Arx. However, D. dipteridis is not the type species
hence we conclude Placomelan has dothidasteroma-like sexual states.
Placosoma Syd., Annls mycol. 22(3/6): 302 (1924)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014c) transferred this genus to
Parmulariaceae.
Placostromella Petr., Sydowia 1(1–3): 9 (1947)
Notes: Thambugala et al. (2014c) examined and illustrated
Placostromella macrospora, the type species of
Placostromella and placed in Parmulariaceae based on its
morphology.
Planistroma A.W. Ramaley, Mycotaxon 42: 69 (1991)
Notes: Minnis et al. (2012) treated this genus as a synonym
of Kellermania. However, Monkai et al. (2013) recognized
Planistroma as a distinct genus in Planistromellaceae.
Platypeltella Petr., Annls mycol. 27(1/2): 62 (1929)
Notes: Wu et al. (2014) include this genus in Asterinaceae
based on superficial hyphae with intercalary capitate appressoria, and tis similar to Asterinella.
Pleiostomellina Bat. et al., Portug. acta biol., Sér. B 7(4):
373 (1964)
Notes: Ariyawansa et al. (2014d) referred Pleiostomellina
to Parmulariaceae based on its solitary to gregarious, carbonaceous ascomata with multi-locules, fissitunicate, cylindrical
asci and dark brown to reddish brown, 1-septate, verrucose
ascospores.
Plenodomus Preuss, Linnaea 24: 145 (1851)
Notes: Boerema (1997) considered Plenodomus as one of
the sections of Phoma and Phoma lingam (=Plenodomus
lingam) was considered to be the type species of Phoma
section Plenodomus; the sexual state was considered to be
Leptosphaeria maculans (Schoch et al. 2006; de Gruyter et al.
2009). De Gruyter et al. (2013) reinstated the genus
Plenodomus, and introduced new combinations for all
43
Leptosphaeria and Phoma species that grouped with
Plenodomus lingam. The renaming of Leptosphaeria
maculans as Plenodomus maculans was unfortunate, and
has caused ripples in the community working with
Brassica crops. Plenodomus maculans, however, is unrelated to the type of Leptosphaeria (=Leptosphaeria
doliolum (Pers.) Ces. & De Not.) and therefore L.
maculans could not be retained in Leptosphaeria under
any circumstances unless the type of Leptosphaeria was
changed. The species epithet, “maculans” is also unavailable in Leptosphaeria for the blackleg disease of canola,
as L. maculans (Sowerby) P. Karst. is a homonym of L.
maculans (Fuckel) Ces. & De Not.
Pleoseptum A.W. Ramaley & M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 54:
76 (1995)
Notes: Hyde et al. (2013) listed this genus under
Phaeosphaeriaceae but Phookamsak et al. (2014) excluded
it from Phaeosphaeriaceae and placed in Pleosporaceae
based on morphology.
Plurispermiopsis Pereira-Carv et al., Mycologia 102(5):
1163 (2010)
Notes: Pereira-Carvalho et al. (2010) introduced this genus
and placed in Capnodiaceae based on morphology.
Pleurophomopsis Petr., Annls mycol. 22(1/2): 156 (1924)
Notes: See notes under Astrosphaeriella.
Polyphialoseptoria Quaedvlieg et al., Stud. Mycol. 75: 355
(2013)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2013) introduced this genus
and molecular data analyses showed it belongs to
Mycosphaerellaceae.
Polythrincium Kunze, Mykol. Hefte (Leipzig) 1: 13
(1817)
= Cymadothea F.A. Wolf, Mycologia 27(1): 71 (1935)
Notes: Wolf (1935) established Cymadothea F.A. Wolf to
accommodate the sexual state Polythrincium trifolii Kunze,
the type species i.e. of Polythrincium Kunze. Simon et al.
(2009) provided molecular proof for the link, while Hyde et al.
(2013) reduced the younger sexual typified name under older
asexual typified name.
Prillieuxina G. Arnaud, Ann.École Nat.Agric. Montpellier, série 2 16(1–4): 161 (1918) [1917]
= Leprieurina G. Arnaud, Ann. École Nat. Agric. Montpellier, série 2 16(1–4): 210 (1918) [1917]
Notes: The genus Leprieurina, (type species L. winteriana
G. Arnaud) was introduced to accommodate the conidial state
of the type species of Prillieuxina winteriana (Pazschke) G.
Arnaud, the type species of Prillieuxina. Hence, we propose
use of the older name Prillieuxina over Leprieurina.
Hongsanan et al. (2014c) also agree with this adoption.
44
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Pringsheimia Schulzer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 16: 57
(1866)
Notes: Thambugala et al. (2014a) accommodate this genus
in Dothideaceae but state that its placement is uncertain.
Prosthemium Kunze, Mykol. Hefte (Leipzig) 1: 17 (1817)
= Pleomassaria Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 9: (in
plate to p. 192) (1880)
Notes: Tanaka et al. (2010) showed that the type species of
Pleomassaria and Prosthemium (Pleomassaria siparia (Berk.
& Broome) Sacc. and P. betulinum Kunze respectively)
grouped together in a monophyletic clade in their molecular
analysis. Hence we propose to adopt the older asexual typified
name i.e. Prosthemium over younger sexual typified name i.e.
Pleomassaria.
Pseudocamarosporium Wijayawardene & K.D. Hyde,
Crypto. Mycol. 35 (2): 185 (2014)
Notes: See notes under Camarosporium.
Pseudocercospora Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. B. Aires, Ser. 3
13: 437 (1910)
Notes: Pseudocercospora was shown to be an asexual
state in Mycosphaerellaceae (Stewart et al. 1999; Crous
et al. 2009). Crous et al. (2009, 2013), showed that
Mycosphaerella sensu stricto and Pseudocercospora
sensu stricto represent different phylogenetic linages,
and hence Pseudocercospora was accepted as distinct
genus with mycosphaerella-like sexual states. Implications of this decision is that the major pathogens of
banana, e.g. the Sigatoka disease complex, will be
known as P. fijiensis, P. eumusae and P. musae.
Pseudodidymella C.Z. Wei et al., Mycologia 89(3): 494
(1997)
= Pycnopleiospora C.Z. Wei et al., Mycologia 89(3): 496
(1997)
Notes: Wei et al. (1997) described Pseudodidymella as the
asexual state of Pycnopleiospora in the same publication as
introducing the sexual state. The link was based on co-occurrence of both states on same substrate and also confirmed in
culture (Wei et al. 1997). Hence we prioritize the first introduced name Pseudodidymella over Pycnopleiospora.
Pseudofusicoccum Mohali et al., Stud. Mycol. 55: 249
(2006)
Notes: Hyde et al. (2013) listed this genus under
Botryosphaeriaceae and Slippers et al. (2013) and Phillips et
al. (2013) also showed Pseudofusicoccum groups in
Botryosphaeriaceae. However, the type species of
Pseudofusicoccum, P. stromaticum (Mohali et al.) Mohali et
al. groups in Phyllostictaceae in our analyses (Fig. 1).
Pseudoramichloridium Cheew. & Crous, Persoonia
23: 75 (2009)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) showed
Pseudoramichloridium grouped in Extremaceae in their molecular data analyses.
Pseudosydowia K.M. Thambugala & K.D. Hyde, Fungal
Diversity 68 (2014)
Notes: Crous et al. (2003) and Cheewangkoon et al. (2009)
showed that Sydowia eucalypti is linked to the asexual morph
Selenophoma eucalypti, and phylogenetically clusters with
other Aureobasidium and Hormonema species. However,
Thambugala et al. (2014c) showed that Sydowia eucalypti is
not congeneric with Sydowia sensu stricto (Dothideaceae)
and clustered in Aureobasidiaceae and hence introduced a
new genus Pseudosydowia to accommodate the taxon.
Pseudoteratosphaeria Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33:
29 (2014)
Notes: In morphology, Pseudoteratosphaeria is similar to
Teratosphaeria sensu stricto but has distinct phylogenetic
lineages in Teratosphaeriaceae.
Pseudotrichia Kirschst., Annls mycol. 37(1/2): 125 (1939)
Notes: Mugambi and Huhndorf (2009) included
Pseudotrichia under Melanommataceae while Hyde et al.
(2013) placed it in Platystomaceae. Thambugala et al.
(2014b) assigned Pseudotrichia in Didymosphaeriaceae
(Montagnulaceae) based on morphology.
Pseudoveronaea Crous & Batzer, Persoonia, Mol. Phyl.
Evol. Fungi (2012)
Notes: Li et al. (2012) introduced this genus with two
species and showed it belongs in Dissaconiaceae,
Capnodiales in their molecular data analyses.
Pycnoderma Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 12(6): 563 (1914)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014a) accepted Pycnoderma as a
distinct genus in Cookellaceae.
Pyrenochaeta De Not., Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, ser. 2
10: 348 (1849)
Notes: See notes under Cucurbitaria.
Pyrenophora Fr., Summa veg. Scand. (Stockholm) 2: 397
(1849)
= Drechslera S. Ito, Proc. Imp. Acad. Japan 6: 355 (1930)
Notes: Shoemaker (1962) and Sivanesan (1984) stated that
Pyrenophora has Drechslera asexual states. Crous et al.
(2011) and Ariyawansa et al. (2014b) showed with molecular
data that these genera group in the same clade. Although this
was not based on type species, all included species are
well-established taxa of these genera. Pyrenophora has more
epithets (199 fide Index Fungorum 2014, http://www.
indexfungorum.org/names/names.asp) and is the older name,
hence we propose to reduce Drechslera under Pyrenophora.
Furthermore, Pyrenophora is a generic name linked to
important diseases of barley, and wheat (Ellwood et al.
2010; Manning et al. 2013), and is well-established in the
plant pathology and plant breeder community.
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
Queenslandipenidiella Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia
33: 29 (2014)
Notes: The genus Queenslandipenidiella was introduced
to accommodate Penidiella kurandae Crous & J.K. Stone
by Quaedvlieg et al. (2014). Penidiella and
Queenslandipenidiella share a few common morpho-characters, but group as distinct clades in Teratosphaeriaceae
(Quaedvlieg et al. 2014).
Ramichloridium Stahel ex de Hoog, Stud. Mycol. 15: 59
(1977)
Notes: Li et al. (2012) showed the type species of
Ramichloridium, R. apiculatum (J.H. Mill. et al.) de Hoog
grouped in Dissaconiaceae, Capnodiales.
Ramularia Unger, Exanth. Pflanzen (Wien): 119 (1833),
nom. cons.
= Ramularia Roussek, Fl. Calvados, 2nd end 2: 98
(1806), nom. rej.
= Mycosphaerella Johanson, Öfvers. K. Svensk.
Vetensk.-Akad. Förhandl. 41(9):163 (1884)
Notes: The oldest asexual typified name, Ramularia was
accepted over Mycosphaerella by Crous et al. (2009).
Mycosphaerella sensu stricto. has Ramularia sensu stricto.
asexual morphs. Mycosphaerella sensu lato, however, represents more than 40 diverse genera, distributed over several
different families. If Mycosphaerella would be chosen over
Ramularia, more than 500 new combinations would be required, whereas in choosing Ramularia, no new names are
required, as all established connections already have species
names in Ramularia. This adoption was accepted by Hyde et
al. (2013).
Ramimonilia B. Stielow. & W. Quaedvlieg, Fungal Diversity 65: 155 (2014)
Notes: Egidi et al. (2014) introduced Ramimonilia with R.
apicalis Stielow & Quaedvlieg as the type species. Molecular
data analysis shows that Ramimonilia belongs in
Capnodiales, incertae sedis (Egidi et al. 2014).
Ramopenidiella Crous & R.G. Shivas, Persoonia, Mol.
Phyl. Evol. Fungi 32: 207 (2014)
Notes: The genus Ramopenidiella was introduced by
Crous et al. (2014) with R. cycadicola Crous & R.G. Shivas
as the type species. Ramopenidiella is morphologically and
phylogenetically distinct from Penidiella sensu stricto but
both genera belong to Teratosphaeriaceae (Crous et al. 2014).
Readeriella Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 6(5): 484 (1908)
= Nothostrasseria Nag Raj, Can. J. Bot. 61(1): 23 (1983)
= Cibiessia Crous, Fungal Diversity 26: 151 (2007)
Notes: Crous et al. (2009) accepted that Cibiessia is the
synasexual morph of Readeriella. Furthermore, Crous et al.
(2009) showed that Nothostrasseria has similar conidiogenesis
45
to Readeriella and reduced the genus to synonymy under
Readeriella. Hence, we accept Cibiessia and Nothostrasseria
as synonyms of Readeriella.
Rebentischia P. Karst., Fungi Fenniae Exsiccati, Fasc. 9:
no. 881 (1869)
Notes: Boonmee et al. (2014b) transferred this genus to
Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis from Tubeufiaceae based
on morphology.
Rhytidenglerula Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 127: 386 (1918)
Notes: See notes under Englerulaceae.
Rhizotexis Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 15(1/2): 140
(1917)
Notes: Rhexotexis may be a synonym of Asterotexis
(Hongsanan et al. 2014c).
Roussoellaceae J.K. Liu et al., Phytotaxa 181: 1–33
Notes: Liu et al. (2014) introduced Roussoellaceae based
on Roussoella Sacc. as the type genus. This family currently
comprises four genera viz. Cytoplea, Neoroussoella,
Roussoella and Roussoellopsis. Nevertheless, Liu et al.
(2014) listed Cytoplea as a possible synonym of Roussoella
but we keep Cytoplea as a distinct genus in Roussoellaceae
(See notes under Cytoplea).
Ruptoseptoria Quaedvlieg et al., Stud. Mycol. 75: 356
(2013)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2013) introduced Ruptoseptoria
and molecular data analyses showed it belongs in
Mycosphaerellaceae.
Saccardinula Speg., Anales de la Sociedad cientifica argentina 19: 257 (1885)
Notes: Jayawardene et al. (2014) transferred this genus to
Trichopeltinaceae from Elsinoaceae based on morphological
characters. Hongsanan et al. (2014a) accepted this genus in
Trichopeltinaceae.
Saccharataceae Slippers et al., Stud. Mycol. 76: 41 (2014)
Notes: See notes under Aplosporellaceae.
Schenckiella Henn., Bot. Jb. 17: 523 (1893)
= Allothyrium Syd., Annls mycol. 37(4/5): 393 (1939)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014c) treated Allothyrium Syd.
as a synonym of Schenckiella.
Schiffnerula Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 867 (1909)
Notes: Dai et al. (2014b) treated Mitteriella Syd.,
Questieriella G. Arnaud ex S. Hughes, and Sarcinella Sacc.
as synonyms of Schiffnerula.
Schizothyrium Desm., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 11: 360
(1849)
Notes: Batzer et al. (2008) showed that Schizothyrium pomi
(Mont. & Fr.) Arx grouped with Zygophiala spp. in their
phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequence data. However,
none of species included in their phylogenetic analysis, are the
46
type species of their respective genera. However, the connection between Schizothyrium (1849) and Zygophiala (1945)
appears to be well-established in culture, and if this is the case
for the type species, preference should be given to the older
name, Schizothyrium.
Sclerophoma Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 1234 (1909)
Notes: Sutton (1980) and Sivanesan (1984) stated that
Sclerophoma pythiophila (Cda) Höhn. is an asexual state of
Sydowia polyspora (Bref. & Tavel) E. Müll. However, this
link has not been confirmed by molecular sequence data
analyses. Hence, we propose to retain Sclerophoma until its
link with Sydowia polyspora is confirmed.
Scolicosporium Lib. ex Roum., Fungi Selecti Galliaei
Exs.: no. 676 (1880)
Notes: Spooner and Kirk (1982) stated that Asteromassaria
macrospora (Desm.) Höhn. (Pleomassariaceae) is the sexual
state of the type species of Scolicosporium i.e. S.
macrosporium (Berk.) B. Sutton. Wijayawardene et al.
(2013), however, showed that Scolicosporium minkeviciusii
Treigienė belongs in Phaeosphaeriaceae in their molecular
analyses. Hence, the type species of the genus needs re
collecting and sequence to confirm its correct taxonomic
placement.
Selenophoma Maire, Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 53: clxxxvii (1907)
Notes: Crous et al. (2003) linked Selenophoma eucalypti to
Sydowia eucalypti based on culture studies, while
Cheewangkoon et al. (2009) also confirmed this taxon to have
a coniothyrium-like synasexual morph. Tsuneda et al. (2010)
showed that Discosphaerina fagi (H.J. Huds.) M.E. Barr
grouped with Selenophoma mahoniae A.W. Ramaley in their
molecular analysis. Selenophoma is clearly paraphyletic, and
we therefore retain Selenophoma until its type species (S.
catananches) has been recollected and subjected to molecular
data analysis.
Septoria Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 3: 474 (1884)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2013) revised the genus Septoria
and showed it is polyphyletic in their molecular data
analyses. Hence, several new genera have been introduced
(e.g. Cylindroseptoria in Dothideaceae; Ruptoseptoria in
Mycosphaerellaceae) to place septoria-like taxa. Septoria
remained in Mycosphaerellaceae.
Septorioides Quaedvlieg et al., Stud. Mycol. 75: 383
(2013)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2013) introduced Septorioides
and molecular data analyses showed it belongs to
Botryosphaeriaceae.
Setophaeosphaeria Crous & Y. Zhang ter, Persoonia, Mol.
Phyl. Evol. Fungi 32: 271 (2014)
Notes: Crous et al. (2014) introduced this genus with two
species, (i.e. Setophaeosphaeria badalingensis, S.
hemerocallidis) and with new combination (i.e. S. vernoniae).
Based on molecular data blast searches, Crous et al. (2014)
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
placed this genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae. However, Phookamsak
et al. (2014) show the type species Setophaeosphaeria
hemerocallidis forms a clade outside Phaeosphaeriaceae, close
to Cucurbitariaceae, while Sp. badalingensis clusters with
Phaeosphaeria sensu stricto in Phaeosphaeriaceae.
Shearia Petr., Annls mycol. 22(1/2): 180 (1924)
Notes: Shearia was reported as the asexual morph of
Pleomassaria Speg. by Sutton (1980). Shearia acericola Petr.
was proposed to be the asexual state of Pleomassaria
acericola Petr. by Petrak (1952) as conidiomata and ascomata
co-occurred on the same substrate. Petrak (1962) revised the
genus and Sutton (1980) accepted this revision by mentioning
that Shearia formosa is the asexual state of Pleomassaria
magnolia Shear. These links have not been confirmed by
molecular data, hence we conclude that Shearia has a
pleomassaria-like sexual state. However, Pleomassaria sensu
stricto is linked with Prosthemium sensu stricto by Tanaka et
al. (2010). Thus placement of this genus is uncertain.
Sphaeropsis Sacc., Michelia 2: 105 (1880)
= Phaeobotryosphaeria Speg., Ann. Inst. Rech. Agron.
17, 10: 120 (1908)
Notes: Phillips et al. (2008) established the connection
between the asexual and sexual morphs of Sphaeropsis visci,
the type species of Sphaeropsis, S. visci (Alb. & Schwein.)
Sacc. Phillips et al. (2013) considered Sphaeropsis to be more
suitable than Phaeobotryosphaeria, since it is the oldest name
and is the name most used in the literature.
Sphaerulina Sacc., Michelia 1(no. 4): 399 (1878)
Notes: In their molecular data analyses, Quaedvlieg et al.
(2013) showed that Sphaerulina is a distinct genus in
Mycosphaerellaceae but very closely related to Septoria sensu
stricto. Furthermore, they show several septoria-like taxa also
grouped in Sphaerulina sensu stricto clade hence they introduced several new combinations.
Stagonospora (Sacc.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 3: 445
(1884)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2013) showed that Stagonospora
sensu stricto belongs in Massarinaceae in their molecular data
analyses.
Staninwardia B. Sutton, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 57(3): 540
(1971)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) showed Staninwardia
grouped in Extremaceae in their molecular data analyses.
Stemphylium Wallr., Fl. crypt. Germ. (Nurmberg) 2: 300
(1833)
= Pleospora Rabenh. ex Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc.
crittog. Ital. 1(4): 217 (1863)
Notes: The genus Stemphylium is preferred over Pleospora
as Stemphyllium is the older name and has priorty, is better
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
established in the literature (more than double the number
of hits for Stemphylium in Google Scholar), and the genus
is well-known to the plant pathology community, and is
well circumscribed at the molecular level (Lawrence et al.
2012). Although there are more species epithets in
Pleospora, most appear to belong to other genera, as
many genera form pleospora-like sexual morphs (e.g.
Lewia, linked to Alternaria). Stemphylium, however, is
unique, and its conidium and conidiogenous morphology
can in combination not easily be confused with say
Alternaria, which is the genus morphologically most similar to it. Many serious diseases are known to be caused
by Stemphylium species (purple spot of Asparagus, brown
spot of barley, Stemphylium leaf blight of cotton, brown
spot disease of pears, leaf spot disease of spinach, leaf
spot and foliar blight of tomato), whereas these diseases
are not clearly linked to Pleospora names. More than
2300 records are linked to “Stemphylium disease” in the
CABI direct database.
Stephanotheca Syd. & P. Syd., Philippine Journal of Science Section C Botany 9 (2): 178 (1914) Notes: Jayawardena
et al. (2014) accepted this genus as Asterinaceae. However,
Hongsanan et al. (2014b) did not recognize Stephanotheca as
a genus in Asterinaceae.
Suberoteratosphaeria Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33:
31 (2014)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) introduced this genus in
Teratosphaeriaceae with S. suberosa (Crous et al.) Quaedvlieg
& Crous as the type species. Suberoteratosphaeria is morphologically quite similar to Teratosphaeria sensu stricto but
able to distinguish by colony and ascospore characters
(Crous et al. 2014).
Stromatoseptoria Quaedvlieg et al., Stud. Mycol. 75: 373
(2013)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2013) introduced
Stromatoseptoria and molecular data analyses showed it belongs to Mycosphaerellaceae.
Subplenodomus Gruyter et al., Stud. Mycol. 75: 23 (2013)
Notes: This genus was introduced by de Gruyter et al.
(2013) to accommodate four phoma-like species grouped in
Leptosphaeriaceae, but separate from the clade in which
Plenodomus rabenhorstii Preuss (=Plenodomus lingam
(Tode: Fr.) Höhn., type species of Plenodomus) is placed.
The name is therefore used for phoma-like species in
Leptosphaeriaceae which differ from Plenodomus based on
combined LSU and ITS rDNA analysis.
Sydowia Bres., Hedwigia 34 (Beibl.): 66 (1895)
Notes: Bills et al. (2004) showed that the type species of
Hormonema, H. dematioides Lagerb. & Melin grouped with
Sydowia polyspora (Bref. & Tavel) E. Müll. in their molecular
data analysis. Sydowia, however, is polyphyletic (Crous et al.
2003), and hence it is best to retain Hormonema as separate
from Sydowia until the type species, S. gregaria, has been
47
recollected and subjected to DNA analysis. For further taxonomic notes, see Thambugala et al. (2014c).
Syncarpella Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(5/6): 631
(1915)
Notes: Ramaley and Barr (1997) described Syntholus A.W.
Ramaley & M.E. Barr to accommodate the conidial state of
Syncarpella ribis A.W. Ramaley & M.E. Barr i.e. Syntholus
ribis A.W. Ramaley & M.E. Barr. However the relationship
between Syntholus tumefaciens (Ellis & Harkn.) Theiss. &
Syd. the type species of Syncarpella and Syntholus ribis has
not been confirmed by molecular data. Hence we conclude
that Syncarpella has syntholus-like asexual states and propose
continued use of both generic names.
Teratosphaeria Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 10(1): 39
(1912)
= Colletogloeopsis Crous & M.J. Wingf., Can. J. Bot.
75(4): 668 (1997)
= Kirramyces J. Walker et al., Mycol. Res. 96(11): 919
(1992)
Notes: Crous et al. (2009) accepted that Teratosphaeria
sensu stricto has Colletogloeopsis and Kirramyces asexual
states. Hence we propose to use the older sexual typified name
Teratosphaeria over Colletogloeopsis and Kirramyces.
Teratosphaericola Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33: 32
(2014)
Notes: The genus Teratosphaericola was introduced by
Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) to accommodate Teratosphaeria
pseudoafricana (Crous & T.A. Cout.) Crous & U. Braun.
Teratosphaericola is morphologically similar to Teratosphaeria
sensu stricto thus can only be distinguished based on DNA
phylogeny.
Teratosphaeriopsis Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33: 33
(2014)
Notes: The genus Teratosphaeriopsis was introduced by
Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) to place Teratosphaeriopsis
pseudoafricana Quaedvlieg & Crous which is morphologically similar to Teratosphaeria sensu stricto. Hence,
Teratosphaeriopsis and Teratosphaeria are can only be distinguished via phylogenetic data.
Tetraploa Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 2 5:
459 (1850)
= Tetraplosphaeria Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., Stud.
Mycol. 64: 177 (2009)
Notes: Tanaka et al. (2009) introduced the family
Tetraplosphaeriaceae to place Tetraploa sensu stricto, and
its newly introduced sexual state Tetraplosphaeria. Tanaka
et al. (2009) clearly showed that T. aristata Berk. & Broome,
the type species of Tetraploa, grouped closely with
Tetraplosphaeria sasicola Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray, the type
48
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
species of Tetraplosphaeria. Hyde et al. (2013) also accepted
this link and adopted Tetraploa, the older asexual typified
name over Tetraplosphaeria.
Thrauste Theiss., Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 66: 337
(1916)
Notes: See notes under Englerulaceae.
Thaxteriellopsis Sivan. et al., Kavaka 4: 39 (1977) [1976]
Notes: Subramanian and Sekar (1982) observed with
moorella-like asexual morph in Thaxteriellopsis lignicola
Sivan. et al. However, the authors (i.e. Subramanian and
Sekar 1982) referred to the asexual genus and did not
identify it to species level. Thus, we do not synonymize
Thaxteriellopsis under Moorella. Boonmee et al. (2014b)
accepted Thaxteriellopsis as a genus in Tubeufiaceae and
provide detailed taxonomic notes and illustrations.
Thyridaria Sacc., Grevillea 4: 21 (1875)
Notes: See notes under Cyclothyrium.
Thyriopsis Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(3/4): 369
(1915)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014c) accepted this genus as a
member of Aulographaceae.
Thyrostroma Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 120: 472 (1911)
Notes: Ramaley (2005) and Phillips et al. (2008) showed
that Dothidotthia symphoricarpi (Rehm) Höhn., the generic
type of Dothidotthia has a Thyrostroma asexual morph (i.e.
Thyrostroma negundinis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) A.W.
Ramaley). This was confirmed by Seifert et al. (2011). However, no link has thus far been established between the type
species of Thyrostroma and Dothidotthia. Hence we propose
to continued use of both names until above mentioned links
are proven. If shown to be synonymous, preference would be
given to Thyrostroma, which is the older genus, with the
majority of species names. Phillips et al. (2008) placed this
genus in Dothidotthiaceae.
Trichopeltella Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 119: 458 (1910)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014a) accepted this genus in
Trichopeltinaceae.
Trichopeltheca Bat. et al., Atti Ist. bot. Univ. Lab. crittog.
Pavia, Ser. 5 15: 44 (1958)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014a) accepted this genus in
Trichopeltinaceae.
Trichopeltina Theiss., Beih. bot. Zbl., Abt. 2 32: 3 (1914)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014a) accepted this genus in
Trichopeltinaceae.
Trichopeltinaceae (Theiss.) Bat. et al., Atti Ist Bot. Univ.
Lab. Crittog. Pavia 15: 37 (1958)
= Brefeldiellaceae E. Müll. & Arx, Beitr. Kryptfl.
Schweiz 11(no. 2): 148 (1962)
= Saccardinulaceae G. Arnaud, Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér.
10 7: 647 (1925)
= Trichopeltaceae Theiss., Centralbl. Bakteriol.
Parasitol., II 39:629 (1914)
= Trichopeltidaceae Theiss. [as ‘Trichopeltaceae’],
Zentbl. Bakt. ParasitKde, Abt. II 39: 629 (1914) [1913]
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014a) revised this family and
accepted six genera viz. Acrogenotheca, Brefeldiella,
Saccardinula, Trichopeltina, Trichopeltheca and
Trichopeltella. Furthermore, Hongsanan et al. (2014a)
treated Brefeldiellaceae E. Müll. & Arx as a synonym of
Trichopeltinaceae.
Trichopeltospora Bat. & Cif., Publicações Inst. Micol.
Recife 90: 17 (1958)
Notes: Wu et al. (2011) stated the placement of this genus
in Asterinaceae is uncertain. However, Hongsanan et al.
(2014c) referred Trichopeltospora to Asterinaceae.
Trichothyrinula Petr., Sydowia 4(1–6): 171 (1950)
Notes: Hongsanan et al. (2014a) mentioned that the
placement of this genus in Trichopeltinaceae is uncertain and suggested that a new family might be needed
to accommodate it.
Tubeufiaceae M.E. Barr, Mycologia 71(5): 948 (1979)
Notes: Boonmee et al. (2014b) revised the family
Tubeufiaceae and accepted 19 genera. Boonmee et al.
(2014b) also illustrated and redescribed most of the genera
and provided detailed taxonomic notes for each genus. Notes
for genera marked with a # are provided in Boonmee et al.
(2014b).
Tubeufiales S. Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity
68 (2014)
Notes: Boonmee et al. (2014b) raised Tubeufiaceae as an
order and currently it comprises one family.
Uredinophila Rossman, Mycol. Pap. 157: 43 (1987)
Notes: Boonmee et al. (2014b) excluded this genus from
Tubeufiaceae and placed in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae
sedis.
Uwebraunia Crous & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 88(3): 446
(1996)
Notes: Species of Uwebraunia have mycosphaerella-like
sexual morphs, are pathogenic on Eucalyptus spp. (Crous et
al. 2004), but are also associated with sooty blotch and
flyspeck syndromes on apples (Li et al. 2012). They are
morphologically similar to species of Dissoconium, which
are normally mycophylic on Erysiphaceae (de Hoog et al.
1991). Species of Dissoconium have large, obclavate to
ellipsoid microconidia, and produce sclerotia in culture.
Uwebraunia, on the other hand, has small, pyriform
microconidia and does not form sclerotia in culture (Li
et al. 2012).
Vermiconia E. Egidi & S. Onofri, Fungal Diversity 65: 150
(2014)
Notes: The genus Vermiconia was introduced by Egidi et
al. (2014) and shown to belong in Teratosphaeriaceae sensu
Fungal Diversity (2014) 69:1–55
lato. However, Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) showed this genus to
belong in the new family Extremaceae.
Vishnumyces Hosag., Indian Phytopath. 63(1): 85 (2010)
Notes: Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) listed this genus
under Asterinaceae however; Hongsanan et al. (2014c) treated
it as a doubtful genus.
Vizellopsis Bat. et al., Publções Inst. Micol. Recife 637: 5
(1969)
Notes: The monotypic genus Vizellopsis was introduced by
Batista et al. (1969) and is typified by V. grevilleae Bat. Batista
et al. (1969) placed Vizellopsis in the family Microthyriaceae,
according to the black, circular, flattened thyriothecia. Lumbsch
and Huhndorf (2010) included this genus as Dothideomycetes,
genera incertae sedis, as the morphological characters are not
similar to Microthyriaceae. Based on morphological characters
of the type species of Vizellopsis, V. grevilleae Bat., Dai et al.
(2014a) placed this genus in Asterinaceae and this was
followed by Hongsanan et al. (2014c).
Wiesneriomycetaceae Suetrong et al., Phytotaxa 176 (1):
285 (2014)
Notes: Suetrong et al. (2014) introduced this family to
place Wiesneriomyces which forms a distinct clade close to
Tubeufiales.
Wojnowicia Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 10: 328 (1892)
Notes: De Gruyter et al. (2009) showed the type species of
Wojnowicia, W. hirta (J. Schröt.) Sacc. groups with
Ophiosphaerella herpotricha (Fr.) J. Walker in their LSU and
SSU rDNA sequence analyses. However, there are no sequences
of the type species of Ophiosphaerella (Ophiosphaerella
graminicola Speg.) in GenBank, hence the link between
Ophiosphaerella sensu stricto and Wojnowicia has not yet been
proven. The use of Ophiosphaerella and Wojnowicia is therefore
retained pending further studies. We conclude that Wojnowicia
has ophiosphaerella-like sexual states.
Xenobotryosphaeria Quaedvlieg et al., Stud. Mycol. 75:
374 (2013)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2013) introduced this genus and
showed it belongs in Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis.
Xenomycosphaerella Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33:
24 (2014)
Notes: Mycosphaerella elongata Crous & M.J. Wingf.,
introduced by Crous et al. (2007) is distinct from
Mycosphaerella sensu stricto and hence Quaedvlieg et al.
(2014) introduced Xenomycosphaerella to accommodate
Mycosphaerella elongata as Xenomycosphaerella elongata
(Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Quaedvlieg & Crous.
Xenopenidiella Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33: 33
(2014)
Notes: Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) showed that Penidiella
rigidophora Crous et al. is not congeneric with Penidiella sensu
stricto, hence Xenopenidiella was introduced to accommodate
the taxon. Penidiella and Xenopenidiella are morphologically
quite similar, but they are phylogenetically distinct.
49
Xenoteratosphaeria Quaedvlieg & Crous, Persoonia 33:
34 (2014)
Notes: The genus Xenoteratosphaeria was introduced to
accommodate Teratosphaeria jonkershoekensis (P.S. van
Wyk et al.) Crous & U. Braun. Teratosphaeria and
Xenoteratosphaeria share close morphologies but are phylogenetically distinct.
Xenostigmina Crous, Mycol. Mem. 21: 154 (1998)
Notes: Phookamsak et al. (2014) showed Xenostigmina
belongs to Melanommataceae in their molecular phylogenetic
analyses and hence they excluded the genus from
Phaeosphaeriaceae.
Yoshinagaia Henn., Hedwigia 43: 143 (1904)
Notes: Thambugala et al. (2014a) excluded this genus from
Dothideaceae and placed in Dothideomycetes genera incertae
sedis based on morphology.
Zasmidium Fr., Summa veg Scand. 2: 407 (1849)
N o t e s : Q u a e d v l i e g et a l . (2 01 4) s ho we d th at
Mycosphaerella eucalyptorum Crous & M.J. Wingf. is phylogenetically close to Zasmidium sensu stricto and introduced
the new combination, Z. eucalyptorum (Crous & M.J. Wingf.)
Quaedvlieg & Crous.
Zukaliopsis Henn., Hedwigia 43: 367 (1904)
Notes: See notes under Myriangiaceae.
Zygophiala E.W. Mason, Mycol. Pap. 13: 3 (1945)
Notes: See notes under Schizothyrium.
Zymoseptoria Quaedvl. & Crous, Persoonia, Mol. Phyl.
Evol. Fungi 26: 64 (2011)
Notes: The genus Zymoseptoria is associated with a
range of leaf spot diseases of cereals and grasses
(Quaedvlieg et al. 2011; Crous et al. 2012). Zymoseptoria
tritici (=Mycosphaerella graminicola) causes septoria tritici
blotch in wheat, which is a very serious disease of this
crop, occurring wherever wheat is grown. Zymoseptoria
species have mycosphaerella-like sexual morphs, and
although the genus occurs in the Mycosphaerellaceae, it
is unrelated to Mycosphaerella sensu stricto (Stukenbrock
et al. 2012).
Acknowledgments We thank Humidtropics, a CGIAR Research Program that aims to develop new opportunities for improved livelihoods in a
sustainable environment, for partially funding this work. Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center in Germplasm Bank of Wild Species,
Kunming Institute of Botany is appreciated for the help of molecule
work. Nalin N. Wijayawardene is indebted to the Mushroom Research
Foundation (MRF), Chiang Rai Province, Thailand for providing Postgraduate Scholarship. Kevin D. Hyde thanks the Chinese Academy of
Sciences, project number 2013T2S0030, for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of
Botany. K.D. Hyde acknowledges a research grant from the Biodiversity
Research and Training Program (BRT R253012) and The Thailand
Research Fund (BRG 5280002). Yong Wang would like to thank The
International Scientific Cooperated Project of Guizhou Province
(No[2013] 7004). This contribution was prepared while D.L.
Hawksworth was in receipt of funding from the Spanish Ministerio de
Ciencia e Innovación project CGL2011-25003.
50
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Huzefa Raja
Saowanee Wikee
Asha Dissanayake
Nalin Wijayawardene
Paul Diederich
Bernard Slippers
Hiran Ariyawansa
