See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/271642103 A Phytochemical, Ethnomedicinal and Pharmacological review of genus Dipterocarpus ARTICLE in INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES · APRIL 2015 Impact Factor: 1.59 3 AUTHORS, INCLUDING: Muhammad Shahzad Aslam Muhammad Syarhabil Ahmad 25 PUBLICATIONS 7 CITATIONS 32 PUBLICATIONS 52 CITATIONS Universiti Malaysia Perlis SEE PROFILE Universiti Malaysia Perlis SEE PROFILE Available from: Muhammad Shahzad Aslam Retrieved on: 31 August 2015 Innovare Academic Sciences International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol 7, Issue 4, 2015 Review Article A PHYTOCHEMICAL, ETHNOMEDICINAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW OF GENUS DIPTEROCARPUS MUHAMMAD SHAHZAD ASLAM*, MUHAMMAD SYARHABIL AHMAD, AWANG SOH MAMAT School of Bioprocess Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian, Jejawi 3, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia. Email: Muhammad.shahzad.aslam@hotmail.com Received: 03 Jan 2015 Revised and Accepted: 29 Jan 2015 ABSTRACT Dipterocarpus are the third largest and most diverse genus among Dipterocarpaceae. They are well-known for timber, but less acknowledged for its medicinal importance. Phytochemically genus Dipterocarpus has reported to contain resin, coumarin and dammar. The Resveratrol class of compounds is one of the major chemical constituent in this genus. Generally, the bark of Dipterocarpus is presumed to be the most active. Dipterocarpus species showed Anti-AIDS, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-oxidant activities. Therapeutically important species in this genus are Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm ex Miq because it may have cured against AIDS. We document number of species in this genus, their synonyms, distribution around the World, traditional names, ethnomedicinal uses, isolated compounds, chemical structure, chemical nature of isolated compounds, pharmacological reports and explain the relationship between isolated compounds from this genus and their therapeutic use. Keywords: Dipterocarpus, Cytotoxicity, Anticancer, Anti-AIDS, Resveratrol. INTRODUCTION Natural products, including plants, animal and microorganism have been the basis of treatment of human diseases. Indigenous people derived therapeutic materials from thousands of plants. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that up to 80 percent of people still rely mainly on traditional remedies such as herbs for their medicines [1]. We observed that several Dipterocarpus species in the last half of the twentieth century have become renowned for timber, which is the most important economic product from dipterocarp but it results in the loss of our Natural flora. We still have not explored non-timber forest product that has much impact on an economy of the rural people and forest dwellers of Malaysia. Dipterocarpus has been traditionally a source of dammar, resin, nuts and camphor. Several phytochemical, ethnopharmacological and chemotaxonomy literatures are available for the species present in genus, but it is not documented yet that is beneficial for the future researchers. These reviews will cover all literature data on the phytochemical ethnobotanical and pharmacological activities. Table 1 gives you a brief overview of Genus Dipterocarpus. Botany Dipterocarpus commonly known as "keruing" reported at least a genus of 75 species and is the third largest, after Shorea (150) and Hopea (100) from 16 genera in the plant family Dipterocarpaceae [2]. It exists in the tropical forest of dense evergreen or mixed dense forests. Dipterocarpus alatus is commonly found in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Philippines [3]. Dipterocarpus baudii occur in Cambodia; Indonesia (Sumatera); Malaysia; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam [4]. Dipterocarpus chartaceous which is also known as Dipterocarpus skinneri exsist in Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand [5]. Dipterocarpus dryobalanops is one of famous species in genus Dipterocarpus and found in Indonesia (Sumatera); Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) [6]. Dipterocarpus globosus is native to Brunei Darussalam; Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia (Sarawak) [7, 8]. Dipterocarpus gracilis is indigenous to Bangladesh; India (Andaman Is., Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Tripura); Indonesia (Jawa, Kalimantan, Sumatera); Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia); Myanmar; Philippines; Thailand [9, 10]. Dipterocarpus retusus is another major species in this genus which occur in China (Yunnan); India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, West Bengal); Indonesia (Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Sumatera); Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia); Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam [11, 12]. List of Species with distribution of plant and their synonyms are mentioned in table 2. Ethnomedicinal uses of dipterocarpus Although Dipterocarpus is renowned for timber purposes, but it has some medicinal use. Bark of Dipterocarpus alatus is used to treat Rheumatism, diseases of the liver, and to stimulate appetite in cattle. It has some common names in different languages such as Gurjun(Eng.); keruing, kruen (Fr.); gurjin (Ind.); mai yang (Laos); yang-na (Thai.); dau nooc (Viet.); yang, keruing (trade names) [13, 14]. Bark of Dipterocarpus dryobalanops commonly known as Borneo Camphor, Camphor Tree, Malay Camphor, or Sumatran Camphor is used in medicine in preparation of tooth paste, powder, diaphoretic and antiseptic, hysteria, dysmenorrhea [15-18]. Dispterocarpus co-status is used in the treatment of ulcer Its traditional names as follows chhë tiël niëng, chhë tiël bangkuëy, niëng daèng krâhâm (Cambodia,Thailand,Vietnam) [19, 20]. Dipterocarpus gracilis which is known as keriung-kesat in Malay is It is used as antiseptic for gonorrhoea and urinary disease [20, 21]. Dipterocarpus Indicus, Dipterocarpus turbinatus along with Dipterocarpus alatus is used for rheumatism. Some plants are traditionally phytotoxic such as Dipterocarpus turbinatus. Dipterocarpus turbinatus is also used to treat Gonorrhoea, gleets, ulcer, ringworm and skin diseases [22-26]. Dipterocarpus tuberculatus is traditionally used to treat various inflammatory symptoms. We found a common observation that most use part of the plant is bark. All the species with their common names, part use and their traditional use are mentioned in table 3. Chemical compounds isolated from genus dipterocarpus Most of the chemical constituents isolated from genus Dipterocarpus is from the bark of the plant. It is an important source of resins such as oleoresin, Dammars and camphor. The chemical nature of these constituents is sesquiterpenes, triterpenes (Resveratrol trimers, tetramer oligomer) and coumarin derivatives. Chemical constituents isolated from Dipterocarpus baudii consist of Caryophyllene (1), humulene (2), caryophyllene oxide, humulene epoxide-II (3) clovane-diol (4), humulene epoxide-III (5), caryophyllenol-I (6), caryophyllenol-II (7). Dipterocarpus confertus possess β-sitosterol (8), betulinic acid (9), cinnamic acid (10),αviniferin (11), betulinat acid, 5-hydroxy-2-Methoxy benzoate (12). Aslam et al. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 7, Issue 4, 27-38 Table 1: Brief overview of genus Dipterocarpus Order A B C Species Dipterocarpus affinis Dipterocarpus alatus Dipterocarpus angulatus Dipterocarpus applanatus Dipterocarpus apterus Dipterocarpus balsamiferus Dipterocarpus basilanicus Dipterocarpus baudii Dipterocarpus blancoi Dipterocarpus borneensis Dipterocarpus bourdillonii Dipterocarpus caudatus Dipterocarpus camphorus Dipterocarpus camellatus Dipterocarpus cancanus Dipterocarpus chartaceus Dipterocarpus cinereus Dipterocarpus concavus Dipterocarpus condorensis Dipterocarpus confertus Dipterocarpus conformis Dipterocarpus cordatus Dipterocarpus coriaceus Dipterocarpus cornutus Dipterocarpus costulatus Dipterocarpus cuspidatus Order M N O P Order D Species Dipterocarpus dyeri Dipterocarpus dryobalanops Order H Species Dipterocarpus hasseltii Dipterocarpus helicopteryx Dipterocarpus hirtus E Dipterocarpus elongatus Dipterocarpus eurhynchus Dipterocarpus eurynchioides Dipterocarpus exilis I Dipterocarpus indicus Dipterocarpus insignis Dipterocarpus insularis Dipterocarpus intricatus F G Dipterocarpus fusiformis Dipterocarpus geniculatus Dipterocarpus gibbosus Dipterocarpus glabrigemmatus Dipterocarpus glandulosus Dipterocarpus globosus Dipterocarpus gracilis Dipterocarpus grandiflorus J K Dipterocarpus jourdainii Dipterocarpus kerrii Dipterocarpus kunstleri Dipterocarpus kutaianus Dipterocarpus lamellatus Dipterocarpus lasiopodus Dipterocarpus littoralis Dipterocarpus lowii L Species Dipterocarpus malaanonan Dipterocarpus macrorrhinus Dipterocarpus megacarpus Dipterocarpus microcarpus Dipterocarpus mundus Dipterocarpus nobilis Dipterocarpus nudus Order R Species Dipterocarpus retusus Dipterocarpus rigidus Dipterocarpus rotundifolius S Dipterocarpus oblongifolius Dipterocarpus oblongus Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Dipterocarpus ochraceus Dipterocarpus orbicularis Dipterocarpus pachyphyllus Dipterocarpus palembanicus Dipterocarpus palosapis Dipterocarpus parviflorus Dipterocarpus penangianus Dipterocarpus pentagonus Dipterocarpus perakensis Dipterocarpus plagatus Dipterocarpus polyspermus Dipterocarpus prismaticus Dipterocarpus pseudofagineus T Dipterocarpus sarawakensis Dipterocarpus scaber Dipterocarpus semivestitus Dipterocarpus sublamellatus Dipterocarpus teres Dipterocarpus thorelii Dipterocarpus thurifer V W Z Dipterocarpus verrucosus Dipterocarpus warburgii Dipterocarpus zeylanicus Table 2: Dipterocarpus Species, synonyms and distribution around the World Species Dipterocarpus alatus Dipterocarpus baudii Dipterocarpus chartaceus Dipterocarpus dryobalanops Synonyms Dipterocarpus philippinensis Dipterocarpus gonopterus Dipterocarpus incanus Dipterocarpus lemeslei Dipterocarpus unesbi Dipterocarpus duperreana Dipterocarpus scortechinii Dipterocarpus skinneri Distribution It is a tropical forest tree, of dense evergreen or mixed dense forests, common in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. This species have also been found in the Philippines Reference [3] Cambodia; Indonesia (Sumatera); Malaysia; Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia); Thailand [4] Dipterocarpus teres Dryobalanops camphora Dryobalanops junghuhnii Indonesia (Sumatera); Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) [6, 56] [5] 28 Aslam et al. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 7, Issue 4, 27-38 Dipterocarpus globosus Dipterocarpus gracilis Dipterocarpus retusus Dipterocarpus acutangulus Dipterocarpus gibbosus Dipterocarpus glandulosus Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Dipterocarpus hasseltii Dipterocarpus insularis Dipterocarpus jourdainii Dipterocarpus oblongifolius Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Dryobalanops sumatrensis Dryobalanops vriesii Pterigium teres Shorea camphorifera Dryobalanops aromatic Dipterocarpus beccarii Dipterocarpus beccarianus Dipterocarpus andamanicus Dipterocarpus angustialatus Dipterocarpus bancanus Dipterocarpus fulvus Dipterocarpus hispidus Dipterocarpus pilosus Dipterocarpus schmidtii Dipterocarpus marginatus Dipterocarpus schmidtii Dipterocarpus skinneri Dipterocarpus turbinatus var. andamanicus King Dipterocarpus van-der-hoevenii Dipterocarpus velutinus Dipterocarpus vernicifluus Dipterocarpus austroyunnanicus Dipterocarpus luchunensis Dipterocarpus macrocarpus Dipterocarpus mannii Dipterocarpus occidentoyunnanensis Dipterocarpus pubescens Dipterocarpus spanoghei Dipterocarpus tonkinensis Dipterocarpus trinervis Dipterocarpus helicopteryx Slooten Dipterocarpus tawaensis Slooten Dipterocarpus humeratus Dipterocarpus ursinus Dipterocarpus scabridus Dipterocarpus griffithii Dipterocarpus motleyanus Dipterocarpus pterygocalyx Mocanera grandiflora Dipterocarpus balsamiferus Dipterocarpus lampongus Dipterocarpus pentagonus Dipterocarpus quinquegonus Dipterocarpus subalpinus Dipterocarpus tampurau Dipterocarpus angustifolius Dipterocarpus artocarpifolius Dipterocarpus costatus Dipterocarpus parvifolius Dipterocarpus laevis Dipterocarpus turbinatus C. F. Gaertn Dipterocarpus pulcherrimus Dipterocarpus stenopterus Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. ex Miq. subspecies cuspidatus C. E. C. Fisch. Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. ex Miq. subspecies glabricalyx Smitinand Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. ex Miq. subspecies subnudus Ryan & Kerr Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. ex Miq. subspecies vestitus (Wall. ex Dyer) Smitinand Dipterocarpus punctulatus Pierre Dipterocarpus vestitus Wall. ex Dyer Dipterocarpus cordatus Dipterocarpus grandifolius Brunei Darussalam; Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia (Sarawak) [7, 8] Bangladesh; India (Andaman Is., Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Tripura); Indonesia (Jawa, Kalimantan, Sumatera); Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia); Myanmar; Philippines; Thailand [9, 10] China (Yunnan); India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, West Bengal); Indonesia (Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Sumatera); Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia); Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam [11, 12] Malaysia: Sarawak, Borneo, Elphinstone Province, British North Borneo ----- [54, 55] Sri Lanka [58, 59] India (Andaman Is.); Indonesia (Sumatera); Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah); Myanmar; Philippines; Singapore; Thailand; Viet Nam [60] Indonesia (Bali, Jawa, Kalimantan, Sumatera); Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah); Philippines; Thailand; Viet Nam [61, 62] Bangladesh; Cambodia; India (Andaman Is.); Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia); Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam [63] Bangladesh; Cambodia; India (Andaman Is., Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura); Lao People's Democratic Republic; Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam Malaysia; Thailand [64] Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam [67] Cambodia; India; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam [68] Dipterocarpus dryobalanops is the most important species containing Bergenin (13), malaysianol A (14), laevifonol (15), ampelopsin E (16), α-viniferin (11), ε-viniferin(17), diptoindonesin [57] [65, 66] A (18), diptoindonesin B (19), vaticanol B (20) vaticanol C (21), flexuasol A (22), Oleanolic acid acetate (23), Hedragonic acid (24), dryobalanonoloic acid (25), dryobalanolide (26), Dryobalanone (27), 29 Aslam et al. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 7, Issue 4, 27-38 Dipterocarpus pilosus as Dipterocarpus dryobalanops is another important species that possess Caryophyllene (1), humulene (2), caryophyllene oxide, humulene epoxide-II (3) clovane-diol (4), humulene epoxide-III (5), caryophyllenol-I (6), caryophyllenol-II (7), Dipterocarpol (30), dammara-20,24-dien-3-one, dammara-24-ene3,20-diol, ocotillone-II, ocotillol-II hollongdione, dipterocarpolic acid, asiatic acid (40), 2α-hydroxyursolic acid (44) All the chemical constituents and their chemical nature present in the genus is enlist in table 4 and 5. dammarenediol-II (28), Erythrodiol (29), dipterocarpol (30), ocotillol-II. Dipterocarpus elongates comprise of Laevifonol (15), αviniferin (11), vatikanol A (31), bergenin (13), dan 4’-Ometilgalokatecin (32). Dipterocarpus grandiflorus include Grandiphenols A (33), B, C (34) and D (35). Dipterocarpus hasseltii encompass Diptoindonesin E, ε-viniferin (17), laevifonol (15), α-viniferin (11), vaticanol B (20), hopeaphenol (36), coumarin (37), scopoletin Table 3: Dipterocarpus species with their common names, part use and their traditional uses Species Common names Dipterocarpus alatus Gurjun(Eng.); keruing, kruen (Fr.); gurjin (Ind.); mai yang(Laos); yang-na (Thai.); dau nooc (Viet.); yang, keruing (trade names). Borneo Camphor, Camphor Tree, Malay Camphor, or Sumatran Camphor Dipterocarpus dryobalanops Part use Bark Traditional uses Reference Used in Rheumatism, diseases of the liver, and to stimulate appetite in cattle [3, 13] Bark It is used in medicine in preparation of tooth pase, powder, diaphoretic and antiseptic, hysteria, dysmenorrhoea It is used in the treatment of ulcer [15, 16, 17, 18] It is used as antiseptic for gonorrhoea and urinary disease It exists in west coast, tropical and evergreen forest India used as an application of rheumatism Gonorrhoea, gleets, rheumatism,ulcer, ringworm and skin diseases. Ethnomedicinally toxic plant Traditionally used to treat various inflammatory symptoms [20, 21] Dispterocarpus costatus Dipterocarpus gracilis Dipterocarpus Indicus Chhë tiël niëng, chhë tiël bangkuëy, niëng daèng krâhâm (Cambodia,Thailand, Vietnam) keriung-kesat (Malay) Bark Arayangili, Vavangu, Kakka, Vella-ayani, Karanjili, Kalpayin (Malayalam) - Dipterocarpus turbinatus Chhë tië: l dâ: ng(Cambodia,Thi, Veitnam; gurjan (India), gurjun, gurgina; Chinese jie bu luo xiang Garjan (Bangali) Gurjun tree (Eng) Leave and stem - Dipterocarpus tuberculatus - [19, 20] [20, 69] [22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 70, 71] [72, 73] Table 4: List of Chemical constituents in genus Dipterocarpus Species Part Use Bark Chemical constituents Reference Oleoresin [27] Stem Bark Stem Bark β-sitosterol (8), betulinic acid (9), cinnamic acid (10),α-viniferin (11), betulinat acid, 5-hydroxy-2Methoxy benzoate (12) Bergenin (13), malaysianol A (14), laevifonol (15), ampelopsin E (16), α-viniferin (11), ε-viniferin(17), diptoindonesin A (18), diptoindonesin B(19), vaticanol B (20) vaticanol C (21), flexuasol A (22), Oleanolic acid acetate (23), Hedragonic acid (24), dryobalanonoloic acid (25), dryobalanolide (26), Dryobalanone (27), dammarenediol-II (28), Erythrodiol (29), dipterocarpol (30), ocotillol-II [28, 29] Dipterocarpus elongatus Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Dipterocarpus zeylanicus Dipterocarpus hasseltii Dipterocarpus verrocosus Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Dipterocarpus hispidus - Laevifonol (15), α-viniferin (11), vatikanol A (31), bergenin (13), dan 4’O-metilgalokatecin (32) Grandiphenols A (33), B, C (34) and D (35) - 2α,3β,23α-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic and 2α,3β-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acids [34] Tree Bark Diptoindonesin E, ε-viniferin (17), laevifonol (15), α-viniferin (11), vaticanol B (20), hopeaphenol (36), coumarin (37), scopoletin (38). α-Viniferin (11) [36] Phenolic acid derivatives, β-sitosterol (8), bergenin (13) [38] Betulinic acid (9), dipterocarpol (30), dammarenediol, ocotillone (39) [39, 20] Dipterocarpus turbinatus Dipterocarpus kerrii Dipterocarpus retusus Dipterocarpus pilosus - Dipterocarpol (30) asiatic acid (40) Borneol (41) [40] - α-gurjunene (42), gamma-gurjunene (43), gamma-gurjunenol [41, 42] Tree Bark Bark ε-viniferin (17), α-viniferin (11), vaticanol A (31), scopoletin (38), bergenin (13) [43] [44, 45] Dipterocarpus Stem Caryophyllene (1), humulene (2), caryophyllene oxide, humulene epoxide-II (3) clovane-diol (4), humulene epoxide-III (5), caryophyllenol-I (6), caryophyllenol-II (7), Dipterocarpol (30), dammara20,24-dien-3-one, dammara-24-ene-3,20-diol, ocotillone-II, ocotillol-II hollongdione, dipterocarpolic acid, asiatic acid (40), 2α-hydroxyursolic acid (44) 3-oxo-20-hydroxy-30α-methyl,17(29)α-epoxy-28-norlupane, 3-oxo-20-hydroxy-30β-methyl-17(29)α- Dipterocarpus alatus Dipterocarpus confertus Dipterocarpus dryobalanops Stem Bark Bark Timber [1, 13] [30] [31] [32] [95] [33] [34, 35] [37] [46] 30 Aslam et al. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 7, Issue 4, 27-38 obtusifolius Stem Bark Dipterocarpus verrucosus epoxy-28-norlupane, 3,20-dioxo-28,29-norlupan-17α-ol, 27-demethyl-20(S)-dammar-23-ene-20-ol-3,25-dione, and 3-epi-cecropic acid. Laevifonol (15), α-viniferin (11), vaticanol B (20) [53, 54] Table 5: List of Chemical nature of Compounds isolated in genus Dipterocarpus Chemical Nature Sesquiterpenes Triterpene Oligostilbenoid Coumarin compounds Resveratrol Compounds Compounds present Caryophyllene (1), humulene (2), caryophyllene oxide, humulene epoxide-II (3) clovane-diol (4), humulene epoxide-III (5), caryophyllenol-I (6), caryophyllenol-II (7),α-gurjunene, gamma-gurjunene, gamma-gurjunenol Betulinic acid (9), Oleanolic acid acetate (23), Hedragonic acid (24), Oleanolic acid acetate (23), Hedragonic acid (24), dryobalanonoloic acid (25), dryobalanolide (26), Dryobalanone (27), dammarenediol-II (28), Erythrodiol (29), dipterocarpol (30), ocotillol-II, Asiatic acid (40), 2α-hydroxyursolic acid (44). Laevifonol (15), ampelopsin E (16), α-viniferin (11), diptoindonesin A (18), ε-viniferin (17), α-viniferin (11), vaticanol A Scopoletin (38), bergenin (13) Bergenin (13), malaysianol A (14), laevifonol (15), ampelopsin E (16), α-viniferin (11), ε-viniferin(17), diptoindonesin A (18), diptoindonesin B(19), vaticanol B (20) vaticanol C (21), flexuasol A (22), (−)-hopeaphenol, grandiphenols A, B, C and D, ampelopsin E(16), diptoindonesin A, bergenin β-sitosterol (8) Phytosterol CH3 H2C H H CH3 CH3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 31 Aslam et al. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 7, Issue 4, 27-38 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 32 Aslam et al. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 7, Issue 4, 27-38 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 33 Aslam et al. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 7, Issue 4, 27-38 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 34 Aslam et al. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 7, Issue 4, 27-38 43 44 Fig. 1: List of Chemical constituents isolated from genus Dipterocarpus Pharmacological activities Most of the species in this genus are cytotoxic in nature but some are anti-inflammatory, Anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant and even Anti-Aids. The most important species in this genus are Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm ex Miq because scientists report that it may have cured against AIDS. A composition comprising Melastoma villosum Lodd., Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm ex Miq., Lyophyllum aggregatum, Dictyophora indusiata, pu-erh tea, mentha and stevia, in a dry weight ratio of 2-5: 2-5: 1-4: 1-4: 1-4: 0.5-2: 0.5-2, respectively is the constituents used in the formulation. The inventive anti-AIDS agent was provided for 24 AIDS cases to be taken twice a day, said agent having been extracted in hot water of 90-100° C for 40 minutes. Periodical blood drawings were carried out during the intake period to measure the concentration level of HIV antigen RNA. Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Dipterocarpus hasseltii, Dipterocarpus retusus, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius and Dipterocarpus converts are cytotoxic and may have used against cancer cell. Detail enlists in table 6. Table 6: List of Pharmacological activities reported Species Pharmacolo gical properties AntiInflammatory Antibacterial and antioxidant Cytotoxicity Application Activity Part used Reference In-vitro and InVitro In-Vitro Bark [31] Bark [37] Stem Bark [42] Dipterocarpus retusus Cytotoxic activity Bark [43] Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Dipterocarpus verrucosus Cytotoxic Murine leukaemia P-388 cells Human cancer cell lines In-Vitro Ethanol extract strongly suppresses in vitro macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses and in-vivo acute gastritis The result indicated that α-viniferin, resveratrol trimer from Dipterocarpus verrucosus gave moderate activity towards antibacterial and antioxidant values. Isolated compound of Dipterocarpus confertus (sinamat and acid betulinat) showed very active with IC50 each the size of 2.25 and 5.1 pg / mL. ε-Viniferin, α-viniferin and vaticanol A showed cytotoxic activity against murine leukaemia P-388 cells with their IC50 values were 7,8; 17,5 and 27,0 µg/ml, respectively. It were found to be cytotoxic against human cancer cell lines. Stems [46] Stem bark [47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52] Dipterocarpus kerrii Dipterocarpus turbinatus Anti-fungal In-vitro Biological activities of the compounds were evaluated against six strains of bacteria; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneunomonia, Salmonella paratyphi, Bacillus subtilis, Stapylococcus aureus and E. coli by disc diffusion method while antioxidant were evaluated by DPPH, TPC, FTC and TBA. The DPPH radical scavenger test showed that tetramer gave a better result (36.6%) as compared to the dimmer and trimmer. TPC evaluations showed that the tetramer and dimer contain the same amount of phenolics which is 616.15mg/g of GAEs while trimer displayed lower amount of 340mg/g of GAEs. FTC and TBA methode revealed that the trimer showed better inhibition among the others with the value of 77.77 and 86.47% each. Antibacterial activity, trimer resveratrol with concentration of 50mg/ml showed to be the most active with inhibition toward Stapylococcus aureus (8.8 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.5 mm) and E. coli (17 mm). Fungicidal [72] Cytotoxic Activity Dipterocarpus hasseltii Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm ex Miq Cytotoxic Activity Anti-AIDS Human Breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) Murine leukemia P-388 cells. Clinical trial for measuring the anti-AIDS effect Tree Resin Bark and leave Bark Fruit [76] Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Dipterocarpus verrucosus Dipterocarpus confertus Biological Activities Murin Cell P388 leukemia It has shown activity against Human Breast cancer cell line (MDAMB-231) A Chemical constituent hopeaphenol shows strongly inhibited murine leukemia P-388 cells. A composition comprising Melastoma villosum Lodd., Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm ex Miq., Lyophyllum aggregatum, Dictyophora indusiata, pu-erh tea, mentha and stevia, in a dry weight ratio of 2-5: 2-5: 1-4: 1-4: 1-4: 0.5-2: 0.5-2, respectively. The inventive anti-AIDS agent was provided for 24 AIDS cases to be taken twice a day, said agent having been extracted in hot water of 90-100° C for 40 minutes. Periodical blood drawings were carried out during the intake period to measure the concentration level of HIV antigen RNA [74] [75] 35 Aslam et al. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 7, Issue 4, 27-38 Table 7: List of chemical constituents with Pharmacological properties Chemical Constituents Betulinic acid betacaryophyllene humulene β-Caryophyllenol α-viniferin Bergenin laevifonol ampelopsin ε-Viniferin Oleanolic acid acetate dammarenediol-II Erythrodiol Coumarin Scopoletin Pharmacological properties Reference Antiretroviral, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, Anticancer agent Beta-caryophyllene was shown to be a selective agonist of cannabinoid receptor type-2 (CB2) and to exert significant cannabimimetic antiinflammatory effects in mice. Anti-inflammatory effects in mammals. It produces similar effects to dexamethasone, and was found to decrease the edema formation caused by histamine injections. Humulene produced inhibitory effects on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-1 β (IL1B) generation in carrageenan-injected rats. β-Caryophyllenol has showed Inhibitory Effect of on Airway Inflammation and Elimination of Asthmatic Models in Guinea Pigs It has been shown to inhibit acetylcholinesterase It shows a potent immunomodulatory effect Anti-oxidant, Cytotoxic and Anti-bacterial actvity The compound is credited with hepatoprotective effects observed in rodents It shows a human cytochrome P450 enzymes inhition activity Hepatoprotective, and exhibits antitumor and antiviral properties [77] [78] Antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus types I and II in Vitro Antiproliferative and apoptotic activity in HT-29 human adenocarcinoma cells Reported coumarin activity includes anti-HIV, anti-tumor, anti-hypertension, anti-arrhythmia, antiinflammatory, anti-osteoporosis, antiseptic, and analgesic. It is also used in the treatment of asthmaand lymphedema Use of scopoletin to inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines through inhibition of the IκB/NF-κB signal cascade in the human mast cell line HMC-1 [88] [89] [90, 91, 92, 93] CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION 4. Dipterocarpus belong to southeast Asia mainly Malaysia, Indonesia, Thialand, Philippines. Although it is well-known for timber purposes, but it has some medicinal importance. It comprises resins, dammar and camphor. In the past Dipterocarpus was the main source of camphor, but now there are many alternative sources such as Cinnamomum camphora and pinene. Dipterocarpus consist of important chemical constituents such as Resveratrol, which appeared to prevent the development of mammary tumors in animal models; however, it had no effect on the growth of existing tumors. It slowed the growth of neuroblastomas [94]. Coumarin also comprise pharmacological activity such as anti-HIV, anti-tumor, antihypertension, anti-arrhythmia, anti-inflammatory, anti-osteoporosis, antiseptic, and analgesic. It is also used in the treatment of asthma and lymphedema[86, 87, 88, 89]. A clinical trial has shown that Dipterocarpus obtusifolius possess Anti-HIV property which can further be evaluated in isolation of novel compound. As most of the species in this genus are cytotoxic in nature so we can isolate new drugs against different types of cancer. For example Isolated compounds from the Bark of Dipterocarpus retusus (ε-Viniferin, αviniferin and vaticanol) showed cytotoxic activity against murine leukaemia P-388 cells [41]. Similarly isolated compounds of Dipterocarpus confertus (sinamat and acid betulinat) showed cytotoxicity from the stem bark [42]. All documented data from the genus Dipterocarpus conclude that there are 75 species in this genus and we haven’t explored the flora yet. With increased deforestation, we are losing Dipterocarps as it is a major source of timber in South east Asia. Most of the species are in critical danger of extinction. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. We can isolate novel compounds against anticancer, Anti-Aids, Antiinflammatory from remaining species and existing species. This will lead to develop large series of structural analogs of an initial lead compound and tested as part of a structure-activity relationship study. It will preserve for the future generation. 17. CONFLICT OF INTERESTS 18. None REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. Tripathi L, Tripathi JN. Role of biotechnology in medicinal plants. Trop J Pharm Rew 2003;2:243-53. Ashton PS. Dipterocarpaceae. In: CGGJ Van Steenis ed. Flora Malesiana, Series 1, Spermatophyta. Martinus Nijhoff Pulishers, The Hague; 1982;9:237–552. Joker D, Luu NDT. Dipterocarpus alatus. Seed Leaflet; 2002. p. 53. 16. 19. 20. 21. [79, 80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87] [94] Ashton P. Dipterocarpus baudii. 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