Review Article ! " $ 1 2 % ' & % # ' Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Birla Institute Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215 College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bramhapur (Mohuda), Ganjam, Odisha 760002 # Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Birla Institute Technology, Mesra, Ranchi-835215 ,. dsasmal @bitmesra.ac.in )* %+ $ % The medicinal plants are widely used by the traditional medical practitioners for curing various diseases in their day to day practice. (Rubiaceae) is one of traditional medicinal plant in India which is used for treatment of various ailments. Different parts of plants (ie., leaves, bark, stem, fruits, root and even whole plant) have shown to have various pharmacological activities like antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity , hepatoprotective activity, antimalarial activity, anti diabetic activity, anti asthmatic and antibacterial Activity. Phytochemicals reported in the plants have been listed based on their pharmacological activity. Although Phytopharmacological reports are very less, still it is considered as a valuable source of treatment against various diseases. The present review highlights a literature on botanical, chemical and pharmacological discussion of ( : )+* A large proportion of the population in many developing countries relies on traditional herbal practioners to meet their primary health care needs. Amidst wide range of availability of modern i.e. synthetic medicines, herbal medicines more appropriately the herbal drugs or herbals often retain their popularity for their intense historical and cultural values. These herbals and their isolated compounds i.e. the bio active principles, have demonstrated spectra of biological activities. Therapeutic data on such herbals are much comprehensive from the medico folk lore literatures of many regions as recorded from time to time. In view of the increasing demand of these herbal drugs, the issues regarding their safety, efficacy and www.ajpct.org was difficult till 1980s, as it was quality maintenance in industrialized and defined broadly and known to be polyphyletic. developing countries as well are cropped up. Psydrax was separated from it in 1985 (Bridson Description of the Plant from existing literature DM 1985), as was Keetia in 1986 (Bridson DM (Burm.f.) 1986). These were followed by Pyrostria and Alston. (Syn. ) of Family: Multidentia in 1987 (Bridson DM 1987). The Rubiaceae is a bushy thorny suffruticose herb, subgenus Afrocanthium was raised to generic ., 2004) followed by native of India found mainly in rank in 2004(Lentz coromandelicum region. The plant is popularly Bullockia in 2009 (Razafimandimbison ., recorded under the local name ie in Odisha 2009). A few species were transferred to “ / 0 (odia language). from and other genera in is native to 2004 but the final circumscription of Canthium India, Sri Lanka, and tropical East Africa will remain in doubt until phylogenetic studies (Bridson DM 1992). achieve greater resolution for the clad and its is a shrub, usually with containing ., 2004). opposite horizontal thorns a little above the leaf closest relatives (Lentz axils. However, sometimes the shrub is nearly unarmed. Leaves are ovate, smooth, and often Synonyms fascicled on young shoots. Short, few flowered , racemes arise in leaf axils. Flowers are small, yellow with 4 stamens. Flowers are bearded in the throat. Tube is short, with 4 5 spreading petals. Anthers are inserted into the throat, Taxonomical/Scientific classification scarcely protruding. Style protrudes out. Stigma is somewhat spherical. Fruits are Kingdom: Plantae obovate, furrowed on each side. Flowering Clade: Angiosperms season of plant is from July August. Fruits are Clade: Eudicots red or brown, dark pinky when ripe. Asterids genus was named by Jean Clade: Baptiste Lamarck in 1785 in Encyclopédie Order: Gentianales Méthodique (Lamarck J B 1785). The name is Family: Rubiaceae a latinisation of " ", a Malayalam Subfamily: Ixoroideae name from Kerala for Vanguerieae . means "shining" and Tribe: means "a spiny shrub" (Quattrocchi U Genus: Canthium 2000). The biological type for the genus Species: consists of specimens originally described by Jean Baptiste Lamarck as ( In: Index Nomenum Genericorum) but this species is now included in (Bridson DM 1992). is a member of Vanguerieae, a tribe that is monophyletic and easily recognized morphologically, but in which generic boundaries were, for a long time, very unclear (Lentz ., 2005). Identification of AJPCT[2][6][2014]796-813 Sinapaldehyde 3 (4 Hydroxy 3,5 dimethoxyphenyl)prop 2 enal Syringic acid 4 hydroxy 3,5 dimethoxybenzoic acid Syringaresinol Vernacular names English. Marathi: Malayalam: Telugu: Kannada: Oriya: Konkani: Sanskrit: Tamil: Coromandel Canthium Kirma, Kadbar Kantankara, Niruri, Serukara Sinnabalusu, Balusu Karemullu, Ollepode Tutidi Kayili Nagabala, Gangeruki in Keesara, Rangareddy district, Andhra Pradesh. Mullukaarai, Nallakkarai, Theravai, Theranai, Karay chedi, Kudiram, Sengarai. 4,4' (1S,3aR,4S,6aR) Tetrahydro 1H,3H furo [3,4 c]furan 1,4 diylbis(2,6 dimethoxyphenol) Scoparone 6,7 Dimethoxy 2 Ethnomedicinal Claims The plant parts having various Scopoletin ethnomedicinal uses. These are listed in table: See Table No. 1 Phytochemical investigation Phytochemical studies carried out on Canthium coromandelicum and its allied species have reported the identification of some phyto constituents like: See Table No. 2 AJPCT[2][6][2014]796-813 chromen 2 one 7 hydroxy 6 methoxychromen 2 one Vanillic acid tetradecahydropicen 3 ol 2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17 dodecahydro 1 cyclopenta[ ]phenanthren 3 ol Petunidin 4 Hydroxy 3 methoxybenzoic acid Daucosterol 2 (3,4 dihydroxy 5 methoxyphenyl) 3,5,7 trihydroxychromenylium Sakuranetin Lyoniside, Daucosterol, Sitogluside, Eleutheroside A, Alexandrin, 17 (5 Ethyl 6 methylheptan 2 yl) 10,13 dimethyl Coriandrinol, Daucosterin, Sitosterol glucoside Sitosterol 4,4,6a,6a,8a,11,11,14b octamethyl Taraxero (3!,4a ,6a ,6a!,8a ,12a ,14a ,14b ) 1,2,3,4a,5,6,8,9,10,12,12a,13,14,14a AJPCT[2][6][2014]796-813 (2!) 5 hydroxy 2 (4 hydroxyphenyl) 7 methoxy 2,3 dihydrochromen 4 one D Mannitol Roxb. Korth. Vidal Merr. " (L.f.) Kuntz Miq. # Bridson Teijsm. & Binn. Miq. (Merr.) Merr. Dinkl. Geddes R.Br. Thwaites (Merr.) Merr. Merr. & & L.M.Perry Drake Geddes (Blanco) Merr. (Merr.) Merr. Craib Pit. Thwaites (Baker) L.M.Perry Mabb. (Setch.) Christoph. Bartl. ex DC. King & Gamble Roxb. (A. Rich) Summerh. H.Lév. (D.Dietr.) Kuntz Pierre ex Pit. Korth. Ridl. Dillwyn (Burm.f) Merr. Wight Quisumb. & Merr. Alston (Elmer) Merr. Ridl. (Merr.) Merr. Merr. (Merr.) Merr. Craib Pierre ex Pit. Miq. Blume (Blanco) (Valeton) Kaneh. (Merr.) Merr. (Miq.) Boerl. Hiern (Merr.) Merr. Roxb. (Merr.) Merr. Cav. ined. Miq. Thwaites ex Merr. Hiern Kurz Baill. DC. Ridl. Hook.f. $ (De Wild.) C.M.Evrard Cavaco Craib Blume AJPCT[2][6][2014]796-813 Craib (Merr.) Merr. DC. (Merr.) Merr. Craib Ridl. Blume Merr. & L.M.Perry Summerh. (Harms) Pit. Merr. & Chun (K.Schum.) Bullock Merr. (Klotzsch ex Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntz Miq. Craib Craib Craib Craib (Merr.) Merr. Codd (Merr.) Merr. The various pharmacological activities as imbibed from the literatures are accounted as fallows (2013). A. Wound healing and diuretic activities ! '445 the aqueous extract of cc had showed the significant incision and excision wound healing activity on as evidence by increased rate of wound contraction as compared with the control group. The 10% w/w of aqueous extract ointment exhibited equivalent wound healing activity as compared to Nitrofurazone ointment. Significant diuretic activity was exhibited by the extracts. Graded responses for both the activities were observed for extracts. B. Antifungal activity Miq. (R.Parker) Merr. Bedd. Quisumb. & Merr. Miq. % Tilney & Kok Vidal Zoll. & Moritzi % # (Merr.) Merr. . wikimedia.org %, &)*) & 1 %! +&+2) ,3 &$ )+* & See Table No. 3 AJPCT[2][6][2014]796-813 6'4478 ( certain Flavonol glycosides and phenolic acid from species produce anti fungal activity. The antifungal activity of six Flavonol glycosides and two phenolic acids isolated from spp. of Rubiaceae is presented. C. Evaluations of antioxidant properties 6'4498 ( evaluation of antioxidant properties of Lam. Leaves. Ethanolic extract of leaves was analyzed for their total antioxidant capacity, reducing power, metal chelating, ABTS+ [2, 2 –azinobis 3 ethylbenzothiazolin 6 sulphonate] radical scavenging and hydroxyl scavenging activities. The extract at 500Og/ml showed maximum scavenging activity (51.60%) of ABTS radical cation followed by the iron chelation (45.12%) at the same concentration. However, the extract showed only moderate hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (6.42%). Total antioxidant capacity was found to be 12.9 mg ascorbic acid equivalents at 500Og/ml extract concentration. There was positive correlation between the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity, R2 = 0.8313, whereas the correlation between the total flavonoids and antioxidant capacity was determined to be R2 = 0.8102. The results suggest that phenolics and flavonoids in the leaves provide considerable antioxidant activity. D. Oral hypoglycaemic activity % : / / 6'44;8 ( oral hypoglycaemic activity of the leaf extract in rats. Percentage decreases of serum glucose levels of 15.4 % 25.7 % were observed at doses of 15 30 g/ kg body weight following a glucose challenge. This is indicative of acute hypoglycaemic (anti hyperglycaemic) activity of the leaf extract. Oral glucose challenge on the 8th and 15th day following repeated administration of leaf extract (20g/kg body weight) for 7 and 14 days did not suppress the fasting or the post prandial serum glucose levels. It is concluded that the observed acute hypoglycaemic (anti hyperglycaemic) effect is possibly due to inhibition or reduction of intestinal glucose absorption mediated by soluble dietary fibre (SDF; 1.2% DM) and pectin (38% of SDF) in the leaf. This will explain the absence of a chronic effect. This study provides evidence for its traditional recommendation as a functional food in diabetes. E. The hypocholesterolaemic activity # :3% 2 6'44;8 ( that hypocholesterolaemic effect on Wistar rats which is due to high molecular weight pectin (up to 2 million Daltons) as determined by Sepharose (2B) gel chromatography and present in a content of 1.8 3.4% on dry weight. Together with its mild hypoglycaemic effect reported previously its hypocholesterolaemic effect is now hypothesized to be due to the effect of high molecular weight pectin. It is postulated that the leaf would make a good functional food. AJPCT[2][6][2014]796-813 F. evaluation of potential nematocidal activity : 6'44;8 ( that evaluation of potential nematocidal properties of ethanolic extracts of (Rubiaceae) on Heligmosomoides polygyrus parasite of rodents. The nematocidal activity of ethanol extract of Canthium mannii was assessed to that of Mebendazole on the adult of Heligmosomoides polygyrus.105 Swiss white mice of two sexes aged 5 6 week old, and weighing between 20 and 25 gm were orally infected with a 0.8 ml of a dose of 104 120, 1 week old H. polygyrus infective larvae (L3). After pre patent period (9 11 days), infected animals were randomly divided into 7 groups of 15 animals each. The nematocidal efficacy of the ethanolic extract was monitored through faecal egg count (FEC) reduction and total worm count (TWC) reduction. 5 doses (350, 700, 1400, 2800 and 5600mg/mg body Weight) for ETE and 22mg/kg for Mebendazole were studied using a bioassay. Mebendazole and 3% DMSO were included in the assays as reference drug and placebo respectively. Each host received according to its weight for 7days a daily dose 0.7ml of the product. The ETE for all the doses tested except the dose that 350mg/kg body weight was active on the adult of H. polygyrus and reduced significantly (p<0.05) the FEC and the TWC of the nematode. The dose rate 5600mg/kg body weight showed the highest nematocidal activity of 75%FECR and 83.6% TWC reduction 7 days post treatment. These results supported the possible use of medicinal plants in the control of Gastro intestinal helminthiasis. G. Antibacterial activity 6'44;8 ( the methanol extract of (L), & (Oliver) and (Lam) against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus mirabilis. The experiment was carried out using disc diffusion method. The results revealed that the methanol extract of aerial parts of Canthium parviflorum showed significant zone of inhibition. H. antiplasmodial and antibacterial activities < , = + 6'44;8 ( antiplasmodial and antibacterial activities of schum and Thonn (Rubiaceae) extracts. The antiplasmodial activity was performed on fresh clinical strains of Plasmodium falciparum using light microscopy. The result revealed that the methanol extract was the most active with IC50 of 4.69Og/ml. The NCCLS micro dilution method performed on clinical reference strains of pathogenic bacteria yielded MIC and MBC values ranging from 312 to 1250 and 625 to 2500 Og/ml, respectively. The qualitative analysis of the extract revealed the presence of several chemical groups such as alkaloids, terpens, and tannins that might be responsible for the activity of the plant. The issue of this study showed that is a plant much attention should be paid to because of its pharmacological potentials. I. Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activities > / # 6'4 48 ( Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of . Bioassay guided isolation studies of the extract of BI. Stem led to the isolation of ten compounds: (+) Syringaresinol, scoparone, 3’ methoxy 4’ hydroxy trans cinnamaldehyde, sinapic aldehyde, syringic acid, mannitol, vanillic acid 4 0 β D glucopyranoside, β daucosterol, β sitosterol. All the ten AJPCT[2][6][2014]796-813 compounds were reported first time from this species and compounds 1, 4, 5, 6, and 8 from the genus. The antimicrobial activities of the isolated compounds were studied; 6 had the highest activity against Bacillus subtilis, but 1 showed good activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Compounds 2, 4, and 6 also inhibited the growth of these three bacteria. None of the compounds demonstrated inhibitory activity against Aspergillus niger. J. nematocidal activities 6'4 48 ( that the extracts of (Rubiaceae) on different life cycle stages of Heligmosomoides polygyrus parasite of rodents. The potential nematocidal activities of four extracts from the bark of Canthium mannii (Rubiaceae) stems were investigated . Extracts were diluted in distilled water to obtain five different concentrations (1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 mg/mL) and put in contact with eggs and larvae of Heligmosomoides polygyrus. The different stages of the life cycle were also put in contact with the same concentration of Mebendazole (MBZ, pos. control). One mL of each ext. at different concentrations, and control were added to 1ml solution containing 30 40 eggs or 10 15 larvae (L1, L2, and L3) and distributed in different Petri dishes. The eggs and larvae were incubated at 24o and exposure times were: 48 hrs for un embryonated eggs, 6 hrs for embryonated eggs; 2, 4, 6, and 24 hrs for L1 and L2 larvae, 24 48 hrs for infective larvae (L3), and 5 days for the larval developmental test (from L1 to L3). DW and DMSO were used as placebo and 1% DMSO control, respectively. Significant effects were obtained with 3 of 4 extracts, and differences were observed depending on parasite stage. Cold water extract, hot water extract, and ethanolic extract inhibited embryonic development (40%, 45%, and 10%) and hatching of : embryonated eggs (40%, 85%, and 80%),respectively at 3.5 mg/ml. only ethanolic extract killed L1(97.18%) and L2 (92.68%) larvae of H. polygyrus after 24 hrs at 3.5 mg/ml and drastically reduced the production rate (6% at 3.0 and 3.5 mg/ml) of infective larvae (L3) after 5 days of incubation compared to other extracts (p< 0.05). However, the infective larvae of H. polygyrus were resistance to the effect of each of the tasted products (extracts and Mebendazole). These results suggested that the extracts of Canthium mannii, used by traditional healers in Dschang, Western region of Cameroon (Central Africa) to cure intestinal helminthiasis and abdominal pains of their patients, possess nematocidal properties. The active principles responsible for the activity could be secondary metabolites such as alkaloids and saponins present in the extracts. It is suggested that further experiments incorporating invivo purification of extracts and toxicological investigations should be carried out. K. and Invivo anticancer activity 6'4 8 ethanolic extract of Lam. on DLA and HeLa cell lines. The anticancer activity was measured by MTT assay and Exclusion method. The study was determined in mice using Dalton’s lymphoma ascetic (DLA) cells. The ethanolic extracts of greatly inhibited DLA and Hela cell growth with IC50 Of 61.24Og/ml and 43.15Og/ml respectively. A significant increase in the life span and a decrease in the cancer cell number & tumour weight were noted in the tumor induced mice after treatment with Canthium Parviflorum Lam. Anticancer activity of was may be due to flavonoid present in the plant. Further studies are also in process to evaluate the most potent AJPCT[2][6][2014]796-813 fraction of the plant and to isolate the constituents of the fractions. L. Acute and sub acute toxicity : 6'4 8 ( the ethanolic extract of stem bark on Mus mosculus. Acute and sub acute toxicity of ethanolic extract (ETE) of C. mannii was assessed on white mice (Mus mosculus). After 48 hrs of extract administration, no death was registered. It was deduced that LD50 was indisputably higher than 16 gm/kg body weight. The sub acute toxicity was based on daily administration of 3 doses of ETE (300, 600, and 1200 mg/kg body weight) for 4 weeks; 1% DMSO served as negative control. As for the first experiment, no sign of toxicity was registered. Conversely, the sub acute doses stimulated and increased the weight rate of mice after 7 days of treatment. Except for the spleen weight, the doses administered did not modify the weight index. It was observed that, subacute doses induced and increased (a) the food (particularly) and water consumption according to time and (b) the number of red and white blood cells. It was thought that, ETE can stimulate the haematopoietic function. Finally, no time variation of the activity of alanine aminotransferase and aspertate aminotransferase enzyme was observed in the serum of euthanized mice. The results showed the innocuity of ETE of C. mannii and thus validated his utilization in Cameroonian traditional pharmacopoeia. M. Antioxidant Activity '4 ' that Screening of antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of Lamarck leaves were carried out and the results of Phytochemical tests showed that the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, terpenoids and steroids. The result indicated that exhibit a significant antidiabetic and antioxidant activity in animal model and could be a potential source of natural antioxidant with great importance as therapeutic agent in preventing or slowing the progress of aging and age associated oxidative stress related degenerative diseases. etc. For standardization purpose the content of main marker constituent need to be defined so that it’s therapeutic utility is ascertained. There needs to further investigate the studies on clinical trial, and studies. N. Antimicrobial and anti – HIV activity 6'4 58 antimicrobial and anti HIV activity of leaf extract against bacteria, fungi, and viral component. The plant extract screened for their antimicrobial activity against 10 bacterial strain including Gram negative, Gram positive bacteria, and 6 fungal strains using agar well diffusion, and micro broth dilution assays. The anti HIV assay was performed by reverse transcriptase (RT) and gp120 binding inhibition assay. The methanolic extract showed the broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration of 64, 124 Og/ml showed against and respectively. The methanolic extract exhibit highest inhibition on HIV reverse transcriptase 78.67 ±0.13 and glycoprotein 120 binding 72.52 ± 0.13. The overall results provided information for the possible use of C. coromandelicum leaf extract in the control of microbial infection. 1. Achenbach Hans, Waibel Reiner, Addae Mensah Ivan. Shazhisin methyl ester gentiobioside, a new iridiod. Isolation and synthesis. Tetrahedron Letters (1981); 21(38): 3677 3678. 2. 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Santhosh Kumar Chinnaiyan, Mohon Raj Subramanian, S. Vinoth Kumar, Atul N. Chandu, Karthkeyan Devaigamani. “Antimicrobial and anti HIV activity of extracts of Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.) Alston leaves.” . (2013). 41. Satish kumar. T., Sahanmugam. S., Palvannan. T., and Bharati Kumar V. M., Evaluations of antioxidant properties of Lam leaves. , 2008 7(2). 122 126. 42. Schwarz Brunhilde, Wray Victor, Proksch Peter. A cyanogenic glycoside from (1996); 42(3): 633 636. 43. Subramani, K, Gunasegaran, R,; Shiyamala, C,; Ganesan , T. Antifungal activity of certain Flavonol glycosides and phenolic acid from species. Advances in plant sciences (2004) 17(2), 745 748. 44. Suresh K, Kotaimuthu R, Norman TSJ, Kumuthakalavalli R, Simon SM. Ethnomedicinal study of medicinal plants used by malayali tribals in kolli hills of Tamil Nadu, India. . 2 9 2011; 2(2): 502 508. 45. Traore Coulibaly Maminata, Jaroszewski Jerzy W, Olsen Carl Erik, Ouedraogo Jean Bosco, Pierre Guisso I, Nacolma Odile G, Guiguemde T Robert, Christensen S Broegger. A new oxygenated ursane derivative from Planta Medica (2008); 74(5): 560 562. 46. Traore Coulibaly Maminata, Ziegler Hanne L, Olsen Carl Erik, Hassanata Millogo kone, Pierre Guisso I.19alpha hydroxy 3 oxo ursa 1, 12 dien 28 oic acid, an antiplasmodial triterpenoid isolated from , (2009); 23(12): 1108 1111. 47. W V R T D G Bandara, Sagarika Ekanayake, E R Jansz and K Balasubramanium. The hypocholesterolaemic effect of leaf on Wistar rats. 5 . ! 14. (2009), 105 109. 48. Wabo Pone, J.; Bilong Bilong, C. F.; Mpoame, M. Acute and sub acute toxicity of ethanolic extract (ETE) of C. mannii Hiern stem bark on Mus mosculus. ' " (2011), 49(2), 146 150 49. Wabo Pone, J.; Bilong Bilong, C. F.; Mpoame, M. Invitro nematocidal activity of extracts of (Rubiaceae) on different life cycle stages of Heligmosomoides polygyrus. . (2010), 84(2), 156 165. 50. Wabo Pone, J.;Mbida, Bilong Bilong, C. F.; Mpoame, M. Invivo evaluation of potential nematocidal properties of Ethanolic extracts of (Rubiaceae) on different life cycle stages of Heligmosomoides polygyrus of rodents. (2009), 166(1 2), 103 107. 51. Wang Anwei, Chen Gaungying, Yin Wenqing, Han Changri, Zhang Yongqiang. Chemical constituents from the stems of Merr. & Chur. Linchan Huaxue Yu Gongye (2008); 28(2): 124 126. 52. Warrier. P. k., Nambair. V.P.K., Ramankutty. C. and Vasudevan Nair. R. . Oriental Blackswan publisher, Newdelhi. 1996: pp 366. AJPCT[2][6][2014]796-813 53. Yang Biao, Chen Guangying, Song Xiaoping, Chen Zhong, Song Xinming, Wang Jing. “Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of .” , (2010), 5(6), 913 4. 54. Yang Biao, Chen Guangying, Song Xiaoping, Chen zhong, Song Xinming, Wang Jing. Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of . , (2010); 5(6): 913 914. 55. Yang Biao, Chen Guangying, Song Xiaoping, Chen zhong, Song Xinming, Wang Anwei. Advances chemical constituents and pharmaceutical activities in lam. ! 7 " : " (2009); 22(3): 299 303. 56. Musilla MF, Dossaji SF, Nguta JM, Lukhoba CW, Munyo JM. antimalarial activity, toxicity and phytochemical screening of selected antimalarial plants. . ( (2013); 10: 10 16. 57. Loganayaki Nataraj, Manian Sellamuthu. antioxidant properties of indigenous underutilized fruits. Food Sciences and Biotechnology (2010); 19(3) : 725 734. 58. Song Xinming, Chen Guangying, Yin Wenqing, Wang Anwei, Zhang Yonggiang, Xie Dongxia. Study on determination of total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of leaves from BI. Shipin Gongye Keji (2009); 30(6): 91 93. The plant parts having various ethnomedicinal uses Sl. No. Plant Part used. 1. Roots 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Leaves Roots and leaves Barks Fruits Whole plant Ethnomedicinal claims. Traditionally used for snake bite when taken along with millk. Tender leaves are boiled and tied on the infected part to remove the thorns that have got into the skin. Intestinal worms in children given at regular intervals. Decoction of leaves is used for wound healing in animals. Significant antioxidant and diuretic activity was exhibited by extracts of leaves. Scabies and the ring worm infection. Dietary supplementary also as a salad. Diuretic purposes. In vitiated conditions of Kapha, diarrhea, strangury, fever, leucorrhoea, intestinal worms, and general debility. Astringent, sweet, thermogenic, febrifuge. Made into a paste with turmeric and lime and applied on the forehead to cure headache. Intestinal worms in children given at regular intervals. Astringent, cholagogue, strengthening and an expellant of phlegm and bile. Diabetes among major tribal groups in South Tamilnadu. Indigestion, nausea, dysuria, impotence, decreased sperm count, and in renal calculi. Diarrhea, fever, and constipation. Control high blood pressure and reduce unwanted fats in the body. Purifies the circulatory system, therefore acting as good for health. AJPCT[2][6][2014]796-813 References Mahishi P et al., (2005) Anita. B et al., (2008) Ayyanar. M et al., (2008) Maohideen S et al. (2003) Natural Beauty Creations Medicinal plants directory, Srilanka (2011 ) Suresh K et al. (2011) Warrior. P. k et al. (1996) Sambandan K et al. (1996) Mahishi P et al., (2005) Kirtikar K R , Basu B D, Indian Medicinal Plants, (2001) (www.wikipidia org ) Satish Kumar et al., (2008) Natural Beauty Creations Medicinal plants directory, Sri lanka ( 2011 ) ' Phytochemical investigation Sl. No. Species name Plant part 1. Canthium parviflorum Leaf 2. Canthium parviflorum Seed & leaf callus Canthium parviflorum & Canthium gladiate Leaf Tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, anthraquinones and reducing sugars. 4. Canthium parviflorum Leaf Alkaloids, oils, flavonoids, gums, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids. 5. Canthium dicoccum (Ethanolic extract) Leaf 6. Canthium horridum Stem 7. Canthium simile Stem 8. 4species of Canthium in china ------- 9. Canthium multiflorum Root 10. Canthium multiflorum Schum & thorn 3. 11. Canthium multiflorum Root AJPCT[2][6][2014]796-813 Phytoconstituents Alkaloids and Phenolic glycosides Terpinoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, quinines and gums in leaf callus & terpenoids, phenols, saponins, gums, oils and quinines in seeds. (1). Spathulenol, (2). Caryophyllene oxide (3). Cedren-13-ol. (4). Ledene oxide. (5). m-mentho-4,8-diene. .(from GC-MS analysis) (6). 2-furancarboxaldehyde 1. Syringaresinol. 5. Mannitol 2. Scoparone. 6. Beta-daucosterol 3. Scopoletin. 7. Beta-sitosterol 4. Syringic acid. 8. Sinapic aldehyde. 9. 3’-methoxy-4’-hydroxy-trans-cinnamaldehyde 10. Vanillic acid-4-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside. (1). Isovanillic acid (2). Caruilignan D, (3). 3β-28- Norlup-20, 29-ene-3, 17-diol. (4). 3, 4-dimethoxy-2,4-hexadienedioic acid. (5). Syringic acid (6). Di-Butyl phthalate, (7). Di-isobutyl phthalate. Glycosides, triterpenes, coumarins and alkaloids. An antiplasmodial triterpenoids: 19alpha-hydroxy-3-oxo-ursa-1, 12-dien-28-oic acid. (a new ursenoic acid derivative) Alkaloids, terpens and tannins from methanolic extracts (Invitro antiplasmodial and antibacterial activity) A new ursane derivative: 3-oxo-15alpha, 19alphadihydroxyursa-1, 12-dien-28-oic acid. Along with (i).10-O-acetylgeniposidic acid, (ii).6, 7-dimethoxycoumarin, (iii). 5,6,7-trimethoxycoumarin (iv). hymexelsin, (v). Scopoletin References Marimuthu et al.(2012) Chandra Kala S et al, (2012) Pasumarthi sasidhar et al, (2011) Haroled peter et al, (2011). Raja Rajeswari et al, (2011). Yang Biao et al, (2010) Chen Guangying et al, (2009). Yang Biao et al, (2009) Traore Maminata et al, (2009) Akomo EFO et al, (2009) Traore Maminata et al, (2008) 12. Canthium simile Stems 13. Canthium parviflorum Leaf 14. Canthium parviflorum Thorns & Leaves 15. Canthium berberidifolium Aerial 16. Canthium dicoccum Leaves (1). Lupiol, (2). 3-β-acetyl Oleanolic acid, (3). β-sitosterol, (4). 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethyl benzoate, (5). 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinine, (6).β-daucosterol, (7). Vanillic acid. Cardiac glycosides, coumarins, anthraquinones, saponins and reducing sugars etc. Taraxerrol, D-mannitol, petunidin, & Β-sitosterol, sakuranetin-4’-O-glycoside 1). An iridoid diglycoside: 6-o-beta-D-apifuranosylmussaenosidic acid. 2). Four phenolic glycosides: canthosides A-D 7-o-(6-o-benzoyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-rutin A cyanogenic glycoside: 2R-[(2methoxybenzoylgenoposidyl)-5-o-beta-Dapiofuranosyl-(1-6)-beta-glucopyranosyloxy]-2-phenyl acetronitrile. 17. Canthium schimperianum seeds 18. Canthium gilfillanii Leaves 19. Canthium anorldianum Stem bark A new peptide alkaloid: Anorldianine ( isolated from chloroform extract) 20. Canthium didymum ------ Esculetin, scopoletin, lupeol and β-sitosteryl acetate 21. Canthium dicoccum Stem bark 22. Canthium subcordatum Stem bark 23. Canthium dicoccum -------- 24. Canthium dicoccum ------- 25. Canthium coprosmoides Wood & Bark 26. Canthium glabrifolium Leaf 27. Canthium dicoccum Bark 28. 29. Canthium dicoccum Canthium euryoides Canthium glabrifolium ------------- 30. Bark AJPCT[2][6][2014]796-813 A geniposidic acid 2 coumarins ( esculetin di-methyl ether and Scopoletin) & triterpene acid sapogenin (acetylursolic acid) Shazhisin methyl ester gentiobioside, (a new iridiod compound) Canthic acid- a new triterpene acid sapogenin (3β, 7β-dihydroxyolean-12en-28-oic acid) Sitosterol, quinovaic acid, acetylquinovaic acid and Scopoletin 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone, β-sitosterol, mannitol and ceryl alcohol. Mannitol, p-coumaric acid, octan01-ol. Β-sitosterol, Mannitol Terpinoids : Oleanolic acid A new triterpenes:3-epi-betulin from Betulic acid An alkaloid : Canthiumine A new glucoside: Calmatambin Wang An-wei et al, (2008) Satish Kumar et al., (2008) Jose Beena et al,(2008) Kanchanapoom Triptch et al, (2002) Gunasegaran R et al, (2001) Schwarz B et al, (1996) Naharstedt Adolf et al (1995) Dongo Etienn et al, (1989) Dan Mrs. S et al, (1982) Chatterjee TK et al, (1982) Achenbach et al, (1981) Chatterjee TK et al, (1979) Herath WHM et al, (1979) Briggs LH et al, (1978) Briggs LH et al, (1978) Mukherjee et al, (1975) Das Subhas C (1971) Boulvin G et al, (1969) Pyman et al, (1907) 5 Preclinical pharmacological evaluations Sl. No. Species name Plant part & extract 1. Canthium coromadelicum Leaf (Methanolic) 2. Canthium glaucum Stem bark (Aqueous) 3. 4. Canthium parviflorum Canthium parviflorum Leaves (Ethanolic) Leaf Ethanolic Stem bark (Ethanolic) Leaves (Ethanolic) 5. Canthium manni 6. Canthium parviflorum 7. Canthium manni Stem bark (Ethanolic) 8. Canthium parviflorum Fruit extracts 9. Canthium horridum Stem 10. Canthium manni Stem bark (Ethanolic) 12. Canthium parviflorum (Lam) Canthium horridum 13. Canthium manni 14. Canthium parviflorum 11. Leaves (methanolic) Leaves Stem bark (Ethanolic) Aerial (methanolic) 15. Canthium manni Stem bark (Ethanolic) 16. Canthium coromadelicum Leaves Hydroalcoholic 17. Canthium coromadelicum Leaves Ethanolic Canthium multiflorum Schum and thorn (aqueous, acetone & methanol) 18. AJPCT[2][6][2014]796-813 Preclinical Pharmacological activity Antimicrobial and anti – HIV activity Invivo antimalarial activity, toxicity and phytochemical screening of selected antimalarial plants. Antioxidant activity in Alloxan induced diabetic rats. Invivo antioxidant activity Acute and sub-acute toxicity was assessed on Mus mosculus (white mice) Invitro and invivo anticancer activity on DLA and Hela cell lines Invitro nematocidal activities on different life-cycle stages of Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Invitro antioxidant properties of indigenous underutilized fruits. Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activities Invivo evaluation of potential nematocidal properties on Heligmosomoides polygyrus parasite of rodents. References Chinnaiyan SK, et al., (2013) Musila MF et al,(2013) Purushoth P et al.(2012) Purushoth P et al.(2011) Wabo Pone J et al., (2011) Purushoth Prabhu. et al.(2011) Wabo Pone J et al., (2010) Loganayaki Nataraj et al, (2010) Yong Biao et al., (2010) Wabo Pone J et al., (2009) Antibacterial activity Sathiya Priya et al,.(2009) Invitro antioxidant activity Invitro antiplasmodial and antibacterial activities Song Xinming et al,(2009) Wabo Pone J et al., (2009) Antibacterial activity Sathiya Priya et al,.(2009) Invivo evaluation of potential nematocidal properties on Heligmosomoides polygyrus parasites of rodents. Wabo Pone et al., (2009) hypocholesterolaemic activity Bandara W V R T D G et al (2009) Oral hypoglycaemic activity Rahal Widanagamage et al. (2009) Invitro antiplasmodial and antibacterial activities Akomo EFO et al, (2009) 19. Canthium parviflorum (Lam.) 20. Canthium species 21. Canthium parviflorum (Lam.) leaves Ethanolic Areal Hydro alcohol Aerial part of Aqueous AJPCT[2][6][2014]796-813 Evaluations of antioxidant properties Satish Kumar. et al , (2008) Antifungal activity of certain flavonol glycosides and phenolic acids. K Subramanian et al.,(2004) Wound healing and diuretic activities Maohideen S et., al. 2003