IMA FUNgUs · 6(1): 145–154 (2015)
doi:10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.01.09
Amy Y. Rossman1, Gerard C. Adams2, Paul F. Cannon3, Lisa A. Castlebury4, Pedro W. Crous5, Marieka Gryzenhout6, Walter M.
Jaklitsch7,8, Luis C. Mejia9,10, Dmitar Stoykov11, Dhanushka Udayanga4, Hermann Voglmayr12, and Donald M. Walker13
ART I CLE
Recommendations of generic names in Diaporthales competing for
protection or use
1
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA; corresponding author e-mail: amydianer@
yahoo.com
2
Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68503, USA
3
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK
4
Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
5
CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
6
Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300 South Africa
7
Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030
Vienna, Austria
8
Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Dept. of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU-University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Peter Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
9
Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Institute for Scientiic Research and High Technology Services (INDICASAT-AIP), P.O.
Box 0843-01103, Panama
10
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama
11
Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,
2 Gagarin Str., 113 Soia, Bulgaria
12
Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030
Vienna, Austria
13
Department of Natural Sciences, Findlay University, Findlay, Ohio 45840 USA
Abstract: In advancing to one name for fungi, this paper treats generic names competing for use in the
order Diaporthales (Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes) and makes a recommendation for the use or protection
of one generic name among synonymous names that may be either sexually or asexually typiied. A table is
presented that summarizes these recommendations. Among the genera most commonly encountered in this
order, Cytospora is recommended over Valsa and Diaporthe over Phomopsis. New combinations are introduced
for the oldest epithet of important species in the recommended genus. These include Amphiporthe tiliae,
Coryneum lanciforme, Cytospora brevispora, C. ceratosperma, C. cinereostroma, C. eugeniae, C. fallax, C.
myrtagena, Diaporthe amaranthophila, D. annonacearum, D. bougainvilleicola, D. caricae-papayae, D. cocoina,
D. cucurbitae, D. juniperivora, D. leptostromiformis, D. pterophila, D. theae, D. vitimegaspora, Mastigosporella
georgiana, Pilidiella angustispora, P. calamicola, P. pseudogranati, P. stromatica, and P. terminaliae.
Key words:
Article 59
Ascomycetes
Fungi
nomenclature
one fungus-one name
pleomorphic fungi
taxonomy
unit nomenclature
Article info: Submitted: 8 May 2015; Accepted: 27 May 2015; Published: 4 June 2015.
INTRODUCTION
The order Diaporthales includes 12 families with about 50
genera. In moving to one name for fungi in accordance with
the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and
plants (ICN; McNeill et al. 2012), two or more genera typiied
by a sexual or asexual morph may compete for use. Many
genera in Diaporthales are known primarily from their sexual
morphs and do not have competing generic names for their
asexual morphs and vice versa; these are not considered
here. A number of resources were consulted in order to ind
competing pairs of generic names in the order, including
Wijayawardene et al. (2012) and the USDA SMML Fungal
Databases (url: http://nt.ars-grin.gov/sbmlweb/fungi/index.
cfm). The procedure for determining whether two genera are
synonyms based on their type species and the factors that
were reviewed in considering which genus to recommend for
use or protection are outlined in Johnston et al. (2014). In that
paper recommendations are made for competing genera in
Leotiomycetes.
Following are recommendations for generic names in
Diaporthales for use or protection when two or more names
are synonyms. Although in general this follows the principle
of priority, there are situations in which it is advantageous to
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145
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Rossman et al.
protect a generic name that does not have priority by date
of publication but has commonly been used as explained in
Johnston et al. (2014). A synopsis of these recommendations
for generic names in Diaporthales is provided in Table 1,
which includes a list of competing generic names with the
citation and type species. These generic names have been
compared with those listed in Kirk et al. (2013). In most cases
both names are listed there; in one case the recommended
name is not included but it is anticipated that the list will
be modiied to be consistent with the recommendations
proposed here, indeed some of these are already included
in the updated online version of that list prepared for IMC10
(http://www.indexfungorum.org/GeneraOfFungi/).
(Boewe et al. 1954, Neely & Himelick1967, Hepting 1971,
Sinclair et al. 1987, Hibben & Daughtrey 1988). The concept
of the genus Discula has never been clearly deined with
species having diverse afinities in Gnomoniaceae. A number
of species placed in Discula have been linked with species
of Ophiognomonia (Sogonov et al. 2008, Walker et al. 2014).
The cause of dogwood anthracnose in North America,
Discula destructiva, is not congeneric with the type of Discula
nor does it group with Ophiognomonia (Sogonov et al. 2008).
Given the ill-deined concept of Discula and that a number of
species are now linked with the genus Ophiognomonia, we
recommend the protection and use of Apiognomonia. Both
names are listed in Kirk et al. (2013), thus it is recommended
that Discula be deleted.
RECOMMENDATIONs
Use Coryneum 1816 rather than Pseudovalsa
1863
Protect Amphiporthe 1971 over
Amphicytostroma 1921
The type species of Coryneum, C. umbonatum, is the
asexual morph of Pseudovalsa longipes, while the type
species of Pseudovalsa, P. lanciformis, is considered the
sexual morph of Coryneum brachyurum (Sutton 1975).
Assuming that P. lanciformis and P. longipes are congeneric,
then Coryneum and Pseudovalsa are synonyms. Sutton
(1975) monographed Coryneum and accepted 19 species,
referring many additional names to other genera. Many of
the commonly reported plant pathogenic species previously
known as Coryneum have now been placed in other genera
such as Seiridium cardinale (syn. Coryneum cardinale), cause
of cypress canker (Danti et al. 2014, Sutton & Gibson 1972),
and Thyrostroma carpophilum (syn. Coryneum carpophilum,
Stigmina carpophila, and Coryneum beyerinckii), cause of
shot-hole disease of Rosaceae (Sutton 1997, Tovar-Pedraza
et al. 2014). Although 68 names have been described in
Pseudovalsa and three important species have been shown
to group together (de Silva et al. 2009), many species of
Pseudovalsa are now placed in other genera. These two
genera are about equal in the number of currently accepted
species and a monograph of Coryneum exists, thus it seems
advisable to use the earliest name, Coryneum. Among the
species of Coryneum known to have Pseudovalsa sexual
morphs, only one requires a name change. Both generic
names are listed in Kirk et al. (2013) thus it is recommended
that Pseudovalsa be deleted.
The type species of Amphiporthe, A. hranicensis based
on Diaporthe hranicensis, is the sexual morph of the type
species of Amphicytostroma, A. tiliae based on Cytospora
tiliae, according to Petrak (1921) and Sutton (1980), thus
these generic names are synonyms. This species occurs on
dead branches of Tilia in Europe (Farr & Rossman 2015).
Five names have been described in Amphiporthe while
only two names have been included in Amphicytostroma.
The second name in Amphicytostroma, A. quercinum
based on Gloeosporium quercinum, is the asexual morph
of Amphiporthe leiphaemia based on Sphaeria leiphaemia,
cause of stem and twig lesions of oak in Europe (Sieber et
al. 1995). Sogonov et al. (2008) showed that Amphiporthe
hranicensis belongs in Gnomoniaceae while A. castanea
and A. leiphaemia are unrelated to A. hranicensis and
fall elsewhere in Diaporthales (Zhang & Blackwell 2001;
Castlebury, unpubl.); these species should be placed in
another genus. Amphiporthe is more widely used than
Amphicytospora, thus it seems best to protect Amphiporthe.
Both names are included in Kirk et al. (2013), thus it is
recommended that Amphicytospora be deleted.
Amphiporthe tiliae (Sacc.) Rossman & Castl., comb.
nov.
MycoBank MB812583
Basionym: Cytospora tiliae Sacc., Michelia 1: 519 (1879).
Synonyms: Diaporthe hranicensis Petr., Annls mycol. 12: 477
(1914).
Amphiporthe hranicensis (Petr.) Petr., Sydowia 24: 257
(1971).
Protect Apiognomonia 1917 over Discula 1884
The genus Apiognomonia has recently been well-deined
including ive species (Sogonov et al. 2008) based on
the type species, A. veneta, which had previously been
distinguished from A. errabunda (Sogonov et al. 2007). The
lectotype species of Discula, D. quercina, now considered
a synonym of D. umbrinella (Sutton 1980), is the asexual
morph of Apiognomonia errabunda; thus Apiognomonia
and Discula are synonyms. Apiognomonia errabunda is the
cause of anthracnose of oak and various hardwood trees
146
Coryneum lanciforme (Fr.) Voglmayr & Jaklitsch,
comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812584
Basionym: Sphaeria lanciformis Fr., Observ. mycol. 2: 324
(1818).
Synonyms: Pseudovalsa lanciformis (Fr.) Ces. & De Not.,
Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 206 (1863).
Coryneum brachyurum Link, in Willdenow, Sp. pl., 4th edn
6(2): 124 (1825).
Use Cryphonectria 1905 rather than Endothiella
1906
The generic name Cryphonectria was recently conserved
with the type species, C. parasitica (Gryzenhout et al.
2005), widely known as the cause of chestnut blight in North
America (Anagnostakis 1987). Many additional species of
IMA FUNGUS
generic names in Diaporthales
Use Cryptosporella rather than Disculina 1916
The genus Cryptosporella, based on the type species C.
hypodermia, has recently been monographed by Mejia et al.
(2008, 2011b) and includes 19 species. The genus Disculina
is based on D. neesii, regarded as D. vulgaris by Sutton
(1980), who considered it the asexual morph of Ophiovalsa
suffusa, now placed in Cryptosporella as C. suffusa (Mejia et
al. 2008). Thus, Cryptosporella and Disculina are synonyms.
Given that Cryptosporella has priority and has been recently
monographed, while Disculina includes only six names,
we recommend the use of Cryptosporella. Both names are
included in Kirk et al. (2013) thus it is recommended that
Disculina be deleted.
Use Cytospora 1818 rather than Valsa 1825,
Valsella 1870, Leucostoma 1917, Valseutypella
1919, or Leucocytospora 1927
Numerous diseases of woody plants including those of
economic importance are caused by species of the asexual
genus Cytospora and its sexual counterpart Valsa and
related genera Leucocytospora, Leucostoma, Valsella,
and Valseutypella. The type species of Cytospora, C.
chrysosperma as clariied by Donk (1964), is the asexual
morph of Valsa sordida and commonly causes cankers on
members of Salicaceae (Callan 1998). The type species of
Valsa, V. ambiens, is linked with C. leucosperma (Spielman
1985, Hayova & Minter 1998). There is no question that
these generic names are synonyms as their type species
are congeneric. Both names have been widely used. At
present 562 names have been described in Cytospora,
while Valsa includes 875 names. Given that Cytospora
is the oldest name and that several recent accounts of
Cytospora species have been published (Adams 2005,
Fotouhifar et al. 2010, Fan et al. 2014), it seems best to
use the generic name that has priority, namely Cytospora.
The genus Valsella is based on V. salicis, now considered
a synonym of Cytospora fertilis. An isolate of V. salicis
grouped with others species now considered Cytospora
(Castlebury et al. 2002). The type species of Leucostoma,
L. massarianum, falls within the genus Cytospora (Adams
et al. 2002, 2005) near Cytospora mali and C. persoonii and
thus Leucostoma is also a synonym of Cytospora. Adams et
al. (2005) listed Leucocytospora as a synonym of Cytospora
although the type species of L. corni was not included in
the study. Leucostoma and Leucocytospora were described
for species similar to Cytospora and Valsa that have a
whitish ring around the ostiole. This characteristic occurs
in many species of Cytospora scattered throughout the
genus (Castlebury et al. 2004, Adams et al. 2005). The type
VOLUME 6 · NO. 1
species of Valseutypella, V. tristicha on Rosa spp., was also
determined to fall within Cytospora based on molecular
sequence data (Castlebury, unpubl.) and as suggested
by Hubbes (1960) who described the asexual morph. No
molecular data exist to support segregate genera within
Cytospora, thus these generic names are all considered
synonyms of Cytospora. Cytospora as well as Leucostoma,
Valsa, Valsella, and Valseutypella are included in Kirk et al.
(2013) while Leucocytospora is not. It is recommended that
Leucostoma, Valsa, Valsella and Valseutypella be deleted.
Many names previously recognized in Valsa already have
an older epithet in Cytospora with the correct scientiic names
presented in the SMML Fungal Databases (http://nt.ars-grin.
gov/fungaldatabases/). New names for the common species
of Cytospora previously placed in Valsa are provided here:
ART I CLE
Cryphonectria have been discovered on woody plants in
both temperate and tropical regions (Gryzenhout et al. 2009).
The generic name Endothiella based on the type species,
E. gyrosa, is now placed in Cryphonectria as C. decipiens
(Gryzenhout et al. 2009). Endothiella has been used for
the asexual morphs of species of Cryphonectria. Given the
widespread use of the name Cryphonectria and its priority,
this name is recommended for use. Both names are included
in Kirk et al. (2013) thus it is recommended that Endothiella
be deleted.
Cytospora brevispora (G.C. Adams & Jol. Roux) G.C.
Adams & Rossman, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812485
Basionym: Valsa brevispora G.C. Adams & Jol. Roux, Stud.
Mycol. 52: 91 (2005).
Cytospora ceratosperma (Tode) G.C. Adams &
Rossman, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812486
Basionym: Sphaeria ceratosperma Tode, Fung. mecklenb.
sel. 2: 53 (1791).
Valsa ceratosperma (Tode) Maire, Publ. Inst. Bot. Barcelona
3(4): 20 (1937).
Cytospora cinereostroma (G.C. Adams & M.J.
Wingf.) G.C. Adams & Rossman, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812488
Basionym: Valsa cinereostroma G.C. Adams & M.J. Wingf.,
Stud. Mycol. 52: 73 (2005).
Cytospora eugeniae (Nutman & F.M. Roberts) G.C.
Adams & Rossman, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB 812489
Basionym: Valsa eugeniae Nutman & F.M. Roberts, Trans.
Brit. Mycol. Soc. 36: 229 (1953).
Cytospora fallax (Nitschke) G.C. Adams & Rossman,
comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812490
Basionym: Valsa fallax Nitschke, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 2324: 200 (1870).
Cytospora myrtagena (G.C. Adams & M.J. Wingf.)
G.C. Adams & Rossman, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812491
Basionym: Valsa myrtagena G.C. Adams & M.J. Wingf., Stud.
Mycol. 52: 97 (2005).
Use Diaporthe 1870 rather than Phomopsis
1884
Species in both Diaporthe and Phomopsis have been used
for fungi that cause canker diseases of woody plants such
as D. citri, cause of citrus melanose (Mondal et al. 2003), D.
sojae, cause of pod and stem blight of soybean (Udayanga et
147
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Rossman et al.
Table 1. Recommended generic names of Diaporthales among those that compete for use and their synonyms. The recommended generic
name is listed in bold; see text for the rationale for these recommendations. For each generic name this list provides the author, its date and
place of publication, the type species of the genus, its basionym, their dates of publication, and the currently accepted name, if different. The
action required is indicated in the last column such as protection of names that do not have priority.
Accepted genus
Rejected genus
Amphiporthe Petr., Sydowia 24: 257 (1971); type Amphicytostroma Petr., Annls mycol. 19: 63
species A. hranicensis (Petr.) Petr. (1971), basionym: (1921); type species A. tiliae (Sacc.) Petr.
Diaporthe hranicensis Petr. (1914), now Amphiporthe (1921), basionym: Cytospora tiliae Sacc.
tiliae (Sacc.) Rossman & Castl. (2015)
(1879), now Amphiporthe tiliae (Sacc.)
Rossman & Castl. (2015)
Action required
Protect Amphiporthe (1971) over
Amphicytostroma (1921)
Apiognomonia Höhn., Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 35: 635
(1917); type species A. veneta (Sacc. & Speg.) Höhn.
(1918), basionym: Laestadia veneta Sacc. & Speg.
(1878)
Discula Sacc., Syll. Fung. 3: 674 (1884); Protect Apiognomonia (1917) over
lectotype species: D. quercina (Cooke) Sacc. Discula (1884)
(1884), basionym: Discella quercina Cooke
(1883), now Apiognomonia errabunda
(Roberge ex Desm.) Höhn. (1918), basionym
Sphaeria errabunda Roberge ex Desm.
(1848)
Coryneum Nees, Syst. Pilze: 34. (1816); type species:
C. umbonatum Nees (1816)
Pseudovalsa Ces. & De Not., Comment. Soc. Use Coryneum (1816) rather than
Crittogam. Ital. 1: 206 (1863); type species: Pseudovalsa (1863)
P. lanciformis (Fr.) Ces. & De Not. (1863),
basionym Sphaeria lanciformis Fr. (1818),
now Coryneum lanciforme (Fr.) Voglmayr &
Jaklitsch (2015)
Cryphonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Syll. Fung. 17:
783 (1905), basionym: Nectria subgen. Cryphonectria
Sacc. (1883); conserved type species: Cryphonectria
parasitica (Murrill) M.E. Barr (1978), basionym
Diaporthe parasitica Murrill (1906)
Endothiella Sacc., Annls mycol. 4: 273
(1906); type species: E. gyrosa Sacc. (1906),
now Cryphonecria decipiens Gryzenh. &
M.J. Wingf. (2009) non C. gyrosa (Berk. &
Broome) Sacc. & D. Sacc. (1905)
Use Cryphonectria (1905) rather
than Endothiella (1906)
Cryptosporella Sacc., Michelia 1: 30 (1877); lectotype
species C. hypodermia (Fr.) Sacc. (1877), basionym:
Sphaeria hypodermia Fr. (1823)
Disculina Höhn., Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad.
Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. Abt. 1. 125: 104
(1916); type species: D. neesii (Corda) Höhn.
(1916), basionym: Cryptosporium neesii
Corda (1837), now Cryptosporella suffusa
(Fr.) L.C. Mejia & Castl. (2008)
Use Cryptosporella Sacc. (1877)
rather than Disculina (1916)
Cytospora Ehrenb., Sylv. mycol. berol.: 2 (1818): Fr., Valsa Fr., Syst. Orbis. Veg.: 107 (1825);
Syst. Mycol. 2: 540 (1823); designated type species: C. lectotype species V. ambiens (Pers.) Fr.
chrysosperma Pers. (1818)
(1849), basionym Sphaeria ambiens Pers.
(1801), now Cytospora leucosperma
(Pers.) Fr. (1823), basionym Naemaspora
leucosperma Pers. (1796)
Use Cytospora (1818) rather than
Valsa (1825), Valsella (1870),
Leucostoma (1917), Valseutypella
(1919), or Leucocytospora (1927).
Valsella Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk.
23–24: 203 (1870); type species: Valsella
salicis Fuckel (1870), now Cytospora fertilis
Sacc. (1884)
Leucostoma (Nitschke) Höhn., Ber. Deutsch.
Bot. Ges. 35: 637 (1917), basionym: Valsa
subg. Leucostoma Nitschke (1870); type
species: L. massarianum (De Not.) Höhn.
(1917), basionym: Valsa massariana De Not.
(1863), now Cytospora massariana Sacc.
(1884)
Valseutypella Höhn., Annls mycol. 16: 224
(1919); type species: V. tristicha (De Not.)
Höhn. (1919)
Leucocytospora (Höhn.) Höhn., Mitt.
bot. Inst. tech. Hochsch. Wien 4(2): 73
(1927), basionym: Cytospora subgen.
Leucocytospora Höhn. (1918); type species:
L. corni (Westend.) Höhn. (1927), basionym:
Cytospora corni Westend. (1890), now
Cytospora fallax (Nitschke) G.C. Adams &
Rossman (2015).
Diaporthe Nitschke, Pyrenomyc. Germ. 2: 240 (1870);
type species: D. eres Nitschke (1870), nom. cons. prop.
(Rossman et al. 2014)
148
Phomopsis (Sacc.) Bubák, Öst. bot. Z. Use Diaporthe (1870) rather than
55: 78 (1905), basionym: Phoma subgen. Phomopsis (1884)
Phomopsis Sacc. (1884); type species: P.
lactucae (Sacc.) Bubák (1905), basionym:
Phoma lactucae Sacc. (1880)
IMA FUNGUS
generic names in Diaporthales
Table 1. (Continued).
Rejected genus
Action required
Endothia Fr., Summa Veg. Scand.: 385 (1849); Calopactis Syd. & P. Syd., Annls. mycol. 10: Use Endothia (1849) rather than
designated type species: E. gyrosum (Schwein.) Fr. 82 (1912); type species: C. singularis Syd. Calopactis (1912)
(1849), basionym: Sphaeria gyrosa Schwein. (1822)
& P. Syd., now Endothia singularis (Syd.)
Shear & N.E. Stevens (1917)
ART I CLE
Accepted genus
Massariovalsa Sacc., Michelia 2: 569 (1882); type Melanconiopsis Ellis & Everh., Bull. Torrey Use Massariovalsa (1882) rather
species: M. sudans (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc. (1882), Bot. Club 27: 575 (1900); type species: than Melanconiopsis (1900)
basionym: Massaria sudans Berk. & M.A. Curtis (1876) M. inquinans Ellis & Everh. (1900), now
Massariovalsa sudans (Berk. & M.A. Curtis)
Sacc. (1882)
Mastigosporella Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 123: 135 (1914); type species:
M. hyalina (Ellis & Everh.) Höhn. (1914), basionym:
Harknessia hyalina Ellis & Everh. (1885)
Wuestneiopsis J. Reid & Dowsett, Can.
J. Bot. 68: 2406 (1990); type species: W.
georgiana (J.H. Mill. & G.E. Thomps.) J. Reid
& Dowsett (1990), basionym: Gnomoniella
georgiana J.H. Mill. & G.E. Thomps. (1940),
now Mastigosporella georgiana (J.H. Mill. &
G.E. Thomps.) Rossman & Crous (2015)
Use Mastigosporella (1914) rather
than Wuestneiopsis (1990)
Mazzantia Mont., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 2: 525 (1855);
type species M. galii (Fr.) Mont. (1856), basionym:
Sphaeria galii Fr. (1828)
Mazzantiella Höhn., Mitt. Bot. Lab. TH Wien
2: 61 (1925); designated type species: M.
sepium (Brunaud) Höhn. (1925), basionym:
Placosphaeria sepium Brunaud (1890), now
Mazzantia sepium Sacc. & Penz. (1882)
Use Mazzantia (1855) rather than
Mazzantiella (1925)
Melanconis Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung. carpol. 2: 115 Melanconium Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf.
(1863); type species: M. stilbostoma (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 9 (1809); type
species: M. atrum Link (1809)
(1863), basionym: Sphaeria stilbostoma Fr. (1817)
Protect Melanconis (1863) over
Melanconium (1832)
Pilidiella Petr. & Syd., Beih. Reprium nov. Spec.
Regni veg. 42: 462 (1927); type species: P. quercicola
(Oudem.) Petr. (1927), basionym Macroplodia
quercicola Oudem. (1902)
Schizoparme Shear, Mycologia 15: 120 Protect Pilidiella (1927)
(1923); type species: S. straminea Shear Schizoparme (1923)
(1923), now Pilidiella castaneicola (Ellis &
Everh.) Arx (1957), basionym Gloeosporium
castaneicola Ellis & Everh. (1895)
Plagiostoma Fuckel, Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins
Naturk. 23–24: 118 (1870); designated type species P.
euphorbiae (Fuckel) Fuckel (1870), basionym Sphaeria
euphorbiae Fuckel (1860)
Diplodina Westend., Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci.
Belgique, Cl. Sci. ser. 2. 2: 562 (1857); type
species: D. salicis Westend. (1857), now
Plagiostoma apiculata (Wallr.) L.C. Mejía
(2011)
over
Protect Plagiostoma (1870) over
Diplodina
(1857),
additional
synonyms Septomyxa (1884) and
Cryptodiaporthe (1921)
Septomyxa Sacc., Syll. Fung. 3: 766 (1884);
type species: Septomyxa aesculi Sacc.
(1878), now Plagiostoma aesculi (Fuckel)
Sogonov (2008)
Cryptodiaporthe Petrak, Annls mycol. 19:
118 (1921); lectotype species C. aesculi
(Fuckel) Petrak, basionym: Cryptospora
aesculi Fuckel (1870), now Plagiostoma
aesculi (Fuckel) Sogonov (2008)
stilbospora Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 93 (1794); type Prosthecium Fresen., Beitr. Mykol. 2: 62
species: S. macrosperma Pers. (1801)
(1852); type species: P. ellipsosporum
Fresen.
(1852),
now
Stilbospora
macrosperma Pers. (1801)C
al. 2015), and D. vaccinii, cause of blueberry and cranberry
twig blight (Friend & Boone 1968, Milholland & Daykin 1983,
Oudemans et al. 1998), as well as endophytes in herbaceous
and woody plants (Castlebury et al. 2002). When most
names of Diaporthe or Phomopsis were described, species in
these genera were considered to be host speciic. However,
recent studies using molecular data have shown that, while
a few species are host-speciic, many others have a broad
host range. Most species of Diaporthe can be identiied only
through the use of molecular sequences (Udayanga et al.
2014a, b). About 1000 names have been described in each
genus including many that are sexual and asexual morphs of
the same species.
VOLUME 6 · NO. 1
Use Stilbospora 1794 rather than
Prosthecium (1852
Recently the type species of Diaporthe, D. eres, has
been carefully circumscribed (Udayanga et al. 2014a) and
this name is conserved against 21 obscure earlier names
(Rossman et al. 2014). The type species of Phomopsis, P.
lactucae, has not been as clearly deined but there is no doubt
that it is congeneric with Diaporthe and that Diaporthe and
Phomopsis are synonyms. Diaporthe and Phomopsis have
been used about equally, thus, it seems best to use the name
that has priority, Diaporthe. Diaporthe but not Phomopsis is
listed in Kirk et al. (2013).
Determining the correct name for species of Diaporthe is
dificult considering that names in both genera must be taken
into account and deining old names is nearly impossible. Due
149
ART I CLE
Rossman et al.
to the lack of distinct morphological characteristics, examination
of type specimens is only marginally useful. In his monograph of
Diaporthe, Wehmeyer (1933) listed many synonyms under each
of the species that he recognized. As in the case of D. eres, some
of these names are older. Many names previously recognized
in Phomopsis already have an older epithet in Diaporthe with
the correct scientiic names presented in the SMML Fungal
Databases (http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/). However,
a number of the most important and some recently described
names in Phomopsis are here transferred to Diaporthe.
Diaporthe amaranthophila (Inácio et al) Rossman &
Udayanga, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812492
Basionym: Cryptosporium leptostromiforme J.G. Kühn, Ber.
physiol. Lab. Versuch. landw. Inst. Univ. Halle: [1] (1880).
Synonyms: Phomopsis leptostromiformis (J.G. Kühn) Bubák,
Danish Fungi: 422 (1913).
Diaporthe woodii Punith., Mycol. Pap. 136: 51 (1974).
Diaporthe pterophila (Nitschke ex Fuckel) Rossman
& Udayanga, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812508
Basionym: Phomopsis amaranthophila Inácio et al., Fitopatol.
Brasil. 24: 185 (1999).
Synonym: Phomopsis amaranthicola Rosskopf et al.,
Mycologia 92: 117 (2000); nom. inval. (Art. 40.3).
Basionym: Sphaeria pterophila Nitschke ex Fuckel, Jb.
nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 377 (1870).
Synonyms: Phomopsis pterophila (Nitschke ex Fuckel) Died.,
Annls mycol. 9: 28 (1911).
Diaporthe samaricola W. Phillips & Plowr., Grevillea 3: 126
(1875).
Diaporthe annonacearum (Bond.-Mont.) Rossman &
Udayanga, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812493
Diaporthe theae (Petch) Rossman & Udayanga,
comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812499
Basionym: Phomopsis annonacearum Bond.-Mont., Acta
Inst. bot. Komarov. Acad. Sci., Pl. Crypt, ser. 2 3: 721
(1936).
Basionym: Phomopsis theae Petch, Ann. R. bot. Gdns
Peradeniya 9: 324 (1925).
Diaporthe bougainvilleicola (M.M. Xiang et al.)
Rossman & Udayanga, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812494
Diaporthe vitimegaspora (K.C. Kuo & L.S. Leu)
Rossman & Udayanga, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812500
Basionym: Phomopsis bougainvilleicola M.M. Xiang et al.,
Mycosystema 22: 516 (2003).
Basionym: Phomopsis vitimegaspora K.C. Kuo & L.S. Leu,
Mycotaxon 66: 498 (1998).
Synonym: Diaporthe kyushuensis Kajitani & Kanem.,
Mycoscience 41: 112 (2000).
Diaporthe caricae-papayae (Petr. & Cif.) Rossman &
Udayanaga, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812495
Use Endothia 1849 rather than Calopactis 1912
Basionym: Phomopsis caricae-papayae Petr. & Cif., Annls
mycol. 28: 412 (1930).
Diaporthe cocoina (Cooke) Rossman & Udayanga,
comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812496
Basionym: Phoma cocoina Cooke, Grevillea 5: 101 (1877).
Synonyms: Phomopsis cocoina (Cooke) Punith., Trans. Brit.
Mycol. Soc. 64: 435 (1975).
Phyllosticta cocos Cooke, Grevillea 8: 94 (1880).
Diaporthe cucurbitae (McKeen) Udayanga & Castl.,
comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812623
Basionym: Phomopsis cucurbitae McKeen, Canad. J. Bot.
35: 46. (1957).
This new combination was published in Udayanga et al.
(2015) but without a registration number, so was not
validly published there (Art. 42,1).
Diaporthe juniperivora (G.G. Hahn) Rossman &
Udayanga, comb. nov.”
MycoBank MB812497
Basionym: Phomopsis juniperivora G.G. Hahn, Phytopathology
10: 249 (1920).
150
Diaporthe leptostromiformis (J.G. Kühn) Rossman &
Udayanga, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812498
The type species of Endothia, E. gyrosa, and the monotype
species of Calopactis, C. singularis, were shown to be
congeneric by Gryzenhout (2009) who recognized C.
singularis as the asexual morph of E. singularis. A number
of diseases are caused by species of Endothia such as stem
and twig canker of chestnut caused by E. singularis (Sung &
Han 1986). Given the widespread use of the name Endothia
with 32 names and its priority over Calopactis with only one
name, use of Endothia is recommended. Endothia but not
Calopactis is included in Kirk et al. (2013).
Use Massariovalsa 1882 rather than
Melanconiopsis 1900
The type species of Massariovalsa, M. sudans, is
considered the sexual morph of Melanconiopsis inquinans,
type species of Melanconiopsis (Wehmeyer 1939), thus
these congeneric names are synonyms. Five names are
included in Massariovalsa while eight fungi have been
described in Melanconiopsis, some of which also have
names in Massariovalsa. Suarez et al. (2000) discussed the
disposition of three names in Melanconiopsis placing two
of them in Endomelanconium. These generic names have
been used about equally in the literature, referring primarily
to Massariovalsa sudans (syn. Melanconiopsis inquinans).
Neither genus has been recently monographed or studied
using molecular data. Given the lack of rationale for using
IMA FUNGUS
generic names in Diaporthales
Use Mastigosporella 1914 rather than
Wuestneiopsis 1990
The type species of Mastigosporella, M. hyalina, is
considered to be the asexual morph of Wuestneiopsis
quercifolia (as Dicarpella quercifolia) (Barr 1979, Nag Raj
1981). The generic type of Wuestneiopsis is W. georgiana.
Both of these Wuestneiopsis names were placed in the
illegitimate later homonym Dicarpella Syd. & P. Syd. 1921
non Bory 1824 by Reid & Dowsett (1990). Given that the
type species of Mastigosporella and Wuestneiopsis were
considered to be congeneric by Barr (1978) and that Reid
& Dowsett (1990) suggested that W. georgiana may have
a Mastigosporella asexual morph, these genera appear
to compete for synonymy. The genus Mastigosporella
containing two species was monographed by Nag Raj
(1981) with another species, M. anisophylleae, added
recently by Crous et al. (2013). Nag Raj (1981) examined
the holotype of W. georgiana (as Dicarpella georgiana),
which he considered to be the sexual morph of M. nyssae.
Given that Mastigosporella is more widely used and has
priority, use of Mastigosporella is recommended. Both
Mastigosporella and Wuestneiopsis are listed in Kirk et al.
(2013), thus Wuestneiopsis should be deleted. One new
combination is needed.
Mastigosporella georgiana (J.H. Mill. &
Thomps.) Rossman & Crous, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812501
G.E.
Basionym: Gnomoniella georgiana J.H. Mill. & G.E. Thomps.,
Mycologia 32: 8 (1940).
Synonyms: Wuestneiopsis georgiana (J.H. Mill. & G.E.
Thomps.) J. Reid & Dowsett, Canad. J. Bot. 68: 2406
(1990).
Mastigosporella nyssae Nag Raj & Di Cosmo, Biblthca Mycol.
80: 57 (1981).
Use Mazzantia 1855 rather than Mazzantiella
1925
The generic name for the sexual morph Mazzantia, based
on M. galii, has been widely used and this genus includes
27 names. Mazzantia galii has been included in molecular
studies of Diaporthales as a sister group for Diaporthe
(Udayanga et al. 2014a). Mazzantiella, based on M. sepium,
was described as the asexual morph of Mazzantia sepia,
thus these type species are most likely congeneric. Each of
the three names in Mazzantiella has a sexual morph name in
Mazzantia, thus no name changes are required if Mazzantia
is maintained. Given the greater use of Mazzantia, its priority,
and the lack of required name changes, use of Mazzantia
is recommended. Mazzantia but not Mazzantiella is listed in
Kirk et al. (2013).
VOLUME 6 · NO. 1
Protect Melanconis 1863 over Melanconium
1832
Recently an account was provided of the type species
of Melanconis, M. stilbostoma (Voglmayr et al. 2012) in
distinguishing Melanconis from Melanconiella. The concept
of Melanconium based on the type species, M. atrum,
remains obscure with many species placed in other genera
such as Arthrinium, Greeneria, and Harknessia. Conidial size
and morphology of the lectotype specimen of Melanconium
atrum is similar to Melanconis alni, but the latter is speciic to
Alnus and not known from Fagus, the host given for M. atrum;
the true identity of M. atrum remains obscure (Voglmayr et
al. 2012). Although more names exist in Melanconium, these
generic names are reported in about equal numbers. Given
the confusion surrounding Melanconium and the well-deined
concept of Melanconis, we recommend that Melanconis be
protected over Melanconium. Both generic names are listed
in Kirk et al. (2013).
ART I CLE
Melanconiopsis and the lack of molecular data regarding the
placement of species in either genus, the principle of priority
should be followed, thus it is recommended that Massariovalsa
be used. Both Massariovalsa and Melanconiopsis are listed in
Kirk et al. (2013), thus it is recommended that Melanconiopsis
be deleted.
Protect Pilidiella 1927 over Schizoparme 1923
The type species of Pilidiella, P. quercicola, is congeneric
with the type species of Schizoparme, S. straminea, which
is the sexual morph of Pilidiella castaneicola (van Niekerk
et al. 2004). Species of the asexual Pilidiella have been
more widely reported than those of the sexually typiied
Schizoparme (Samuels et al. 1993, Farr & Rossman 2015).
Sixteen names exist in Pilidiella while only nine species of
Schizoparme have been described, three of which already
have names in Pilidiella. With the use of Pilidiella ive species
must be transferred from Schizoparme. However, more name
changes would result if the name Schizoparme were used.
Species of Pilidiella and the closely related but distinct genus
Coniella are commonly encountered in plant-associated
environments while the sexual morph Schizoparme is rarely
reported, thus we recommend the use of Pilidiella. A number
of diseases are caused by Pilidiella, including foliage blight
of quaresmeira (Tibouchina granulosa) in Brazil caused by P.
tibouchinae (Miranda et al. 2012), and crown and stem rot of
pomegranate (Punica granati) caused by P. granati (Celiker
et al. 2012). Pilidiella is not listed in Kirk et al. (2013) and
should be added while Schizoparme should be deleted.
Pilidiella angustispora (Samuels et al.) Rossman &
Crous, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812502
Basionym: Schizoparme angustispora Samuels et al,,
Mycotaxon 46: 465 (1993).
Pilidiella calamicola (J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde) Rossman
& Crous, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812503
Basionym: Schizoparme calamicola J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde,
Palm Microfungi: 255 (2000).
Pilidiella pseudogranati (Crous) Rossman & Crous,
comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812504
Basionym: Schizoparme pseudogranati Crous, Persoonia
32: 219 (2014).
151
ART I CLE
Rossman et al.
Pilidiella stromatica (Samuels et al.) Rossman &
Crous, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812505
Basionym: Schizoparme stromatica
Mycotaxon 46: 474 (1993). 1993
Samuels
et
al.,
Pilidiella terminaliae (Samuels et al.) Rossman &
Crous, comb. nov.
MycoBank MB812506
Basionym: Schizoparme terminaliae
Mycotaxon 46: 478 (1993).
Samuels
et
al.,
Protect Plagiostoma 1870 over Diplodina 1857,
and the additional synonyms Septomyxa 1884
and Cryptodiaporthe 1921
The type species of Plagiostoma, P. euphorbiae, has served
as the basis for a monographic account of this genus (Mejia
et al. 2011a) including a number of plant pathogens such as P.
populinumm, cause of bark necrosis of white poplar (Melnik &
Zarudnaya 2008). The type species of Diplodina, D. salicis, is
considered a synonym of D. microsperma by Sutton (1980), the
asexual morph of Plagiostoma apiculata (Mejia et al. 2011a);
thus Diplodina and Plagiostoma are synonyms. Although
Diplodina includes several hundred names, these names
have been placed in diverse genera, such as Ascochyta,
Discella, Microdiplodia, and Phloeospora, suggesting that
the concept of Diplodina is poorly deined. The concept of
Plagiostoma, however, is well-deined, and there are two
recent monographic works on the genus including many
new species (Mejia et al. 2011a, Walker et al. 2014). These
accounts suggest that the protection of this generic name is
warranted, which would prevent a signiicant number of name
changes. The type species of Septomyxa, S. aesculi, and
Cryptodiaporthe, C. aesculi, are both regarded as Plagiostoma
aesculi (Mejia et al. 2011a), thus those later generic names are
synonyms of Plagiostoma. Sutton (1977) listed six additional
generic synonyms of Diplodina but this synonymy could not
be conirmed. Plagiostoma, Cryptodiaporthe, and Diplodina,
but not Septomyxa, are listed in Kirk et al. (2013), thus
Cryptodiaporthe and Diplodina should be deleted.
Use Stilbospora 1794 rather than Prosthecium
1852
The type species of Stilbospora, S. macrosperma, is the
name applied to the asexual morph of the type species of
Prosthecium, P. ellipsosporum; thus these generic names are
synonyms (Voglmayr & Jaklitsch 2014). At present 26 names
have been described in Prosthecium, while 85 names were
placed in Stilbospora; however, most names in Prosthecium
and Stilbospora should most likely be excluded from both
of these genera (Voglmayr & Jaklitsch 2014). Stilbospora
appears to be more widely used, has priority, and has recently
been monographed with three accepted species (Voglmayr
& Jaklitsch 2014). In addition, many species of Prosthecium
were redisposed in Stilbospora and Stegonsporium (Voglmayr
& Jaklitsch 2008). Stilbospora appears to be more widely
used, has priority, and has recently been monographed
(Voglmayr & Jaklitsch 2014); thus, we recommend the use
of Stilbospora. Both names are included in Kirk et al. (2013),
and Prosthecium should therefore be deleted.
152
ACKNOWLEDgEMENT
Hermann Voglmayr acknowledges inancial support by the Austrian
Science Fund (FWF; project P27645-B16).
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