The Forests of Taraba and Adamawa States, Nigeria An ecological account and plant species checklist J.D. Chapman & H.M. Chapman The Forest Flora of Taraba and Adamawa States, Nigeria An ecological account and plant species checklist J.D. Chapman and H.M. Chapman WWF DFID University of Canterbury Published by Department of Plant and Microbial Sciences University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch New Zealand © 2001 J.D. Chapman & H.M. Chapman ISBN 0-473-07419-2 Layout and Cover Design by Matt Walters Department of Plant and Microbial Sciences University of Canterbury Printed by University of Canterbury Front Cover Looking from Cabbal Shirgu to Dutsin Lamba The Team returning to camp after a day’s work at the River Nwum Forest Reserve (Kop Nti) enumeration plot. From left to right: Francis Kamjoh, forest guard; Ali Genesis Mbuh carrying the plant press and the spectacular flowers of the climber, Pararistolochia goldieana; Aaron with the Dane gun, indispensable for obtaining botanical specimens from the tallest trees; Moses Vava with the long handled crook for collecting up to 15 m; Samuel with the extendable aluminium ladder, and Daniel with the soil samples. Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Acknowledgements xi Foreword xiii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 History of Botanical Exploration Methods Red Data List Plant Species The Checklist - First Edition Chapter 2 Mambilla Plateau 17 Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve Leinde Fadali Forest Sarkaka and Ndum Yaji Fringing Forests Village Kurame and Other Relict Forest Patches Chapter 3 The Gotel Mountains 41 Cabbal Wade Albizia gummifera-Nuxia congesta Forest Pouteria altissima Forest Forest on the Spurs Open Woodland Escarpment Foot Forest Forest Grassland Boundary Gangirwal Prunus africana-Syzygium guineense subsp. bamendae-Podocarpus latifolius Forest Syzygium guineense subsp. bamendae Fringing Forest Syzygium guineense subsp. bamendae Stream Source Forest The Forest Grassland Boundary Vegetation of the High Plateau Montane Forest Outliers Above 2290 Metres Micro Habitats v Chapter 4 Cabbal Hendu 67 Dutsin Lamba Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense-Albizia gummifera Riparian Forest Symphonia globulifera-Garcinia smeathmannii Riparian Forest Cabbal Hendu Grassland Cabbal Hendu Upland Forest Chapter 5 The Shebshi Mountains 81 Vogel Peak Tiba Plateau Leinde Bumay, Gangoro Forest Reserve Leinde Faya Unga, Gangoro Forest Reserve Chapter 6 Transitional and High Forest 97 Akwaizantar Forest Reserve Kop Nti Forest, River Nwum Forest Reserve Chapter 7 High Forest Outliers in the Middle Donga Valley 117 Baissa Forest Reserve River Amboi Forest Reserve Baissola River Forest Reserve Chapter 8 High Forest Outliers in Lowland Gashaka 127 Gangumi and Wurkam River Forest Reserves Appendix 1 Native Authority Orders for Forest Reserves 137 Appendix 2 The Alantika Mountains 143 Appendix 3 Gangumi and Wurkam River Forest Enumeration Data 145 Checklist - First Edition c1 Index of Checklist c65 vi List of Figures Figure 1 Map of Nigeria Figure 2 Map of the areas discussed in the text Figure 3 Landscape south of the Donga River at Mayo Tolori Figure 4 Profile strip in Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, c.1500 m Figure 5 Ngel Nyaki Figure 6 Pouteria altissima in Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve Figure 7 Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense Figure 8 Phoenix reclinata and Raphia mambillensis Figure 9 Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense fringing forest Figure 10 The village kurmi at Yana Figure 11 Elaeophorbia drupifera at Mbamnga Figure 12 Dutsin Dodo, the volcanic intrusion NNW of Cabbal Wade Figure 13 View from Gangirwal Figure 14 Gully forest at 2286 m on the upper western slopes of Gangirwal Figure 15 Profile strip in Albizia gummifera-Nuxia congesta forest at c. 1830 m on Cabbal Wade Figure 16 Profile strip in Pouteria altissima forest at c. 1830 m on Cabbal Wade Figure 17 The forest in Kurmin Dutsin Dodo Figure 18 Prunus africana - Syzygium guineense subsp. bamendae - Podocarpus latifolius forest on Gangirwal, at c. 2090 m Figure 19 Profile strip in Prunus africana - Syzygium guineense subsp. bamendae - Podocarpus latifolius forest on Gangirwal, at c. 2090 m Figure 20 Profile strip in Syzygium guineense subsp. bamendae stream source forest on Gangirwal, at c. 2130 m Figure 21 Podocarpus latifolius, gbh of 3.8 m, Gangirwal Figure 22 Montane grassland with forest persisting in the hollow vii Figure 23 Looking from Cabbal Shirgu to Dutsin Lamba Figure 24 Lobelia columnaris along a stream bank, with bracken, Pteridium aquilinum, in the foreground Figure 25 The fern Vittaria guineensis var. camerooniana and Piper sp. (JDC 4386) draping the bole of a streamside tree on Cabbal Hendu Figure 26 Profile strip in Symphonia globulifera-Garcinia smeathmannii riparian forest on Cabbal Hendu, c. 1680 m Figure 27 Map of Vogel Peak Figure 28 Transect across the Shebshi mountains Figure 29 The smoothly rounded hilltop is one of a small cluster of similar rocky summits which constitute Vogel Peak Figure 30 Harvesting guinea corn (Sorghum spp.) at Jangla, a hamlet below Vogel Peak Figure 31 A flowering clump of Oxytenanthera abyssinica, the savanna bamboo Figure 32 Patch of forest fringed with fire-resistant wild date palms (Phoenix reclinata) Figure 32a Entandrophragma angolense in Gangoro Forest Reserve Figure 33 Profile strip in Leinde Bumay, 1220 m Figure 34 Tie-tie bridge spanning the Donga River at Antere Figure 35 Camp in Akwaizantar Forest Reserve Figure 36 Lowland rain forest outlier on the east bank of River Nwum, c. 760 m Figure 37 Uapaca sp. in River Nwum Forest Reserve Figure 38 An early stage in the succession from wooded grassland to high forest Figure 39 Profile strip No. 1, Kop Nti, 760 m Figure 40 Profile strip No. 2, Kop Nti, 760 m Figure 41 Profile strip in Baissa Forest Reserve, 230 m Figure 42 Terminalia superba in Baissa Forest Reserve Figure 43 Map showing Gangumi and Wurkam River Forest Reserves Figure 44 In the Middle Donga Basin the most sought-after tree for making canoes is Erythrophleum suaveolens (Hausa Gwaska) viii List of Tables Table 1 Key to Ngel Nyaki forest profile strip (Figure 4). Table 2 Enumeration plot in Ngel Nyaki forest. Table 3 fetish Eighteen village kurame and other relic forest patches on Mambilla Plateau, excluding groves. Table 4 Trees recorded from one-third or more of the village kurame, listed in Table 3. Table 5 Key to Cabbal Wade Albizia gummifera-Nuxia congesta forest profile strip (Figure 15). Table 6 Key to Cabbal Wade Pouteria altissima forest profile strip (Figure 16). Table 7 Key to Gangirwal Prunus-Syzygium-Podocarpus forest profile strip (Figure 19). Table 8 Key to Gangirwal Syzygium stream- source forest profile strip (Figure 20). Table 9 Enumeration plot from Dutsin Lamba (Cabbal Hendu) Syzygium guineense-Albizia gummifera forest. Table 10 Key to Dutsin Lamba (Cabbal Hendu) Symphonia globulifera-Garcinia smeathmannii forest profile strip (Figure 26). Table 11 Species recorded from submontane and montane forest on Cabbal Hendu. Table 12 Species recorded from Hepper’s camp (1220 m) in 1977. Table 13 Species lists for Leinde Bumay and Leinde Faya Unga. Table 14 Key to Leinde Bumay forest (Tiba Plateau) profile strip (Figure 33). Table 15 Enumeration plot from Leinde Faya Unga forest (Tiba Plateau). Table 16 The count of established tree regeneration at Leinde Bumay and Leinde Faya Unga forest profile strip and enumeration plot respectively. Table 17 Enumeration plot from Akwaizantar forest, on the western escarpment of Mambilla Plateau. Table 18 Trees <30 cm in girth, and other woody species and herbs recorded at, or in the vicinity of the enumeration plot (Table 17). Table 19 Key to Kop Nti forest (River Nwum Forest Reserve) profile strip 1 (Figure 39). Table 20 Key to Kop Nti forest (River Nwum Forest Reserve) profile strip 2 (Figure 40). ix Table 21 Enumeration plot from Kop Nti forest (River Nwum Forest Reserve). Table 22 Girth class distributions from within the Kop Nti forest (River Nwum Forest Reserve). Table 23 Key to Baissa forest (Middle Donga Valley) profile strip (Figure 41). Table 24 Enumeration plot from River Amboi Forest Reserve. Table 25 Summarised species lists for the three forests: Baissa, River Amboi and Bissaula River. Table 26 Species lists, mainly from Gangumi Forest Reserve, but also from Wurkam River, based on collections by Latilo and Daramola and JDC. Table 27 Enumeration plot from Gangumi Forest Reserve. Table 28 Comparison enumeration plot data from Richards (1963) and JDC (1978). Table 29 List of synonyms. x Acknowledgements This publication reflects the support and encouragement of many people, in different ways, over a long period of time. Jim Chapman is indebted especially to Alan Fox. As Deputy Chief Conservator of Forests in the then North-Eastern State, subsequently Chief Conservator Gongola State, he gave the field work his backing from the start, winning support from the Chief Conservator Bob Wedderburn and Kali Imam, Permanent Secretary for Natural Resources. Nigel Hepper at Kew was a source of advice and encouragement from the beginning. Without his involvement, leading to a grant for field work from the Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund, the project might not have materialised. Jim is most grateful to the Leverhulme Trust and the Royal Society’s Scientific Relief Committee for their generous assistance and patience towards the later stages of the work. It is gratifying to acknowledge the indispensable back-up of Angus Carty and the help of other friends and colleagues in the Forestry and Wildlife Division, including Richard Barnwell, Bob Bowles, Dr Iain Colquhoun, L.Y. Domchalk, Simon Iyange, Chris Pearson and Peter Reid; also the Sarkin Daji, Alhaji Musa Song, and Veterinary Officer Alhaji Muhammadu Toungo. For support in the field, taking them far from home, special thanks to Ali and Sanda from Mbuh (Gembu); and for their warm hospitality when on trek, Jauro Hamasale at Cabbal Wade, the Sembele family at Njawai, Jauro Masaboy on Mambilla and Panti Lasawa on the trek from Kassa to Gangoro. Thanks also to Rev. Fr. Michael Donnelly for hospitality at Mapeo and a guide (Bonifacio) to Koma Mountain. Ray Browneye, Mission Aviation Fellowship, flew me over many of the forests. Mr Zac O. Gbile, Curator of the Forest Herbarium Ibadan supplied collecting equipment while Mr P. Wit named several collections. For identifying specialist groups thanks are due to Dr Françoise DowsettLemaire (Ficus spp.), Dr J. Dransfield (rattans), Dr Joyce Lowe (Gramineae), Dr J.M. Lock (Zingiberaceae), Professor Jan Kornas (pteridophytes), Dr Roger Polhill (Caesalpiniodeae), Dr A.J. Harrington, Mr L.T. Ellis and Professor P.W. Richards (bryophytes), Mr Peter James (lichens) and Mr D.A. Reid (fungi). Dr R.M. Baker kindly arranged for the analysis of soil samples at the Tropical Soils Unit. Dr T.G. Wood, Centre for Overseas Pest Research, identified termitaria from photographs. Thanks also to the Directorate of Overseas Surveys for maps and facilities at the Air Photo Library. The Shebshi Mountains profile was drawn by Ms J. Harden of Highland Regional Council, Inverness, from Nigeria Federal Surveys 1:250000 scale map sheet 57 (Jalingo). For permission to reproduce the block diagram in Tuley & Jackson’s article on the vegetation of Cabbal Wade (Nigerian Field, Vol. XXXVI: 1), I thank the authors, the editor of the Nigerian Field and the Directorate of Overseas Surveys. For the correct spelling of certain place names thanks are due to Mr J. Matthew, one-time Touring Officer Southern Areas. I am very grateful to David Dunn, photographer extraordinary. The original report owes much to Dr Frank White, friend and mentor of many years, and the staff of the Oxford Forestry Herbarium, now the Daubeny Herbarium (FHO). Cynthia Styles typed the first draft (no mean task!) while Seán Turner mounted the botanical specimens. Special thanks to Alison Strugnell, who has been instrumental in drawing all the work together. xi Finally, it is his great pleasure to acknowledge his wife Betty. Without her support, companionship and unfailing enthusiasm throughout, this work would never have been done. Hazel Chapman wishes to acknowledge the recent help she has had in preparing the work for publication: The updating and publication has been jointly funded by The World Wildlife Fund for Nature and the Department for Internal Development. This financial assistance, together with a further grant from the Dennis Stanfield Memorial Fund were instrumental in the final publication of this work. I am particulary grateful to Richard Barnwell (WWF, UK) for supporting my grant application, and to Helen Gardiner for administrating the grant. At Oxford, home to most of the collection, Alison Strugnell afforded invaluable help with the specimens. A great ‘thank you’ to William Hawthorne who has been able to identify over sixty sterile, woody, numbers, greatly adding to the value of this publication. Stephen Harris, as Curator, has also provided unswerving support. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, have assisted in many ways. In 1999 Gerald Pope offered encouragement, advice, and logistical support in the writing of my grant proposal to WWF. Martin Cheek acted as my ‘host’ at Kew during 2000, and supported the project in numerous ways. I especially valued our discussions on species distribution and conservation status, and for his comments on the ‘montane’ areas of the checklist. Dick Brummitt proof-read the checklist for which we are most grateful. Nigel Hepper has, from the beginning, evinced his enthusiasm for the project, and both Jim and I thank him for writing the Foreword. Many Kew botanists have assisted in identifications in the past. During my latest visit David Goyder helped with Asclepidaceae. The library staff of John Flanagan helped with references, photocopying, and in an e mail crisis- thank you! Anne Stapleton Smith arranged accommodation, for which I am most appreciative. This lead to my meeting with Arjan Stroo who assisted me with the checklist database. At Canterbury University, my Department (Plant and Microbial Sciences) has been extremely supportive. Nicki Judson has re-typed many of the original chapters, and Beth Robson scanned others. Matt Walters is responsible for the layout, cover design and graphics; his talent speaks for itself. Our thanks to Rosemary Wise (Oxford) and Rebecca Wagstaff (Landcare, Lincoln) for the meticulous profile diagrams, and to Mary Ralston for all her help with the editing. The book has been very much a family effort. During my visits to Oxford and Kew, Peter Chapman offered e-mail facilities, rest and recreation at weekends. Paul Roberts, my husband, has provided valued moral and technical support. xii Foreword In 1958 I would never have believed that some forty-three years later I should be writing this foreword! As Jim Chapman indicates in his preface he was stimulated to carry out this ecological research by my initial field-work (Hepper, 1962, 1965, 1966). I had spent the latter part of 1957 in the Shebshi Mountains (also called Vogel Peak) which at that time was in Adamawa Province of North British Cameroons, and later was incorporated into Nigeria. Early in 1958 I continued southwards through Gashaka District and walked across the Mambilla Plateau to join up with the ‘Ring Road’ at Nkambe, and thence to Bamenda. At that time I was working as a systematic botanist at the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew on the revision of the Flora of West Tropical Africa. The first edition (Hutchinson & Dalziel, 1927-1936) was thoroughly out of date owing to much field-work, as well as nomenclatural and taxonomic changes. Thus Ronald Keay was seconded to Kew from Nigerian Forest Research to prepare a revision. There were many additional species to include in the new edition, especially from areas that had been little studied at the time of the original edition. One area still to be explored was the extreme eastern boundary bordering the then French Cameroons. True, the German botanist Carl Ledermann had joined an expedition from the coast through the then colony of Deutsch Kamerun in 1908-09 (Ledermann, 1912; Hepper, 1974). Unfortunately, most of the collection, including the type specimens of the new species described by Engler and others (Engler, 1919), was destroyed in Berlin during the Second World War. So, as well as exploring this little known area I was hoping to re-collect Ledermann’s new species for which there were names and descriptions but no type specimens. While in the Vogel Peak and Mambilla areas I was able to make more additions to the first edition of the Flora. I was also concerned about the degradation of the forests and even then the overgrazing of the savanna grassland. I indicated to the Forest Department the desirability of designating further forest reserves but was unable to carry out detailed ecological surveys. It is gratifying to know that in due course not only forest reserves but, more recently, Nigeria’s large national parks were gazetted. When Jim Chapman was appointed a Forest Officer in Nigeria in 1971 he applied to work in Adamawa and set about studying the forests, but, with his other duties, he had insufficient time to survey them in the detail that was necessary. As a result of this he was granted special absence to spend time on them, with the support of a Percy Sladen grant. The full story is recounted by the author himself in his preface; what he does not say is the extreme labour that not only the collection of data involved but its analysis. Nevertheless, he persevered over many years with the cooperation of Frank White and others at Oxford, and colleagues at Kew. Now thanks to his daughter Hazel’s commitment it is to be published and made available to any forester, ecologist, botanist or academic who may be interested. In a rapidly changing world it is also a historic document. Jim Chapman, because of this and his other studies (Chapman & White, 1970; White et al. in press), deserves and will receive a notable place in the history of African ecology. Nigel Hepper Kew, November 2000 xiii References Chapman, J., White, F. (1970). The Evergreen Forests of Malawi. Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford. Engler, E. (1919). Kurzer Bericht uber die in der letzen Zehn Jahren von deutschen Botanikern unternommenen Forschunge-expeditionen nach Afrikaund Papuasien. Bot. Jahrb. 55, Beibl. 122: 5-10. Hepper, F.N. (1962). A botanist in Adamawa. Nigerian Field 27(2): 54-78; 100-122. Hepper, F.N. (1965). The vegetation of the Vogel Peak massif, Northern Nigeria. Bull. IFAN 27: 413513. Hepper, F.N. (1966). Outline of the vegetation and flora of Mambilla Plateau. Bull. IFAN 28: 91-127. Hepper, F.N. (1974). C. Ledermann’s botanical collecting localities in Kamerun (Cameroun) 1908-09. Kew Bull. 29: 365-381. Hutchinson, J., Dalziel, J.M. (1927-1936). Flora of West Tropical Africa. 2 vols. London, Crown Agents. Ledermann, C. (1912). Eine botanische Wanderung nach Deutsch-Adamaua. Mitteil. Deutsch. Schutzge 25: 20-55, map 3. White, F., Dowsett-Lemaire, F., Chapman, J.D. (In press). Evergreen Forest Flora of Malawi. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. xiv Chapter 1 Introduction The aim of this book is to describe the diverse forest flora of Taraba and Adamawa States, Nigeria (Figures 1 & 2). Forest vegetation accounts for scarcely one percent of Taraba and even less in Adamawa, and is continuously being whittled away or actively logged. The remaining forests and forest fragments are extremely important in both a global and local context; they represent a sequence of forest types, sensu White (1983), and many support vulnerable populations of faunal taxa (Oates, pers. comm. 2000; Dunn, 1993; Dowsett, 1989). They occur at a range of altitudes, from lowland (c. 300 m), to montane, reaching an upper limit of c. 2300 m. They vary in size from small fragments of less than 1 hectare, to riverine strips and impressive stands of over 46 km2. Taraba and Adamawa States include examples of lowland rain forest, transitional rain forest, and transitions from lowland to montane, including an Afromontane element. Nugent (1914) made the first published reference to the lowland forest of the Donga Valley, and recognized its magnificence. Since then the timber potential of these forests has been the subject of various unpublished departmental reports, for example Trappes-Lomax (1955), concerning lowland Gashaka. The montane and submontane forests, belonging to the Afromontane archipelago-like regional centre of endemism (White, 1983) is arguably the This account is based on extensive field surveys most significant forest type in Nigeria, because it undertaken by Jim Chapman (JDC) during the is relatively rare in West Africa (Sayer et al., 1992; 1970s1. Despite the delay in publishing this work, White, 1978; Morton, 1972). A high proportion the data are, however, extremely relevant, as many of species in these forests are (near-) endemic to the of the forests, especially those at higher altitudes, Afromontane Region (White, 1983), so that they and several of the low altitude forest reserves, remain have a floristic affinity with East African montane relatively undisturbed (Barnwell, pers. comm. 2000; floras (Keay, 1959; Morton, 1972; Brenan, 1978). Dowsett-Lemaire, 1989). For this reason alone they are scientifically invaluable (White, 1981). Hepper (1965 & 1966), Hall (1970 Inevitably however, their future is precarious. One & 1971) and Tuley & Jackson (1971) have each objective of this work is to bring the forest flora and contributed to our understanding of the floristic fauna of this remote area of Nigeria to the attention diversity of West African montane forests. of conservation bodies and other sympathetic parties. Without their support the survival (perhaps even The international significance of the North East short-term) of these forests is extremely unlikely. Nigerian montane flora has been emphasized by Hepper (1968). He noted a high proportion of endemic species in the montane grassland, and also Global signiicance realized that the enrichment of this highland flora, The forests of West Africa are being lost at a faster by its proximity to the Cameroon highlands to the rate than those of any other African region (Davis et south, made it one of the richest natural floristic al., 1994). The annual average loss of closed canopy regions of West Africa. This was confirmed by moist forest in Nigeria was (1981-85) 5%, and in Tuley and Jackson in 1969, when their botanical 1994 only 9% of the original closed canopy forest collections on Cabbal Wade (Chapter 3) included remained (Davis et al., 1994). More specifically, two new species and several first records for the Flora and following the classification of White (1983), of West Tropical Africa (FWTA). Several species Chapman, J.D. (1993-1997). Series of unpublished reports. Held at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the Daubeny Herbarium, Oxford. These reports include information on ecology and soil analysis not reported here. 1 1 new to West Africa have since been added by Jim Chapman (see checklist). Protection of the forests Preliminary inventories of the forest dwelling birds, reptiles, amphibia and lepidoptera in Taraba and Adamawa states have shown that the Gotel Mountains (Chapter 3) represent the extreme end of the range for many of these taxa, and therefore may harbour unique genetic varieties (Dowsett, 1989). Baissa Forest Reserve, (lowland forest), had been logged out by the mid 1980 (Dangpurki, pers. comm.), and there is increasing pressure on nearby River Amboi (Chapter 7). The taboo which formerly protected the Akwaizantar forest from hunting no longer applies (Hopkins, pers. comm.). Some of the forests described here have statutory protection as forest reserves (Appendix 1). Others Combining all forest types, a total of 23 Red Data are within Gashaka Gumti National Park (Figure Listed species (IUCN, 2000) have been recorded from 2). A number have no protection other than the forests and associated areas. Undoubtedly more inaccessibility or local taboos. All are vulnerable to are present, and are either awaiting identification increasing pressures, with logging and farming the (especially JDC’s herbaceous material) or have yet greatest threat to the lowland and mountain forests to be discovered. respectively. John Oates (pers. comm. 2000) has pointed out that the chimpanzees in the montane and submontane forests belong to the distinct subspecies, Pan troglodytes vellerosus, listed as ‘endangered’ by IUCN Primate Specialist Group (IUCN, 2000). He also notes that the putty-nose monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans, cf. subspecies martini) needs taxonomic review and suspects that the Mambilla putty-noses may be different from those in the Gashaka lowlands. John also emphasizes that the Mambilla forests, such as Ngel Nyaki (Chapter 2) are very special and under extreme threat, so deserve national park status. Location of the forests Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the location of the forests. Taraba State includes Mambilla Plateau (Chapter 2) the Gotel Mountains (Chapter 3), Cabbal Hendu (Chapter 4), the west escarpment forest (Chapter 6) and Baissa, Bissaula and River Amboi forests (Chapter 7), and Gangumi and Wurkam River Forest Reserves (Chapter 8). The Shebshi Mountains (Chapter 5) are in Adamawa State. Content Further recognition of the biological importance of the forests of the Gotel Mountains, Cabbal Hendu, Vogel Peak and the Tiba Plateau and the urgent need for their conservation has been underlined by Bawden & Tuley (1966) and more recently, by the Nigerian Conservation Foundation (1999), and Dowsett-Lemaire (1989). The book comprises descriptions, in varying detail, of all these forests. The information is presented as botanical notes, summary results of detailed profile strips and enumeration plots, and a checklist. Chapters 2-8 describe the forests and associated vegetation of each of the principal upland areas, followed by the escarpment forests and lowland forest outliers. There is thus an altitudinal sequence from the Gotel Mountains, where forest of a kind Local signiicance persists up to 2300 m, down to the high forest The lowland and transitional forests have traditionally outliers in the river basins at c. 230 m. been used as a source of food, leaves, beeswax, and palm wine (Appendix 1). Timber trees include Each chapter begins with a short summary of all the Albizia spp, Antiairs africana, Berlinia africana and vegetation types (including for example, grassland or Khaya grandifoliola, Milicia excelsa and Terminalia forest/grassland ecotone) referred to in the chapter. superba. In addition, for each of the forest areas that were studied in detail, the altitude, approximate area, and By maintaining year-round stream flow, mitigating Red Data List species are presented. flooding and erosion, and affording a refuge to wildlife, the montane forests have a vital protective function. 2 History of Botanical Exploration Jim Chapman’s collections (over 3000 numbers) were Hepper (1966) has described Mr and Mrs Gates as made between 1972 and 1978. They comprised a making the first known botanical collections from high proportion of woody plants from forest patches Mambilla Plateau in 1947. These were followed throughout the Plateau and included concentrated by about 50 collections made by the FHI (Forest collections at Ngel Nyaki. Hazel Chapman made Herbarium Ibadan) collectors M.G. Latilo and B.O. casual collections during this period, in school Daramola in January 1955. A more comprehensive holidays. collection (335 species) was made by Nigel Hepper in 1958, accompanied by Ben Daramola, and In 1988 Françoise Dowsett-Lemaire explored the assisted by J.W.F. Chapman. Hepper and Daramola forests on behalf of the Nigerian Conservation made a trek across the Plateau from Mayo Selbe in Foundation and produced a summarized account the north to Nkambe in the West Cameroons. En of the forest structure and species composition route they passed by Ngel Nyaki forest, and Hepper (Dowsett-Lemaire, 1989). This was especially was the first to comment on its extent and probable important as it highlighted the size and floral rich diversity (Hepper, 1966). He also commented diversity of Ngel Nyaki. on the fact that at Ngel Nyaki village people were accustomed to hear the roar of lions (Hepper, 1962). Bawden & Tuley (1966) have described the physiography and discussed the physical and human Following this visit up until 1970 only a few aspects of the environment of Mambilla in detail. collections were made by casual visitors to the Plateau, including S.H. Wimbush, C.A.M. Nash and W.J. Howard (Hepper, 1966). Between March Gotel Mountains (Chapter 3) and April 1970 J.B. Hall, accompanied by Z. Gbile, The first published account of the vegetation of Ben Daramola (FHI), Mrs Medler, a botanist from the Gotel Mountains (Figure 2) was by Tuley and the University of Ife, and Miss J. Bowden from Kew, Jackson (1971), who visited the area in 1969, early made further botanical collections (Hall, 1970). in the dry season. They were accompanied by Z. They made about 314 gatherings, of which 16 were Gbile and B. Daramola. Their botanical collections possibly new to Nigeria. Their botanical collections included an Eriocaulon (sp. nr. pulchellum) and a are deposited at FHI, the University Herbarium at Bidens sp. - both new species. Aristida junciformis and Plectranthus sanguineus were first records for Ife, and Kew. FWTA whilst 59 other taxa were collected here for Mr C.F.A. Onochie of the Federal Department of the first time in Nigeria. As Menefy observed, “This Forest Research was the next botanical visitor, in was indeed a remarkable scientific event, especially so March, 1973. Mr Onochie included Ngel Nyaki in a country like Nigeria, where by African standards in a list of areas in the south of the (then) North the flora is well known.” (Menefy, 1974). Eastern State which he recommended be made strict natural reserves (C.F.A. Onochie to the Director, In April 1970, J.B. Hall, plant ecologist at the Federal Dept. of Forest Research, 1973). In the same University of Ife, led a party of botanists to the year Dr I. Colquhoun, the Senior Wildlife Officer, mountains, which included Z. Gbile and Ben visited the forest. He was so impressed with the Daramola. abundant wildlife which included buffalo (Syncerus caffer nanus), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), black Jim Chapman was the next botanist to visit the area, and white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza and made substantial gatherings during November occidentalis), putty-nosed monkeys (Cercopithecus 1974 and February 1975, again concentrating on nicitans), red flanked duiker (Cephalophus rufilatus), the woody forest flora. In those days local tradition red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus), and numerous attached a sense of awe to the whole mountain, and bush buck (Tragelaphus scriptus), that the following the huge rock, Dutsin Dodo, and adjoining forest was shunned except by the boldest hunters. This year Ngel Nyaki was gazetted a game sanctuary. Mambilla Plateau (Chapter 2) 3 could explain the relative abundance of wildlife even before Gangirwal was included in the Gashaka Gumti Game Sanctuary in the early 1970s. Besides forest animals there were (1974-75) baboons (Papio anubis), warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), mountain reedbuck (Redunca fulvorufula), and occasionally lions (Panthera leo). Warthog were abundant and could be seen feeding alongside cattle on Cabbal Wade. The local Muslim people did not hunt them although poachers from Cameroon will do so. Mountain reedbuck were quite common. botanical collections from Vogel Peak “a fascinating area in the (then) Northern Cameroons, which had been entirely neglected botanically, and, as I was to find out, in other ways too” (Hepper, 1962). Backed by Keay, and accompanied by Ben Daramola, Hepper’s trek lasted from early November to mid December 1957. Hepper collected 490 species, 30 of which were then new to West Africa (Hepper 1961, 1963 & 1965). While Hepper’s visit was confined to Vogel Peak, he noticed from the aerial photographs some forest At Gangirwal there was (in 1974/75) a sizeable to the north-west, on the Tiba Plateau. Eventfully population of bushcow (Syncerus caffer ? nanus). (1961) the provincial forest officer, J.W.F. Chapman, They spent their days in the forests, moving up to succeeded in having this part of the Plateau (c. graze on Gangirwal late in the afternoon or after 47 km2) designated as Gangoro Forest Reserve dark. It seems unlikely they were ever numerous (Appendix 1). We know that Tuley collected enough to affect the floristic composition of the specimens on the Tiba Plateau during 1965, but are grassland as cattle have done, but they kept the forest unsure from where. understorey open in their daytime haunts. Jim Chapman collected during February 1976/76, Bushpig (Potamochoerus sp.) were seen on occasion in Gangoro Forest Reserve, and in February 1977 and giant forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni) have on the Kiri Plateau and at Vogel Peak. been recorded by Menefy (1974) and more recently by Dowsett-Lemaire (1989) and Dowsett (1989). Their rooting must influence tree regeneration, as The Alantika Mountains (Appendix 2) does the presence of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), Nigel Hepper was the first to collect here, as part of monkeys including black and white colobus monkeys his Vogel Peak expedition in 1957 (Hepper, 1961, (Colobus guereza occidentalis), putty-nose monkeys 1963 & 1965). Jim Chapman visited the plateau (Cercopithecus nicitans), and baboons which also in June 1978. frequent the forests on occasion. All these animals include tree fruits in their diet. The Western Escarpment of Mambilla Plateau, Akwaizantar and Kop Nti forests (Chapter 6) Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), yellow-backed duiker (Cephalophus sylvicultor) and red-flanked duiker (Cephalophus rufilatus), all common in 197475, browsed the forest undergrowth. Jim Chapman, during 1978, was the first botanist to have collected here, as far as we know. Francoise Dowsett-Lemaire visited the Gotel Mountains in 1988 (Dowsett-Lemaire, 1989). Her High Forest of the Middle Donga Valley account is interesting in that it emphasizes the strong (Chapter 7) For Baissa Forest Reserve we are only aware of Afromontane element in these forests. collections by Jim Chapman and Hazel Chapman. The forest was completely logged out by the 1980s. Cabbal Hendu (Chapter 4) As far as the authors are aware, Jim Chapman, during 1978, was the first and perhaps only botanist to have collected on Cabbal Hendu. Jim Chapman’s collections of over 170 numbers, made during 1978, are the first from the River Amboi area. The Shebshi Mountains (Chapter 5) John Peal collected from Baissaula in 1960, and his collections are held at FHI. Jim Chapman added Nigel Hepper, in January 1958, was first to make 4 to Peal’s collections in 1974, and Hazel Chapman added to these in the same year. High Forest Outliers in Lowland Gashaka, Gangumi and Wurkam River Forests (Chapter 8) The first botanical collections from these areas were made in 1954/55 by Trappes-Lomax. His party included the collectors M.G. Latilo and B. Daramola from FHI. JDC collected here during 1977. 5 Methods Profile data was collected according to Davis & Richards (1933) and Richards et al. (1939). Botanical collections Over 3000 plant collections were made in sets of up to six. Specimens were sent to FHI, the Daubaney Herbarium, Oxford (DHO (formally FHO)), and frequently to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Narrow rectangular strips of forest were marked out using a prismatic compass, and the corners marked with substantial stone beacons. Each tree of 6 m and over in height was numbered and botanical specimens collected. With the taller trees this sometimes involved shooting down specimens with a charge of jagged slugs; otherwise a crook lashed to a pole was usually effective. The position of each tree relative to the base-line was recorded and the girth at breast-height (1.3 m) measured. Buttressed trees were measured above the buttresses, which were then measured for height and width at ground level. Determinations Many of the fertile woody plant specimens were identified by F. White and S. Marner, and are housed in the DHO. World experts on particular families identified other numbers, such as Roger Polhill for the Viscaceae and Mike Lock for the Zingiberaceae. William Hawthorne identified much of the woody sterile material. Isobyl la Croix identified most of the orchids. Bryophytes were identified by experts at the British Museum of Natural History. However, many specimens, especially herbs, have yet to be identified. Next the height of the tree was measured. For taller trees an Abney Level was used, unless the ground was too steep, when an extendable ladder and a climber with graduated bamboo poles was employed. Also measured was the height to the first main branch, or where the tree forked, and the crown spread. A rough sketch was then made of each tree with emphasis on the branching habit. From this data the profile diagrams were drawn to scale. The only trees felled were a very few which were less than 6 m tall. In drawing the profile diagrams it was necessary to omit some of the smaller (C storey) trees for the sake of clarity. Profile diagrams and enumeration plots The ten profile diagrams and seven enumeration plots provide a detailed description of forest structure, physiognomy and floristic composition. They also help to describe aspects of forest ecology. In future we aim to analyze the enumeration data in more detail, using the program TREMA, in collaboration with William Hawthorne and Cameroonian colleagues. To be as representative as possible, the ten profile strips varied in length among sites. Two were the customary 61 m. The longest, at Ngel Nyaki (Mambilla Plateau), was 143 m and the shortest, on a 40º slope in Kurmin Dodo (Cabbal Wade) was only 45 m. In the six sample plots all trees 30 cm and over in girth were enumerated in 30 cm girth classes. Plot corners were marked with large stone beacons with a central hardwood post. Soils At both profile strips and sample plots a soil pit was dug 1.5 m deep, 1.5 m long and 0.6 m wide, when possible. The soil profile was described, colour smears obtained and soil samples collected. Details are given in Chapman (1993-1997). 6 Red Data List Plant Species Taxa which have been collected, or sight recorded, by the authors are identified with an asterisk. Those taxa without an asterisk have been collected in the area, but were not necessarily seen by JDC. The IUCN Red Data List of vascular plants attempts to summarise the conservation status of threatened plants in a global context. To do this Red List Categories (IUCN, 1994) are used to provide an easily and widely understood method for highlighting those species under higher extinction risk, so as to focus attention on conservation measures designed to protect them (IUCN, 2000). Threats Plants can be under threat for many reasons. A common threat is habitat loss, but many taxa are specifically selected by humans for destruction. The majority of Red Data List species recorded from the mid-altitude, submontane and montane forests of Taraba and Adamawa States are in danger of extinction through habitat loss. For example, Eugenia gilgii, recorded from Cabbal Wade, Gangirwal, Cabbal Hendu and Vogel Peak is categorised in the IUCN Red Data List as ‘CR A1c’. That is, it It is important to realise that IUCN categories are is “critically endangered (CR), facing an extremely defined in a global context. This means that a species high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate which is relatively common locally, but globally future, as defined by (A) population reduction in rare, could be classified as critically endangered or the form of (1) an observed, estimated, inferred or endangered. Cheek et al. (2000) gives examples of suspected reduction of at least 80% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, this from the Cameroon. based on (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of Although many threatened plant species are included occurrence and/or quality of habitat” (IUCN, 2000). in the IUCN List (roughly 12.5% of the world’s vascular plants (IUCN, 1997)), many are missing This illustrates the international importance of all because of lack of data. This is particularly true of mid-altitude and montane forest within Taraba and many countries in Asia, South America and parts Adamawa States, where Eugenia gilgii was relatively of Africa. These countries are continually adding to common (see checklist). Many of these forests (and their botanical knowledge, reassessing taxonomic fragments) lie within Gashaka Gumti National Park. status and assessing conservation status. For example Unfortunately however, the largest, most diverse of Cheek et al. (2000) have been able to combine field these forests, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, is currently observation and herbarium specimens to designate outside the park boundaries. Ngel Nyaki is being IUCN categories to many species not yet on the eroded by farming, which is beginning to encroach within the Reserve boundaries. We can only hope official IUCN Red Data List. that the recommendations of the Park Board will be In this work we have combined the latest IUCN adhered to, and that Ngel Nyaki will soon become List (2000) and Cheek et al. (2000) to identify Red part of Gashaka Gumti National Park. Data List species from the forests of Taraba and A decline in species area (fragmentation) can Adamawa States. affect taxa in different ways (Young et al., 1996). Red Data species are listed below in alphabetical order, Typically fragmentation will be accompanied by a species within genera, genera within families and loss of genetic variation, increased homozygosity families within the Dicotyledons, Monocotyledons, and increasing genetic drift, all the consequence of and ferns and fern allies, following the example of reduced gene flow. In these forests fragmentation Cheek et al. (2000). may reduce gene flow as a direct consequence of spatial isolation, or by loss of pollinators and/or seed There are seven categories: Extinct (EX), Extinct in the wild (EW), Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU), Lower Risk (LR) and Data Deficient (DD). A detailed explanation of each category is given in IUCN (1994 & 2000). 7 dispersers. Consequently, fragments within Gashaka Gumti National Park which are safe from destruction may not be viable in the long term because of the loss of associated and co-evolved faunal mediated gene flow. However, in some instances fragmentation has been found to increase gene flow, by breaking down local genetic structure (Young et al., 1996). Fringing forest, especially on Mambilla Plateau, was already threatened during the 1970s (Chapter 2). The human population on Mambilla has grown since then, and so demands on fringing forest will have increased; their protection is of paramount importance. Kurame and fetish groves are under increasing The most threatened habitats are lowland rainforest threat as superstitions (once responsible for their lying outside the National Park. Farming and logging protection), lose their plausibility, and as the need is rapidly destroying lowland forest such as that for wood and food becomes greater. Another factor of the Donga Valley (Chapter 7) and the forests is the continuous burning and grazing of the upland of the Western Escarpment of Mambilla Plateau grassland which must pose a threat to many species. (Chapter 6). Moreover, several taxa within these areas are being targeted by humans for destruction. For An explanation of all designated categories is given example the timber trees Entandrophragma angolense in IUCN (1994 & 2000), and at: and Khaya grandifoliola are designated ‘VU A1cd’ (IUCN, 2000). That is, they are Vulnerable (VU), http://redlist.cymbiont.ca/categories_criteria.html (not Critically Endangered or Endangered) but are facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future, as defined by (A), a population reduction in the form of (1), an observed, estimated, inferred or suspected reduction of at least 20% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, based on (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat, and/or (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation (IUCN, 2000). Red Data List Species Taxa which have been collected, or sight recorded, by the authors are identified with an asterisk. Those taxa without an asterisk have been collected in the area, but were not necessarily seen by JDC. Dicotyledons Habitat: By streams in grassland, often close to the forest edge APIACEAE Wahlenbergia ramosissima (Hemsley) Thulin subsp. ramosissima Red Data List category: VU B1+2bc Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Cabbal Wade and Mambilla Plateau Habitat: Montane/submontane grassland Peucedanum angustisectum (Engl.) Norman* Red Data List category: LR/nt Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Gangirwal Habitat: Rocky mountain grassland COMPOSITAE Bafutia tenuicaulis C. D. Adams * Red Data List category: LR/nt Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Gangirwal and Mambilla Plateau Habitat: Montane/submontane grassland CAMPANULACEAE Lobelia columnaris Hook. f. * Red Data List category: LR/nt Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Cabbal Hendu and Cabbal Wade 8 Khaya grandifoliola C. DC. * Red Data List category: VU A1cd Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Baissa Forest Reserve, Baissola Forest Reserve, River Amboi Forest Reserve, Cabbal Hendu, Vogel Peak, River Nwum Forest Reserve Habitat: Mid-altitude & lowland forest Helichrysum cameroonense Hutch. & Dalziel * Red Data List category: LR/nt Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Gangirwal Habitat: Montane/submontane grassland. Vernonia bamendae C.D. Adams Red Data List category: VU B1+2bc Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Cabbal Wade Habitat: Montane/submontane grassland Lovoa trichilioides Harms * Red Data List category: VU A1cd Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Cabbal Hendu, Ngel Nyaki, Vogel Peak Forest Reserve Habitat: Submontane /mid-altitude forest LAMIACEAE Stachys pseudohumifusa Sebsebe subsp. saxeri Y. B. Harv. Red Data List category: VU D2 Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Mambilla Plateau Habitat: Swamp/grassland MYRTACEAE Eugenia gilgii Engl. & Brehm.* Red Data List category: CR A1c Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Cabbal Wade, Gangirwal, Cabbal Hendu, Vogel Peak Habitat: Montane/submontane forest LEGUMINOSAE POLYGALACEAE Crotalaria bamendae Hepper Red Data List category: VU D2 Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Mambilla Plateau Habitat: Montane/submontane grassland Polygala tenuicaulis Hook. f. subsp. tayloriana J. Paiva.* Red Data List category: LR/nt Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Mambilla Plateau, Vogel Peak, Gangirwal? JDC 3373 Habitat: Rocky grassland Crotalaria ledermannii Baker f. Red Data List category: VU D2 Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Mambilla Plateau Habitat: Montane/submontane grassland ROSACEAE Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman* Red Data List category: LR/nt Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Cabbal Hendu, Gangirwal, Gangoro. Habitat: Montane/submontane forest Millettia conraui Harms* Red Data List category: VU A1c, B1+2c Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Cabbal Wade, Cabbal Hendu, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve Habitat: Montane/submontane forest RUBIACEAE MELIACEAE Chassalia laikomensis Cheek ined. Red Data List category: CR A1 Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Mambilla Plateau Habitat: Understory of montane forests Entandrophragma angolense (Welw.) C.DC* Red Data List category: VU A1cd Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Cabbal Hendu, Cabbal Wade, Gangoro, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve Habitat: Montane/mid-altitude forest 9 SAPOTACEAE STERCULIACEAE Pouteria altissima (A. Chev.) Baehni * Red Data List category: LR/cd Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Cabbal Wade, Cabbal hendu, Gangoro Forest Reserve, Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve Habitat: Montane/submontane/mid altitude forests Dombeya cf. ledermannii Engl.* Red Data List category: CR A1c Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Cabbal Wade, Cabbal Hendu, Akwaizantar Forest Reserve Habitat: mid-low altitude forest / grassland margins Monocotyledons CYPERACEAE PALMAE Carex preussii K. Schum. Red Data List category: LR/nt Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Mambilla Plateau Habitat: Gaps in submontane forest Raphia mambillensis Otedoh* Red Data List category: LR/cd Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Mambilla Plateau Habitat: swampy grassland ERIOCAULACEAE Other taxa which may well be threatened but which need taxonomic treatment include: Eriocaulon asteroides S.M. Phillips Red Data List category: VU D2 Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Mambilla Plateau Habitat: Basalt pavement, i.e., thin, peaty, seasonally waterlogged soils Eriocaulon bamendae S.M. Phillips Red Data List category: VU D2 Presence in Adamawa and Taraba States: Mambilla Plateau Habitat: swampy grassland XYRIDACEAE Xyeris sp. From upland grassland on Gangirwal. Mike Lock from Kew, the expert on Xyridaceae, did not recognise this taxa. Several ?nov. taxa appear in the checklist, these may well have narrow distributions and could therefore also be under threat. 10 The Checklist - First Edition Most of the taxa referred to in the text have been included in the checklist. They have been grouped into Dicotyledons, Monocotyledons, Gymnosperms, fern allies and ferns, and bryophytes respectively, and then according to family, genus and species, following the general layout of the Mt Oku checklist (Cheek et al., 2000). In some cases the species name is not known, in which case a ‘?sp.’ has been added after the generic name. Sometimes a tentative determination has been made, but if the specimen does not fit the species well, a ‘cf.’ prior to the species name has been used to intimate that further examination may prove illuminating. The abbreviation (nov?) suggests that a specimen may be new taxa. Information on collector, date of collection, altitude, location, habitat type, Red Data listing and phenology is presented. Species names follow those of Lebrun & Stork (1991-1997). Their ‘Énumération des Plantes à Fleurs D’Afrique Tropicale’ is the most recently published research that is available and acceptable (Cheek et al., 2000). and evolutionary research in the area. So far, at least 16 trees new to Nigeria have been identified including several first records for West Africa, such as Anthonotha noldeae and Pterygota mildbraedii (Dowsett-Lemaire, 1989). It has also extended the known distribution of several ‘narrow endemics’ such as Clutea kamerunica and Succisa trichotocephala (Cheek, pers. comm.). It will be important to determine whether, for example, Ternstroemia polypetala and Kniphofia reflexa, both Red Data listed, occur in the Taraba and Adamawa forests and upland grasslands respectively; they are both recorded from the nearby Mt Oku (Cheek et al., 2000). Inevitably the taxonomy of some taxa will have been updated since Lebrun and Stork, and it is possible that an early synonym will have escaped detection and therefore updating. However the urgency for the publication of this book has not allowed for as much checking as the authors would have wished. Most of the species referred to in the checklist can be found in The Flora of West Tropical Africa (FWTA) (Keay & Hepper, 1954-1972). In several cases the names used in FWTA have been superceded and are therefore synonyms. A list of these is presented at the back of the checklist in Table 29. While far from exhaustive, the checklist provides baseline data for future taxonomic, ecological Most of the information comes from JDC’s collections, although some numbers from Hepper (FNH), Hazel Chapman (HMC), Peal, and Latilo & Daramola (FHI) have been included. Time constraints have prevented us from conducting a more comprehensive search. Several taxa not mentioned in the text, but collected by JDC, have been included in the checklist. Conversely, many species collected by JDC have not been included in the checklist, either because they have not yet been identified (and this is especially relevant to montane herbs), were not mentioned in the unpublished reports, or because they occurred outside the forest areas included in this text. A more comprehensive checklist is currently under preparation. 11 References Bawden, M.G., Tuley, P. (1966). The land resources of Southern Sardauna and Southern Adamawa Provinces, Northern Nigeria. Land Resource Study No. 2. Land Resources Division, Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, Surrey. Brenan, J.P.M. (1978). Some aspects of the phytogeography of tropical Africa. Annals Missouri Botanical Gardens: 437-478. Chapman, J.D. (1993-1997). Series of unpublished reports. Held at The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the Daubney Herbarium, Oxford. Cheek, M., Onana, J-M., Pollard, B. J. (2000). The Plants of Mount Oku and the Ijim Ridge, Cameroon: A Conservation Checklist. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 211pp. Davis, S. D., Heywood, V.H., Hamilton, A.C. (eds.) (1994). Centres of Plant Diversity, Africa: A Guide and Strategy for their Conservation. WWF and IUCN, Cambridge. Davis, T. A., Richards, P. W. (1933-4). The vegetation of Moraballi Creek, British Guiana; an ecological study of a limited area of tropical rain forest. Parts I and II. Journal of Ecology 21: 106-55. Dowsett, R. J. (1989). A preliminary natural history survey of Mambilla Plateau and some lowland forests of Eastern Nigeria. Tauraco Research Report No. 1: 1-56. Dowsett-Lemaire, F. (1989). Physiography and vegetation of the highland forests of eastern Nigeria. Tauraco Research Report 1. Dunn, A. (1993). A preliminary survey of the forest animals of Gashaka Gumti National Park, Nigeria. Unpublished report for WWF-UK and the Nigerian Conservation Foundation. Contract reference NG0007 (4686). Hall, J. B. (1970). Report on an expedition to Sardauna Province, North-Eastern State 20th March 10th April, 1970. Ife University Herbarium Bulletin No. 6. Hall, J.B. (1971). Environment and vegetation on Nigeria’s highlands. Vegetatio 23: 339-359. Hepper , F.N. (1961). Plants of the 1957-1958 West African Expedition. I. Kew Bull. 15 : 56-66. Hepper, F.N. (1962). A botanist in Adamawa. The Nigerian Field 27(2): 54-78; 100-122. Hepper, F.N. (1963). Plants of the 1957-1958 West African Expedition. II. Kew Bull. 16 : 395-407. Hepper, F.N. (1965). The vegetation and flora of the Vogel Peak Massif of Northern Nigeria. Bulletin de L’I. F.A.N. Series A, 27: 413-513. Hepper, F.N. (1966). Outline of the vegetation and flora of Mambilla Plateau, Northern Nigeria. Bulletin I.F.A.N.T. XXVIII, sér. A, No. 1. Hepper, N. (1968). West tropical Africa, a regional synthesis. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 54: 98-105. IUCN (1994). IUCN Red List Categories. IUCN, Gland. 12 IUCN (1997). IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. IUCN, Gland. IUCN (2000). IUCN Red List Categories. IUCN, Gland. Keay, R. W. (1959). An Outline of Nigerian Vegetation. 3rd edition. Kew Publication. Government Printer, Lagos. 46pp. Keay, R.W.J., Hepper, F.N. (eds). 1954-1972. Flora of West Tropical Africa. 2nd edition. 3 vols. Crown Agents, London. Lebrun, J-P., Stork, A. L. (1991-1997). Énumération des Plantes à Fleurs D’Afrique Tropicale. 4 vols. Ville de Geneve, Geneva. Menefy, R. (1974). Unpublished report to the Forestry & Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural Resources, North-Eastern State, Nigeria. Morton, J. K. (1972). Phytogeography of the West African Mountains. In Valentine, D.H. (ed). Taxonomy, Phytogeography and Evolution. Academic Press, London. Nigerian Conservation Foundation. (1999). Unpublished Report. Nugent, Captain W.V. (1914). The geographical results of the Nigeria-Kamerun Boundary Demarcation Commission of 1912-1913. The Geographical Journal XLIII: 630-651. Richards, P.W., Tansley, A.G., Watt, A.S. (1939). The recording of structure, life-form and flora of tropical rain forest communities as a basis for their classification. Institute Paper No. 19. Imperial Forestry Institute, and University of Oxford, Oxford. Sayer, J.A., Harcourt, C.S. and Collins, N.M. (1992). The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests. IUCN, Gland. 288pp. Trappes-Lomax, A.F. (1955). Report on a forest reconnaissance tour in Adamawa Province (November 1954 - February 1955). Unpublished report for Ministry of Animal and Forestry Resources, Northern Nigeria. Tuley, P., Jackson, J.K. (1971). The vegetation of Chappal Waddi (Gangirwal) on the Cameroon Republic/Nigeria border. Nigerian Field XXXVI: 4-20. White, F. (1978). The Afromontane Region. In The Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa. Werger, M. J.A., Van Bruggen, A.C. (eds.) Dr. W. Junk, The Hague. White, F. (1981). The history of the Afromontane archipelago and the scientific need for its conservation. African Journal of Ecology 19: 33-54. White, F. (1983). The Vegetation of Africa. UNESCO, Paris. 356pp. Young, A., Boyle,T., Brown, T. (1996). The population genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation for plants. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11: 413- 418. 13 Figure 1. Map of Nigeria (ater Dunn, 1999) 14 Figure 2. Map of the areas discussed in the text. To Gangumi and Wurkam River Forest Reserves (c. 30 km) To Vogel Peak (c. 100 km) 12 Serti NIGERIA 7 C A B B A L H E N D U Gashaka 11 Mayo Selbe Donga River 2 13 14 Baissa Mai Samari 10 3 Yelwa Do a 1 Ri o ve r Nguroje 8 t e n s M t G 15 ng Bissaula l9 M A M B I L L A um Bissaula Forest Reserve Baissa and River Amboi Forest Reserves Ngel Nyaki Akwaizantar Kop Nti (River Nwum Forest Reserve) Sarkaka and Ndum Yaji Cabbal Tale Leinde Fadale Cabbal Wade Alternative spellings Gangirwal Cabbal = Chappal Cabbal Hendu Wade = Waddi Cabbal Shirgu Filinga Uplands Cabbal Delam River N w Key 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Njawai Mayo Ndaga 4 Gembu 5 Donga River 6 CAMEROON 30 km 60 Chapter 2 Mambilla Plateau Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve: mid-altitude, submontane forest; c.1400-1500 m; c. 46 km2 Red Data List Species: Entandrophragma angolense, Lovoa trichilioides, Millettia conraui, Pouteria altissima Leinde Fadali: mid-altitude, submontane forest; c.1220 – 1520 m; c. 10 km2 Red Data List Species: Eugenia gilgii, Millettia conraui, Pouteria altissima Sarkaka and Ndum Yaji: mid-altitude forest fragments; c.1070 –1220 m Red Data List Species: Entandrophragma angolense, Khaya grandifoliola, Lovoa trichilioides, Raphia mambillensis Fringing forests: Red Data List Species: Dombeya cf. ledermannii, Eugenia gilgii, Millettia conraui, Lobelia columnaris, Raphia mambillensis Village kurame and other relict forest patches Extent, landscape and geology Mambilla Plateau is in the south-east corner of Taraba State, between longitude 11º 00’ and 11º 30’ East, and latitude 6º 30’ and 7º 15’ North. The administrative headquarters is at Gembu (Figure 2). The Plateau, with an area of approximately 3100 km2 is mainly open grassland (Figure 3). Only fragments of forest remain. The plateau is drained by numerous water courses which unite to form the main rivers to discharge eventually into the Benue. It is delineated on its northern and western sides by a steep escarpment rising to 1070 m above the surrounding lowlands. To the east Mambilla is connected with the Cameroon highlands, which extend south-west towards Bamenda and north-east to the Massif de L’Adamaoua. Geologically, part of the Plateau (570 km2) is lava, and part is Basement (2630 km2 ). Centred on Nguroje is a dissected lava upland at approximately 1520 m, with hills 300 m or higher. Nguroje Hill is 1910 m. This part of Mambilla, underlain by volcanic rocks, is characterised by rolling grassland, with more hills towards the western border where columnar jointing of the basalt gives rise locally to low cliffs and crags. Some of the hills have level summits strewn with polygonal basalt blocks. Scenically the lava plateau is distinct from the hilly land along the escarpment east of Maisamari, and the great expanse of country stretching beyond the Donga headwaters to the Cameroon border. Over the latter, the geology consists of granites and gneisses of the Basement complex. The landscape is undulating, but the numerous dome-shaped hills rarely exceed 1680 m and the valleys are deeper. The river at the 17 Figure 3 Landscape south of the Donga River at Mayo Tolori showing slumping and landslips. From left to right on the skyline are a Fulani compound with the tall well-fertilised maize plot of a gynako (herdsman) and the relict forest patch Linedi Koyhi 1676 m, dominated by Newtonia buchananii, between Hainare and Dorofi (photo Sept. 1974). Donga ferry is 300 m below Gembu. Weathered outcrops and smooth boulders are a feature. South of the Donga the country is more broken, with steep rocky hills. The Plateau terminates abruptly in a south-facing escarpment overlooking the Ndop plain in Cameroon. Mean annual rainfall exceeds 1780 mm with peaks in June/July and September. The start of the rains is often marked by furious squalls. Bawden & Tuley (1966) give monthly rainfall figures for 10 years for Gembu, Mayo Ndaga and Warwar. At Gembu (altitude 1570 m) the annual average was 1856 mm, with 1588 mm and 2130 mm for the driest and wettest years respectively. For Mayo Ndaga Soils The grassland soils of Mambilla are humic ferrisols, the figures are similar, with Warwar, 300 m lower, and are described by Mould (1960). The soils derived receiving less. No data were available for Nguroje, from volcanic rocks differ little in texture (mainly but observation would suggest that the rainfall on silty loams) or acidity (pH 6 - 5.6 decreasing with the lava plateau is somewhat higher. depth) from those derived from Basement rocks. However the former have a slightly better nutrient The dry season lasts for about three months. The status and a higher clay content, with a greater rains begin to slacken off early in November, and ability to retain moisture. The soils of the Basement the dry season has usually begun by the second week complex are a paler reddish brown, with a relatively in that month. Between December and February high quartz content and correspondingly low base rainfall is normally minimal, at Gembu for example, exchange capacity and little ability to hold nutrients the average for these three months was 80 mm. In or moisture. Both types of soil are strongly leached. the driest year, December and January were without Overgrazing and annual burning have reduced the any rain. vegetative cover, leading to further leaching, surface erosion and, to an increasing extent in the case of The daily mean temperature does not exceed 30ºC. Frost has been recorded in February at Mayo Ndaga basement soils, gullying and landslips. (Fox, 1976). Climate Locally reduced evapotranspiration and occult The rain-bearing winds are from the south-west. precipitation are caused by orographic cloud and The rainy season lasts for an average of 250 days, mist. from March to October (Iyamabo et al., 1972). 18 Ecological notes Altitude and soils indicate that much of Mambilla would once have been forested. Farming and burning have been responsible for most forest destruction. In the 1970s pressures were increasing and devastation widespread. Statutory protection as a forest reserve was not necessarily a deterrent. Undisturbed upland forests and river-fringing trees protect the headwaters, ensuring year- long streamflow and safeguarding the lower valleys from flash floods and silting. Section 48 of the (then) North-Eastern State Forestry Ordinance empowered local government councils to make rules under Section 46 “for the general protection and management of forests and forest produce, exclusive of Government forest reserves in the area within its jurisdiction.” A draft law for the protection of forests and streambank trees was presented to the Mambilla Local Authority in 1974. It was however, rejected by the Council. Description of the Forests / Kurame Ngel Nyaki the upper edge of the forest. The single path down a spur in the forest leads to Gidan Sabo and Dujere, at a lower level of the Plateau. Forest vegetation is confined to this south-west Kurmin Ngel Nyaki is the most diverse forest on facing slope (Figures 4 and 5) where mist may lie for Mambilla Plateau. Over 146 vascular plant species days, and sometimes weeks at a time. In a fortnight, were collected from Ngel Nyaki by JDC. Many from late July to early August 1976, the mist lifted of these were trees, and (near-) endemic to the twice, for an hour. The trees never ceased dripping. Afromontane Region of White (1983) (DowsettLemaire, 1989). Four tree species are Red Data Listed (see above). Several tree species, including Pterygota Conservation status mildbraedii, Anthonotha noldeae and Apodytes Ngel Nyaki is currently gazetted a Local Authority dimidiata were new to West Africa, and others, such Forest Reserve under Gashaka-Mambilla Native as Isolona cf. deightonii, and Ficus chlamydocarpa, new Authority Forest Reserve Order of 24 April 1969, to Nigeria. The high floristic diversity is reflected but the Nigerian Conservation Foundation have in the high number of primate and other animal recommended that it become part of Gashaka Gumti species (Hall, 1970; Dunn, 1993). There is a small, National Park (Hall, pers. comm.). but thriving population of the Red Data Listed chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes subsp. vellerosus), as well as putty-nose monkeys (Cercopithecus nictitans, Structure, physiognomy and floristic cf. subspecies martini, and black-and-white colobus composition (Colobus guereza occidentalis) (Oates, 2000 pers. The forest is a physignomic mosaic. There are three comm.) The forest is also rich in bird life, and home principal emergent species at Ngel Nyaki. Pouteria to the white crested tauraco, Tauracus leucolophus. altissima (Figure 6) reaches a maximum height of 46 m, with a diameter above the buttresses of 1.8 m. Entandrophragma angolense reaches 36.6 m in height, with a pillar-like bole 1.5 m in diameter above the Location Ngel Nyaki forest is located towards the western buttresses, and a crown spread of 27 m. The buttresses escarpment of Mambilla Plateau (Figure 2). It develop at ground level into massive surface roots comprises approximately 46 km2 of impressive radiating 15-20 m. Newtonia buchananii can reach submontane to mid-altitude forest, lying between a height of 38 m, but is typically about 31 m tall. It 1400-1500 m and can be reached on foot from Yelwa too is buttressed, with narrow plank buttresses to a village (Figure 2). Here the track crosses the Mayo height of 3 m. Jigawal, from where it is less than an hour’s walk to Diversity 19 20 Table 1 Key to Ngel Nyaki forest profile strip (Figure 4). 21 22 Table 1 (Cont.) Key to Ngel Nyaki forest profile strip (Figure 4). 23 Figure 5 Ngel Nyaki. Looking down from the grassland edge onto the forest depicted in the profile drawing (Figure 4). The leafless emergent is Entandrophragma angolense. Other canopy species include Newtonia buchananii, Pouteria altissima, Lovoa trichilioides (rare) and Parkia filicoidea. The forest covers the upper part of the steep escarpment forming the western edge of the dissected lava plateau (photo 1973). Figure 6 Pouteria altissima in Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve. Profile strip Details are presented in the profile diagram (Figure 4). The profile diagram depicts an area of 0.15 ha, a strip of ‘climax’ forest 143 m x 10.5 m. Thirty species were recorded, excluding trees less than 6 m tall, and shrubs. There were three tree layers, sensu Richards (1952); the tallest A storey (emergent) trees, a middle B storey, and a lower C storey. The trees of the C storey (±9 m high), form a continuous canopy, in contrast to those of the B stratum (15-30 m tall). The crowns of the emergent trees are seldom in lateral contact and are raised well above stratum B. 24 Of the 91 trees present on the profile strip (five small dead trees were ignored), 77 (84.6%) belonged to the C stratum. Leptaulus zenkeri (average height 12.8 m) and Oxyanthus speciosus (average height 8 m) together accounted for half this number. 4586), are dominant locally. The forest grasses Leptaspis zeylandica and Oplismenus hirtellus were present. The herb Palisota mannii, stemless but with rosettes of leaves up to 1.5 m long was typical, as in other mountain forests. The shrub layer (D) included tree seedlings, shrubs and pigmy trees. There is no clear division between this layer and the lowest tree storey. Psychotria peduncularis and Dracaena fragrans are common, with patches of an ?Acanthaceae (JDC 3314) up to 2 m tall occurring sporadically. The treelet Dicranolepis grandiflora with horizontally spreading branches and white flowers is locally abundant. Palms (Phoenix reclinata) are restricted at Ngel Nyaki to a rocky hill at the foot of the escarpment. The common streambank tree fern Cyathea dregei, was not seen. C. manniana, much less common, with a slender, prickly stem up to 5 m tall, was found in a sedgy hollow deep within the kurmi. Enumeration plot The ground layer (E) consists of plants from a few The 1 ha enumeration plot, a quadrat 101 x centimetres to 1 m high, i.e., smaller tree seedlings, 101 m, was located on a 25° slope, at ± 1520 m, approximately 1 km from the upper edge of the herbs, ferns and bryophytes. forest and 200 m to the south of the path through Lianes, slender or massive, are numerous throughout the forest to Gidan Sabo. The plot corners and the the forest. Species include Acacia ?pentagona (JDC turn-off point on the path were marked with big 4597) and members of the Apocynaceae (Saba piles of stones. The results appear in Table 2. Of 587 thompsonii and ?Pararistolochia leonensis (JDC trees (including five dead) consisting of 44 species, 4606). Where the crown of a big tree has become 72 (13%) were 1.2 m or more in girth. C storey trees enveloped in climbers, a large branch, or the whole accounted for 87% (cf. 84.6% at the profile strip). tree, may collapse under the load. Stranglers include Leptaulus zenkeri, abundant at the profile strip, was figs and Schefflera abyssinica. Of many epiphytic not found. ferns, Asplenium dregeanum was especially abundant, covering rocks and fallen logs, growing amongst moss on the stems of climbers or massed on tree trunks Ecological notes with Trichomanes mannii and Vittaria guineensis subsp. camerooniana. Arthropteris monocarpa climbed Phenology on rocks and tree trunks, Selaginella sp. (JDC 4517) In the dry season epiphytic ferns and bryophytes was locally frequent on rocks and the bases of trees. become completely desiccated. Several upper Other species inhabit the crowns of B stratum canopy trees lose their leaves for differing periods. In trees, where Lycopodium mildbraedii and a Begonia February 1977 Pouteria altissima, Albizia gummifera sp. (JDC 4609) could be seen pendent from high subsp? and Anthonotha noldeaea were leafless. branches. Anthonotha noldeae, thickly padded with Entandrophragma angolense varied, some trees having bryophytes, supported many ferns and epiphytic lost all their leaves, and others none. Parkia filicoidea orchids. Streptocarpus elongatus grew on mossy was deciduous for two months. While leafless, the boulders, Peperomia fernandopoiana on tree trunks tree flowers and the red, pendent inflorescences and branches, Utricularia mannii and the orchids contrast with the bare branches. The flowers of the Polystachya cooperi and Aerangis gravenreuthii on tall evergreen tree Symphonia globulifera also appear small moss-draped trees at the edges of forest glades. at this time, crowded on short horizontal branches Among a profusion of lichens, Usnea articulata at the top like clusters of red berries. draping the uppermost crowns of the tallest trees or festooning bushes along the forest edge, was characteristic. Herbaceous undergrowth was well developed, with several gregarious Acanthaceae, and abundant ferns, some species of which, including Bolbitis sp. (JDC 25 Table 2 Enumeration plot in Ngel Nyaki forest. 26 Regeneration followed by a 16 km trek to Dundere, on the plateau lip. Unless one has seen it from Gangirwal, this fine forest comes as a surprise. It covers a series of steep ridges and gullies, facing north-west. From the escarpment edge at 1520 m, a steep sided hollow falls away 300 m, the sides converging to form a gorge. A narrow grassy spur divides the upper part. Newtonia buchananii, which has seeds well adapted to wind dispersal, is widely distributed. The seeds of Entandrophragma angolense are also wind disseminated, although being heavier they do not travel long distances. This tree has a sporadic distribution, possibly because most seeds are eaten when they fall. Regeneration of Lovoa trichilioides, which also has winged seeds and belongs to the same family, was rarely seen. Among B stratum trees Anthonotha noldeae, Chrysophyllum albidum, Parkia filicoidea, Symphonia globulifera and Trichilia sp. were present as seedlings, saplings, and smaller trees. There was plentiful regeneration of C stratum trees. Conservation status There is ample evidence of regeneration within Ngel Nyaki. Pouteria altissima (the fruit of which is a berry), is present in every tree stratum. There appears to be an abundance of saplings and seedlings of most species. It is likely that the tauraco (Tauracus leucolophus), and the red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus) play a significant role in fruit dispersal. Leinde Fadali is not reserved. Up to 1988 inaccessibility and local custom had served to protect it, but even then villages were moving in towards the southern edge of the forest (Dowsett-Lemaire, 1989). Structure, physiognomy, and floristic composition Floristically Leinde Fadali resembles Ngel Nyaki. Large trees included Pouteria altissima (the most abundant canopy species), with Entandrophragma angolense common. Other tree species included Anthonotha If the forest is left undisturbed and protected from noldeae, Cordia millenii, Newtonia buchananii, fire it should maintain its present form indefinitely, Parkia filicoidea, Pterygota mildbraedii, Symphonia although “tropical forests are dynamic communities globulifera and Trilepisium madagascariense. with a continuous sequence of events and ceaseless Medium sized trees included Carapa procera, a development” (Longman and Jenik, 1974). ?Chrysophyllum sp. (JDC 4639), Strombosia scheffleri, Tabernaemontana sp. (JDC 4672) and Xymalos monomospora. Leinde Fadali Diversity Leinde Fadali resembled Ngel Nyaki, although it was much smaller and therefore less diverse. At least three Red Data List species were present; Pouteria altissima as an emergent, and Millettia conraui and Eugenia gilgii, both forest edge species. DowsettLemaire (1989) noted that there were more lianes here than at Ngel Nyaki. Chimpanzees, probably Pan troglodytes subsp. vellerosus, noted in 1977, were still present in 1988, as were black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza occidentalis) (DowsettLemaire, 1989). Location Leinde Fadali is a small, isolated forest, high on the slopes overlooking Mayo Sabere at c. 1680-1300 m (Figure 2). Access is by road to Mayo Ndaga, Sarkaka and Ndum Yaji (Reduced to several small fragments, each with its own name.) Diversity As remnants of the once more extensive forests of Sarkaka and Ndum Yaji, these patches were not exceptionally diverse. They did however, have an interesting species composition, combining midaltitude and low-altitude species (see below). This was reflected in the presence of Red Data Listed species, which included Entandrophragma angolense (mid-altitude submontane) with Khaya grandifoliola and Lovoa trichilioides, both associated with lowland forest (Keay et al., 1964). 27 Location Several forest remnants were to be found c. 22 km south-west of Gembu, in valleys surrounding stream heads and in landslips on the escarpment, and extending down to the Mayo Gartogal (Mbori River), at 1070 m on the valley floor. The spurs and slopes between the fragments were typically wooded grassland with Combretum molle, Entada abyssinica and Terminalia schimperiana. Conservation status layer Palisota sp. was conspicuous, rather than Acanthaceae. Ground ferns were less abundant and found mainly along streams, especially Asplenium preussii. The elegant Adiantum patens subsp. oatesii was massed on steep banks. Characteristic of these shady ravines and fringing streams was the tree fern Cyathea manniana, with abundant epiphytic mosses and ferns. The epiphytes Drynaria volkensii and Platycerium elephantotis were common in the crowns of tall trees. Rhipsalis baccifera was present. This fleshy shrub with cylindrical shoots belongs to the Cactaceae and is the sole indigenous representative in Africa. Other, smaller epiphytes in the upper canopy were Peperomia fernandopoiana, and numerous species of orchids including Ancistrochilus rothschildianus and Bulbophyllum colubrinum. Neither Sarkaka or Ndum Yaji were protected by Forest Reserve status. While there was some pitsawing, especially of Entandrophragma angolense for the Gembu market, it was farming which had reduced them to their depleted (1970s) state. In 1973 the largest, least disturbed relicts, from north Two large trees not found at Ngel Nyaki were Canarium schweinfurthii and Piptadeniastrum to south, were as follows: africanum. Both are deciduous. Other species absent from Ngel Nyaki were Myrianthus arboreus, common in the understorey, and Spathodea campanulata at the forest edge. Gun Manka and Kom Minkin are different names for the same valley forest. It divides the two communities, an undisputed “buffer zone” and the only patch of forest for which reservation proposals were not vehemently rejected. Most accessible was Kom Izumgur, near the school at Ndum Yaji, and the most distant Gun Mantem, below the hills between Sarkaka and Tepkwar. Most fragmented were Kom Izak and Kom Ijomjom on the Ndum Yaji/Warkaka border. In Kom Buk, one of the smaller patches, at the centre of a grove of tall Entandrophragma angolense, Khaya grandifoliola, Newtonia buchananii and Parkia filicoidea, is a bat-haunted cave. The grove was respected by local custom and undisturbed. Structure, physiognomy, and floristic composition The resemblance of these forests to Ngel Nyaki is superficial. For example, the liane Piper guineense, common in these fragments, appeared to be absent at Ngel Nyaki. There were fewer epiphytes and the shrub stratum was locally more dense. Marantochloa sp. (JDC 2801), a semi-erect bamboo-like plant up to 3.6 m tall formed thick brakes. In the ground While several of the larger trees (e.g., Entandrophragma angolense, Lovoa trichilioides, Newtonia buchananii) were also found at Ngel Nyaki, a lowland forest element was evident here. Examples include Ceiba pentandra, Elaeis guineensis, Khaya grandifoliola, and Pycnanthus angolensis. All of these were common trees in the lowland forest of Baissa (Chapter 7). Marantochloa sp. (see above) is a lowland forest plant, as is Rhipsalis baccifera. More detailed species lists for the Sarkaka/Ndum Yaji forest fragments appear in the unpublished reports, Chapman (1993-1997). Ecological notes At both Sarkaka and Ndum Yaji slash and burn farming was the norm. Patches of forest were clear felled, and the trees burnt shortly before the rains. Topsoil was soon washed away. The land was farmed until only grass could grow, and the fire-hardy savanna trees moved in. 28 Fringing Forests The following description of fringing forest is based on wide ranging treks across Mambilla Plateau. This includes a summary and botanical description of every forest or forest fragment investigated. Diversity A total of 151 vascular plant species were recorded from fringing forest on Mambilla; 67 trees, eight woody climbers, 29 shrubs, 30 herbs and 17 ferns and fern allies. Many are described below. The remainder are in the checklist. Red Data List species included Dombeya cf. ledermannii, Eugenia gilgii, Millettia conraui and the herb, Lobelia columnaris. Local Authority plantation, and at Kabri (see below), were especially endangered. H. stipulosa was much sought after for timber. Summary The most characteristic streambank trees were Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense ‘sumsum’ in the upper canopy, and Ilex mitis (Figure 7). Raphia mambillensis called ‘tukuruwa’ in Hausa, which occurs gregariously in swampy stream-source hollows, was retained when other trees were felled (Figure 8). Other common streambank species included the larger trees Anthocleista vogelii, Dracaena arborea, Hallea stipulosa, Polyscias fulva, Symphonia globulifera and Vitex doniana. Conservation status No fringing forest was reserved. By the 1970s streambank trees had largely disappeared in the vicinity of Gembu and other main centres. Elsewhere they remained as a welcome contrast to a landscape otherwise virtually treeless. Stands of Hallea stipulosa, which occurred at Mayo Tolori, at Hainare near the Smaller trees included Allophylus africanus, Neoboutonia velutina, Phoenix reclinata and Psychotria succulenta. Tree ferns and herbs included Cyathea dregei and Aframomum angustifolium, both of which were common. Figure 7 Hallea stipulosa grove at a stream source nea Mayo Tolori. 29 Figure 8 Phoenix reclinata and Raphia mambillensis at the head of a stream between Dorofi and Labari. Wild bananas (Ensete gilletii) occur along the edge and there is an emergent Polyscias fulva. Typical forest edge species were Bridelia speciosa, Canthium subcordatum, Croton macrostachyus, Dombeya cf. ledermannii, Ensete gilletii, Harungan madagascariensis, Maesa lanceolata and Psorospermum aurantiacum. head bowl, Hallea stipulosa was dominant, with knee roots conspicuous in the swampy ground. These pneumorhizae grow up from the main root to leave the soil and then enter it again (Jenik, 1967). Beyond, where the valley narrows, Symphonia globulifera and Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense Many streams originate in marshy hollows. On the lined the stream. Below the tall H. stipulosa, above lava plateau, where valleys tend to be broad and a dense undergrowth of the herb Aframomum shallow, marshy conditions may persist for several angustifolium, trees and shrubs included Allophylus kilometres. Tree lined streams “may often pass into africanus, Piper capense, Psychotria peduncularis and or out of broader depressions with slow moving or P. succulenta. There was no H. stipulosa regeneration. stagnant water supporting a thick herbaceous marsh In a narrow belt round the edge of the clump vegetation” (Hepper, 1966). On occasion these were Ensete gilletii, Canthium subcordatum, Maesa stream-source “sponges” are tree-filled. Whatever lanceolata, and shrubby Neoboutonia velutina, with the criteria - hydrological or otherwise - there are scrambling Agelaea pseudobliqua, Smilax anceps and two variants of riverine forest which merit strict Solanum terminale subsp. sanaganum. conservation; Hallea stipulosa and Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense can form more or less pure stands. At Hainare (Figure 2) Hallea stipulosa and Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense were co-dominant. In the understorey Raphia mambillensis was abundant with Mayo Tolori, Hainare and Kabri Boehmeria macrophylla, Piper capense, Psychotria At Mayo Tolori, in the bottom of a small valley peduncularis, P. succulenta. The herb Aframomum 30 angustifolium filled the gaps between the palms. Raphia mambillensis occurred in the understorey of a Hallea stipulosa stand at Kabri, with Dracaena arborea, Garcinia smeathmannii, Phoenix reclinata, Trichilia sp. (JDC 2794) and Voacanga thouarsii. Most abundant in the shrub layer were Leea guineensis and Piper guineense, among dense stands of Aframomum angustifolium, Costus sp. and Palisota sp. have their source in bowl-shaped hollows. Some of these were as much as 400 m across, occupied almost entirely by S. guineense subsp. guineense which extended downwards along the banks. In 1977 these forests had been little, if at all disturbed. At Kocheho Dawadi, between Yelwa and Gurgu, a smaller S. guineense subsp. guineense stand filled a stream-source “sponge” close to the road. On Mambilla, Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense In a 5 m wide transition zone the principal trees is frequently attacked in the dry season by a were Allophylus africanus, Anthocleista vogelii, processionary caterpillar which may defoliate trees Croton macrostachyus, Harungana madagascariensis, over a wide area. Phoenix reclinata and Polyscias fulva, with shrubby Psorospermum aurantiacum, the climber Adenia cissampeloides, tall, dense Pteridium aquilinum and Njawai and Kan Iyaka Stream-source forests represent only one aspect of scrambling Smilax anceps. riverine forest on Mambilla. In 1972 along a stream between Njawai and Kan Iyaka, tall trees included Hosere Shiguru Anthocleista vogelii, Dracaena arborea, Hallea The most impressive Syzygium guineense subsp. stipulosa, Polyscias fulva and Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense stands were at the north-east corner of guineense. Smaller trees were Allophylus africanus, the Plateau, on the lower slopes of Hosere Shiguru Psychotria succulenta and Raphia mambillensis. (Figure 9). Near the trekking path from Njawai and Dundere to Gandwa in Cameroon, several streams Figure 9 Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense fringing forest as yet (1977) undisturbed, towards the north-east corner of Mambilla, near the path from Dundere to Jauro Hamasale and Gangirwal. Dry season aspect. 31 Shrubs included Boehmeria macrophylla, Piper capense and Psychotria peduncularis. A more detailed account of species composition is given in the unpublished reports, Chapman (1993-1997). JDC 3116, U. heudelotii). A Marantachloa sp. was prominent in the undergrowth. Ephiphytes included Platycerium sp. (prob. P. elephantotis) and Rhipsalis baccifera. Dorofi The north-western corner of Mambilla Where Dorofi comes in sight after climbing the hill from Ndarup, scattered trees, mostly Raphia mambilliensis, marked the course of the stream in the shallow valley to the left of the road. The banks were well wooded with tall trees and thick undergrowth. The large trees Newtonia buchananii and Symphonia globulifera were prominent, with Polyscias fulva and Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense. Smaller trees included Allophylus africanus, Psychotria succulenta and Sakersia calodendron. Aframomum angustifolium formed a dense ground cover towards the edge, with beyond a c.10 m wide fringe of Harungana and Psorospermum. Finally, referring to riverine forest at the north-western corner of the Plateau, Hepper (1966) remarked, “Thick riverine forest has developed in places such as Bellel where the broken hills form steep-sided valleys. In this part of the country cattle grazing is not so intensive hence incursion by fire into the forest margins is not too frequent. Trees, among them, Bersama abyssinica subsp. paullinioides var. engleriana and Neoboutonia velutina are surrounded by thick, shrubby vegetation including Combretum racemosum and Psychotria succulenta, together with tall bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), Aframomum angustifolium and the climbers Zehneria scabra and Sabicea efulenensis.” Barup and Tepkwar In a narrow valley between Barup and Tepkwar, where Raphia palms crowded close along the stream, tall trees included (1973) Albizia sp. (probably A. gummifera), Croton macrostachyus, Dracaena arborea, Newtzonia buchananii, Polyscias fulva, Stereospermum acuminatissimum (sole record in fringing forest) and Symphonia globulifera. Understorey trees were Allophylus africanus and Ficus exasperata with Bridelia speciosa and the climbers Mussaenda erythrophylla and Paullinia pinnata at the edge. At about the same altitude (c.1370 m) also near Barup, where well-developed fringing forest had recently been destroyed by farming, a few big trees still stood, including Canarium schweinfurthii, Parkia filicoidea (no other record from fringing forest), Sorindeia juglandifolia and Vitex doniana. Dujire ‘shelf ’ The streambank vegetation on the Dujire ‘shelf ’ below Kurmin Ngel Nyaki and Kurmin Danko is interesting, reflecting the lower altitude, c. 460 m below the general level of the Plateau. Besides widely distributed trees including Hallea stipulosa, Polyscias fulva, Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense, and Vitex doniana, there were also Baphia laurifolia, Pandanus candelabrum, Piptadeniastrum africanum, Spondianthus preussii and Uapaca sp. (perhaps = Ecological notes Reference has been made to Raphia mambillensis, which is invariably preserved no matter where. Until Eucalyptus was introduced (Nash, 1961 & 1962; Fox, 1976), Raphia midribs, up to 9 m long, were the principal source of rafters for house building. They are used also for bed frames, furniture, ladders, chicken houses, even coffins. Kwara kwara screens for doorways and verandahs are made from Raphia. Finally, but not least important, Raphia was tapped for palm wine. Not surprisingly, although the other trees in fringing forest may be cut out, the palms were left to increase in number until they filled the valley bottom. The Raphia groves between Dorofi and Labare were good examples. Hallea stipulosa resembles H. ciliata, a principal species in freshwater swamp forest and source of the well-known timber ‘abura’. The timber of H. stipulosa is similar and goes under the same (Yoruba) name. A tree of swampy places in forest outliers, and fringing forest in inland areas, the latter species has a wider distribution than H. ciliata, from Senegal to Sudan, Zambia and Angola. Pitsawyers on Mambilla called H. stipulosa ‘wawan kurmi’. At Baissa, where it was also common, H. stipulosa was known as ‘ganyen goro’. There the name ‘wawan kurmi’ was reserved for Ricinodendron heudelotii, a species confined in 32 Taraba State to lowland forest outliers. The use of unpublished reports of Chapman (1993-1997). the same Hausa word for two different trees can The only Red Data List species we are aware of is cause confusion. Dombeya cf. ledermannii. Casearia battiscombei, was however a new species to West Africa (see below). At least one of the kurame had black-andwhite colobus (Colobus guereza occidentalis) present, while in another there were putty nosed monkeys Village kurame and other relict (Cercopithecus nictitans). forest patches Location and conservation status Diversity Hilltop relicts were rare and none compared with The isolated hilltop relicts and village kurame were Binka mountain forest in Bamenda, a landmark not as floristically rich as the escarpment forests. from Gembu. The three hilltop remnants known to However, when species were ‘pooled’ from all the writer in the 1970s were being whittled away by kurame, much diversity was exposed:147 species farming and the removal of big Newtonia buchananii were collected; 64 trees, 11 woody climbers, 52 trees for canoes. shrubs and 20 ferns and fern allies. Detailed species lists of all hilltop relicts and kurame appear in the Table 3 Eighteen village kurame and other relict forest patches on Mambilla excluding fetish groves 33 The presence of old platforms and grinding stones show that once people lived close to, even within the forests. Today the houses are usually on high ground, often out of sight of the kurmi. At Mbaso the kurmi is in a hillside hollow formed by slumping. The entrance is at the bottom, between steep-sided gulleys enclosing it on both sides. At the top a defensive rampart and ditch were discernible at the grassland edge. wood for fuel, thus ensuring a permanent supply. Eucalyptus poles for building houses had to be grown or bought. The kurami at Yana (Figure 10) remained unscathed up to 1973. The Jauro (village headman) despite pressure from the Local Authority, refused to allow removal of sangow (Newtonia buchananii) for canoes. His own people were permitted to take only dead Forests so small cannot survive such massive disturbance. At Tem, few trees remained and creeper tangles prevented regrowth. The hilltop forests were under heavy pressure. At Leinde Deng one of the biggest Newtonia trees had been taken for a canoe. At At Leinde Burum, in a valley below the long-abandoned site of Nando village, a sangow had been cut down some years before, but the forest was otherwise undamaged. Leinde Bong Bene, in a hidden, steep-sided valley, was still undisturbed in 1978. Other kurame still largely intact were Jabu, A further reminder of the days when the Fulani Kuma, Njana and Njeke. raided for slaves was the regard in which the forest tauraco (Tauracus leucolophus, the white-headed Not every village headman took such a courageous tauraco) was still held by the Mambilla. Elsewhere stance as Jauro Yana against the Local Authority this beautiful, raucous, fruit-eating forest bird was Forestry Dept., whose sole purpose was to maximise hunted for its plumage. Moving about in small revenue. In 1972 the Mbaso kurmi was comparable parties of three or four, as Bannerman (1952) to Yana. The following year a Newtonia was felled, remarks, “The noise they make is considerable, one the biggest tree in the kurmi. In its fall it broke off bird uttering a loud “qua qua qua” which continually several smaller trees, creating a huge gap, which becomes more rapid as it is repeated, to be answered increased when sawyers cut down more trees for by all the tauracos in the neighbourhood.” sawing platforms. Figure 10 The village kurmi at Yana, 12 kilometres south-west of Mayo Ndaga, as it was in 1973. The then Jauro (village headman) was a staunch character who refused all pressures and bribes from local government and other persons to allow the exploitation of Newtonia buchananii trees for making canoes. Yana village kurmi was in a class of its own. 34 nearby Leinde Bene Kerke farmers were encroaching. South of the Donga river, where Leinde Koyhi had long been reduced to a clump, Leinde Belleri faced a similar threat. At Mbamnga the former extensive kurmi was a mosaic of juju groves with clumps and isolated trees in cultivated land. The majority of village forests are at an altitude of c. 1520 m. The difference between the highest, Leinde Koyhi near Dorofi, and the lowest at Kara in the Luggungo valley is c. 400 m. With few exceptions (see below) the trees listed in Table 4 occur throughout. Table 4 Trees recorded from one-third or more of the 18 village kurame listed in Table 3. Nuxia congesta, present at the forest edge at Tem and Leinde Kumba, was not found below 1320 m. Sterculia tragacantha, normally a lowland species, was grandifoliola normally occurs at lower altitudes, for example Ndum Yaji and Sarkaka. The fourth, Stereospermum acuminatissimum, was also recorded from Ndum Yaji/Sarkaka, from fringing forest between Barup and Tepkwar, and also occurred in fetish groves where it was thought to have been planted. Fetish trees and groves The customary fetish tree is Erythrina senegalensis, called ‘tagum’ or ‘gum’ in the Mambilla language. Truncheons root easily and like Dracaena arborea it is used as support for compound fences. There are few villages or hamlets without one tagum shrine. Frequently the large epiphyte Platycerium elephantotis, with dimorphic fronds, encircles the stem 1.5 m from the ground. Occasionally other trees are used. At one compound in Mbamnga, Erythrina and cactus-like Elaeophorbia drupifera (Figure 11) were growing with crowns interlaced. At a compound in Titong, Steganotaenia araliaceae, similarly girdled by Platyericum, replaced tagum. The prickly pear (Opuntia vulgaris) was a fetish object at Mbamnga, Ngel Nyaki (now deserted) and Yurum. Stereospermum acuminatissimum is one of the most characteristic trees of fetish groves. The Mambilla name is ‘ngub’ or ‘goop’. Because of the attractive pink or pale purple flowers ngub is sometimes planted in villages. In a reference to witchcraft, Schwartz (1977) mentioned that often “the bark of the ngub tree is used to protect one’s self (from witchcraft) through sympathetic magic”. Likewise Kirk-Greene (1969) referring to judicial oaths in Adamawa writes: “One of the most sacred oaths is said to be sworn on ngub shoa (shoa = fetish), which in its first instance is a charm against witchcraft.” Mambilla farmers say that when the flowers of the ngub begin to fade it is time to plant guinea corn. Another stiking fetish tree is Elaeophorbia drupifera (Figure 11). One fetish grove on the hilltop above Vakkude, at 1430 m, was dominated by Ceiba pentandra, the silk cotton tree. noted at the forest edge at Leinde Bene Kune at 1300 m, and in the Warwar valley between Ndarup and Vakkude. The presence at Mang, Kara and Leinde Deng of Detarium macrocarpum was unexpected, as was the size of the trees. Normally c. 9 m high, these were up to 20 m tall with massive widely spreading branches. A savannah species, it was presumably Smaller trees in fetish groves include Clausena planted for its fruits. anisata, Erythrina senegalensis, Eugenia sp. (JDC The Mbamnga kurmi included four trees not 3042), Garcinia sp. (JDC 3041), Kigelia africana, present in other village forests. Of these, Casearia Trema orientalis and at the edge, Vernonia amygdalina battiscombei was (1972) a new record for West Africa. and Vitex doniana. Kigelia, like Erythrina is easily Parkia filicoidea, represented by one tree, is a canopy propagated from stakes. The hard wood is valued for species at Ngel Nyaki and Leinde Fadali. Khaya tool handles. At the river below Jabu the bush bridge 35 Ecological notes Degradation Whatever the pre-existing vegetation of Mambilla may have been, man’s activities have had a profound influence, more so in recent decades. Degradation of the vegetation through destructive farming practices and chronic over-stocking with cattle has affected the water regime, especially the Donga (Wukari) river catchment. This is intensified by the removal of streambank trees. Figure 11 Elaeophorbia drupifera at Mbamnga, a fetish shrine. on the Njana path had living Kigelia anchor posts. Mambilla people call K. africana ‘dap’, or ‘dembe’. Permanent farming with the soil improving shrub Yom (Tephrosia vogelii) as a fallow is a notable aspect of Mambilla farming, however immigrant groups, such as the Ndoro, practice shifting cultivation. Any kurmi that is not a “village kurmi” is at risk. Most of the forest in Kurmin Danko was destroyed in the early 1970s before it was constituted a Forest Reserve. There were abortive attempts to farm in Kurmin Ngel Nyaki. Although farms are abandoned within a few years, the forest seldom became re-established. Subsequent fires destroyed the early stages of succession although a few fire resistant trees may persist. The rough, fissured bark of Synsepalum cerasiferum is a protection from scorching. Trees of this species, isolated in grassland, were the last remnants, other than a few scattered fire-damaged Hallea stipulosa, and tree-ferns (Cyathea dregei), of stream-source forest between Titong and Kuma, and near the “Premier’s Farm” at Gembu. More surprising, since the bark is not particularly thick, was the presence of a solitary Trichilia sp. (JDC 4626) on a ridge near Tekobi on the Mayo Ndaga-Dundere track, in 1977. One reputed kurmi, Leinde Modare near the Cameroon border north of Labare, had vanished utterly when the writer went in search of it. Where the undergrowth at Vakkude had not been cleared Aframomum angustifolium alternated with patches of Acanthus montanus. The tall, pricklystemmed forest aroid, Anchomanes difformis, was conspicuous. In gaps Laportea mooreana occurred. This robust stinging nettle, up to 2 m tall, was formerly cultivated for its fibre. It has been recorded from Bang, Kara, Mbamnga, Mbamnga Petel, Ndarup, Nkuh, Sarkaka, Tamnya, Vakkude, Warwar and Yurum. Other than the epiphytic Platycerium the only fern noted was Pteris togoensis. Reference has been made to cutting of trees for sawing into planks or for making canoes. At Bene At Gembu, the equivalent of the Vakkude grove was Kune, where several big Newtonia trees had been a clump near the Baptist Mission. At the centre were felled within a few years, climber tangles were Cordia millenii, surrounded by Clausena anisata, smothering regrowth and fire had encroached along Dracaena arborea and a small fruited Ficus sp. (JDC the forest edge. 3029). Adenia lobata interlaced the tree crowns, with Dracaena fragrans in the undergrowth. The latter Nevertheless, on Mambilla fires spreading from shrub is frequently used for compound hedges, for grassland are not usually a serious hazard to example at Hainare near the village centre. undisturbed forest with a shrubby ecotone and often protected by the relief. Hyparrhenia grassland, which burns fiercely, is restricted to areas near the escarpment edge which are shunned from fear of 36 tsetse flies, to farmland, thatching grass reserves, or decoy areas for bushbuck and duiker. Wherever there are cattle an almost pure community of Sporobolus africanus has replaced the tall Hyparrhenia. Hawkins & Brunt (1965) from their work in Bamenda concluded that the main cause of this dramatic change in the composition of the grassland over 1520 m was the continual trampling as the cattle graze. The Fulfulde call Sporobolus africanus “pagame”. It is a coarse, tufted grass rarely over l m high, resistant to annual burning and trampling. Sporobolus generates a less intense fire than Hyparrhenia and as the graziers adopt a patchwork burn starting early in the dry season, fires rarely extend far. the only understorey trees were Allophylus africanus. Shrubs comprised Dracaena laxissama, Pavetta sp. (JDC 2663) and Piper capense. Aframomum angustifolium with leafy stems up to 2 m tall was dominant in the herb layer. There were also a few ferns including Bolbitis acrostichoides, and Asplenium inaequilaterale. Culcasia falcifolia climbed on tree trunks. By the stream, at the edge of the kurmi, were Cyathea dregei and abundant Brillantaisia bauchiensis, a tall perennial herb, densely glandular-pubescent and with showy blue purple flowers. Subsidence holes provide a niche for forest species. At the Veterinary Department’s Gembu South Ranch a subsidence hole 8 m deep and about as wide was occupied by dense Aframomum angustifolium from Succession which emerged a Polyscias to overtop the hole. Only On Mambilla, areas underlain by rocks of the the periphery of the crown was scorched by the fires Basement complex are prone to landslips and which swept past. slumping, and it is possible to observe the earliest stages of succession. Fragmentary patches of forest Isolated clumps and groves of trees may indicate the regrowth occur sporadically in open grassland, and sites of former compounds, or villages; for example forest precursors appear in Eucalyptus plantations. the old location of Tem, visible across the hills from Lekitaba. At least two species of Ficus, Dracaena In landslips at Kuma Hillside Afforestation Area and arborea, and occasionally Polyscias fulva, are used as between Gikau and Njeke, Erica mannii with the live supports for zana matting fences in compounds, scrambling fern Gleichenia linearis and Lycopodium round mosques, for cattle corrals, and so on; likewise cernuum, had colonized the cliff-like walls, with the fetish tree tagum (Erythrina senegalensis) and occasional stunted Psorospermum febrifugum var. Kigelia africana, referred to above. ferrugineum). From the cliff foot Agarista salicifolia, Cyathea dregei, Harungana madagascariensis, and Thus when a settlement is vacated there is always a saplings of Anthocleista vogelii and Polyscias fulva nucleus of trees to attract seed and fruit-eating birds, formed a closed canopy. The seeds of E. mannii and bats and small mammals, which bring with them the A. salicifolia are very small and, like the fern spores, seeds of other species. The new arrivals soon colonize are disseminated by wind. For other species, fruit and the bare spots. At Kuma, under a Ficus tree beside seed eating birds as well as bats, are dispersal agents. a house abandoned two years before, the following were observed: Trees - Croton macrostachyus, Maesa A later stage in succession was seen near the Mbuh lanceolata, Phoenix reclinata and Rauvolfia vomitoria. ferry, at the Donga river below Gembu. A few Shrubs - Clausena anisata and scrambling Solanum minutes walk downstream, on the north bank of terminale subsp. sanaganum. Herbs - Impatiens sp. the river, a deep gully had cut back into the hillside. (= JDC 2819 & HMC 15). The nearest seed source The walls were almost vertical. A small stream has its is Kuma village kurmi, 200 m away. source at the bottom and passes through a narrow opening between high banks to join the Donga. In a clump of trees 1.6 km west of Mayo Ndaga, Although the valley slopes adjoining were burnt large Ficus spp. were co-dominant with Trichilia sp. every year, fire had not penetrated into the gully, (= JDC 2843). Smaller trees included Antidesma which was then (1973) a well developed “mini vogelianum, Bersama abyssinica, Clausena anisata, kurmi”, some 37 m across. Maesa lanceolata and Phoenix reclinata. Solanum terminale scrambled along the edge. The forest herb Canopy trees included Albizia zygia, Polyscias fulva Acanthus montanus was present, there were epiphytic and Sorindeia juglandifolia (one of each) with several orchids, several epiphytic ferns, mainly Asplenium Vitex doniana. Except for one Ilex mitis by the stream, spp., and moss in abundance. There was virtually no 37 ecotone; at a step one passed from forest vegetation Near Mayo Solare, between Hainare and Dorofi, a to tightly grazed grassland. single Millettia conraui 8 m tall, with dense rounded crown showing no signs of scorching, stood in open grassland 46 m up a slope from stream-fringing Invasion of grassland by light tolerant trees forest. Between Mayo Ndaga and Njawai, for 2 The invasion by forest precursors of Sporobolus km along the road, Harungana madagascariensis grassland was observed between Hainare and Leinde was common with a scattering of larger trees; Koyhi. An assemblage of trees and shrubs included: mostly Albizias and Croton macrostachyus but also Zanthoxylum leprieurii. Trees - Allophylus africanus, Antidesma vogelianum, Clausena anisata, Croton macrostachyus, Ficus Fire-sensitive trees and shrubs, which were also exasperata, Maesa lanceolata, Polyscias fulva and usually light tolerant species, were to be found in Psychotria succulenta. rocky places such as Kocheho Dawadi where broken columns and piles of basalt blocks strew the steep Woody climbers/scramblers - Jasminum dichotomum, hillside. The Basement hills between Tepkwar Paullinia pinnata and Smilax anceps. and Mbamnga are also unusually rugged. Some of the tree species associated with this specialised A clump 37 m across near Wah, contained the habitat include Bersama abyssinica, Bridelia speciosa, following: Eugenia sp., Ochna afzelii, Phoenix reclinata, and Trema orientalis. Shrubs include Alchornea laxiflora, Trees - Bridelia speciosa, Croton macrostachyus, Ficus Dalbergia lactea, Dracaena fragrans and Solanum sp., Garcinia smeathmannii, Pittosporum “mambillae”, terminale subsp. sanaganum. Ensete gilletii and Polyscias fulva. Nephrolepis undulata were unusual herbs. Further details of species composition are recorded in the Shrubs - Psychotria peduncularis, Solanecio mannii, unpublished reports of Chapman (1993-1997), and Dracaena fragrans, Jasminum dichotomum. in the checklist. Herbs - Aframomum angustifolium, JDC 2993 (? Acanthaceae). 38 References Bannerman, D.A. (1952). The Birds of West and Equatorial Africa. Vol. 1. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh. Bawden, M.G., Tuley, P. (1966). The land resources of Southern Sardauna and Southern Adamawa Provinces, Northern Nigeria. Land Resource Study No. 2. Land Resources Division, Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, Surrey. Chapman, J.D. (1993-1997). Series of unpublished reports. Held at The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the Daubney Herbarium, Oxford. Dowsett-Lemaire, F. (1989). Physiography and vegetation of the highland forests of eastern Nigeria. Tauraco Research Report 1. Dunn, A. (1993). A preliminary survey of the forest animals of Gashaka Gumti National Park, Nigeria. Unpublished report for WWF-UK and the Nigerian Conservation Foundation. Contract reference NG0007 (4686). Fox, A.V. (1976). Notes on the introduction of exotic tree species to the Mambilla Plateau. Gongola State Forest Service Booklet No. 1. Hall, J.B. (1970). Report on the expedition to Sardauna Province, North Eastern State, 20th March 10th April 1970. Ife University Herbarium Plant Ecology & Taxonomy Bulletin No. 6. Hawkins, P., Brunt, M. (1965). Report to the Government of Cameroun on the soils and ecology of West Cameroun with special reference to Bamenda. Report No. 2083. Project CAM/TE/LA, F.A.O., Rome. Hepper, F.N. (1966). Outline of the vegetation and flora of Mambilla Plateau, Northern Nigeria. Bull. I.F.A.N.T. XXVIII, sér. A, No. 1. Iyamabo, D.E., Jackson, J.K. & Ojo, G.O.A. (1972). Pine trials in the savanna areas of Nigeria. Research paper (Savannah series) No. 11. Federal Department of Forest Research, Ibadan. Jenik, J. (1967). Root adaptations in west African trees. Journal of the Linnean Society (Bot.) 60: 25-29. Keay, R.W.J., Onochie, C.F.A., Stanfield, D.P. (1964). Nigerian Trees, Vols. I & 2. Department of Forest Research, Ibadan. Kirk-Greene, A.H.M. (1969). Adamawa Past and Present. Dawson, London. Longman, K.A., Jenik, J. (1974). Tropical forest and its Environment. Longman. Mould, A.W.S. (1960). Report on a rapid reconnaissance survey of the Mambilla Plateau. Soil Survey Bulletin No. 15. Regional Research Station, Samaru. Nash, C.A.M. (1961). Forest Management on Mambilla Plateau. Unpublished Forest Department Report, Ministry of Animal and Forestry Resources, Northern Nigeria. Nash, C.A.M. (1962). Unpublished report, Forestry Division, Guinea. Zone, Zaria. 39 Richards, P.W. (1952). The Tropical Rain Forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Schwartz, N. (1977). Mambilla - Art and Material Culture. Milawaukee Public Museum, Milawaukee, USA. White, F. (1983). The Vegetation of Africa. UNESCO, Paris. 356pp. 40 Chapter 3 The Gotel Mountains Cabbal Wade and Gangirwal Albizia gummifera - Nuxia congesta forest: montane, 1830 m; c. 10 km2 Red Data List Species: Eugenia gilgii, Entandrophragma angolense, Milletia conraui, Pouteria altissima Pouteria altissima forest: montane;1830 m; c. 10 km2 Red Data List Species: Dombeya cf. ledermannii, Eugenia gilgii, Entandrophragma angolense, Millettia conraui, Pouteria altissima Prunus africana - Syzygium guineense subsp. bamendae - Podocarpus latifolius forest: montane; 2090 m; c. 10 km2 Red Data List Species: Eugenia gilgii, Prunus africana Syzygium guineense subsp. bamendae stream source forest: montane; 2130 m; c. 2 km2 Red Data List Species: Eugenia gilgii, Prunus africana Montane forest & outliers above 2290 m: Red Data List Species: Succisa trichotocephala, Bafutia tenuicaulis, Lobelia columnaris Additional notes on low escarpment forest, open woodland and forest grassland ecotone. East. Most of the forest and the spectacular scenery is within Nigeria. Dominating the Cabbal Wade The Gotel Mountains lie along the Nigeria- escarpment is a pinnacle-like volcanic intrusion Cameroon border, c. 56 km NE of Gembu and called Dutsin Dodo (Figure 12). 32 km WNW of Banyo (Figure 2). The massif comprises the small plateau of Cabbal Wade 1525 – Both Cabbal Wade and Gangirwal are erosion 1830 m with Gangirwal, Nigeria’s most lofty upland, surfaces on the underlying Basement complex, connected to it by a narrow col. The international with Gangirwal c. 610m higher (Tuley & Jackson, boundary passes through the highest part of 1971). Except on the slopes overlooking Cabbal Gangirwal (2420 m) at 7° 02’ North and 11° 43’ Wade, Gangirwal rises abruptly 910 – 1220 m above the surrounding country. The north-south Extent, landscape and geology 41 axis is about 6.4 km long. Nowhere very wide, the total area of the summit plateau is approximately 21 km2. Bawden & Tuley (1966) suggest that the gently undulating summit areas originate, at least in part, from near horizontal lava flows. Elsewhere are rough outcrops, cliffs and granite boulders. The drainage is principally westwards to the headwaters of the Mayo Gashaka and from the south end to the Mayo Banyo. Location Figure 12 Dutsin Dodo, the volcanic intrusion NNW of Cabbal Wade, within Kurmin Dutsin Dodo. The most extensive forests are on the west facing slopes. From the Cabbal Wade escarpment, to the north end of Gangirwal, the forest is continuous except for cliffs and rocky outcrops (Figure 13). The forest extends from Kurmin Lugapa on the valley floor upwards for approximately 910 m to a shelf below the upper surface. Along incised stream lines it persists, in diminished form, to c. 2290 m in a setting of open grassland with scattered boulders, low cliffs, bold rock outcrops and rock pavement. Figure 13 A mid-November view, from Gangirwal over the forests on the north-west facing escarpment of Cabbal Wade. About 14 kilometres to the west, almost in line with the top of Dutsin Dodo, is Leinde Fadali. The leafless trees in the foreground are Albizia gummifera (photo 1974). 42 The usual approach is by the road to Njawai and then on foot to Jauro Hamasale, below Cabbal Wade, in Cameroon. A longer route, through Nigeria is via Mayo Sabere. Climate The west facing slopes of Gangirwal and the Cabbal Wade escarpment attract a high rainfall, conceivably in excess of 2500 mm, and are often shrouded in mist when the plateau grassland is in sunshine. Shade temperatures recorded for the Cabbal Wade grassland by Menefy (1974) and the writer (197475), were as follows: Figure 14 This gully forest, at 2286 m on the upper western slopes of Gangirwal must be the highest forest in Nigeria. In 1975 fire appeared never to have penetrated here. The trees c. 9 m high, their crowns packed close together, padded thickly with bryophytes and lichens, include Podocarpus latifolius, Prunus africana, Ixora foliosa and Rapanea neurophylla. On the east side of Gangirwal, Kurmin Mayo Ngiti occupies a north-north-east facing amphitheatre below a line of cliffs which sweep down from the plateau. Tantalisingly near but accessible only from below the mountain, from the north, this forest has yet to be explored. The transition from the rains to the dry season is abrupt. In 1974 the last rain fell on November 11, a furious thunder-storm with hail, lasting three hours. Within a week Fulani graziers had begun to burn the Loudetia grassland on the southern slopes of Gangirwal. By mid-February 1975 streams had either ceased to flow or were reduced to a trickle. Leaves on the forest floor near the edge were dry enough to carry fires, which had penetrated the shrubby buffer zone. At the south-west end of Gangirwal, overlooking Cabbal Wade, forest vegetation is restricted to stream lines and stream-source bowls (Figure 14). Eastwards along the international boundary, to Cabbal Delam, forest reaches to the crest of the ridge on the west (Nigerian) side. On the dry (Cameroon) side, seen from Gangirwal, there appears to be little forest. The forests of Cabbal Wade have not yet been reduced by slash and burn cultivators, although fires set by Fulani graziers represent the greatest hazard (Barnwell, 1993). The nearest farming community is Mayo Sabere, which dates from 1910, and appears to be the first permanent settlement in this area (Matthew, 1980, pers. comm.). 43 Description of Forests / Kurame In the B stratum were 20 trees representing eight species. Their height varied from 14.6 m (Nuxia congesta) to 25.9 m (Albizia gummifera). N. congesta accounted for 45% and A. gummifera for 27% of the total number of trees. N. congesta had a deeply Albizia - Nuxia forest fluted, frequently crooked bole, some trees forking at montane; c.1830 m ground level (shown as separate trees on the profile diagram) while the steeply ascending branches formed a narrow crown. A. gummifera has a stout, Diversity cylindrical bole and an umbrella-shaped crown with A total of 70 vascular plant species were recorded a spread of up to 24 m. The last B stratum tree at from within the profile plot for the Albizia gummifera the profile strip, at the bottom of the slope, was forest, eight large (15-26 m) trees, 24 smaller (6-14 a five-stemmed Millettia conraui. There were no m) trees, four woody climbers, eight shrubs, 27 herbs buttressed trees. and eight fern and fern allies. Many are described below, and the remainder are in the checklist. There There were 54 trees in the C stratum, from 6 m to was an abundance of epiphytic herbs and ferns. Red 13.7 m tall. Excepting six numbers not identified, Data List species included the trees Entandrophragma 16 species were present. Bridelia speciosa (average angolense, Eugenia gilgii, Milletia conraui and Pouteria height 11.2 m) made up 21% of the trees in this altissima. stratum. Nuxia congesta (three individuals) would eventually grow into the B stratum. There was also a 9 m tall Entandrophragma angolense, a potential Conservation status emergent (A stratum) species. Pavetta corymbosa was The forest falls within the boundaries of Gashaka the smallest tree. Gumti National Park. Cabbal Wade The D (shrub) stratum was fairly open with Dracaena fragrans, Piper capense, Psychotria peduncularis Profile strip locally dominant, and a scattering of young trees, The profile diagram (Figure 15) depicts a strip of including Pavetta corymbosa, Garcinia smeathmannii, forest 109 m long by 10.7 m wide, at an altitude Rothmannia urcelliformis and Newtonia buchananii, of 1830 m. From a point 90 m inside the forest, another potential emergent. level with and approximately 400 m from Dutsin Dodo, the strip follows the contour for 60 m before In the ground layer (E), the grass Oplismenus hirtellus dropping steeply 50 m to a stream bank. was prominent, as were many fern species. Hypoestes forskalei, common at the forest edge, occurred where the canopy was open. Seedling trees (i.e., up to 90 cm Structure, physiognomy, floristic tall) included Albizia gummifera, Clausena anisata, composition Millettia conraui and Pittosporum viridiflorum. There were no emergents. The tallest (B stratum) trees did not form a complete canopy and the forest There were many lianes, some with cable-like stems floor was chequered with sun flecks whenever the sky up to 8.5 cm in diameter, others slender and pliable; was clear. The C stratum merges imperceptibly with only Paullinia pinnata did not reach the crowns of the smaller trees and shrubs (Figure 15). the tallest trees. Eleven trees were too small to include in the diagram The plasticity of Carapa procera has been commented (mostly Pavetta corymbosa), and disregarding two on (Tuley & Jackson, 1971). It was a tree on the dead trees, the total number of stems 4.6 m tall and profile strip, but nearby grew as a scandent shrub. above was 88. Schefflera abyssinica, growing as a B stratum tree, was 44 also a strangling epiphyte enveloping the bole of a Ecological notes big Albizia gummifera. The canopy trees Albizia gummifera, Nuxia congesta, and Croton macrostachyus were all light demanding Half of the B stratum species at the plot were species. Likewise in the C stratum; Bridelia speciosa, deciduous for a period. Alangium chinense and the most abundant tree, is typically associated with Millettia conraui (a Red Data List species) were forest margins, as are Clausena anisata, Pittosporum leafless for two to three weeks, Schefflera abyssinica a viridiflorum and Rauvolfia vomitoria. The presence of month, and Albizia gummifera for up to two months. more shade tolerant species such as Entandrophragma angolense, and in the shrub layer, saplings of Pouteria An abundance of epiphytic ferns included several altissima, Newtonia buchananii and Strombosia Asplenium spp., Drynaria volkensii, Trichomanes scheffleri, suggested that this was an advanced stage melanotrichum and Vittaria guineensis. Epiphytic in a succession which, in the absence of further orchids were prominent and Lycopodium brachystachys, disturbance would progress to the Pouteria forest a Begonia cf. mannii (JDC 3567) and Piper spp. described below. occurred. 45 46 Table 5 Key to Cabbal Wade Albizia gummifera- Nuxia congesta forest profile strip (Figure 15). 47 48 Table 5 (Cont) Key to Cabbal Wade Albizia gummifera- Nuxia congesta forest profile strip (Figure 15). 49 m. Huge surface roots extended from the buttresses for 9 m along the slope on each side, and for 3 m montane; c.1830 m downhill. This tree had a clear bole of 21 m with very little taper, measuring 5.26 m girth above the buttresses. Ground level on the uphill side, where Diversity A total of 78 vascular plant species were recorded it had formed a platform the size of a big table, was from within the the profile plot for Pouteria altissima 4.6 m higher than on the downhill side. The crown forest, three very large (>30 m) trees, 14 large (14- extended 30 m. Strombosia scheffleri tended to fork 30 m) trees, 29 small (<14 m) trees, 12 woody low down or at ground level, with two or three climbers, 10 shrubs, 17 herbs and 13 fern and fern stems and a crown spread of up to 18 m. This was in allies. Many are described below, and the remainder contrast to Pterygota mildbraedii which has a narrow are in the checklist. Red Data List species included almost conical crown. the trees Dombeya cf. ledermannii, Entandrophragma angolense, Eugenia gilgii, Millettia conraui and In the shrub stratum (D), Piper capense and Dracaena fragrans reduced visibility to c. 18 m. Other Pouteria altissima. shrubs, less common, were Pothomorphe umbellata, Achyrospermum oblongifolium and Boehmeria macrophylla. A few saplings of Pouteria altissima and Conservation status The forest falls within the boundaries of Gashaka Pterygota mildbraedii were observed. Gumti National Park. The ground layer (E) was well developed. In the early dry season the flowers of Acanthus montanus were conspicuous, white with purplish veining. Profile strip The profile diagram (Figure 16) depicts a strip of Other robust acanths merging with the shrub layer montane forest at 1830 m as illustrated in Figure were Dicliptera faxata and Hypoestes rosea. Dracana 17. It is 45.1 m long and 15.3 m wide, on a 40° - aubryana was common and there was a Palisota 45° slope, in the forest on the north-west face of the sp. Locally, an Impatiens sp. (JDC 3524), heavily Cabbal Wade escarpment, opposite Dutsin Dodo. It browsed by bushbuck, formed a dense cover. Where the canopy was open Aframomum angustifolium is c. 150 m below the lip of the plateau. tended to be dominant. Amphiblemma mildbraedii occupied windfall gaps. Pouteria forest Structure, physiognomy, and floristic composition Among an abundance of terrestrial ferns Pteris togoensis and Tectaria fernandensis were the most The allocation of upper canopy trees to different strata was subjective. Arguably, they could be common. Also noted were Asplenium preussii, Bolbitis sp. (JDC 3547) and Doryopteris concolor var. kirkii. regarded as forming a continuum. The tallest tree was a Pouteria altissima (35 m), and this species accounted for over 33% of the 25 trees. Next tallest was a single Entandrophragma angolense. Further down the slope, out of the profile strip, P. altissima attained a height of 46 m. The smooth, tapering boles of P. altissima, Trilepisium madagascariense and Pterygota mildbraedii were free of branches to a great height; 29 m in the case of one P. altissima. The stream in the ravine below Dutsin Dodo never entirely dried up. The air was always still, and with only scattered sun flecks reaching the ground there was little, even in February, to suggest the dry season. Here were more ferns including the robust Pteris pteridioides, and Adiantum poiretii. Also present were the shade-loving herbs Sanicula elata and Thalictrum rhynchocarpum, with Streptocarpus elongatus beside the water. Pouteria altissima and Entandrophragma angolense are strongly buttressed. P. altissima had plank buttresses which extend up to 3 m, and exceptionally 4.8 m, with the bole fluted above the buttresses. The E. angolense in the profile diagram was buttressed to 7 Numerous lianes and creepers were found, including Clerodendrum bucholzii, JDC 3582 (an unidentified liane) and Thunbergia sp. (JDC 3543), with showy purple flowers. 50 Strangling epiphytes included Schefflera abyssinica, The fruit of Pouteria altissima, which ripens in the Ficus artocarpoides, F. oreodryadum and F. sansibarica rains, has a single, large seed. Frugivorous birds, subsp. macrosperma. tauracos particularly, must aid dissemination of this species, as well as Cordia millenii, among others. Other than Asplenium dregeanum, common on tree trunks, and Drynaria volkensii in the crowns of tall Newtonia buchananii fruits prolifically during the trees, few epiphytic ferns were noted. Drynaria, rains and the light, winged seeds are well adapted which has a creeping rhizome and humus-collecting for wind dispersal, likewise Pterygota mildbraedii. bracket fronds, occurred to 1 m above the ground in scrub woodland further down the escarpment. While these are not the only factors affecting regeneration, provided the forest and its wildlife are Other high epiphytes included Lycopodium left undisturbed and fire does not encroach further, brachystachys, pendent 18 m up, and a Bulbophyllum it would seem likely that it will maintain its present sp. massed along the bigger branches of Pouteria form until a natural disturbance. altissima and Entandrophragma angolense. There must have been many more epiphytic orchids and ferns unrecorded. Trees with smooth, flaking bark such as Strombosia scheffleri, support few epiphytes. A species of lichen (Usnea sp.) occurred sparingly in the tops of the tallest trees. Palms (Phoenix reclinata) were rare, and wild bananas (Ensete gilletii) were only recorded from the ravine below Dutsin Dodo. Giant lobelias (Lobelia columnaris) were common along the forest edge. Entandrophragma angolense was leafless for three weeks in November and Pouteria altissima, intermittently for a little longer. Cordia millenii was briefly deciduous. Ecological notes The principal upper canopy trees produced abundant seed in most years. Seedlings, saplings and young trees were not hard to find, except for Entandrophragma angolense, which releases its seeds several weeks before conditions are right for germination. About mid-February the segments split apart, either to fall separately or joined at the apex, leaving the winged seeds packed along each face of the central column. They stay until a gust of wind brings them showering down, rotating as they fall. Few are carried far beyond the parent tree. Predation, presumably by small rodents, ensures that very few seeds survive until the rains begin. Nonetheless, some do travel considerable distances and manage to germinate and establish. The young tree in Figure 15 (Albizia - Nuxia forest) is proof; the nearest seed tree was 0.8 km away and 150 m lower down the escarpment. Figure 17 On a 40° slope the forest in Kurmin Dutsin Dodo is dominated locally by Pouteria altissima. The tallest trees are almost 30 m to the first branch and up to 3.5 m gbh, the boles fluted to a height of 10 m. Nearby trees include Entandrophragma angolense, Cordia millenii, and Pterygota mildbraedii. The break in slope at the plateau lip is so abrupt that the over-hanging branches of trees growing up from below may be scorched by grass fires. 51 52 Table 6 Key to Cabbal Wade Pouteria altissima forest profile strip (Figure 16). 53 subcordatum and Polyscias fulva were noted. Drynaria volkensii, a tree-top epiphyte in forest, grew here about a metre above the ground. Forest on the spurs Notes On the narrow, sometimes rocky spurs along the Cabbal Wade escarpment the trees are shorter than in the Pouteria altissima forest, and floristically more akin to the Albizia - Nuxia community described earlier. In wooded grassland were Vitex, Annona senegalensis, Cussonia arborea, Ficus vallis-choudae, Hymenocardia acida (the flowers attracting enormous numbers of small bees), Ochna afzelii, Piliostigma thonningii, Psorospermum febrifugum and occasionally Terminalia Of the larger trees, seldom more than 9-12 m high, schimperiana. The shrubs Kotschya strigosa and Sida Nuxia congesta was the most common, followed rhombifolia up to 2.4 m high were common, and by Albizia gummifera, Bridelia speciosa, Croton Echinops amplexicaulis was conspicuous. macrostachyus and Dombeya cf. ledermannii), with densely massed white flowers, conspicuous in February. Less common were Garcinia smeathmannii, Polyscias fulva and Prunus africana, of which one 2 Escarpment foot forest m sapling was noted. c. 1300 - 1400 m Smaller trees included Clausena anisata, Erythrococca sp. (JDC 3596), Psychotria sp. (JDC 3595) and Rauvolfia vomitoria. Among the woody climbers Notes were Byrsocarpus ?coccineus or dinklagei (JDC 3602 Descending, wooded grassland gave way to tall and 3752), Gouania longispicata, and Paullinia bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) and scrub, merging pinnata. The most frequent shrubs were Dracaena into secondary forest hung with itch bean (Mucuna fragrans, Leea guineensis, Piper capense and Psychotria poggei) and prickly Smilax anceps, until the forest peduncularis. Shrubby herbs included Hypoestes itself was reached. There were (1975) numerous buffalo paths through this ‘jungle’. In the forest, forskalei and H. rosea. Newtonia buchananii, over 40 m tall, was the most abundant species. Aubrevillea kerstingii and Parkia filicoidea, equally lofty, were common, with Albizia sp. and Polyscias fulva. Understorey trees included Sorindeia cf. juglandifolia 18-21 m tall, with Fagara Open woodland leprieurii, Xylopia acutiflora. Dracaena arborea c. 1400 - 1500 m occurred sparingly, with Raphia palms beside the stream. Regeneration of N. buchananii and A. kerstingii was plentiful, from seedlings to pole-size Notes At approximately 305 m below the plateau lip the trees. slopes are less extreme. Deep hollows, ravines and steep rocky spurs are replaced by shallow valleys separated by parallel low ridges, leading down to the wide valley floor at the foot of Gangirwal. The forest on the spurs becomes increasingly stunted, giving Forest / grassland boundary way lower down to open woodland, with trees not c. 1300 m more than 6 m high, and finally wooded grassland. Bridelia speciosa persisted as one of the most common trees to the foot of the slope. Combretum molle Notes was abundant and Clausena anisata, Harungana Where a break in relief is most pronounced the madagascariensis, Vitex doniana and Entada abyssinica ecotone was barely 2 m wide. Trees along the forest occurred. Scandent shrubs and climbers included edge included Nuxia congesta, the most common, Canthium henriquesianum, Mussaenda arcuata and with Bridelia speciosa, Eugenia gilgii, Dombeya Paullinia pinnata. Patches of bracken (Pteridium cf. ledermannii, Maesa lanceolata, and Agarista aquilinum) were frequent. Saplings of Canthium salicifolia. Among the shrubs were Erythrococca sp. 54 (JDC 3596 (sometimes a small tree)), Hypericum roeperanum with showy flowers, Psorospermum ?aurantiacum (JDC 3586) and Tephrosia vogelii with scandent shrubs and climbers such as Canthium henriquesianum and Gouania longispicata. Two robust acanths, Hypoestes forskalei and H. rosea, were also present in the forest. The erect flowering stems of Lobelia columnaris were conspicuous in December/January. There were patches of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) and Kalanchoe sp. (JDC 3527) with reddish-orange flowers was noted frequently. Where the slope was more gradual, the transition zone may be several metres wide. Besides many of the above, there were, among the woody plants, Albizia gummifera, Clausena anisata, Clematis simensis, Solanecio mannii, Microglossa densiflora, Pittosporum viridiflorum, Sida rhombifolia and Solanum indicum subsp. distichum. Perennial herbs included Aframomum angustifolium, Eremomastax cf speciosa (JDC 3554) with handsome purple flowers, Platostoma rotundifolium, the white or mauve-tinged bracts conspicuous, Satureja robusta and (JDC 3485), a labiate, gregarious in stands 3 m high. Creepers and herbaceous scrambling plants included Achyranthes aspera, Dolichos sericeus, Ipomea tenuirostris and Mikania sp. (JDC 3504). descend the escarpment from the plateau lip to the foot of the cliffs, approximately 300 m lower. The transition from plateau grassland to forest was abrupt; forest trees reached to the very top of the scarp, with only a narrow fringe of small trees, including Adenocarpus mannii, Gnidia glauca and Psorospermum aurantiacum, and the shrubs Erica mannii and Clutia kamerunica. A variant of the tree fern Cyathea dregei with a slender, smooth, often crooked stem (JDC 3609) was also recorded. Only a few species reached over 9 m in height, and these included Albizia gummifera, Cassipourea congoensis, Clausena anisata, Ilex mitis, Maesa lanceolata, Nuxia congesta, Pittosporum viridiflorum, Podocarpus latifolius, Rapanea melanophloeos, Syzygium guineense subsp. bamendae, Tarenna thomasii and Xymalos monospora. Typically their branches were festooned with moss and lichens (Usnea sp.), and boles padded with bryophytes. Shrubs included Psychotria peduncularis, which locally may be the only species, Dracaena fragrans and Piper capense. Prunus - Syzygium Podocarpus forest c. 2090 m Towards the north-west end of Gangirwal, where the slope is less abrupt, at an altitude of c. 2090 m, a small shelf backs up to a low cliff below a Notes rocky hillside (Figure 18). The forest here, while Between Dutsin Dodo (Figure 12) and the col, the floristically similar, is better developed than it is on top of the escarpment merges more gradually with the steep escarpment. the plateau surface, and the forest is not as tall. Of the upper canopy trees Albizia gummifera is the largest Diversity and Nuxia congesta the most abundant species. A total of 32 vascular plant species were recorded Along the western flank of Gangirwal, tall forest from within the profile strip for the Prunus extends from the valley floor at c. 1350 m to Syzygium - Podocarpus forest including six large approximately 1680 m. Above this the escarpment (c.14-30 m) trees, 17 small (<14 m) trees, four is typically much steeper and locally craggy. woody climbers, two shrubs, six herbs and five fern Nonetheless, although the trees are shorter, with a and fern allies. There were three epiphytes. Many compact canopy, forest persists to the lip of the upper are described below, and the remainder are included plateau at c. 2200 m, and in diminished form and in the checklist. Red Data List species were the trees fringing streams, well on to the plateau. Eugenia gilgii and Prunus africana. Gangirwal With the help of buffalo paths it was possible to 55 average height of 22.3 m, followed by Podocarpus The profile diagram (Figure 19) depicts a strip of latifolius (two trees) (Figure 19). forest 61.3 m long and 13.7 m wide, 150 m below the general level of the upper plateau (Figure 18). In the C stratum Tarenna thomasii and JDC 3702 The soil, over decomposed rock, was stony, and ?Allophylus africanus comprised 51% of all the never deeper than 90 cm. The tallest trees were 18- trees. Their normally crooked stems, with light 29 m high, the height reducing as the soil became open branching, contrasted with the compact, upright habit of Cassipourea congoensis and Rapanea shallower and increasingly stony. melanophloeos. Profile strip The shrub layer (D) was characterised by head high thickets of Psychotria peduncularis, with sapling trees. Structure, physiognomy, and floristic composition There were two canopy levels, an upper stratum (B) and a lower stratum (C). Trees up to 15 m tall were considered part of the C stratum. For the sake of clarity not all these trees are shown in the profile diagram. The total number of living trees was 85 (Figure 19, Table 7). The B stratum comprised 24 trees belonging to six species. In the C stratum the remaining 61 trees represented 15 (possibly 16) species. The ground layer (E) was restricted to sparse Oplismenus hirtellus, Carex chlorosaceus, Thalictrum rhynchocarpum and Pteris togoensis. Abundant tree seedlings included Clausena anisata, Podocarpus latifolius, Prunus africana, Rapanea neurophylla, Xymalos monospora and JDC 3702 ?Allophylus africanus. Among the few lianes Carapa procera was locally dominant, forming intricate tangles and arbours The tallest species in the B stratum was Syzygium where buffalo would spend the day. Psydrax acutifolia guineense subsp. bamendae (16-29 m high), and reached the crowns of C stratum trees. Combretum the most common species, Prunus africana, with an sp. (JDC 3732) with massive, deeply grooved stems, Figure 18 Prunus africana - Syzygium guineense supsp. bamendae - Podocarpus latifolius forest on Gangirwal, at c. 2090 m. 56 coiled over the forest floor before looping up into Syzygium the tree tops. The strangling epiphyte Schefflera 2130 m abyssinica was common, with Podocarpus latifolius often the host-tree. Most of the B stratum trees were briefly deciduous or, like Albizia gummifera, leafless for a month or more. Notable exceptions were Podocarpus latifolius, Syzygium guineense subsp. bamendae and Prunus africana. stream source forest Diversity A total of 25 vascular plant species were recorded from within the the profile plot for Syzygium guineense subsp. bamendae streamside forest. The largest trees were only 12-21 m tall (eight species), and there were a further seven between 6-12 m tall. One woody climber, five shrubs, two herbs Among epiphytes, Bulbophyllum spp., Drynaria and two fern and fern allies were collected. This volkensii and Lycopodium mildbraedii were present is an underestimate of species diversity, especially in the crowns of Prunus africana. All the tree boles for the herbs and ferns, because the forest was so including smooth-barked Nuxia congesta and dry that many were shrivelled beyond recognition. Podocarpus latifolius were mossy. Most common were Many of the gatherings are described below, and the JDC 3502 and, festooning smaller trees, Pilotrichella remainder are in the checklist. Red Data List species sp. (JDC 3446). There were many smaller epiphytic included Eugenia gilgii and Prunus africana. ferns, but shrivelled beyond recognition in February. Conservation status Ecological notes Along the top (eastern) edge where the trees abutted directly on the rock face, there was no trace of fire damage. On the south side there was no such break in relief, an 18 m wide buffer zone was inadequate protection in 1975, when in January, exceptionally fierce fires swept the mountain. The scrub was burnt through and an inner belt of Nuxia congesta scorched before the flames petered out. Syzygium fringing forest The forest falls within the boundaries of Gashaka Gumti National Park. Profile strip The profile diagram (Figure 20) depicts a section through the forest 64.3 m long and 15 m wide, at c. 2130 m, in a steep sided bowl at the south-west end of Gangirwal. From the upper edge, where the ecotone of small trees and shrubs is c. 7.6 m wide, the profile descends steeply to the stream source and beyond to where, between rocky banks, the extent of the trees is reduced to a narrow strip. There were 61 trees 6 m tall and over. Notes At the south-west end of the mountain, overlooking Cabbal Wade, the relief above approximately 1980 m is less pronounced than on the western side. Only along deeply incised stream-lines does the topography afford some check to fire and allow limited development of forest. For the rest, fires sweep unhindered up the mountain. There are two streams which rise halfway up the slopes at approximately 2130 m, and unite lower down to descend by a seasonal cataract into the valley separating the lower slopes of Gangirwal and Cabbal Wade. One stream originates in a hollow where the forest was sufficiently extensive to lay out a profile plot. Structure, physiognomy, and floristic composition For convenience, trees over 12 m tall were considered part of the topmost (B) stratum. There were 21 trees, comprising eight species. Syzygium guineense subsp. bamendae was the most characteristic tree, up to 21.3 m tall and present the length of the profile. Nuxia congesta, with six trees (average height 16 m) was almost confined to the top end of the profile near the forest edge. Prunus africana and Schefflera abyssinica were each represented by two trees, and Albizia gummifera, by one 20.4 m high. Ilex mitis grew close to the stream; four trees close together, the tallest 20.1 m high. Less tall than the others, arguably 57 58 Table 7 Key to Gangirwal Prunus-Syzygium-Podocarpus forest profile strip (Figure 19). 59 60 Table 8 Key to Gangirwal Syzygium stream- source forest profile strip (Figure 20). 61 understorey (C stratum) trees were a Eugenia gilgii and Peperomia cf. vulcanica (JDC 3451). Where and Xymalos monospora. the stream ran through a deep gully, the tree fern Cyathea dregei and Agarista salicifolia overhung the In the C stratum there were 40 trees, with an average water. height of 8.5 m; also one dead tree and two stumps. C stratum trees (not including young individuals of upper canopy trees) included Clausena anisata, Ixora foliosa, Maesa lanceolate, Pittosporum viridiflorum and the few Psychotria peduncularis tall enough to qualify. The forest/grassland boundary Apart from young trees and Maytenus undatus, the shrub layer (D) consisted entirely of Psychotria peduncularis. The scanty ground layer (E) was made up of Oplismenus hirtellus, with one species of fern and a few tree seedlings. Notes More usual than the narrow ecotone surrounding the Syzygium guineense subsp. bamendae streamhead forest was a belt at least double this width exceptionally up to 46 m, with Hypericum roeperanum dominant, and swept at intervals by fire. Members of this community included the trees Gnidia glauca (but much less common than on the high plateau), Maesa lanceolata and Nuxia congesta. Shrubs and climbers included Adenocarpus mannii (occasionally a tree up to 6 m tall and 30 cm DBH), Clematis simensis, a climber, Clutia kamerunica, Crotalaria orthoclada, Eriosema montanum and H. roeperanum (see check-list for other species). The boles of Syzygium guineense subsp. bamendae and Ilex mitis were short, frequently forking or dividing low down. Two Nuxia congesta trees forked at 4.8 m, and a Schefflera abyssinica at 1.2 m from the ground. Albizia gummifera and S. abyssinica are leafless for a month or more. In February the new leaves appear and the evergreen trees put out fresh shoots, contrasting with the blackened stubble of the adjoining grassland. Most C stratum trees are evergreen. The erect habit and light symmetrical branching of Rapanea melanophloeos were noticeable, Vegetation of the high plateau as were the small purple fruits which are borne in Notes closely spaced clusters along the branchlets. Above the 2130 m contour short grassland Schefflera abyssinica, while normally a strangling predominated, with occasional boulders, rock epiphyte, may on occasion develop independently outcrops and fire-trimmed trees or shrubs. Montane into a sizeable tree. Prunus africana, the bole forest, restricted to narrow stream-fringing strips and larger branches mossy and fern covered, or small woods where the topography afforded supported more epiphytes than most other species. protection, persisted in diminishing form up the Usnea articulata festooned Nuxia congesta crowns. slopes. Higher still, in hollows or sheltered by Lycopodium mildbraedii and epiphytic orchids were rocks, were scattered outliers floristically akin to the restricted to the crowns of big trees. On tree trunks fire-adapted fringing community described above. lichens were common and included Parmelia eunita At the highest level the surface was rocky; either smooth outcrops with shallow depressions, or rough and U. submollis. and fissured supporting a sparse herbaceous flora. Besides plants already listed, the following grew along the stream below the profile strip: Garcinia smeathmannii, Pavetta hookeriana and Rytigynia umbellulata, with the climbers Psydrax acutifolia, Embelia schimperi, Securidaca welwitschii and JDC 3480, (fruit collected). Epiphytes included Asplenium aethiopicum, A. theciferum, Loxogramme lanceolata, Pleopeltis sp. 62 Montane forest above 2130 m The principal trees, 15-20 m tall, were Ilex mitis, Prunus africana, Schefflera abyssinica and Syzygium guineense subsp. bamendae. Podocarpus latifolius and Nuxia congesta, trees characteristic of the montane zone (White, 1983) were present in several forest types (Figure 21). Among smaller trees Rapanea melanophloeos was the most prominent. In the understorey Psychotria peduncularis was frequently dominant, with Desmodium repandum, a sub-shrub. Woody climbers were few, with only Mikaniopsis paniculata recorded. Schefflera mannii (JDC 3747), elsewhere a tree 12-15 m tall (FWTA) was here a non-strangling epiphyte. Carapa procera was parasitised by a Loranthaceae (JDC 3740). Shadeloving herbs included Cryptotaenia africana, Diodia scandens, Elatostema monticola, Sanicula elata and Thalictrum rhynchocarpum. By the water, among mossy boulders, were Impatiens kamerunensis subsp. obanensis, Pilea rivularis, Plectranthus sylvestris and Selaginella abyssinica. Also present was Impatiens sakerana with a scrambling habit and sub-woody Figure 21 Podocarpus latifolius with a breast-height-girth of 3.8 m in the forest at the north-west end of Gangirwal, c. stem. High up the south-western slopes was a forest in a narrow ravine which was reminiscent of Cameroon montane forest described by Letouzey (Sayer et al., 1992). It contained Podocarpus latifolius, Prunus africana, Ixora foliosa and Rapanea melanophloeos, c. 9 m tall. The most prominent lichen was Heterodermia leucomela subsp. boryi. Above, at the foot of a bluff leading to the summit beacon and protected from fire, Erica mannii and Cyathea dregei flourished. Outliers above c. 2290 m Isolated in the grassland, these small outliers are inevitably burnt from time to time. The fact that they remain reflects the capacity of the community to regenerate after seemingly devastating fires. Gnidia glauca was the most abundant tree species, with Agarista salicifolia, Hypericum revolutum (occasionally up to 13.7 m tall), Maesa lanceolata, Nuxia congesta, Pittosporum viridiflorum and Rapanea melanophloeos common associates. A. salicifolia is 2130 m. Common here, associated species include Prunus africana and Syzygium guineense subsp. bamendae. extremely resistant to fire, as isolated fire-trimmed specimens testify. H. revolutum survives because of its ability to sucker freely after the aerial parts succumb to burning. N. congesta regenerates from epicormic shoots. Mimulopsis solmsii, a weak-stemmed semiscrambling Acanthaceae, up to 3 m tall, common at the grassy forest edge and conspicuous in flower late in December, was restricted to this community. Also recorded here but not lower down were Brachypodium flexum (FHI 2035), Eragrostis volkensii, Helichrysum odoratissimum, Kalanchoe crenata (JDC 5146, flowers pinkish-purple, not yellow to red as described in FWTA), Panicum hochstetteri, Poa schimperana (FHI 2036). Satureja pseudosimensis and S. punctata, the latter a heath-like perennial with small, deep pink flowers, were also present in the open grassland. Ecological notes Relationship between forest and grassland Discussing the ecological relationships of tall montane forest, fringe communities, forest outliers and grassland in a comparable environment to Gangirwal, between 1800 m and 2650 m on the 63 slopes of Cameroon Mountain, Richards (1963) was in no doubt that the sharply defined forest/grassland boundary was determined by fire. He suggested that much of the grassland had been derived from forest and scrub, that formerly the grassland was probably confined to exposed rocky sites and had spread at the expense of woody communities, mainly as a result of burning (Richards, 1963). He summarised this relationship as: Floristic composition and phenology Loudetia simplex was the dominant late-phase grass with Andropogon cf. schirensis (JDC 3387) one of few other species. By June/July they were flowering, as were Protea madiensis, dwarfed by fire, along with the sub-shrub Thesium tenuissimum and numerous herbs, including the orchids Disa welwitschii, locally abundant, and Habenaria mannii. In November, clumps of tall Helichrysum cameroonense, with lemon-yellow flowers, and the bright yellow of Coreopsis spp. (JDC 3583, sp. ?nov. and Coreopsis JDC 3385) were a feature. Lending variety were Polygala sp. (JDC 3373), Solenostemon cf. mannii and Sopubia ramosa, tall perennials with purple, blue and pinkish-mauve flowers respectively. In scattered localities which were ungrazed by cattle and at c. 2130 m, plants flowering in mid-November in the unburnt grassland included Blaeria spicata, a small heath with pinkish flowers, Crassula vaginata (JDC 3429 – not in FWTA ed 2), Delphinium dasycaulon, Succisa trichotocephala and Wahlenbergia krebsii var arguta. Among the first post-fire grasses to flower were Rhytachne rottboellioides, Sporobolus nauritianus and JDC 3698, with the small sedge Bulbostyles oritrephes rooted in the grass bases. Eupatorium africanum and Vernonia spp. including V. guineensis, Richards might have been describing the situation on perennials with a woody rootstock, characteristic Gangirwal where the present pattern of vegetation of montane grassland, also flowered and set seed has also been shaped by fire, a continuing process. within a few weeks. Among the many geophytes and small perennial herbs Moraea schimperi and Cyanotis caespitose were especially prominent. The Grassland, seasonal aspects dwarf orchid Holothrix aphylla, with white flowers, Seen from a distance, in June the waist-high herb was also common. A representative list of shrubs and rich grassland was colourful. As the season advanced herbs from upland grassland appears in the checklist. the ripening grass took on a tawny hue. By late November (1974), within two weeks of the last rain, the gynakos (Fulani herdsman) had burnt scattered Micro habitats patches, and by mid-December fires were advancing Besides the grassland flora there were the plants of up the slopes (Figure 22). Very little grassland specialised habitats. remained unburnt by the end of January. Within a week or two of burning the charred bases of many Midway along the upper plateau, at the foot of grasses and perennial herbs had begun to green over a west-facing bluff, was a small cave, screened by and some to flower, including colourful geophytes. the tree ferns Cyathea manniana and C. dregei. In The intensive network of cattle and buffalo tracks, June the dripping rock face was covered with the the extent of sheet erosion occurring and the absence moss Sphagnum davidii. Asplenium quintasii grew of the small termitaria characteristic of Sporobolus at the cave entrance and, just inside, Impatiens grassland on Cabbal Wade and Mambilla had by kamerunensis subsp. obanensis. A thicket of Erica then become apparent. mannii with scrambling Gleichenia linearis and 64 Figure 22 Montane grassland with forest persisting in the hollow, at c. 2130 m on the upper slopes of Gangirwal. The strips of unburnt grass are Loudetia simplex, which is the dominant wet season species. Lycopodium cernuum occupied a subsidence hollow. In an erosion gully Agarista and Ilex lined the stream, with Dissotis bambutorum, Crotalaria caudata, the fern Osmunda regalis, Alchemilla kiwuensis and Lycopodium clavatum. Where the stream emerged to flow between rocks before cascading down the cliff, Blechnum tabulare grew close to the water; and in crevices, submerged after heavy rain, the sedge Pycreus atrorubidus and a Deschampsia sp. (JDC 5154). Around cattle camps between 2130 and 2290 m Sporobolus africanus had replaced Loudetia simplex. Kikuyu Grass, Pennisetum clandestinum, often with the thorny shrub Solanum aculeastrum, surrounded the temporarily abandoned herdsmen’s shelters. At approximately 2290 m, towards the north-west end of the high plateau, where buffalo grazed at night, were small patches of forest fringe and grassland plants growing together. In one patch were Eriosema montanum, Hypericum roeperanum, grasses Eragrostis volkensii, and Helictotrichon elongatum, Pteridium aquilinum, Platostoma rotundifolium, scrambling Geranium arabicum and Satureja robusta, with Helichrysum cameroonense and Succisa trichotocephala. The ecological status of these little “islands” was unclear. Plants growing in the proximity of boulders and rock outcrops included Adenocarpus mannii, Delphinium dasycaulon and Verbascum ledermannii. In the rocky terrain above c. 2380 m, lichens, particularly Usnea submollis, were ubiquitous. In the rains this habitat supported an abundance of the yellow flowered Utricularia sp. (JDC 3564, ? U. scandens subsp. schweinfurthii), Bafutia tenuicaulas, a Red Data List species and Swertia mannii, massed with Polytrichum commune. In shallow depressions on rock pavement were Ctenium ledermannii, with Alectra sessiliflora var. monticola, Crassula vaginata and Xyris sp. nov?. (JDC 3560), all found also in grassland. Tuley and Jackson (1971) noted “tufts of Aira caryophylla and Abildgaardia abortiva in wet crevices with Aira pusillus spreading over rocks”. Other plants rooted in crevices were Cyanotis barbata, the small orchid 65 Liparis suborbicularis, and a labiate (JDC 3530A the col (Tuley & Jackson, 1971). By 1974 S. africanus and JDC 3532), with bluish-lavender flowers, up had become the dominant species. Among the few to 10 cm tall. scattered shrubs and perennial herbs were Hypericum roeperanum and Echinops gracilis. Small annuals such as Trifolium baccarinii acted as “fillers” between S. Ecological notes africanus tufts during the rains, but in the dry season Hawkins and Brunt (1965) observed that in much of the ground was exposed. Bamenda, the composition of grassland over approximately 1520 m grazed by Fulani cattle Over 1830 m, while Sporobolus africanus was changed from Hyparrhenia sp. to Sporobolus sp. conspicuous on and just above the col, on Gangirwal dominance with a corresponding reduction in the Loudetia simplex was still dominant in 1974. diversity of herbs in the sward, by c. 75%. They Nonetheless, the replacement of L. simplex by S. concluded that the main cause for this was the africanus at cattle camps on the upper slopes, and continuous trampling by cattle as they graze. its presence at the col, were a clear indication that unless Fulani graziers can be permanently excluded In 1965, Hyparrhenia sp. was dominant in the this diverse grassland community, unique probably grassland on Cabbal Wade. Although there was in Nigeria, must disappear in the not too distant moderate to intense grazing the Sporobolus africanus future. disclimax had become apparent only at the foot of References Barnwell, R. (1993). WWF/NCF Wildlife conservation initiatives in Nigeria. In Wildlife Conservation in West Africa. Proceedings of a biennial symposium of the Nigerian Field Society (UK branch) in association with WWF (UK). NFS Occasional Paper No. 1. Bawden, M.G., Tuley, P. (1966). The land resources of Southern Sardauna and Southern Adamawa Provinces, Northern Nigeria. Land Resource Study No. 2. Land Resources Division, Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, Surrey. Keay, R.W.J., Hepper, F.N. (eds) (1953-72). Flora of West Tropical Africa (2nd edition). Crown Agents, London. Hawkins, P., Brunt, M. (1965). Report to the Government of Cameroun on the soils and ecology of West Cameroun with special reference to Bamenda. Report No. 2083. Project CAM/TE/LA. F.A.O., Rome. Menefy, R. (1974). Unpublished report to the Forestry & Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural Resources, North-Eastern State, Nigeria. Richards, P.W. (1963). Ecological notes on West African Vegetation III: The upland forests of Cameroon’s mountain. Journal of Ecology 51: 529-554. Tuley, P., Jackson, J.K. (1971). The vegetation of Chappal Waddi (Gangirwal) on the Cameroon Republic/Nigeria border. Nigerian Field XXXVI: 4-20. Sayer, J.A., Harcourt, C.S., Collins, N.M. (1992). The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests. IUCN, Gland. 288pp. White, F. (1983). The Vegetation of Africa. UNESCO, Paris. 356pp. 66 Chapter 4 Cabbal Hendu Dutsin Lamba: montane/submontane forest; c. 1830 m; 10 km2 Red Data List Species: Entandrophragma angolense, Prunus africana, Pouteria altissima Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense - Albizia gummifera forest: riparian/montane and submontane forest; c. 1830 m Red Data List Species: Prunus africana Symphonia globulifera - Garcinia smeathmannii forest: riparian montane and submontane forest; 1680 m; 5km2 Red Data List Species; Prunus africana, Pouteria altissima Cabbal Hendu Grassland: c. 1680 m-1980 m Red Data List Species; Lobelia columnaris Cabbal Hendu upland forest: c. 1670 - 1900 m Red Data List Species: Dombeya cf. ledermannii, Prunus africana, Khaya grandifoliola, Millettia conraui, Pouteria altissima Extent, landscape and geology An extensive area of upland country lies to the north of Mambilla and the Gotel mountains (Figure 2). It is bounded to the west by the Serti Plain and to the east and north by the Mayo Yim river. The character of this highland varies. Broadly speaking, five main areas may be distinguished. From south to north they are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The Sabere ‘Platform’ Filinga Plateau Hendu uplands Cabbal Mai Dobi The very broken thickly wooded country between Cabbal Mai Dobi and the Mayo Yim at the Gumti Plain. A description of each of these areas, and their forest composition is given in Chapman (1993-1997). Here we describe the forests associated with area 3, the Hendu uplands. Cabbal Hendu is 32 km north of Gangirwal. It includes Cabbal Tale and Dutsin Lamba to the west (Figure 2), so that the total area above 1680 m2 is 280 km2. The area on Cabbal Hendu over 1830 m is 28.5 km2. The highest part is Dutsin Lamba, c. 1980 m. This elevated grassland, well watered, and with forest fringing the streams, (and more extensively developed on the steep west-facing escarpment above the Yakuba Plain), is an important grazing tract. Although the local Fulani are suspicious of tsetse fly infestation in certain localities, which are therefore 67 grazed only intermittently (such as parts of Cabbal of bryophytes and lichens on Cabbal Hendu could Tale and Dutsin Lamba) the greater part of Cabbal indicate more orographic cloud and mist, but the dry season is as severe as it is on Gangirwal. Hendu is tsetse-free and regularly grazed. Although Cabbal Hendu has previously been mapped in the Basement complex, it is probably underlain, at least in part, by more recent volcanic rocks (Bawden & Tuley, 1966). The grassland soils have not been examined, but by analogy with adjacent areas humic ferrisols and lithosols are likely to occur (Bawden & Tuley, 1966). Conservation status Cabbal Hendu is a grazing enclave within Gashaka Gumti National Park. Therefore cultivators used to practising slash and burn farming are present. Inevitably this introduces a risk to wildlife as evidenced by their decimation at Shirgu (Figure 2) where a similar situation exists. Richard Barnwell (pers. comm.) saw minimal wildlife at Filinga in Climate May 1991, in stark contrast to their abundance No meteorological data were available. From noted by JDC in the same area in 1976. Without observation, the weather patterns appeared to be the a constant and adequate game guard presence no same as those for Gangirwal. A greater luxuriance patch of forest is safe. Description of the Forests / Kurame Dutsin Lamba c. 1830 m Figure 23 Looking from Cabbal Shirgu to Dutsin Lamba, the highest part of the highland. The Fulani have tended to shun this area, believing that tsetse flies occur. Because of this the grassland at Dutsin Lamba was particularly interesting, with little of the Sporobolus disclimax evident. Parts of Gangirwal excepted, this could not be said of any other highland area in Taraba or Adamawa States. 68 Most of the forest on Chappal Hendu is in the valleys. Only on Dutsin Lamba did a small forest area resemble the upper escarpment forest at Kurmin Ngel Nyaki (Mambilla) or Kurmin Dodo (Cabbal Wade). At Dutsin Lamba the forest faces south-west across the Yakuba Plain (Figure 23). It is difficult to approach, and extends downwards along stream banks. It was the bush cow’s refuge; they emerged from here at dusk to graze. The tallest trees, with a height in excess of 30 m were Pouteria altissima, which is common, and Entandrophragma angolense and Newtonia buchananii, with a more sporadic distribution. Other trees included Albizia gummifera, Ixora foliosa, Warneckea acutifolia, Pterygota mildbraedii, Prunus africana, Schefflera abyssinica, Strombosia scheffleri, and Syzygium guineense subspecies bamendae. Understory species included Garcinia smeathmannii (abundant), and Campylospermum flavum. altissima and Prunus africana. Conservation status The forest falls within the boundaries of Gashaka Gumti National Park. Notes In the centre of Hendu is a wide gently sloping valley, open to the north and east which is drained by a tributary of the Mayo Dobi. From its source on Dutsin Lamba to the valley floor, the banks of the stream were lined with trees, mainly Syzygium guineense var. guineense, frequently stunted and low forking, stems padded and branches festooned with ferns, bryophytes and lichens. Specially prominent were the vivid green moss, Pilotrichella pentasticha, draping the lower branches, and the lichen Usnea trichodeoides trailing in the crowns. Trichomanes mannii, a filmy fern was massed on boles. Less common among the moss and ferns was Peperomia sp. (JDC 4386). Abundant in this swampy, lightly shaded habitat were Thalictrum rhynchocarpum and Amauropelta bergiana var. bergiana, a fern with fronds 1.2 m tall. Prominent forest edge trees were Croton macrostachyus, Millettia conraui and Nuxia congesta. Among ground ferns Pteris pteridioides was conspicuous. From a bluff, the crowns of palms (Phoenix reclinata) stood out on rocky places. The bluff was covered in scrub: Adenocarpus mannii, Kotschya strigosa and The stream which meandered along the valley floor Erica mannii, with Dissotis elliottii var. elliottii and was bordered on one side by tussock grassland, Loudetia simplex in the rocky parts. It was much with shrubby Agarista salicifolia growing up from trampled and browsed by bush cow and bushbuck. below the bank. Opposite, where the ground rose steeply, tall forest extended up the slope for 70 m. Between the thicket and the forest surrounding it Close to the water were Syzygium guineense var. was a narrow belt of small trees including Agarista guineense, up to 27 m tall and 1.2 m in diameter. salicifolia, Hymenodictyon floribundum, Nuxia Interspersed were tree ferns (Cyathea dregei and congesta, Olea capensis, Psorospermum aurantiacum C. manniana), groups of giant lobelia (Lobelia columnaris) (Figure 24), and shrubby Hypericum and Vitex doniana. revolutum subsp. revolutum. Below these were massed bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) and herbs including the semi-prostrate, mauve flowered Viola abyssinica. Riparian Forest c. 1830 – 1670 m Diversity A total of 116 vascular plant species were recorded in this upland, riparian forest. 54 trees, six climbers, 21 shrubs, 11 grasses, and 24 fern and fern allies. Details are presented below for the enumeration plot and profile strip respectively. Red Data List species included Entandrophragma angolense, Pouteria On the bank above, Newtonia buchananii, up to 30 m high was the most prominent tree. Other common upper canopy species, not so tall, included Albizia gummifera, Olea capensis (24 m) and Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense. Understorey trees were Carapa procera, Campylospermum flavum, Oxyanthus speciosus and Xymalos monospora. Among shrubs Ardisia kivuensis (which may also be a small tree) Chasalia sp. near umbraticola, Dracaena sp. (JDC 69 Figure 24 Lobelia columnaris along a stream bank, with bracken, Pteridium aquilinum, in the foreground. 4366) much browsed by bushbuck, and Psychotria pedunculata were common. Of the forest herbs, Elatostema sp. (JDC 4446) and Sanicula elata grew in wet places, while a Peperomia sp. with decorative, shiny leaves spread over the ground and a short way up tree trunks, as did Arthropteris monocarpa. Other ferns, all common, were Asplenium quintasii, Pseudocyclophorus pulcher with fronds up to 2.4 m tall, Pteris pteridioides, likewise a robust species, and Tectaria gemmifera. Epiphytes were abundant, the ferns including Asplenium aethiopicum, A. dregeanum, and Vittaria guineensis var. camerooniana (Figure 25). A Begonia sp. (JDC 4443) depended from a fallen tree over a stream. An orchid (JDC 4451) was common on high branches. Figure 25 The fern Vittaria guineensis var. camerooniana and Piper sp. JDC 4386 draping the bole of a streamside tree on Cabbal Hendu. 70 Syzygium - Albizia riparian forest 1830 m Enumeration plot An enumeration plot (see Table 9) of 0.4 ha was established 200 m beyond the tall forest on the steep slope described above. Out of a total 316 live trees, 297 (93%) were between 30-90cm in girth. Three species which were also prominent in the upper canopy accounted for 165 (56%) of these. Most abundant was Olea capensis with 86 (29%), followed by Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense 54 (18%) and Albizia gummifera 25 (9%). Besides the characteristic understorey species Carapa procera, Garcinia smeathmannii, Campylospermum flavum, Oxyanthus speciosus and Xymalos monospora, survivors from earlier stages in the succession were present. Among them were Bridelia speciosa, Maesa lanceolata (several moribund), Nuxia congesta (able to persist and reach the canopy), and Psorospermum aurantiacum (up to 9 m tall). Trees over 1.2 m in girth numbered 21, 7% of the total. The 2.4 m girth class was represented by one S. guineense subsp. guineense, the largest tree in the plot. In the 2.1 m girth class there was one A. gummifera. The two trees in the 1.8 m class were both S. guineense subsp. guineense, with O. capensis (2) and a strangling Ficus sp. in the 1.5m class. Half of the 14 trees in the 1.2 m class were A. gummifera and S. guineense subsp. guineense. The other seven included Millettia sp. (1) and Polyscias fulva (2), the latter a light tolerant species, frequently persisting to form part of the mature forest, Sapium ellipticum (1) and Prunus africana (1). The presence, in the canopy, of Trema orientalis, a healthy tree 20 m tall and 1.4 m in girth indicated the relatively long lifespan of this pioneer tree. Although no counts of saplings and/or seedlings were made, the following were observed, many abundant: viz. Albizia gummifera, Clausena anisata, Garcinia smeathmannii, Olea capensis, Campylospermum flava, Prunus africana, Symphonia globulifera, Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense, and Xymalos monospora. Surprisingly, since there were several big trees nearby, no regeneration of Newtonia buchananii was found. The shrub layer, as so often in these upland forests, was dominated by Psychotria peduncularis, a dense 2.4 m high growth, with Afrardisia kivuensis a frequent associate. Among many woody climbers, (JDC 4409, ? Landolphia sp.) was conspicuous, its fruits much sought after by monkeys. Thalictrum rhynchocarpum, up to 2 m tall, was noticeable where the canopy was a little open. There was a profusion of epiphytes including flowering plants, but predominantly ferns, bryophytes and lichens. An orchid (JDC 4451), was common in the crowns and a Peperomia sp. (JDC 4356) on the lower boles of trees, often spreading over the ground between. Among ferns were Asplenium dregeanum, the most abundant species, Trichomanes mannii and Vittaria guineensis var. camerooniana. Mosses and liverworts, several not yet named, often with lichens, mantled the boles and branches of trees, and the stems of lianes. Other lichens festooned the crowns. Of the mosses and lichens, Pilotrichella pentasticha, Parmelia andina and Usnea trichodeoides have so far been identified. 71 Table 9 Enumeration plot from Dutsin Lamba (Cabbal Hendu) Syzygium guineense-Albizia gummifera forest. 72 were represented. Garcinia smeathmannii (29 trees) accounted for 58% of all the C storey trees. The others were Allophylus africanus (five trees) 10%, forest Campylospermum flavum and Xymalos monospora c. 1680 m (four trees and 8% each), Cassipourea congoensis (three trees) 6%, Eugenia sp. 4374 and Oxyanthus Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense does not always feature as prominently in fringing forest as Table speciosus (two trees and 4% each) with finally 9 might suggest. Newtonia buchananii and Olea Rothmannia urcelliformis (one tree) 2%. Because of capensis are also restricted in their distribution. the scale it has not been practicable to include all the An example of a different forest type is Symphonia C stratum trees on the profile diagram. globulifera - Garcinia smeathmannii, described here from the western side of Hendu, opposite Cabbal The shrub layer (D), with Psychotria pedunculata dominant and a Dracaena sp. (4366), heavily Shirgu. browsed by bushbuck, was fairly open. In the ground layer (E) ferns were prominent. Symphonia - Garcinia riparian Profile strip A profile strip was selected 400 m inside the forest, The dark brown, longitudinally fissured, scaling bark parallel to, and about 45 m from the central stream and heavy branching of Prunus africana set it apart from the other species. Symphonia globulifera was (Figure 26). another distinctive tree; tall, with a slender tapering bole, and small crown with short horizontal branches, the lowermost sometimes bending upwards almost Structure, physiognomy, floristic at right angles, to form secondary crowns. The composition The profile diagram (Figure 26) illustrates a strip abundant bright red flowers, globose in bud, were of undisturbed forest 69 x 10.7 m at approximately conspicuous. A mistletoe, Viscum ? decurrens (4405) 1680 m running up the hillside along a 10o – 15o was frequently associated with S. globulifera. The slope, from right to left in the diagram. Trees less stem of Nuxia congesta was deeply fluted, the soft, than 6m tall, and shrubs are not shown. Nor was it pale brown bark flaking in longitudinal strips. The feasible to include woody climbers, although these bole of Croton macrostachyus was smooth, cylindrical, were a conspicuous feature. Two tree strata could be pillar-like. In the C storey the straight, tapering recognised; an upper, irregular (B) storey and a more stem of Garcinia smeathmannii, occasionally forked, distinct lower (C) storey. The trees comprising the B with light symmetrical branching, and more or less stratum, (18 – 43 m tall), averaged 23 m in height. spherical yellowish-green fleshy fruits, made this The tallest tree was Croton macrostachyus followed species unmistakable. by Prunus africana (37 m), Symphonia globulifera (27 Lianes were abundant. Often long cable-like lengths, m), and Albizia gummifera (26 m). up to 7.5 cm in diameter, depending from the trees The inclusion in the B storey of six trees is arbitrary, in the upper canopy, where they ramified, lacing since they could equally be regarded as an extension the crowns together. Or they might loop across of the storey below, viz. Bridelia micrantha (one tree the ground, branch and coil about one another, of 21 m), Nuxia congesta (three trees between 18 – smothering saplings, bending over and often 20 m, and Garcinia smeathmannii, two trees of 18 breaking young trees, until encountering a stout m. Although the crowns of the B storey trees were enough support to reach the tree tops. Prominent frequently in lateral contact, unlike the C storey, among them were belbel leinde (4409 : Apocynaceae) and Embelia schimperi. Stranglers were a feature, they did not constitute a closed canopy. Ficus spp. and sometimes Schefflera abyssinica. With 50 trees, the C storey comprised 74% of the total number of trees in the profile plot. Ranging from 6 to 17 m tall, the average height was 13 m. Excluding three potential upper canopy trees, Symphonia globulifera (2) and Ficus lutea (1), not considered as being in the C storey, eight species 73 74 Table 10 Key to Dutsin Lamba (Cabbal Hendu) Symphonia globulifera-Garcinia smeathmannii forest profile strip (Figure 26). 75 Epiphytic ferns, bryophytes and lichens were very abundant and luxuriant in April because of the frequent rain and long periods of mist. Tree trunks, horizontal branches, tree crowns, saplings and the stems of lianes, decaying logs and rocks were all covered. Small ferns such as Trichomanes pyxidiferum var. melanotrichum, Asplenium aethiopicum and Vittaria guineensis var. camerooniana were massed low down on tree trunks. Most common of all, from this level to the ground, was Asplenium dregeanum. Where there was more light, amongst bryophytes and orchids, Polypodiaceae including Pleopeltis macrocarpa and Drynaria volkensii which accumulates plant detritus, spread along long branches. Along the stream near the profile plot Marattia fraxinea was abundant. Smaller, but still robust ferns, Amauropelta bergiana var. bergiana and Pteris pteridioides were also typical of stream banks. Trees, not represented on the profile strip, but common in fringing forest nearby, were Pouteria altissima (to 25 m), Clausena anisata (to 11 m), Millettia conraui to 15 m, Schefflera abyssinica (11 m) which may also behave as a strangler, Strombosia scheffleri (17 m) and Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense (to 21 m). Ecological notes Regeneration No regeneration counts were carried out, but seedlings and saplings were abundant, and included Pouteria altissima, Prunus africana and Symphonia globulifera, as well as large numbers of the C storey species, Garcinia smeathmannii. Degradation and succession The shrubby ecotone appeared to have been generally effective in preventing fires from entering the forest. Some characteristic forest edge tree species include Agarista salicifolia, Canthium sp. near cordatum, Clausena anisata, Solanecio mannii, Dombeya cf. ledermannii, Harungana madagascariensis, Hypericum revolutum subsp. revolutum (or may be a shrub), Maesa lanceolata, Millettia ?conraui, Nuxia congesta and Phoenix reclinata. Common shrubs were Adenocarpus mannii (sometimes a small tree), Byrsocarpus ?coccineus (JDC 4460), Hypericum roeperanum, Psorospermum aurantiacum (sometimes a small tree), Pycnostachys sp., Rubus fellatae (scrambler), Sesbania macrantha, and Tephrosia vogelii. Woody climbers included Adenia cissampeloides, Canthium henriquesianum, Paullinia pinnata, and Smilax anceps. The most conspicuous tall herbs were Aframomum angustifolium, Eulophia horsfallii and Setaria ?chevalieri. Ferns included Dryopteris athamantica and Pteridium aquilinum. In the enumeration plot (see Table 9) the presence in the canopy of light-loving trees such as Trema orientalis (one tree), and persistence among the understorey trees of Maesa lanceolata, Nuxia congesta and Psorospermum aurantiacum, typical forest margin species, indicated that the forest represented an advanced seral stage. At the profile plot (see Figure 26) Croton macrostachyus, Nuxia congesta and Bridelia micrantha, secondary forest species, were among the taller trees; in fact the tallest tree was a Croton. With Prunus africana and Symphonia globulifera also prominent in the upper canopy, and the absence from the understorey of secondary species, the forest appeared to have reached an advanced successional stage. Adenocarpus mannii, Sesbania macrantha, Tephrosia vogelii and Trema orientalis separately initiated the early seral stages, with Aframomum angustifolium, Setaria ?chevalieri and Pteridium aquilinum frequently prominent in gaps. Cabbal Hendu Grassland Grassland, maintained by fire, covers the greater part of the plateau. Since the Fulani arrived in 1961, most of it has been grazed every year through the wet season. The whole area is subject to burning in the dry season. When the fire has passed, the grass cushions soon green over. A number of species flower before the rains, as do geophytic flowering herbs, which often are not resistant to trampling and prominent only in ungrazed areas. The small annuals which act as ‘infillers’ disappear in the dry season leaving the ground bare between the grass 76 cushions and geophytes. Such was the scene in confined to odd corners protected from trampling. April, when the rains were just starting. The taller, Unlike Mambilla, where Pteridium aquilinum dominant grasses vegetate strongly and flower later has spread extensively in grassland, at Hendu this cosmopolitan plant, which may be toxic to cattle, in the season. was seldom noted away from forest margins. The general nature of the grassland changes with altitude, while grazing modifies the floristic At Dutsin Lamba the grassland was much frequented composition. Wooded grassland persists to by bush cow and only occasionally grazed by cattle. approximately 1680 m. Between Selbe and Hendu The Fulani believe that tsetse flies are present for the principal species included, besides fire-resistant at least part of the year, carried up by air currents savanna trees such as Combretum molle, Entada from the Yakuba Plain. The absence of cattle was abyssinica, Psorospermum febrifugum and Syzygium reflected in the floristic composition of the grassland. guineense (var. macrocarpum of Nigerian Trees), Croton Loudetia simplex was the dominant species, with macrostachyus and Harungana madagascariensis, Elyonurus argenteus and Rhytachne rottboellioides both typical secondary forest species. Epiphytes, frequent associates, and Eupatorium africanum usually associated with C. molle and E. abyssinica, interspersed throughout; to this extent, a replica of included the ferns Asplenium theciferum, Drynaria the Gangirwal grassland. Shrubby, yellow-flowered volkensii and Pleopeltis macrocarpa, with the orchid Aeschynomene baumii and Humularia sp. (4330) occurred, also Satureja biflora. Here Gladiolus melleri Bulbophyllum cochleatum. (one plant with red flowers) was abundant, as well as At higher altitudes (c. 1900 m) open grassland Sopubia mannii var. mannii with handsome purple predominated. Apart from sporadic Faurea speciosa, flowers, almost never seen where cattle graze. On occasional palms (Phoenix reclinata) on steep, the escarpment edge at Cabbal Shirgu, inaccessible rocky places, and Solanum aculeastrum, trees were to cattle, Delphinium dasycaulon was recognisable scarce. The latter, called gite na’i (cow’s eye) by from the leaves. the Fulani, is extremely thorny and often used for hedges at their ruga sites. Fire trimmed Hypericum In the central part of Hendu near the main Filinga revolutum subsp. revolutum, or Protea madiensis, path, Elyonurus argenteus extended over several barely 1 m high unless in the shelter of rocks, were hectares of river flat. The tussocks, up to 30 cm among the few shrubs. Eupatorium africanum, a high, with spreading leaves, up to 60 cm high, with suffrutex with several erect stems 60-90 cm high, bracken interspersed, were ungrazed. Kikuyu grass was common. Other robust perennial herbs, several (Pennisetum clandestinum) “lawns”, a fruitful source with woody rootstocks were Dolichos sp. JDC 4441 of edible mushrooms in April, characterized Fulani (? = D. schweinfurthii), Echinops giganteus, Euphorbia encampments. Introduced from Bamenda, this depauperata, Fadogia sp. (? F. pobeguinii), Vernonia excellent grazing grass develops a thick, continuous guineensis and V. smithiana. In April these were sward, although it spreads only slowly. already flowering, some before the leaves appeared, from charred bases. Grasses flowering included Along some small streams with few trees, Cyathea Eragrostis camerunensis, E. tenuifolia and Rhytachne dregei grew beside the water with giant lobelias rottboellioides; also the more robust, caespitose (Lobelia columnaris) and Dissotis elliottii var. elliottii species Elyonurus argenteus (see below) and Setaria crowding the banks. The small fern Cheilanthes aurea. Between the tufts was the stoloniferous inaequalis var. inaequalis, the lower surface covered grass, Paspalum scrobiculatum. Loudetia simplex in mealy white powder, occupied crevices in low which flowered later (in the rains), and grew to rock outcrops. 1.2 m tall, was identified from unburnt culms. Sporobolus africanus (pagame) was occasionally locally dominant, but otherwise seldom seen. Geophytes included Hypoxis angustifolia and H. recurvifolia. Among other common herbs resistant to grazing were Conyza subscaposa, Margaretta rosea, Mariscus sumatrensis and Piloselloides hirsuta. Gladiolus melleri, and the orchid Disa equestris, were 77 Table 11 Species recorded from submontane and montane forest on Cabbal Hendu Trees Ardisia kivuensis Agarista salicifolia Albizia gummifera Allophylus africanus Anthocleista vogelii Anthonotha noldeae Antidesma vogelianum Bridelia micrantha Bridelia speciosa Campylospermum lavum Canthium sp. Carapa procera Cassipourea congoensis Clausena anisata Croton macrostachyus Dombeya sp. cf. ledermannii Entandrophragma angolense Eugenia sp. Ficus lutea Ficus sp. Garcinia smeathmannii Hymenodictyon loribundum (rocky places) Harungana madagascariensis (forest margin) Hypericum revolutum subsp. revolutum (forest margin) Ixora foliosa Khaya grandifoliosa Maesa lanceolata Maytenus gracilipes Millettia sp. Newtonia buchananii Nuxia congesta Olea capensis Oxyanthus speciosus Pavetta hookeriana Phoenix reclinata Pittosporum viridilorum Polyscias fulva Pouteria altissima Prunus africana Psorospermum aurantiacum Psydrax acutilora Pterygota mildbraedii Rauvolia vomitoria Rothmannia urcelliformis Rytigynia umbellulata Sapium ellipticum Scheflera abyssinica Solanecio mannii Strombosia schefleri Symphonia globulifera Syzigium guineense subsp. guineense Syzygium guineense subsp. bamendae Trema orientalis Vitex doniana Warneckea acutifolia Xymalos monospora Shrubs Dracaena ? sp. Erica mannii Humularia ? sp. (JDC 4330, new to West Africa?) Hypericum roeperanum Kotschya strigosa Loranthus sp. Piper capense Psorospermum aurantiacum Psychotria peduncularis Shrubby herbs Acanthus montanus Aframomum angustifolia Herbaceous lowering plants Begonia sp. Elatostema sp. Eulophia horsfallii Impatiens kamerunensis subsp. obanensis Orchid sp. Peperomia sp. Peperomia sp. Sanicula elata Setaria sp. prob. chevalieri Viola abyssinica Ferns Amauropelta bergiana var. bergiana Arthropteris monocarpa Asplenium aethiopicum Asplenium dregeanum Asplenium quintasii Dryopteris athamantica Marattia fraxinea Pleopeltis excavata Pleopeltis macrocarpa Pseudocyclophorus pulcher Pteridium aquilinum Pteris pteridioides Pteris togoensis Tectaria fernandensis Trichomanes pyxidiferum var. elanotrichum Trichomanes mannii ? Trichomanes sp. Vittaria guineensis var. camerooniana Bryophytes and lichens Pilotrichella pentasticha JDC 4439 (includes 8 or 9 liverworts and at least three lichens) JDC 4447 (material at BM awaiting determination) Woody climbers Adenia cissampeloides Embelia schimperi Paullinia pinnata Psydrax Bridson Smilax anceps 78 References Bawden, M.G., Tuley, P. (1966). The land resources of Southern Sardauna and Southern Adamawa Provinces, Northern Nigeria. Land Resource Study No. 2. Land Resources Division, Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, Surrey. Chapman, J.D. (1993-1997). Series of unpublished reports. Held at The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the Daubney Herbarium, Oxford. Keay, R.W.J., Onochie, C.F.A., Stanfield, D.P. (1964). Nigerian Trees, Vols. I & 2. Department of Forest Research, Ibadan. 79 Chapter 5 The Shebshi Mountains Kiri Plateau, Vogel Peak and Tiba Plateau Extensive notes from travels and collecting trips in the area, which was typically lacking real forest: Red Data List Species: Eugenia gilgii, Khaya grandifoliola, Lovoa trichilioides Leinde Bumay: low-mid altitude forest; c. 1220 m; in Gangoro Forest Reserve; c. 2 km2 Red Data List Species: Prunus africana, Entandrophragma angolense, Lovoa trichilioides, Pouteria altissima Leinde Faya Unga: low-mid altitude forest; c. 1220 m; in Gangoro Forest Reserve; c. 2 km2 Red Data List Species: Prunus africana, Entandrophragma angolense, Khaya grandifoliola, Pouteria altissima Extent, landscape and geology The Shebshi Mountains, comprising the Kiri (Toungo) Plateau, Vogel Peak and Tiba Plateau (Figures 2 and 27) form an almost unbroken chain of upland, 780 km2 in area, rising abruptly above the surrounding plains, at an altitude of 305-610 m. Although not very wide, they extend for approximately 100 km (Figure 28). Bawden & Tuley (1966) have described the main environmental characteristics of these three ‘Land Systems’. Their report has been used extensively here. Figure 27 Map of Vogel Peak The Kiri Plateau falls within Toungo District, Ganye Local Government Area. It comprises flat to gently undulating upland, 1070-1220 m, and covers an area of c. 260 km2. Grove (1956) reported that the plateau consists of ‘horizontally disposed sandstone interbedded with lavas’. The soils have not been investigated, but Hepper (1965) noted the occurrence of shallow soils on sheets of concretionary ironstone. Floristically it is a mosaic of woodland and wooded grassland with occasional patches of dry thicket. When sheets of surface iron-pan occur, 81 grass is sparse or absent. Perennial streams support narrow strips of riverine forest. Climate There were no climatic records. The general effect of an extensive mass of highland aligned at right angles to the rain-bearing winds, as in this case, is to increase precipitation on the westerly side, attracting mist throughout the year, and out of season rain, while casting a rain shadow to the east. At Vogel Peak in 1957, “thunder-storms were frequent and low cloud persisted around the centre of the massif well into the dry season” (Hepper, 1965). At Gangoro Forest Reserve on the Tiba Plateau in 1975 there was heavy rain on 28 November. On 21 February the first prolonged thunder shower of 1976 occurred. In mid-March, towards the hottest time of the year, the temperature at dawn and 8pm averaged 19° and 20°C respectively, the maximum only once slightly exceeding 27°C. Vogel Peak massif lies within both Toungo and Yelwa districts of Ganye Local Government Authority. There is no ‘peak’ in the usual sense, and the altitude of the highest point (Dimlang on the map) is just over 1680 m in height. The massif covers an area of 42 km2 of strongly dissected, steep mountain slopes with rounded summits. On the older granites of the Basement complex shallow, stony, skeletal soils predominate, with many boulders and rock exposures. Extensive areas of bare rock occur on the higher slopes (Bawden & Tuley, 1966). It is an important watershed, draining into the Kam river. Floristically, woodland gives way to wooded grassland with increasing altitude, merging into montane grassland above about 1370 m. Riverine forest is developed in the valleys. The Vogel Peak massif, at least on the western side, is much moister than the lower-lying Kiri Plateau. The Tiba Plateau Land System covers an area of The Tiba Plateau attracts more precipitation than 390 km2, and is 20 km across at its widest point. It Vogel Peak. The mean annual rainfall of 1780 mm, is connected to Vogel Peak by a narrow extension postulated for the western part (Bawden & Tuley, south-eastwards along the escarpment (Figure 28). 1966) would not appear excessive. The northern sector of the plateau is composed of Basement rocks with minor volcanic intrusions. In The most important biotic factor is the grazing and the southern sector volcanic intrusive and extrusive trampling by cattle. A few herds are permanent but rocks predominate. In places intrusions give rise to most migrate with the seasons. Cattle tracks are large dome-shaped hills. No detailed soil survey has everywhere. One effect of the trampling and grazing been carried out on the Tiba Plateau, but evidence has been to reduce greatly the density of the grass from parent material, altitude and climate suggests cover. Coupled with the customary early burning that they can be grouped as humic ferrisols. to encourage new growth, this has resulted in less intense fires than would otherwise be the case, to Floristically, wooded grassland, rather than woodland the benefit of the woody growth. Nonetheless, predominates. At the south-west end of the plateau, stream -bank forest is often damaged by cattle, which fragmented but impressive forest occurs on the trample tree seedlings, break saplings and open up escarpment and fringing streams in Gangoro Forest the undergrowth. This allows grass to grow, and Reserve. inevitably, fires follow. Figure 28 Transect across the Shebshi mountains, based on Nigeria Federal Surveys 1:250,000 map sheet 57 (Jalingo). 82 Observations In 1957, when grazing on the Kiri Plateau was heavy, at Vogel Peak cattle were relatively few (Hepper, 1965). On the Tiba Plateau in the mid-sixties the situation appears to have been much the same, with the grassland in good condition (Bawden & Tuley, 1966). By 1976 the numbers of cattle had multiplied and the grassland had deteriorated. Except for parts of the Tiba Plateau, such as around Donkin, the human population was generally sparse. For the Kiri Plateau, Bawden & Tuley (1966) reported limited arable farming which was on the decline, a trend which had obviously continued. There was no cultivation in the Vogel Peak massif. Because of its importance as a watershed, and distinctive flora, the recommendation of the Land Resource Study was that it be strictly reserved; a proposal yet to be implemented. On the Tiba Plateau, there is limited arable cultivation near the basalt domes. Trees are typically confined to the vicinity of streams (Figure 29). Heavy grazing and annual burning combine with the poor soil to inhibit, if not prevent, the growth of trees. Suffrutices are abundant, including Echinops gracilis, Fadogia ledermannii, Vernonia oocephala and V. saussureoides. After burning they quickly shoot again and flower. Concurrently geophytes and plants with tuberous root-stocks appear between the charred grass bases. Such plants complete their reproductive cycle before the grass has grown up again. Some, for example Moraea schimperi flowers before the leaves appear. On exposed rocky summits woody species, surviving as windblown, gnarled shrubs included Bersama abyssinica ssp. paullinoides, Dracaena sp., Memecylon fasciculare, Pavetta saxicola and Syzygium staudtii. Near Sanglimbi (c. 220 m) Hepper found a small isolated clump of trees dominated by Synsepalum brevipes and Clausena anisata, with Canthium venosum, Psychotria sp. near tarambassica, Rourea minor and Tricalysia sp. (FNH 2779). Occasional The observations which follow owe as much groups of wild bananas (Ensete gilletii) and clumps of to Hepper’s account as to the writer’s own bamboo (Oxytenanthera abyssinica) were observed. In a marshy place there was a small stand of screwpine reconnaissances. (Pandanus candelabrum). The tree fern Cyathea The northern extension of the plateau constitutes dregei grew by streams in open grassland. Where the Mayo Ini/Kirimi watershed. The open landscape riverine forest had developed Syzygium guineense along the top of the escarpment is gently undulating. var. guineense was usually the dominant tree. In Figure 29 The smoothly rounded hilltop is one of a small cluster of similar rocky summits which constitute Vogel Peak. 1676 m at its highest point, this is the most lofty summit of the Shebshi Mountains. (photo February 1977). 83 well-developed forest near the source of the Mayo Ini, Beilschmiedia mannii and Macaranga occidentalis were recorded. Other trees included a Garcinia sp. cf. ovalifolia, Maesa lanceolata and the palm Phoenix reclinata. Woody climbers/scramblers listed include Ancylobotrys amoena (syn. Landolphia amoena), Kosteletzkya adoensis, Mussaenda erythrophylla (the “Ashanti Blood”), and Tetracera alnifolia. Shrubs listed are Barleria ruellioides, B. villosa, Cephaelis peduncularis var. suaveolens (abundant), Eugenia sp. near salacioides, Indigofera heudelotii, Ixora guineensis, Phaulopsis barteri, Piper guineense (climber), Pothomorphe umbellata, Ruspolia hypocrateriformis, Tinnea aethiopica, and Tricalysia okelensis var. oblanceolata. Among many herbs were Aframomum sp. cf. angustifolium, Culcasia scandens (slender climber), Desmodium repandum and Plectranthus glandulosus, the latter dominant in thickets along the margins of riverine forest. Among the pteridophytes recorded were Asplenium preussii, Cyclosorus dentatus, Dorypoteris kirkii, Pteris togoensis and Selaginella cf. tenerrima. South of the Kirimi Valley were areas of sparse vegetation where the ironstone pan was at the surface, while on the sandstone, savanna woodland or wooded grassland predominate. The infrequent streams may support well-developed riverine forest. Few cattle were seen in February, but the condition of the range did not suggest excessive stocking in the wet season, when most cattle are on the plateau. Tall Trema orientalis / Anthocleista vogelii regrowth on long-abandoned farms, and the presence of Erythrina sigmoidea, a common stockade tree, reflected the general tendency to move down from the hills. The plateau woodland differed little floristically from the plains; one obvious difference was the absence of Isoberlinia doka on the plateau. Trees tend to be smaller, sometimes stunted. Borassus palm (Borassus aethiopum) which overtops them all, is an exception. At the plateau lip above Dau, Hepper came upon a new Combretum species, a cabbage-like plant which Exell was later to name Combretum brassiciforme (Hepper, 1965). Below the lip, on the upper part of the dry, stony escarpment of the Kirimi Valley, Monotes kerstingii often formed pure stands. Other trees on these steep slopes were Afzelia africana, Vitellaria paradoxa, Isoberlinia doka (not above c. 910 m), Lophira lanceolata, Parinari curatellifolia and Uapaca togoensis. Hepper also recorded Boswellia dalzielii. The drainage is principally to the Su, a tributary of the Mayo Yim. The path over the plateau from Kiri crosses one of these south-flowing streams. At the end of February the flow was still considerable. The forest lining the banks was undisturbed. Brachystegia eurycoma was the dominant species; large trees, with widely spreading branching and flattened crown, the new red foliage conspicuous. Also present were a Uapaca sp. (JDC 4698) up to 15 m tall, Gardenia imperialis, and, in the understorey, Harungana madagascariensis grew at the edge. Under light shade Osmunda regalis and Bolbitis heudelotii occupied the rocky bank, the latter partly submerged, whilst from the stream itself rose the white capitula of Eriocaulon latifolium. Vogel Peak The approach to Vogel Peak from the Kirimi Valley via Jangla is described by Hepper (1965). The path crosses the River Kirimi where it is joined by the Dau. Both streams flow from the sandstone plateau, and although the dry season was far advanced there was still an appreciable flow. Among few streambank trees were Breonadia salicina, Brachystegia eurycoma and Olax subscorpioidea. Towards the confluence with the Kam were more trees. Hepper recorded: Breonadia salicina, Albizia glaberrima, Brachystegia eurycoma, Cynometra megalophylla, Phoenix reticulata and Phyllanthus reticulatus. The climbing or straggling shrubs Artabotrys velutinus, Cuviera truncata, Dalbergia hostilis and Jasminum dichotomum were also present. At Jangla in February (approximately 610 m) there was no water in the riverbed. Among tall trees lining the banks Breonadia salicina and Brachystegia eurycoma were again prominent; also Maranthes kerstingii which persisted to 1070 m, to reoccur around 1370 m in the central part of the massif. Smaller trees included Dialium guineense, Millettia thonningii, Mimusops kummel, Napoleona imperialis and Vitex doniana. The impression from the south of an undivided massif, proved deceptive. Arriving at the col 760 m above Jangla there appears instead, a north-facing amphitheatre. Riverine forest, well developed lower 84 Figure 30 Harvesting guinea corn (Sorghum spp.) at Jangla, a hamlet below Vogel Peak (photo February 1977). down, extended as narrow tongues along streams far up the rocky slope. Ascending steeply, the path from Jangla at first follows the stream, reduced by late February to a trickle with occasional pools. Aubrevillea kerstingii and Erythrophloeum suaveolens now gradually assumed prominence. Synsepalum passargei grew close to the water; it would be submerged in the rains and battered by debris, and may never grow upright. At a smaller stream nearer the col Beilschmiedia sp. was observed with Ochna afzelii (edge tree), Tricalysia okelensis, JDC 4711 (? Trichilia sp.), Xylopia sp., JDC 4730 and JDC 4729. common trees, often forming pure stands, was again Monotes kerstingii. Lophira lanceolata had a wide distribution with stunted individuals extending upwards into wooded grassland with Psorospermum febrifugum and Syzygium guineense (var. macrocarpum of Nigerian Trees (Keay, 1964)). P. febrifugum was one of very few trees to persist, fire-trimmed and widely scattered, in the montane grassland. With no rain for over three months the streams were reduced to a trickle with occasional pools. Some 150 m below the col there was a shady, brimming pool where 19 years earlier Hepper and Daramola had camped. At about this altitude (1220 m) the forest On leaving the stream the path continued through reached its best development, the largest trees up to sparse woodland, floristically impoverished and 30 m tall. Above approximately 1370 m the trees stunted with increasing altitude, until the col, were not so tall and there were changes in floristic where montane grassland predominated. In general composition. At the eastern end of the massif forest aspect and floristically there was little difference persisted along one stream to its source on the high between the woodland here and on the plateau grassland. escarpment. Bombax costatum, Borassus aethiopum and Haematostaphis barteri were restricted to the lower slopes. Isoberlinia doka and Uapaca togoensis were locally abundant to c. 910 m. One of the most 85 Table 12 Species recorded from Hepper’s camp (1220 m) in 1977. the abundance of Entada rheedei, a high climber with enormous woody segmented pods. Several trees, prominent at Hepper’s camp dropped out with increasing altitude; for example Khaya grandifoliola, Lovoa trichilioides, Maranthes kerstingii and Parkia filicoidea. In contrast, Podocarpus latifolius grew where lichen-draped crowns and epiphytic orchids indicated the montane climate nearer the summit. The principal trees in a gully at about 1520 m were Albizia zygia, Polyscias fulva and Symphonia globulifera. On the summit grassland, in a narrow fringe of forest near the source of a stream, several species were recorded. These included the trees Beilschmiedia sp. JDC 4768 (15 m in height), Bridelia speciosa (9 m), Eugenia gilgii (4.6 m), Podocarpus latifolius (9 m), Symphoria globulifera (9 m), Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense (8.6 m) and Vitex doniana on rocky outcrops nearby, reaching 6 m in height. Common shrubs were Adenocarpus mannii, Ancylobotrys amoena and Carissa edulis. Bulbophyllum cochleatum and Bolbitis achrostichoides were conspicuous herbs and ferns respectively. Lichens included Usnea articulata and U. submollis. Scattered palms (Phoenix reclinata) occurred on ledges where cliffs overlook the lower part of the valley. On the stony hillsides and fringing the forest below, were numerous clumps of bamboo (Oxytenanthera abyssinica). The presence of Canarium schweinfurthii, Melicia excelsa, Pouteria alnifolia and Monodora sp. (JDC 4789), may reflect the lower (approximately 150 m) altitude, likewise On Vogel Peak, montane grassland floristically similar to the grassland found on the higher parts of the Kiri Plateau, occurred above about 1370 m, i.e., at a considerably higher altitude. Cattle were present and in February 1977 a herd of some 200 roamed the summits. Loudetia simplex, sometimes with Hyparrhenia subplumosa codominant, were the principal grasses. No Sporobolus africanus was noted. Trees and shrubs, mostly Psorospermum febrifugum and Protea ?elliotii, stunted and firetrimmed, were few and far between. Suffrutices and geophytes were again prominent. Species not recorded from the Kiri Plateau (although very likely present there) included Anthericum zenkeri (bulb), Clematopsis villosa (stout rhizome), Dolichos sp. JDC 4765 (tuberous rootstock), Eupatorium africanum (woody rootstock), Gnidia kraussiana (perennial herb, the flowers fragrant like cowslips), Grewia mollis (suffrutex), Ochna rhizomatosa (suffrutex), Thesium tenuissimum (suffrutex) and Urginea altissima (bulb). On the highest parts, above 1520 m, the grass Ctenium newtonii, was co-dominant locally with Rhytachne rottboellioides. Other herbs included Crassula alba, Eriosema pulcherrimum 86 (woody rootstock), Gnaphalium undulatum (woody at the base), Pentas purpurea (woody rootstock), Piloselloides hirsuta (acaulescent perennial) and Polygala ukirensis. Just below the highest point of the massif dense bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) occupied almost half an hectare. All plants collected from Vogel Peak appear in the checklist. Tiba Plateau Ficus lutea, Gardenia imperialis, Maranthes kerstingii, Symphonia globulifera, Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense, Treculia africana, Uapaca togoensis and Vitex doniana. Common small trees were Craterispermum laurinum and Harungana madagascariensis. The bamboo Oxytenanthera abyssinica was present (Figure 31). Shrubs included ?Brillantaisia sp. (JDC 4017), Erythrococca hispida and Psychotria peduncularis. The most obvious ferns were Asplenium dregeanum (an epiphyte), Bolbitis heudelotii and Osmunda regalis. The lichen Usnea trichodeoides was also recorded. General remarks Travels on foot to and from the Gangoro forests afforded an overall impression of the vegetation of the Tiba Plateau and its approaches. Mediumsized stream fringing trees included Breonadia salicina,Synsepalum cerasiferum, Anthocleista vogelii, Figure 31 A flowering clump of Oxytenanthera abyssinica, the savanna bamboo, in Gangoro Forest Reserve. Throughout the area the bamboos were flowering prior to dying down to the base before shooting again a year later. In Uganda the cycle extends over seven years. This bamboo is widespread in dry forest and woodland throughout tropical Africa. The thickwalled, scarcely hollowed culms are greatly valued for hut building, furniture and fencing, for splitting to weave baskets, for spears and bows and arrows, besides xylophones and other musical instruments. The leaves are sometimes browsed by cattle. The young leaves and the grains are eaten in famine years (photo November 1975). 87 Description of the forests On the Tiba Plateau, forest was extremely fragmented, but was most developed on the escarpment facing south/south-west. On the plateau, with the exception of Leinde Faya Unga at the foot of Gamvirki Hill, forest was confined to steep valley sides, bordering streams (Figure 32). It was within this forest, and the largest valley forest Leinde Bumay, that the study was most concerned. Both forests were accessible from the Gankita-Donkin path. Figure 32 Patch of forest fringed with fire-resistant wild date palms (Phoenix reclinata) among the rocky hills of Gangoro (Tiba) Plateau c. 1370 m. (photo December 1975). Leinde Bumay Profile strip The profile diagram (Figure 33) illustrates a strip of undisturbed forest 78.6 x 10.7 m in a deep valley enclosed by rocky bluffs at the headwaters of the Mayo Gonta. The forest extended well back from Diversity A species list for Leinde Bumay is presented in the banks of the stream. The strip was laid out Table 13. A total of 105 vascular plant species were halfway up the slope, parallel to the stream. In all, collected, including the four Red Data List species, 66 trees were recorded (see Table 14). For clarity, Entandrophragma angolense, Lovoa trichilioides, several of the C storey trees have been omitted from the diagram and dead trees have not been drawn. Prunus africana and Pouteria altissima. c. 1220 m Structure, physiognomy, floristic Leinde Bumay lies within Gangoro Forest Reserve, composition Conservation status proclaimed in 1961 (Appendix 1). The profile strip was fairly representative of the forest, except that adult specimens of three large, and relatively common tree species, Entandrophragma 88 angolense (Figure 32a) Lovoa trichilioides, and Manilkara obovata were not present. An E. angolense stood nearby, halfway down the slope to the river. The tree was over 30.5 m tall, the length of the bole, measured on the uphill side, was 16.5 m. The circumference above the buttresses, 4 m from the ground on the uphill side, measured 6.4 m. 6 m on the boles of trees, many of them covered lower down by bryophytes, or on the drier upper part encrusted with lichens. While epiphytic ferns (mainly Asplenium spp.) were, like the mosses, shrivelled up, reflecting the season, Peperomia spp. (JDC 4022 and JDC4042) remained verdant. Epiphytic orchids were abundant in the upper canopy. Lichens, including Usnea trichodeoides, No clear stratification was observed. However, for festooned the topmost branches of some trees. On descriptive purposes three tree layers have been damp rock faces and mossy boulders close to streams distinguished: ferns were abundant. Species included Asplenium dregeanum, A. inaequilaterale, A. preussii and (i) A discontinuous stratum A including 11 trees Christella pseudoguentziana. Tree ferns Cyathea dregei (17% of the total): height 24.4 - 36.6 m (av. and Marattia fraxinea, another large streambank 29.6 m) species, were rare at Leinde Bumay. Smaller trees might be draped with moss, particularly JDC 4027. (ii) Stratum B containing 26 trees (39%): height 12.2 - 24.4 m (av. 18.9 m) (iii) The lowest stratum (C) with 29 trees (44%): height 6.1 - 12.2 m (av. 8.5 m). There was no clear division between the smaller trees in stratum C and the tallest of the younger trees in the shrub layer, stratum D. Except where the fall of a large tree had given rise to a climber tangle the forest was easy to walk through. Visibility could be anything from 10 to 20 m. Most abundant among young trees and saplings were Synsepalum cerasiferum, Craterispermum laurinum and Xylopia acutiflora. Of the shrubs, Psychotria peduncularis 2-3 m tall outnumbered all the others. A stout perennial grass, Olyra latifolia, also occurred, the many-noded, branched culms up to 2-3 m tall. The ground layer (E) included, besides tree seedlings, Aframomum melegueta up to 1 m tall, Palisota sp. JDC 4227, and ferns, including Bolbitis acrostichoides, Doryopteris kirkii, Pteris togoensis and Tectaria fernandensis. There were many lianes and scandent shrubs in the forest, and half of all the species recorded at Leinde Bumay were present at the profile strip. These included the lianes Acacia pentagona, Landolphia owariensis, ?Landolphia sp. JDC 4142, Pararistolochia leonensis and Rutidea olenotricha, and the scandent shrubs Clerodendrum volubile, Rhaphiostylis beninensis, and Smilax anceps. Figure 32(a) Entandrophragma angolense in Gangoro Forest Reserve on the Tiba Plateau showing the buttressing habit and the relatively smooth bark with scaling high up the tree. The girth where the buttresses merge with the bole (4 m from the ground), was 22.9 m, and the height c. 46 m. The tall tree to the right is Pouteria altissima (photo 1976). Strangling figs were present but were not a prominent feature. Slender-stemmed Culcasia falcifolia climbed 89 90 91 and the common Phaulopsis barteri. Psychotria peduncularis and Psychotria sp. JDC 4214 (= FHI 62726). There were also clumps of Olyra latifolia. Leinde Faya Unga 1220 m In the ground layer (E) tree seedlings were much Leinde Faya Unga closely resembled Leinde Bumay in evidence. Herbaceous vegetation tended to be in its floristic diversity (Table 13), and shared the sparse, but Aframomum melegueta was present, same Red Data List species, except for the presence along with the forest grasses Leptaspis cochleata and Oplismenus hirtellus, and several ferns, the most of Khaya grandifoliosa. common being Bolbitis acrostichoides. Diversity Lianes were less obvious than at Leinde Bumay. Leinde Faya Unga lies within Gangoro Forest Climbing by adventitious roots Piper guineense reached the crowns of trees 20 m high. The slender Reserve. woody stem developed pronounced corky ridges with age. Epiphytic bryophytes and ferns were abundant, but desiccated in the dry season. There Enumeration plot were many lichens, whether crustaceous species Table 15 summarises the 0.4 ha enumeration. covering tree trunks, or draping the exposed crowns of tall trees. A Peperomia sp. (JDC 4022) carpeted a large horizontal limb 6 m from the ground. At a Structure, physiognomy, floristic higher level epiphytic orchids were common. composition In the upper tree layer the most prominent emergent was Piptadeniastrum africanum. There was a Species lists for each forest appear in Table 13. For clearly defined understorey comprising 82% of the the non-woody plants the dry season was not the trees enumerated. Of these, one species, Drypetes best time for collecting, and much more remains to be done. principium, accounted for more than 50%. Conservation status At the enumeration plot Khaya grandifoliola, Parkia filicoidea, Piptadeniastrum africanum and Prunus africana were represented only by emergents or B storey trees, and Entandrophragma angolense by a single C storey tree; however, in the forest as a whole there was a balanced distribution of age classes among these species. In the D stratum, although there were many small trees and shrubs, visibility was seldom less than 10 m, and often up to 30 m, so walking in the forest was not difficult. Young understorey trees included Cola sp. (JDC 4213), Craterispermum laurinum, Drypetes principium, Garcinia smeathmannii, Memecylon afzelii, Xylopia acutiflora and the Rutaceae (JDC 4172). Young A and B stratum trees included Synsepalum cerasiferum, Pouteria altissima, Aubrevillea kerstingii, Cola gigantea, Cynometra megalophylla, Diospyros canaliculata, Entandrophragma angolense, Manilkara obovata, Parkia filicoidea and Strombosia scheffleri. Shrubs included the occasional Dracaena surculosa, 92 Table 13 Species lists for Leinde Bumay and Leinde Faya Unga. Trees > 30 m in height Entandrophragma angolense Hannoa klaineana Khaya grandifoliola Lovoa trichilioides Piptadeniastrum africanum JDC 4264 (?= Hannoa klaineana) Large trees 18 - 30 m Albizia zygia Antiaris toxicaria Aubrevillea kerstingii Canarium schweinfurthii Cassipourea sp. (JDC 4141 & 4243) Cola gigantea Cola verticillata Cordia millenii Ficus sp. Manilkara obovata Maranthes glabra Ochna sp. (JDC 4275 - ? new to Nigeria) Parkia ilicoidea Pouteria altissima Prunus africana Rauvolia caffra Strombosia schefleri Symphonia globulifera Synsepalum cerasiferum Trichilia ?sp. (JDC 4140) Trilepisium madagascariense JDC 4247 Medium sized trees 9-18 m Beilschmiedia sp. Blighia unijugata Cassipourea gummilua Cynometra megalophylla ?Diospyros abyssinica Diospyros canaliculata Gaertnera paniculata Rutaceae (JDC 3970 = 4172) ? new to W. Africa Synsepalum brevipes Strombosia schefleri Suregada sp.(JDC 4240) Treculia africana Vitex ferruginea Vitex oxycuspis JDC 4139 JDC 4249 Small trees 4.5 – 9 m Campylospermum lavum Campylospermum glaberrimum Cola ?anomala (JDC 4187) Cola sp. (JDC 4213) Craterispermum laurinum Drypetes gilgiana Drypetes principium Eugenia sp. (JDC 3985, 4026, & 4231) Ficus sp. (JDC 4020) Garcinia smeathmannii Ixora bauchiensis Memecylon afzelii Memecylon sp. (JDC 4000) Memecylon sp. (JDC 4149) Monodora sp. (JDC 4206) Olax subscorpioidea Psydrax parvilora Rothmannia urcelliformis Tabernaemontana sp. (JDC 4003 & 4170) Trichilia sp. (JDC 4195 ?= 4212) Xylopia acutilora JDC 4012 Shrubs Brillantaisia sp. Dracaena fragrans Dracaena surculosa Erythrococca hispida Phaulopsis barteri Psychotria peduncularis Psychotria sp. (JDC 4214) (= FHI 62726) Woody climbers & scandent shrubs Acacia pentagona Agelaea pentagyna Clerodendrum volubile Craterosiphon scandens Hippocratea sp. (JDC 4233) Landolphia owariensis Landolphia sp. (JDC 4142 - fruits collected) Pararistolochia leonensis Piper guineense Rhaphiostylis beninensis Ruspolia hypocrateriformis (JDC 3986 Det. Kew Tag. H637/77 – description in FWTA does not it; this is a woody climber with a stem 7.5 cm diameter). Rutidea olenotricha (slender stem) Rutidea sp. (JDC 4217) Securidaca welwitschii Smilax anceps (scandent shrub) Strychnos nigritana Tiliacoria funifera Herbs Aframomum melegueta Arundinella pumila Barleria ruellioides Culcasia falciforia Cyathula prostrata Dracaena thallioides Leptaspis cochleata Olyra latifolia Oplismenus hirtellus Palisota sp. (JDC 4227) Peperomia sp. (JDC 4042) Peperomia sp. (JDC 4022) Ferns Asplenium inaequilaterale Asplenium preussii Bolbitis sp. Bolbitis heudelotii Christella pseudogueintziana Cyathea dregei Doryopteris kirkii Marattia fraxinea Pteris togoensis Tectaria fernandensis Epiphytes Asplenium dregeanum Asplenium inaequilaterale Asplenium preussii Bryophytes and lichens JDC 4027 - festooning branches Usnea trichodeoides 93 Table 15 Enumeration plot from Leinde Faya Unga forest (Tiba Plateau). 94 Ecological notes Influence of fire The present limits of forest and wooded grassland have been determined by the interactions of fire, topography and edaphic conditions. At the time of Table 16 The count of established tree regeneration collecting this data forest was restricted to valley sides at Leinde Bumay (LB) and Leinde Faya Unga and dissected terrain, or to the occasional fragment (LFU), from the profile strip and enumeration plot surviving in the shelter of large rocks. Only where there was a sharp break in relief, and not always then, respectively. was a narrow, relatively stable ‘ecotone’ observed. Elsewhere, fires continued to erode the forest boundary. The attrition was intensified where fires were deliberately set inside the forest by herdsmen to extend the grazing. At Leinde Faya Unga, the understorey had been burnt the previous year (1975) to a depth of 100 m, while most of the big trees had been scorched or suffered more severe damage. Regeneration References Bawden, M.G., Tuley, P. (1966). The Land Resources of Southern Sardauna and Southern Adamawa Provinces, Northern Nigeria. Land Resource Study No. 2. Directorate of Overseas Surveys. Tolworth, Surrey. Chapman, J.D. (1993-1997). Series of unpublished reports. Held at The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the Daubney Herbarium, Oxford. Grove, A.T. (1956). The Benue Valley. Government Printer, Kaduna, Northern Nigeria. Hepper, F.N. (1965). The vegetation and flora of the Vogel Peak massif of northern Nigeria. Bull. de L’I. F.A.N. Series A, 27: 413-513. Keay, R.W.J., Hepper, F.N. (eds) (1953-72). Flora of West Tropical Africa (2nd edition). Crown Agents, London. Nugent, Captain W.V. (1914). The geographical results of the Nigeria-Kamerun Boundary Demarcation Commission of 1912-1913. The Geographical Journal XLIII: 630-651. Tuley, P. (1965). Touring notes on a visit to Northern Nigeria. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth (Unpublished). 95 Chapter 6 Transitional & High Forest between c. 610 – 1170 m on the Western Escarpment of Mambilla Plateau Akwaizantar forest: transitional forest c. 760 – 1170 m; c. 11 km strip confined to the deeply incised valley of the Zonyo stream Red Data List Species: Dombeya cf. ledermannii, Khaya grandifoliola Kop Nti forest: high forest 760 m; c. 6.5 km2 Red Data List Species: Dombeya cf. ledermannii, Irvingia gabonensis, Khaya grandifoliola Antere in the Donga valley, were two small, widely separated fragments of forest which appeared not to The western foothills and escarpment valleys of the have suffered disturbance in the recent past. These Mambilla plateau would be forested, were it not for were Akwaizantar and Kop Nti, the latter in River the shifting cultivation practised by the local people, Nwum (formerly Antere) Forest Reserve. the Tigon and Kaka tribes. By the 1970s, most of the forest had been cleared and replaced by a mosaic of vegetation types associated with regeneration Climate after forest clearance. The earliest stages of regrowth The western escarpment faces the rain-bearing winds were characterised by Acalypha ornata with Vernonia from the Atlantic. The mean annual rainfall at Abong on the Donga river (altitude 280 m), recorded over conferta, or locally by Musanga cecropioides. an 11 year period, was 2490 mm with a twin peak The western escarpment can be visited on foot by distribution and a two month dry season (less than following the trekking route from Maisamari to 25 mm per month) (Bawden & Tuley, 1966). Abong. Along this route, between the Tigon village of Batu Amanda and the Kaka villages of Inkiri and Location 97 Description of the Forests / Kurame path leads to Akwaizantar, crossing eventually the Mawo stream, to arrive at the saddle close to the upper edge of the forest; a walk of about three hours. Akwaizantar Forest transitional forest; c. 760 – 1170 m The forest (in 1978) extended c. 4 kilometres to the Akwaizantar forest is within Tigon District, 24 km north down the Zonyo valley. This account refers to south-west of Nguroje. It is located approximately the first kilometre of the forest in the valley, from an halfway down the western escarpment of Mambilla altitude of c.1140 m at the saddle to the valley floor Plateau, in the deeply incised valley of the Zonyo at approximately 760 m. stream, at c. 6° 52’ N and 10° 55’ E (Figure 2). Location From Mambilla Plateau, Akwaizantar may be reached through Yeri Maru (in 1978 the road terminus) and Masaboy village. The two hour walk to Masaboy crosses the headwaters of River Nwum (Sumsum, on the map). Masaboy is on the trekking path, via the Amba tie-tie bridge to Binka in West Cameroon (Figure 34). From Masaboy, a subsidiary Conservation status From the air, much of this forest appeared (1978) undisturbed, apart from farm clearings around the village of Akoforo. More recently Ndoro farmers have cleared extensively in the north-eastern part of Akwaizantar forest. However, Hopkins (pers. comm. 1996) found the local Tigon people committed to Figure 34 Tie-tie bridge spanning the Donga River at Antere, below the River Nwum Forest, on the trekking route from Nguroje to Binka in West Cameroon. The bridge is suspended from the over-arching branches of Brachystegia eurycoma trees on opposite banks of the river. 98 preserving the forest, mainly for hunting, (which has reduced wildlife considerably during the past 20 years), and for growing cocoa. He was optimistic that slash and burn would diminish in future. A detailed reconnaissance is urgently needed. Diversity A total of 110 species were recorded from Akwaizantar forest, 83 trees, eight woody climbers, six shrubs, seven herbaceous species and six ferns. Two Red Data List species, Dombeya cf. ledermannii (at the forest edge) and Khaya grandifoliola (with a sporadic distribution) were present. was very low. Chimpanzees showed more interest than concern at our intrusion. One afternoon a troop of putty-nosed monkeys (Cercopithecus nictitans) began feeding on the flowers of a big Canarium, intermittently pelting the camp (Figure 35) with belbel leinde (Landolphia landolphiodes) fruits. They remained until the morning, undeterred by the camp fire and conversation below them, to return on two subsequent occasions. On several nights a giant pangolin (Manis gigantea) shuffled noisily through the drifts of brittle fallen leaves. A few bush-cow (Syncerus caffer) took refuge here. A leopard (Panthera pardus) was met with once, during the day, on the rocky slopes above the forest. In a region where shifting cultivation was the norm, and hunting pressures unrelenting, Akwaizantar was (1978) unique. There was a tradition that long ago a pestilence (possibly smallpox) carried off the inhabitants, or it could be that this has for long been a no-man’s land between Tigon and Mambilla. In 1978 the level of hunting at the head of the valley Figure 35 Camp in Akwaizantar Forest Reserve. 99 Notes Structure, physigonomy and floristic Trees on the upper edge of the forest included composition Bridelia sp. (?B. speciosa - JDC 5190) Clausena anisata, Dombeya cf. ledermannii, Gaertnera paniculata, Phoenix reclinata, Polyscias fulva, Sterculia tragacantha and Vitex doniana. Table 18 Trees <30 cm in girth, and other woody species and herbs recorded at, or in the vicinity of the enumeration plot (Table 17). Shrubs and woody climbers included Clerodendrum violaceum, a climbing shrub, Landolphia landolphioides and the woody climber Paullinia pinnata. The most prominent feature in the somewhat open forest at the head of the valley was the massive spreading crowns of Canarium schweinfurthii. Dwarfing their neighbours, a group of these trees surrounded a seasonal spring. Other streambank trees were Erythrophleum suaveolens and Khaya grandifoliola. Enumeration plot The descent to the valley, following the stream, is steep and rocky. A single Parkia filicoidea 30 m tall occurred half way down. At approximately 760 m the slope tailed off. The forest on the west side of the stream, where the ground was very stony, was just wide enough to lay out a sample plot 122 x 122 m, c.1.5 ha. (Table 17). The western edge of the plot was within 100 m of the forest/savanna boundary. The plot corners were marked with large heaps of stones. 100 Table 17 Enumeration plot from Akwaizantar forest, on the western escarpment of Mambilla Plateau. 101 girth classes to the largest canopy trees of over 2.5 The forest appeared to be a late seral stage and may m in girth. This species was also common on rocky have regenerated from abandoned farms. Besides streambanks near the plot. several tall oil palms (Elaeis guineensis) there were occasional huge trees, typical of those left after a Along (and beyond) the western boundary of the farm is made, for example Ceiba pentandra and plot, where fires had encroached, the succession was Piptadeniastrum africanum. Nearby were Alstonia more recent. The many climber tangles, dense clumps boonei and Morus mesozygia. In the canopy, of Marantochloa, short-lived Vernonia conferta, and secondary species shared dominance with forest savanna species including Dichrostachys cinerea, were trees. Among the former were Bridelia speciosa, evidence of this. Interspersed were Bridelia speciosa, Polyscias fulva, Spathodea campanulata and Vitex Erythrophleum suaveolens, Polyscias fulva, Sapium doniana, an ecologically tolerant species. Forest trees ellipticum, Sterculia tragacantha and Vitex doniana included Albizia zygia, Aubrevillea kerstingii, JDC - mostly around c. 9 m tall. Established saplings 5191 (perhaps Sorindeia juglandifolia, but could be included Aubrevillea kerstingii, Ceiba pendandra, Trichoscypha sp.) and, most abundant, Trilepisium Erythrophleum suaveolens, Piptadeniastrum africanum madagascariense. Potential canopy/emergent species and Polyscias fulva were recorded. in the C storey were Canarium schweinfurthii, Milicia excelsa, Cordia millenii, Khaya grandifoliola and Pycnanthus angolensis. Among smaller forest trees were Diospyros cf. monbuttensis, Myrianthus arboreus and Markhamia tomentosa (JDC 5218). The tree JDC 5216/5260 (?Millettia sp.) accounted for 11% of all the stems enumerated, from the smaller Ecological notes Figure 36 Lowland rain forest outlier on the east bank of River Nwum, c. 760 m. River Nwum Forest Reserve is bordered by the lands of two Kaka village groups, Antere and Inkiri. Slash and burn farming, hunting pressures, and the increasing population have destroyed the forests and decimated wildlife, so that this one small relict was the last refuge for the few remaining chimpanzees (photo April 1977). 102 Figure 37 Uapaca sp. (? = JDC 3846 which is Uapaca togoensis) in River Nwum Forest Reserve where this is the most abundant tree along the tributary streams on the western side of the valley. Associated species are Erythrophleum suaveolens, Khaya grandifoliola, Maranthes glabra, Sterculia tragacantha, Treculia africana (photo April 1977). to the river bank. The Masaboy route, approaching from this side, was less direct. Though longer, the descent to the river was easier, and led to a natural camp-site on the river bank. Kop Nti Forest high forest; 760 m Location Kop Nti (“very thick kurmi”in Kaka), forms part of River Nwum Forest Reserve (Figures 36 and 37, Appendix 1). The forest is located below the south-western escarpment of Mambilla Plateau (Figure 2). The River Nwum forest reserve comprises the upper, canyon-like part of the valley, and down-stream for 4.5 km (Appendix 1). Conservation status The presence of Kop Nti in an area where every patch of forest represents a potential farm, suggested that formerly it was respected by local custom as a ‘juju’ forest. By 1977, perceptions had changed. The forest upstream along the Logmi, excluded at the time of reservation, had already been farmed, partly by the From Yeri Maru, where the road ended, there are two Antere community, and partly by people from Inkiri ways to River Nwum; by the Inkiri path, or through (Kachella Bemfay). Masaboy village. On the steep slopes below the Inkiri path, wooded grassland extends down to the Prior to the forest reserve proclamation in 1971, upper edge of Kop Nti. The forest in 1977 covered bushcow (Syncerus caffer) in Kop Nti were hunted the lower (eastern) slopes of the valley to the bank using gin traps and pitfalls, few of which had been of the river. The total area was c. 6.5 km2. On the filled in. By 1977 Kop Nti forest had not been opposite (rain shadow) side of the valley wooded exploited for timber but on the periphery there grassland, dissected by narrow fringes of forest along had been intermittent farming. There was a small consecutive streams, extended from the ridge top resident population of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) 103 and bushcow; Kop Nti had become their final refuge. technique, despite its subjective aspects, remains a The chimpanzees, though not apparently harassed by useful tool). local people, were at risk from Cameroonian hunters. (ii) Mature forest, where the canopy (i.e., the crowns of the B storey trees and emergent A storey Structure, physiognomy, floristic trees) is interrupted by the fall or piecemeal collapse composition of large old trees. Structurally, the forest (Figure 38) appeared to ‘Scrub’, an ambiguous category implying resemble the ‘Mixed Rain Forest’ of Western Nigeria (iii) (Richards, 1939; Jones, 1955 & 1956). The forest young secondary growth, pockets of small trees (e.g., was a patchwork of physiognomically distinct or Mallotus oppositifolius) with a continuous canopy, intergrading, serally related phases, which Whitmore not infrequently smothered in creepers; small trees, (1975) has described as ‘mature’, ‘gap’ and ‘building’ shrubs and climber tangles; clumps of Aframomum phases. The following phases were observed at Kop and tall Marantachloa, with isolated emergents and occasional climber towers. Nti: (i) Mature Mixed (=Multidominant) Rain Forest structurally similar to the ‘Wet Evergreen Forest’ in Shasha Forest Reserve, as described by Richards (1939). (Richards (1983), while accepting that mixed forests usually do not show clearly defined strata, has concluded that the profile diagram The following account is based on extensive observation, and botanical collections, supplemented by detailed profile and sample plot studies in River Nwum Forest Reserve (particularly Kop Nti). Figure 38 An early stage in the succession from wooded grassland to high forest resulting from at least 10 years of fortuitous fire protection between the river and the forest edge. The leafless branches (top left) belong to a dead Terminalia glaucescens. In the foreground, is Anthocleista djalonensis with top-knot of large leaves. Behind, protruding above the thicket, is the crown of Polyscias fulva. 104 Profile strips between this layer and the lowest tree stratum. The Two profile diagrams (Figures 39 and 40) were density of the understorey varied but nowhere was drawn to illustrate differences in structure, floristic progress much impeded. composition and general appearance within a (relatively) very small area at Kop Nti. At the scale of Young A and B stratum trees included Aubrevillea the diagram it is not practicable to show more than kerstingii, Cola gigantea, Pouteria alnifolia, Myrianthus a few of the many lianes (vines), always a prominent arboreus, Spondianthus preussii and Sterculia feature of the forest. Trees less than 6 m tall were tragacantha. Among smaller trees were Clausena anisata, Cola hispida, Monodora tenuifolia, Olax not included. subscorpioidea, Pavetta owariensis and JDC 3901. The The first profile drawing (Figure 39) depicts a strip only shrub, Leea guineensis, was poorly represented. of forest 45.7 x 13.7 m, altitude 760 m (120 m There was one stemless oil palm, Elaeis guineensis. above the river), measured along the contour on a The herbaceous element was characterised by 35° slope. The tops of the tallest trees were on a level head-high clumps of the forest grass Olyra latifolia, with the top of the slope, where the transition from brakes of bamboo-like Marantochloa leucantha, and forest to wooded grassland was immediate. There Palisota sp. (JDC 3811). were 53 trees (one dead) over 6 m high representing 17 species, which could be separated into three strata. The ground layer (E) of plants from a few centimetres to over l m in height consisted of tree seedlings, The lowest storey (C) of trees up to 15 m high (but herbs and ferns. The most abundant tree seedlings average about 10 m tall) was more or less continuous. were Trilepisium madagascariense, which otherwise Although the crowns of the trees in the A (34-35 occurred (i.e., at the plot) only as a large tree. An m) and B (15-29 m) storeys typically overlapped, Acanthus sp. (JDC 3814), an Aframomum sp. (JDC they did not form a closed canopy. There were three 3790 - in the sulcatum-leptolepis group) and Dracaena trees in the A storey, comprising two species, viz aubryana were all common, with the ferns Adiantum Aubrevillea kerstingii (1), distorted by a great weight philippense and Pteris togoensis. of climbers, and Trilepisium madagascariense (2). Their crowns were raised well above those of stratum The crowns of many B storey trees, particularly Sterculia tragacantha, were distorted or broken by the B. A. kerstingii had a spread of 26 m. weight of interlacing lianes, spreading from tree to Stratum B included 13 trees of seven species. tree. Some lianes, stems 10 cm or more in diameter, More than half were light demanding, viz Sterculia depended cable-like from the tallest tree-tops. Piper tragacantha (7) and Pycnanthus angolensis (1). The guineense climbed tree trunks to a height of 12 m. majority were c. 27 m high with rounded crowns. Their presence, with Vitex doniana and Pouteria Epiphytic orchids were present, but not conspicuous. The bracket fern Platycerium angolense was abundant alnifolia, suggested this was old secondary forest. above about 20 m in the crowns of Sterculia The C stratum, with 36 trees of 12 species, comprised tragacantha in the B storey. Pyrrosia schimperiana, two-thirds of all the trees measured. It comprised a creeping fern with a slender rhizome, was also the young upper canopy species Aubrevillea restricted to the upper canopy. Some of the tree kerstingii, Ceiba pentandra, Erythrophleum suaveolens, trunks were lightly mossed low down, but there were Spondianthus preussii, Sterculia tragacantha and Vitex no other epiphytes at this level. doniana. Smaller trees, forming the majority, were Olax subscorpioidea, Pavetta owariensis, Pittosporum The second profile plot at Kop Nti (Figure 40) was viridiflorum and, most abundant, JDC 3901, which a strip of forest, 45.7 x 10.7 m at the foot of the accounted for 40% of all the trees in this stratum. slope described above, at 690 m. It is c. 500 m from The average crown spread was 5 m. For clarity, not all the river. The east end (i.e., to left in the diagram) the C storey trees are included in the profile diagram. abutted on to an area of ‘scrub’; in this case trees c. 6 m tall with a broken canopy, climber tangles, Stratum D (the ‘shrub stratum’) was ill-defined. scattered emergents and occasional climber towers. Herbaceous species were present but young trees predominated. There was no clear distinction There were 25 trees of 16 species greater than 6 m tall 105 Figure 39 Profile strip No. 1, Kop Nti, 760 m. 106 Table 19 Key to Kop Nti forest (River Nwum Forest Reserve) profile strip 1 (Figure 39). 107 108 109 on the strip, plus two dead stumps. Of the 25, one C storey tree, Deinbollia cf. pinnata, does not appear on the profile diagram, being obscured by trees nearer to the base-line. One of the B stratum trees, Tetrapleura tetraptera has only the upper part of the crown showing. As with Kop Nti profile 1, the trees could be divided arbitrarily into three strata. Those in the topmost (A) stratum were taller than at Kop Nti profile 1, and proportionately more numerous. The vertical discontinuity between the trees of the lowest stratum (C) and those in the upper canopy (A and B strata) was more marked. 1, one or two stemless oil palms (Elaeis guineensis) occurred, plus the same robust herbaceous plants. The ground layer (E) of tree seedlings, undershrubs, mainly monocotyledonous herbs, and ferns was patchy. Tree seedlings included Rinorea brachypetala (abundant), Myrianthus aboreus, and Cola ?gigantea (JDC 3830). A shrublet, Chassalia sp. JDC 3816, was plentiful. The herbs were the same as in Kop Nti profile 1, plus another forest grass, Leptaspis cochleata, and Pollia mannii, (Commelinaceae) with shining blue, berry-like fruits. Of the ferns, Tectaria fernandensis was common, Bolbitis achrostichoides formed small clumps, while Adiantum philippense and Asplenium unilaterale colonised bare ground. There were seven A stratum trees, heights ranging from 40 to 59 m, viz Ceiba pentandra (59 m), Cola gigantea (40 m), Ficus mucuso (52 m) and Pterocarpus mildbraedii (four trees, average height 46 m). Their Lianes were numerous, occurring at all levels. wide-spreading crowns, raised well above the B One hawser-like stem 17.5 cm in diameter, hung stratum trees, were frequently in lateral contact. vertically from the crown of the very tall Pterocarpus mildbraedii, shown at the right-hand end of the Stratum B, which was discontinuous, included 4 profile drawing. The stumps of two smaller trees trees; Alstonia boonei (30 m), Holoptelea grandis that had snapped under the weight of climbers, are (37 m), Tetrapleura tetraptera (29 m) and Cola also shown. The crown of the Funtumia elastica was gigantea (23 m). The average height was 30 m. All virtually a small climber tower. were restricted to this stratum. Elsewhere in the forest, Alstonia boonei (here with a broken top) and Piper guineense ascended tree trunks to a height of Holoptelea grandis, were common A stratum trees. T. 5 m. The boles of some larger trees were slightly tetraptera was a typical mid-stratum species. mossy. Epiphytic ferns were restricted to the upper canopy where Platycerium angolense was common, In the C stratum, while trees of up to 18 m in height not confined, as it was in Kop Nti profile 1, to one (e.g., JDC 3843 ?Guttiferae) have been included, species of tree. the average was 9 m. Belonging to eight species, they totalled 14, just over half of all the trees in the All the A stratum trees were to some degree plot. Unlike profile 1, all were confined to this level, deciduous. Buttressing was pronounced. The large although three at least were potential B stratum plank buttresses of Ceiba pentandra extended 7 m trees, viz Funtumia elastica, Strombosia scheffleri up the massive bole. Alstonia boonei was buttressed and Trilepisium madagascariense. Unless among to a height of 6.5 m, above which the bole was the unidentified species, young A storey trees were deeply and regularly fluted almost to the crown. lacking. Most abundant, accounting for one-third The triangular buttresses of Ficus mucuso spanned of the total, was Mallotus oppositifolius; a small low 6 m at the ground, extending almost as far up the branching, sometimes multistemmed, deciduous smooth, columnar, fawn coloured bole of this stately tree, average height 7 m. Here also were Myrianthus tree. The figs, which fall to the ground at the end of arboreus (1), Tabernaemontana sp. (JDC 3796) (3) the dry season, are paniculate on the main stem and and JDC 3844 (1). older branches, about 5 cm across, orange when ripe. Cola gigantea was narrowly buttressed, the bole often The D stratum was indefinite. Besides plants fluted above. In March the large carpels lay open peculiar to it, there were young C storey trees; on the ground. Brown and densely felted outside, most prominent Mallotus oppositifolius, followed by they are cream and smooth inside; the seeds, much Tabernaemontana sp. (JDC 3796). Trees belonging relished by chimpanzees, are enclosed in a pink, to the strata above were absent. Among the smaller fleshy aril. The bole of Pterocarpus mildbraedii is trees were Rinorea brachypetala, specially common, buttressed to 2 m. The fruits are broadly winged, and ?Cola hispida (JDC 3820). As in Kop Nti profile almost circular, without prickles, up to l0 cm in 110 diameter. Vast numbers are produced, littering the and 2.44 m girth classes. forest floor around the end of March. Table 22 shows girth class distributions. While for While none of the above was represented at the many trees girth class distributions may appear profile plot by saplings or younger trees, there was anomalous, this takes no account of trees less than no lack of these in the forest as a whole. 6m tall. For most species, over the forest as a whole the representation of size classes apperaed to be fairly even. Enumeration plot The floristic composition of the forest was further studied on an enumeration plot of approximately 1.5 ha, 122 x 122 m, on gently undulating ground near the river (Table 21). The corners were marked by cairns with posts of Hymenocardia acida. Of an estimated 60 species represented on the plot, 26 (43.3%) fell within the 30-90 cm girth classes. They included 389 of the total 545 trees enumerated (Table 22). The few exceptions relate to the three most abundant trees. Mallotus oppositifolius and Funtumia elastica were each represented in the 1.22 m girth class by one tree; Myrianthus arboreus by two trees in the 1.22 m and one in each of the 1.52 m Within the enumeration plot the C stratum, nowhere very dense, consisted of small bushy trees, frequently blanketed with climbers, scattered clumps of Olyra latifolia and young trees belonging to the strata above. The former included Clausena anisata, Elaeis guineensis (one or two only, stemless), Ouratea myrioneura and, more abundant, Rinorea dentata. Among the latter Albizia zygia, Cola ?gigantea (JDC 4843), Funtumia elastica, Myrianthus arboreus, Pterygota macrocarpa and Spondianthus preussii were common. One Aningera sapling was seen. Table 22 Girth class distributions from within the Kop Nti forest (River Nwum Forest Reserve). 111 Table 21 Enumeration plot from Kop Nti forest (River Nwum Forest Reserve). 112 In the lowest stratum (E) tree seedlings were abundant, with the grass Leptaspis cochleata. Other monocots included Dracaena aubryana, Pollia mannii and Palisota sp. (JDC 3811). The only fern recorded was Tectaria fernandensis. Lianes were prominent, with Landolphia spp., Saba comorensis and S. thompsonii among the most common. The edible fruits of some species (Fulfulde belbel leinde) are much sought after by monkeys. A climbing palm with a prickly stem, Laccosperma opacum, reached into the canopy. Pararistolochia goldieana, climbing 6 m, with huge (up to 45 cm long), cauliflorous, evil-smelling, reddish purple flowers, was blooming at the beginning of the rains. Old stems of Piper guineense, developed thin corky “wings”. Stranglers were represented by Ficus sp. JDC 4870. The high forest terminated abruptly at the foot of the slope on the east bank of the River Nwum. Over the river, intermittent fringing forest was associated with tributary streams. Other tree species at the edge of the high forest included Canarium schweinfurthii and Piptadeniastrum africanum, both large trees with huge spreading crowns. Also, not so large, were Afzelia bella, Baikiea insignis with handsome white flowers opening overnight and fading by noon, Baphia laurifolia, Erythrophleum suaveolens, ?Pseudospondias microcarpa (JDC 3802 and 3920) and the ‘African bread fruit’ Treculia africana, bearing huge spherical fruits up to 45 cm in diameter, sub-sessile on the trunk and main branches. The epiphytic cactus Rhipsalis baccifera was common. Below the Logmi confluence, where the valley is enclosed and mist tends to persist along the river, epiphytes were more frequent. Tree trunks were covered with filmy ferns (Trichomanes chevalieri) and moss (Pilotrichella latiramea) to a height of 2 m. Begonia mannii was observed, and, on a dripping rock face, Epithemia tenue (Gesneriaceae) and Impatiens sp. (JDC 3917) with pinkish-purple flowers. Ground ferns included Asplenium unilaterale and Diplazium proliferum. The forest on the west bank was less well developed, with fewer species. One of the most common was Uapaca sp. (probably U. togoensis) 15-18 m tall, some with stilt roots reaching halfway up the bole. Pandanus candelabrum the ‘screw palm’, has well developed prop-roots; often gregarious along stream beds in forest; at River Nwum this small tree was sporadic. Other trees, 15-20 m tall, included Cynometra megalophylla, Hannoa klaineana and Homalium sp. (JDC 3922). Among the smaller trees were ?Berlinia sp. (JDC 3923), Ixora ?bauchiensis (JDC 4834), Napoleona sp. (JDC 4881) with flattened globose fruits about 5 cm across, borne on the main branches and trunk, plus three numbers (Sorindeia cf. grandifolia, and JDC 4816 and 4898). Where the bank was rocky Synsepalum passargei grew close to the water. Lofty woody climbers included a Millettia sp. (JDC 4866) with pinkish-purple flowers, also ?Asclepiadacae (JDC 4902), with copious white latex and opposite follicles 18 cm long. The orchid Vanilla imperialis, with large fleshy leaves, climbing by adventitious roots at each node, after trailing 30 m over rocky ground had ascended a small river bank tree to 5 m. Downstream, where the valley was less enclosed, ‘scrub’ alternated with forest along the bank. A large deciduous tree JDC 4864 (?Amphimas pterocarpoides) with conspicuous flat papery fruits, leaf-like from below, was found only here, although the fruits travel far on the wind. Lofty climbers included Entada rheedei, with woody, segmented pods l m long, Combretum sp. (JDC 4815) (fruiting) and ?Strychnos sp. (JDC 4812) with pale yellow flowers. In climber tangles, JDC 3918 with showy purple flowers stood out. Amongst small trees and shrubs were Millettia chrysophylla (tree 6 m tall) and several Rubiaceae. The latter included Argocoffeopsis eketensis, a scandent shrub, with fragrant white flowers, flowering when leafless; Rothmannia whitfieldii, a tree 6 m tall with globose 10-ridged fruits which yield an inky dye, and Tricalysia coriacea, with sweet smelling white flowers and small red fruits. Neoboutonia melleri var. velutina grew in a thicket with Clematis sp. JDC 4814, and Rubus pinnatus var. afrotropicus (ripe fruits orange-red, edible) on rocky ground at the water’s edge. Dependent on topography, the upper limit of forest at Kop Nti was c. 300-400 m above the river. Where the break in slope was abrupt there was almost no ecotone. Elsewhere, the transition to savanna vegetation was gradual, with a buffer zone of varying width in which fires spreading down the slope tended to peter out. Along the edge of the forest were Bridelia speciosa, Clausena anisata, Phoenix reclinata (rare), Polyscias fulva, Uapaca sp. and Vitex doniana. Where savanna trees occurred, the boles were mossy, with Erythrodontium cf. subjulaceum 113 the most common moss. Also here, growing on Terminalia schimperiana, within a few feet of the ground, was Platycerium angolense (cf. Akwaizantar). Bordering the trees would be a thicket up to 20 m wide of shrubs and climbers/scramblers including Leea guineensis, Smilax anceps, ?Landolphia sp. (JDC 3871), and Paullinia pinnata. This in its turn was fringed by dense bracken fern, Pteridium aquilinum, and Aframomum, before merging into wooded grassland subject to regular burning. On the western side of the valley, where a succession of small tributary streams descend the steep slopes, the principal fringing species were Canarium schweinfurthii, Erythrophleum suaveolens, Khaya grandifoliola, Maranthes glabra, Polyscias fulva, Sterculia tragacantha, Uapaca sp. (abundant) and Vitex doniana. on a 40 degree slope, without contour ridges or bunds) was conspicuous for an unusual abundance of the large red “tulip head” flowers. Across the south-eastern boundary of the reserve farmers from Inkiri had cleared the forest, cultivated for two or three seasons, and then moved to another area. The regrowth was dense, up to l0 m tall; huge relict Ceiba pentandra (silk cotton trees) were prominent, with Maranthes glabra. Anthocleista djalonensis and Polyscias fulva had begun to overtop the thicket, with Albizia zygia, Erythrophleum suaveolens and Trema guineense not far behind. Smaller trees and shrubs included Allophylus africanus (among the most abundant), Clausena anisata, Dombeya sp. JDC 3896 and Leea guineensis (both shrubs). It was interesting to find forest species invading wooded grassland. In an enclave between the forest and the river which was protected from burning, most of the savanna trees, including Terminalia Ecological notes When the reserve was demarcated, two areas of schimperiana, were dead or moribund. A dense forest were excluded for farming. The Antere farmers thicket had shaded them out, through which moved into the Logmi Valley beyond the north end emerged the crowns of Anthocleista djalonensis and of the reserve boundary in the late 1960s and left Polyscias fulva. the biggest trees, particularly Ceiba pentandra, to be burnt down later. Maize was grown for three or Past disturbance was shown by the presence of four years until yields diminished and weeds built ‘scrub’ and climber tangles within the high forest, up. The farms were left fallow following the 1972 and the presence of Elaeis guineensis rarely greater harvest. After five years the forest regrowth, largely than l m high, with isolated individuals of Musanga Trema orientalis, was felled and farmers were busy cecropioides and Trema orientalis. Their precise burning the debris in readiness for another crop of ecological implications however were unclear. maize. Several of the old trees were lying smouldering Tradition had it that up to about a century ago this or reduced to ashes. Of those still standing, all were was uninhabited country, and that elephants, as well scarred by fire. Bombax buonopozense, the bole as buffalo, were common. Their presence could have hollow and the roots undermined by soil wash (i.e., been a contributory factor. 114 References Bawden, M.G., Tuley, P. (1966). The Land Resources of Southern Sardauna and Southern Adamawa Provinces, Northern Nigeria. Land Resource Study No. 2. Directorate of Overseas Surveys. Tolworth, Surrey. Jones, E.W. (1955 & 1956). Ecological studies on the rain forest of Southern Nigeria - IV. The plateau forest of the Okomu Forest Reserve. Journal of Ecology 43: 564-594 and Journal of Ecology 44: 83-117. Richards, P.W. (1939). Ecological studies on the rain forest of Southern Nigeria - 1. The structure & floristic composition of the primary forest. Journal of Ecology 27: 1-61. Richards, P.W. (1983). The three dimensional structure of tropical rain forest. In Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management. No. 2 in Special Publications Series of the British Ecological Society, S.L. Sutton, T.C. Whitmore, A.C. Chadwick (eds). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. Whitmore, T.C. (1975). Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 115 Chapter 7 High Forest Outliers in the Middle Donga Valley Baissa, River Amboi and Bissaula River Forest Reserves Baissa: High forest; 230 m; 66 km2 Red Data List Species: Irvingia gabonensis, Khaya grandifoliola, Milicia excelsa River Amboi: High forest, 230 m; 20 km2 Red Data List Species: Hallea stipulosa, Irvingia gabonensis, Khaya grandifoliola, Milicia excelsa Bissaula River: High forest; 230 m; 26 km2 Red Data List Species: Irvingia gabonensis, Khaya grandifoliola, Milicia excelsa Introduction Climate This account refers to the situation which existed around 20 years ago. The description of Baissa forest is now an historical document; it had already been partially logged by the 1970s. Logging had intensified by 1985 (Dangpurki, pers. comm.), and today Baissa has been almost totally destroyed (Barnwell, pers. comm. 2000). However, the River Amboi and Bissaula River Forest Reserves survive, and are in good condition (Barnwell, pers comm. 2000), although their future is uncertain. Lying to the west of the Suntai Higlands and Mambilla Plateau, the river system of the Middle Donga experiences a relatively even distribution of rainfall. No month is entirely dry. The mean annual rainfall, recorded over a seven year period, was 1870 mm. For half the year (April through October) the monthly mean was in excess of 100 mm, and October was the wettest month, with 310 mm. The three driest months recorded a total of 52 mm, viz December 20 mm, January 9 mm, and February 23 mm (Bawden & Tuley, 1966). The fact that these forests are fragmented, and account for scarcely 0.01 % of the total land area in the Middle Donga Valley, highlights their botanical significance. It is vital that they are conserved, both for both their floristic composition and habitat for fauna. 117 Description of the Forests Baissa was Terminalia superba, 43.6 m high (Figure 42). Stratum A trees, of which there were 10, represent Baissa was a lowland forest, lying at c. 230 m on the eight species. They were Alstonia boonei (2), Celtis Donga River, at latitude 7° 14’ North, and longitude gomphophylla (1), Cola gigantea (1), Holoptelea grandis (1), Pterocarpus mildbraedii (2), Pterygota 10° 38’ East (Figure 2). macrocarpa (1), Sterculia oblonga (1) and Terminalia superba (1). The crowns were heavily branched, or flattened (e.g., T. superba), with a spread of up to Extent, landscape and history 2 27.5 m. They were raised well above the crowns Baissa Forest Reserve covers an area of 113 km (Appendix 1), including about 66 km2 of high of stratum B trees, and there was minimal lateral forest. The terrain is gently undulating. The open contact. savanna is dominated by tall grass with scattered firetrimmed trees. The soils are shallow with strongly In stratum B there were 11 trees, comprising six developed lateritic concretions in the interfluves. species: Anthonotha macrophylla (1), Brachystegia The high forest blocks were scattered, some in the eurycoma (1), ?Funtumia elastica (1), Pterygota proximity of streams, others islands in the savanna. macrocarpa (3), Trichilia prieuriana (1), and Vitex Between these two types transitional woodland was rivularis (4). They varied in height from 15-33.5 m. found, characterised by Anogeissus leiocarpus, with Of the 47 trees greater than 6 m high in the sometimes pure stands of Uapaca heudelotii. C stratum, six were not shown in the drawing. During the 1970s Baissa was easily accessible by One was dead and another moribund. C stratum road (Figure 2). Over half of the reserve was high trees, including Mallotus oppositifolius, tended to forest, so that Baissa was a ready source of timber, have rounded, often straggling crowns, whereas particularly mahogany (Khaya grandifoliola) and Pterygota macrocarpa and Sterculia oblonga, which iroko (Milicia excelsa). Logging commenced in the were potential B and A storey trees, had relatively early 1970s, when a Canadian circular breakdown narrow crowns. mill was installed. A few years later, with the setting up of the Baissa Timber Development Corporation, The shrub stratum (D), which included young a horizontal breakdown bandmill and sophisticated trees of the strata above, was not distinct. Species extraction equipment were acquired, with operations peculiar to this stratum, recorded at the plot, were Cola hispida (small tree), Dictyandra arborescens extending throughout the reserve. (shrub), Heisteria parvifolia and, common here though elsewhere sporadic, ?Rinorea sp. (JDC 5411). The thickness of the shrub stratum varies but in the Profile strip The profile diagram (Figure 41) depicts a strip of undisturbed forest was never so dense as to make undisturbed forest 107 x 15 m, on level ground in progress difficult. block 29 of Baissa Forest Reserve. The field layer (E) consisted of plants from a few centimetres to l m or more in height. Besides tree seedlings, particularly Pterygota macrocarpa, a Structure, physiognomy and floristic stemless Palisota sp. (= HMC 146 from Bissaula composition Three tree strata were recognizable. Only the lowest River), was common where the canopy was storey (C) of trees up to 15 m high was continuous. light. There were patches devoid of almost any The trees above did not form a closed canopy. The plants. division between C and B was not well defined, whereas the A stratum was sharply separated vertically from B. The tallest tree in the profile strip Location 118 Figure 41. Profile strip in Baissa Forest Reserve, 230 m. 119 Figure 41 (Cont.) Profile strip in Baissa Forest Reserve, 230 m. 120 121 Many of the larger trees were buttressed. Holoptelea grandis had narrow buttresses extending high up the trunk, which was fluted above. The bole of Pterocarpus mildbraedii was cylindrical, narrowly buttressed to approximately 8 m. Terminalia superba (Figure 42) is aptly named. This tree, with broad, plank-like buttresses extending up to 3 m from the ground, with a long, straight bole and whorled branches, has a spreading, open crown. Another large tree, Alstonia boonei, the bole frequently fluted, yields copious latex when slashed; the fruits, a pair of slender follicles up to 60 cm long were hanging in clusters in March. Balanites wilsoniana attains a height of 37 m, with high buttresses and twisted fluting, often with compound thorns in the concavities. The fruits are ellipsoid, up to 9 cm long, 4.5 cm broad, yellow when ripe, with a fibrous coat surrounding the hard stone. The decaying fruits smell strongly of acetic acid. Hylodendron gabunense, a slender tree reaching 30 m in height, with sharp buttresses reaching high up the trunk, has woody spines on the bole and branches. Klainedoxa gabonensis, up to 40 m tall, exudes a watery, clear or honey-coloured sap with a musky smell when slashed (Burkill, 1994). It is easily recognised by the long stipules, up to 15 cm on young trees, protruding above the canopy and strewing the ground below. Young trees often have conspicuous spines on the bole. Milicia excelsa was one of the largest trees in the forest. A breast height girth of 6 m was not uncommon, and one tree at Baissa measured 8 m. Recorded only from Bissaula River (Peal, 1960), Daniellia ogea is not usually buttressed; it may reach a height of 55 m. The bark is distinctively marked, with horizontal patches like painted bands in various colours, grey, brown and orange predominating (Keay et al., 1964). At the other extreme, were ‘treelets’, for example Dicranolepis grandiflora, and particularly Memecylon sp. (JDC 5306), a miniature tree 3.7 m tall, with a distinct main axis. Prominent among the many lianes were Entada rheedei, with thorny stems and huge pods, and the prickly rattan Laccosperma opacum. Climbing with adventitious roots, the bush pepper, Piper guineense (Hausa ‘masoro’) was common. An aroid, Cercestis mirabilis, with perforated leaves and with long pendulous roots and also clasping roots, climbing to l0 m, was noted on several occasions. In contrast to the mountain forests, epiphytes were not conspicuous. Epiphytic orchids, e.g, Calyptrochilum christyanum, were rare. River Amboi Forest Reserve Location River Amboi is situated a few kilometres east of Baissa (Figure 2). The terrain is broken, with hills rising abruptly from an intricate system of valleys drained by numerous shallow, rocky-bedded streams, tributaries of the Ndaforo, Tiso and Amboi rivers, which flow south-westwards to join the Donga. Here also is a mosaic of savanna woodland and patches of open savanna, with transition woodland and high forest on better soils. The numbers of oil palms to be found in different parts of the forest indicated how widespread farming had been. Figure 42 Terminalia superba, in Baissa Forest Reserve, before it was logged out. Trees growing nearby included Alstonia boonei, Celtis durandii, Cola gigantea, Holoptelea grandis, Klainedoxa gabonensis, Pterocarpus mildbraedii, Pterygota macrocarpa & Pycnanthus angolensis (photo, 1974). 122 Conservation status Floristic composition River Amboi forest lies within the River Amboi Forest Reserve (Appendix 1). At the time of the study, exploitation of the forest flora had been confined to sporadic pit-sawing. It is still relatively unharmed (Barnwell, pers. comm. 2000), however constant hunting, frequently using spotlights, had decimated wildlife. The species composition of Bissaula is summarised in Table 25, a comparison of the floristic diversity within the three Donga River forest reserves. Additional detail is in the checklist. Enumeration plot Ecological notes for the three Donga river forest reserves Summarised species lists for the three forests are given in Table 25. For Baissa and River Amboi the lists are representative of the woody flora. At Bissaula, with few exceptions, the larger trees only had been recorded (Peal, 1960). Species with collecting numbers, are in the checklist. The forest area studied at River Amboi was in an advanced stage of succession. An area was chosen towards the north-east corner of the Forest Reserve, south of the Ngara stream. A square 1.5 ha plot (Table 24) was laid out about 30 minutes walk from Gidan Giwa, 5 km north of Atsuku, which is on the Anogeissus leiocarpus was the most characteristic tree road from Baissa to Abong. The plot corners were in transition woodland at Baissa and River Amboi. demarcated with large stone beacons. Borassus palms, sporadic in wooded grassland at Baissa, were also present well inside small patches of forest. The early stages of succession on abandoned farms were much as Ross (1954) describes them for the Rain Forest Zone of southern Nigeria, except that Bissaula River Forest Reserve no examples of the Musanga cecropioides phase were seen (cf. Rosevear (1971)); Swaine and Hall (1983). Location Species in transition woodland and young secondary Bissaula town is only 32 km south-south-west of forest at River Amboi are recorded in the checklist. Baissa by a trekking path, and canoe ferry (Figure 2). In contrast, by road it is a journey of 160 km, At River Amboi Antrophyum mannianum perched via Mararaba and Takum. The Bissaula river flows on the stems of oil palms, up to 2.5 m from the north, to join the Donga near the south-west corner ground. The large ‘sun epiphyte’ Platycerium of Baissa Forest Reserve. Bissaula River forest reserve angolense featured in the upper canopy. In Baissa covers 148 km2, including 26 km2 of high forest the moss, Groutiella sarcotricha, was collected from a extending as a fairly wide belt along the river, north high branch of Holoptelea grandis, broken off by the of Bissaula town, with narrower belts branching to wind. At Bissaula River the root parasite Thonningia the east and southwest, following the water courses. sanguinea was found. Recorded by Migeod at 1520 The remainder of the reserve is savanna woodland, m (1958) on Mt. Cameroon (FWTA), its presence with Crossopteryx febrifuga and Uapaca togoensis in the mountain forests of Taraba and Adamawa has among the commoner species, and Anogeissus yet to be established. leiocarpus in transitional woodland or regrowth on old farms (Peal, 1960). From the air, several small Present in the middle Donga forests but not noted stands of fan palm (Borassus aethiopum) were noted elsewhere were Holarrhena floribunda, Hylodendron in the forest along the Bissaula River. gabunense and Mammea africana. Copies of the Native Authority Orders constituting Conservation status Baissa (1968), River Amboi (1976) and Bissaula Bissaula forest lies within a Forest Reserve (Appendix River (1969) Forest Reserves are set out in Appendix 1). At the time of the study, logging was limited to 1. sporadic pit-sawing. It is still relatively unharmed (Barnwell, pers. comm. 2000) but the wildlife has been decimated. 123 Table 24 Enumeration plot from River Amboi Forest Reserve. 124 Table 25 Summarised species lists for the three forests: Baissa, River Amboi and Bissaula River. Bai = Baissa, Amb = River Amboi, Bis = Bissaula. Woody climbers (present in all three forest reserves) Acacia sp. JDC 5439, Calamus deeratus, Entada mannii, Laccosperma opacum, ?Landolphia sp. JDC 5372, Mezoneuron angolense, Pararistolochia losavis, Piper guineense, Urera cordifolia, JDC 5394, JDC 5402, JDC 5441. Shrubs Callichilia sp. JDC 5333, Chassalia sp. - shrublet JDC 5326, Dictyandra arborescens, Didymosalpinx abbeokutae, ?Dracaena sp. JDC 5360, Heisteria parvifolia, Psilanthus mannii, Pycnocoma cornuta. 125 Herbs Acanthus sp., Aframomum limbatum, Antrophyum mannianum, Asplenium emarginatum, Bolbitis achrostichoides, Corymborkis corymbis, Dracaena thalioides, Marantochloa leucantha, Marantochloa purpurea, Olyra latifolia, Palisota hirsuta, Palisota sp. HMC 145, Palisota sp. HMC 146, Platycerium angolense, Polka condensata, Pteris hamulosa, Cercestis mirabilis, Thonningia sanguinea, JDC 5469 – Cucurbitaceae. References Bawden, M.G., Tuley, P. (1966). The Land Resources of Southern Sardauna and Southern Adamawa Provinces, Northern Nigeria. Land Resource Study No. 2. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, Surrey. Burkill, H.M. (1994). The Useful Plants of Tropical West Africa, (2nd edition). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Keay, R.W.J., Hepper, F.N. (eds). (1953-72). Flora of West Tropical Africa (2nd Edition). Crown Agents, London. Keay, R.W.J., Onochie, C.F.A., Stanfield, D.P. (1964). Nigerian Trees, Vols. 1 & 2. Department of Forest Research, Ibadan. Peal, J. (1960). Unpublished report. Ministry of Animal and Forestry Resources, Northern Nigeria. Rosevear, D.R. (1971). The umbrella tree, Musanga smithii R. Br. Nigerian Field, Special Issue July 1971. Ross, R. (1954). Ecological studies on the rain forest of Southern Nigeria - III. Secondary succession in the Shasha Forest Reserve. Journal of Ecology 42: 259-282. Swaine, M.D., Hall, J.B. (1983). Early succession on cleared forest land in Ghana. Journal of Ecology 71: 601-627. 126 Chapter 8 High Forest Outliers in Lowland Gashaka The Gangumi and Wurkam River Forests Gangumi: High forest; 230 m; 28.5 km2 Red Data List species: Afzelia africana, Irvingia gabonensis, Khaya grandifoliola, Milicia excelsa Wurkam River Forest Reserve: High forest; 230 m; 20.5 km2 Red Data List species: Afzelia africana, Irvingia gabonensis, Khaya grandifoliola, Milicia excelsa The presence of animal trypanosomiasis excludes Gashaka District extends north-east to Toungo cattle, unless on their way to or from the upland District, eastwards to the border of the Cameroon grazing enclaves. Farming practices vary. Fadama Republic, south to Mambilla Plateau, and westwards farming is usually continuous. In savanna, depending to Ndoro (Kurmi) and Bakundi Districts. Its total on the soil, crops are grown for between three to area, including presumably the Hendu and Cabbal five years, with a fallow period of five to six years. Wade uplands, was estimated (1955) to be c. 11,650 High forest farming at Gangumi was said to have km2 (Trappes-Lomax, 1955). At the 1954 census the been ten years under crops, with a seven year fallow district was organised into 13 village areas, with a (Trappes-Lomax,1955). combined population of 10,682; a density slightly less than one person per square kilometre. This The true wealth of Gashaka must be its biodiversity, sparse population was attributable to the prevalence in an environment unsurpassed in West Africa. of onchocerciasis (river blindness) and sleeping However, the construction of an all-weather road sickness, as well as the Fulani raids of the nineteenth to Serti led to large-scale bush-meat hunting and century. Except at Serti, which had grown, the by 1971 wildlife had been decimated. In that year the then North-Eastern State Government, through population in 1978 remained static. the Division of Forestry and Wildlife, commenced Most of Gashaka is hilly, with steep-sided hills (e.g., a detailed survey of the wildlife resources. From Bali Mt.) rising 610-910 m from the base. The this initiative there has evolved the Gashaka Gumti only extensive areas of flat country are the Bakundi National Park. Much of lowland Gashaka, including and Serti Plains. There are numerous rivers and gallery forest, but not the Gangumi and Wurkam streams; the Kam, its source on Mambilla Plateau, River forests, is now within the Park. the Ngamgam and the Gashaka from the Gotel Mountains, and the Ser and the Mayo Yim are all perennial. Several lesser streams flow for at least part of the dry season. Location 127 Figure 43 Map showing Gangumi and Wurkam River Forest Reserves. After Trappes- Lomax (1955) Forest Reconnaissance map of Gashaka and part of the Bakundi Districts. 128 Description of the Forests / Kurame Gangumi and Wurkam River Conservation status Forest Reserves Location, extent and soils The Gangumi Forest Reserve is located c. 26 km ENE of Bali, and 11 km N of the Taraba River. The Wurkam River Forest Reserve is approximately 12 km NNW of this, comprising forests along the banks of the River Wurkam and its tributaries (Figure 43). There were (1978) roughly 28.5 km2 of high forest at Gangumi and 20.5 km2 in Wurkam River Forest Reserve (Trappes-Lomax, 1955). These were the only large accessible forests in lowland Gashaka. The soils are Ferruginous Tropical Soils derived from crystalline acid rocks of the Basement Complex (Bawden & Tuley, 1966). The current state of these forests is unknown. However in the 1950s, Trappes-Lomax urged that priority Reserve Status be given to the Gangumi and Wurkam River forests, on account of their extreme vulnerability and potential for timber production. His proposals were accepted, and the boundaries agreed during 1955/56. Copies of the Native Authority Orders constituting Gangumi (1957), Wurkam River (1967) and Kamatan (1962) (south of the Taraba River) Forest Reserves are given in Appendix 1. Diversity A total of 83 species were recorded from the high forest at Gangumi, 71 trees, three woody climbers, and nine shrubs; obviously the collectors concentrated on the trees. Four Red Data List species, Afzelia africana, Irvingia gabonensis, Khaya Table 26 Species lists, mainly for Gangumi Forest Reserve but also from Wurkam River, based on collections by Latilo & Daramola (L & D, FHI numbers - November 1954) & JDC (May 1977). 129 grandifoliola and Milicia excelsa were recorded. A list of tree species recorded by members of the TrappesLomax expedition and JDC is given in Table 26. Enumeration The Forest Reconnaissance enumeration results are summarised in Appendix 3. At Gangumi the most abundant species, represented in every size class, were Ricinodendron heudelotii and Pterygota macrocarpa. Together, they accounted for more than one-third of all trees enumerated. The only common economic species was Afzelia africana (7%). In Kurmin Nya (Wurkam River) the most common trees were Ricinodendron heudelotii, Picralima nitida and Pterygota macrocarpa. Economic species were negligible, even Afzelia africana, and no mahogany (Khaya grandifoliola) was found (Trappes-Lomax, 1955). above those of the ‘middle storey’, stratum B. This stratum, with trees varying in height, their crowns seldom in contact, was the least well defined. The ‘shrub’ layer (D), in which there were almost as many young trees as shrubs, often single-stemmed, and treelets (e.g., Dicranolepis grandiflora), tended to merge with the lowest tree storey. Tree seedlings predominated in the ground layer (E). There were few herbs, no ferns and no byrophytes (cf. the mountain forests, chapters 2 - 5). The shrub layer was not dense; walking through the forest was straightforward. There were many lianes, including the pricklystemmed rattan Calamus deeratus, which occurred along streams. The only epiphyte seen was Platycerium angolense, found high in the forest canopy except at the forest edge, where one was observed 1.2 m from the ground. Several of the bigger trees, including Detailed observations were made on a 1.5 ha sample Pterygota macrocarpa, were strongly buttressed, and plot at Gangumi in May, 1977. The plot was located some were deciduous. Trees with wind dispersed in well-developed forest, 45 minutes walk NNW fruits or seeds included Albizia spp., Holoptelea of the old Gangumi village site, and a further 15 grandis and Terminalia superba (fruits), and Alstonia minutes walk within the forest. At each corner large boonei, Ceiba pentandra and P. macrocarpa (seeds). cairns were erected, surmounted by white-painted jan yaro (Hymenocardia acida) posts. Both the 1954 and 1977 enumerations emphasise the abundance of Pterygota macrocarpa and All trees 30 cm in girth and over at breast height were Ricinodendron heudelotii, and the scarcity of classified in 30 cm intervals (Table 27). A summary mahogany (Khaya grandifoliola) and iroko (Milicia of the results are compared with similar data from excelsa). At the sample plot Octolobus angustatus, River Nwum forest (chapter 6), Omo (formerly which was not recorded in the 1954 enumeration, Shasha), Okomu, and the Southern Bakundu forests, comprised 41% of all C stratum trees (cf. the studied by the Cambridge Botanical Expedition River Nwum forest (chapter 6) where Mallotus to Nigeria and the Cameroons (Richards, 1963) oppositifolius acccounted for 40%). The tendency for one understorey species to be locally dominant (Table 28). in West African lowland rain forest is also noted by Richards (1963). Structure, physiognomy and floristic composition Gangumi forest was a mosaic of serally related phases; tall forest with a more or less defined structure alternated with broken high forest, thickets of young trees, scrub or climber tangles. (cf. the plateau forest at Okomu Forest Reserve described by Jones (1956)). In structure the forest at the plot resembled in essentials the high forest in Omo Forest Reserve, depicted by Richards (1939). There were three tree strata, the lowest (C) was continuous. The trees above formed two strata, neither continuous. The tallest trees (stratum A, emergents), with spreading crowns, rarely in contact, were raised well When the Forest Reconnaissance Report appeared (1955), many of the botanical collections awaited identification. Provisionally, some 67 species were recorded from 26.4 ha spread over 12.3 km of enumeration cut-lines. The 1977 tally is based on a 1.5 ha sample, supplemented by extensive observation. Assuming that none of the 13 still unidentified sample plot trees is a duplicate, the number of species recorded is virtually the same as it was in the earlier enumeration. Over 50% of the species occurred at the sample plot (Table 27). 130 Table 27 Enumeration plot from Gangumi Forest Reserve. 131 Table 28 Comparison enumeration plot data from Richards (1963) and JDC. All plots 122 x 122 m; c. 1.5 ha. Data for Omo (Shasha) and Okomu from Richards (1939); for Southern Bakundu For./Res. from Richards (1963); for River Nwum from Chapman (1993-1997). Among Sterculiaceae characteristic of the Dry Forest Zone (Keay, 1949), approximately half have not been recorded from either the Gangumi, Wurkam River or the Donga Valley forests, eg., Hildegardia barteri, Nesogordonia papaverifera, Sterculia rhinopetala and Triplochiton scleroxylon (obeche). While one or other may yet turn up, it is unlikely that so distinctive a tree as obeche could have gone unnoticed. H. barteri and T. scleroxylon occur further north, at Vom, and Sanga River Forest Reserve respectively (Keay et al., 1964). Other canopy trees, not recorded from the Gashaka forests, but found in the Donga Valley forests, include Balanites wilsoniana, Hylodendron gabunense and Klainedoxa gabonensis. From the forests as a whole (but mainly Gangumi) the following have been recorded: 1. Emergents: Afzelia africana, Albizia ferruginea, Alstonia boonei, Antiaris toxicaria, Canarium schweinfurthii, (river fringing), Ceiba pentandra, Cola gigantea, Hannoa klaineana (gallery forest), Khaya grandifoliola, Milicia exelsa, Pterygota macrocarpa, Ricinodendron heudelotii, Terminalia superba. 2. Large trees (18-30 m): Albizia zygia, Anogeissus leiocarpus, (200 m inside the forest), Berlinia sp. prob. B. grandiflora, Celtis zenkeri, Diospyros mespiliformis, Erythrophleum suaveolens (Figure 44), Ficus sp. JDC 132 4972 (? potential emergent), Ficus sp. (strangler, not collected), Holoptelea grandis, ?Homalium sp. JDC 4952, Irvingia gabonensis, Mimusops sp. JDC 5001, Parinari sp. (JDC 4948, ?P. excelsa), Schrebera arborea, Sterculia oblonga, Tetrapleura tetraptera, Treculia africana (riparian). 5. Lianes: ?Acacia pentagona (JDC 4983), Calamus deeratus, ?Landolphia comorensis (JDC 4936), plus several others. 6. Shrubs, including treelets and climbing shrubs: Cremaspora triflora, Dicranolepis grandiflora, Leea guineensis, Pancovia sp., Pararistolochia goldieana 3. Medium sized trees (9-18 m): Aphania (climber), Pavetta corymbosa, Pleiocarpa sp., senegalensis, Celtis durandii, Chrysophyllum albidum, Rothmannia whitfieldii, JDC 4966 and JDC 4988. Diospyros ?canaliculata JDC 4950, Ficus cf. variifolia Herbs (including ferns): Amorphophallus JDC 4975, Pouteria alnifolia, Synsepalum brevipes, 7. Spathodea campanulata, Strombosia pustulata, johnsonii, Dioscorea sp. (climber), Marantochloa Trichilia prieuriana, Vitex rivularis and JDC 5004. purpurea, Olyra latifolia, Platycerium angolense (epiphyte), Streptogyna crinata, Thonningia sanguinea 4. Small trees (4.5-9 m): Allophylus africanus (root parasite) and JDC 4937 (monocot). (forest edge), Carpolobia alba, Cola hispida, Ficus sagittifolia, Lecaniodiscus cupanioides, ?Monodora sp. (JDC 4991), ?Napoleona sp. (JDC 4932), Octolobus Ecological notes angustatus, Ouratea sp. cf. flava, Rinorea sp. JDC How the Gangumi and Wurkam River forests 4933, (almost a shrub), ?Rothmannia sp. (JDC 4930), evolved can only be supposition. Trappes-Lomax ?Rothmannia sp. (JDC 4840), ?Tabernaemontana sp. (1955) ascribed their presence to local ground (JDC 4956), Voacanga africana; plus the following water conditions. He describes the forests as being numbers still to be named; 4923, 4949, 4953, 4955, associated consistently with rivers or streams, and usually found on lower-lying sites than the 4957, 4973, 4976, 4979, 4982, 4985, 5003. surrounding savannah woodland. Too wide to be Figure 44 In the Middle Donga Basin the most sought-after tree for making canoes is Erythrophleum suaveolens (Hausa Gwaska). 133 properly termed fringing forests, he calls them bowl not appear to be gaining ground, rather the reverse. forests. The ecotone was sharpened by fires, some of which had penetrated 50 m into the forest, killing outright At Gangumi, by the end of the dry season, the soil the smaller trees and scorching the larger ones. profile at the sample plot was dry, and towards the Near Kwagiri, the presence of Anogeissus 24 m tall, bottom of the 150 cm soil pit, almost brick hard. Yet with clean, straight stems, 200 m within the forest, the trees, whether evergreen or deciduous in new leaf, suggested a pre-farming history of alternate limited showed little, if any signs of stress, and clearly were recession and advance. able to tap adequate moisture from deeper levels. The sequence of succession and the status of the As to the former extent of the forest, assuming Pterygota - Ricinodendron - Octolobus phase are regression had occurred prior to the impact of unclear, but it would appear likely that most, if not farming and settlement, a change in the climate, all the forest, represents different seral stages. resulting in lightning fires, could have been the decisive factor. In a series of experiments on the Little is known regarding the interaction of animals Ivory Coast, repeated fires eventually turned semi- with the forest. In 1977 there were still a few buffalo deciduous forest into grassy savanna. Conversely, in Gangumi. Mainly grazers, they will also browse long term protection from fire (in this case 60 years) shrubs, and by their trampling effect seedling on two soils of differing fertility, led to the evolution regeneration. Red river hog (Potamochoreus porcus) of closed forest stands from more or less wooded were common. They eat tree fruits and by rooting savanna (Louppe et al., 1995). for fleshy roots and bulbs influence tree regeneration. Small forest antelopes feed on leaves and fruits. Fruit The effect of human interference on the forest- bats and frugiverous birds are specially important savanna equilibrium over a long period is also agents of seed dispersal. Sought after fruits include important. In 1954, one former village site at Antiaris toxicaria, Chrysophyllum albidum, Ficus spp, Gangumi was detected by the presence, well within Ricinodendron heudelotii and Tetrapleura tetraptera. the forest, of relict ‘farm trees’, Khaya senegalensis and The seeds of Afzelia africana, Cola gigantea and Vitex doniana (Trappes-Lomax, 1955). Sterculia oblonga are attractive for the fleshy aril. At Gangumi, in thickets of Lippia multiflora along the forest edge, Anogeissus leiocarpus was often abundant. Anogeissus woodland at the Olokomeji Forest Reserve represents the transitional stage when forest invades fire-swept savanna (Clayton, 1958), however at Gangumi (1977) the forest did 134 References Bawden, M.G., Tuley, P. (1966). The land resources of Southern Sardauna and Southern Adamawa Provinces, Northern Nigeria. Land Resource Study No. 2. Land Resources Division, Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, Surrey. Chapman, J.D. (1993-1997). Series of unpublished reports. Held at The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the Daubney Herbarium, Oxford. Clayton, W.D. (1958). Secondary vegetation and the transition to savanna near Ibadan. Journal of Ecology 46: 217-38. Jones, E.W. (1956). The plateau forest of the Okomu Forest Reserve. Journal Ecol. Sl. 43: 564-594 and Journal Ecol. Sl. 44: 83-117. Keay, R.W.J. (1949). An Outline of Nigerian Vegetation. Government Printer, Lagos. Keay, R.W.J., Onochie, C.F.A., Stanfield, D.P. (1964). Nigerian Trees, Vols. 1& 2. Department of Forest Research, Ibadan. Louppe, D., N’klo Oattara, and Coulibaly, A. (1995). The effects of brush fires on vegetation: the Aubrdville fire plots after 60 years. Commonwealth Forestry Review 74 (4): 288-292. Richards, P.W. (1939). Ecological studies on the rain forest of southern Nigeria - 1. The structure and floristic composition of the primary forest. Journal of Ecology 27: 1-6. Richards, P.W. (1952). The Tropical Rain Forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Richards, P. W. (1963). Ecological notes on West African vegetation - 11. Lowland forest of the Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve. Journal of Ecology 51: 123-149. Trappes-Lomax, A.F. (1955). Report on a forest reconnaissance tour in Adamawa Province (November 1954 - February 1955). Unpublished report for Ministry of Animal and Forestry Resources, Northern Nigeria. 135 Appendix 1 Native Authority Orders for Forest Reserves Gangoro Forest Reserve, Tiba Plateau (Chapter 4) (Extracted from Forestry Division records, Yola) Area approx. 47 km2 Situation On the Tiba Plateau in the Mumuye District of Muri Division, 13-14.5 km SW of Donkin. Latitude 8° 44’ N, Longitude 11° 42’ E Topography Embraces an important watershed; many of the main tributaries of the Mayo Kam and Mayo Fan probably have their source here. The terrain is broken up into steep sided hills and deep valleys. Vegetation The hilltops are mostly grass covered but the hillsides and valleys carry dense high forest in which Khaya grandifoliola and Piptadeniastrum africanum are prominent species. Rights admitted in the Proposed Muri Native Authority Gangoro Forest Reserve Inquiry Report, piloted by the P.F.O. John W. Chapman and approved July 1st 1959, rights were admitted to the local people to: Collect the following: honey and beeswax, dead wood for fuel, gora (Oxytenanthera abyssinica) canes, fruits of masoro (Piper guineense), goro (Cola verticillata) and jabba leinde (Aframomum spp.). Cut grass and draw water. To those native members recognised by traditional law and custom as entitled to hold it, of the local communities of Gangoro village area; the right to hunt and to fish. Grazing privileges were extended to Ardo Wayo (Head Fulani in Gangoro), Ardo Waje from Hyere Wire and Ardo Ola from Banga. The District Head Mumuye (Bunu) was at that time Sa’adu Pantisawa. The boundary survey was done in January and February, 1959, by J.W. Chapman and M.I. Smaila. Gangoro Forest Reserve was finally gazetted as Northern Nigeria Legal Notice No. 102 of 1961 in the Supplement to the Northern Nigeria Gazette of June 15th, 1961. Names of the hills in the reserve Gamvirki, Mahariyuba, Timpara, Gamvon, Gbantanyusa and Taraba. 137 Names of those present at the Inquiry Party Muri N.A. District Head Mumuye District Head (Bunu) Ardo Wayo Panti Gangoro Panti Donkin Panti Gansati Panti Rambe Panti Jagaba Panti Shara Sarkin Goro of Ganditola Sarkin Daji Muri Sarkin Daji Jalingo Forest Guard Malam Usman Jalingo Sa’adu Pantisawa Head Fulani in Gangoro Gavu Batini Mashi Rambe Mako Mako Tibi Malam Halilu Jalingo Malam Issa Karim Malam Abdullahi Pangri It was stipulated that there should be no farming, cutting of trees or buildings of any kind in the reserve. Gashaka - Mambilla Local Authority: River Nwum Forest Reserve Order 1971 (Chapter 7) Area 20.56 km2 Rights Local people are entitled: To take without permit: Fruits of ciwo (Landolphia owariensis), kwakwa (Elaeis guineensis), gwandar daji (Annona senegalensis), malmo (Syzygium guineense var. macrocarpum) and dinya (Vitex doniana); leaves of kwakwa (Elaeis guineensis), kajinjiri (Phoenix reclinata), kalgo (Piliostigma thonningii) and tafasa (Cassia tora); honey and beeswax. To tap palm wine. To fish. To hunt, but not to dig pits or set traps and snares. United Hills Native Authority: Forest Reserve Order (Baissa), 1968 (Chapter 8) (The boundaries of Baissa and Bissaula River Forest Reserves as shown on the 1:250,000 Sheet 66 (Donga) topographical map are misleading. River Amboi Forest Reserve is not shown). Area 113 km2 Boundaries North: East: South: West: Sabon Gida-Baissa motor road Gidan Malam-Gwanda path North bank of the River Donga West bank of the Tati river Comprising 66.3 km2 of high forest, the remainder savanna woodland and wooded grassland. Rights Removal of dead wood for fuel. Collection of honey and beeswax without the use of fire. Hunting but excluding pack hunting, trapping or the use of fire. Taking the fruits of akokari (Irvingia gabonensis), kwakwa (oil palm), kimba (Xylopia acutiflora), gbargadu (Maesobotrya spp.) and masoro (Piper 138 guineense); leaves of abutu (Pandanus candelabrum) and gbargadu; native sponge and kwagiri (Calamus sp.). Mambilla Local Authority : Forest Reserve Order (River Amboi), January 1976 (Chapter 8) Area c. 70 km2 Boundaries North: Atumbu-Maihula path East: Maihula-Amburu path South: River Amboi from Amburu to Amboi West: Path from Amboi through Ashuku to Atumbu Access 8 km east of Baissa, in Tigon District Rights The collection of thatching grass, honey and beeswax; fruits of akokari (Irvingia gabonensis), dorowa (Parkia clappertoniana), rimi (Ceiba pentandra), masoro (Piper guineense), dinya (Vitex doniana) and kwakwa (Oil Palm); leaves of shuwaka (Vernonia amygdalina); lianes, kwagiri (Calamus sp.) for walking sticks and thatching; also herbs, leaves and the bark of trees for medicinal purposes. The right to tap palm wine, to fish and to hunt in a manner approved by the Local Authority. United Hills Native Authority Forest Reserve Order (Bissaula River), 1969 (Chapter 8) Area c. 148 km2 Boundaries North: South & South-east: West: The Wuro Gumgum stream, part of the Bissaula River, and to the Gidan Dan Baki Gwanda footpath. The Abafum River south to Maikurdi and then the Maikurdi to Bissaula footpath The motor road from Bissaula north to the Wuro Gumgum stream (i.e., between the Kunatata range and the and the Donga River). Access North of Bissaula, to the Takum road, extending east to the Abafum river in Wukari Division. Rights To take the fruits of masoro (Piper guineense), dorowa (Parkia clappertoniana), dinya (Vitex doniana), akokari (Irvingia gabonensis), giginya (Borassus aethiopum), and kizni (Bridelia ferruginea). To collect the leaves of amguba (Pandanus candelabrum), and the bark of kukuki (Sterculia setigera), gwanon kurmi (Olax sp. presumably O. subscorpioidea), and kizni (Bridelia ferruginea); also the latex of awayo (Ficus vogelii) and alibada (Landolphia sp.). Hunting without the use of fire, fishing and customary burials. 139 Adamawa Native Authority: Forest Reserve Order No. 5 (Gangumi), 1957 (Chapter 8) Area c. 62 km2 Boundaries Kwagiri-Gambong path Gambong-Gangumi path Gangumi-Kwagiri path Access The Maifula-Tonti-Kwagiri-Gangumi path, or the path from Garbabi. Topography Mainly flat or undulating with isolated rocky hills in the south and east. Comprising About 28.5 km2 of high forest, the remainder savanna woodland including pure stands of doka (Isoberlinia doka) and Uapaca, and open savanna. Rights To collect the fruits of mechowu (Diospyros canaliculata), buri (Landolphia comorensis van. florida), keveto (Pancovia sp.), kunisum (Chrysophyllum albidum) and wild Dioscorea tubers. To use the stems of climbing palms (kwagiri) for rope and to make bows and spear shafts from gantemtino (Octolobus angustatus). To perform tsafi ceremonies provided no new clearings are made. Hunting and fishing. Muri Native Authority: Wurkam River Forest Reserve Order, 1967 (Chapter 8) Area c. 58.3 km2 Boundaries The Wurkam River near Gidan Anju to a point near Baki village. The Baki-Tonti path. The Tonti-Gidan Anju path, but including certain small patches of high forest (i.e., part of Kurmin Tondirim) lying close to and to the south of this path. Access About 11 km from Maifula by the Tonti path. Topography Mainly flat or undulating, hilly to the east. Comprising About 21 km2 of high forest, the remainder savanna woodland or open savanna. 140 Rights To collect the fruits of dorowa (Parkia clappertoniana), gwandar daji (Annona senegalensis), tsada (Ximenia americana), tsadar kurmi (Aphania senegalensis), mechowu (Diospyros canaliculata) and wild Dioscorea tubers. To collect the bark of fasa kwari (Fagara zanthoxyloides), midribs and fronds of Raphia palm, rhizomes of kubla (Thonningia sanguinea) and stems of climbing palms (kwagiri). To make bows from kadanyar kurmi (Pleiocarpa sp.). To hunt and fish. To Ganjamare Zummi and Gangatuwe of Do, the right to reside and farm in an enclave of 0.6 km2. Gashaka-Mambilla Native Authority: Kamatan Forest Reserve Order, 1962 (Chapter 8) Area c. 117 km2 Location Mambilla escarpment and foothills south and east of Mai Idanu. Topography Steep slopes with precipitous valleys in the foothills. Comprising Principally open savanna but with small areas of Uapaca woodland, and some fringing forest associated with the headstreams of the Mbam, a tributary of the River Kam. The latter include Kurmin Kamatan, Kurmin Mayo Danki and Kurmin Matasirip in the broken foothills east of Mai Idanu. Waterbuck, Hartebeeste and Bushcow are present. Rights The collection of thatching grass, honey and beeswax, clay for pot making, dead wood for fuel, canes of gora (bamboo), and kwagiri (Calamus sp.), leaves of kajinjiri (Phoenix reclinata) and tukuruwa (Raphia sp.), tubers of wild Dioscorea, and the fruits of jabbe leinde (Aframomum spp.), gwandar daji (Annona senegalensis), chiwo (Landolphia spp.), dorowa (Parkia clappertoniana), masoro (Piper guineense), malmo (Syzygium guineense) and dinya (Vitex doniana). 141 Appendix 2 The Alantika Mountains General description The Alantika Mountains extend for some 40 km north-eastwards along the border with the Cameroon Republic. Seen from Yola beyond the flood plain of the Benue River, with the Vere Hills in the foreground, they appear as an abrupt escarpment above the eastern border of the Ini Plain. In the Land Resource Study classification the Alantika Mountains, with the Vere Hills, fall within Land System 18; viz. “slopes rising some 610 m above the plain to more level areas of rugged and rolling uplands 910-1220 m above sea level”. Stony soils characterise the scarp, with deeper soils on the more level upland areas and the floors of the wider valleys. The climate would appear to be much drier than the highland areas further south. For long these uplands have been occupied by two small and, until recently, isolated pagan tribes, the Koma and Vomni. The system of terraced agriculture they developed was (in 1978) in decline as people moved to the plains. Most of the terracing is on the upper part of the escarpment. Hepper visited the Alantikas from Mapeo in December, 1957. The way of life which he portrayed (Hepper, 1962) appeared to have altered little at the time of the writer’s visit in June, 1978. Along the foot of the hills from Mapeo to the village of Soncha is a park-like landscape with well-developed Parkia biglobosa (Hausa name dorowa), many of them parasitised by Loranthus, Butyrospermum paradoxum (kadanya) and Daniellia oliveri (maje) particularly conspicuous. From Soncha, 3 km from Mapeo, the approach to the mountains follows the Senchi valley. Around hamlets, Adansonia digitata (kuka), Ceiba pentandra (rimi) and Tamarindus indica (tsamiya) were characteristic trees. Two other “farm trees”, preserved for their fruits, were Vitex doniana (dinya) and Haematostaphis barteri. Beehives were lodged in some trees. Other trees, many of them lopped more or less heavily for firewood, included Annona senegalensis, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Bombax costatum, Crossopteryx febrifuga, Euphorbia kamerunica (one group of three trees), Lannea kerstingii, Nauclea latifolia, Parinari curatellifolia, Piliostigma thonningii, and Terminalia sp. Adina microcephala, much stunted and usually lopped, and Vincintella passargei were the only stream-bank trees. Going up the valley, hamlets and the houses of family groups were never far away. Guinea corn was growing on slopes as steep as 45o. Nevertheless, the general impression was of open, rather stunted woodland. The species composition was at first much as it was at the bottom of the hills. Further up, some other trees began to appear, for example Borassus aethiopum (giginya) (only very occasional), Boswellia dalzielii (hano), Ficus sp = JDC 5163 from Mambilla (Ficus glumosa), and Khaya senegalensis (madachi). Well up the valley, around Dango village, Khaya senegalensis became quite common, the trees well proportioned. Parkia biglobosa, not lopped and of considerable size, was conspicuous, also Canarium schweinfurthii (atile), the latter probably planted here as it is in parts of Jos Plateau. The fruits are sold in the market at Karlahi. The cactus-like shrub Euphorbia ?venenifica (= Hepper 1386), first recorded from this locality by Hepper, was common all the way up the valley (Hepper, 1965). Amongst herbaceous plants, Tacca involucrata, and Gloriosa sp. were noted, with Clematopsis scabiosifolia and Costus spectabilis, all in flower. 143 Above Dango the stream was lined with Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense and Vincintella passargei. There also occurred here Cussonia barteri and Harungana madagascariensis with the wild banana Ensete gilletii. Further up the rocky valley, open woodland with Anogeissus leiocarpus and Parkia biglobosa persisted in stunted form. Around the scattered village of Delingi, Adansonia digitata, Canarium schweinfurthii 9-12 m high, and Tamarindus indica were again common, along with Acacia albida, Antiaris toxicaria and JDC 5472 with prolific edible fruits. At the head of the valley, on more or less flat ground, was a small wood c. 46 m wide, protected from fire and apparently a graveyard. None of the trees was more than 12 m high. Trees noted were Clausena anisata, Croton sp. ?macrostachyus, (an emergent), Cussonia barteri (just inside), Garcinia afzelii (prominent among the larger trees), and Pittosporum sp. The shrub Carissa edulis with an abundance of red fruits was common along the edge. Whether such small protected woods represent all there is of forest vegetation on the Alantikas remains to be discovered but it would seem quite possible. References Bawden, M.G., Tuley, P. (1966). The land resources of Southern Sardauna & Southern Adamawa Provinces, Northern Nigeria. Land Resource Study No. 2. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, Surrey. Hepper, F.N. (1962). A botanist in Adamawa, Part 1. Nigerian Field 27(2): 54-78. Hepper, F.N. (1965). The vegetation of Vogel Peak massif, Northern Nigeria. Bull. IFAN 27: 413-513. 144 Appendix 3 Gangumi and Wurkam River forest enumeration data Summary of the 1954-55 dry season forest enumeration by A. F. Trappes-Lomax and party1. Gangumi From a baseline on a bearing of 360°, close to the western edge of the forest, three cutlines totalling 10 km in length were made at 1.6 km intervals through the forest, and a strip, 13.2 m (1 chain) wide enumerated along each line. The area enumerated (c. 22 ha) represented 0.8% of the 28.5 square km of high forest. All identified tree species over 60 cm in girth (20 cm in diameter) were recorded. The abundance of Pterygota macrocarpa and Ricinodendron heudelotti is striking. For ‘economic species’ there was a category for trees < 60 cm gbh. Trees more than 480 cm gbh were included in the top girth class. By far the most abundant species accounting for 92% of all trees > 240 cm gbh (an arbitrary figure intended to represent trees of exploitable size) was Afzelia africana. The most valuable trees, Chlorophora excelsa and Khaya grandifoliola are extremely scarce. Wurkam River At Kurmin Nya, the second largest block of high forest after Gangumi, 26.5 ha (approx. 0.2% of an estimated 20.7 square km of high forest in the Wurkam River group) were enumerated. Starting from a point due east of Gidan Anju village a line was cut through the forest for 1.44 km on a bearing of 99° T.N. All identified tree species in a 30 m wide strip were enumerated in 120 cm girth classes. Again the most abundant species were Pterygota macrocarpa and Ricinodendron heudelotii. Economic species, including Afzelia africana, were very poorly represented. No mahogany (Khaya grandifoliola) was recorded. 1 Trappes-Lomax, A.F. (1955). Report on a forest reconnaissance tour in Adamawa Province (November 1954 - February 1955). Unpublished report for Ministry of Animal and Forestry Resources, Northern Nigeria. 145 146 Checklist - First Edition The checklist is organised in the following general format: Families or species may also be located directly, by reference to the index at the rear of this report. Each record attributed to a species may contain the following additional information: Collector: Abbreviations where used: FNH= Nigel Hepper, HMC= Hazel Chapman, JDC= Jim Chapman, L & D= M.G. Latilo & B. Daramola, Peal= John Peal, Trappes-Lomax= A.F. Trappes-Lomax; Collection No: SR where a sight record; Altitude (m); Site: CH=Cabbal Hendu, CW=Cabbal Wade, P.S.P. forest = Prunus-Syzygium-Podocarpus forest, VP=Vogel Peak; Date of record; Frequency: a=abundant, d=dominant, f=frequent, o=occasional, r=rare, w= widespread (prefix l=local); Form: Br=Bryophyte, E=epiphyte (or epiphytic), F=Fern, FA=Fern Ally, H=herb, L=Lichen, LIAN= liane, T= tree, SH= shrub, WC=woody climber; Habitat & Notes. c1 ANGIOSPERMAE Hypoestes forskalei (Vahl) Sol. ex Roem. & Schult. DICOTYLEDONAE Habitat: Where canopy is open. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, freq: ld, form: H, Hypoestes rosea P. Beauv. Acanthaceae JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: H. Acanthus montanus (Nees) T. Anderson Justicia insularis T. Anderson FNH 1467, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: H, Habitat: Riverine JDC 3400, Alt: 1970m, site: Gangirwal forest grassland ecotone, forest. Notes: At the foot of Vogel Peak. (4/11/74), form: H. JDC 3814, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (6/04/75), form: H, Habitat: Forest margin & secondary forest. Justicia striata (Klotzsch) Bullock JDC 4415, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (29/04/76), freq: la, form: JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: H. SH, Habitat: Steep shady bank of forest stream. Notes: Sterile. JDC 4998, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (22/05/77), freq: o, form: SH, Justicia tenella (Nees) T. Anderson Habitat: Fringing forest/Stream banks. FNH 1469, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: H, Habitat: On rocks JDC SR, Alt: c. 305m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, freq: o, in riverine forest at the foot of Vogel Peak. form: H, Habitat: Fringing forest. Notes: Gidan Bature to Batu Amanda. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: H. Phaulopsis barteri T. Anderson JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: H, Habitat: Wooded JDC 4222, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (26/02/76), form: SH, grassland. Habitat: Forest. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: H, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Ruspolia hypocrateriformis (Vahl) Milne-Redh. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: H, Habitat: Transition JDC 3986, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (1/12/75), form: WC, Habi- woodland/Young secondary forest. tat: Forest. Barleria ruellioides T. Anderson Thunbergia togoensis Lindau JDC 3966, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (30/11/75), form: H, Habi- JDC 2968, Alt: 840m, site: River Nwum F.R., (9/07/72), form: H, Habi- tat: Forest. tat: Edge of stream fringing forest near Antere school. Brillantaisia owariensis P. Beauv. Thunbergia sp. JDC 3313, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: la, form: H, JDC 3543, Alt: 1818m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, (20/11/74), Habitat: Forest margin. form: LIAN. Notes: Flowers collected. JDC 3522, Alt: 1970m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, (16/11/74), form: SH, Habitat: Forest margin. JDC 5258, Alt: 833m, site: Akwaizantar, (15/02/78), form: H, Habitat: Alangiaceae Forest. Notes: 60-90cm (2-3ft.) tall, on shady stream bank. Brillantaisia sp. Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms JDC 4017, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (3/12/75), form: SH, Habi- JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: T. tat: Fringing forest. Notes: Under light canopy, handsome purple flowers. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, freq: r, form: T. Dicliptera laxata C.B. Clarke JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: H. Amaranthaceae Eremomastax cf speciosa (Hochst.) Cufod. Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume var. pedicellata JDC 3554, Alt: 1818m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, (21/11/74), (C.B.Clarke) Cavaco form: H. JDC 4029, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (4/12/75), form: H, Habitat: Amongst rocks beside forest stream. Hypoestes aristata (Vahl) Sol. ex Roem. & Schult. var. aristata FNH 1459, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: H, Habitat: On rocks Anacardiaceae in riverine forest at the foot of Vogel Peak. c2 Haematostaphis barteri Hook.f. Cleistopholis patens (Benth.) Engl. & Diels L.& D. (FHI) 28862, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: r, form: T, Habitat: Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. Savanna. Friesodielsia sp. JDC 4713, Alt: 758m, site: VP woodland, (24/02/77), form: T, Habitat: Open woodland. Notes: Early flowers. Western slopes of Vogel Peak, above JDC 3675, Alt: 1818m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, (8/02/75), form: Jangla. Fruits blood red and edible. Fulfulde name: Tursuhi. LIAN. Notes: Fruits collected. Lannea barteri (Oliv.) Engl. Isolona cf deightonii Keay ** New to Nigeria? ** JDC 3773, Alt: 1061m, site: River Nwum F.R., (29/03/75), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: In wooded grassland. JDC 4543, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (2/08/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Understory tree. At enumera- JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., freq: o, form: T, Habitat: tion plot. Restricted to occasional small enclaves of wooded grassland. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Restricted to Monanthotaxis? patches of wooded grassland. JDC 4663, Alt: 1515m, site: Mambilla Plateau, (10/02/77), form: WC, Habitat: In narrow belt of low forest between grassland and forest proper. Lannea schimperi (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Engl. Notes: Fruiting. JDC 5203, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar grassland, (4/02/78), freq: o, Monodora tenuifolia Benth. form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 3791, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (2/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Lannea sp. Forest. JDC 4992, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (21/05/77), freq: f, form: T, Habi- JDC 3798, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (3/04/75), form: T, Habitat: tat: Savanna. Notes: Sterile collection. Forest. Monodora sp. Mangifera indica L. JDC 4789, Alt: 1364m, site: VP fringing forest, (27/02/77), freq: o, form: JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Cultivated. T, Habitat: Nr. Hepper’s Camp. Notes: Several up to 22m tall. At old Gangumi. JDC 4912, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (18/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest, on riverbank. Notes: ? = Monodora tenuifolia. Pseudospondias cf microcarpa Engl. JDC 5170, Alt: 1364m, site: Akwaizantar, (31/01/78), freq: o, form: T, JDC 3802, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (3/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest; and on river bank. Notes: 15m tall. Leaves compound. Fruits (spirit Habitat: Forest. Notes: Flowers collected. material to FHO), the size of grapes, blue black when ripe. (incl. 6 JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, form: T. Sorindeia cf grandifolia Engl. Pachypodanthium staudtii (Engl. & Diels) Engl. & JDC 3759, Alt: 1667m, site: CW, (28/02/75), form: T. Notes: In the valley Diels forest below Dutsin Dodo. JDC 4973, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (17/05/77), form: T, Habitat: JDC 3760, Alt: 1667m, site: CW, (28/02/75), form: T. Notes: Fruiting. Forest. Understory tree. At Kurmin Lugapa. Xylopia acutiflora (Dun.) A. Rich. Sorindeia cf juglandifolia (A. Rich.) Planch. ex Oliv. JDC 3329, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (10/11/73), form: T. JDC 5191, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar, (3/02/78), form: T, Habitat: For- JDC 3786, Alt: 1061m, site: River Nwum F.R., (31/03/75), form: T, est. Notes: Kaka name: Goom. Habitat: Forest. JDC 5352, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (14/04/78), freq: a, form: JDC 4148, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (10/02/76), form: T, Habitat: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Sterile collection. Forest. JDC 4570, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (4/08/76), form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Small tree. At enumeration plot. Occasional Annonaceae fruiting specimens. JDC 4618, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (3/02/77), form: T, Habitat: Annona senegalensis Pers. Submontane forest. Notes: Immature fruits. 6m tall understory tree. JDC 3780, Alt: 1061m, site: River Nwum F.R., (30/03/75), form: T, Habitat: In wooded grassland. JDC SR, Alt: 853-1067m & 1143m, site: Akwaizantar, freq: f, form: T, JDC 4795, Alt: 606m, site: VP woodland, (28/02/77), form: T, Habitat: Open woodland. Notes: Flowers not yet open. On the steep slope immedi- Habitat: Forest. Notes: Small understory tree. ately above Jangla village on the path to Vogel Peak. JDC 4965, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (15/05/77), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. Notes: Right to collect the fruits. c3 Apiaceae Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl JDC 4760, Alt: 1667m, site: VP amphitheatre, (26/02/77), form: SH. Notes: Spreading shrub. In thicket bordering trees along a stream just near Agrocharis melanantha Hochst. the main summit of Vogel Peak. HMC 118, Alt: 1667m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (18/08/73), freq: o, form: H, Habitat: Forest margin. Dictyophleba rudens Hepper JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: lf, form: H. FNH 1470, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: WC. Notes: A new species described and identified by Hepper, presumed to be endemic to Vogel Peucedanum angustisectum (Engl.) Norman Peak.Kew.Bull.16:451.1963 Not in Lebrun and Stork. RED DATA LISTED: LR/nt Funtumia elastica (Preuss) Stapf JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: w/la. JDC 3856, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (14/04/75), freq: f/la, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Incl. tree 18 in profile strip 2 & 70 trees in Sanicula elata D. Don S.P. JDC 4445, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (6/05/76), freq: o, form: JDC 4830, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (1/04/77), freq: f/la, form: H, Habitat: Stream banks. T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Incl. tree 18 in profile strip 2 & 70 trees in S.P. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: H. JDC 5440, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (2/05/78), form: T. Notes: Fruits collected. Steganotaenia araliacea Hochst. L.& D. (FHI) 18856, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: r, form: T, Habitat: Holarrhena floribunda (G. Don) T. Durand & Schinz Savanna. L.& D. (FHI) 28917, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Apocynaceae Landolphia incerta (K. Schum.) Pers. JDC 3894, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (21/04/75), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Flowering and fruiting. Said to be the most pre- Alafia multiflora (Stapf ) Stapf ferred liane for making, and repairing tie-tie (hammock) bridges. JDC 4492, Alt: 379m, site: Gashaka, (15/05/76), form: WC, Habitat: Stream bank at Gidan Kwano. Landolphia landolphioides (Hall. f.) A. Chev. Alstonia boonei De Wild. JDC 5189, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar, (3/02/78), freq: f, form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruits. Greatly relished by monkeys and, when ripe, HMC 149, Alt: 212m, site: Baissa, (28/07/74), form: T, Habitat: Forest. people. Fulfulde: Belbel leinde. JDC 3808, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (5/04/75), freq: f, form: T, Landolphia owariensis P. Beauv. Habitat: Forest. Notes: Incl. 1 large tree in profile strip 2 & 6 trees in S.P. JDC 4892, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (11/04/77), form: T, Habi- FNH 1517, Alt: n/a, site: VP amphitheatre, form: WC. tat: Forest. Notes: Incl. 1 large tree in profile strip 2 & 6 trees in S.P. JDC 2950, Alt: 840m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/07/72), form: WC, JDC 4958, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (13/05/77), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Habitat: Forest. JDC 4159, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (11/02/76), form: WC, Habi- JDC 5225, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (8/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Observed from just below the saddle to the sample plot on the tat: Forest margin & in forest. valley floor at 853m. In sample plot No.4. Landolphia sp. JDC 5418, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (24/04/78), form: T, Habi- JDC 3871, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (16/04/75), form: WC, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Fruiting. Also found in secondary forest. tat: Tall secondary forest. Kaka name: Ley. Ancylobotrys amoena Hua JDC 4161, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (12/02/76), form: WC, JDC 3911, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (25/04/75), form: WC, Habitat: High Forest. Notes: Fruiting. Fruits smaller, but similar to JDC Habitat: Forest margin. 3871, and called by the same name in this area: Ley. JDC 4761, Alt: 1667m, site: VP amphitheatre, (26/02/77), form: SH. Notes: Scrambling/climbing shrub. In thicket bordering a stream near the JDC 4005, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/12/75), form: WC, Habitat: Forest margin. principal summit of the massif. JDC 4142, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (10/02/76), form: WC, Callichilia sp. Habitat: Forest. JDC 4977, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (17/05/77), form: SH, Habitat: JDC 4409, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (28/04/76), freq: f, form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruiting. Fruits, when ripe are regular diet of Stream banks. Notes: Erect 2.5m (8 ft) tall. JDC 5333, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (11/04/78), form: SH, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Flowers collected. Up to 1.8m tall. Erect monkeys. Fulfulde name: Belbel linedi. JDC 5372, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (17/04/78), form: LIAN, Habitat: Wooded grassland. Notes: One fruit collected in spirit. Liane. undershrub with conspicuous white hyacinth-scented flowers. c4 Stem 7.5cm in diameter, fruits up to 10cm in diameter: warty, pulp edible. Habitat: Forest. JDC 5381, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (18/04/78), form: LIAN, Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Notes: One fruit collected in spirit. Liane similar to JDC 5372, but the fruits, ripening to orange, are not warty. JDC 4829, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (30/03/77), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4936, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (9/05/77), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Common liana; the lemon-yellow warty fruits up to 12.7 x 8.9 cm (5 x 3½ in) are edible. Right to collect the fruits. Motandra guineensis (Thonn.) A. DC. JDC 2962, Alt: 840m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/07/72), form: SH, Habi- Saba thompsonii (A. Chev.) Pichon tat: Forest. Notes: Climbing shrub. JDC 4565, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (3/08/76), freq: f, form: WC, JDC 5332, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (11/04/78), form: LIAN, Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Notes: Climbing Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Fruiting. Fruits edible. shrub. Strophanthus hispidus DC. form: LIAN. Notes: Fruits collected, edible. JDC 5363, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (16/04/78), form: LIAN, Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Notes: Stem up to 5cm in diameter, sometimes several twining together tightly to form a massive woody cable. Picralima nitida (Stapf ) T. Durand & H. Durand Strophanthus sarmentosus DC. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Understory tree. Recorded at Gangumi and also Kurmin Nya, Wurkam FNH 1466, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: SH. Notes: At the foot Oncinotis sp. JDC 3489, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, (12/11/74), of Vogel Peak. River F.R. in 1954. JDC 4996, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (22/05/77), form: WC, Habitat: Cultivated. Notes: Fruits/flowers collected. A source of arrow poison cultivated at Tonti and (JDC4996) old Gangumi. The stem of the latter 20cm (8in) in diameter, clasping the supporting mango so tightly as to cut deeply into the stem, the spreading crown over-shadowing the host tree. Pleiocarpa pycnantha (K. Schum.) Stapf JDC 3325, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (9/11/73), freq: f, form: T. JDC 4581, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (5/08/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. 12m tall understory tree. At Tabernaemontana contorta Stapf enumeration plot. JDC 3142, Alt: 1667m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (10/05/73), form: T. Pleiocarpa sp. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Wurkam River F.R., form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Tabernaemontana sp. Notes: May be small tree. Right to take the wood for bows. JDC 3796, Alt: 682m, site: River Nwum F.R., (3/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Profile strip 2 and 10 trees in S.P. Rauvolfia caffra Sond. JDC 4003, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/12/75), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4050, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (6/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Stream banks. JDC 4170, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (13/02/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4228, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (28/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Stream banks. JDC 4780, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (27/02/77), form: T. Notes: Yet to be determined. Flowering material collected incl. flowers in spirit. Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel. JDC 5172, Alt: 1364m, site: Akwaizantar, (31/01/78), freq: o, form: T, JDC 2825, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (17/05/72), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruits collected in spirit. Habitat: Forest margin. JDC 5308, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (9/04/78), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4309, Alt: 455m, site: Gashaka, (12/04/76), form: T, Habitat: Stream Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Notes: Flowers collected. banks. Notes: Flowering. At Gidan Gwana. JDC 4380, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (24/04/76), freq: o, form: Voacanga africana Stapf T, Habitat: Forest margin. JDC 4891, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (11/04/77), form: T, Habi- JDC 4853, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (4/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest.JDC 4931, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (7/05/77), form: T, tat: Forest margin. Habitat: Forest. JDC 5243, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (10/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: One tree. JDC 5312, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (9/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Voacanga bracteata Stapf Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. JDC 3332, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (10/11/73), form: T. Notes: Tree JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: T. 56 on profile strip. JDC 4555, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (3/08/76), form: T, Habitat: Saba comorensis (Bojer) Pichon Submontane forest. Notes: Fruiting. Tall tree. At enumeration plot. JDC 4500, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (30/06/76), form: WC, c5 JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: E. Notes: Strangling Aquifoliaceae epiphyte. Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk. Schefflera barteri (Seem.) Harms JDC 3703, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal, (9/02/75), form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: River Nwum F.R., form: WC, Habitat: Stream JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: T. fringing forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: T. Schefflera sp. JDC 5257, Alt: 833m, site: Akwaizantar, (15/02/78), form: SH, Habitat: Araliaceae Forest. Notes: Sterile collection. Climbing shrub, seen once. Cussonia arborea Hochst. ex A. Rich. Aristolochiaceae JDC SR, Alt: 610-1067m, site: River Nwum F.R., form: T, Habitat: In wooded grassland. Pararistolochia goldieana (Hook.f.) Hutch. & Dalziel JDC SR, Alt: From c.1067m, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, form: T. JDC 4903, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (13/04/77), form: WC, JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Akwaizantar grassland, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Habitat: Forest. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., freq: o, form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Polyscias fulva (Hiern) Harms JDC 4466, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (11/05/76), freq: o, form: T. Notes: At S.P. Pararistolochia cf leonensis (Mast.) Hutch. & Dalziel JDC 4739, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (25/02/77), freq: f, form: JDC 4606, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (11/08/76), freq: o, form: WC, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Fruiting. Present but not collected at T, Habitat: From c.1372 m upwards. JDC 5173, Alt: 1364m, site: Akwaizantar, (31/01/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Also common throughout including forest margins - at the sample plot all girth classes from 0.30m to 1.52m (1 - 5ft.) were represented. Mambilla name: Lhun. the enumeration plot. JDC 5320, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (10/04/78), form: T, Habi- JDC 5434, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (1/05/78), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Pararistolochia macrocarpa (Duch.) Poncy tat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. JDC SR, Alt: 610m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Conspicuous around 610m in secondary forest, where it Asclepiadaceae may form pure stands, or fringing streams. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Ngel Nyaki, freq: o, form: T. Notes: Tree 8 on Margaretta rosea Oliv. profile strip. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: River Nwum F.R., form: T, Habitat: Gaps in forest. JDC 4352, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (20/04/76), freq: f, form: H, Habitat: Regularly grazed grassland. Notes: Flowering. Resistant Notes: Incl. 1 tree in S.P. Persists from early seral stage. to trampling. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: River Nwum F.R., form: T, Habitat: In forest Mondia sp. regrowth. Notes: Occasional, beginning to emerge. JDC 4206, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (23/02/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: T. Forest. JDC 4991, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (21/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Schefflera abyssinica (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Harms JDC 5358, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (14/04/78), form: T, Habi- JDC 2712, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (1/03/72), freq: o, form: T. tat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Sterile collection. JDC 4321, Alt: 1364m, site: CH upland forest, (17/04/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Flowering. New leaves. 10.6m tall. Either a strangler or growing independently. Yet to be identified JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: E. JDC 3480, Alt: 1970m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (10/11/74), Notes: Strangling epiphyte. form: WC, Habitat: Stream fringe. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: E. Notes: JDC 4807, Alt: 1364m, site: River Nwum F.R., (25/03/77), form: WC, Strangling epiphyte. Habitat: Forest. Notes: Slender stem. Fruiting material collected. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: E. Notes: Strangling epiphyte. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: E. Notes: Strangling epiphyte. c6 Balanitaceae Begoniaceae Balanites wilsoniana Dawe & Sprague Begonia cf mannii Hook.f. JDC 3000, Alt: 1212m, site: River Nwum F.R., (26/12/72), form: T. Notes: One fruit sent to F.H.O. 7.6 x 5.lcm (3 x 2in); pointed, the outer part JDC 2948, Alt: 840m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/07/72), form: EH, Habitat: Forest. rotted off. JDC 3567, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (23/11/74), JDC 4502, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (30/06/76), form: T, Habi- form: EH. Notes: On a branch 6m up. tat: Forest. Notes: Incl. 1 large tree in S.P. JDC 4887, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (11/04/77), form: T, Habi- Begonia sp. tat: Forest. Notes: Incl. 1 large tree in S.P. JDC 4443, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (6/05/76), freq: r, form: JDC 5389, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (19/04/78), form: T, Habi- EH, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Flowers in spirit. tat: Tall secondary forest. JDC 4609, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (12/08/76), freq: r, form: EH, JDC 5455, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (5/05/78), form: T. Habitat: Pendent 1m in the crown of a tall tree. Notes: Fruiting. Balanophoraceae Bignoniaceae Thonningia sanguinea Vahl Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. HMC 172, Alt: 212m, site: Nr. Bissaula, (3/08/74), form: T, Habitat: JDC 3805, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (3/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Forest. Notes: Planted at shrines in villages in the area. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Wurkam River F.R., form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Markhamia tomentosa (Benth.) K. Schum. ex Engl. Notes: Root parasite. Right to collect rhizomes. JDC 4851, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (4/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Incl. 4 Trees in S.P. Balsaminaceae JDC 5192, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar grassland, (3/02/78), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 5218, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (6/02/78), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sporadic in wooded grassland. 37 trees in the 0.31, Impatiens hochstetteri Warb. subsp. jacquesii (Keay) Grey-Wilson 0.61 & 0.91m girth classes. JDC 3444, Alt: 1970m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (7/11/74), form: H. Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv. ) Seem. ex Bureau Impatiens kamerunensis Warb. subsp. obanensis (Keay) JDC 4557, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (3/08/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Small understory tree. At Grey-Wilson enumeration plot. JDC 3404, Alt: 1970m, site: Gangirwal, (4/11/74), form: H. JDC 4577, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (5/08/76), freq: a, form: Br, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Common on tree trunks. JDC 4479, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (14/05/76), freq: r, form: JDC 5368, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (17/04/78), form: T. Notes: Sterile gathering. 8m tall. Soft, pale coloured bark and prominent lenticels. Leaves compound, in whorls of three; 45-60cm long, the leaflets opposite, sesssile, acuminate, c. 15 x 7.5cm, with inky coloured glands at the base. Said to be a compound fence tree. Trees 17 & 37 on the profile strip. H, Habitat: By forest streams. Impatiens sakeriana Hook.f. JDC 3409, Alt: 1970m, site: Gangirwal, (4/11/74), form: H. Notes: Near C. subcordatum DC. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Cultivated. Notes: Kwagiri & Tonti. Frequently planted as fence tree; grown from Impatiens sp. truncheons. HMC 110, Alt: 1667m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (17/08/73), freq: o, form: H, Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. Habitat: Forest margin. L.& D. (FHI) 28741, Alt: 229m, site: Wurkam River F.R., form: T, Habi- JDC 3461, Alt: 1970m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (8/11/74), freq: r, form: H. Notes: In deep shade. HMC 119 from Ngel Nyaki. tat: Forest. Notes: Kurmin Tondirim, Wurkam River F.R. JDC 3524, Alt: 1970m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, (16/11/74), JDC 3880, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (17/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruiting. Almost leafless. 15m tall in a small forest patch form: H. in a hillside gully. JDC 3917, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (25/04/75), form: H, Habitat: High forest. Notes: 30cm high.The pinkish purple colour of the flowers has been lost in the spirit material. A few plants found in damp ground at the edge of a stream where there is plenty of light . JDC 5018, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (26/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Leafless. About 21.2m tall. Gangumi F./Reserve. This specimen was growing at the edge of the forest where fire had destroyed the understory. JDC 5242, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (10/02/78), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Seldom above 914m. Size classes 0.61-1.81m (2- c7 6ft.) g.b.h. recorded at the sample plot, with the tallest tree 24m (80ft.). tat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Fruits opening in April. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Taraba River, form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. Taraba river, Jamtari. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, form: T, Habitat: JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Tall second- Forest. Notes: Left standing when the forest is farmed. ary forest. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, form: T. Stereospermum acuminatissimum K. Schum. JDC 3868, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (15/04/75), form: T, Habi- Boraginaceae tat: Forest. Notes: Incl. 2 large trees in S.P. Cordia millenii Baker Stereospermum kunthianum Cham. JDC 4051, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (6/12/75), form: T, Habitat: JDC 3817, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (6/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. In wooded grassland. JDC 4167, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (13/02/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4939, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (10/05/77), freq: o/lf, form: T, Forest. Habitat: Savanna. JDC 5269, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (17/02/78), form: T, Habitat: JDC 5268, Alt: 985m, site: Akwaizantar grassland, (17/02/78), freq: o, Forest. Notes: Mambilla name: Fuh. form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Ngel Nyaki, freq: o, form: T. Notes: Tree 4 on profile strip. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, freq: f, form: T. Bombacaceae Cordia sp. Bombax buonopozense P. Beauv. JDC 4822, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (28/03/77), form: T, Habi- JDC 2998, Alt: 840m, site: River Nwum F.R., (26/12/72), form: T, Habi- tat: Forest. Notes: Sterile gathering. Inc. 10 trees in S.P. ?=C. millenii Bak. tat: Forest. Notes: Flowers only, in spirit. Kaka name: song. JDC 3134, Alt: 606m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (4/05/73), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Nr. Buru Kassa, where a small kurmi had Buddlejaceae been farmed. JDC 4823, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (28/03/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Flowers only, in spirit. Kaka name: song. Nuxia congesta R.Br. ex Fresen. JDC 5267, Alt: 985m, site: Akwaizantar, (17/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Up to 37m tall. Observed from just below the saddle, to the sample plot on the valley floor at 853m. Also a common understory tree at the head of the valley. The bole cylindrical, 4.6m g.b.h. scarcely buttressed. Kaka name: song (as it is for Ceiba pentandra). JDC 2561, Alt: 1818m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (1/10/71), freq: r, form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. JDC 4407, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (28/04/76), freq: f, form: T. Notes: At profile strip & sample plot. After Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC., subsp. guineense, it is one of the most characteristic trees. JDC 5400, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (20/04/78), form: T, Habi- JDC 4584, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (7/08/76), freq: r, form: T, tat: Tall secondary forest. Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Old fruits. 13.5m tall. Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuill. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: T. JDC 4803, Alt: 758m, site: VP woodland, (24/03/77), form: T, Habitat: Open woodland. Notes: Fruits almost ripe. Leafless. Low down on the south west facing slopes of the Vogel peak massif, on steep rocky ground a few hundred feet above Jangla village. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal forest grassland ecotone, form: T. Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: T. JDC 3807, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (3/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Incl. 1 large tree in profile strip 2, and another, plus a smaller tree, in the S.P. Kaka name: song as it is for Bombax buonopozense. Burseraceae JDC 4990, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (21/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. JDC 5049, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (15/05/77), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Cultivated. Notes: Fruiting. Kwagiri & Tonti villages. The cultivated form. The fruits are much larger than those of the forest tree. (cf. 4990 with fruits 10-12.7 cm (4-5 in). JDC 3870, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (15/04/75), freq: lf/r, form: T, Habitat: River bank. Notes: Fruits fully formed but not ripe. 30m+ tall. On steep slope on forest edge.Rare in the forest. Kaka name: Liang. Both the aromatic resin and fruits are used by the Kaka people. JDC 5209, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar, (4/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: The sample plot trees varied in girth (measured above the JDC 3905, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (23/04/75), form: T, Habi- buttresses) from 0.3m to 4.3m+ . Kaka name: song. tat: Forest. Notes: Sterile gathering, compound leaves. JDC 5417, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (24/04/78), form: T, Habi- c8 JDC 4153, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (11/02/76), form: T, Habitat: RED DATA LISTED: VU B1 + 2bc Stream banks. Collected from Cabbal Wade and Mambilla Plateau (Cheek et al. 2000) JDC 4491, Alt: 379m, site: Gashaka, (15/05/76), form: T, Habitat: Stream bank at Gidan Kwano. JDC 4794, Alt: 1364m, site: VP fringing forest, (27/02/77), form: T, Habitat: In the deep valley below Hepper’s Camp. Notes: 18m tall. With Capparaceae Aubrevillea kerstingii and Chlorophora excelsa. Ritchiea albersii Gilg JDC 5171, Alt: 1364m, site: Akwaizantar, (31/01/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Observed from just below the saddle, to the sample plot on the valley floor at 853m.Locally common near stream sources just below the saddle. The largest individual was 46m tall and 4.4m g.b.h. At the sample plot there were only young trees. Kaka name: Liang. JDC 3338, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (11/11/73), freq: o/lf, form: T. JDC 4579, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (5/08/76), freq: o/lf, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Small understory tree. At enumeration plot and profile strip. JDC SR, Alt: 366m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Nr. Batu Amanda. One tree recorded, 1.8m d.b.h., JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: T. close to the water. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, form: T. Cecropiaceae Santiria trimera (Oliv.) Aubrév Musanga cecropioides R. Br. JDC 3342, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (12/11/73), form: T. Notes: About 24.2m tall, compound leaves. Most characteristic is the mango smell JDC 3119, Alt: 455m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (4/05/73), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: From above Zongo Mata at ±700m, down to ±305m, prominent along river banks or dominant in secondary forest, forming pure stands 18-21m tall. (See also Rosevear (1932) ‘The Umbrella Tree’, The Nigerian Field, 1:4). from the crushed new leaves, and the slash. JDC 4594, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/08/76), form: T. Notes: About 2m (80”) tall, compound leaves. Most characteristic is the mango smell from the crushed new leaves, and the slash. JDC 3788, Alt: 1061m, site: River Nwum F.R., (31/03/75), form: T, Habitat: River bank in forest and an abandoned farm at Antere. Cactaceae JDC 5422, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (29/04/78), freq: o, form: T. Notes: Scattered individuals - e.g. along logging roads. Rhipsalis baccifera (J. Mill.) Stearn Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv. JDC 4893, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (11/04/77), form: ESH, Habitat: Forest margin on river bank. Notes: 15m tall. Epiphytic forest HMC 169, Alt: 212m, site: Baissa, (3/08/74), form: T. shrub pendent 2m from a horizontal branch of a river bank tree. JDC 3819, Alt: 833m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/04/75), freq: f/la, form: JDC SR, Alt: ± 457m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, form: ESH, T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Incl. 1 tree in profile strip 2 & 27 in S.P. Habitat: Fringing forest. Notes: Upstream from Batu Amanda. JDC 5212, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (6/02/78), freq: o, form: T, JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Akwaizantar, freq: f, form: EH, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Epiphyte. On riverside trees. Habitat: Forest. JDC 5321, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (10/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Campanulaceae Celastraceae Lobelia columnaris Hook.f. Hippocratea sp. RED DATA LISTED: LR/nt JDC 4233, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (29/07/76), form: WC, Habi- JDC 4357, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (20/04/76), freq: la, form: SHH, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Flowering almost over. Damp tat: Forest. Notes: Fruiting- fruits winged. ground near streams. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: H, Habitat: Maytenus gracilipes (Welw. ex Oliv.) Exell Forest margin. Notes: Up to 2.5m tall. JDC 4435, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (4/05/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Fringing forest. Wahlenbergia krebsii Cham. subsp. arguta (Hook.f.) Thulin Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell JDC SR, Alt: Above 2286m., site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: o. JDC 3775, Alt: 1136m, site: River Nwum F.R., (29/03/75), form: T, Habitat: In wooded grassland. Wahlenbergia ramosissima (Hemsley) Thulin subsp. Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock ramosissima c9 Combretaceae JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: T/SH. Salacia pallescens Oliv. Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. & Perr. JDC 3916, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (25/04/75), form: T, Habi- JDC 2597, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, (24/10/71), form: T, Habitat: Transition tat: High forest. Notes: Fruiting. 2.4m tall. Understory tree in high forest. Woodland/Wooded Grassland. Notes: Most characteristic species. Salacia sp. JDC 4961, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (14/05/77), freq: lf, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. Notes: Common locally in savanna, characteristic of forest JDC 3919, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (25/04/75), form: WC, margin. Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruiting. JDC 4018, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (3/12/75), form: WC, Habi- JDC 5017, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (26/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Up to 24m tall. Up to 2m (6½ ft) in girth. Found tat: Forest. along the periphery and just inside the forest. JDC 4280, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (13/03/76), form: WC, Habi- JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Transition tat: Forest margin. Notes: Early fruiting. woodland/Young secondary forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, form: T, Habitat: Edge of fringing forest. Chrysobalanaceae JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest, towards the forest margin. Notes: Up to 24m tall. Maranthes ? JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Transition JDC 5375, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (18/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Fruits in spirit. 27m high. Bole slender, woodland/Young secondary forest. bark soft, flaking, slash deep red. Combretum brassiciforme Exell FNH 1427, Alt: 1220m, site: VP woodland, form: SH. Maranthes glabra (Oliv.) Prance FNH SR, Alt: c.1220m, site: VP woodland, form: T. Notes: Also found at JDC 3842, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (10/04/75), form: T, Habi- Kiri Plateau grassland; Hepper 1427, holotype. tat: Forest, espec. river bank. JDC 4207, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (24/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Combretum glutinosum Perr. ex DC. JDC 4218, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (25/02/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4719, Alt: 909m, site: VP woodland, (24/02/77), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Open woodland. Notes: Fruits ready to fall. Steep, rocky western Forest. slopes of Vogel Peak, above Jangla. Maranthes kerstingii (Engl.) Prance Combretum molle R. Br. ex G. Don JDC 4106, Alt: 1364m, site: Gangoro forest, (6/02/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4732, Alt: 1061m, site: VP woodland, (24/02/77), form: T, Habitat: Open woodland. Notes: Fruits ripe and falling. Western slopes of Vogel Peak, above Jangla. Mambilla name: Njamjar. Fulfulde name: Sakatasari or Sakasari. Stream fringing forest. JDC 4707, Alt: 606m, site: VP fringing forest, (23/02/77), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Common at Jangla, sporadic to c. 1067m. JDC 4783, Alt: 1364m, site: VP woodland, (27/02/77), form: T, Habitat: Open woodland. Notes: New leaves and flowers. Near Hepper’s camp. JDC 4754, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (26/02/77), freq: a, form: T, Habitat: c. 1219-1515m. Growing nearby are Faurea, Lophira and Syzigium. JDC 5259, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (17/02/78), form: T, Habitat: JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Akwaizantar grassland, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Forest. JDC SR, Alt: 610-1067m, site: River Nwum F.R., form: T, Habitat: In Parinari congoensis F. Didr. wooded grassland. JDC 3862, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (15/04/75), freq: r, form: T, JDC SR, Alt: From c.1067m, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, form: T. Habitat: Stream fringing forest. Notes: Near the Donga River. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CH upland grassland, freq: o, form: T. Parinari curatellifolia Planch. ex Benth. Combretum paniculatum Vent. HMC 164, Alt: 212m, site: Baissa, (2/08/74), form: T, Habitat: Savanna JDC 4163, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (12/02/76), form: WC, Woodland/Wooded Grassland. Habitat: Forest margin. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: lf, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. Combretum racemosum P. Beauv. Parinari cf excelsa Sabine JDC 4113, Alt: 1364m, site: Gangoro forest, (6/02/76), form: WC, Habi- JDC 4948, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (12/05/77), form: T, Habitat: tat: Forest margin. Forest. JDC SR, Alt: 853-1067m & 1143m, site: Akwaizantar, freq: f, form: WC, JDC 5452, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (5/05/78), form: T. Notes: Fruiting (see spirit material). Up to 30m tall. ?= JDC 4948, Gangumi. Fruits c. 5 x Habitat: Forest. 4.5cm. Combretum sp. c10 JDC 3482, Alt: 1970m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (11/11/74), to trampling. form: WC. JDC 3732, Alt: 2273m, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, (20/02/75), form: Coreopsis sp. WC. JDC 3383, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (2/11/74), freq: JDC 4815, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (27/03/77), form: WC, la, form: H. Notes: Flowers in spirit. Habitat: Fringing forest. Notes: Fruits collected. Crepis hypochoeridea (DC.) Thell. Terminalia glaucescens Planch. ex Benth. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: f. JDC SR, Alt: From c.1067m, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, form: T. Echinops giganteus A. Rich. Terminalia laxiflora Engl. & Diels JDC 4337, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (20/04/76), freq: f, JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. form: SHH, Habitat: Grazed grassland. Notes: Resistant to trampling. Terminalia schimperiana Hochst. Echinops guineensis C.D. Adams HMC 166, Alt: 212m, site: Baissa, (2/08/74), form: T, Habitat: Savanna JDC SR, Alt: 2286m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: o. Woodland/Wooded Grassland. JDC 2944, Alt: 840m, site: River Nwum F.R., (6/07/72), freq: f, form: T, Eupatorium africanum ? Habitat: In wooded grassland. JDC 4350, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (20/04/76), freq: a, form: SH, Habitat: Upland grassland. Notes: Flowering. Resistant to JDC 3789, Alt: 1061m, site: River Nwum F.R., (1/04/75), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: In wooded grassland. trampling. JDC 4716, Alt: 1061m, site: VP woodland, (24/02/77), form: T, Habitat: Open woodland. Notes: Flowering. Western slopes of Vogel Peak, above JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: f, form: SH. Jangla. Gerbera ? JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Akwaizantar grassland, freq: a, form: T, Habitat: JDC 4428, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (2/05/76), freq: o, Forest. form: H. Notes: Persisting where cattle graze. Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels Guizotia scabra (Vis.) Chiov. HMC 167, Alt: 212m, site: Baissa, (3/08/74), form: T. JDC 3384, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (2/11/74), form: JDC 4980, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (18/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: An ‘economic’. The Gangumi enumeration recorded 29: ap- H. proximately one per 2 acres. Helichrysum antunesii Volkens & O. Hoffm. Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4481, Alt: 1667m, site: CH Toli, (14/05/76), form: H, Habitat: By forest streams. Terminalia sp. JDC 4785, Alt: 1364m, site: VP woodland, (27/02/77), form: T, Habitat: Helichrysum cameroonense Hutch. & Dalziel Ravine side. Notes: Fruits dry. In new leaf. Below Hepper’s camp. RED DATA LISTED: LR/nt JDC SR, Alt: Rare below 2286m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: Compositae la. Helichrysum cymosum sensu F.W.T.A. Ageratum conyzoides L JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: f, Habitat: Along JDC 4052, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (7/12/75), freq: r, form: H, eroded cattle tracks. Habitat: Forest margin. Helichrysum mechowianum Klatt Bafutia tenuicaulis C.D. Adams JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: o. RED DATA LISTED: LR/nt JDC 3370, Alt: 1970m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (2/11/74), form: H. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, form: H, Habitat: On Lactuca lasiorhiza L. JDC 3709, Alt: 2273m, site: Gangirwal forest grassland ecotone, (10/02/75), freq: f, form: H. Notes: Scrambling shrub. the sides of eroded cattle tracks. Conyza subscaposa O. Hoffm. JDC 4351, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (20/04/76), freq: f, form: H, Habitat: Regularly grazed grassland. Notes: Flowering. Resistant Lactuca praevia C.D. Adams JDC SR, Alt: Above 2134m., site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: a. c11 Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) Kuntze JDC 5313, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (9/04/78), form: LIAN, Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Notes: Straggling shrub. Mikaniopsis paniculata Milne-Redh. Connaraceae Agelaea pentagyna (Lam.) Baill. JDC 4143, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (10/02/76), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Scrambling shrub. JDC 5274, Alt: 1136m, site: Akwaizantar, (20/02/78), form: SH, Habitat: JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: WC. Forest. Notes: Scrambling shrub. Piloselloides sp. Cnestis ferruginea Vahl ex DC. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: o. Notes: JDC 5236, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (9/02/78), freq: o, form: WC, ?sp.=hirsute. Nowhere common. Habitat: Forest. Solanecio mannii (Hook.f.) C. Jeffrey Connarus griffonianus Baill. JDC 4316, Alt: 1364m, site: CH upland forest, (17/04/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Stream bank forest. Notes: Flowers over. Also collected by Hepper, 1900 at Nkambe, 1818m; Latimo and Daramola, FHI 34353 at Mayo Ndaga, 1818m. JDC 4285, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (14/03/76), form: WC, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: In flower & fruit. JDC 4487, Alt: 379m, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, (14/05/76), form: WC, Habitat: Gidan Kwano at the margin of Stream bank forest. Vernonia bamendae C.D. Adams JDC 4742, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (25/02/77), form: WC. RED DATA LISTED: VU B1 + 2bc JDC 5334, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (11/04/78), form: LIAN, Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Notes: Scrambling Tuley 2041, Alt: 2242m, site: Cabbal Wade, (19/11/69). Notes: reported in Mt Oku checklist (Cheek et al. 2000). shrub. Vernonia conferta Benth. Rourea coccinea (Schumach. & Thonn.) Benth. JDC 3111, Alt: n/a, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (3/05/73), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fast-growing tree 7.6-9m tall. In farm fallow with Trema orientalis, near the foot of the escarpment above Zongo Mata (*=5184 det. Kew 21/5/80). JDC 4223, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (27/02/76), form: WC, JDC 5184, Alt: 909m, site: Akwaizantar, (1/02/78), form: T, Habitat: For- Stream banks. Notes: Fruiting. Scrambling shrub. Under light canopy. est. Notes: In gaps. Vernonia guineensis Benth. JDC 4430, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (3/05/76), freq: f, form: SHH. Notes: Resistant to trampling. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: w, form: SHH. Habitat: Forest margin. JDC 5022, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (29/05/77), form: SH, Habitat: Rourea minor (Gaertn.) Alston JDC 4157, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (11/02/76), form: WC, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Scandent shrub. JDC 4305, Alt: 455m, site: River Gamgam, (11/04/76), form: WC, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Fruiting. In transitional woodland/ forest fringing the bank of the river, close to the game rangers house. Notes: From a woody rootstock. Vernonia pumila Kotschy & Peyr. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: w/f. Rourea thomsonii (Baker) Jongkind JDC 2970, Alt: 1212m, site: Antere, (9/07/72), form: WC, Habitat: Forest margin. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Akwaizantar grassland, freq: f, form: H, Habitat: Forest. Convolvulaceae Vernonia smithiana Less. JDC 4429, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (3/05/76), freq: a, form: SHH. Notes: Resistant to trampling. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: la, form: SHH. Ipomoea involucrata P. Beauv. FNH SR, Alt: c. 1500m, site: VP amphitheatre, form: H. Notes: At the edge of a clump of trees. Notes: From a woody rootstock. Vernonia sp. Crassulaceae JDC 3385, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (2/11/74), form: H. Notes: Fruiting. JDC 4499, Alt: 1364m, site: River Nwum F.R., (29/06/76), form: H, Habitat: In wooded grassland. Notes: 45-60cm (1.5-2ft) tall. Large termi- Crassula vaginata Eckl. & Zeyh. JDC 3429, Alt: 2273m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (5/11/74), form: H, Habitat: In Loudetia grassland. nal capitula, white flowers. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: o, form: H. c12 Dilleniaceae JDC 3874, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (16/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Flowering. Small tree (6m) in understory. Arching out over a rocky stream bed below tall forest. Tetracera alnifolia Willd. JDC 4484, Alt: 758m, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, (14/05/76), form: FNH 1506, Alt: n/a, site: VP amphitheatre, freq: f, form: WC. T, Habitat: Fringing forest. JDC 4132, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (9/02/76), form: WC, Habi- JDC 4503, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (30/06/76), form: T, Habi- tat: Forest margin. tat: Forest understory. JDC 4878, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Flowers collected, with immature fruits. 9m tall. The bole is Dipsacaceae crooked, fluted, with thin blackish bark, the slash orange-yellow. 2 Succisa trichotocephala Baksay at the head of the valley. JDC 5199, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar, (3/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruits collected-spirit material. Also a common understory tree JDC SR, Alt: Above 2134m., site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: o/la. Notes: Flowers white. Diospyros sp. JDC 5385, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (19/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Sterile gathering. Dipterocarpaceae Monotes kerstingii Gilg Ericaceae JDC 4690, Alt: 909m, site: VP woodland, (22/02/77), form: T. Notes: Above Dau. Agarista salicifolia (Lam.) G.Don JDC 4418, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (30/04/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Ebenaceae Erica tenuipilosa Engl. ex Alm & T.C.E. Fr. Diospyros cf abyssinica (Hiern) F. White JDC 4215, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (25/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Diospyros canaliculata De Wild. L.& D. (FHI) 28719, Alt: 229m, site: Wurkam River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Gidan Anju, Kurmin Nya. Trappes-Lomax 32318, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: JDC 4470, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (13/05/76), freq: la, form: SH, Habitat: Rock bluff. Notes: High up on Dutsin Lamba. With Adenocarpus mannii and Kotschya strigosa. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: r, form: SH, Habitat: In open grassland stunted by fire. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal forest grassland ecotone, freq: o, form: SH. Notes: Scrambling shrub. Up to 3m, exceptionally 6m tall. JDC SR, Alt: Above c.2286m., site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: r, form: SH. Forest. Notes: Gangumi F.R. JDC 4182, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (17/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4194, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (20/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4950, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (12/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum emarginatum Thonn. Forest. Notes: Right to collect the fruits. JDC 4031, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (4/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh. JDC 4282, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (14/03/76), form: T, Habitat: L.& D. (FHI) 28911, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Forest margin. Notes: Flowers just about to open. Stream banks. Notes: Sulli stream, Gangumi F.R. Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A. DC. L.& D. (FHI) 28731, Alt: 229m, site: Wurkam River F.R., form: T, Habi- Euphorbiaceae tat: Forest. Notes: Gidan Anju. Acalypha ornata Hochst. ex A. Rich. JDC 5464, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (7/05/78), form: T, Habitat: Stream JDC 3112, Alt: 606m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (3/05/73), form: SH, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Often dominant, or co-dominant with banks. Diospyros monbuttensis Gürke JDC 2955, Alt: 840m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/07/72), form: T, Habitat: Forest understory. Marantochloa, in the initial stages of forest regrowth on abandoned farms. Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Müll. Arg. JDC 5227, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (8/02/78), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Stem 20cm (8in.) in diameter at the base. c13 FNH SR, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: T. Notes: At the foot of JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: T. Notes: Can Vogel Peak. be a strangling epiphyte. Antidesma laciniatum Müll. Arg. subsp. laciniata Clutia kamerunica Pax ** New to Nigeria? ** JDC 5405, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (21/04/78), form: T, Habi- JDC 3530, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal forest grassland ecotone, form: H. Notes: A range extension for a narrow endemic, formerly known from the tat: Tall secondary forest. Bamenda highlands. Up to 2.4m tall. Antidesma membrenaceum Müll. Arg. JDC 3883, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (18/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Flowers immature. 12.1m tall. Right on the Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Del. JDC 3481, Alt: 1970m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (10/11/74), forest edge, under the shade of a Bombax. form: T. JDC 4486, Alt: 455m, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, (14/05/76), form: JDC 4369, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (22/04/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Forest margins and occasionally in grassland. Notes: At profile T, Habitat: Fringing forest. strip, sample plot. Antidesma vogelianum Müll. Arg. JDC 3143, Alt: 1667m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (10/05/73), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest margin and wooded grassland adjacent. JDC 4416, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (30/04/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Edge of stream fringing forest. JDC 4369, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (22/04/76), freq: f/ la, form: T, Habitat: Forest margins and secondary forest. Notes: The tallest tree at the profile strip. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: T. JDC 4516, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (31/07/76), freq: o, form: T, Discoclaoxylon hexandrum Müll. Arg. Habitat: Forest margin and wooded grassland adjacent. JDC 3343, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (12/11/73), freq: f, form: T. Bridelia ferruginea Benth. JDC 2599, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, (24/10/71), form: T, Habitat: Savanna Woodland/Wooded Grassland. Notes: Kaka name: Ntibi. JDC 4545, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (2/08/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Understory tree. At enumeration plot. JDC 2943, Alt: 840m, site: River Nwum F.R., (6/07/72), form: T, Habitat: Drypetes gilgiana (Pax ) Pax & K. Hoffm. In wooded grassland. JDC 4254, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (5/03/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 3781, Alt: 1061m, site: River Nwum F.R., (30/03/75), freq: o, form: Forest. T, Habitat: In wooded grassland. JDC 5019, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (27/05/77), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. Notes: Flowering. About 2.4m tall. Preparations of the bark pounded in water are used to apply to freshly-fired poles to glaze them. Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. JDC 4387, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (26/04/76), freq: r, form: T. Notes: At profile strip. Drypetes gossweileri S. Moore JDC 3324, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (9/11/73), form: T. Notes: Slender understory tree. Note that ‘Nigerian Trees’ (Keay et al.) and F.W.T.A. describes this species as a large tree (up to 40m high) of the high forest. Recorded from Benin and Sapoba. JDC 4542, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (2/08/76), form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Understory tree. At enumeration plot. JDC 4572, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (4/08/76), form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Small tree. At enumeration plot. Bridelia speciosa Müll. Arg. JDC 4582, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (5/08/76), freq: f, form: T, JDC 2710, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (1/03/72), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. 24m tall. At enumeration plot. Habitat: Forest margin. JDC 3289, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. JDC 3845, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (10/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. JDC 3990, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. JDC 4155, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (11/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. JDC 4328, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (17/04/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Fruiting. 9.1-12.1m tall. JDC 4777, Alt: 1606m, site: VP amphitheatre, (26/02/77), form: T, Habi- Drypetes principium (Müll. Arg.) Hutch. JDC 3978, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (1/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4014, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (3/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4190, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (20/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4238, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/03/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4262, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (7/03/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. tat: Forest margin. JDC 5190, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar, (3/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruiting material collected. Observed from just below the saddle, to the sample plot on the valley floor at 853m, also at forest edge. Drypetes sp. JDC 3328, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (10/11/73), form: T. c14 Erythrococca hispida (Pax) Prain Macrosphyra longistyla (DC.) Hiern JDC 4268, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (9/03/76), form: SH, Habitat: Forest margin & stream banks in grassland. Notes: In new leaf. With a JDC 3836, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (8/04/75), freq: la, form: profusion of small green flowers. Erythrococca sp. JDC 3596, Alt: 1970m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, (28/11/74), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Euphorbia depauperata Hochst. ex A. Rich. JDC 4349, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (20/04/76), freq: a, form: SHH, Habitat: Upland grassland. Notes: Resistant to trampling. Euphorbia sp. WC, Habitat: Secondary forest. JDC 4276, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (12/03/76), form: WC, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Flowering. JDC 5327, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (11/04/78), form: LIAN, Habitat: Wooded grassland. Notes: Scrambling shrub. JDC SR, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., form: T, Habitat: In forest regrowth. Notes: Occasional at the edge. Mallotus oppositifolius (Geiseler) Müll. Arg. JDC 3825, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/04/75), freq: la, form: T, Habitat: Forest understory and thicket stage. Notes: Small tree rarely more than 9m tall. Present in profile strip 2 and (with 218 stems) in S.P. JDC 3372, Alt: 1970m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (2/11/74), freq: JDC 3834, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (8/04/75), freq: f/la, form: w/f, form: SH. SH. Notes: Equally common as a shrub, forming thickets, or a small tree. Hymenocardia acida Tul. JDC 4854, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (4/04/77), freq: la, form: T, Habitat: Forest understory and thicket stage. Notes: Small tree rarely more JDC 3779, Alt: 1061m, site: River Nwum F.R., (30/03/75), form: T, Habi- than 9m tall. Present in profile strip 2 and (with 218 stems) in S.P. tat: In wooded grassland. JDC 5336, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (11/04/78), form: T, Habi- JDC 4721, Alt: 1061m, site: VP woodland, (24/02/77), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Open woodland. Notes: Fruiting. New leaves. Steep, rocky west- tat: Tall secondary forest. ern slopes of Vogel Peak, above Jangla. Also around Hepper’s camp at JDC 5335, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (11/04/78), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Notes: Restricted JDC 5437, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (2/05/78), form: T. JDC 5443, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (3/05/78), form: T. to patches of wooded grassland. Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) G.L. Webster JDC SR, Alt: To c.914-1067m, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, form: T. JDC 3331, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (10/11/73), freq: o, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Akwaizantar grassland, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: In profile strip, trees 52 and 53. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, form: T, Habitat: Savanna Woodland/ JDC 4301, Alt: 455m, site: River Gamgam, (11/04/76), form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Flowering. New leaves. In transitional woodland/ Wooded Grassland. forest fringing the bank of the river, close to the game rangers house. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. JDC 5338, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (11/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Macaranga hurifolia Beille JDC 5436, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (2/05/78), form: T. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. JDC SR, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., form: T, Habitat: In forest regrowth. Neoboutonia melleri (Müll. Arg.) Prain var. velutina (Prain) Pax. & K. Hoffm. Macaranga monandra Müll. Arg. JDC 4813, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (27/03/77), form: T, Habi- JDC 3123, Alt: 606m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (4/05/73), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Streambank between Batu Kamino & Buru tat: River bank in forest. Kassa. Neoboutonia velutina Prain JDC 5421, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (25/04/78), form: T, Habi- JDC 4552, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (3/08/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Sterile. Small understory tree. At enumera- tat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. tion plot. Macaranga occidentalis Müll. Arg. JDC 3995, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Phyllanthus muellerianus (O. Kuntze) Exell Forest margin. JDC 2958, Alt: 840m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/07/72), form: WC. JDC 4544, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (2/08/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Understory tree. At enumera- Notes: Scrambling over Nauclea latifolia in wooded grassland. tion plot. Pycnocoma cornuta Müll. Arg. Macaranga sp. JDC 5416, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (24/04/78), form: SH, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. JDC 5406, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (21/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Notes: Sterile collection. 15m tall. Stilt roots up to 1m, and above this numerous thorny, often branched emergencies from 7.6 to 40cm long, to a height of 5m. c15 Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre ex Pax Uapaca cf guineensis Müll. Arg HMC 165, Alt: 212m, site: Baissa, (2/08/74), form: T. JDC 5187, Alt: 833m, site: Akwaizantar, (2/02/78), form: T, Habitat: For- JDC 4960, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (13/05/77), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: This and Pterygota macrocarpa were the most com- est. Notes: Sterile collection. With stilt roots at 762m. mon of the larger trees at this site. Uapaca heudelotii Baill. JDC 5330, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (11/04/78), form: T, Habi- JDC 3116, Alt: 303m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (5/05/73), tat: Tall secondary forest. form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Common on the Donga bank at Abong. Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 5357, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (14/04/78), form: T, Habi- JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Transition tat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Sterile collection. woodland/Young secondary forest. Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Wooded Uapaca togoensis Pax grassland. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. FNH 1396, Alt: n/a, site: VP woodland, form: T. Notes: “Co-dominant with Isoberlinia doka..”. JDC 3846, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (10/04/75), freq: f/la, form: Sapium ellipticum (Hochst.) Pax T, Habitat: Typical of stream banks. Notes: Stilt roots. JDC 3882, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (18/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Fruiting. 15m tall. Right on the forest edge, JDC 4114, Alt: 1364m, site: Gangoro forest, (6/02/76), form: T, Habitat: under the shade of a Bombax. JDC 4104, Alt: 1364m, site: Gangoro forest, (5/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin & stream-fringing forest. JDC 4133, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (9/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin & stream-fringing forest. JDC 4436, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (4/05/76), freq: o, form: T. Notes: At S.P. JDC 4578, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (5/08/76), freq: r, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Small understory tree. At enumeration plot and profile strip. JDC 5195, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar, (3/02/78), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sporadic in the range 853-1,067m (incl. S.P.), & in forest clumps in grassland at the saddle. Spondianthus preussii Engl. JDC 3137, Alt: 758m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (9/05/73), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Stream bank, Batu Amanda. Kaka name: Stream fringing forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi F.R., freq: la, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, form: T, Habitat: Savanna Woodland/ Wooded Grassland. Notes: May form pure stands. Uapaca sp. JDC 4922, Alt: 200m, site: Taraba River, (4/05/77), freq: lf, form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: 10m tall, sometimes multi-stemmed, with distinctive compound leaves. Common locally with Syzygium (Referred to as U. heudelotii by Trappes-Lomax, but no collection cited in either Nigerian Trees or F.W.T.A. ed. 2). Several together on the Taraba bank near Gangumi village. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gashaka, form: T, Habitat: On route from Gashaka to CH. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Taraba River, freq: lf, form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Common locally with Syzygium (Referred to as U. heudelotii by Trappes-Lomax, but no collection cited in either Nigerian Trees or F.W.T.A. ed. 2). Wahvung. JDC 3872, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (16/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Fruits immature. Up to 12m high. Also found in Fabaceae secondary forest. Poison can be prepared from the inner bark. JDC 4811, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (26/03/77), form: T, Habitat: Fringing forest and near forest margin. Notes: Incl. 3 trees in profile Abrus precatorius L. strips 1 & 4. JDC 4945, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (11/05/77), form: SH, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Twining shrub, the seeds, ‘Crab’s eyes’, ornamental, JDC 4904, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (13/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Fringing forest and near forest margin. Notes: Incl. 3 trees in profile bright red with black base. Sporadic, collected at old Gangumi village. strip 1 & 4. JDC 4913, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (18/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Fringing forest and near forest margin. Notes: Seedlings. Incl. 3 trees in Flacourtiaceae profile strip 1 & 4. JDC 5350, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (14/04/78), form: T, Habi- Dasylepis racemosa Oliv. tat: Tall secondary forest. JDC 3322, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (9/11/73), form: T. Notes: Sterile material gathered. Trees 14 & 76 on the profile strip. Suregada sp. JDC 4583, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (7/08/76), freq: la, form: T, JDC 4240, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/03/76), form: T, Habitat: Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. 15m tall. At enumeration plot. Forest. c16 Homalium letestui Pellegr. Guttiferae Peal 42792, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4952, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (12/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Garcinia smeathmannii (Planch. & Triana) Oliv. Forest. JDC 2711, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (1/03/72), freq: f, form: T. JDC 5461, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (6/05/78), form: T. JDC 4169, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (13/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Homalium sp. JDC 4245, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (4/03/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 3922, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (28/04/75), form: T, Habi- Forest. Notes: Fruiting. tat: River bank. Notes: Pods ripe. JDC 4874, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: 30m+ tall. 2 trees in S.P. JDC 4324, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (17/04/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Submontane stream fringing forest. Notes: Fruits abundant. Accounts for 46% of the trees in the profile strip; also in sample plot. JDC 4913, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (18/04/77), form: T, Habi- JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: T. tat: Forest. Notes: 2 trees in S.P. (inc 4874). Garcinia sp. Oncoba cf spinosa Forsk. JDC 5322, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (10/04/78), form: T, Habi- JDC 4006, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/12/75), form: T, Habitat: tat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Sterile gathering. Forest margin. Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. FNH 1473, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: T. Notes: At the foot of Gentianaceae Vogel Peak. JDC 4036, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (5/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Sebaea brachyphylla Griseb. Stream banks in grassland. JDC 3412, Alt: 1970m, site: Gangirwal, (4/11/74), form: H, Habitat: JDC 4389, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (26/04/76), freq: la, form: Semi-thicket. Notes: 3 m tall. T, Habitat: Forest margins, secondary forest & grassland. JDC 4751, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (25/02/77), freq: la, form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Geraniaceae Geranium arabicum Forssk. JDC 3382, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (2/11/74), form: H. JDC SR, Alt: Above 2134m., site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: lf, form: H. JDC SR, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., form: T, Habitat: In forest regrowth. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: River Nwum F.R., form: T, Habitat: Edge of stream fringing forest. Hypericum revolutum Vahl JDC 4319, Alt: 1364m, site: CH upland forest, (17/04/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Upland grassland. Notes: Flowering over. Sometimes on the edge of stream fringing thickets. Gesneriaceae Hypericum roeperanum Schimp. ex A. Rich. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal forest grassland ecotone, freq: ld, form: Epithema tenue C.B. Clarke SH. Notes: Scrambling shrub. Up to 3m tall. JDC 4505, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (30/06/76), freq: f, form: H, Habitat: Dripping rock face in forest. Streptocarpus elongatus Engl. JDC 3305, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: r, form: H, Habitat: Forest. JDC 3435, Alt: 1970m, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, (6/11/74), form: H. Mammea africana Sabine HMC 160, Alt: 212m, site: Baissa, (1/08/74), form: T. Peal 42791, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 5356, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (14/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Sterile collection. JDC 5371, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (17/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Fruit in spirit. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: H. Streptocarpus nobilis C.B.Clarke FNH 2759, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: H, Habitat: Riverine forest. Notes: On mossy rock at the foot of Vogel Peak. Psorospermum aurantiacum Engl. JDC 4327, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (17/04/76), freq: f/la, form: SH, Habitat: In thickets fringing hillside and Stream bank forest. Notes: Flowering. Often the most abundant species, sometimes a tree (e.g. at sample plot). c17 JDC 4434, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (4/05/76), freq: o, form: T. Notes: 9m tall. At S.P. Common also along forest edge (4327). Psorospermum corymbiferum Hochr. var. corym- Leptaulus daphnoides Benth. JDC 4547, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (2/08/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Understory tree. At enumeration plot. biferum JDC 2717, Alt: 1667m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (1/03/72), freq: f, form: T, Leptaulus zenkeri Engl. Habitat: Forest margin. JDC 3308, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: la, form: T. Notes: In the profile strip. Psorospermum febrifugum Spach JDC 4332, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (17/04/76), freq: o, Rhaphiostylis beninensis (Hook.f. ex Planch.) Planch. form: T, Habitat: Upland grassland. Notes: Fruiting. Small tree, 3.6m tall. ex Benth. JDC 5016, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (26/05/77), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. Notes: Fruiting. About 3m tall. Rarely over c. 3.5m (12 ft) tall. On the Kwagiri path. Bark used to treat scabies and as a guinea corn seed dressing. Kaka name: Tiku. JDC 4160, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (11/02/76), form: WC, Habitat: Forest margin & in forest. JDC 4209, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (24/02/76), form: WC, Habitat: Forest margin & forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Akwaizantar grassland, form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4260, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (6/03/76), form: WC, Habi- JDC SR, Alt: 610-1067m, site: River Nwum F.R., form: T, Habitat: In tat: Forest margin & forest. wooded grassland. JDC 4747, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (25/02/77), form: WC. Symphonia globulifera L.f. JDC 3028, Alt: 1667m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (1/03/73), freq: o, form: T. Notes: At sample plot. JDC 3860, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (15/04/75), form: T, Habitat: River bank in forest. JDC 3989, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Irvingiaceae Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’Rorke) Baill. FNH 2756, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: T, Habitat: At the foot Forest, and stream banks in grassland. of Vogel Peak. JDC 4394, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (26/04/76), freq: o/lf, form: T, Habitat: Fringing forest. Notes: At profile strip & sample plot. After Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC., subsp. guineense, it is one of the most characteristic trees. L.& D. (FHI) 28870, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: JDC 4602, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (11/08/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Buds and flowers. Mambilla name: JDC 4844, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (4/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Geeb, Kaka name: Beek. JDC 4738, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (25/02/77), form: T, Habitat: On rocky stream banks. Forest. JDC 3850, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (12/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Incl. 1 small tree in S.P. Forest. Notes: Incl. 1 small tree in S.P. JDC 5339, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (12/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. JDC 5167, Alt: 1364m, site: Akwaizantar, (31/01/78), freq: o/lf, form: T, Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. Habitat: Forest. Notes: Kaka name: Buck or geeb. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, freq: r, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gashaka, form: T, Habitat: On route from Gashaka Klainedoxa gabonensis Pierre ex Engl. to CH. JDC 4906, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (14/04/77), form: T, Habi- JDC SR, Alt: Above 800m, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, form: T, tat: Forest, by the river. Habitat: Fringing forest. JDC 5386, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (19/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. JDC 5398, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (20/04/78), form: T, Habi- Icacinaceae tat: Tall secondary forest. JDC 5460, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (6/05/78), form: T. Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey. ex Arn. ** New to West Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. Africa? ** JDC 2718, Alt: 1667m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (1/03/72), freq: r, form: T, Habitat: Forest near the margin. Labiate JDC 4135, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (10/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Stream fringing forest. Achyrospermum oblongifolium Baker JDC 4749, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (25/02/77), form: T. JDC 3457, Alt: 1970m, site: Gangirwal, (7/11/74), form: SH. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: SH. c18 JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: SH. Isodon ramosissimus (Hook.f.) Codd RED DATA LISTED: VU D2 Previously collected from Mambilla Plateau (Gembu) (Cheek et al. 2000) JDC 3402, Alt: 1970m, site: Gangirwal forest grassland ecotone, (4/11/74), Tinnea sp. form: H. JDC 5315, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (9/04/78), form: SH, Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Notes: Flowers collected. Leucas oligocephala Hook.f. 1.2m tall. Under light shade on rocky river bank. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: f. Platostoma rotundifolium (Briq.) A. J. Paton JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal forest grassland ecotone, form: H. Lauraceae Beilschmiedia foliosa (S.Moore) Robyns & Wilczek Plectranthus glandulosus Hook.f. JDC 4728, Alt: 1212m, site: VP fringing forest, (24/02/77), freq: o, form: T. Notes: Kew identification. Possibly= FNH 2748, JDC 4736 & JDC JDC 4015, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (3/12/75), form: H, Habitat: 4768 ? B. Mannii (Meissn. Benth. & Hook.fil.) Forest margin. Plectranthus sylvestris Gürke JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, freq: o, form: H. Pycnostachys eminii Gürke FNH 1489, Alt: 1370m, site: VP amphitheatre, form: SH. Notes: At the edge of upland riverine forest. Beilschmiedia mannii (Meissn.) Benth. & Hook.f. JDC 4247, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (4/03/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: 24m tall in S.P. JDC 4592, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (7/08/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Fruiting, but fruits impossible to collect. 21m tall. JDC 4601, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (10/08/76), freq: r, form: T, Habitat: Relict kurmi. Notes: Fruits immature. Tree in relic valley kurmi at Yelwa village. 1 mile east of Ngel Nyaki. Pycnostachys meyeri Gürke JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal forest grassland ecotone, form: SH. Beilschmiedia sp. Notes: Scrambling shrub. Up to 3m tall. JDC 4189, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (20/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest & clumps of forest spp. amongst rocks in grassland. Pycnostachys sp. JDC 4196, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (20/02/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 3341, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (11/11/73), freq: o, form: H, Forest & clumps of forest spp. amongst rocks in grassland. Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Shrubby herb. JDC 4736, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (25/02/77), form: T. Notes: 15m tall. Hepper recorded Beilschmiedia mannii from the Kiri Plateau (FNH 2748). JDC 4728 from fringing forest on the way up Vogel Peak from Jangla has been identified by Kew as B. foliosa, which F.W.T.A. ed. 2, 1: 57, describes as a bushy shrub. It would appear more likely that only one species is involved. Satureja imbricata (Forssk.) Briq. JDC 4393, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (26/04/76), freq: f, form: SHH, Habitat: At its best where cattle do not go - also amongst bracken and shrubs bordering streams, and forest margins. Satureja pseudosimensis Brenan JDC SR, Alt: Above 2134m., site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: w. JDC 4768, Alt: 1667m, site: VP amphitheatre, (26/02/77), form: T. Notes: 15m tall. Hepper recorded Beilschmiedia mannii from the Kiri Plateau (FNH 2748). JDC 4728 from fringing forest on the way up Vogel Peak from Jangla has been identified by Kew as B. foliosa, which F.W.T.A. ed. 2, 1: 57, describes as a bushy shrub. It would appear more likely that only one species is involved. Satureja cf robusta (Hook.f.) Brenan JDC 3414, Alt: 1970m, site: Gangirwal, (4/11/74), form: H. Scutellaria violascens Gürke JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal forest grassland ecotone, form: SH. Notes: Sub-shrub, 90cm-1.2m tall. Lecythidaceae Napoleona imperialis P. Beauv. JDC 3120, Alt: 606m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (4/05/73), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Secondary Forest. Notes: Common in secondary forest below c.610m. Solenostemon cf mannii (Hook.f.) Baker Peal 42794, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC SR, Alt: 1981-2286m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: f. JDC 4722, Alt: 606m, site: VP fringing forest, (24/02/77), freq: f, form: Notes: Robust perennial. T. Notes: 7.6 m tall. Jangla and environs. Stachys pseudohumifusa Sebsebe subsp. saxeri Y.B. Harv. c19 Napoleona sp. Amphimas cf pterocarpoides Harms JDC 4881, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (8/04/77), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4864, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (6/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: 30m tall. Trunk cylindrical, girth 3m at 1.7m above the Stream fringing forest. Notes: Fruits collected. JDC 4932, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (7/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. symmetrical buttresses which at the ground extend outwards 2.4m. Slash yellowish-orange. Branching symmetrical, the branches almost horizontal, concentrated towards the top of the tree. Leafless, but fruits (to FHO) conspicuous; flat and papery, splitting open with one or two seeds in the centre JDC 5317, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (9/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Notes: Fruit collected, both of the wing - carried long distances by the wind. dry and in spirit. Anthonotha macrophylla P. Beauv. HMC 161, Alt: 212m, site: Baissa, (1/08/74), form: T. Leeaceae Leea guineensis G. Don JDC 3866, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (15/04/75), freq: o/lf, form: SH, Habitat: Occasional in forest, common in secondary forest. JDC 4032, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (4/12/75), form: SH, Habitat: JDC 3122, Alt: 606m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (4/05/73), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Streambanks around 457m. JDC 5407, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (21/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. JDC 5430, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (1/05/78), form: T. Forest margin. Anthonotha noldeae Rossberg (Exell & Hillc.) JDC 4536, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (1/08/76), freq: lf, form: SH, ** New to West Africa? ** Habitat: Along paths, by streams, in windfall gaps. Notes: Flowering. JDC 2714, Alt: 1667m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (1/03/72), freq: f, form: T. JDC 5007, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (23/05/77), freq: la, form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Notes: 2.4m tall, with a rambling habit. Abundant JDC 3287, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: f, form: T. locally; along forest margins, paths in the forest, openings. JDC 3335, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (11/11/73), freq: f, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., form: SH, Habitat: In forest regrowth. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: SH. JDC 4459, Alt: 1667m, site: CH Shirgu, (8/05/76), freq: f, form: T. JDC 4539, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (2/08/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4600, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (10/08/76), freq: f, form: T, Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Flowering, a sapling. Anthonotha sp. Afzelia africana Sm. JDC 3851, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (12/04/75), freq: o, form: JDC 5217, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (6/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile collection. T. JDC 3897, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (21/04/75), freq: o, form: Baikiaea insignis Benth. T. JDC 4804, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (25/03/77), form: T, Habi- JDC 4920, Alt: 200m, site: Taraba River, (4/05/77), form: T, Habitat: tat: Forest. Notes: Incl. 1 large tree in S.P. Stream banks. Notes: Taraba river, opposite new Gangumi village. JDC 4894, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (12/04/77), form: T, Habi- JDC 5006, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (23/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: About 27.3m tall. Most abundant of the 7 ‘economic spe- tat: Forest. Notes: Incl. 1 large tree in S.P. cies’ enumerated in 1954. Berlinia grandiflora (Vahl) Hutch. & Dalziel Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 3923, Alt: 530m, site: River Nwum F.R., (28/04/75), form: T, Habi- JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, form: T, Habitat: tat: Forest, on river bank. Notes: or ? Baikiaea insignis (Benth). Forest. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. Notes: Rarely exceeding 12m in height. However, in the forest, a common JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest. upper canopy tree, frequently 30m or more high. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, form: T, Habitat: Along the margin of fringing forest, extending well up the escarpment. Notes: At Gidan Kwano. JDC SR, Alt: 762m & 853-1067m, site: Akwaizantar, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Afzelia bella Harms JDC 4809, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (26/03/77), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: River bank forest. Notes: An ‘economic’. Usually along streams. Brachystegia eurycoma Harms JDC 3859, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (15/04/75), form: T, Habitat: River banks. Notes: Rare at Kop Nti, common along the Donga River. JDC 5412, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (24/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. JDC 5433, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (1/05/78), form: T. JDC 5435, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (1/05/78), form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. c20 Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. Mata to the Donga river. JDC SR, Alt: Up to 914m, site: VP fringing forest, form: T. Notes: With Adina microcephala and Maranthes kerstingii. One of the principal trees JDC 3828, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest, but more usual near the margin. Notes: 2 small trees in profile strip along the stream at Jangla and sporadic up to c. 914m. 1, & a large tree in S.P. JDC SR, Alt: 305m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, freq: o, form: JDC 3900, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (22/04/75), form: T, Habi- T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Nr. Batu Amanda: occasional on streambanks. tat: Forest. Notes: Sterile. 13m tall. Most common on forest edge. JDC 4714, Alt: 1061m, site: VP fringing forest, (24/02/77), form: T. Burkea africana Hook. Notes: with Brachystegia eurycoma. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. JDC 5000, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (22/05/77), freq: o, form: T, Habi- Cynometra megalophylla Harms JDC 5211, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (6/02/78), form: T, Habitat: JDC 3987, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (1/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4047, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (6/12/75), form: T, Habitat: tat: Stream banks. Notes: 21.2m tall. Growing alongside Ricinodendron. Forest. Notes: At S.P. JDC 5337, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (11/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Forest. Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4797, Alt: 758m, site: VP fringing forest, (28/02/77), form: T. Notes: 9m tall. Beneath spreading Brachystegia eurycoma at the top of the waterfall JDC SR, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., freq: o, form: T, Habitat: In above Jangla. JDC 4911, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (18/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Stream bank forest. Daniellia ogea (Harms) Rolfe ex Holland Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. forest regrowth. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gashaka, form: T, Habitat: On route from Gashaka to CH. Hylodendron gabunense Taub. JDC 5367, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (17/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch. & Dalziel JDC 4993, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (21/05/77), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. Notes: Common farm tree which may reach a height of Isoberlinia doka Craib & Stapf 18 - 21m (60 - 70 ft). JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: VP woodland, freq: lf, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, form: T, Habitat: JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi F.R., freq: lf, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. Persisting, but growing stunted, halfway up the escarpment. JDC SR, Alt: 610-762m, site: River Nwum F.R., freq: o, form: T, Habitat: In wooded grassland. JDC SR, Alt: c.914m, site: VP woodland, freq: r, form: T. Detarium microcarpum Guill. & Perr. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. Notes: Common locally in pure stands. Mezoneuron angolense Welw. ex Oliv. JDC 5380, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (18/04/78), form: WC, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: In wooded grassland enclaves. Detarium senegalense J.F. Gmel. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: In enclaves of JDC 4901, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (13/04/77), form: T, Habi- wooded grassland. tat: Forest. JDC 5353, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (14/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. JDC 5459, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (6/05/78), form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, form: T, Habitat: Persisting well up the escarpment. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Akwaizantar grassland, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. Dialium guineense Willd. Tamarindus indica L. JDC 4734, Alt: 606m, site: VP fringing forest, (23/02/77), form: T, Habi- JDC 4935, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (9/05/77), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Cultivated. Notes: Planted for its shade, and for the acid edible pulp in the tat: at Jangla. pods. JDC 5415, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (24/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan JDC 3125, Alt: 758m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (4/05/73), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Characteristic streambank tree from Zongo c21 Leguminosae-Mimosoideae Albizia zygia (DC.) J.F. Macbr. L.& D. (FHI) 28918, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: The enumeration does not differentiate between Acacia pentagona (Schumach.) Hook.f. Albizia spp. as ‘economics’. JDC 4186, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (19/02/76), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. JDC 3921, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (28/04/75), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: 21.2m tall. Standing among old second growth JDC 4597, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (10/08/76), freq: f, form: WC, thickets and scattered high forest trees. Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: At the enumeration plot. JDC 4145, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (10/02/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4983, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (19/05/77), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Common high liana; stem up to 7.5cm in diameter, mark- Forest. JDC 4256, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (6/03/76), form: T, Habitat: edly 5-ridged, thorny. Forest. JDC 4755, Alt: 1576m, site: VP amphitheatre, (26/02/77), freq: f, form: Acacia sieberiana DC. T, Habitat: from c. 1372 m. JDC 4938, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (9/05/77), freq: o, form: T, Habi- JDC 4856, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (5/04/77), freq: o, form: T, tat: Savanna. Habitat: Forest. Notes: Incl. 7 trees in thicket stage regrowth. Acacia sp? JDC 5221, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (6/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Observed from just below the saddle to the sample plot on the JDC 5439, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (2/05/78), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile collection. Thorny stem 0.8cm in diameter, collected at the valley floor at 853m. In sample plot No.4. JDC 5245, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (10/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Observed from ±1067m, just below the saddle, to the sample profile strip. plot on the valley floor at 853m. In sample plot No.4. Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach.) W.F. Wight JDC 5377, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (18/04/78), form: T, Habi- JDC 4824, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (28/03/77), freq: o, form: tat: Tall secondary forest. T, Habitat: Edge of river bank forest. JDC 5408, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (21/04/78), form: T, Habi- JDC 5454, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (5/05/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. tat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. Albizia ferruginea (Guill. & Perr.) Benth. JDC SR, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., form: T, Habitat: In forest L.& D. (FHI) 28738, Alt: 229m, site: Wurkam River F.R., freq: o, form: regrowth. Notes: Occasional - not yet above the general level. T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Kurmin Nya. JDC 3809, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (5/04/75), freq: f, form: T, Aubrevillea kerstingii (Harms) Pellegr. Habitat: Forest. JDC 3806, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (3/04/75), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Incl. trees 1 & 49, profile strip 1. Albizia glaberrima (Schumach. & Thonn.) Benth. JDC 3895, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (21/04/75), form: T, Habi- JDC 4308, Alt: 455m, site: River Gamgam, (11/04/76), form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Fruiting. In transitional woodland/ forest fringing the tat: Forest. Notes: Sterile. Kaka name: Vang. bank of the river, close to the game rangers house. Albizia gummifera (J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm. JDC 4046, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (6/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest & clumps of forest spp. amongst rocks in grassland. JDC 4048, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (6/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest & clumps of forest spp. amongst rocks in grassland. JDC 4426, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (1/05/76), freq: o, form: JDC 4144, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (10/02/76), form: T, Habitat: T. Notes: At profile strip & S.P. Forest & clumps of forest spp. amongst rocks in grassland. JDC 4558, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (3/08/76), freq: o/lf, form: T, JDC 4197, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (21/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. At enumeration plot. Forest & clumps of forest spp. amongst rocks in grassland. JDC 5261, Alt: 985m, site: Akwaizantar, (17/02/78), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4200, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (21/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Forest & clumps of forest spp. amongst rocks in grassland. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: T. JDC 4208, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (24/02/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, freq: r, form: T. Forest & clumps of forest spp. amongst rocks in grassland. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: T. JDC 4277, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (13/03/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest & clumps of forest spp. amongst rocks in grassland. Notes: Fruiting. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: T. Mass of papery pods look like flowers. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: T. JDC 4752, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (25/02/77), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: 1219 - 1515 m. JDC 4788, Alt: 1364m, site: VP amphitheatre, (27/02/77), freq: f, form: T. c22 JDC 5319, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (10/04/78), form: LIAN, JDC 5226, Alt: 1067m, site: Akwaizantar, (8/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Observed from ±1067m, just below the saddle, to the sample plot on the valley floor at 853m, also in the ravine forest on the Mawo side of the saddle, and in forest clumps in grassland at the saddle. JDC 5253, Alt: 909m, site: Akwaizantar, (14/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Observed from ±1067m, just below the saddle, to the sample plot on the valley floor at 853m, also in the ravine forest on the Mawo side of the saddle, and in forest clumps in grassland at the saddle. JDC 5255, Alt: 909m, site: Akwaizantar, (14/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Observed from ±1067m, just below the saddle, to the sample plot on the valley floor at 853m, also in the ravine forest on the Mawo side of the saddle, and in forest clumps in grassland at the saddle. JDC 5413, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (24/04/78), form: T, Habi- Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Notes: Lofty liane. JDC SR, Alt: 853-1067m, site: Akwaizantar, freq: o, form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Newtonia buchananii (Baker f.) G.C.C. Gilbert & Boutique JDC 4449, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (6/05/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Fringing forest. Notes: Also on Cabbal Tale. JDC 4620, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (3/02/77), freq: o/lf, form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Flowering. 21m tall. At enumeration plot and profile strip. tat: Tall secondary forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: T. Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, freq: o, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, form: T, Habitat: Edge of fringing forest. Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: above 762m, site: VP fringing forest, freq: o, form: T. JDC 3910, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (25/04/75), freq: r, form: T, Habitat: Open woodland. Notes: Pods ripe. 6.1m tall. Growing with Terminalia, Lannea, Piliostigma etc. Called Garin dorowa. Daddawa is prepared from the boiled seeds. A rich food source. Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. JDC 4962, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (14/05/77), freq: f, form: T, Habi- JDC 5222, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (6/02/78), form: T, Habitat: tat: Savanna. Notes: Right to collect fruit. Forest. Notes: One tree. JDC 5329, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (11/04/78), form: T, Habi- JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Cultivated. Notes: Cultivated for the sweet edible pulp in the pods. At old Gangumi tat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. there are fine trees. Entada abyssinica Steud. ex A. Rich. Parkia filicoidea Welw. ex Oliv. JDC 4314, Alt: 1364m, site: CH upland grassland, (17/04/76), freq: o, JDC 3344, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (12/11/73), freq: o/lf, form: T. form: T, Habitat: Submontane grassland. Notes: Flowering. JDC 4073, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (6/12/75), form: T, Habitat: JDC SR, Alt: From c.1067m, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, form: T. Forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Akwaizantar grassland, freq: a, form: T, Habitat: JDC 4154, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (11/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Forest. JDC SR, Alt: 610-1067m, site: River Nwum F.R., form: T, Habitat: In JDC 4595, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (9/08/76), freq: o/lf, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Material collected from a sapling. A wooded grassland. 30m+ tree nearby, but impossible to collect from. Entada africana Guill. & Perr. JDC 4605, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (11/08/76), freq: o/lf, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Old pods collected from the ground. JDC 4733, Alt: 909m, site: VP woodland, (21/02/77), form: T, Habitat: Open woodland. Notes: Fruiting and immature flowers. Steep, rocky western slopes of Vogel Peak, above Jangla. Common between 914m and 1067m ; Also below Hepper’s Camp. 30m+ tall. At the profile strip. Entada mannii (Oliv.) Tisser. JDC 5382, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (19/04/78), form: WC, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Scandent shrub. Entada rheedei Spreng. JDC 4611, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (12/08/76), freq: o/lf, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sapling 3m high. JDC 4615, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (3/02/77), freq: o/lf, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Flowering. Leafless. 30m+ tall. Large tree of the upper canopy. JDC 4744, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (25/02/77), freq: r, form: T. JDC 5263, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (17/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Up to 30m tall, buttressed to 3m. JDC 3135, Alt: 606m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (8/05/73), form: WC, Habitat: Fringing forest. Notes: Gidan Bature to Batu Amanda. Piptadeniastrum africanum (Hook.f.) Brenan JDC 4070, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/12/75), form: WC. JDC 3924, Alt: 530m, site: River Nwum F.R., (28/04/75), form: T, Habi- JDC 4158, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (11/02/76), form: WC, Habi- tat: River bank in forest. Notes: Sterile. Up to 24m. tat: Forest margin, gaps. JDC 4253, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (5/03/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4786, Alt: 1364m, site: VP fringing forest, (27/02/77), form: WC, Forest. Habitat: In the deep valley below Hepper’s Camp. JDC 4745, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (25/02/77), form: T. JDC 4841, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (3/04/77), freq: la, form: WC, Habitat: On big trees along the river. c23 JDC 4828, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (30/03/77), form: T, Habitat: River bank in forest. JDC 5235, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (9/02/78), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taub. L.& D. (FHI) 28843, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub. HMC 173, Alt: 212m, site: Baissa, (3/08/74), form: T. L.& D. (FHI) 28797, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 3840, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (9/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Incl. 1 tree in profile strip 2. Baphia leptostemma Baill. subsp. gracilipes (Harms) Soladoye JDC 3864, Alt: 455m, site: River Nwum F.R., (15/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Fringing forest on rocky river bank. Craibia atlantica Dunn FNH 2764, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: T. Notes: At the foot of Vogel Peak. Crotalaria bamendae Hepper RED DATA LISTED: VU D2 L.&D. (FHI) 34369, site: Mambilla Plateau (Gembu). Notes: Also reported in the Mt Oku checklist (Cheek et al. 2000). JDC 4848, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (4/04/77), freq: o, form: T, Crotalaria ledermannii Baker f. Habitat: Forest. Notes: Incl. 1 tree in profile strip 2. RED DATA LISTED: VU D2 JDC 4968, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (16/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Previously reported from Mambilla Plateau (Eucalyptus plantation). Also reported in the Mt Oku checklist (Cheek et al. 2000). Forest. JDC 4970, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (16/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 5351, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (14/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. Leguminosae-Papilionoideae Crotalaria orthoclada Welw. ex Baker JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal forest grassland ecotone, form: SH. Notes: Scrambling shrub. Up to 2.4m tall. Crotalaria quartiniana A. Rich. FNH 1493, Alt: c.1460m, site: VP amphitheatre, form: H. Notes: On the edge of a clump of Beilschmiedia mannii by a water course in upland grassland. Additional to F.W.T.A. ed. 2 and the first record for the F.W.T.A. Adenocarpus mannii (Hook.f.) Hook.f. Dalbergia heudelotii Stapf JDC 3317, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: o, form: SH, JDC 3311, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: f, form: WC, Habitat: Forest margin. Habitat: Forest/forest margin. JDC 4759, Alt: 1667m, site: VP amphitheatre, (26/02/77), form: SH, Habitat: In thicket, fringing trees along a stream. Notes: Just below the highest summit of Vogel Peak. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal forest grassland ecotone, form: SH. Notes: Scrambling shrub. Occasionally a tree up to 6m tall, and 30cm dbh. Like Gnidia glauca and Philippia mannii. More abundant on the plateau Adenodolichos paniculatus (Hua) Hutch. & Dalziel Dalbergia lactea Vatke JDC 4134, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (9/02/76), form: WC, Habitat: Forest margin. Dalbergia saxatilis Hook.f. FNH 2765, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: SH, Habitat: Riverine forest. Notes: On the lower slopes of Vogel Peak. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: VP woodland. Aeschynomene baumii Harms JDC 4476, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (13/05/76), freq: o, Dalbergiella welwitschii (Baker) Baker f. FNH 1474, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: SH, Habitat: Riverine forest. Notes: At the foot of Vogel Peak. form: SH, Habitat: In grassland grazed only by buffalo. Baphia laurifolia Baill. JDC 2942, Alt: 840m, site: River Nwum F.R., (6/07/72), form: T, Habitat: Fringing forest; forest at the water’s edge. Desmodium repandum (Vahl) DC. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Ngel Nyaki, form: H, Habitat: Forest margin. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: H. JDC 3858, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (15/04/75), freq: o, form: JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: SH. Notes: T, Habitat: Fringing forest; forest at the water’s edge. Undershrub. JDC 4908, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (17/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Fringing forest; forest at the water’s edge. Dolichos schweinfurthii Harms JDC 4441, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (5/05/76), freq: o, form: SHH. Notes: Resistant to trampling. c24 L.& D. (FHI) 18764, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Eriosema montanum Baker f. Savanna. JDC 3389, Alt: 1970m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (2/11/74), form: H. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal forest grassland ecotone, form: SH. Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. Notes: Sub-shrub, 90cm-1.2m tall. JDC 5213, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar grassland, (6/02/78), freq: lf, form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, form: T, Habitat: Not Erythina sigmoidea Hua above Gidan Kwano. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Akwaizantar grassland, form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC SR, Alt: 762m, site: VP woodland, form: T. Leptoderris fasciculata (Benth.) Dunn Pterocarpus mildbraedii Harms JDC 4746, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (25/02/77), form: WC. JDC 3849, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (12/04/75), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Incl. profile strip 2 (4 trees), plus 12 trees in S.P. Kaka name: Ngwa. Leptoderris sp. JDC 4202, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (23/02/76), form: WC, JDC 3925, Alt: 530m, site: River Nwum F.R., (28/04/75), form: T, Habi- Habitat: Forest margin. tat: Forest. Notes: Kaka name: Ngwa. JDC 3927, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (28/04/75), form: T, Habi- Millettia chrysophylla Dunn tat: Forest. Notes: Seeds germinating. Kaka name: Ngwa. JDC 4909, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (17/04/77), form: T, Habi- JDC 4825, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (29/03/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Incl. profile strip 2 (4 trees), plus 12 trees in S.P. Kaka tat: River bank in forest. name: Ngwa. JDC 5354, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (14/04/78), form: T, Habi- Millettia conraui Harms ** New to Nigeria? ** tat: Tall secondary forest. RED DATA LISTED: VU A1c, B1 + 2c JDC 2715, Alt: 1667m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (1/03/72), freq: o, form: T, JDC 5463, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (6/05/78), form: T. Notes: Sterile collection. 37m tall. At the profile strip, buttressed to 6m, massive branches; Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Forest edge. slash orange developing fine red streaks, tardily exuding red juice. JDC 3511, Alt: 1970m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (14/11/74), JDC 5465, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (7/05/78), form: T. Notes: Sterile collection. 37m tall. At the profile strip. Buttressed to 6m, massive branches; form: T, Habitat: Montane forest. Notes: Kurmin Dutsin Dodo. slash orange developing fine red streaks, tardily exuding red juice. JDC 4372, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (22/04/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: At sample plot. (?= 2715, M. conraui (Harms). New to Nigeria but known from Bamenda Highlands. Det, F. Dowsett-Lemaire. JDC 5466, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (7/05/78), form: T. Notes: Sterile collection. 37m tall. At the profile strip. Buttressed to 6m, massive branches; slash orange developing fine red streaks, tardily exuding red juice. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, freq: f, form: T. JDC 5467, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (7/05/78), form: T. Notes: Sterile collection. 37m tall. At the profile strip. Buttressed to 6m, massive branches; JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: T. slash orange developing fine red streaks, tardily exuding red juice. JDC SR, Alt: 762m & 1143m, site: Akwaizantar, freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Millettia thonningii (Schumach. & Thonn.) Baker Forest. JDC 4723, Alt: 606m, site: VP fringing forest, (24/02/77), form: T, Habitat: Jangla. Notes: 9m tall. Pterocarpus santalinoides DC. L.& D. (FHI) 34417, Alt: n/a, site: Taraba River, form: T, Habitat: Stream Millettia sp. banks. Notes: Taraba river, Garbabi. JDC 4433, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (4/05/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: At S.P. ?= 2715, M. conraui (Harms). Sesbania macrantha Welw. ex E. Phillips & Hutch. JDC 4866, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (6/04/77), form: WC, Habi- JDC 4421, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (30/04/76), freq: la, form: SH, Habitat: Occasional at forest margin. Notes: Fruiting. A short-lived tat: Stream fringing forest. early pioneer species. Mucuna poggei Taub. var. occidentalis Hepper JDC 3623, Alt: 1364m, site: CW forest/grassland ecotone, (5/12/74), form: T. Ormocarpum sennoides (Willd.) DC. subsp. hispidum Smithia elliotii Baker f. JDC 3374, Alt: 1970m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (2/11/74). JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, Habitat: On south-west slopes. Notes: Undershrub. Brenan & J. Leonard JDC 5361, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (16/04/78), form: SH, Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Pericopsis laxiflora (Benth.) Meeuwen Tephrosia holstii Taub. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal forest grassland ecotone, form: SH. Notes: Semi-scrambling. c25 Tephrosia vogelii Hook.f. Strychnos nigritana Baker JDC 3591, Alt: 1970m, site: CW forest/grassland ecotone, (26/11/74), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest grassland margin. Notes: Ecotone in places JDC 2972, Alt: 1212m, site: Antere, (9/07/72), form: WC, Habitat: River bank. only 2m wide. Nuxia congesta most common. JDC 4147, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (10/02/76), form: WC, JDC 4417, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (30/04/76), freq: o, form: SH, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: No flowers. Fulfulde name: Yom. Habitat: Forest. JDC 4921, Alt: 200m, site: Taraba River, (4/05/77), form: WC, Habitat: Mbuh name: Toon. Tabu name: Koru. Stream banks. Notes: Taraba bank opposite Gangumi village. Trifolium baccarinii Chiov. Strychnos spinosa Lam. JDC 3403, Alt: 1970m, site: Gangirwal, (4/11/74), form: H. Notes: One JDC 4710, Alt: 909m, site: VP woodland, (24/02/77), freq: o, form: T, seen. Habitat: Open woodland. Notes: Flower & new leaf. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: f, form: H, Habitat: Between Sporobolus tussocks on south-west slopes. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. Lentibulariaceae Loranthaceae Utricularia mannii Oliv. Loranthus sp. JDC 4201, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (22/02/76), form: SH, Habi- JDC 4514, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (30/07/76), freq: o, form: EH, Habitat: On moss covered branches with Polystachya cooperi. Notes: Yellow tat: Parasitic on Ochna afzelii. JDC 4224, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (27/02/76), form: SH, Habi- flowers up to 2.5cm long. tat: Parasitic on liane. Lobeliaceae Malvaceae Lobelia heyneana Roem. & Schult. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: f, Habitat: Pavonia urens Cav. Where there is heavy trampling by cattle. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal forest grassland ecotone, form: SH. Notes: Scrambling shrub. Up to 3.7m tall. Loganiaceae Sida rhombifolia L. JDC 3415, Alt: 1970m, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, (4/11/74), form: T. Anthocleista djalonensis A. Chev. L.& D. (FHI) 28928, Alt: n/a, site: Taraba River, form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Taraba river, opposite Gangumi village. Melastomatceae JDC 3908, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (23/04/75), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Secondary forest and forest margin. Notes: Flowering. One of the Amphiblemma mildbraedii Gilg ex Engl. first trees to overtop thicket stage in regrowth. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: H. JDC 5390, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (20/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Dissotis brazzae Cogn. Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. FNH 1516, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, form: SHH, Habitat: For- JDC SR, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., freq: o, form: T, Habitat: In est margin. forest regrowth. Notes: The first ‘emergent’. Anthocleista vogelii Planch. Dissotis longisetosa Gilg & Lederm.ex Engl. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: o. JDC 4039, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (5/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. JDC 4315, Alt: 1364m, site: CH upland forest, (17/04/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Stream bank forest. Notes: Fruiting. In swampy ground. Anthocleista sp. JDC 4782, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (27/02/77), freq: o, form: T. Notes: Young flowers collected and buds; spirit material. 15 m tall. Dissotis perkinsiae Gilg JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: f, Habitat: In Sporobolus grassland, on the south-west slopes above the col. Dissotis cf thollonii Cogn. ex Büttner JDC 4420, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (30/04/76), form: SH, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Flowering material was collected. c26 Heterotis angolensis (Gilg & Lederm. ex Engl.) var. Entandrophragma angolense (Welw.) C. DC. bambutorum Jacq.- Fél. RED DATA LISTED: VU A1cd JDC 3707, Alt: 2273m, site: Gangirwal, (10/02/75), form: H. JDC 3026, Alt: 1667m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (1/03/73), freq: o/lf, form: T. JDC 3347, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (13/11/73), freq: o/lf, form: T. Heterotis rotundifolia (Sm.) Jacq.- Fél. JDC 3501, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (13/11/74), JDC 4954, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (13/05/77), freq: o, form: SH, form: T. Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Decumbent, flowers mauve. JDC 4045, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (6/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Memecylon afzelii G. Don JDC 4150, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (11/02/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4198, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (21/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Forest. JDC 4462, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (10/05/76), freq: lf, form: JDC 4530, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (31/07/76), freq: f, form: T. T, Habitat: Restricted to forests on Dutsin Lamba & Cabbal Shirgu. Notes: Fruits immature. Near the old game pit beside the path. Memecylon sp. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: T. Notes: One seen. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, freq: o, form: T. JDC 4000, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/12/75), form: T. JDC 4149, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (10/02/76), form: T. Khaya grandifoliola C. DC. JDC 5175, Alt: 1364m, site: Akwaizantar, (31/01/78), freq: o, form: T, RED DATA LISTED: VU A1cd Habitat: Forest. Notes: Immature fruiting material collected. Infrequent. JDC 5306, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (8/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Flowers collected. Shapely, miniature tree, flowers blue. Warneckea fosteri (Hutch. & Dalziel) Jacq.-Fél. JDC 3799, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (3/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruiting. Up to 3.6m tall. Warneckea membranifolia (Hook.f.) Jacq.- Fél. JDC 3852, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (12/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest, but like Erythrophleum & Chlorophora, usually near the margin. JDC 4016, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (3/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4146, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (10/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4748, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (25/02/77), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: 1219 - 1372 m. JDC 4890, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (11/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest, but like Erythrophleum & Chlorophora, usually near the margin. JDC 4467, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (12/05/76), freq: r, form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Does not fit description in FWTA. At Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. Dutsin Lamba. JDC SR, Alt: 853-1067m, site: Akwaizantar, freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Also seen at 1143m & 762m & in forest clumps in grassland. Xylopia sp. JDC SR, Alt: ±457m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, freq: o, form: JDC 4730, Alt: 1212m, site: VP fringing forest, (24/02/77), form: T. T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Along streams. Notes: Flowering. 6m tall. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Meliaceae JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., freq: r?, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: An ‘economic’. Almost as scarce as Milicia excelsa. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, form: T. Carapa grandiflora Sprague JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gashaka, form: T, Habitat: On route from Gashaka HMC 121, Alt: 1667m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (17/08/73), freq: f, form: T. to CH. JDC 3320, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: f, form: T. JDC 4354, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (20/04/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Stream fringing forest. Notes: Flowering. 9.1m tall. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: SH. Notes: Also a tree or scandent shrub. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: WC. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: T. Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Taraba River, freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Lovoa trichilioides Harms RED DATA LISTED: VU A1cd JDC 3971, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (1/12/75), form: T, Habitat: JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: T. Forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: T. JDC 4138, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (10/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4612, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (12/08/76), freq: r, form: T, c27 Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Four big trees at the foot of the slope. Menispermaceae JDC 4781, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (27/02/77), freq: r, form: T. Trichilia prieureana A. Juss. Tiliacora funifera (Miers) Oliv. JDC 4185, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (18/02/76), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. L.& D. (FHI) 28899, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 5432, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (1/05/78), form: T. Notes: Sterile gathering. 14m high. The bole slightly fluted. Trees 6 & 12 on profile strip. JDC 5446, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (3/05/78), form: T. Monimiaceae Xymalos monospora (Harv.) Warb. Trichilia retusa Oliv. JDC 4329, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (17/04/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Fruiting. 9.1m tall. Understory tree. L.& D. (FHI) 28920, Alt: n/a, site: Taraba River, form: T, Habitat: Stream Escarpment and streamfringing forest. banks. JDC 4569, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (4/08/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Small tree. At enumeration Trichilia welwitschii C. DC. JDC 4560, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (3/08/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Small understory tree. At enumeration plot. JDC 5345, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (14/04/78), form: T. Notes: Flowers collected. When specimens were collected the flowers were about to plot and profile strip. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: T. open. 3 trees at the profile strip: 18, 23 & 33. JDC 5458, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (6/05/78), form: T. Notes: Sterile collection. 13m tall. Poss. ?Trichilia prieuriana. Tree 63 on the profile strip. With compound leaves up to 45cm long. Slash red. Moraceae Trichilia sp. Antiaris toxicaria (Rumph. ex Pers.) Lesch. JDC 4140, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (10/02/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4180, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (17/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Forest & clumps amongst rocks in grassland. JDC 4195, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (20/02/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4241, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/03/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Forest & clumps amongst rocks in grassland. JDC 4212, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (24/02/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4876, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Forest. Notes: 3 trees in S.P. JDC 4735, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (25/02/77), form: T. Notes: JDC 5002, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (23/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: About 30m tall. An ‘economic’; the Gangumi enumeration Sterile gathering. JDC 4737, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (25/02/77), freq: o, form: T. Notes: Fruiting. 15m tall. Occasional 1372 - 1515m. recorded 12 trees, the same as Albizia. JDC 5013, Alt: 229m, site: Wurkam River F.R., (25/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: 30m+. Kurmin Tondirim, Wurkam River F/Reserve. An ‘economic’. Melianthaceae Bersama abyssinica Fresen. JDC 3993, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. JDC 4173, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (14/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. JDC 5462, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (6/05/78), form: T. Ficus artocarpoides Warb JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: E. Notes: Strangling epiphyte. Ficus chlamydocarpa Mildbr. & Burret ** New to Nigeria? ** JDC 4608, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (12/08/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Fruits. 12m tall. JDC 2824, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (17/05/72), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Kurmin Danko. JDC 5273, Alt: 1136m, site: Akwaizantar, (20/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Observed from just below the saddle to the sample plot on Ficus exasperata Vahl the valley floor at 853m and in open forest near the head of the valley. JDC 2949, Alt: 840m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/07/72), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 5376, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (18/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. c28 JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, freq: o, form: T. Ficus cf variifolia Warb. JDC 3831, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (8/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Ficus glumosa Del. Forest. Notes: Incl. Tree 11 at profile strip 2. Kaka name: Mawi. JDC 5163, Alt: 1364m, site: Akwaizantar grassland, (29/01/78), freq: o, JDC 4975, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (17/05/77), form: T, Habitat: form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sporadic in rocky places. Forest. Ficus lutea Vahl Ficus sp. JDC 4258, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (6/03/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4020, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (4/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin & stream fringing forest. Forest. JDC 4368, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (22/04/76), form: T. Notes: JDC 4870, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (6/04/77), form: T, Habitat: At profile strip (Tree 2). Growing independently. Forest, parasitising river bank trees particularly. Notes: Strangler. JDC 5325, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (10/04/78), form: T, Habi- Ficus cf mucuso Ficalho tat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Fruits in spirit. Strangling species. JDC 4865, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (6/04/77), form: T, Habitat: JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Forest. Notes: Incl. Tree 11 at profile strip 2. Kaka name: Mawi. Large strangler. JDC 4972, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (17/05/77), form: T, Habitat: JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: T. Forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CH upland forest, form: T. Notes: Strangling epiphyte. At S.P. Ficus oreodryadum Mildbr. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: E. Notes: Stran- Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg gling epiphyte. JDC 3815, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (6/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest, but more often near the margin (incl. 2 big trees in S.P.). Notes: Ficus ottoniifolia (Miq.) Miq. subsp. ottoniifolia Kaka name: Tong. JDC 5278, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar, (21/02/78), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Stream fringing forest on the approach from Masaboy. Det. JDC 3818, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest, but more often near the margin (incl. 2 big trees in S.P.). Notes: 1996 by C.C. Berg, as “almost certainly this species”. Kaka name: Tong. JDC 4790, Alt: 1364m, site: VP fringing forest, (27/02/77), freq: r, form: Ficus polita Vahl JDC 4563, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (3/08/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Small understory tree. At enumeration plot. T. Notes: 21 m tall. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Also locally common in farmland secondary forest below 610m. JDC SR, Alt: 762m & 853-914m, site: Akwaizantar, form: T, Habitat: For- Ficus sagittifolia Mildbr. & Burret L.& D. (FHI) 28742, Alt: 229m, site: Wurkam River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Small tree, usually epiphytic. Gidan Anju, Wurkam River F.R. est. Notes: Kaka name: Tong. JDC 5005, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (23/05/77), freq: r, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: About 27.3m tall. Rare, accounting for less than 3% of ‘economics’ at Gangumi F.R. Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. Ficus sansibarica Warb. subsp. macrosperma (Mildbr. & Burret) C.C. Berg JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: E. Notes: Stran- JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, form: T. gling epiphyte. Morus mesozygia Stapf ex A. Chev. Ficus sur Forssk. JDC 4896, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (12/04/77), form: T, Habi- JDC 4556, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (3/08/76), freq: o/lf, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Fruiting. Understory tree. At enumera- tat: Forest. Notes: 3 trees in S.P. tion plot. Forest. JDC 5230, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (8/02/78), freq: r, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruit collected in spirit. JDC 5233, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (9/02/78), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: One particularly large tree was 30m tall & 4.1m in JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, freq: r, form: T. girth. JDC 5220, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (6/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Notes: (syn. F. capensis). c29 Treculia africana Decne JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, form: T. JDC 3912, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (25/04/75), form: T, Habitat: River bank in forest. Notes: Fruiting. Found at the forest edge, and a JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. few metres from River Nwum. JDC 4184, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (18/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest & stream fringing forest. Myrsinaceae JDC 4236, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/03/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest & stream fringing forest. JDC 4947, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (12/05/77), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. JDC 5015, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (26/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruiting. About 18.2m tall. JDC 5370, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (17/04/78), form: T, Habi- Ardisia kivuensis Taton JDC 4360, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (20/04/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Fringing forest. Notes: Flowering. Small tree, 6.1m tall. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: SH. tat: Tall secondary forest. Embelia bambuseti Gilg & Schellenb. JDC 5397, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (20/04/78), form: T, Habi- JDC 4410, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (28/04/76), freq: o, form: WC, Habitat: Stream fringing forest. Notes: Flowering. Another individual tat: Tall secondary forest. Trilepisium madagascariense DC. JDC 3117, Alt: 455m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (4/05/73), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Not uncommon in secondary forest. Kaka name: Gya loo. 4/5/76, at enumeration plot. Maesa lanceolata Forssk. JDC 4318, Alt: 1364m, site: CH upland forest, (17/04/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest margin. Notes: Fruiting. 6.1m tall. JDC 3837, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (9/04/75), freq: f/la, form: JDC 4529, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (31/07/76), freq: o, form: T, T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Incl. Profile strip 1. Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Fruits immature. JDC 4013, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (3/12/75), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4774, Alt: 1667m, site: VP amphitheatre, (26/02/77), freq: o, form: Forest. T, Habitat: Forest margin. JDC 4248, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (4/03/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: T. Forest. Notes: Not flowering or fruitng. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal forest grassland ecotone, form: T. JDC 4564, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (3/08/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Small understory tree. At enumeration plot. JDC 5176, Alt: 1364m, site: Akwaizantar, (31/01/78), freq: a, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Up to 27m tall. Kaka name: Gya loo. JDC 5234, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (9/02/78), freq: a, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Up to 27m tall. Kaka name: Gya loo. Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: T. Notes: 9.1m tall. Previously recorded from the highlands of Cameroon to S.E. Nigeria, including Bioko. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, freq: o, form: T. Myrtaceae Eugenia gilgii Engl. & Brehmer Moringaceae RED DATA LISTED: CR A1c FNH 2727, Alt: n/a, site: VP amphitheatre, freq: f, form: T. Moringa oleifera Lam. JDC 3476, Alt: 1970m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, (9/11/74), form: JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, form: T, Habitat: Cultivated. Notes: T. Kwagiri & Tonti. Planted as fence tree. JDC 3477, Alt: 1970m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, (9/11/74), form: T. JDC 3593, Alt: 1818m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (27/11/74), Myristicaceae form: T. Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Warb. (3/02/75), form: T. JDC 3669, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, JDC 3904, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (23/04/75), freq: o/lf, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile. Almost 30m tall. Valued for its JDC 3701, Alt: 2121m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, (9/02/75), form: T. soft, easily sawn wood. Kaka name: Bangang. JDC 3716, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, JDC 5196, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar, (3/02/78), freq: o, form: T, (12/02/75), form: T. Habitat: Forest. JDC 4757, Alt: 1636m, site: VP amphitheatre, (26/02/77), freq: f, form: Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. T. c30 JDC 5118, Alt: 1667m, site: Mambilla Plateau, (20/11/77), form: T. Notes: Ochnaceae At Hosere Murba on eastern boundary. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Campylospermum flavum (Schumach. & Thonn. ex Eugenia sp. JDC 4156, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (11/02/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 3985, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (1/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Forest stream. JDC 4370, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (22/04/76), freq: f, form: JDC 4026, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (4/12/75), form: T, Habitat: T. Notes: At profile strip, sample plot. Forest stream. JDC 4987, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (20/05/77), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4026, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (4/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Forest stream. JDC 5305, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (8/04/78), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4231, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (29/07/76), form: T. Notes: Tall secondary forest. Flowering. Rocky bank of a stream in deep shade. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: T. Stapf ) Farron JDC 4374, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (23/04/76), freq: o, form: T. Notes: Flowers in spirit. At profile strip, sample plot. Campylospermum glaberrimum (P. Beauv.) Farron JDC 4023, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (4/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. subsp guineense Forest. Notes: Fulfulde name: Yakaro. JDC 3774, Alt: 1136m, site: River Nwum F.R., (29/03/75), form: T, Habitat: In wooded grassland. Notes: The ‘var. microcarpum’ of Nigerian Trees. JDC 4234, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (1/03/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Small understory tree. Used for making sticks. JDC 4101, Alt: 1364m, site: Gangoro forest, (5/02/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4726, Alt: 1364m, site: VP amphitheatre, (24/02/77), freq: f, form: Stream banks. JDC 4725, Alt: 1364m, site: VP woodland, (24/02/77), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Open woodland. Notes: Flowering almost finished. Western slopes of Vogel Peak, above Jangla. Probably the most abundant tree in open woodland from 1212-1515m. JDC 4772, Alt: 1667m, site: VP amphitheatre, (26/02/77), freq: d, form: T, Habitat: from 1364 m upwards. Campylospermum laeve (De Wild. & T. Durand) Farron JDC 5180, Alt: 1067m, site: Akwaizantar, (1/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Observed from ±1067m, just below the saddle, to the sample T, Habitat: Stream banks. JDC 5009, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (24/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Fruiting. Up to 22m tall. Up to 22m (72 ft) tall, a streambank species locally common, close to the water. (cf. JDC 5024; the short low branching large-fruited var. macrocarpum of ‘Nigerian Trees’. The two forms may occur near together but only the tall tree (Fulfulde: Sumsum) with small fruits, grows close to the water). plot on the valley floor at 853m. Rocky stream bank, one tree 7.9m tall. JDC 5024, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (29/05/77), freq: lf, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. Notes: Fruiting. About 6.1m tall. JDC 4727, Alt: 1440m, site: VP woodland, (24/02/77), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Open woodland. Notes: Early fruits. Steep rocky western slopes JDC 5442, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (2/05/78), form: T, Habitat: Savanna slopes of Vogel Peak, above Jangla. Common from 758-1515m. Woodland/Wooded Grassland. Notes: Fruits edible. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., freq: o, form: T, Habitat: JDC 5447, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (3/05/78), form: T, Habitat: Stream Restricted to occasional small enclaves of wooded grassland. banks. Notes: cf. JDC 5442 with larger fruits. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: lf, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. Lophira lanceolata Tiegh. ex Keay JDC 3847, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (11/04/75), form: T, Habitat: In wooded grassland. Notes: Often left because the wood is so hard. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Akwaizantar grassland, form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC SR, Alt: To c.914-1067m, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, form: T. (Willd.) DC. subsp. bamendae F. White JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Akwaizantar grassland, form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 3333, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (10/11/73), freq: o, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Restricted to Notes: Tree 57 profile strip, also in sample plot. patches of wooded grassland. JDC 4331, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (17/04/76), freq: la, form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Flowering, but sporadically. 21m tall. Frequently the only big tree along stream banks where trees are limited to a single line along the banks. Also occurs within proper stream fringing forest. JDC 4345, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (20/04/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Flowering. 18m tall. Dutsin Lamba. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: T. Ochna afzelii R. Br. ex Oliv. JDC 4009, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (3/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin; stream banks in grassland. JDC 4171, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (14/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin & stream banks in grassland. JDC 4302, Alt: 455m, site: River Gamgam, (11/04/76), form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Flowering. New leaves. In transitional woodland/ forest fringing the bank of the river, close to the game rangers house. JDC 4731, Alt: 1212m, site: VP fringing forest, (24/02/77), form: T, Habi- JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CH upland grassland, freq: o, form: T. tat: Forest margin, near the saddle. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: T. JDC 4867, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (6/04/77), form: T, Habitat: c31 Stream fringing forest; forest margin. Notes: Early stage of regrowth. Strombosia pustulata Oliv. JDC 4907, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (17/04/77), freq: r, form: T, Trappes-Lomax 32321, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Habitat: At the edge of forest regrowth. Forest. JDC 4951, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (12/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Ochna schweinfurthiana F. Hoffm. Forest. JDC 4493, Alt: 379m, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, (15/05/76), form: T, Habitat: At Gidan Kwano. Strombosia scheffleri Engl. JDC 3857, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (14/04/75), form: T, Habi- Ochna sp. tat: Forest. Notes: 1 tree in profile strip 2. JDC 4275, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (12/03/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Flowering (almost over). New leaves. Among rocks in lightly JDC 4242, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/03/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. wooded grassland. JDC 4376, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (23/04/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Fringing forest. Ouratea calophylla (Hook.f.) Engl. JDC 4541, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (2/08/76), freq: o/lf, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: No flowers or fruits. In enumeration plot. JDC 2953, Alt: 840m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/07/72), freq: f, form: SH, Habitat: Forest. JDC 5208, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar, (4/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Rhabdophyllum affine (Hook.f.) Tiegh. Forest. Notes: 20m tall. JDC 3801, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (3/04/75), form: T, Habitat: JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, freq: f, form: T. Forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: T. Yet to be identified JDC 4820, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (28/03/77), form: SH, Ximenia americana L. Habitat: Forest. Notes: Ripe fruits collected. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Savanna. Notes: Right to collect the fruits. Olacaceae Oleaceae Heisteria parvifolia Sm. Chionanthus africanus (Knobl.) Stearn JDC 5424, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (29/04/78), form: SH. JDC 3337, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (11/11/73), freq: f, form: T. JDC 3345, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (12/11/73), form: T. Notes: Olax subscorpoidea Oliv. Understory tree. FNH 1453, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: T, Habitat: At the foot JDC 4540, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (2/08/76), freq: f, form: T. of Vogel Peak. Notes: Sterile. In enumeration plot. Tree 70 in profile strip. FNH 1453, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, form: T. JDC 4571, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (4/08/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Small understory tree. At JDC 3787, Alt: 1061m, site: River Nwum F.R., (31/03/75), form: T, Habi- enumeration plot. tat: Forest. Notes: Incl. 2 trees in profile strip 1 & 5 in S.P. JDC 3869, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (15/04/75), form: T, Habi- JDC 4576, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (5/08/76), form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Small understory tree. At enumeration tat: Forest. Notes: Incl. 2 trees in profile strip 1, & 5 in S.P. plot and profile strip. JDC 3899, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (22/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile. Understory tree. Kaka name: Nkwitaa. Branches JDC 4617, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (3/02/77), freq: f, form: T, are used to make the circular mouth of fishing nets. JDC 4668, Alt: 1515m, site: Mambilla Plateau, (11/02/77), Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruits just forming. Understory tree. At Leinde Fadali, high up on the escarpment of Mambilla Plateau, at the NE corner, overlooking Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Fruiting. 3m tall shrub or small tree. JDC 4199, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (21/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Mayo JDC 4284, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (14/03/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Immature fruits. Chionanthus niloticus (Oliv.) Stearn JDC 4306, Alt: 455m, site: River Gamgam, (11/04/76), form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Fruiting. In transitional woodland/ forest fringing the FNH 1463, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: T. Notes: Lower slopes bank of the river, close to the game rangers house. of Vogel Peak. JDC 5219, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (6/02/78), freq: o, form: T, L.& D. (FHI) 28806, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Habitat: Forest. Notes: Up to 8m tall. Stream banks. JDC 5311, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (9/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. c32 Jasminum pauciflorum Benth. Peperomia kamerunana C.DC. JDC 4999, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (22/05/77), form: SH, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Flowering. Scrambling shrub to about 2.4m. Scan- form: EH, Habitat: On a tree trunk 7.6 m from the ground. JDC 3510, Alt: 1970m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (14/11/74), dent, fragrant. Peperomia retusa (L.f.) A. Dietr. Olea capensis L. JDC 2965, Alt: 1212m, site: Antere, (9/07/72), form: H, Habitat: On moss JDC 4432, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (4/05/76), freq: f, form: T. covered rocks. Notes: At S.P. Most abundant tree (27% of all trees). JDC 4469, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (12/05/76), freq: f, form: T. Notes: At S.P. Most abundant tree (27% of all trees). JDC 4740, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (25/02/77), freq: o, form: T. Schrebera arborea A. Chev. JDC 2961, Alt: 1212m, site: Antere, (7/07/72), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Peperomia cf vulcanica Baker & C. H. Wright JDC 3451, Alt: 1970m, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, (7/11/74), form: E. JDC 3718, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, (12/02/75), form: E. Peperomia sp. Notes: Fruits in spirit to F.H.O. JDC 3440, Alt: 1970m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (6/11/74), JDC 4910, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (18/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. form: EH, Habitat: On a tree trunk in deep shade 1.8 m from the ground. JDC 5011, Alt: 229m, site: Wurkam River F.R., (25/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruiting. About 18.2m tall. Kurmin Tondirim, Wurkam River F./Reserve. JDC 3471, Alt: 1970m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (9/11/74), form: EH, Habitat: On the mossy stem of a small tree 1.8 m from the ground. JDC 4022, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (4/12/75), form: H, Habitat: Forest. Pandaceae JDC 4042, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (5/12/75), form: H, Habitat: Forest. JDC 3336, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (11/11/73), form: T. JDC 4356, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (20/04/76), freq: o, form: H, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Spreading round the base and for a few feet up the boles of trees in stream fringing forest. Abundant in kurmi subject to much mist. JDC 3340, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (11/11/73), form: T. JDC 4386, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (24/04/76), freq: o, form: JDC 4548, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (2/08/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Understory tree. At enumeration plot and profile strip. EH, Habitat: On tree trunks and branches in moss-hung streambank forest. Microdesmis puberula Hook.f. ex Planch. Passifloraceae Piper capense L.f. JDC 3888, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (20/04/75), freq: r, form: SH, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile. 2.4m tall. On the bank of a small stream in shade. Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms JDC 4325, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (17/04/76), freq: f, form: SH, Habitat: Widespread in both hill-side and stream fringing forest. JDC 3487, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (12/11/74), Notes: Flowers immature. form: WC. Notes: In profile strip. JDC 4535, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (1/08/76), freq: f, form: SH, Habitat: By streams, windfall gaps. Notes: Fruiting. Fruits used in the JDC 4269, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (10/03/76), form: WC, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Fruiting. JDC 4477, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (13/05/76), freq: o, form: WC, Habitat: Margins of stream fringing forest. Notes: At the edge of stream fringing forest where the path enters the wood. Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. JDC 4607, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (12/08/76), freq: o, form: WC, Habitat: Forest, forest margin. Notes: Immature fruits. preparation of yaji. JDC 5179, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (1/02/78), freq: o, form: SH, Habitat: Forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: T/SH. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: SH. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: SH. Piper guineense Schumach. & Thonn. JDC 3839, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (9/04/75), form: WC, Habi- Piperaceae tat: Forest. Notes: Bush pepper. Hausa name: Masoro. JDC 4251, Alt: 1424m, site: Gangoro forest, (5/03/76), form: WC, Habi- Peperomia fernandopoiana C.DC. JDC 2709, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (1/03/72), freq: o, form: EH. tat: Forest. JDC 4504, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (30/06/76), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. c33 JDC 5344, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (13/04/78), form: WC, by large bees.Steep, rocky western slopes of Vogel Peak, above Habitat: Tall secondary forest. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Securidaca welwitschii Oliv. JDC 3979, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (1/12/75), form: WC, Habi- Piper umbellata (L.) Miq. tat: Forest. JDC 4533, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (1/08/76), freq: f, form: SH, Habitat: Forest clearings, windfall gaps, by streams. Notes: Flowering. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: SH. Proteaceae Faurea rochetiana (A. Rich.) Chiov. ex Pic.Serm. Pittosporaceae JDC 2957, Alt: 1212m, site: Antere F.R., (7/07/72), form: T. JDC 4383, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (24/04/76), freq: r, Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims form: T, Habitat: Festooning trees along a shady forest stream. JDC 3829, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/04/75), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4718, Alt: 909m, site: VP woodland, (24/02/77), form: T, Habitat: Open woodland. Notes: Seeds beginning to fall. Steep rocky western slopes Stream bank; forest margin; forest. Notes: Incl. 1 tree in profile strip 1. JDC 4043, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (5/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. JDC 4916, Alt: 1515m, site: River Nwum F.R., (20/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Stream bank; forest margin; forest. Notes: Incl. 1 tree in profile strip 1. slopes of Vogel Peak, above Jangla. Protea madiensis Oliv. JDC 3401, Alt: 1970m, site: Gangirwal, (4/11/74), form: SH, Habitat: JDC SR, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., form: T, Habitat: In forest rocky outcrop, grassland. regrowth. JDC 4452, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (7/05/76), form: SH. Notes: Rarely over 90cm high, often less. Blackened and stunted by annual Sims subsp. mannii JDC 4395, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (26/04/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Fringing forest. JDC 4490, Alt: 379m, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, (15/05/76), form: T, Habitat: Secondary forest at Gidan Kwano. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: T. fires unless protected by rocks. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: w, form: T. Notes: Usually dwarfed by repeated burning. JDC SR, Alt: 610-1067m, site: River Nwum F.R., form: T, Habitat: In wooded grassland. Notes: Usually a shrub. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Akwaizantar grassland, form: SH, Habitat: Forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: T. Polygalaceae Ranunculaceae Clematis grandiflora DC. JDC 4225, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (28/02/76), form: WC, Habitat: Forest margin. Carpolobia alba G. Don FNH 1462, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: T. Notes: At the foot of Clematis simensis Fresen. Vogel Peak. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal forest grassland ecotone, form: SH. JDC 3121, Alt: 606m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (4/05/73), Notes: Scrambling shrub. form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Also common along streams around 457m. JDC 4929, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (7/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Clematis villosa (DC.) subsp. oliveri (Hutch.) Brummitt Forest. JDC 5205, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar grassland, (4/02/78), freq: o, JDC 5414, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (24/04/78), form: T, Habi- form: H, Habitat: Forest. Notes: In stony ground. tat: Tall secondary forest. Clematis sp. Polygala tenuicaulis Hook.f. subsp. tayloriana J. Paiva RED DATA LISTED: LR/nt JDC 3373, Alt: 1970m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (2/11/74), form: H. Also reported from Vogel Peak in Mt Oku checklist (Cheek et al.2000) Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen. JDC 4720, Alt: 909m, site: VP woodland, (24/02/77), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Open woodland. Notes: Flowering. Violet smell, and frequented JDC 4814, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (27/03/77), freq: f, form: SH, Habitat: Scrambling over shrubs on river bank. Notes: Fruiting material collected. Delphinium dasycaulon Fresen. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CH upland grassland, freq: r, form: H, Habitat: Ungrazed land at escarpment edge. Notes: Cabbal Shirgu. Thalictrum rhynchocarpum Quart.-Dill. & A. Rich. c34 JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: H. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: H. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, freq: o, form: H. Rubus fellatae A. Chev. Notes: 0.90m, exceptionally up to 2.4 m tall. JDC 4423, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (1/05/76), freq: o, form: SH, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Fruiting? Scambler. Rhamnaceae Maesopsis eminii Engl. Rubus pinnatus Willd. JDC 4273, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (11/03/76), form: WC, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Flowering. Among rocks in lightly wooded grassland. JDC 5450, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (4/05/78), form: T. JDC 4819, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (28/03/77), form: SH, Habitat: Forest margin on river bank. Notes: Scrambling shrub. Ripe fruits Ventilago africana Exell orange - red, edible. JDC 4226, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (28/02/76), form: WC, Habitat: Forest margin. Rhizophoraceae Rubus sp. JDC 3706, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal, (9/02/75), freq: f, form: SH, Habitat: Fringing forest. Notes: Scrambling shrub. Rubiaceae Cassipourea congoensis R.Br. ex DC. JDC 4401, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (27/04/76), freq: o, form: Argocoffeopsis eketensis (Wernh.) Robbr. T. Notes: At profile strip. JDC 4837, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (3/04/77), freq: la, form: JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: T. SH, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Shrub (or very small tree) in forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: T. JDC 4840, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (3/04/77), form: SH, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Flowering. Leafless. Stream fringing forest where light JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: T. filters through. Cassipourea gummiflua Tul. Breonadia salicina (Vahl) Hepper & J.R.I. Wood JDC 4049, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (6/12/75), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4107, Alt: 1364m, site: Gangoro forest, (6/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Fringing forest. Stream banks. JDC 4515, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (30/07/76), freq: r, form: T, JDC 4706, Alt: 394m, site: VP fringing forest, (23/02/77), form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Flowers immature. On bank of a tributary stream (Dau on the map) of the River Kirimi at the western foot of the Kirri Plateau near Dau village. Habitat: Forest margin. JDC 4619, Alt: 1818m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (3/02/77), freq: r, form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Flowering. 15m tall. At the head of a forested gully running up a short way into the grassland above the upper edge of the forest. Growing with Bridelia sp. Canthium sp. JDC 4373, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (22/04/76), freq: o, form: Cassipourea sp. T, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Near C. subcordatum DC. JDC 4141, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (10/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Chassalia kolly (Schumach.) Hepper JDC 4243, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/03/76), form: T, Habitat: FNH 1455, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: SH. Notes: At the foot Forest. of Vogel Peak. Rosaceae Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman RED DATA LISTED: LR/nt JDC 4168, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (13/02/76), form: T. Chassalia laikomensis Cheek ined. RED DATA LISTED: CR A1 Previously reported from Mambilla Plateau in the Mt. Oku checklist (Cheek et al. 2000). Chassalia sp. JDC 3816, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (6/04/75), freq: f, form: JDC 4333, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (17/04/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Fruiting. 24m tall. Also collected SH, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Shrublet 45cm tall. from Bamenda at 2121m, Keay FHI 28377. JDC 5326, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (11/04/78), form: SH, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Flower’s collected. Shrublet. ?=3816, JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: T. River Nwum. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: T. c35 Craterispermum cerinanthum Hiern Fadogia cf pobeguinii Pobeguin JDC 5316, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (9/04/78), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4437, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (4/05/76), freq: f, Tall secondary forest. form: SHH. Notes: Resistant to trampling. Craterispermum laurinum (DC.) Benth. Gaertnera paniculata Benth. JDC 4035, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (5/12/75), form: T, Habitat: JDC 3992, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest, including stream banks in grassland. Forest margin. JDC 4193, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (20/02/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4178, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (17/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest & stream banks in grassland. Forest Notes: A medium sized forest tree. JDC 4278, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (13/03/76), form: T, Habitat: Cremaspora triflora (Thonn.) K. Schum. Forest margin. Notes: Fruiting. L.& D. (FHI) 28898, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., form: WC, Habitat: JDC 5247, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (11/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Scrambling shrub. Forest. JDC 5340, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (12/04/78), form: LIAN, Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Notes: Scrambling FNH SR, Alt: n/a, site: VP amphitheatre, form: T, Habitat: Hepper’s Camp. shrub. Galium sp. Crossopteryx febrifuga (G.Don) Benth. JDC 2598, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, (24/10/71), form: T, Habitat: Savanna HMC 120, Alt: 1667m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (17/08/73), form: H, Habitat: Forest margin. Woodland/Wooded Grassland. L.& D. (FHI) 28934, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Gardenia erubescens Stapf & Hutch. Savanna. JDC 4704, Alt: 394m, site: VP woodland, (23/02/77), form: T. Notes: JDC 2963, Alt: 1212m, site: Antere, (7/07/72), form: T. JDC 3778, Alt: 1061m, site: River Nwum F.R., (30/03/75), form: T, Habitat: In wooded grassland. JDC 4717, Alt: 1061m, site: VP woodland, (24/02/77), form: T, Habitat: Open woodland. Notes: Flowering. Sweet smelling. Western slopes of From Dau. Gardenia imperialis K. Schum. JDC 4096, Alt: 1212m, site: Gangoro forest, (4/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Stream fringing forest. Vogel Peak, above Jangla. JDC 4995, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (21/05/77), freq: f, form: T, Habi- Gardenia vogelii Hook.f. ex Planch. tat: Savanna. Notes: Flowering. 6.1m tall. JDC 3915, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (25/04/75), form: SH, Habitat: High forest. Notes: Sterile. 3m tall. On the bank of a stream in JDC SR, Alt: To c.914m, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, form: T. Cuviera longiflora Hiern JDC 3330, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (10/11/73), freq: o, form: T. JDC 4559, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (3/08/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Small understory tree. At enumeration plot. Cuviera truncata Hutch. & Dalziel L.& D. (FHI) 28861, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi F.R., form: SH, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Scrambling shrub. With scattered supra-axillary spines. heavy shade, low down the slope towards River Nwum. Hallea stipulosa (DC.) Leroy JDC 5404, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (21/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: This sought after timber tree, called ganyen goro here and in Kurmi Division, occurs sporadically or gregariously in swampy streamheads, on and below the escarpment. On Mambilla Plateau, where sawyers know it as wawan kurmi, few sound trees remained in the 70s. Hymenodictyon floribundum (Hochst. & Steud.) B.L. Rob. Didymosalpinx abbeokutae (Hiern) Keay JDC 2969, Alt: 840m, site: River Nwum F.R., (9/07/72), form: SH, Habi- JDC 5396, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (20/04/78), form: SH, tat: On rocky stream bank in fringing forest near Antere school. Habitat: Tall secondary forest. JDC 4455, Alt: 1667m, site: CH Shirgu, (8/05/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Stream fringing forest, and on a rocky bluff in the forest at Dutsin Diodia sarmentosa Sw. Lamba. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: H. Fadogia erythrophloea (K. Schum. & K. Krause) Hymenodictyon pachyantha K. Krause JDC 3867, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (15/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Hutch. & Dalziel L.& D. (FHI) 28893, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. Notes: Small tree or shrub. c36 Ixora bauchiensis Hutch. & Dalziel Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. & Thonn. JDC 3794, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (2/04/75), form: SH, Habitat: Fringing forest. JDC 3907, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (23/04/75), form: SH, Habitat: Secondary forest and forest margin. Notes: Flowering. Climbing JDC 3873, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (16/04/75), form: SH, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Flowering, and immature fruits. Small shrub in dense, second -growth thicket. understory tree. Habitat: Forest margin. JDC 3976, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (1/12/75), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4485, Alt: 606m, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, (14/05/76), form: Forest stream. WC, Habitat: 3/4 way up, with Trema in secondary forest. JDC 4191, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (20/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest stream. JDC 4527, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (31/07/76), freq: o/lf, form: SH, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Fruiting. Scrambling shrub, reaching 5m JDC 4834, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (2/04/77), form: SH, Habi- from the ground. tat: Fringing forest. Notes: Fruits immature when collected. JDC SR, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., form: SH, Habitat: In forest JDC 5246, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (11/02/78), form: T, Habitat: regrowth. Notes: Climbing shrub. JDC 4220, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (26/02/76), form: WC, Forest. Notes: 4.5m tall understory species. Oxyanthus racemosus (Schumach. & Thonn.) Keay Ixora foliosa Hiern JDC 3705, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal, (9/02/75), form: T. JDC 4475, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (13/05/76), freq: o, form: JDC 5401, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (20/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Dutsin Lamba. Oxyanthus speciosus DC. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: T. JDC 3321, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (9/11/73), freq: f/la, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: T. JDC 4359, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (20/04/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Flowering. Small tree, 6.1m tall. Leptactina involucrata Hook.f. JDC 4549, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (2/08/76), freq: f/la, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Understory tree. At enumera- L.& D. (FHI) 28840, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi F.R., form: SH, Habitat: tion plot. Stream banks. Notes: Up to 6m. More or less climbing. Sulli stream. JDC 4566, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (4/08/76), freq: f/la, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Flowering and Fruiting. Small tree. At Morelia senegalensis A. Rich. ex DC. enumeration plot. L.& D. (FHI) 28732, Alt: n/a, site: Wurkam River F.R., form: T, Habitat: JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: T. Stream banks. Notes: Gidan Anju. L.& D. (FHI) 28760, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Pavetta corymbosa (DC.) F.N. Williams Stream banks. Notes: Kwagiri. JDC 3998, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/12/75), form: T, Habitat: L.& D. (FHI) 34427, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Stream banks. Notes: Taraba River. JDC 4283, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (14/03/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4927, Alt: 212m, site: Gangumi, (7/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Stream Forest margin. Notes: Flowering in profusion. banks. Notes: Sulli stream, Gangumi F.R. JDC 4883, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (10/04/77), form: SH, JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Habitat: Margin of stream fringing forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: T. Mussaenda arcuata Lam. ex Poir. JDC 4307, Alt: 455m, site: River Gamgam, (11/04/76), form: WC, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Flowering. In transitional woodland/ forest fringing the bank of the river, close to the game rangers house. FNH SR, Alt: n/a, site: VP amphitheatre, form: SH. Notes: Scrambling shrub. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: SH, Habitat: Riverine forest. Notes: On the lower slopes of Vogel Peak. Mussaenda elegans Schumach. & Thonn. JDC 4489, Alt: 379m, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, (15/05/76), form: WC, Habitat: Gidan Kwano at the margin of Stream bank forest. JDC 5379, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (18/04/78), form: LIAN, Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Notes: Scrambling shrub. (DC.) F.N. Williams var. corymbosa L.& D. (FHI) 28846, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Erect shrub or small tree, up to 6mtall. JDC 4984, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (20/05/77), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Erect shrub or small tree, to 6m (20ft) tall. JDC 5318, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (9/04/78), form: SH, Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Pavetta hookeriana Hiern JDC 4478, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (13/05/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Stream fringing forest. Pavetta owariensis P. Beauv. JDC 3889, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (20/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Flowering. Kew (H.637/77)det it as P. corymbosa (D.C.) c37 F.N. Williams var. corymbosa. Psychotria succulenta (Hiern) E.M.A. Petit JDC 4524, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (31/07/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Fruits immature. Along the path through JDC 4390, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (26/04/76), freq: la, form: SH, Habitat: Forest margin & streambank forest. Notes: Flowering. the forest reserve. JDC 4525, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (31/07/76), freq: f, form: T, Pavetta sp. JDC 3886, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (20/04/75), form: SH, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Flowering. Semi-scandent. Pentas decora S. Moore var. triangularis (De Wild.) Verdc. JDC 4482, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (14/05/76), freq: f, form: H, Habitat: In grassland where normally only buffalo graze. Notes: Cabbal Toli. Pentas purpurea Oliv. JDC 4483, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (14/05/76), freq: o, form: H, Habitat: In grassland where normally only buffalo graze. Polysphaeria arbuscula K. Schum. FNH 1472, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: SH, Habitat: Riverine forest on the lower slopes of Vogel Peak. JDC 4300, Alt: 455m, site: River Gamgam, (11/04/76), form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Flowering. In transitional woodland/ forest fringing the bank of the river, close to the game rangers house. Psilanthus mannii Hook.f. JDC 5314, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (9/04/78), form: SH, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Shrub 2.4m tall. The white flowers open at night and by noon are already wilting. Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Fruits immature. In every upland forest. JDC 4805, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (25/03/77), freq: f, form: SH, Habitat: Conspicuous where forest is advancing into wooded grassland. Psychotria vogeliana Benth. JDC 4494, Alt: 379m, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, (15/05/76), form: SH, Habitat: Gidan Kwano: abundant in secondary forest. Psychotria sp. JDC 3595, Alt: 1970m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, (28/11/74), form: T. Notes: 5m tall. JDC 3691, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, (8/02/75). JDC 3977, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (1/12/75), form: SH, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4162, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (12/02/76), form: SH, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4214, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (24/02/76), form: SH, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4414, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (29/04/76), freq: o, form: SH, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Flowering. Psydrax acutiflora (Hiern) Bridson FNH 1487, Alt: n/a, site: VP amphitheatre, form: SH. Notes: Scrambling/ climbing shrub. JDC 4131, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (9/02/76), form: WC, Habi- Psychotria peduncularis (Salisb.) Steyerm. tat: Forest margin. Notes: Scrambling shrub. JDC 4323, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (17/04/76), freq: f/la, form: SH, Habitat: Stream fringing forest. Notes: Fruiting. At the edge of JDC 4340, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (20/04/76), freq: o, form: a forest gap. JDC 4381, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (24/04/76), freq: f/la, JDC 4412, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (28/04/76), form: T. Notes: At S.P. Normally a climbing or scrambling shrub, but in the sample plot form: SH, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Flowering. growing like a small spreading tree. JDC 4526, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (31/07/76), freq: f, form: SH, JDC 4538, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (2/08/76), freq: f, form: WC, Habitat: montane forest. Notes: Fruits immature. Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Collected where the path enters forest. JDC 4792, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (27/02/77), freq: a, form: JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: WC. WC, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruits, immature. SH. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: SH. Psydrax parviflora (Afzel.) Bridson JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: T/SH. JDC 4137, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (10/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Stream fringing forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, freq: ld, form: SH. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: SH. Rothmannia longiflora Salisb. JDC 4488, Alt: 379m, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, (14/05/76), form: Psychotria psychotrioides (DC.) Roberty T, Habitat: Secondary forest; Stream banks at Gidan Kwano. L.& D. (FHI) 28807, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: JDC 4863, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (6/04/77), freq: o, form: T, Stream banks. Habitat: River bank in forest. JDC 5403, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (21/04/78), form: T, Habi- Psychotria schweinfurthii Hiern tat: Tall secondary forest. FNH 1461, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: SH. Notes: At the foot of Vogel Peak. Rothmannia urcelliformis (Hiern) Robyns JDC 2713, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (1/03/72), freq: f, form: T. c38 L.& D. (FHI) 28726, Alt: 229m, site: Wurkam River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Gidan Anju, Kurmin Nya, Wurkam River F.R. JDC 3478, Alt: 1970m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (9/11/74), form: T. Notes: Kurmin Dodo profile strip. JDC 3490, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (12/11/74), form: T. Notes: Kurmin Dodo profile strip. JDC 3499, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (12/11/74), form: T. Notes: Kurmin Dodo profile strip. JDC 3500, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (13/11/74), form: T. Notes: Kurmin Dodo profile strip. T, Habitat: Margins of stream fringing forest. Notes: Flowers. Deciduous. JDC 4528, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (31/07/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Fruits immature. Sarcocephalus latifolius (Sm.) Bruce JDC 2940, Alt: 840m, site: River Nwum F.R., (6/07/72), form: T, Habitat: In wooded grassland. JDC 3853, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (12/04/75), form: T, Habitat: In wooded grassland. JDC 4800, Alt: 1061m, site: VP woodland, (1/03/77), form: T. JDC 3579, Alt: 1818m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (25/11/74), form: T, Habitat: Montane forest. Notes: Flowering. Kurmin Dutsin Dodo JDC 4964, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (15/05/77), freq: o, form: T, Habi- (south). JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, form: T, Habitat: Savanna Woodland/ JDC 3999, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Wooded Grassland. Forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Akwaizantar grassland, freq: o, form: T, Habitat: JDC 4313, Alt: 1364m, site: CH upland forest, (17/04/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Fruits immature. 7.6m tall. Forest. Understory tree. JDC SR, Alt: To c.914-1067m, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, form: T. JDC 4568, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (4/08/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Tree up to 9m tall. At enumeration JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Notes: Restricted to patches of wooded plot. Occasional fruiting specimens. grassland. JDC 5445, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (3/05/78), form: T. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Restricted to JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: T. tat: Savanna. Notes: Small tree, seldom more than 3m (10 ft.) tall. patches of wooded grassland. Sarcocephalus pobeguinii Pobég. ex Pellegr. Rothmannia whitfieldii (Lindl.) Dandy JDC 5468, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (9/05/78), form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Fruiting. 9m tall. On the bank of a small stream close to the L.& D. (FHI) 28837, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: road at Danbiki, between Gidan Malam & Didan. Stream banks. Notes: Sulli stream, Gangumi F.R. JDC 2960, Alt: 1212m, site: Antere, (7/07/72), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Sericanthe chevalieri (Krause) Robbrecht var. coffeoides JDC 2996, Alt: 1212m, site: River Nwum F.R., (26/12/72), form: T, (Chev.) Robbrecht Habitat: Forest. JDC 5271, Alt: 1136m, site: Akwaizantar, (20/02/78), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4943, Alt: 229m, site: Wurkam River F.R., (11/05/77), form: WC, Forest margin. Notes: 5m tall. Habitat: Forest. JDC 5210, Alt: 909m, site: Akwaizantar, (18/02/78), freq: o, form: T, Tarenna thomasii Hutch.& Dalziel Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruiting. Small understory species. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: T. JDC 5307, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (8/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Rothmannia sp. Tricalysia coriaceae (Benth.) Hiern JDC 4818, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (28/03/77), form: SH, Habitat: On rocky bank of forest stream. JDC 4930, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (7/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4940, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (10/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Rutidea olenotricha Hiern Tricalysia okelensis Hiern JDC 3991, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin; rocky stream banks. JDC 4108, Alt: 1364m, site: Gangoro forest, (6/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin; rocky stream banks. JDC 4259, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (6/03/76), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Hiern var. oblanceolata (Hutch. & Dalziel) Keay Rutidea sp. FNH 1464, Alt: 1067m, site: VP fringing forest, form: T, Habitat: Rocky JDC 4217, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (25/02/76), form: WC, stream bank. Notes: 6m tall. Habitat: Forest. JDC 3848, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (11/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin and in secondary forest. Rytigynia umbellulata (Hiern) Robyns JDC 4341, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (20/04/76), freq: o, form: c39 Yet to be identified JDC 3509, Alt: 1970m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (14/11/74), form: SH. Zanthoxylum leprieurii (Guill. & Perr.) Engl. JDC 4513, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (30/07/76), freq: o, form: T. JDC 3855, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (14/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Rutaceae Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Zepern. & Timler Trappes-Lomax SR, Alt: n/a, site: Wurkam River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Aeglopsis cf chevalieri Swingle Savanna. Notes: Right to collect bark. JDC 5241, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (10/02/78), freq: r, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruits said to be the size of a grapefruit. Zanthoxylum sp. JDC 5264, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (17/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Clausena anisata (Willd.) Benth. Forest. Notes: Sterile collection. Not common. JDC 3865, Alt: 455m, site: River Nwum F.R., (16/04/75), form: T, Habi- Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. tat: Forest margin; secondary forest; gaps in forest. JDC 4116, Alt: 1364m, site: Gangoro forest, (8/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. JDC 4323, Alt: 1364m, site: CH upland forest, (17/04/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Stream bank forest. Notes: Fruiting. 6.1m tall. Edge of forest gap. JDC 4553, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (3/08/76), freq: f, form: T, Santalaceae Thesium tenuissimum Hook.f. JDC SR, Alt: Above 2124m., site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: o. Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Fruits galled, so not collected. JDC 4756, Alt: 1576m, site: VP amphitheatre, (26/02/77), form: T, Habitat: sporadic. Sapindaceae JDC 5197, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar, (3/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Allophylus africanus P. Beauv. JDC SR, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., form: T, Habitat: In forest L.& D. (FHI) 28810, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: regrowth. Forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: T. JDC 3902, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (22/04/75), freq: la, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile. Abundant in thicket growing up where then high forest has been farmed, and the regrowth cut and burnt for farming at least once. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: T. Teclea verdoorniana Exell & Mendonça FNH 2728, Alt: 1400m, site: VP amphitheatre, form: T, Habitat: In deep shade, forest outlier. Teclea sp. JDC 4326, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (17/04/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Submontane stream fringing forest. Notes: Flowers immature. 7.6m tall. JDC 4567, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (4/08/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Small understory tree. At enumeration plot. JDC 4741, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (25/02/77), form: T. Notes: Fruiting. 7.6m tall. In low stream fringing forest a little above 1524 m. Vepris allenii Verdoorn JDC 3556, Alt: 1818m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, (21/11/74), form: T, Habitat: Montane forest. Notes: Amongst boulders close to the stream at the bottom of a gorge a few metres from the forset edge at Kurmin Dutsin Dodo. Yet to be identified ** New to West Africa? ** Allophylus cf africanus P. Beauv. JDC 3702, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, (9/02/75), form: T. Allophylus bullatus Radlk. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: SH. Aphania senegalensis (Juss. ex Poir.) Radlk. JDC 3970, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (1/12/75), form: T, Habitat: L.& D. (FHI) 28718, Alt: 229m, site: Wurkam River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Gidan Anju, Kurmin Nya, Wurkam River F.R. Right to Forest. Notes: (Trees 15 & 36 profile strip) collect the fruits. JDC 4172, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (14/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: (Trees 15 & 36 profile strip) Blighia unijugata Baker JDC 4235, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/03/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruiting. c40 Deinbollia cf pinnata (Poir.) Schumach. & Thonn. JDC 3315, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: o, form: T. JDC 3550, Alt: 1818m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, (21/11/74), form: T, Habitat: Montane forest. Notes: Understory tree. Kurmin Dutsin JDC 4924, Alt: 212m, site: Gangumi F.R., (6/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Dodo. JDC 5200, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar, (3/02/78), form: T, Habitat: For- JDC 3844, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (10/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile gathering. 11m tall. Compound leaves up to est. Notes: Fruit collected in spirit. Up to 30m tall. 112cm (aft Bin) long. Tree 4 profile strip 2. Forest. Notes: Right to collect the fruits. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, freq: r, form: T. Deinbollia sp. Manilkara obovata (Sabine & G. Don) J.H. Hemsley JDC 4550, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (2/08/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Understory tree. At enumera- JDC 3972, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (1/12/75), form: T, Habitat: tion plot. JDC 4152, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (18/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest; also clumps of forest spp. amongst rocks in grassland. Forest; also clumps of forest spp. amongst rocks in grassland. Eriocoelum kerstingii Gilg ex Engl. JDC 4281, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (14/03/76), form: T, Habitat: FNH 1518, Alt: n/a, site: VP amphitheatre, form: T. Forest grassland. Notes: Fruiting. In woody grassland on a ridge. Lecaniodiscus cupanioides Planch. Mimusops kummel Bruce ex A. DC. FNH 2760, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: T. Notes: At the foot of JDC 4709, Alt: 606m, site: VP fringing forest, (23/02/77), form: T, Habi- Vogel Peak. tat: Jangla. Notes: 9m tall. L.& D. (FHI) 28915, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., freq: r, form: T, JDC 4919, Alt: 200m, site: Taraba River, (4/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Habitat: Forest. Stream banks. Notes: Taraba river, opposite Gangumi village. JDC 4304, Alt: 455m, site: River Gamgam, (11/04/76), form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Flowering. In transitional woodland/ forest fringing JDC 5001, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (23/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruiting. About 21.2m tall. the bank of the river, close to the game rangers house. Pancovia sp. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Right to collect the fruits. Paullinia pinnata L. Pouteria alnifolia (Baker) Roberty L.& D. (FHI) 28737, Alt: 229m, site: Wurkam River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Kurmin Nya, Wurkam River F.R. JDC 3876, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (16/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile. New leaves just appearing. 21.2m tall. JDC 4044, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (5/12/75), form: WC, Habi- JDC 3881, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (18/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile. In new leaf. Understory tree. Kaka name: tat: Forest margin. Shamangwi. JDC 4392, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (26/04/76), freq: f, form: JDC 4791, Alt: 1364m, site: VP fringing forest, (27/02/77), form: T. WC, Habitat: Stream fringing forest. Notes: 9 m tall. With Canarium schweinfurthii & Chlorophora excelsa. JDC 5201, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar, (3/02/78), freq: f, form: WC, JDC 5012, Alt: 229m, site: Wurkam River F.R., (25/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: In new leaf. About 15.2m tall. Collection from Wurkam Habitat: Forest. Notes: Frequent especially forest edge. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: WC. Notes: River F.R., Kurmin Tondirim. One only– 3 m tall(?). JDC 5383, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (19/04/78), form: T, Habi- JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: River Nwum F.R., form: WC, Habitat: Forest tat: Tall secondary forest. margin & secondary forest. JDC SR, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., form: T, Habitat: In forest Pouteria altissima (A. Chev.) Baehni regrowth. RED DATA LISTED: LR/cd Yet to be identified JDC 4599, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (10/08/76), form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: 7.5m tall understory tree. At the enumeration plot. Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don L.& D. (FHI) 28851, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Right to collect the fruits. JDC 3304, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: f, form: T. JDC 3777, Alt: 1061m, site: River Nwum F.R., (29/03/75), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: JDC’s notes: ‘Incl. 1 large & 2 small trees (?JDC 4852) in S.P’ - but note JDC 4852 is identifed as Synseppalum cf JDC 3838, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (9/04/75), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: JDC’s notes: ‘Incl. 1 large & 2 small trees (?JDC 4852) in S.P’ - but note JDC 4852 is identifed as Synseppalum cf JDC 3893, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (21/04/75), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruiting. 30m tall. Charcoal used by local smiths. Kaka name: Nkyay. JDC 4166, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (13/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4239, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/03/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 3292, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: o, form: T. Forest. c41 JDC 4246, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (4/03/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4312, Alt: 1364m, site: CH upland forest, (17/04/76), freq: o/ lf, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Common upper canopy tree in tall forest on Dutsin Lamba & Cabbal Shirgu. Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn. JDC 4994, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (21/05/77), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. Notes: Shea butter, a common ‘farm tree’. JDC SR, Alt: c.610 - 914m, site: VP woodland, form: T. JDC 4463, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (10/05/76), freq: o/ lf, form: T, Habitat: Sporadic in fringing forest. Notes: Common upper canopy tree in tall forest on Dutsin Lamba & Cabbal Shirgu. JDC 4473, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (13/05/76), freq: o/ lf, form: T, Habitat: Sporadic in fringing forest. Notes: Common upper canopy tree in tall forest on Dutsin Lamba & Cabbal Shirgu. JDC 4858, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (5/04/77), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: JDC’s notes: ‘Incl. 1 large & 2 small trees (?JDC 4852) in S.P’ - but note JDC 4852 is identifed as Synseppalum cf Scrophulariaceae Cycnium adonense E. Mey. ex Benth. subsp. camporum (Engl.) O.J. Hansen JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: w/la. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: T. Sopubia mannii Skan JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, freq: f, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CH upland grassland, freq: o, form: H, Habitat: Where only buffalo graze. Pouteria sp. JDC 5174, Alt: 1364m, site: Akwaizantar, (31/01/78), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile collection. Observed from just below the saddle to the sample plot on the valley floor at 853m. One tree 9m tall. Synsepalum brevipes (Baker) T.D. Penn. FNH 1471, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: T. Notes: At the foot of Vogel Peak. L.& D. (FHI) 28813, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Sopubia ramosa (Hochst.) Hochst. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: w/f, Habitat: Except where there is heavy grazing. Sopubia simplex (Hochst.) Hochst. JDC 5206, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar grassland, (4/02/78), freq: o, form: H, Habitat: Forest. Forest. JDC 4001, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest; also clumps of forest spp. amongst rocks in grassland, & fringing Simaroubaceae streams. JDC 4181, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (17/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Hannoa klaineana Pierre & Engl. Forest & clumps of forest spp. amongst rocks in grassland, & stream banks. JDC 4252, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (5/03/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4279, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (13/03/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest & clumps of forest spp. amongst rocks in grassland, & stream banks. Forest. Notes: Fruiting. JDC 5355, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (14/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. JDC 4264, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (9/03/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: 40m tall. At enumeration plot. JDC 4884, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (10/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Stream bank forest. Synsepalum cerasiferum (Welw.) T.D. Penn. JDC 5448, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (4/05/78), form: T. JDC 4179, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (17/02/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 5453, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (5/05/78), form: T. Forest & stream banks in grassland. JDC 4192, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (20/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest & stream banks in grassland. Solanaceae JDC 4216, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (25/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest & stream banks in grassland. Discopodium penninervium Hochst. JDC 4753, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (25/02/77), freq: f, form: JDC 3742, Alt: 2273m, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, (23/02/75), Habitat: T. Forest margin. JDC 4852, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (4/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile gathering. Fruits in spirit. 15m tall. Exuding white latex sparingly. Fruits said to be edible. 1 tree in S.P. Synsepalum passargei (Engl.) T.D. Penn. JDC 4712, Alt: 1061m, site: VP fringing forest, (24/02/77), freq: f, form: T. JDC 4879, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (8/04/77), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: On rocky river bank. Solanum aculeastrum Dunal JDC 3578, Alt: c.2134-2286m., site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (24/11/74), freq: o. Notes: Brought by cattle. Solanum giganteum Jacq. JDC 4004, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/12/75), form: SH, Habitat: Forest margin. c42 Solanum indicum L. subsp. distichum (Thonn.) Bitter Cola verticillata (Thonn.) Stapf ex A. Chev. JDC 3434, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, JDC 4030, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (4/12/75), form: T, Habitat: (6/11/74), form: SH. Forest. JDC 4342, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (20/04/76), freq: o, form: SH, Habitat: Margins of stream fringing forest. Notes: Flowers & immature JDC 4165, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (13/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. fruits. Cola sp. Solanum sp. JDC 4213, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (24/02/76), form: T. JDC 4454, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (7/05/76), freq: f, form: SH. Notes: The Fulani use this very thorny shrub for making hedges Dombeya cf buettneri K. Schum. round their rugas. JDC 4041, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (5/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. JDC 5183, Alt: 909m, site: Akwaizantar, (1/02/78), form: T, Habitat: For- Sterculiaceae est. Notes: ± 5m tall. Forming thickets in gaps. Cola cf anomala K. Schum. Dombeya cf ledermannii Engl. JDC 4187, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (19/02/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 3835, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (8/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Forest margin at top of the slope. Cola gigantea A. Chev. JDC 4336, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (20/04/76), freq: o/ lf, form: T, Habitat: Forest margins & fringing forest. Notes: Flowering. HMC 163, Alt: 212m, site: Baissa, (1/08/74), form: T. Fruiting over except for the occasional tree. JDC 3830, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (8/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruits collected. Spirit material. Incl. Tree 2 in profile strip 2. JDC 5188, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar, (3/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Kaka name: Nguu. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: T, Habitat: JDC 4219, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (25/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Forest. Stream banks. JDC 4889, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (11/04/77), form: T, Habi- Dombeya sp. tat: Forest at S.P. Notes: Seedling collection. JDC 3896, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (21/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Flowering. Spreading shrub up to 5m tall. Conspicuous JDC 5008, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (23/05/77), form: T, Habitat: in early stage of secondary forest. Forest. Notes: Fruiting. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Tall second- Octolobus grandis Exell ary forest. JDC 4928, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (7/05/77), freq: a, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Understory tree. At sample plot. Right to take the Cola hispida Brenan & Keay wood for bows - local name, Gamtentino. FNH 2763, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: T. Notes: At the foot of Vogel Peak. Pterygota macrocarpa K. Schum. JDC 3129, Alt: 455m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (4/05/73), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fairly common along streams, JDC 4969, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (16/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Large tree. around 455m (1500ft). JDC 3820, Alt: 1061m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/04/75), form: T, Habi- JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, form: T. tat: Forest margin. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Tall second- JDC 4997, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (22/05/77), form: T, Habitat: ary forest. Fringing forest. Notes: Fruiting. 3.6m tall. JDC 5194, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar, (3/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Understory tree. Located in forest clump in grassland between 853-1067m & 1143m. Pterygota mildbraedii Engl. ** New record for West Africa? ** JDC 5324, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (10/04/78), form: T, Habi- JDC 4468, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (12/05/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Tall forest on Dutsin Lamba. Notes: With Aningeria, Entandro- tat: Tall secondary forest. phragma, etc. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, form: T. JDC 4593, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/08/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. Large tree, 21m+ tall. Also Cola laurifolia Mast. L.& D. (FHI) 34431, Alt: n/a, site: Taraba River, form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Taraba river, Bali. collected at Kurmin Dodo. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, freq: f, form: T. Pterygota sp. JDC 4860, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (5/04/77), form: T, Habitat: c43 Forest. Notes: 16 trees in S.P. JDC 4518, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (31/07/76), freq: r, form: T. JDC 4875, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/04/77), form: T, Habitat: JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: SH. Forest. Notes: 16 trees in S.P. Tiliaceae Sterculia oblonga Mast. HMC 174, Alt: 212m, site: Baissa, (3/08/74), form: T. JDC 4971, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (16/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Glyphaea brevis (Spreng.) Monach. Forest. JDC 3115, Alt: 303m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (5/05/73), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Monachino one tree, in a compound at JDC 5431, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (1/05/78), form: T. Sabon Gida. Sterculia setigera Del. Glyphaea sp. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: r, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. JDC 5384, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (19/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Fruits collected. Sterculia tragacantha Lindl. Grewia sp. JDC 3795, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (2/04/75), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Forest; but usually near the upper margin. Notes: E.g. Profile strip JDC 4574, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (4/08/76), freq: o, form: SH, 1, where there were 11 trees: Kaka name: Sakop. Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Flowering and fruiting. A scandent shrub. JDC 5169, Alt: 1364m, site: Akwaizantar, (31/01/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Found at forest edge and also isolated clumps in grassland. JDC 4796, Alt: 606m, site: VP woodland, (28/02/77), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Open woodland. Notes: Flowering. On the steep slope immedi- Kaka name: Sakop. ately above Jangla village on the path to Vogel Peak. JDC 5193, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar, (3/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest & forest margin. Notes: Also found at forest clumps in grassland at the JDC 4941, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (10/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Savanna. Notes: Small tree. Flowers collected. saddle. Kaka name: Sakop. JDC 5387, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (19/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Thymelaeaceae Ulmaceae Celtis gomphophylla Baker JDC 4546, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (2/08/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. At enumeration plot. Craterosiphon scandens Engl. & Gilg JDC 3963, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (29/11/75), form: WC, JDC 4580, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (5/08/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Fruiting. 21m tall. At enumeration Habitat: Forest. plot. JDC 4130, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (9/02/76), form: WC, Habi- JDC 4974, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (17/05/77), form: T, Habitat: tat: Forest. Forest. JDC 5451, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (5/05/78), form: T. Dicranolepis grandiflora Engl. HMC 144, Alt: 303m, site: Nr. Bissaula, (3/08/74), form: T, Habitat: For- Celtis philippensis Blanco est. Notes: Treelet. L.& D. (FHI) 28885, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: JDC 3312, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: la, form: T. Forest. JDC 4510, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (30/07/76), freq: la, form: T. JDC 4616, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (3/02/77), freq: la, form: T, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Flowering. 6m tall understory tree. JDC 3824, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Incl. Tree 2 in profile strip, and 3 trees in S.P. JDC 3854, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (14/04/75), form: T, Habi- Evergreen. tat: Forest. Notes: Incl. Tree 2 in profile strip, and 3 trees in S.P. JDC 4986, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (20/05/77), form: WC, Habitat: JDC 4978, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (18/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: (Treelet). Forest. JDC 5420, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (25/04/78), form: T. Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg JDC 5323, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (10/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. JDC 5347, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (14/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal forest grassland ecotone, form: T. Notes: Much less common than on the high plateau. Peddiea fischeri Engl. Celtis zenkeri Engl. L.& D. (FHI) 28903, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 3326, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (9/11/73), freq: r, form: T. c44 Holoptelea grandis (Hutch.) Mildbr. Pilea rivularis Wedd. L.& D. (FHI) 28894, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, freq: f, form: H, Forest. Habitat: Damp ground. JDC 3832, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (8/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Incl. 3 large trees in S.P. plus tree 10 in profile strip 2. Urera cordifolia Engl. JDC 4862, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (5/04/77), form: T, Habitat: JDC 5428, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (30/04/78), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Forest. Notes: Incl. 3 large trees in S.P., plus tree 10 in profile strip 2. Notes: Scrambling. In thicket at the forest edge. JDC 4967, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (16/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Verbenaceae JDC 4981, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (19/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 5374, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (18/04/78), form: T, Habi- Clerodendrum capitatum (Willd.) Schumach. & tat: Tall secondary forest. Thonn. JDC 5427, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (30/04/78), form: T. FNH 2762, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: SH. Notes: At the foot JDC 5456, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (6/05/78), form: T. of Vogel Peak. Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: LIAN. Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Clerodendrum schweinfurthii Gürke JDC 3800, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (3/04/75), freq: r/la, form: JDC 5256, Alt: 909m, site: Akwaizantar, (14/02/78), form: SH, Habitat: T, Habitat: Gap in forest, forest regrowth. Forest. Notes: Climbing shrub, flowers white, ornamental; occasional. JDC 4438, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (5/05/76), freq: r, form: T. Notes: 18 m tall. At S.P. Clerodendrum silvanum Henriq. var. buchholzii JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, freq: la, form: T, Habitat: Secondary forest. Notes: Forming pure stands near the foot of the (Gürke) Verdc. escarpment above Zongo Mata. JDC SR, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., freq: la, form: T, Habitat: In JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: LIAN. forest regrowth. Clerodendrum violaceum Gürke JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, form: T, Habitat: JDC 5198, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar, (3/02/78), form: SH, Habitat: Abandoned farm at Gidan Tonga. Forest margin. Notes: Scrambling shrub. Infrequent. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Ngel Nyaki, freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Clerodendrum volubile P. Beauv. JDC 3997, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/12/75), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Urticaceae JDC 4221, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (26/02/76), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Climbing shrub. Boehmeria macrophylla Hornem. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: SH. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: SH. Lippia multifora Moldenke JDC 5023, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (29/05/77), form: H, Habitat: Savanna. Notes: Flowering. Up to 3m tall. Robust perennial. Strongly aromatic. Locally dominant where the Gangumi forest was farmed prior to Elatostema sp. JDC 4446, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (6/05/76), freq: la, form: Vitex doniana Sweet H, Habitat: Bank of forest stream in deep shade. Notes: Material sterile. L.& D. (FHI) 34485, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: w, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. Notes: A ‘farm tree’ on account of its edible fruits: Hausa name: Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis Dinya. Collections from Jamtari and Mai Idanu. JDC 3448, Alt: 1970m, site: Gangirwal, (7/11/74), form: H. Notes: At JDC 3827, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/04/75), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Within and along forest margin. Notes: Incl. 3 trees in profile strip Kurmin Dodo. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: H. 1 and 11 in S.P. JDC 4007, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (3/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Laportea alatipes Hook.f. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: H. JDC 4471, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (13/05/76), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: On a rock inside the forest at Dutsin Lamba (& Gidan Kwano to Tonga). JDC 4776, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (26/02/77), form: T. JDC 4963, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (14/05/77), form: T, Habitat: c45 Savanna. Notes: Widespread. A ‘farm tree’ on account of its edible fruits JDC 2952, Alt: 840m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/07/72), freq: f/la, form: (Hausa: Dinya). T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 5272, Alt: 1136m, site: Akwaizantar, (20/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Sweet. With trees from 0.3-1.8m g.b.h. represented JDC 3126, Alt: 455m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (4/05/73), freq: la, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Batu Kamino - Buru Kassa. in S.P. Also at 1143m and 762m; sporadic in wooded grassland. JDC 5426, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (30/04/78), freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Forest margin, also streambanks in savanna and in transition woodland. JDC SR, Alt: Up to 1067m, site: VP fringing forest, freq: o, form: T. Notes: With Brachystegia eurycoma and Maranthes kerstingii at Jangla, and up to 1067m. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Transition Woodland/Wooded Grassland. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Savanna Woodland/Wooded Grassland. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, form: T, Habitat: From Rinorea sp. JDC 4933, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (7/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 5239, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (9/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile collection. 3.6m tall. JDC 5411, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (24/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Fruiting material collected. JDC 5411, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (24/04/78), form: T. Notes: Fruiting material collected. 3 - 4.6m tall. Abundant in understory. c. 2/3rds the way up. Notes: With Combretum, Terminalia, Entada. Viola abyssinica Steud. ex Oliv. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Tall second- JDC 4431, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (4/05/76), freq: r, form: ary forest. H, Habitat: Beneath bracken and herbs at forest margin. JDC SR, Alt: ± 457m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sweet sporadic with Pandanus candelabrum and Upaca along stream at Batu Kamino. Viscaceae Vitex ferruginea Schumach. & Thonn. Viscum cf decurrens (Engl.) Baker & Sprague JDC 4002, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (2/12/75), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4405, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (27/04/76), freq: f, form: SH, Habitat: Hemiparasite on Symphonia globulifera. Notes: Parasitic. Very common on high branches, perhaps the very top ones, usually of Symphonia trees. Forest. JDC 4271, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (11/03/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Vitex madiensis Oliv. subsp. madiensis JDC 5020, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (27/05/77), freq: o, form: SH, Habitat: Savanna. Notes: Fruiting. About 2.4m tall. Usually a shrub. Vitex oxycuspis Baker JDC 4210, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (24/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Vitex rivularis Gürke JDC 5438, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (2/05/78), form: T. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: With Picralima nitida, an understory species frequently recorded at Gangumi in 1954. Violaceae Rinorea brachypetala (Turcz.) O. Kutze JDC 3821, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/04/75), freq: f/la, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Rinorea dentata (P. Beauv.) O. Kutze JDC 3797, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (3/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Rinorea kibbiensis Chipp c46 ANGIOSPERMAE Palisota hirsuta (Thunb.) K. Schum. ex Engl. JDC 4880, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (8/04/77), form: H, Habitat: MONOCOTYLEDONAE Fringing forest on river bank. JDC 5310, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (9/04/78), form: H, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Amaryllidaceae Palisota mannii C.B. Clarke Crinum zeylanicum L. JDC 2698, Alt: n/a, site: Ngel Nyaki, (25/02/72), freq: f, form: H, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Flowering. In a kurmi (Leinde Koyli) in a hillside hollow JDC SR, Alt: 610-1067m, site: River Nwum F.R., freq: f, form: H, Habi- between Dorofi and Hainare. tat: In wooded grassland. Palisota sp. Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf. HMC 145, Alt: 303m, site: Nr. Bissaula, (3/08/74), freq: f, form: T, Habi- JDC 4905, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (14/04/77), freq: la, form: H, Habitat: In an open situation in sandy soil, on flat ground abutting on fringing forest. tat: Forest. Notes: See fruiting material in spirit collection at FHO. Araceae Cercestis mirabilis (N.E.Br.) Bogner JDC 5342, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (13/04/78), form: H, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Stout climber with clasping roots round the supporting stem. HMC 146, Alt: 303m, site: Nr. Bissaula, (3/08/74), freq: la, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: See fruiting material in spirit collection at FHO. JDC 3811, Alt: 833m, site: River Nwum F.R., (5/04/75), freq: a, form: H, Habitat: Most characteristic plant in the herb layer. Notes: Leaves in a rosette, up to 1.8m tall, with the blade 1.2m. Inflorescence 23cm (gin) with a 15cm (bin) peduncle (see spirit collection). JDC 4227, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (28/02/76), form: H, Habitat: Forest. JDC SR, Alt: 853-1067m & 1143m, site: Akwaizantar, freq: o/lf, form: H, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Rosette of large leaves at ground level. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: H. Culcasia scadens P. Beauv. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, freq: o, form: H, JDC 4025, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (4/12/75), form: H, Habitat: Habitat: Secondary forest. Notes: Sabon Gida to Gidan Bature. Forest. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, form: H. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., freq: a, form: H, Habitat: Tall Commelinaceae secondary forest. Notes: Most likely = JDC 3811 (River Nwum). JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, freq: o, form: H. Aneilema umbrosum (Vahl) Kunth subsp. umbrosum Pollia condensata C.B. Clarke FNH 1494, Alt: c.1460m, site: VP amphitheatre, form: H. Notes: At the JDC 5399, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (20/04/78), form: H, Habi- edge of an isolated clump of Beilschmiedia mannii. Commelina cameroonensis J.K. Morton JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: H. tat: Tall secondary forest. Pollia mannii C.B. Clarke JDC 3793, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (2/04/75), form: H, Habitat: Forest. Cyanotis barbata D. Don JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: o. JDC 4501, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (30/06/76), form: H, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4827, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (29/03/77), form: H, Cyanotis caespitosa Kotschy & Peyr. Habitat: Forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Akwaizantar grassland, form: H, Habitat: Forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: w/a. Costaceae Floscopa glomerata (Willd. ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Hassk. subsp. lelyi (Hutch.) Brenan Costus lucanusianus J. Braun & K. Schum. FNH 1454, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: H, Habitat: In 25 cm Habitat: Edge of stream fringing forest. JDC 4832, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (2/04/77), freq: f, form: H, deep water in riverine forest at the foot of Vogel Peak. Palisota ? JDC 3890, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (20/04/75), form: H, Habi- Costus spectabilis (Fenzl) K. Schum. JDC SR, Alt: 610-1067m, site: River Nwum F.R., form: H, Habitat: In wooded grassland. tat: Forest. Notes: Flowering. By a small stream. c47 JDC SR, Alt: To c.975m, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, form: H. Yet to be identified Costus sp. JDC 3133, Alt: 606m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (8/05/73), form: H, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Firmly rooted in rock crevices, frequently JDC 3130, Alt: 303m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (7/05/73), form: H, Habitat: Forest. Notes: 3.7m tall, flowers white and yellow with submerged; stream at Batu Amanda. pink tip. In clumps at the edge of secondary forest: Sabon Gida to Dioscoreaceae Cyperaceae Abildgaardia abortiva (Ridley) Lye JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, form: H. Abildgaardia cf oritrephes (Gilly) J. Raynal JDC 3697, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (9/02/75), form: Dioscorea hirtiflora Benth. JDC 4551, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (3/08/76), freq: o, form: H, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Flowering. Twining on a bush 3m high. At enumeration plot. Dracaenaceae H. Dracaena arborea (Willd.) Link Afrotrilepis sp. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, form: T. Notes: Gidan JDC 4585, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (7/08/76), form: EH, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Amongst moss and small ferns on a high branch Tonga: left when a small patch of forest was farmed. of a forest tree. Notes: On steep rocky slopes. Bulbostylis erratica (Ridley) C.B. Clarke JDC SR, Alt: 2134 - 2438m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: f, form: H. Bulbostylis oritrephes C.B. Clarke JDC 3782, Alt: 1061m, site: River Nwum F.R., (30/03/75), freq: la, form: H. Notes: Bright green clumps prominent among the blackened stubble of the grassland burnt two months before. Carex chlorosaccus C.B. Clarke JDC SR, Alt: 857-1067m, site: Akwaizantar, form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Ngel Nyaki, freq: r, form: T. Dracaena aubryana Brongn. ex C. Morren JDC 4244, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (3/03/76), form: H, Habitat: Forest stream. Notes: Flowering. Rocky bank of a stream. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: H. Dracaena fragrans (L.) Ker-Gawl. JDC 2716, Alt: 1667m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (1/03/72), freq: f/la, form: SH. JDC 3710, Alt: 2273m, site: Gangirwal forest grassland ecotone, JDC 4230, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (29/07/76), freq: lf, form: SH, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruiting. Material from rocky stream bank in (10/02/75), form: H. shade of forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: H. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: SH. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: T/SH. Carex preussii K. Schum. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: SH. RED DATA LISTED: LR/nt Previously reported from Mambilla Plateau in the Mt Oku checklist (Cheek et al. 2000) Cyperus mannii Retz. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: H, Habitat: Damp Dracaena laxissima Engl. JDC 2966, Alt: 1212m, site: Antere, (9/07/72), freq: f, form: SH, Habitat: Forest,on river bank. JDC 4598, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (10/08/76), freq: o, form: SH, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Weak stemmed shrub 2.4m high. ground. Mariscus sumatrensis (Retz) J. Reynal JDC 4353, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (20/04/76), freq: la, form: H, Habitat: Regularly grazed grassland. Notes: Flowering. Resistant to trampling. Pycreus fibrillosus (Kük.) Cherm. JDC SR, Alt: c. 2134m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: lf. Dracaena surculosa Lindl. JDC 4250, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (5/03/76), form: SH, Habitat: Forest. Dracaena thalioides Makoy ex C. Morren JDC 3785, Alt: 1061m, site: River Nwum F.R., (31/03/75), form: H, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4836, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (2/04/77), form: H, Habitat: Forest. c48 JDC 5309, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (9/04/78), form: H, Habitat: Hypoxis iridifolia Baker Tall secondary forest. JDC 4346, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (20/04/76), freq: f, form: H, Habitat: Upland grassland. Notes: Resistant to trampling. Dracaena sp. JDC 3885, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (20/04/75), freq: f, form: SH, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile. Semi-scandent sparsely branched, 2.5m JDC SR, Alt: 2286m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: f, form: H. tall. Hypoxis suffruticosa Nel JDC 5360, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (15/04/78), form: SH, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Sterile collection. JDC SR, Alt: Around 2134m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: a. Eriocaulaceae Iridaceae Ericaulon asteriodes S.M. Phillips Gladiolus melleri Baker RED DATA LISTED: VU D2 JDC 4310, Alt: 1667m, site: Gashaka, (13/04/76), form: H, Habitat: Upland grassland. Notes: Flowering. At Cabbal Tale, on the path up to selbe Previously reported from Mambilla Plateau (Cabbal Wade) in the Mt Oku from Gidan Kwano. Trampled out by cattle - common where only checklist (Cheek et al. 2000) Gladiolus unguiculatus Baker Ericaulon bamendae S.M. Phillips JDC 3803, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (3/04/75), form: H, Habitat: In wooded grassland. RED DATA LISTED: VU D2 Hall 1748, site: Mambilla Plateau - Mayo Daga, (1970). Notes: reported in the Mt Oku checklist (Cheek et al. 2000) Moraea schimperi (Hochst.) Pic.Serm. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: w/la. Hyacinthaceae Marantaceae Albuca sp. JDC 3761, Alt: 2273m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (2/03/75), freq: Marantochloa leucantha (K. Schum.) Milne-Redh. r. Notes: One plant seen. HMC 147, Alt: 303m, site: Nr. Bissaula, (3/08/74), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Dipcadi viride (L.) Moench JDC 2947, Alt: 840m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/07/72), freq: la, form: H, Habitat: Fringing & secondary forest. JDC SR, Alt: 2286m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: o. JDC 3822, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/04/75), freq: la, form: H, Habitat: Fringing & secondary forest. Drimia elata Jacq. ex Willd. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: lf. Marantochloa purpurea (Ridl.) Milne-Redh. Drimia sp. HMC 148, Alt: 303m, site: Nr. Bissaula, (3/08/74), form: T, Habitat: JDC 3713, Alt: 2273m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (10/02/75), freq: Forest. lf. JDC 4925, Alt: 212m, site: Gangumi F.R., (7/05/77), form: SH, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Forming dense stands up to 2.5m (8 ft) tall, in swampy ground. Flowers purple, fruit red. Scilla sudanica A.Chev. JDC 3804, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (3/04/75), form: H, Habitat: In wooded grassland. JDC 5343, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (13/04/78), form: H, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Marantochloa sp. JDC 3110, Alt: 606m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (3/05/73), form: H, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Robust herb, 4.6-6m tall. Frequently Hypoxidaceae arching, flowers bluish-purple. Prominent in recently abandoned farms nr. Curculigo cf pilosa (Schumach.) & Thonn.) Engl. JDC 4833, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (2/04/77), form: H, Habitat: In wooded grassland. Notes: Whole plant collected. Hypoxis angustifolia Lam. JDC 3128, Alt: 455m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (4/05/73), freq: la, form: H, Habitat: Secondary Forest. Notes: Robust herb c.1. 8m tall; flowers purple. Batu Kamino to Buru Kassa. JDC SR, Alt: 853-1067m, site: Akwaizantar, form: H, Habitat: Forest. Notes: 4-5m, exceptionally up to 6m tall. Common bamboo-like plant forming extensive clumps. JDC 4424, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (1/05/76), freq: f, form: H. Notes: Resistant to trampling. c49 Musaceae Ensete gilletii (De Wild.) Cheesman JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: H. Notes: Giant herb. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: la. Eulophia cristata (Sw.) Steud. JDC 4838, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (3/04/77), form: H, Habitat: In wooded grassland. Eulophia horsfallii (Batem.) Summerh. Orchidaceae JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CH upland forest, freq: o, form: H, Habitat: Amongst bracken at the margin of Stream bank forest. Notes: 3m tall. Angraecum sp. JDC 4512, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (30/07/76), freq: lf, form: EH, Habitat: Epiphytic on small moss covered trees in forest glades, or high in the crowns of emergent trees. Notes: Flowers pure white star-like, the spur up to 9cm long. Bulbophyllum cochleatum Lindl. Habenaria mannii Hook.f. JDC 2865, Alt: 2273m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (3/06/72), freq: o/lf. Polystachya bennettiana Rchb.f. FNH 1507, Alt: c.1490m, site: VP amphitheatre, form: EH, Habitat: JDC 4399, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (27/04/76), freq: o, form: EH, Habitat: In the crowns of Entada & Combretum, also high in the Stream fringing forest. Notes: On Syzygium. branches of forest trees. JDC 4397, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (26/04/76), freq: r, form: EH, Habitat: Amongst moss and lichen on Entada abyssinica. Bulbophyllum sp. JDC SR, Alt: 762m, 853-1067m & 1143m, site: Akwaizantar, form: EH, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Crown epiphytes. Often abundant, conspicuous Polystachya cooperi Summerh. HMC 207, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (1/08/76), freq: f, form: EH, Habitat: on small moss-draped trees in forest glade. Notes: Flowers white. only when the host tree is leafless. Polystachya modesta Rchb.f. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Ngel Nyaki, form: EH. JDC 4311, Alt: 1364m, site: Gashaka, (13/04/76), form: EH, Habitat: Upland grassland. Notes: Flowering. At Cabbal Tale. Found on Cussonia & JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: E. Combretum at Plateau lip. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: EH. Vanilla imperialis Kraenzl. Calyptrochilum christyanum (Rchb.f.) Summerh. JDC 4869, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (6/04/77), freq: r, form: H, Habitat: Fringing forest. Notes: Fruiting. Trailing over rocky ground and FNH 1479, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: EH, Habitat: Riverine among shrubs for 27m before climbing 5m up the trunk of a small river- forest. Notes: At the foot of Vogel Peak. JDC 3136, Alt: 606m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (8/05/73), form: EH, Habitat: Fringing forest. Notes: Flowers fragrant: near Batu Amanda. JDC 4303, Alt: 455m, site: River Gamgam, (11/04/76), form: EH, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Flowering. In transitional woodland/ forest Yet to be identified JDC 4451, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (6/05/76), freq: o, form: EH, Habitat: On trees over-hanging forest stream. Notes: Fruiting material collected. fringing the bank of the river, close to the game rangers house. JDC 4926, Alt: 212m, site: Gangumi F.R., (7/05/77), form: SH, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Flowers pinkish-purple, stem 38cm (15 in) high; in JDC 5392, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (20/04/78), form: EH, light shade;. Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Corymborkis corymbosa Thou. Palmae JDC 5373, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (18/04/78), form: H, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Diaphananthe bidens (Sw. ex Pers.) Schltr. JDC 5391, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (20/04/78), form: EH, Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Borassus aethiopum Mart. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Savanna. Notes: Scattered groups. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, form: T, Habitat: Savanna Woodland/ Wooded Grassland. Notes: Sporadic in wooded grassland, occasionally inside small forest patches. Disa equestris Rchb.f. JDC 4427, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (2/05/76), freq: o, form: H, Habitat: Usually occurs where plants are protected from trampling, for example by Echinops giganteus. Disa welwitschii Rchb.f. Calamus deërratus Mann & Wendl. JDC 5010, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (24/05/77), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Notes: To 15m. Common locally along water courses in forest, climbing tree trunks to 15m (50 ft) or lacing the crowns of understory trees. The lower part of the stem extremely spiny, smooth above, pliable, and used as ‘bush rope’ for many purposes. c50 JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Mambilla Plateau, freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: e.g. Sighted at Hainare, Kabri and between Njawai and Kan Iyaka. Occurs gregariously in swampy stream-source hollows, and retained when other trees were felled Tapped for Palm wine. Hausa: Tukuruwa. JDC 5423, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (29/04/78), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Calamus sp. HMC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Nr. Bissaula, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Raphia sp. Elaeis guineensis Jacq. JDC 5270, Alt: 758m, site: Akwaizantar, (17/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sporadic between 853-1,067m, abundant in farms in the Mawo valley at 762m. Hausa name: Kwakwa. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Wurkam River F.R., freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Sporadic along streams with Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense & Uapaca ? heudelotii. Right to collect midribs & fronds at Wurkam River and Kamatan Forest Reserves. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Pandanaceae JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gashaka, form: T, Habitat: On route from Gashaka to CH. Pandanus candelabrum P. Beauv. JDC 4808, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (26/03/77), form: T, Habi- JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, freq: o, form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. tat: River bank in forest. Trappes-Lomax SR, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., freq: r, form: T, JDC 4810, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (26/03/77), form: T, Habi- Habitat: Forest. tat: River bank in forest. HMC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Nr. Bissaula, form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 5165, Alt: 1364m, site: Akwaizantar, (29/01/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruit Only. Fruit collected in spirit. See F.T.W.A. 3:1 (170- JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. 171). JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Transition Peal No.?, Alt: 229m, site: Bissaula River F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. woodland/Young secondary forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gashaka, form: T, Habitat: On route from Gashaka JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: River Nwum F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: to CH. Of 7 plants recorded at the S.P., 6 were stemless. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: T, Habitat: Tall second- JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: From Zongo Mata to the Donga river, oil palm bush had ary forest. replaced virtually all the valley kurame away from streams. Habitat: Forest. Notes: Streams at the foot of the escarpment. Laccosperma opacum (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) Drude JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, freq: f, form: T, JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, form: T. JDC 3861, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (15/04/75), freq: o/lf, form: WC, Habitat: Forest & forest margin;. Notes: syn. Ancistrophyllum. Kaka name: Nkonko. Used for weaving baskets and for cane furniture. Climbing palm forming impenetrable thickets or climbing high. Poaceae JDC 5202, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar, (3/02/78), freq: o, form: WC, Andropogon gayanus Kunth var. polycladus (Hack.) Habitat: Forest. Notes: Climbing palm. Clayton JDC 5331, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (11/04/78), form: WC, L.& D. (FHI) 18774, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, form: H, Habitat: Savanna. Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Tufted perennial up to 3m high. Phoenix reclinata Jacq. Andropogon cf schirensis A. Rich. JDC 4127, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (9/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest margin and clumps of forest spp.round rocks in grassland, also JDC 3387, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (2/11/74), form: boulder strewn slopes. H. JDC 4406, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (27/04/76), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Stream bank forest & forest margins. Notes: Also found Arundinella pumila (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Steud. amongst rocks in grassland. JDC 3368, Alt: 1970m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (2/11/74), form: JDC SR, Alt: 853-1067m, site: Akwaizantar, form: T, Habitat: Forest. H. Notes: Scattered groups, forest edge at the saddle. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: VP amphitheatre, freq: o, form: T, Habitat: On JDC 4028, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (4/12/75), form: H, Habitat: cliff ledges. On rocks in forest stream. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, freq: r, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: ± 1000m, site: River Nwum F.R., form: T, Habitat: Forest margin at the top of the slope. Raphia mambillensis Otedoh RED DATA LISTED: LR/cd Elionurus argenteus Nees JDC 4361, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (21/04/76), freq: la, form: H. Notes: Scattered distribution but dominant in one area. Eragrostis camerunensis Clayton c51 JDC 4344, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (20/04/76), freq: f, form: H, Habitat: Upland grassland. Notes: Persisting despite cattle pressures. Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. Beauv. JDC 3307, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: f, form: H, Habitat: Light canopy. Eragrostis tenuifolia (A. Rich.) Steud. JDC 3445, Alt: 1970m, site: Gangirwal, (7/11/74), form: H. JDC 4347, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (20/04/76), freq: f, form: H, Habitat: Upland grassland. Notes: Persisting despite cattle pres- JDC 3884, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (20/04/75), freq: f/la, form: H, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Creeping grass. Near edge of canopy sures. where it is more open. JDC 3974, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (1/12/75), form: H, Habitat: Helictotrichon elongatum (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) C.E. Hubb. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: o. Hyparrhenia mutica Clayton L.& D. (FHI) 28794, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi F.R., form: H, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: 1.5 - 2.5m tall. Coarse grass in swampy ground. Forest. JDC SR, Alt: 853-1067m & 1143m, site: Akwaizantar, freq: f, form: H, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Low straggling grass under light shade. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: H. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, freq: f, form: H, Habitat: Where canopy is open. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: H. Hyparrhenia subplumosa Stapf Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A. Rich.) Munro L.& D. (FHI) 18776, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi, form: H, Habitat: Savanna. JDC 4787, Alt: 1364m, site: VP woodland, (27/02/77), form: SHH, Habi- Notes: 2-3m tall. Perennial. tat: Fringe of gallery forest. Notes: A bamboo. Below Hepper’s Camp. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. Panicum ecklonii Nees JDC 5207, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar grassland, (4/02/78), freq: lf, JDC 5204, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar grassland, (4/02/78), form: H, form: H, Habitat: Forest. Habitat: Forest. Leptaspis cf zeylandica Nees ex Steud. Paspalum scrobiculatum L. JDC 3127, Alt: 455m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (4/05/73), JDC 4450, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (6/05/76), form: H. form: H, Habitat: Fringing forest. Notes: Batu Kamino to Buru Kassa. Notes: Also on Cabbal Tale. JDC 3776, Alt: 1061m, site: River Nwum F.R., (29/03/75), freq: f/la, form: H, Habitat: Forest. Pennisetum clandestinum Chiov. JDC 4266, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (9/03/76), freq: a, form: H, JDC SR, Alt: 2134 - 2286 m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: f, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Flowers April. form: H, Habitat: At old ruga sites. Notes: Scattered patches. JDC 4603, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (11/08/76), freq: la, form: H, JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CH upland grassland, freq: la, form: H. Notes: Introduced from Bamenda by the Veterinary Dept. planted by the Fulani at Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Sterile. their rugas. Forms a dense sward. Loudetia simplex (Nees) C.E. Hubb. JDC 4453, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (7/05/76), freq: la, Pennisetum macrourum Trin. form: H, Habitat: Dominant where buffalo graze, sporadic elsewhere. L.& D. (FHI) 18762, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi F.R., form: SH, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Up to 5m tall. Stout perennial. On streambank nr. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: d, form: H, Habitat: Late phase grass. Olyra latifolia L. Kwagiri, Gangumi F.R. Rhytachne rottboellioides Desv. JDC 2959, Alt: 1212m, site: Antere F.R., (7/07/72), freq: f/la, form: H, JDC 4348, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (18/04/76), freq: o/ lf, form: H, Habitat: Upland grassland. Notes: Not common except where Habitat: Forest and fringing forest. cattle do not graze. JDC 3792, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (2/04/75), freq: f/la, form: H, Habitat: Forest and fringing forest. JDC 3973, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (1/12/75), form: H, Habitat: Forest. JDC 5168, Alt: 1364m, site: Akwaizantar, (31/01/78), freq: f, form: H, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Cane-like grass up to 3m (10ft.) high. JDC 5388, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (19/04/78), form: H, Habi- JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: o/lf, form: H. Setaria megaphylla (Steud.) T. Durand & Schinz JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CH upland forest, freq: la, form: H, Habitat: Prominent at Selbe on abandoned farms. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Ngel Nyaki, freq: la, form: H. tat: Tall secondary forest. JDC SR, Alt: c.305m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, freq: o, Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb. ex form: H, Habitat: Fringing forest. Notes: Sabon Gida to Gidan Bature. Chipp var. aurea (A.Br.) Clayton c52 JDC 4338, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (20/04/76), freq: f, form: H, Habitat: Grazed grassland. Setaria sp. Xyridaceae Xyris sp. JDC 4033, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (4/12/75), form: H, Habitat: POTENTIAL RED DATA LISTING? Beside path in forest. Notes: (?= S. chevalieri) JDC 3560, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (22/11/74), freq: o, Habitat: On the upper slopes, also in shallow depressions on rock Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) Robyns & Tournay outcrops. JDC 4343, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (20/04/76), freq: o, form: H, Habitat: Upland grassland. Notes: Absent where only buffalo graze. Rarely seen in this grassland, although there are a few areas of approx. 1/4 acre where it is abundant. Zingiberaceae JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: f/ld, form: H, Aframomum angustifolium (Sonn.) K. Schum. Habitat: Above the col and on the south-west slopes where cattle graze. Sporobolus natalensis (Steud.) T. Durand & Schinz JDC 4456, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (8/05/76), freq: o, form: H. JDC 4176, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (16/02/76), form: H. JDC 4334, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (18/04/76), freq: a, form: SHH, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Fruiting. Often occurs in pure stands at the edge of stream fringing forests and for some distance inside submontane hillside forest. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: H. Sporobolus subulatus Hack. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, freq: w/f, form: H. Aframomum daniellii (Hook.f.) K. Schum. JDC 5419, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (24/04/78), form: H, Habi- Streptogyna crinita P. Beauv. tat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. L.& D. (FHI) 18770, Alt: n/a, site: Gangumi F.R., form: H, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Broad-leaved perennial forest grass 0.3 - 1.7m (1-5½ Aframomum limbatum (Oliv. & Hanb.) K. Schum. ft) tall. Collected in Gangumi F./Reserve near Kwagiri. JDC 5359, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (15/04/78), form: H, Habi- Yet to be identified JDC 3559, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (22/11/74). JDC 3698, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (9/02/75). Smilacaceae tat: Tall secondary forest. Aframomum melegueta K. Schum. JDC 4265, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (9/03/76), form: H, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Not flowering or fruiting. Flowers April?. Aframomum sp. JDC 3790, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (2/04/75), freq: f/la, form: H, Habitat: Forest. Smilax anceps Willd. JDC 4826, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (29/03/77), freq: f/la, form: L.& D. (FHI) 28745, Alt: n/a, site: Wurkam River F.R., freq: lf, form: WC, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Common in secondary growth and H, Habitat: Forest towards the margin, and in secondary forest. forest margins. JDC 3897, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (21/04/75), form: SH, Habitat: Forest margin, gaps and secondary thicket. Notes: Scrambling shrub. JDC 4010, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (3/12/75), form: WC, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Scandent shrub, the stem prickly. JDC 4391, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (26/04/76), freq: o, form: JDC 5265, Alt: 985m, site: Akwaizantar, (17/02/78), freq: la, form: H, Habitat: Forest. Notes: = JDC 3790 & 4826, River Nwum F.R. Siphonochilus nigericus(Hepper) B. L. Burtt JDC 4831, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (2/04/77), form: H, Habitat: In wooded grassland. Notes: New name for Kaempferia nigerica. JDC SR, Alt: To c.914-1067m, site: CH escarp & fringing forest, form: H. WC, Habitat: Margins of stream fringing forest. Notes: Extremely thorny. JDC SR, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., freq: a, form: T, Habitat: In forest regrowth. c53 GYMNOSPERMAE PINOPSIDA Selaginella versicolor Spring JDC 2967, Alt: 840m, site: River Nwum F.R., (9/07/72), freq: la, form: FA. Notes: Covering boulders above the level of the water in a shady forest stream bed. Podocarpaceae Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb. FNH SR, Alt: n/a, site: VP amphitheatre, form: T. PTERIDOPHYTA FILICOPSIDA JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: T. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, freq: r, form: T. Notes: One seedling but see Profile 4. Adiantaceae JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: T. Adiantum philippense L. PTERIDOPHYTA LYCOPSIDA JDC 2941, Alt: 840m, site: River Nwum F.R., (6/07/72), freq: la, form: F. Notes: Steep banks in fringing forest; common also on the walls of old buffalo pits within the forest JDC 3810, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (5/04/75), freq: la, form: F, Habitat: Steep banks in fringing forest; common also on the walls of old buffalo pits within the forest. JDC 5410, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (22/04/78), form: H, Habi- Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium brachystachys (Baker) Alston JDC 2939, Alt: 1667m, site: River Nwum F.R., (6/07/72), form: FA, Habitat: Fringing forest. Notes: Epiphyte. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, freq: r, form: FA. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: F. tat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Adiantum poiretii L. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: F. Cheilanthes inaequalis (Kunze) Mett. var. inaequalis JDC 4355, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (20/04/76), freq: r, form: F, Habitat: Crevices - low basaltic rock outcrop. Notes: Unusual little fern, on basaltic rock outcrops in upland grassland. Lycopodium clavatum L. JDC 3711, Alt: 2273m, site: Gangirwal, (10/02/75), Habitat: In damp hollow. Aspleniaceae Lycopodium mildbraedii Hert. Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm. f.) Bech. JDC 3704, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal, (9/02/75), form: Br. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: E. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: E. JDC 4335, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (18/04/76), freq: f, form: EF, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4534, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (1/08/76), freq: a, form: EF, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Collected where the path through the forest emerges onto the grass/tree ridge. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Ngel Nyaki, freq: r, form: FA. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, freq: f, form: EF, Habitat: Tree trunks and branches. Selaginellaceae Asplenium dregeanum Kunze JDC 3980, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (1/12/75), form: F, Habitat: Selaginella cf tenerrima A. Br. ex Kuhn Epiphyte on rocks in shade. JDC 3131, Alt: 606m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (8/05/73), freq: la, form: FA, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Forest floor by stream, Gidan JDC 4362, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (21/04/76), freq: f/la, Bature to Batu Amanda. JDC 4517, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (31/07/76), freq: la, form: FA. form: EF, Habitat: On tree trunks, lianes and rocks. JDC 4520, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (31/07/76), freq: a, form: EF. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: F. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, form: EF. c54 Cyatheaceae Asplenium emarginatum Kunze JDC 5378, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (18/04/78), form: F, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Terrestrial fern. Asplenium formosum Willd. JDC 2964, Alt: 1212m, site: Antere, (9/07/72), freq: o, form: F, Habitat: By stream in forest. Notes: Terrestrial. Cyathea dregei Kunze JDC 4287, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (15/03/76), form: F, Habitat: Forest stream. Notes: Linedi Burmey on walk out from Gangoro. JDC 4403, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (27/04/76), freq: o, form: F, Habitat: By streams in grassland but more common in fringing forest. Notes: Up to 6m tall. Asplenium geppii Carruth. JDC 4587, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (7/08/76), freq: o, form: EF, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Widespread in forest, but not as com- Cyathea manniana Hook. mon as many of the other ferns. JDC 4422, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (30/04/76), form: F, Habitat: In swampy ground by streams in fringing forest at several scattered JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, freq: r, form: EF, localities. Habitat: On the branches of trees. JDC 4610, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (12/08/76), freq: r, form: F, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: One of a few plants at the edge of a Asplenium inaequilaterale Willd. wet, sedgy hollow deep inside Ngel Nyaki. JDC 3981, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (1/12/75), form: F, Habitat: Epiphyte on damp rock face by stream in forest. Asplenium preussii Hieron ex Brause JDC 3300, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: a, form: F. JDC 3982, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (1/12/75), form: F, Habitat: Epiphyte on damp rock face by stream in forest. Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn JDC 4055, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (7/12/75), form: F, Habitat: Forest margin. JDC 4474, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (13/05/76), freq: f, form: JDC 4770, Alt: 1667m, site: VP amphitheatre, (26/02/77), freq: o, form: H, Habitat: Occasional along the edge of stream fringing forest. Also in F, Habitat: On rocks and fallen trees. Notes: Cabbal Toli. open grassland just below the main summit. Notes: May reach a height JDC 4521, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (31/07/76), freq: a, form: F. JDC 4839, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (3/04/77), freq: f, form: F, Habitat: Margin of stream fringing forest. Notes: Bracken Fern. Cosmopolitan but divisible into several subspecies; the West African form is similar to that of Western Europe (F.W.T.A. ed. 2, 1959). JDC 4537, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (1/08/76), freq: lf, form: F, Habitat: Along paths, by streams, in windfall gaps. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, freq: lf, form: F, Habitat: Damp ground. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: F. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CH upland forest, freq: la, form: F, Habitat: Forest margins. Notes: Fulfulde name: Agugu. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal forest grassland ecotone, form: H. Asplenium quintasii Gandoger JDC 4363, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (21/04/76), freq: o, form: F, Habitat: On stream banks in deep shade. Asplenium theciferum (Kunth) Mett. JDC 4398, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (27/04/76), freq: f, form: EF, Habitat: High in the crowns of forest trees, also on small trees in grass- Dipteridaceae Phymatodes scolopendria (Burm.) Ching JDC 3141, Alt: 758m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (9/05/73), form: F, Habitat: Fringing forest. Notes: Upstream from Batu Amanda. land adjoining forest. JDC 4537, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (2/08/76), freq: f, form: EF. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, freq: f/la, form: EF, Habitat: On tree trunks and branches. Asplenium unilaterale Lam. JDC 2951, Alt: 840m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/07/72), freq: o, form: F, Dryopteridaceae Ctenitis cirrhosa (Schum.) Ching JDC 4590, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (7/08/76), freq: f, form: F, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Collected in a damp gully. Habitat: By stream in forest. Notes: Terrestrial. JDC 3286, Alt: 1515m, site: River Nwum F.R., (27/10/73), form: F, Habi- Diplazium proliferum (Lam.) Kaulf. tat: By stream in forest. Notes: Terrestrial. JDC 2946, Alt: 840m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/07/72), form: F, Habitat: By stream in forest. Notes: Terrestrial. JDC 3926, Alt: 530m, site: River Nwum F.R., (28/04/75), form: F, Habitat: Stream bank forest. Notes: Terrestrial. c55 Dryopteris athamantica Kuntze (Schlechtend) Schelpe JDC 4425, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (1/05/76), freq: o, form: JDC 4377, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (23/04/76), freq: la, form: F, Habitat: On the grassland edge of thicket bordering forest. EF, Habitat: On tree trunks. Notes: Often with moss and liverworts. Dryopteris discolor (Langsd. & Fisch.) Kuhn cf. var. kirkii Trichomanes sp. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: E. JDC 4411, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (28/04/76), freq: o, form: F, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Terrestrial. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: F. Dryopteris kirkii (Hook.) Alston JDC 3988, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (1/12/75), form: F, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Terrestrial. Tectaria fernandensis (Baker) C. Chr. Lomariopsidaceae Bolbitis acrostichoides (Afzel. ex Sw.) Ching FNH 1476, Alt: n/a, site: VP fringing forest, form: F, Habitat: Riverine forest. Notes: At the foot of Vogel Peak. FNH 1496, Alt: n/a, site: VP amphitheatre, form: F, Habitat: Riverine forest. Notes: Towards the summit of Vogel Peak. (Also, Hepper 1476, at the foot of the massif ). JDC 3298, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: a, form: F. JDC 3812, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (6/04/75), form: F, Habitat: JDC 3813, Alt: 909m, site: River Nwum F.R., (6/04/75), freq: a, form: F. Forest. Notes: Terrestrial. Notes: Terrestrial in forest. JDC 4021, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (4/12/75), form: F, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Terrestrial. JDC 4364, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (21/04/76), freq: f, form: JDC 3975, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (1/12/75), form: F. JDC 5185, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (2/02/78), freq: lf, form: F, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Gemmae present, borne at the apex of the frond. F. Notes: Terrestrial. JDC 5341, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (13/04/78), form: F, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Terrestrial or epiphytic fern up to 1m from the JDC 4588, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (7/08/76), freq: a, form: F, ground. Habitat: Submontane forest. JDC SR, Alt: 762m, site: Akwaizantar, freq: o, form: F, Habitat: Forest. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, freq: f, form: F. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: F. Bolbitis heudelotii (Bory ex Fée) Alston JDC 4110, Alt: 1364m, site: Gangoro forest, (6/02/76), form: F, Habitat: Forest stream - beside the water and intermittently submerged. JDC 4111, Alt: 1364m, site: Gangoro forest, (6/02/76), form: F, Habitat: Forest stream - beside the water and intermittently submerged. Gleicheniaceae JDC 4229, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (29/02/76), form: F, Habitat: Forest stream - beside the water and intermittently submerged. Gleichenia linearis (Burm.) C.B. Clarke Bolbitis sp. JDC 3714, Alt: 2273m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (10/02/75). JDC 3301, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: la, form: F. JDC 3547, Alt: 1818m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, (20/11/74), form: F. Hymenophyllaceae Trichomanes chevalieri Chr. Marattiaceae JDC 4885, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (10/04/77), freq: la, form: F, Habitat: Draping tree trunks in forest. Notes: To a height of 2m. Marattia fraxinea Sm. FNH 1508, Alt: n/a, site: VP amphitheatre, form: F. Notes: At Hepper’s Trichomanes mannii (Hook.) Copel. Camp. JDC 4384, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (24/04/76), freq: la, form: JDC 4174, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (15/02/76), form: F, Habitat: EF, Habitat: On tree trunks. Forest stream. JDC 4591, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (7/08/76), freq: la, form: EF, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: On tree trunks. JDC 4413, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (29/04/76), freq: o, form: F, Habitat: On stream banks in forest close to the water. Trichomanes melanotrichum Schltdl. JDC 4750, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (25/02/77), form: F, Habitat: Stream fringing kurmi. Notes: Right on the stream bank, although no JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, freq: o, form: EF, Habitat: On tree trunks. Notes: Up to c. 90cm from the ground. Trichomanes pyxidiferum L. var. melanotrichum water runs for 3-4 months of the dry season. At Hepper’s Camp. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: F, Habitat: Stream bank. c56 Oleandraceae Platycerium sp. Arthropteris monocarpa (Cordem.) C. Chr. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: River Nwum F.R., freq: o/lf, form: EF, Habitat: In the crowns of tall forest trees, or on trees of the savanna woodland close to the forest margin. Notes: Presumably=JDC 2763 of Gembu, Mambilla, viz. Platycerium angolense Welw. ex Hook. (syn. With P. elephantotis Schweinf.). JDC 4444, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (6/05/76), freq: o, form: F, Habitat: Growing along a fallen tree trunk in the forest. JDC 4596, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (9/08/76), freq: la, form: F, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Climbing fern. On rocks and tree trunks in the forest. Pleopeltis excavata (Bory ex Willd.) Sledge JDC 4402, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (27/04/76), freq: la, form: EF, Habitat: High in the crowns of forest trees, and on the boles of stream bank trees. Notes: With moss and epiphytic orchids. Nephrolepis undulata (Afzel. ex Sw.) J. Sm. JDC 4522, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (31/07/76), freq: la, form: F, Pleopeltis macrocarpa (Bory ex Willd.) Kaulf. Habitat: Forest. JDC 4400, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (27/04/76), freq: f, form: EF, Habitat: On the branches of forest trees, also on small trees in grassland adjoining the forest. Osmundaceae Pyrrosia schimperiana Hieron Osmunda regalis L. JDC 3708, Alt: 2273m, site: Gangirwal, (10/02/75), form: F. Polypodiaceae Drynaria volkensii Hieron. JDC 4408, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland grassland, (28/04/76), freq: o, form: EF, Habitat: On Combretum molle (and in forest). JDC 3878, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (16/04/75), form: EF, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Small. Growing high up in the crown of a tall forest tree. Pteridaceae Pteris acanthoneura Alston JDC 3784, Alt: 1061m, site: River Nwum F.R., (31/03/75), form: F, Habitat: Rocky stream bank in fringing forest. JDC 4408, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (28/04/76), form: EF, Habitat: Combretum in open grassland. Notes: Large. With creeping Pteris hamulosa H. Christ rhizome & dimorphous fronds. JDC 5364, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (16/04/78), form: H, Habi- JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: F. tat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Terrestrial. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, freq: o, form: EF, Habitat: Tree trunks where the canopy is open. Notes: On a branch 7.6 m Pteris pteridioides (Hook.f.) Ballard from the ground. JDC 3302, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: o, form: F. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: E. JDC 4365, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (21/04/76), freq: f, form: F. Notes: Terrestrial. Microsorium punctatum (L.) Copel. JDC 4457, Alt: 1667m, site: CH Shirgu, (8/05/76), form: F. JDC 3132, Alt: 606m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (8/05/73), form: EF, Habitat: Fringing forest. Notes: On a sapling 1.5m from the JDC 4554, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (3/08/76), freq: o, form: F, ground. Gidan Bature to Batu Amanda. Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: At enumeration plot. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: F, Habitat: Damp ground. Platycerium angolense Welw. ex Hook. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, freq: o, form: F, JDC 2763, Alt: 1515m, site: Mambilla Plateau, (19/04/72), form: EF. Habitat: Damp ground. Notes: At Gembu. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: River Amboi F.R., form: EF, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: In the crowns of tall trees but at the forest edge, less than JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: F. 5m (16 ft.) from the ground on Terminalia glaucescens. JDC SR, Alt: 229m, site: Baissa, form: EH. Notes: High epiphyte. Platycerium cf elephantotis Schweinf. JDC SR, Alt: 853-1067m & 1143m, site: Akwaizantar, form: EF, Habitat: Forest. Notes: High epiphyte. Conspicuous when trees are leafless. Exceptionally only 2-3m from the ground on small trees in wooded grassland close to forest edge. Pteris togoensis Hieron. JDC 3297, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: a, form: F. JDC 3891, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (20/04/75), form: F, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Terrestrial. Widespread, but seen only occasionaly. JDC 4024, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (4/12/75), form: F, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Terrestrial. JDC 4388, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (26/04/76), freq: f, form: F. Notes: Terrestrial. c57 JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, freq: f, form: F. JDC SR, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, form: F. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, form: F. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, form: F. Thelypteridaceae Amauropelta bergiana (Schltdl.) Holtt var. bergiana JDC 4385, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (24/04/76), freq: o, form: F, Habitat: In open forest on swampy ground. Notes: Terrestrial. Christella pseudogueintziana (Bonap.) Alston JDC 3783, Alt: 1061m, site: River Nwum F.R., (30/03/75), freq: r, form: F, Habitat: Rocky banks in fringing forest. JDC 3983, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (1/12/75), form: F. JDC 4232, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (29/07/76), freq: lf, form: F, Habitat: Forest. Notes: On moss covered boulders. Pneumatopteris afra (C. Chr.) Holtt. JDC 5178, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar, (1/02/78), freq: lf, form: F, Habitat: Forest. Notes: In light shade towards forest edge. Pseudocyclosorus pulcher (Bory ex Willd.) Sledge JDC 4458, Alt: 1667m, site: CH Shirgu, (8/05/76), freq: r, form: F, Habitat: Close to shady stream. Notes: Terrestrial. Vittariaceae Antrophyum mannianum Hook. JDC 5237, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (9/02/78), freq: o, form: EF, Habitat: Forest. Notes: (= 5209, River Amboi Forest Reserve). Epiphyte 2m from the ground, several together. JDC 5409, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (22/04/78), form: EF, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: 2.5m from the ground on oil palms at the enumeration plot. (Uncommon = 5237, Akwaizantar). Vittaria guineensis Desv. var. camerooniana Schelpe JDC 4367, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (21/04/76), freq: la, form: F, Habitat: On tree trunks and large branches. Notes: Epiphyte. JDC 4523, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (31/07/76), freq: f, form: EF, Habitat: Tree trunks. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, freq: r, form: EF. Notes: 2.7m from the ground. On the (smooth) bole of Albizia gummifera. c58 BRYOPHYTA & streamside trees. Parmelia eunita Müll. Arg. Bryophyta Acanthocladium trichocolea (C. Muell.) Broth. JDC 4604, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (11/08/76), freq: a, form: Br, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Fruiting. Carpeting a big tree stump 1m above the ground. Acanthocladium cf trichocolea (C. Muell.) Broth. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, freq: a, form: L. Usnea articulata (L.) Hoffm. HMC 131, Alt: 1667m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (17/08/73), form: L. JDC 4769, Alt: 1667m, site: VP amphitheatre, (26/02/77), form: L, Habitat: In the crowns of streambank trees. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, freq: a, form: JDC 4511, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (30/07/76), freq: a, form: Br. L. Floribundularia vaginans (Broth.) Welw. & Duby Usnea jigas Motkya JDC 4379, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (24/04/76), freq: o, form: Br, Habitat: Draping the leaning stem of a small tree in forest subject to JDC 4562, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (3/08/76), freq: a, form: L, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Pendant lichen up to 1m long. Found heavy mist. Notes: Vivid green, luxuriant. on the upper branches of the tall forest trees, and along the upper edge of Groutiella sarcotricha (Broth.) Wijk & Marg. Usnea pulvinulata Dodge JDC 5425, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (30/04/78), form: Br. JDC 4320, Alt: 1364m, site: CH upland forest, (17/04/76), freq: f, form: L, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Outermost branches of the crowns Pilotrichella latiramea C. Muell. ex Dus. of forest trees, on bushes, or sometimes even on rock. JDC 3913, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (25/04/75), freq: la, form: Br, Habitat: High forest. Notes: By streams. Covering stems and branches Usnea submollis Steiner of small trees, shrubs and climbers. JDC 4575, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (4/08/76), freq: f, form: L, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: Collected where the path enters the forest. Pilotrichella pentasticha (Brid.)Wijk & Marg. JDC 4358, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (20/04/76), freq: la, form: Br, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Draping branches and woody climbers in forest where misty conditions are common. JDC 4771, Alt: 1667m, site: VP amphitheatre, (26/02/77), form: L. Notes: Common along the branches of streamside trees just below the main summit of Vogel Peak. JDC SR, Alt: n/a, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, freq: a, form: L. Pilotrichella sp. JDC 3446, Alt: 1970m, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, (7/11/74), form: Br. Usnea trichodeoides Vainio JDC 4038, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (5/12/75), form: L, Habitat: Festooning the upper branches of streambank trees. LICHENES JDC 4419, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (30/04/76), form: L, Habitat: Festooning the crowns of trees where mist is specially frequent. Lichenes Heterodermia leucomela subsp. boryi (Fée) Swinscow & Krog et. P.W. James JDC 4404, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (27/04/76), freq: la, form: L, Habitat: Along horizontal branches in the crowns of stream-bank trees. Notes: With Usnea pulvinulata. JDC 4573, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (4/08/76), freq: f, form: L, Habitat: Submontane forest. Notes: Common, but not as abundant as some other lichens. Where the path enters the forest. Parmelia andina Müll. Arg. JDC 4317, Alt: 1364m, site: CH upland forest, (17/04/76), freq: la, form: L, Habitat: Stream bank forest. Notes: Abundant along branches of forest c59 YET TO BE IDENTIFIED form: LIAN. Notes: Fruits collected. JDC 3582, Alt: 1818m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, (25/11/74), form: LIAN. Notes: Fruits collected. JDC 3695, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, HMC 205, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (1/08/76), form: EH, Habitat: Amongst moss and epiphytic ferns on small trees in a forest glade. Notes: (8/02/75), form: T/SH. Epiphytic orchid with greenish cream flowers on a long, pendent JDC 3700, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, (9/02/75), form: T. JDC 2997, Alt: 1212m, site: River Nwum F.R., (26/12/72), form: T, Habitat: River bank below Antere School. Notes: Fruits sent to F.H.O. 12.7 x JDC 3721, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal upland grassland, (12/02/75). Notes: Flowering. Fleshy root, white flowers 8.9cm (5 x 3.5in) ‘pomegranate’ structure, with sticky seeds. JDC 3723, Alt: 2121m, site: Gangirwal Syzigium streamside forest, JDC 2999, Alt: 1212m, site: River Nwum F.R., (26/12/72), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: One fruit in spirit to F.H.O. 6.4 x 3.8cm (2.5 x 1.5in) (15/02/75), form: H. Notes: Robust perennial. containing a yellowish pulp. JDC 3728, Alt: 2273m, site: Gangirwal P.S.P. forest, (19/02/75), form: T. JDC 3001, Alt: 1212m, site: River Nwum F.R., (26/12/72), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruits sent to F.H.O. Fruits wing-shaped, with JDC 3802, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (3/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Stream bank forest. Notes: Fruits in spirit. 21m tall. winged seeds. JDC 3823, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/04/75), form: WC, Habi- JDC 3109, Alt: 606m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (3/05/73), form: SH, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Semi-scandent shrub: handsome red tat: Forest and secondary forest. Notes: Flowers collected. JDC 3833, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (8/04/75), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Tree 6 profile strip 2. (also, ?= trees 8, 18 and 37 flowers with orange centre. Zongo Mata village. JDC 3114, Alt: 303m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (5/05/73), profile strip 1). Sterile gathering. Leaves cordate, 45 x 30cm. form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Small tree in a compound at Sabon Gida. JDC 3118, Alt: 455m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (4/05/73), JDC 3843, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (10/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: 18m tall. Tree 14 on profile strip 2. sterile gathering. form: T, Habitat: Secondary Forest. Notes: 7.6m tall. Orange-yellow exudation from slash. JDC 3124, Alt: 606m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (4/05/73), form: SH, Habitat: Fringing forest. Notes: Climbing shrub. Batu Kamino JDC 3875, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (16/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Ripe fruits red, collected in spirit. 7.6m tall understory to Buru Kassa. tree. Compound leaves. JDC 3140, Alt: 758m, site: Western escarpment of Mambilla, (9/05/73), form: T, Habitat: Fringing forest. Notes: 7.6m tall. Upstream from Batu JDC 3877, Alt: n/a, site: River Nwum F.R., (16/04/75), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Opposite leaves, copious white latex; immature fruits Amanda. collected. JDC 3288, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), form: H, Habitat: Forest margin. Notes: ?Acanthaceae JDC 3898, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (22/04/75), form: T. JDC 3293, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: la, form: H, JDC 3901, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (22/04/75), freq: o/lf, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile. Small, low-branching, spreading Habitat: Forest. Notes: ?Acanthaceae tree with compound leaves. Kaka name: Mang. JDC 3294, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: f, form: H, Habitat: Forest. Notes: ?Acanthaceae JDC 3903, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (23/04/75), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile. High-climbing liane, stem 10cm in diam- JDC 3295, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: o, form: H, eter. Copious white latex. Large opposite leaves. Habitat: light canopy. JDC 3906, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (23/04/75), form: T, Habi- JDC 3296, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: f, form: SH. tat: Forest. Notes: Sterile gathering. Tree 28 in profile strip 1. Notes: At profile strip. JDC 3918, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (25/04/75), freq: f, form: JDC 3306, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), form: H, Habitat: For- WC, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Flowers (see spirit material) purple. est margin. Notes: ?Acanthaceae JDC 3309, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: la, form: H, JDC 3920, Alt: 606m, site: River Nwum F.R., (26/04/75), form: T, Habitat: Stream bank forest. Notes: Fruits in spirit. 21m tall. Leaves compound, Habitat: Forest. Notes: ?Acanthaceae the size of grapes, blue-black when ripe. (incl. 6 trees in S.P. JDC 3314, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), freq: la, form: H, JDC 4008, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (3/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Habitat: Forest. Notes: ?Acanthaceae Forest tree, also stream banks in grassland. JDC 3316, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (8/11/73), form: T. JDC 4012, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (3/12/75), form: T, Habitat: Forest, forest margin. JDC 3323, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (9/11/73), form: T. Notes: Sterile material gathered. Tree 15 on the profile strip?. JDC 3339, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (11/11/73), form: T. JDC 4027, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (4/12/75), form: Br. JDC 4139, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (10/02/76), form: T, Habitat: Forest (sample plot and elsewhere). JDC 3342, Alt: 1515m, site: Ngel Nyaki, (12/11/73), form: T. JDC 4249, Alt: 1440m, site: Gangoro forest, (4/03/76), form: T, Habitat: JDC 3470, Alt: 1970m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (9/11/74), Forest. Notes: 15m tall in S.P. form: T. JDC 4375, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (23/04/76), freq: la, form: Br, Habitat: Draping tree trunks, branches and woody climbers. Notes: Includes at least one moss plus one liverwort. At BM awaiting determination by Dr. A. Harrington. JDC 3483, Alt: 1970m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (11/11/74), form: T. JDC 3502, Alt: 1829m, site: CW Albizia gummifera forest, (13/11/74), freq: f, form: Br, Habitat: stems of small trees and lianes. JDC 4439, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (5/05/76), form: Br, Habitat: 15m up on the main branches of a tree in fringing forest. Notes: Mate- JDC 3539, Alt: 1818m, site: CW Pouteria altissima forest, (19/11/74), c60 rial at BM awaiting determination. Includes 8 or 9 liverworts and at least JDC 4861, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (5/04/77), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4447, Alt: 1667m, site: CH upland forest, (6/05/76), freq: f, form: Br, Habitat: Growing along the whole length of a liane, from the ground up Forest. Notes: Sterile gathering. 10m tall. Slash red. 2 trees in S.P. JDC 4871, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile gathering. 9m tall. Bole slender, bark smooth but lower part of bole studded with single and branched thorn-like emergencies. Stilt roots up to 45cm (1½ ft) from the ground. Inc. 3 trees in S.P. into the crown. Notes: Material at BM awaiting determination. JDC 4708, Alt: 606m, site: VP fringing forest, (23/02/77), form: T. Notes: Flowering material collected, with immature fruits. 6m tall. At Jangla. JDC 4872, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/04/77), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4711, Alt: 909m, site: VP fringing forest, (24/02/77), form: T. Notes: 7.6m tall. Fruits distinctive, red to orange-red, tri-locular, hard, borne in Forest. Notes: Sterile gathering. 9m tall. Opposite leaves. 1 tree in S.P. JDC 4873, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile gathering. 9m tall. Slash pink. Opposite leaves. 1 tree trusses. (Spirit as well as dried material collected). JDC 4724, Alt: 1061m, site: VP woodland, (24/02/77), freq: f, Habitat: Open woodland. Notes: Flowering. Common above 1067m, up to the in S.P. JDC 4877, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (7/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile gathering. 9m tall. Leaves compound, up to 1m long. summit at 1667m. With Syzigium and Lophira. JDC 4729, Alt: 1212m, site: VP fringing forest, (24/02/77), form: T. 3 trees in S.P. Notes: Flowering & immature fruiting material collected. 4.5 m tall. JDC 4895, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (12/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: No flowers or fruits. Would have been quite tall tree, but broken off at 9m. Leaves collected from an epicormic branch. Wood very soft, used for xylophones. 1 tree in S.P. JDC 4793, Alt: 1515m, site: VP amphitheatre, (27/02/77), freq: f, form: WC. Notes: Flowers collected. Forms dense tangles. JDC 4798, Alt: ?m, site: VP fringing forest, (28/02/77), form: T. Notes: Flowering specimens collected. 7.6 m tall. At Jangla. JDC 4897, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (12/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Small tree, 4.6-6m tall. Creamy-white, slightly fragrant JDC 4812, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (26/03/77), form: WC, Habitat: River bank in forest. Notes: Pale yellow flowers. Climbs with flowers. tendrils. JDC 4898, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (12/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Fringing forest understory. Notes: Flowers collected, with immature JDC 4816, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (28/03/77), form: T, Habitat: Rocky stream bank at forest margin. Notes: Fruits in spirit. Small tree. fruits in spirit. 7.6m tall. Ripe fruits red, leaves compound. JDC 4899, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (13/04/77), form: T, Habi- JDC 4817, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (28/03/77), form: SH, Habitat: On rocky stream bank in fringing forest. Notes: Shrub 2m tall. tat: Forest. Notes: Fruiting material collected. 9m tall. 1 tree in S.P. JDC 4900, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (13/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile collection. 15m tall. Leaves distinctive. 1 tree in Opposite leaves, flowers white, fragrant. S.P. JDC 4821, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (28/03/77), form: SH, Habitat: Margin of stream fringing forest. Notes: Twiggy shrub 2.5m tall. JDC 4902, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (13/04/77), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Notes: High climbing liane. Copious white latex, opposite Small opposite leaves, and small white flowers. JDC 4835, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (2/04/77), freq: la, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Very small tree, rarely > 3.7m tall. Flowers white, leaves. Follicles horizontally spreading, 18cm (7in) long. fruits immature. Forest. JDC 4842, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (4/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Tree up to 1.4m in girth. Large compound leaves. 3 trees in JDC 4934, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (9/05/77), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Cultivated. Notes: Compound leaves, fruits more or less globular. 13.7m tall. Thin bark peeling in strips. Cut branchlets and leaf petioles exuding white latex. A common fence tree, grown from truncheons. JDC 4923, Alt: 212m, site: Gangumi F.R., (6/05/77), form: T, Habitat: S.P. JDC 4843, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (4/04/77), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4937, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (9/05/77), form: H, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Locally common monocot, with pale purple flowers; flower- Forest. Notes: 34 trees in the sample plot; saplings and poles to large trees. JDC 4845, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (4/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile gathering.New leaves. 10.7m tall with fluted bole. 1 ing stem 15 cm (6 inches) high, appearing before the leaves. Entire plant tree in S.P. JDC 4949, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (12/05/77), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4846, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (4/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile gathering. 9m tall. Slash reddish with narrow white Forest. lines. Compound leaves. 1 tree in S.P. Forest. JDC 4847, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (4/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile gathering. Up to 12m tall. Bole straight, bark smooth, slash yellowish. Leaves compound, leaflets with a silvery sheen on lower surface. 3 trees in S.P. JDC 4955, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (13/05/77), form: T, Habitat: JDC 4849, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (4/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile gathering. 12m tall. Compound leaves 1.2m (oft) JDC 4953, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (13/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4956, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (13/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4957, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (13/05/77), form: T, Habitat: long. 1 tree in S.P. Forest. JDC 4850, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (4/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruits 6-seeded, Immature. 15m tall. Fluted bole, forking 1.5m (5ft) from the ground, heavily branched with a wide spreading crown. Compound leaves. 2 trees in S.P. JDC 4976, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (17/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4979, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (18/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 4855, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (5/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile gathering. 9m tall. 1 tree in S.P. JDC 4857, Alt: 758m, site: River Nwum F.R., (5/04/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile gathering. 12m tall. Slash pale red exuding minute blood-coloured droplets. 2 trees in S.P. JDC 4982, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (19/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Forest. JDC 5003, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (23/05/77), form: T, Habitat: c61 perhaps M. conraui. (Harms). Fluted bole, orange slash, frequently multistemmed. Kaka name: Dayt. Forest. Notes: Fruits immature. 7.6m tall. JDC 5004, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi F.R., (23/05/77), form: T, Habitat: JDC 5266, Alt: 985m, site: Akwaizantar, (17/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruits collected. 4m tall (but said to grow much larger). Cf. JDC 5365 ‘Kukan daji’, River Amboi F.R. After pounding, the edible fruits are mixed in water with the sugary pulp from Tetrapleura pods & used to flavour soup, etc. Fulfulde name: Konkoli. Forest. Notes: Fruiting. About 12.1m tall. JDC 5021, Alt: 229m, site: Gangumi, (28/05/77), form: T, Habitat: Stream banks. Notes: Fruiting. About 3.6m tall understory tree or shrub. Fruits fleshy 1.3 x 1.9 cm (0.5 x 0.75 in) green streaked with brown. JDC 5166, Alt: 1364m, site: Akwaizantar, (31/01/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile collection. 21m tall. Very large compound leaves - JDC 5328, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (11/04/78), form: LIAN, Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Notes: Liane, stem up to 7.5 cm (3 inches) in diameter. Fruits (spirit material) in pendant spikes to 30cm long, sessile, close-packed, two-seeded, with persistent styles. seen once on rocky stream bank. JDC 5177, Alt: 1212m, site: Akwaizantar, (1/02/78), freq: lf, form: F, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Under light shade near forest edge. JDC 5181, Alt: 909m, site: Akwaizantar, (1/02/78), form: T, Habitat: For- JDC 5346, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (14/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Sterile gathering. 8m tall. At the est. Notes: Flowering/fruiting collection. 5m tall. enumeration plot. JDC 5186, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (2/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Flowers collected. 6m tall. Flowers white, sweetly scented. JDC 5348, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (14/04/78), freq: f, form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Sterile gathering. Up to 10m tall. Fruits an ingredient of Yaje (Hausa: pepper). At the enumeration plot. ?=3901 River Nwum. Kaka name: Mang. JDC 5214, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (6/02/78), freq: o, form: T, JDC 5349, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (14/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Sterile gathering. 10m tall. At the Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile collection. 12m tall. enumeration plot. JDC 5215, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (6/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Immature fruits collected. Common small understory tree. ? JDC 5362, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (16/04/78), form: SH, Habitat: Wooded grassland. Notes: Both dried and spirit collections. Flow- = 3901 of River Nwum F./R. & 5348 of River Amboi F.R. ers fleshy, with recurved corolla and red stigma. JDC 5216, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (6/02/78), freq: a, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Understory tree, 9-15m tall. ? Millettia sp., perhaps M. conraui (Harms). Fluted bole, orange slash, frequently multi-stemmed. Kaka name: Dayt. JDC 5365, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (16/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Notes: Spirit collection (Fruits). 8m tall. Young leaves aromatic. Fruits c. 3.8cm long, tapering at each end, 2.5 cm diameter. Reputed to be edible. Hausa name: Kukan daji. JDC 5223, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (8/02/78), freq: o, form: T, JDC 5369, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (17/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: 30m tall. ?Holarrhena floribunda. One Habitat: Forest. Notes: With Fruits. Understory tree to 9m tall. JDC 5224, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (8/02/78), freq: o, form: T, tree at the enumeration plot; bole 0.55m d.b.h. Small white flowers. Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile collection. Understory tree to 9m tall. JDC 5393, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (20/04/78), form: LIAN, Habitat: Transition woodland/Young secondary forest. Notes: One fruit collected, in spirit. Liane, stem slender, fruits yellow, more or less spherical, 3.8cm in diameter, enclosed by the persistent calyx. JDC 5228, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (8/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile collection. Two trees, the tallest 13m. JDC 5229, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (8/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile collection. Understory tree 12m tall. Seen once. JDC 5394, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (20/04/78), form: WC, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Fruits in spirit. Stem 10cm in diam- JDC 5231, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (8/02/78), form: T, Habitat: eter. ?Annonaceae. Young plants which have not found a support resemble Forest. Notes: Sterile collection. 9m tall understory tree. Seen once. JDC 5395, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (20/04/78), form: T, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Sterile gathering. 9m tall. At the JDC 5232, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (9/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile collection. 9m tall understory tree. Very large, com- enumeration plot. pound leaves. Seen once. JDC 5402, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (21/04/78), form: WC, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Flowers collected. Twining, slender JDC 5238, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (9/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile collection. 15m tall. One tree seen. stemmed, soft-wooded liane. JDC 5240, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (10/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile collection. 8m tall. One tree seen. JDC 5441, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (2/05/78), form: WC, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Slender-stemmed, twining, with small green flowers borne along the JDC 5244, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (10/02/78), form: T, Habitat: stem. Collected at the profile strip. Forest. Notes: Sterile collection. (?=JDC 5259). One small tree. JDC 5444, Alt: 242m, site: Baissa, (3/05/78), form: T. Notes: Sterile collection. 8m tall. Tree 28 at the profile strip. Leaves compound, up to 76cm long, leaflets more or less opposite with a terminal leaflet, c. 18 x 9 cm, petioles/ petiolules bristly hairy. JDC 5248, Alt: 909m, site: Akwaizantar, (13/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile collection. 15m tall. Seen once. Bole fluted, bark smooth, with occasional thorny woody emergencies up to 15cm long. Small low stilt roots. JDC 5469, Alt: 242m, site: River Amboi F.R., (15/05/78), form: H, Habitat: Tall secondary forest. Notes: Fruits in spirit. Climber, leafless but fruiting. Fruits almost spherical, 10-12.5cm in diameter, green with yellowish-green stippling and mottling. Cucurbitaceae. JDC 5249, Alt: 909m, site: Akwaizantar, (13/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile collection. 11m tall. One tree seen. JDC 5250, Alt: 909m, site: Akwaizantar, (14/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile collection. 24m tall. One tree only. Slash reddishbrown. JDC 5251, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (14/02/78), form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Fruits (in spirit) distinctive. 24m tall. Not uncommon. JDC 5260, Alt: 1061m, site: Akwaizantar, (17/02/78), freq: a, form: T, Habitat: Forest. Notes: Sterile. 9-15m tall understory tree. ? Millettia sp., c62 c63 c64 Index (Checklist Only) A Abildgaardia abortiva c48 cf oritrephes c49 Abong c16 Abrus precatorius c17 Acacia pentagona c22 sieberiana c22 sp? c22 Acalypha ornata c14 Acanthaceae c2, c60 Acanthocladium trichocolea c59 cf trichocolea c59 Acanthus montanus c2 Achyrospermum oblongifolium c19 Adenia cissampeloides c34 lobata c34 Adenocarpus mannii c24, c14 Adenodolichos paniculatus c24 Adiantaceae c55 Adiantum philippense c55 poiretii c55 Aeglopsis cf chevalieri c40 Aeschynomene baumii c24 Aframomum angustifolium c54 daniellii c54 limbatum c54 melegueta c54 sp. c54 Afrotrilepis sp. c49 Afzelia africana c20 bella c20 Agarista salicifolia c14 Agelaea pentagyna c12 Ageratum conyzoides c11 Agrocharis melanantha c4 Agugu. See Local names: (Fulfulde) Akwaizantar c2, c63 Alafia multiflora c4 Alangiaceae c2 Alangium chinense c2 Albizia adianthifolia c22 ferruginea c22 glaberrima c22 gummifera c22, c2, c60 zygia c23 Albuca sp. c50 Alchornea cordifolia c14 Allophylus africanus c41 cf africanus c41 bullatus c41 Alstonia boonei c4 Amaranthaceae c2 Amaryllidaceae c47 Amauropelta bergiana c59 Amphiblemma mildbraedii c27 Amphimas cf pterocarpoides c21 Anacardiaceae c3 Ancylobotrys amoena c4 Andropogon gayanus c52 cf schirensis c52 Aneilema umbrosum c48 ANGIOSPERMAE c2 Angraecum sp. c51 Annona senegalensis c3 Annonaceae c3, c63 Anogeissus leiocarpa c10 Antere c2, c60 Anthocleista djalonensis c26 vogelii c26 sp. c27 Anthonotha macrophylla c21 noldeae c21 sp. c21 Antiaris toxicaria c29 Antidesma laciniatum c14 membrenaceum c14 vogelianum c14 Antrophyum mannianum c59 Aphania senegalensis c41 Apiaceae c4 Apocynaceae c4 Apodytes dimidiata c18 Aquifoliaceae c6 Araceae c48 Araliaceae c6 Ardisia kivuensis c31 Argocoffeopsis eketensis c36 Aristolochiaceae c6 Arthropteris monocarpa c58 Arundinella pumila c52 Asclepiadaceae c6 Aspleniaceae c55 Asplenium aethiopicum c55 c65 dregeanum c55 emarginatum c56 formosum c56 geppii c56 inaequilaterale c56 preussii c56 quintasii c56 theciferum c56 unilaterale c56 Aubrevillea kerstingii c23, c9 B Bafutia tenuicaulis c11 Baikiaea insignis c21 Baissa c3–c63 Balanitaceae c7 Balanites wilsoniana c7 Balanophoraceae c7 Bali c44 Balsaminaceae c7 Bamenda c14, c25, c36, c53 Bang c31 Baphia laurifolia c24 leptostemma c25 Barleria ruellioides c2 Batu Amanda c2, c9, c16, c21, c23, c49, c51, c55, c56, c58, c60 Batu Kamino c15, c47, c50, c53, c60 Beek. See Local names: (Kaka) Begonia cf mannii c7 sp. c7 Begoniaceae c7 Beilschmiedia foliosa c20 mannii c20, c25, c48 sp. c20 Belbel leinde. See Local names: (Fulfulde) Benin c15 Berlinia grandiflora c21 Bersama abyssinica c28 Bignoniaceae c7 Blighia unijugata c41 Boehmeria macrophylla c46 Bolbitis acrostichoides c57 heudelotii c57 sp. c57 Bombacaceae c8 Bombax buonopozense c8 costatum c8 Boraginaceae c8 Borassus aethiopum c51 Brachystegia eurycoma c21, c22, c47 Breonadia salicina c36 Didan c40 Didymosalpinx abbeokutae c37 Dilleniaceae c13 Dinya. See Local names: (Hausa) Diodia sarmentosa c37 Dioscorea hirtiflora c49 Dioscoreaceae c49 Diospyros cf abyssinica c13 canaliculata c13 ferrea c13 mespiliformis c13 monbuttensis c13 sp. c13 Dipcadi viride c50 Diplazium proliferum c56 Dipsacaceae c13 Dipteridaceae c56 Dipterocarpaceae c13 Disa equestris c51 welwitschii c51 Discoclaoxylon hexandrum c15 Discopodium penninervium c43 Dissotis brazzae c27 longisetosa c27 perkinsiae c27 cf thollonii c27 Dolichos schweinfurthii c25 Dombeya cf buettneri c44 cf ledermannii c44 sp. c44 Donga c10, c16, c21, c22, c52 Dorofi c48 Dracaena arborea c49 aubryana c49 fragrans c49 laxissima c49 surculosa c49 thalioides c49 sp. c49 Dracaenaceae c49 Drimia elata c50 sp. c50 Drynaria volkensii c58 Dryopteridaceae c56 Dryopteris athamantica c57 discolor c57 kirkii c57 sp. c15 Dutsin Dodo c3, c25, c40, c41 Dutsin Lamba c14, c27, c28, c32, c37, c38, c42, c44, c46 E Ebenaceae c13 Echinops giganteus c11, c51 guineensis c11 Elaeis guineensis c52 Elatostema sp. c46 Elionurus argenteus c53 Embelia bambuseti c31 Ensete gilletii c51 Entada abyssinica c23, c51 africana c23 mannii c23 rheedei c23 Entandrophragma angolense c28 Epithema tenue c17 Eragrostis camerunensis c53 tenuifolia c53 Eremomastax cf speciosa c2 Erica tenuipilosa c14 Ericaceae c14 Ericaulon asteriodes c50 bamendae c50 Eriocaulaceae c50 Eriocoelum kerstingii c41 Eriosema montanum c25 Erythina sigmoidea c25 Erythrococca hispida c15 sp. c15 Erythrophleum suaveolens c22 Erythroxylaceae c14 Erythroxylum emarginatum c14 Eugenia gilgii c31 sp. c31 Eulophia cristata c51 horsfallii c51 Eupatorium africanum c11 Euphorbia depauperata c15 sp. c15 Euphorbiaceae c14 F Drypetes gilgiana c15 gossweileri c15 principium c15 Fabaceae c17 Fadogia erythrophloea c37 cf pobeguinii c37 c66 Faurea c11 rochetiana c35 Ficus artocarpoides c29 chlamydocarpa c29 exasperata c29 glumosa c29 lutea c29 cf mucuso c29 oreodryadum c29 ottoniifolia c29 polita c29 sagittifolia c29 sansibarica c29 sur c30 cf variifolia c30 sp. c30 FILICOPSIDA c55 Flacourtiaceae c17 Floribundularia vaginans c59 Floscopa glomerata c48 Friesodielsia sp. c3 Fuh. See Local names: (Mambilla) Fulani c43, c53 Fulfulde c3, c4, c5, c11, c31, c32, c56, c63 Funtumia elastica c4 G Gaertnera paniculata c37 Galium sp. c37 Gamtentino. See Local names: (Gangumi) Gangirwal c4–c61 Gangoro c2, c61 Gangumi F.R. c2, c62 Garcinia smeathmannii c17 sp. c18 Gardenia erubescens c37 imperialis c37 vogelii c37 Gashaka c4–c52 Geeb. See Local names: (Mambilla) Gembu c58 Gentianaceae c17 Geraniaceae c17 Geranium arabicum c17 Gerbera c11 Gesneriaceae c17 Gidan Anju c13, c29, c38, c39, c41 Gidan Bature c2, c23, c48, c53, c55, c58 Gidan Gwana c5 Gidan Kwano c4, c9, c12, c20, c26, c32, c34, c38, c39, c46, c50 Gidan Malam c40 Gidan Tonga c46, c49 Bridelia ferruginea c14 micrantha c14 speciosa c14 Brillantaisia owariensis c2 sp. c2 BRYOPHYTA c59 Buddlejaceae c8 Bulbophyllum cochleatum c51 sp. c51 Bulbostylis erratica c49 oritrephes c49 Burkea africana c21 Burseraceae c9 Buru Kassa c8, c15, c47, c50, c53, c60 C Cabbal Shirgu c28, c35, c42 Cabbal Tale c24, c50, c51, c53 Cactaceae c9 Calamus deërratus c52 sp. c52 Callichilia sp. c4 Calyptrochilum christyanum c51 Cameroon c31 Campanulaceae c9 Campylospermum flavum c32 glaberrimum c32 laeve c32 Canarium schweinfurthii c9, c42 Canthium sp. c36 Capparaceae c9 Carapa grandiflora c27 Carex chlorosaccus c49 Carex preussii c49 Carissa edulis c4 Carpolobia alba c35 Cassipourea congoensis c35 gummiflua c36 sp. c36 Cecropiaceae c9 Ceiba pentandra c8 Celastraceae c10 Celtis gomphophylla c45 philippensis c45 zenkeri c45 Cercestis mirabilis c48 Chassalia kolly c36 laikomensis c36 sp. c36 Cheilanthes inaequalis c55 Chionanthus africanus c33 niloticus c33 Chlorophora excelsa c9 Christella pseudogueintziana c59 Chrysobalanaceae c10 Chrysophyllum albidum c42 Clausena anisata c41 Cleistopholis patens c3 Clematis grandiflora c35 simensis c35 villosa c35 sp. c35 Clerodendrum capitatum c46 schweinfurthii c46 silvanum c46 violaceum c46 volubile c46 Clutia kamerunica c14 Cnestis ferruginea c12 Cola cf anomala c44 gigantea c44 hispida c44 laurifolia c44 verticillata c44 sp. c44 Combretaceae c10 Combretum brassiciforme c10 glutinosum c10 molle c10, c58 paniculatum c11 racemosum c11 sp. c11 Commelina cameroonensis c48 Commelinaceae c48 Connaraceae c12 Connarus griffonianus c12 Convolvulaceae c13 Conyza subscaposa c11 Cordia millenii c8 sp. c8 Coreopsis sp. c11 Corymborkis corymbosa c51 Costaceae c48 Costus lucanusianus c48 spectabilis c48 sp. c48 Craibia atlantica c25 Crassula vaginata c13 Crassulaceae c13 Craterispermum cerinanthum c36 c67 laurinum c36 Craterosiphon scandens c45 Cremaspora triflora c36 Crepis hypochoeridea c11 Crinum zeylanicum c47 Crossopteryx febrifuga c37 Crotalaria bamendae c25 ledermannii c25 orthoclada c25 quartiniana c25 Croton macrostachyus c14 Ctenitis cirrhosa c56 Culcasia scadens c48 Curculigo cf pilosa c50 Cussonia arborea c6 Cuviera longiflora c37 truncata c37 Cyanotis barbata c48 caespitosa c48 Cyathea dregei c56 manniana c56 Cyatheaceae c56 Cyathula prostrata c2 Cycnium adonense c43 Cynometra megalophylla c21 Cyperaceae c48 Cyperus mannii c49 D Dalbergia heudelotii c25 lactea c25 saxatilis c25 Dalbergiella welwitschii c25 Danbiki c40 Daniellia ogea c21 oliveri c21 Dasylepis racemosa c17 Dayt. See Local names: (Kaka) Deinbollia cf pinnata c41 sp. c41 Delphinium dasycaulon c35 Dennstaedtiaceae c56 Desmodium repandum c25 Detarium microcarpum c21 senegalense c21 Dialium guineense c21 Diaphananthe bidens c51 Dichrostachys cinerea c23 Dicliptera laxata c2 DICOTYLEDONAE c2 Dicranolepis grandiflora c45 Dictyophleba rudens c4 Sakatasari c11 Sumsum c31 Tursuhi c3 Yakaro c32 Yom c26 Gangumi: Gamtentino c44 Hausa: Dinya c46, c47 Kukan daji c63 Kwakwa c52 Masoro c34 Tukuruwa c52 Yaje c62 Kaka: Beek c18 Dayt c62, c63 Goom c3 Gya loo c30 Ley c4 Liang c9 Mang c61, c63 Mawi c29, c30 Nguu c44 Ngwa c26 Nkonko c52 Nkwitaa c33 Nkyay c42 Ntibi c14 Sakop c45 Shamangwi c42 Song c8 Tiku c18 Tong c30 Vang c23 Wahvung c16 Mambilla: Fuh c8 Geeb c18 Lhun c6 Njamjar c11 Mbuh: Toon c26 Tabu: Koru c26 Loganiaceae c26 Lomariopsidaceae c57 Lophira c11 lanceolata c32 Macaranga hurifolia c15 monandra c15 occidentalis c15 sp. c15 Macrosphyra longistyla c15 Maesa lanceolata c31 Maesopsis eminii c35 Mai Idanu c46 Mallotus oppositifolius c16 Malvaceae c27 Mambilla Plateau c3–c58 Mammea africana c18 Mang. See Local names: (Kaka) Mangifera indica c3 Manilkara obovata c42 Marantaceae c50 Maranthes glabra c10 kerstingii c10, c21, c47 ? c10 Marantochloa leucantha c50 purpurea c50 Marantochloa sp. c50 Marattia fraxinea c57 Marattiaceae c57 Margaretta rosea c6 Margaritaria discoidea c16 Mariscus sumatrensis c49 Markhamia tomentosa c7 Masaboy c29 Masoro. See Local names: (Hausa) Mawi. See Local names: (Kaka) Mawo c23, c52 Mayo c33 Mayo Daga c50 Mayo Ndaga c12 Maytenus gracilipes c10 senegalensis c10 undata c10 Mbuh c26 Melastomatceae c27 Meliaceae c27 Melianthaceae c28 Loranthaceae c27 Loranthus sp. c27 Loudetia simplex c53 Lovoa trichilioides c28 Lycopodiaceae c55 Lycopodium brachystachys c55 clavatum c55 mildbraedii c55 LYCOPSIDA c55 Memecylon afzelii c27 sp. c27 Menispermaceae c29 Mezoneuron angolense c22 Microdesmis puberula c33 Microglossa pyrifolia c12 Microsorium punctatum c58 Mikaniopsis paniculata c12 Milicia excelsa c30, c28 Millettia M c68 chrysophylla c25 conraui c25 thonningii c25 sp. c25, c62, c63 Mimusops kummel c42 Monanthotaxis? c3 Mondia sp. c6 Monimiaceae c29 Monodora tenuifolia c3 sp. c3 Monotes kerstingii c13 Moraceae c29 Moraea schimperi c50 Morelia senegalensis c38 Moringa oleifera c30 Moringaceae c30 Morus mesozygia c30 Motandra guineensis c5 Mucuna poggei c25 Musaceae c51 Musanga cecropioides c9 Mussaenda arcuata c38 elegans c38 erythrophylla c38 Myrianthus arboreus c9 Myristicaceae c31 Myrsinaceae c31 Myrtaceae c31 N Napoleona imperialis c20 sp. c20 Neoboutonia melleri c16 velutina c16 Nephrolepis undulata c58 New records to Nigeria? Clutia kamerunica c14 Ficus chlamydocarpa c29 Isolona cf deightonii c3 Millettia conraui c25 to West Africa? Anthonotha noldeae c21 Apodytes dimidiata c18 Pterygota mildbraedii c44 New records to West Africa? (contd.) Rutaceae c41 Newbouldia laevis c7 Newtonia buchananii c24 Ngel Nyaki c2, c60 Nguu. See Local names: (Kaka) Ngwa. See Local names: (Kaka) Njamjar. See Local names: (Mambilla) Njawai c52 Nkambe c12 Girardinia diversifolia c46 Gladiolus melleri c50 unguiculatus c50 Gleichenia linearis c57 Gleicheniaceae c57 Glyphaea brevis c45 sp. c45 Gnidia glauca c45, c24 Goom. See Local names: (Kaka) Grewia sp. c45 Groutiella sarcotricha c59 Guizotia scabra c11 Guttiferae c17 Gya loo. See Local names: (Kaka) GYMNOSPERMAE c55 H Habenaria mannii c51 Haematostaphis barteri c3 Hainare c48, c52 Hallea stipulosa c37 Hannoa klaineana c43 Harungana madagascariensis c18 Hausa c34, c46, c47, c52, c62, c63 Heisteria parvifolia c32 Helichrysum antunesii c12 cameroonense c12 cymosum c12 mechowianum c12 Helictotrichon elongatum c53 Hepper’s Camp c3, c9, c11, c15, c23, c37, c53, c57, c58 Heterodermia leucomela c59 Heterotis rotundifolia c27 Hippocratea sp. c10 Holarrhena floribunda c4, c63 Holoptelea grandis c46 Homalium letestui c17 sp. c17 Hyacinthaceae c50 Hylodendron gabunense c22 Hymenocardia acida c15 Hymenodictyon floribundum c37 pachyantha c37 Hymenophyllaceae c57 Hyparrhenia mutica c53 subplumosa c53 Hypericum revolutum c18 roeperanum c18 Hypoestes aristata c2 forskalei c2 rosea c2 Hypoxidaceae c50 Hypoxis angustifolia c50 iridifolia c50 suffruticosa c50 I Icacinaceae c18 Ilex mitis c6 Impatiens hochstetteri c7 kamerunensis c7 sakeriana c7 sp. c7 Imperata cylindrica c53 Ipomoea involucrata c13 Iridaceae c50 Irvingia gabonensis c19 Irvingiaceae c19 Isoberlinia doka c22, c17 Isodon ramosissimus c19 Isolona cf deightonii c3 Ixora bauchiensis c37 foliosa c38 J Jamtari c8, c46 Jangla c3, c8, c10, c11, c15, c20, c21, c23, c25, c31, c32, c35, c37, c42, c45, c47, c61 Jasminum pauciflorum c33 Justicia insularis c2 striata c2 tenella c2 K Kabri c52 Kaempferia nigerica c54 Kaka c3, c4, c8, c9, c14, c16, c18, c23, c26, c29, c30, c31, c33, c42, c44, c45, c52, c61, c62, c63 Kan Iyaka c52 Khaya senegalensis c28 grandifoliola c28 Kigelia africana c7 Kiri Plateau c10, c20 Kirimi c36 Klainedoxa gabonensis c19 Konkoli. See Local names: (Fulfulde) Koru. See Local names: (Tabu) Kukan daji. See Local names: (Hausa) Kurmi c37 Kurmin Danko c29 Kurmin Dodo c39, c44, c46 c69 Kurmin Dutsin Dodo c25, c40, c41 Kurmin Lugapa c3 Kurmin Nya c5, c13, c22, c39, c41, c42 Kurmin Tondirim c8, c29, c33, c42 Kwagiri c7, c8, c18, c30, c38, c53, c54 Kwakwa. See Local names: (Hausa) L Labiate c19 Laccosperma opacum c52 Lactuca lasiorhiza c12 praevia c12 Landolphia incerta c4 landolphioides c4 owariensis c4 sp. c4 Lannea barteri c3 schimperi c3 sp. c3 Laportea alatipes c46 Lauraceae c20 Lecaniodiscus cupanioides c42 Lecythidaceae c20 Leea guineensis c20 Leeaceae c20 Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae c20 Leguminosae-Mimosoideae c22 Leguminosae-Papilionoideae c24 Leinde Fadali c33 Lentibulariaceae c26 Leptactina involucrata c38 Leptaspis cf zeylandica c53 Leptaulus daphnoides c18 zenkeri c18 Leptoderris fasciculata c25 sp. c25 Leucas oligocephala c19 Ley. See Local names: (Kaka) Lhun. See Local names: (Mambilla) Liang. See Local names: (Kaka) LICHENES c59 Lippia multifora c46 Lobelia columnaris c9 heyneana c26 Lobeliaceae c26 Local names Fulfulde: Agugu c56 Belbel leinde c4, c5 Konkoli c63 Sakasari c11 Pycnocoma cornuta c16 Pycnostachys eminii c19 meyeri c19 sp. c19 Pycreus fibrillosus c49 Pyrrosia schimperiana c58 R Ranunculaceae c35 Rapanea melanophloeos c31 Raphia mambillensis c52 sp. c52 Rauvolfia caffra c5 vomitoria c5 RED DATA LISTED Bafutia tenuicaulis c11 Carex preussii c49 Chassalia laikomensis c36 Crotalaria bamendae c25 ledermannii c25 Entandrophragma angolense c28 Ericaulon asteriodes c50 bamendae c50 Eugenia gilgii c31 Helichrysum cameroonense c12 Khaya grandifoliola c28 Lobelia columnaris c9 Lovoa trichilioides c28 Millettia conraui c25 Peucedanum angustisectum c4 Polygala tenuicaulis c35 Pouteria altissima c42 Prunus africana c36 Raphia mambillensis c52 Stachys pseudohumifusa c19 Vernonia bamendae c12 Wahlenbergia ramosissima c9 Xyris sp. (Potential Listing) c54 Rhabdophyllum affine c32 Rhamnaceae c35 Rhaphiostylis beninensis c19 Rhipsalis baccifera c9 Rhizophoraceae c35 Rhytachne rottboellioides c53 Ricinodendron heudelotii c16 Rinorea brachypetala c47 dentata c47 kibbiensis c47 sp. c47 Ritchiea albersii c9 River Amboi F.R. c2, c63 River Nwum F.R c2 River Nwum F.R. c62 Rosaceae c36 Rothmannia longiflora c39 urcelliformis c39 whitfieldii c40 sp. c40 Rourea coccinea c12 minor c13 thomsonii c13 Rubiaceae c36 Rubus fellatae c36 pinnatus c36 sp. c36 Ruspolia hypocrateriformis c2 Rutaceae c40 Rutidea olenotricha c40 sp. c40 Rytigynia umbellulata c40 S Saba comorensis c5 thompsonii c5 Sabon Gida c48, c53 Sakasari. See Local names: (Fulfulde) Sakatasari. See Local names: (Fulfulde) Sakop. See Local names: (Kaka) Salacia pallescens c10 sp. c10 Sanicula elata c4 Santalaceae c41 Santiria trimera c9 Sapindaceae c41 Sapium ellipticum c16 Sapoba c15 Sapotaceae c42 Sarcocephalus latifolius c40 pobeguinii c40 Satureja imbricata c19 pseudosimensis c19 cf robusta c19 Scadoxus multiflorus c47 Schefflera abyssinica c6 barteri c6 sp. c6 Schrebera arborea c33 Scilla sudanica c50 Scrophulariaceae c43 Scutellaria violascens c19 Sebaea brachyphylla c17 Securidaca c70 longipedunculata c35 welwitschii c35 Selaginella cf tenerrima c55 versicolor c55 Selaginellaceae c55 Sericanthe chevalieri c40 Sesbania macrantha c26 Setaria megaphylla c54 sphacelata c54 sp. c54 Shamangwi. See Local names: (Kaka) Sida rhombifolia c27 Simaroubaceae c43 Siphonochilus nigericus c54 Smilacaceae c54 Smilax anceps c54 Smithia elliotii c26 Solanaceae c43 Solanecio mannii c12 Solanum aculeastrum c43 giganteum c43 indicum c43 sp. c43 Solenostemon cf mannii c19 Song. See Local names: (Kaka) Sopubia mannii c43 ramosa c43 simplex c43 Sorindeia cf grandifolia c3 cf juglandifolia c3 Spathodea campanulata c8 Spondianthus preussii c16 Sporobolus africanus c54 natalensis c54 subulatus c54 Stachys pseudohumifusa c19 Steganotaenia araliacea c4 Sterculia oblonga c44 setigera c45 tragacantha c45 Sterculiaceae c44 Stereospermum acuminatissimum c8 kunthianum c8 Streptocarpus elongatus c17 nobilis c17 Streptogyna crinita c54 Strombosia pustulata c33 scheffleri c33 Strophanthus Nkonko. See Local names: (Kaka) Nkwitaa. See Local names: (Kaka) Nkyay. See Local names: (Kaka) Ntibi. See Local names: (Kaka) Nuxia congesta c8, c26 O Ochna afzelii c32, c27 schweinfurthiana c32 sp. c32 Ochnaceae c32 Octolobus grandis c44 Olacaceae c32 Olax subscorpoidea c32 Olea capensis c33 Oleaceae c33 Oleandraceae c58 Olyra latifolia c53 Oncinotis sp. c5 Oncoba cf spinosa c17 Oplismenus hirtellus c53 Orchidaceae c51 Ormocarpum sennoides c25 Osmunda regalis c58 Osmundaceae c58 Ouratea calophylla c32 Oxyanthus racemosus c38 speciosus c38 Oxytenanthera abyssinica c53 P Pachypodanthium staudtii c3 Palisota hirsuta c48 mannii c48 sp. c48 ? c48 Palmae c51 Pancovia sp. c42 Pandaceae c33 Pandanaceae c52 Pandanus candelabrum c52, c47 Panicum ecklonii c53 Pararistolochia goldieana c6 cf leonensis c6 macrocarpa c6 Parinari congoensis c10 curatellifolia c10 cf excelsa c10 Parkia biglobosa c24 filicoidea c24 Parmelia andina c60 eunita c60 Paspalum scrobiculatum c53 Passifloraceae c34 Paullinia pinnata c42 Pavetta corymbosa c38 hookeriana c38 owariensis c38 sp. c38 Pavonia urens c27 Peddiea fischeri c45 Pennisetum clandestinum c53 macrourum c53 Pentas decora c38 purpurea c39 Peperomia fernandopoiana c34 kamerunana c34 retusa c34 cf vulcanica c34 sp. c34 Pericopsis laxiflora c26 Peucedanum angustisectum c4 Phaulopsis barteri c2 Phoenix reclinata c52 Phyllanthus muellerianus c16 Phymatodes scolopendria c56 Picralima nitida c5, c47 Pilea rivularis c46 Piliostigma thonningii c22 Piloselloides sp. c12 Pilotrichella latiramea c59 pentasticha c59 sp. c59 PINOPSIDA c55 Piper capense c34 guineense c34 umbellata c34 Piperaceae c34 Piptadeniastrum africanum c24 Pittosporaceae c34 Pittosporum viridiflorum c34 Platostoma rotundifolium c19 Platycerium angolense c58 cf elephantotis c58 sp. c58 Plectranthus glandulosus c19 sylvestris c19 Pleiocarpa pycnantha c5 sp. c5 Pleopeltis excavata c58 macrocarpa c58 c71 Pneumatopteris afra c59 Poaceae c52 Podocarpaceae c55 Podocarpus latifolius c55 Pollia condensata c48 mannii c48 Polygala tenuicaulis c35 Polygalaceae c35 Polypodiaceae c58 Polyscias fulva c6 Polysphaeria arbuscula c39 Polystachya bennettiana c51 cooperi c51, c26 modesta c51 Pouteria alnifolia c42 altissima c42, c2, c61 sp. c43 Prosopis africana c24 Protea madiensis c35 Proteaceae c35 Prunus africana c36 Pseudocyclosorus pulcher c59 Pseudospondias cf microcarpa c3 Psilanthus mannii c39 Psorospermum aurantiacum c18 corymbiferum c18 febrifugum c18 Psychotria peduncularis c39 psychotrioides c39 schweinfurthii c39 succulenta c39 vogeliana c39 sp. c39 Psydrax acutiflora c39 parviflora c39 Pteridaceae c58 Pteridium aquilinum c56 PTERIDOPHYTA c55 Pteris acanthoneura c58 hamulosa c58 pteridioides c58 togoensis c59 Pterocarpus erinaceus c26 mildbraedii c26 santalinoides c26 Pterygota macrocarpa c44, c16 mildbraedii c44 sp. c44 Pycnanthus angolensis c31 hispidus c5 sarmentosus c5 Strychnos nigritana c27 spinosa c27 Succisa trichotocephala c13 Sulli stream c13, c38, c40 Sumsum. See Local names: (Fulfulde) Suregada sp. c16 Symphonia c47 globulifera c47, c18 Synsepalum brevipes c43 cerasiferum c43 passargei c43 Syzigium c11 Syzygium guineense c31, c8, c18, c52 T Tabernaemontana contorta c5 sp. c5 Tabu c26 Tamarindus indica c22 Taraba River c8, c17, c20, c26, c27, c28, c38, c42, c44 Tarenna thomasii c40 Teclea verdoorniana c41 sp. c41 Tectaria fernandensis c57 Tephrosia holstii c26 vogelii c26 Terminalia glaucescens c11, c58 laxiflora c11 schimperiana c11 superba c11 sp. c11 Tetracera alnifolia c13 Tetrapleura tetraptera c24 Thalictrum rhynchocarpum c35 Thelypteridaceae c59 Thesium tenuissimum c41 Thonningia sanguinea c7 Thunbergia togoensis c2 sp. c2 Thymelaeaceae c45 Tiku. See Local names: (Kaka) Tiliaceae c45 Tiliacora funifera c29 Tinnea sp. c20 Tong. See Local names: (Kaka) Tonga c46 Tonti c5, c7, c8, c30 Toon. See Local names: (Mbuh) Treculia africana c30 Trema orientalis c46 Tricalysia coriaceae c40 okelensis c40 Trichilia prieureana c28 retusa c28 welwitschii c28 sp. c28 Trichomanes chevalieri c57 mannii c57 melanotrichum c57 pyxidiferum c57 sp. c57 Trifolium baccarinii c26 Trilepisium madagascariense c30 Tukuruwa. See Local names: (Hausa) Tursuhi. See Local names: (Fulfulde) U Uapaca cf guineensis c16 heudelotii c16, c17, c52 togoensis c17 sp. c17 Ulmaceae c45 Urera cordifolia c46 Urticaceae c46 Usnea articulata c60 jigas c60 pulvinulata c60, c59 submollis c60 trichodeoides c60 Utricularia mannii c26 V Vang. See Local names: (Kaka) Vanilla imperialis c51 Ventilago africana c35 Vepris allenii c41 Verbenaceae c46 Vernonia bamendae c12 conferta c12 guineensis c12 pumila c12 smithiana c12 sp. c12 Viola abyssinica c47 Violaceae c47 Viscaceae c47 Viscum cf decurrens c47 Vitellaria paradoxa c43 Vitex doniana c46 ferruginea c47 madiensis c47 c72 oxycuspis c47 rivularis c47 Vittaria guineensis c59 Vittariaceae c59 Voacanga africana c5 bracteata c6 Vogel Peak c2, c60 W Wahlenbergia krebsii c9 ramosissima c9 Wahvung. See Local names: (Kaka) Warneckea fosteri c27 membranifolia c27 X Ximenia americana c33 Xylopia acutiflora c3 sp. c27 Xymalos monospora c29 Xyridaceae c54 Xyris sp. c54 Y Yaje. See Local names: (Hausa) Yakaro. See Local names: (Fulfulde) Yelwa c20 Yom. See Local names: (Fulfulde) Z Zanthoxylum leprieurii c41 zanthoxyloides c41 sp. c41 Zingiberaceae c54 Zongo Mata c9, c12, c22, c46, c52, c60 c73 c74 c75