Ann.Bot.Fennici42:317–326
Helsinki28October2005
ISSN0003-3847
©FinnishZoologicalandBotanicalPublishingBoard2005
Distribution,statusandecologyofthelichenCyphelium
notarisiiinSweden
VeronikaAreskoug1&GöranThor2
SwedishBiodiversityCentre,P.O.Box7007,SE-75007Uppsala,Sweden(e-mail:veronikaA@
icraf-cm.org)
2)
DepartmentofConservationBiology,SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,P.O.Box7002,
SE-75007Uppsala,Sweden(e-mail:goran.thor@nvb.slu.se)
1)
Received5May2004,revisedversionreceived21Jan.2005,accepted29Mar.2005
Areskoug,V.&Thor,G.2005:Distribution,statusandecologyofthelichenCypheliumnotarisiiin
Sweden.—Ann.Bot.Fennici42:317–326.
An inventory of the two largest Swedish occurrences of the lichen Cyphelium notarisii,
situated on Visingsö in Småland and at Kovik on Gotland, respectively, was conducted.
A third occurrence on Fårö, Gotland was discovered. A total of 21 localities were visited. Only cultural substrates such as wooden barn walls, fishing sheds and gates were
utilised by fertile specimens. The species is mostly found on south- to southwest-facing
walls with no shade cover, close to a water-body. The current distribution is greatly
reduced compared to the historical range of the species. The major current occurrences
are characterised by a high concentration of old wooden structures, which strongly
indicates that measures to ensure the viability of the species should be taken at the landscape level, rather than on individual localities. Cyphelium notarisii is reported as new
to Estonia and Kazakhstan, and C. tigillare is reported as new to Gotland, Sweden.
Key words: Cyphelium notarisii, lichens, red-listed, substrates, wood
Introduction
Cyphelium notarisii is red-listed as Critically
Endangered (CR) in Sweden (Gärdenfors 2005).
The species is a crustose lichen of the family
Caliciaceae, and it was first described by Tulasne
(1852) under the name Acolium notarisii. Blomberg and Forssell (1880) subsequently transferred
the species to the genus Cyphelium. Vainio (1927)
placed Cyphelium notarisii in its own monotypic
genus based on the submuriform spore morphology, referring to the species as Pseudacolium
notarisii. Weber (1967) claimed C. notarisii to
be a variety of its relative Cyphelium tigillare.
Since 1969 C. notarisii has been accepted as a
separate species due to its submuriform spores
(Tibell 1969). For a comprehensive summary of
the species’ taxonomy and distribution, see Nilsson (1930) and Tibell (1969, 1971, 1975, 1984).
For a morphological description see Tibell (1999).
In gross morphology C. notarisii is indistinguishable from C. tigillare, but differs by the spore shape
(Tibell 1999). The thallus has numerous irregular
groups of conspicuous, irregular, black multilocular pycnidia. Very similar pycnidia are also present
in C. tigillare (Tibell 1999), but sterile thalli with
abundant pycnidia are often referred to C. notarisii. For photographs see e.g. Tibell (1999).
318
This paper summarises the current and former
distribution, status and ecology of the species in
Sweden, and the prerequisites for its long-term
survival in Sweden are discussed. The paper is
based on a degree project at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala (Areskoug
2000).
FormerstatusanddistributioninSweden
The distribution range of Cyphelium notarisii formerly extended from Skåne (56°N) in the south
to Hälsingland (61°N) in the north (Appendix).
Most collections were made prior to the end of the
1930s. Only three collections were made during
the 1940s (Bohuslän, 1942, Magnusson; Gästrikland, 1942, Ahlner; Västmanland, 1949, Kjellmert), and two during the 1950s (Västmanland,
1950, Kjellmert; Södermanland, 1958, Hasselrot).
All old herbarium specimens utilised cultural substrates. During the 1960s, 1970s and a large part
of the 1980s no collections were made, and the
species was presumed to have disappeared from
Sweden (Tibell 1992). It was, however, rediscovered in 1986 on a barn wall in the province of
Hälsingland (Ågren 1991, as C. tigillare), but that
locality was destroyed in 1997 by the removal
of the barn (Å. Ågren, pers. comm.). Two localities were subsequently discovered in 1990 on the
island Visingsö in the province of Småland (Thor
1993). The species was also discovered in 1994
at Kovik fishing village museum on Gotland by
Mats Nordin (pers. comm.).
The rediscovery of the species has led to
reinventories on many of its former localities.
Three old localities in Skåne and Blekinge were
revisited by Ulf Arup and Stefan Ekman in 1991
(Arup et al. 1997). They were unable to find the
species in its previous localities, but a new site
was discovered on Hallands Väderö, Skåne (Arup
et al. 1997; no apothecia). This is the only known
occurrence of C. notarisii growing on a naturally occurring substrate (Juniperus communis) in
Sweden. One additional new locality has subsequently been discovered in eastern Skåne (Arup
1999). In the province of Västmanland, only one
old locality could be identified. This site was
inventoried, but C. notarisii was neither found
there, nor in other appropriate habitats in the area
Areskoug&Thor • ANN.BOT.FENNICI Vol.42
(Hultengren & Danielsson 1996). A finding was
made in 1997 on the island of Biskops-Arnö,
Uppland, by Svante Hultengren (pers. comm.).
Unfortunately, the substrate barn wall was painted
over very shortly after the discovery, destroying
the occurrence. A second rather nearby locality in
Uppland was recently found, but also there, the
wall has now been painted over (Foucard 2004).
These incidents demonstrate the current vulnerability of the species. A few additional unpublished localities have also been found in northern
Uppland and Dalarna by J. Hermansson during
the past few years (see Appendix).
StatusanddistributionoutsideSweden
The species is widely distributed in North America, Asia and Europe, stretching from 116°W
to 86°E and from 39°N to 61°N (Appendix).
Collections of C. notarisii outside Sweden are
sparse, with no more than a single collection
from several countries. Few findings of C. notarisii have been made in recent years, except in
England (Earland-Bennett & Hitch 1997, Dobson
2003). The species was published as new to
Spain by Sarrión et al. (1999). An occurrence in
southern Siberia was published by Nimis (1993).
We have, however, seen no Siberian material.
The available collections are insufficient for
an accurate analysis of the change in the species’ global status. Many historical collections
exist from Germany and the United States, but
the records are sporadic, and no adequate assessment of the present situation has been made. It
is unlikely that the existing herbarium material
will ever allow us to obtain certain information
about the historical abundance of the species, or
draw definite conclusions regarding its population development.
Materialandmethods
Data on the Swedish distribution was collected
from the Swedish Species Information Centre
(ArtDatabanken), and by means of personal communication. All specimens of C. notarisii from
B, BM, CANL, COLO, FH, GB, M, NY, S, UPS,
W and the personal herbarium of the author (G.
ANN.BOT.FENNICI Vol.42 • Distribution,statusandecologyofCypheliumnotarisiiinSweden
Thor) were examined in order to determine the
historical distribution of C. notarisii, in Sweden
and globally. The herbarium material is listed in
the Appendix. The nomenclature follows Santesson et al. (2004). Collections of C. notarisii and
C. tigillare by V. Areskoug and G. Thor (Appendix) will be deposited in UPS.
The two largest remaining occurrences of
C. notarisii in Sweden (Visingsö, Småland and
Kovik fishing museum, Gotland) were revisited, and a third (Fårö, Gotland) was discovered
and inventoried. The fieldwork was carried out
during September and October 1997. For the
purpose of this publication each property unit,
often consisting of several structures (barns, fishing sheds, fences), was defined as one locality.
This was considered appropriate, as the buildings of a specific property are likely to have a
similar maintenance regime and historical usage,
and to be exposed to the same threats.
The following parameters were measured or
noted on each locality where C. notarisii was
present:
1. Distance from water (approximated to within
100 m).
2. Distance from dust impregnation source, e.g.,
gravel road or arable field (approximated to
within 10 m).
3. Percentage shade cover of the C. notarisii
growth.
4. Directional exposure (measured using a
handheld compass).
5. Visible traces of paint or char.
6. Material used for roofing.
On each wall where C. notarisii occurred, the
following observations were made:
1. The total coverage of C. notarisii was approximated to the nearest dm2.
2. The total lichen cover on the substrate with
C. notarisii was approximated to the nearest
dm2.
3. Associate lichen species were sometimes
identified.
4. The orientation of the substrate was recorded
as horizontal or vertical.
5. The highest and lowest point of thallus growth
on the wall was measured to the nearest cm.
319
6. On each individual wall, specimens of C.
notarisii were checked for fertility. The highest and lowest point of apothecium occurrence was measured to the nearest cm, and
a collection for the purpose of microscopic
examination of the spores was usually made.
7. The thickness of the wooden substrate utilised by C. notarisii was measured to the
nearest 1 mm.
8. The degree of substrate decay was recorded.
The following decomposition scale from 1–5
was developed to evaluate the condition of
the substrate: (1) new wood free from surface
cracks and obvious signs of decay, (2) wood
intact, firm, cracks < 1 mm wide, (3) wood
of a silver hue, firm, surface fleeced, cracks
1–3 mm wide, (4) wood beginning to soften,
cracks 3–5 mm wide, (5) wood in latter
stages of decay, cracks > 5 mm wide.
Results
A total coverage of 731.5 dm2 was found at
the three occurrences inventoried. Herbarium
material from Estonia and Kazakhstan, where
there are no previous records of the species (e.g.
Randlane & Saag 1999) was studied. The collection from Estonia has no apothecia, yet the high
abundance of pycnidia suggests that it is a C.
notarisii specimen (see above). Occurrence on
natural substrates appears to be more common
outside Sweden. The species was collected on
bark of the coniferous trees/shrubs Juniperus sp.,
Larix sp., Libocedrus decurrens, Pinus flexilis
and Pinus ponderosa, but there are also collections from cultural substrates as fence rails, old
poles and houses. The morphologically similar
C. tigillare was encountered on one locality on
Gotland, and the species is hereby reported as
new to this island (Appendix). This locality can
be seen on a map in Hermansson and Hultengren
(1999).
Småland,Visingsö
Visingsö is an island in lake Vättern (58°N,
14°E). It extends 14 km north to south and 3
km east to west. Every wooden structure on
320
Areskoug&Thor • ANN.BOT.FENNICI Vol.42
the island not recently painted was inventoried.
A total of 31 suitable wooden structures in 27
localities were found. The species occurred on
a total of 15 wooden structures in 12 localities
(Appendix). The localities were scattered within
800 m of the shoreline. A total of 510 dm2 of
C. notarisii growth was found. On eight of the
localities, apothecia were observed. Of the 12
localities, eight had no remants of paint; three
showed remnants of traditional Falun red paint
and one had a relatively intact coat of Falun red.
Falun red paint has been used in much of the
Swedish agricultural landscape since 1764 (Thor
1996).
Gotland,Kovik
The only known location on Gotland at the time,
Kovik fishing village (57°N, 18°E), was revisited and inventoried. It is an open-air museum
consisting of a collection of seventeen traditional
boathouses originating from various parts of
the area, and moved to Kovik. The museum
is located on a spit 3 km south of Klintehamn
on the west coast of Gotland. All buildings are
within 60 m of the seashore, and fully exposed
to sun and wind. A total of 35.5 dm2 of C. notarisii growth was found. Two of the houses are
painted, and C. notarisii growth occurred only
on the unpainted houses. Cyphelium notarisii
was found on four of the 17 buildings (22%).
Gotland,Fårö
Fårö, an island located 74 km northeast of Kovik
Fishing Museum, constitutes the northernmost
part of Gotland. Suitable wooden structures visTable 1. Summary of results of environmental parameter measurements of visited C. notarisii localities in
Sweden(Fårö,Kovikfishingmuseum,andVisingsö).
Min.
Max.
Median
Distancefromwater(m)
2
Distancetodustsource(m) <1
Shadecover(%)
0
Substratethickness(cm)
0.5
Substratedecaystage
2
1200
100
80
21
5
250
5
0
2.0–2.9
4
ible from the main roads on Fårö were inventoried. A total of seven C. notarisii localities
were found (Appendix). All specimens occurred
within 1200 m of the shore line. A total of
186 dm2 of C. notarisii growth was found. Four
localities had been painted with traditional Falun
red while the other three had no remants of paint.
On each locality, the species occurred on only
one building.
Siteconditionsandgrowthhabit
All localities inventoried in Sweden occurred
within 1200 metres of a major water body (Table
1). A dust source (gravel road, arable field) was
found within 10 m of 79% of the localities, and
within 100 m of all localities (Table 1). 87% of
the walls (20 of 23) of the occurrences had no
shade cover. One wall on one locality had a shade
cover of 80% (Table 1). The C. notarisii growth
on this location was visibly enfeebled, displaying
a pale thallus and few apothecia. The thickness
of the wooden substrata utilised by C. notarisii
ranged from a value of 0.5 cm up to 21 cm, but
the majority of values fell within the 2.0–2.9 cm
interval (Table 1). Pinus sylvestris was probably
the only, or at least by far the most common substrate material. These results are representative
of the building material used in the inventoried
landscapes. The species appeared to occur mainly
on wood in decay stage 4 (Table 1).
Most of the buildings inventoried were 220–
450 cm in height (Table 2). The species tended
to grow near the ground (Table 2). Apothecia
were often formed approximately 10 cm from
Table 2. Summary of thallus and apothecium growth
heightonsubstratewall.
Min. Max. Median
Lowestheight
ofthallusgrowth(cm)
1
Highestheight
ofthallusgrowth(cm)
18
Lowestheightofapothecium
presence(excluding
sterilespecimens)(cm)
5
Highestpoint
ofapotheciumpresence(cm) 20
110
19
330
160
140
40
280
117
ANN.BOT.FENNICI Vol.42 • Distribution,statusandecologyofCypheliumnotarisiiinSweden
the edge of the thallus.
Cyphelium notarisii was the dominant species in all localities, and the total lichen cover
was low (15%). Species found growing in
association with C. notarisii included mainly
common and widespread species occurring on
wood in southern Sweden, such as Hypocenomyce scalaris, Lecanora saligna, L. varia,
Thelomma ocellatum, Trapeliopsis flexuosa and
Xylographa vitiligo. The species Chaenotheca
trichialis, Chrysothrix candelaris and Lepraria
sp. were observed at sites with a higher shade
cover.
The growth orientation in all localities was
vertical, although two of them had additional
horizontal growth, on a gate and a window,
respectively. None of the numerous inventoried
buildings with remnants of char or paint other
than traditional Falun red supported C. notarisii
growth. Healthy C. notarisii growth occurred
under both wood and metal roofing materials.
The most common exposure of the lichen
was to the south, southwest, or west. Although
unusual, two localities with northern exposures
of 350° and 10°, respectively, as well as one with
a northeast exposure of 55° were recorded.
Discussion
During the last century the amount of old
untreated wooden structures in the Swedish landscape has decreased continuously. Old buildings
have fallen into disuse and decay (Lange 1997),
while only very few new structures are built with
untreated wood. Consequently, the available substrate for C. notarisii has been severely reduced,
and few areas remain where wooden structures
occur in significant amounts. As a result, only a
few severely fragmented occurrences of C. notarisii remain.
This study indicates that, within Sweden, the
species is dependent on sunny localities, displaying signs of reduced vigour when exposed
to shade and competition from other lichens.
It is possible that the need for sun exposure is
temperature dependent. Some of the herbarium
specimens collected in North America had been
growing with a northern exposure as far north as
50°N. The species can survive extremely cold
321
winter temperatures, such as those experienced
in Alberta, Canada, but cool summer temperatures may be a limiting factor. It is possible that
by utilising the sunny walls of wooden buildings
the species can extend its northern limit significantly. There is a westerly skew of the exposure
values of the localities inventoried on Visingsö.
This may be the result of buildings being orientated perpendicular to the main roads, which run
southwest to northeast along the coastline. As
a result, few walls with due south exposure are
available on Visingsö. Several localities where
the species grows with a westerly exposure also
occur on Gotland, although a southern exposure
is more common and appears to allow more vigorous growth. The westerly afternoon sun may
warm the substrate significantly more efficiently
than the eastern early morning sun.
Our observations suggest that C. notarisii
may prefer dust-impregnated habitats; a denser,
more fertile growth occurs closer to the ground,
the species often grows in close association with
dust-favoured species such as Lecanora saligna
and Thelomma ocellatum, and a dust source was
noted close to all inventoried localities.
There is a strong tendency for the species
to occur in coastal areas and lake regions in
Sweden. It is possible that close proximity to
smaller rivers, streams or ponds may also suffice, as many (but not all) herbarium collections
from outside Sweden state the presence of a
river or nearby water-body. The abundance of
the species in the three investigated areas, and
its occurrence on relatively fresh, intact coats
of paint, indicate that certain of the occurrences
are newly established (about < 7 years), and that
local dispersal is not a problem for the species.
However, the low number of current localities,
the isolation of the remaining localities, and the
species’ absence from a number of appropriate
sites within its range suggest that long-distance
dispersal is difficult.
Whether the current localities are relics of the
former distribution or represent recent colonization events is unknown. There are no old records
from any of the current localities, and none of
the old Swedish localities has been identified. No
literature is available on the dispersal strategy
of the species. Wind is one likely vector since
all Swedish localities occur along windy shore-
322
lines, and the species grows on exposed sites.
However, the spores measure 15–30 ¥ 8–15 µm,
which is consistent with calicioid species with
limited long-distance dispersal ability (Tibell
1994). It is unlikely that vegetative reproduction
occurs in the species, since it does not develop
soralia or isidia. Being a calicioid lichen with
mazaedium, contact with livestock may help to
spread the species from wall to wall and from
building to building, but is not a likely vector for
long-distance dispersal. Sheep were common in
the Fårö localities, and cows were frequent in the
Visingsö localities.
Implicationsforspecies
conservation
The current Swedish localities are limited to a
few highly isolated occurrences. The survival of
the species is dependent on the swift protection
of these occurrences. Three recently discovered
localities (one in Hälsingland, two in Uppland)
have already been destroyed due to ignorance.
At such localities with small populations, local
extinctions are most likely. The low number of
localities and the low habitat density in large parts
of south and central Sweden probably makes it
impossible to balance extinctions with colonisations in the long run outside the few remaining major occurrences. This extinction debt will
probably be paid in the future (Hanski 2000). As
for almost all lichens, the threshold values of isolation and population size that must be exceeded
for population persistence are still unknown.
The current occurrences at Visingsö, Kovik
and Fårö are characterised by a high concentration of old wooden structures. This may have
enabled the species to maintain a presence in
the area, and made recolonisation of a wooden
structure possible after disturbance events such as
painting or replacement of boards. This strongly
indicates that measures to ensure the viability of
the species should be taken at the landscape level
rather than in individual localities. In order to preserve the species, it is not enough that the current
occurrences are protected. A continuous supply
of suitable habitat (substrate) must be maintained
and, if possible, increased at a landscape level
over time to allow for the continuation of popula-
Areskoug&Thor • ANN.BOT.FENNICI Vol.42
tion dynamics. As an implication, all appropriate wooden structures within the occurrences
would need to be protected, and guidelines developed for renovations and possible painting of the
buildings. The species appears to be capable of
re-establishing quite quickly after the application
of the Falun red paint. However, care should be
taken to apply only thin layers (J. Hermansson
unpubl. data). Property owners should be advised
against painting all buildings simultaneously,
and against the use of char, a substrateof which
seems to hinder C. notarisii establishment. On
the small, remaining localities outside the main
occurrences, the removal of decaying/old buildings and the maintenance of buildings in an inappropriate way are serious threats.
There are several seemingly suitable sites
throughout Sweden from which C. notarisii is
absent. Attempts to establish new populations
on suitable localities by deliberate dispersal
of spores would increase the species’ chances
of long-term survival in Sweden. Such efforts
would also facilitate research into the species
habitat requirements and developmental biology,
but the introductions must be carefully documented. Our recommendation is that attempts
should be made to establish new populations on
historical localities where the species has suffered local extinction.
Lichens growing on barn walls are exposed
to biocides and fertilizers, which may lead to
their disappearance from otherwise suitable substrates (Tibell 1980). Several of the current localities occur within decimetres of cultivated fields
and pastures. One barn, which might have been
an appropriate substrate, but had been coated
in manure during fertilizing of the fields, was
observed on Visingsö. A management plan for
the current localities should include a consultation with landowners to encourage farming practices that minimize wind-blow during application
of fertilizers and biocides. Such measures might
include leaving a buffer zone around wooden
structures where no chemicals are applied, or the
use of applicators with minimal aerial spray.
Acknowledgements
Thanks to J. Hermansson for information on localities in
ANN.BOT.FENNICI Vol.42 • Distribution,statusandecologyofCypheliumnotarisiiinSweden
Uppland and Dalarna, Svante Hultengren for sharing his
knowledge of the Biskops Arnö location, Roland Moberg and
Anders Nordin for allowing us to publish the locality from
Kazakhstan, Mats Nordin and Per Johansson for sharing
their knowledge of the Kovik location and Leif Tibell for his
review of an earlier version of the manuscript. We would like
to acknowledge Uppsala Herbarium for providing access to
their facilities and B, BM, CANL, COLO, FH, GB, M, NY,
S, UPS and W for the loans of their collections.
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Nat. (Bot.), sér. 3, 17: 5–248.
Vainio, E. A. 1927: Lichenographia Fennica III, Coniocarpeae. — Acta Soc. Fauna Fl. Fennica 57: 1–138.
Weber, W. A. 1967: A synopsis of the North American species of Cyphelium. — Bryologist 70: 197–203.
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Appendix. Examined specimens. The abbreviation CS and NS in parenthesis before the
herbariumabbreviationspecifiesthecollection’soccurrenceonculturalsubstrate(wooden
structures)ornaturalsubstrate(livingtreesorwood)respectively.Thecountriesarelistedin
alphabeticalorder.
Herbarium material of Cyphelium notarisii: Austria. Austria inferior ad Sepium asseres prope Dreistätten infra montem
Hohe Wand, 1920 Baumgartner 2343 (CS)(B, BM, S); Nieder Österreich, an Zaun, 500 m, 1915 Baumgartner (CS)(B).
Canada. Alberta: Bow River Watershed, 11 miles W Calgary, 1¼ miles S Elbow River, 3900 ft, NW29-24-3-W5, 1967 Bird
18474 (CS)(BM, CANL, COLO, FH, UPS); Mirror, open farm habitat, 52°28´N, 113°00´W, 1991 Brodo 27876 (NS)(B, M,
W); Oldman River Watershed, west facing sandstone exposure, 4450 ft, beside Lyndem Creek, 18 miles west of Claresholm,
Porcupine Hills, NE11-12-30-w4, 1966 Bird & Lakusta 14702 (NS)(CANL); Oldman River Watershed, Montane forest/prairie,
17 miles north of Lundbreck, beside the Oldman River, 49°49´N, 114°12´W, 15-10-2-W5, 4400 ft, prairie with Pinus flexilis on
sandstone outcrops, 1972 Bird 28874 (NS)(CANL). Ontario: Grey Co., 2.5 mile E of Hwy 26, on Grey Road 22, 44°39´N,
80°38´W, exposed granite outcrop field, 1976 Bowler & Wong 1930 (CS)(CANL). Saskatchewan: N of Klintonel (Swift Current), Looman 27910 (NS)(COLO). Czech Republic. Èop, 105 m, 1933 Nádvornik (NS)(B, M, W). Estonia. Kingissepa District, Kõinastu, W of Muhu, 58°38´N, 23°02´E, 1989 Thor 8106 (no apothecia; CS)(S). Finland. Alandia: Kumlinge par.,
Enklinge village, Hermas Museum, 1986 Thor 6622 (no apothecia; CS)(herb. G. Thor). Regio aboënsis: Masku, Ristimäki,
1938 Ahlner (CS)(S, UPS); c. 11 km SW Dalsbruk, E part of the island Högsåra, in the village Högsåra, 59°57´N, 22°22´E,
1990 Thor 9329 (no apothecia; CS)(herb. G. Thor); Korppoo par., the island Jurmo, NW from the chapel, 1989 Sundin (CS)(S).
Lapponia: Locality uncertain, Nylander (CS)(BM). France. Gallia: Hautes Alpes, Ancelle, 1450 m, 1966 Rondon (A. Vězda:
Lich. Sel. Exs. 479)(CS)(BM, COLO, M); Gallia-Hautes Alpes, Le Casset prope Mon(?)-tier-les-Bains, 1500 m, 1970 Rondon
(NS)(CANL, COLO, W); Hautes-Alpes, 1350 m, Lärchenwälder um Le Casset bei Monetier-les-Bains, 1978 Rondon (NS)(B,
BM, COLO, W). Germany. Nordrhein Westfalen: Greven bei Münster, “Gimbte in Westfalen”, 1860 Lahm (CS)(B); Greven
bei Münster “bei Gimbte”, 1857 Lahm (CS)(B); Greven bei Münster “bei Gimbte”, 1860 Lahm (CS)(B). Sachsen: Im Sächsischen Erzgebirge um Dresden, Rabenhorst (CS)(M); Berlin, bei Dresden, 1874 Hübner (no apothecia; CS)(M); Königsbrück
in Sachsen, Hübner (CS)(M); Prope Königsbrück, Schmalz (M). Schleswig-Holstein: Nordfrisische Insel Föhr, 1928 Erichsen
(CS)(UPS, W); Nordfries Föhr, 1929 Erichsen (CS)(BM); Harz Mts., pr. Blankenburg, 1861 Hampe (no apothecia; NS)(B).
Hungary. Nagykapos: pr. Ortó, 1933 Nádvornik (no apothecia; CS)(B); prope pagum Ómassa, in cacumine montis Magaskö,
in cote 656, 1939 Föriss (NS)(M, W). Italy. bei la Thuil e geg. kl. St. Bernhard im Aosta-Tal, an Lärche, 1700 m, 1962 Schauer
(NS)(M); Sardinien, Gallura, 1983 Brunnbauer (W); Val d’Aosta, 1922 Sbarbaro (NS)(GB); Courmayeur, Plan Gorret, Abete
pr. lo charlet Restaurant, 1924 Sbarbaro (NS)(FH). Kazakhstan. Vost. Kazakhstanskaja, Mt. Tinkoban, in the forest at the foot,
48°41´N, 86°01´E, 1600 m, 1993 Moberg & Nordin K25:3 (NS)(UPS). Poland. ‘Grünberg in Schlesien, comm. B. Stein’, 1873
Hellwig (CS)(B). Sweden. Skåne: Brunnby par., Lerhamn, 1929 Degelius (CS)(UPS). Blekinge: Listerby, Lilla Edet, 1936
Hedvall (CS)(GB, S); Ronneby par., Spjälkö, 1934 Hedvall (CS)(GB, S). Öland: Köping, 1874 Elmqvist (CS)(UPS). Gotland:
Sanda par., Koviks fiskeläge, RN x: 636710 y: 164145, 1995 Johansson (CS)(UPS). Småland: Visingsö par., the island of Visingsö, the parking place of the ruined castle of Näs, 58°00´N, 14°18´E, 1990 Thor 9785 (CS)(herb. G. Thor). Bohuslän:
Stenkyrka par., Åkervik, 1942, Magnusson (CS)(M, UPS). Östergötland: Lindöja prope Gransö, 1878 Hulting (CS)(GB); Östra
Ryd par., 1819 Petrin (CS)(UPS). Närke: Götlunda par., Nannberga, 1859 Blomberg (CS)(UPS); Götlunda, 1860 Blomberg
(CS)(S, UPS); ibid., 1862 Blomberg (CS)(M); ibid., 1869 Blomberg (CS)(M, S); Örebro, 1868 Indebetou (CS)(UPS); Örebro,
1874 Hellbom (CS)(B, GB); Örebro, 1897 Stenholm (CS)(UPS); Stora Mellösa par., Ö Valön, Ö om gården, 1932 Morander
(CS)(UPS). Södermanland: Hölö par., Ledarön, W side, opposite Åbykvarn, 1958 Hasselrot (CS)(S); Öja, 1872 Blomberg
(CS)(S, UPS); Västermo, 1875 Blomberg (CS)(NY, S, UPS). Västmanland: Arboga, St. Sätra, 1945 Kjellmert (CS)(NY);
Arboga, St. Sätra, 1949 Kjellmert (CS)(CANL, GB, S); Arboga, St. Sätra, 1950 Kjellmert (CS)(B, BM, GB, S, UPS, W). Uppland: Uppsala, 1821 Indebetou (CS)(S); Uppsala, 1823, ex herb. J. Vahl (CS)(B); Uppsala, 1849 Fries (CS)(UPS); Uppsala,
1859 Fries (CS)(M); Uppsala, Halmbyboda, 1849 Floderus (CS)(UPS); Uppsala, 1870 Dusén (CS)(UPS); Uppsala, Kungsängen, 1820 coll. ignot. (CS)(UPS); Uppsala, Torsell (CS)(UPS); Danmark par., 1938, V om Pinan, Degelius (CS)(UPS); Danmark par., between Pinan and Fyris River, 1938 Ahlner (CS)(S); Tierp par., Tierp, W about between the route 292 and the railway, 60°20´N, 17°29´E, 1998 Hermansson 8471 (no apothecia; CS)(UPS). Dalarna: Hedemora par., Hedemora, 1879 Indebetou (CS)(S, UPS); Hedemora par., Salnarlid, 1885 (CS)(S); By par., 6.0 km ESE By church, Leknäs, at the end of the public
road, W of the farm, 65 m, 60°11´N, 16°35´E, 1998 Hermansson 8531 (no apothecia; CS)(UPS); Gustafs par., Långhag, 6.2 km
SSE Gustafs church, 60°23´N, 14°42´E, Hermansson 10058 (CS)(UPS). Gästrikland: Gävle, Strömsbro, NE of the village,
1942 Ahlner (CS)(S). Hälsingland: Norrala par., Skensta, 15H0d4603, 1986 Ågren (no apothecia; CS)(UPS); Söderala par.,
Östansjö, 3 km S Söderhamn, 61°16´N, 17°02´E, 1989 Ågren (CS)(UPS). Switzerland. Valais: Walliser Alpen, oberhalb von
Zermatt, Furri, 1830 m, 1975 Kalb (CS)(M); Walliser Alpen, Furri oberhalb Zermatt, 1974 Kalb (CS)(B, BM, COLO, W);
Wallis, Walliser Alpen, oberhalb von Zermatt, Furri, 1850 m, 1975 Kalb (CS)(M); Unter Wallis, Val d’Herens, S of Sion,
Arbey, c. 1 km W of Evolène, Coord. C.603.5/106.5, c. 1400 m, meadows with schist outcrops around the village, 1990 Sipman
30276 (CS)(B); Wallis, Zermatt, Aroleit, 0.5 km SW of Zum See, 1820 m, 1970 Tibell 4266 (NS)(UPS); Wallis, Zermatt, Aroleit, Blatten, 1730 m, 1970 Tibell 4251 (CS)(UPS); Wallis, Saastal, Saas-Fee, at the bus stop, 1800 m, 1970 Tibell 4314
(CS)(UPS). Ukraine. Czerniajew (CS)(M, S, UPS). Krim: Jalta, Nikitski Botanischer Garten, Degelius 1938 (NS)(S, UPS).
ANN.BOT.FENNICI Vol.42 • Distribution,statusandecologyofCypheliumnotarisiiinSweden
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USA. Colorado: Archuleta Co., N slope, Simms Ranch, 2 mile N of Chromo, 8000 ft, 1955 Shushan S9888 (NS)(CANL,
COLO); Boulder Co., 7.5 mile SW Longmont, just N of Haystack Butte, 5200 ft, 1952 Shushan S470A (CS)(B, CANL, COLO,
FH, GB, M, NY, UPS); Boulder Co., N slope of ravine, 1955 Weber & Shushan (NS)(COLO); Boulder Co., 1958 Pursell 3035
(NS)(COLO); Boulder Co., 1967 Shushan s1-7513 (NS)(BM); Boulder Co., foothills of Front Range of Rocky Mountains,
west base of Steamboat Mountain, c. 3 km NW of Lyons near mouth of North St. Vrain Creek, 1700–1900 m, 1966 Santesson
18496 (CS)(UPS); Larimer Co., 40°N, 1935 Kiener 3031 (CS)(COLO); Larimer Co., 1954 Shushan s2423 (NS)(COLO); Larimer Co., S of Wyoming state line, N Virginia Dale, 41°N, 105°22´W, 7400 ft (2255 m), 1974 Shushan S1-76a (NS)(BM,
CANL); Turner Co., S edge of Parker, 1964 (CS)(COLO). Idaho: Idaho Co., 12 miles W Grangeville, near Pine Bar, along the
lower Main Salmon River, 1350 ft, 1990 Rosentreter 6647 (CS)(UPS). Montana: Rosebud Co., 1965 Wetmore 12883
(NS)(COLO). Nebraska: Blaine, 42°N, 1952 Kiener 28132 (CS)(COLO); Cherry Co., Valentine, 1951 Kiener (CS)(COLO);
Sioux Co., NW of Crawford, 4800 ft, 43 N°, 1952 Kiener 28108 (CS)(CANL, COLO); Keya Paha Co., Niobrara Valley Preserve, 1992 Ladd 16564 (CS)(NY); Nance Co., W of Genoa 41°N, 1952 Kiener 28060 (CS)(COLO); Sheriden Co., Rushville,
43°N, 1951 Kiener (CS)(COLO); Sheriden Co., Rushville, 1952 Kiener 28131 (CS)(COLO). North Dakota: McKenzie Co.,
Theodore Roosevelt National Park, N Unit, near Hagen Spring (14 miles SW of Watford City), 2300 ft, Sec. 22, T 148 N R
100w, 1982 Wetmore 44590 (NS)(CANL); SW of Rhome, 1964 Denison 856 (CS)(CANL); Slope Co., 1976 Esslinger 5669
(NS)(COLO); Slope Co., Chalky Buttes, 14 miles N of Bowman, Prairie and rock outcrops on Buttes, 3100 ft, 1978 Trana
6383 (CS)(CANL, NY); Stark Co., 8 miles SE of Dickinson Bird Gully, 1978 Trana 6420 (CS)(B). South Dakota: Custer Co.,
Black Hills, Anselmo, 42°N, 1952 Kiener 28133 (CS)(COLO); Custer Co., along Antelope Ridge Road N of Custeo-Limestone
Road, W facing slope, 6200 ft, sec.33, T. 25., R.2E, 1960 Wetmore 7100 (NS)(CANL); Custer Co., west-facing hill, 1961 Wetmore 10163 (CS)(BM); Custer Co., SW of Hermosa, 0.5 mile W of S.D. 79 on S.D. 36 (18 miles east northeast of Custer), 3400
ft, Sec 1, T.3S., R.7E, 1961 Wetmore 10205 (CS)(CANL, M, UPS); Custer Co., along road to Argyle 7 miles NW U.S. 385 (7
miles NW of Hot Springs), 4550 ft, Sec. 20, T.6S., R.5E, 1961 Wetmore 10871 (NS)(BM, UPS); Fall River Co., on hill above
dam at N end of Angostura Reservoir, 3350 ft, Sec. 20 T. 8S., R.6E, 1960 Wetmore 6607 (NS)(M, UPS); Fall River Co., 1953
Weber (NS)(COLO); Fall River Co., 1.3 miles SE of Gull school, on road to Cascade Springs, on ridge-top along forest boundary, 4200 ft. Sec. 36, T8S, R.3E., 1961 Wetmore 10707 (CS)(BM, CANL); Fall River Co., Black Hills, town of Burdock (25
miles W Hot Springs), hilltop NE town, 3730 ft, Sec. 10, T.7S., R.1E, 1961 Wetmore 10672 (NS)(UPS); Turner Co., 1963
Anderson 3871 (COLO). Wyoming: Crook Co., Black Hills, N facing slope of valley Sec. 25, T. 55 N R. 63W, 1960 Wetmore
9962 (NS)(NY); Crook Co., Black Hills, at head of Grand Canyon, 2.5 miles N U.S. 85 (18 miles SW Lead), gentle north
facing slope, 6300 ft, Sec. 28 & 21, T.49N., R.60W, 1960 Wetmore 9574 (NS)(UPS); Weston Co., N of Flying V. Resort (10
miles N of Newcastle), on N facing ridge, 5500 ft, Sec. 5, T.46N., R.61W., 1961 Wetmore 11756 (NS)(M).
Localities from which Cyphelium notarisii and C. tigillare were recorded during the inventory in 1997.
Cyphelium notarisii: Sweden. Småland, Visingsö par., the island of Visingsö, S part of the island, 200 m NNW of Näs castle
ruin, S of the road, property of the farm Jönsagården, south side of wooden barn, 95 m, 58°00´00´´N, 14°17´45´´E, 1997 (not
collected); ibid., S part of the island, 750 m NE of Näs Castle ruins, W of the road, N of property of Andersagården, S and
W side of small wooden barn, 100 m, 58°00´32´´N, 14°18´10´´E, 1997 Areskoug 12 (UPS); ibid., S part of the island, 950
m NNW of Näs castle ruin, west of the road, property of the farm Jönsagården, south and west side of wooden barn, 95 m,
58°00´37´´N, 14°17´75´´E, 1997 Thor 15515 (UPS); ibid., S part of the island, 2.9 km SW of Brahe church, Stigby Village,
west of the gravel road, property of the farm Bengtsgården, SW side of wooden shed, 110 m, 58°00´80´´N, 14°19´20´´E, 1997
Areskoug 11 (UPS); ibid., mid-part of the island, 2.3 km SW of Brahe church, N of small gravel road, Tunnerstad property
5:18, SW side of wooden barn, 110 m, 58°01´54´´N, 14°19´10´´E, 1997 Areskoug 10 (no apothecia) (UPS); ibid., mid-part of
the island, west shore, 2.2 km ENE of Brahe church, Boat house Museum, boathouse on the beach, on south and west side of
south-western corner pillar, 90 m, 58°02´39´´N, 14°18´70´´E, 1997 Thor 15516 (UPS); ibid., mid-part of the island, 2.5 km N
of Brahe church, Torp village, W of the road, property of the farm Törsagården, south side of wooden garden shed, on the door,
100 m, 58°03´40´´N, 14°20´70´´E, 1997 Areskoug 4 (UPS); ibid., N part of the island, 5.6 km NE of Brahe church, the area
Lyckan, farm N of Sadelmakaregården, west of the road, on SW wall of barn, 90 m, 58°04´89´´N, 14°22´30´´E, 1997 Areskoug 5 (no apothecia) (UPS); ibid., N part of the island, 6.5 km NNE of Brahe church, Erstad village, the farm Kockegården,
south of the road, W and E side of wooden shed, high shade cover, 90 m, 58°05´32´´N, 14°23´77´´E, 1997 (not collected;
reported from here as locality 7 by Thor 1993); ibid., N part of the island, 7 km NNE of Brahe church, Erstad village, the farm
Svensgården, W and S wall of wooden barn, 95 m, 58°05´60´´N, 14°24´12´´E, 1997 Areskoug 8 (no apothecia) (UPS); ibid.,
N part of the island, 7.2 km NNE of Brahe church, 400 m N of the houses Hospitalen, west of the road, SW and NW wall of
wooden barn, 95 m, 58°05´80´´N, 14°23´20´´E, 1997, Thor 15517 (UPS); ibid., N part of the island, 7.5 km NNE of Brahe
church, Ed village, the farm Storegården, on south side of wooden barn, 90 m, 58°05´90´´N, 14°23´88´´E, 1997 Areskoug 7
(UPS). Gotland: Sanda par., 3.5 km N of Klintehamn, Koviks Fishing Village Museum, on south side of wooden fishing hut,
5 m, 57°25´N, 18°10´E, on east and west side of wooden fishing hut, 1997 Areskoug 16 (no apothecia) (UPS); Fårö par., Fårö
Island, the village Broa, 50 m from harbour, on wall of wooden house, 5 m, 57°52´N, 18°05´E, 1997, Areskoug 17 (UPS); ibid.,
2.2 km NE of Fårö church, the farm Hammars (property 1:42), NW of the road, SW side of wooden shed near the road, 15 m,
57°56´N, 19°09´E, 1997 Areskoug 22 (no apothecia) (UPS); ibid., 4 km NNW Fårö church, Lauter village, W of the road, SW
side of old wooden barn, 5 m, 57°57´N, 19°06´E, 1997 Areskoug 19 (UPS); ibid., 4 km NNW Fårö church, Lauter village, E of
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Areskoug&Thor • ANN.BOT.FENNICI Vol.42
the road, SE of mill, SW and NE side of wooden portion of stone mill, 5 m, 57°57´N, 19°06´E, 1997 Areskoug 20 (UPS); ibid.,
7 km NE Fårö church, the farm Ringvida, W side of old wooden barn near the road, 10 m, 57°57´N, 19°13´E, 1997 Areskoug
23 (UPS); ibid., 5 km NNE of Fårö church, the farm Käldurivshagen, west of the road, S side of large newer barn wall and
door, 10 m, 57°58´N 19°09´E, 1997 Areskoug 21 (no apothecia) (UPS); ibid., 600 m ENE of Skär village, W wall of large
wooden barn behind windmill, 5 m, 57°59´N, 19°19´E, 1997 Areskoug 24 (UPS).
Cyphelium tigillare: Sweden. Gotland: Fårö par., Fårö Island, 7 km N of Fårö church, Digerhuvud Nature Reserve, fishing village, on wooden roof of fishing hut, 45° angle, 5 m, 57°59´N, 19°08´E, 1997 Areskoug 18 (UPS).
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Göran Thor