The Lichenologist 40(1): 1–21 (2008) 2008 British Lichen Society
doi:10.1017/S0024282908007329 Printed in the United Kingdom
A first checklist of parmelioid and similar lichens in Europe
and some adjacent territories, adopting revised generic
circumscriptions and with indications of species distributions
David L. HAWKSWORTH, Oscar BLANCO, Pradeep K. DIVAKAR,
Teuvo AHTI and Ana CRESPO
Abstract: After a discussion of changing generic concepts in the parmelioid lichens, a checklist with
the current species placements is presented. Twenty-five genera and 143 species are accepted for
Europe, of which 17 genera and 112 species belong to the monophyletic parmelioid clade. The
individual countries from which species are reported are provided, along with references to key
publications. Synonyms used at species rank in Europe are cross-referenced, and the dates of
publication of all names are provided. One new combination is made: Xanthoparmelia pulvinaris (syn.
Parmelia pulvinaris, X. pseudohungarica).
Key words: Ascomycota, biogeography, Lecanoromycetes, Parmeliaceae.
Introduction
The family Parmeliaceae (incl. Alectoriaceae,
Anziaceae, Hypogymniaceae, and Usneaceae;
Arup et al. 2007), as currently circumscribed, includes around 2000 species in
some 90 genera, and is the largest family
within the order Lecanorales. The family
belongs to the core of the order and is closely
related to other large families, notably
Cladoniaceae and Lecanoraceae (Wedin et al.
2000; Ekman & Tønsberg 2002; Tehler
et al. 2003; Lutzoni et al. 2004). The closest
relatives to the family amongst genera so far
investigated are, however, the crustose
lichen genera Gypsoplaca and Protoparmelia
(Arup et al. 2007).
D. L. Hawksworth* (corresponding author), O. Blanco,
P. Divakar & A. Crespo: Departamento de Biología
Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad
Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, Ciudad
Universitaria, ES-28040 Madrid, Spain.
*and Department of Botany, Natural History Museum,
Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK. Email:
d.hawksworth@nhm.ac.uk
T. Ahti: Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of
Natural History, P.O. Box 7, FI-00014 Helsinki
University, Finland.
Within the Parmeliaceae, parmelioid lichens are characterized by a generally foliose
thallus with rhizines on the lower surface,
laminal apothecia, Lecanora-type asci, and
simple hyaline ascospores (Crespo et al.
2007). Many taxonomic changes and new
scientific names were introduced in the
parmelioid lichens in seminal works by
Mason E. Hale jr (1928–1990). The concept
of Parmelia that was in widespread use in the
1960s and early 1970s was changed, and
segregate genera were proposed by Hale
(1974a, b, c, 1984a, 1985, 1986a, b, 1988,
1989a, b) and others (e.g. Culberson &
Culberson 1981; Elix 1997; Elix et al.
1986b; Esslinger 1981; Sipman 1980, 1986;
Elix & Hale 1987; Krog 1982b; Lumbsch
1997; Lumbsch et al. 1988; Nash et al. 1990;
Hale & Fletcher 1990; Henssen 1991, 1992;
Kurokawa 1991, 1994; Marcano et al.
1996). However, this new system for
parmelioid lichens was controversial and has
not been fully accepted (Clauzade & Roux
1986; Eriksson & Hawksworth 1986; Nimis
1993; Purvis et al. 1992; Llimona & Hladun
2001).
The characters used in recognizing
generic segregates included thallus colour
2
THE LICHENOLOGIST
(especially differentiating brown, grey, and
yellow-green thalli, with melanins, atranorin, and usnic acid as cortical compounds
respectively), cortical features (pores in the
epicortex, pseudocyphellae), rhizine types
(simple, branched, basally swollen, dichotomous, or brush-like), medullary chemistry
(e.g. depsidones vs. depsides or fatty acids),
and in some cases the form of the conidia
(Krog 1982a). The number of genera recognized within Parmelia, as it had been circumscribed in the 1960s, had risen to 30 by 1993
(Eriksson & Hawksworth 1993), and 36 by
1999 (DePriest 1999). A valuable synopsis of
the characters of 63 genera of cetrarioid and
parmelioid lichens, with descriptions, notes,
and a synoptic key was prepared by Elix
(1993). Elix argued for the validity of the
segregates based on the structure of the upper
cortex, nature of the cell-wall polysaccharides, ascospore and conidum types, chemical
products, and other thallus characteristics.
Hale (1984b) had earlier reviewed changing generic concepts in lichen-fungi, and the
special problems in fruticose and foliose
families which ‘‘have far fewer differences in
ontogenetic and apothecial characters, often
none at all’’. He emphasized conidium
types, thallus structure, rhizines and cilia,
chemical products, and biogeography. The
reluctance of some lichenologists to accept
the proposed segregates arose from concerns
over the types of characters being used
(Hawksworth et al. 1980; Nimis 1998).
During the same period in the early 1980s,
numerous crustose lichen genera were being
resurrected or newly segregated, but mainly
as a result of differences in ascoma structure,
especially interascal (hamathecial) tissues
and ascus structure, and also pycnidial
types. The issue resolved around whether
the recognition of genera with apparently
identical or very similar sexual fruit bodies
could be justified. In this context, it has to be
remembered that the names applied to
lichens strictly apply only to the fungal
partner under Art. 13.1(d) of the Code
(Hawksworth 1997). In the classification of
other ascomycetes, differences related to
ascomata, apothecial tissues, asci, ascospores, or conidia were used to differentiate
Vol. 40
genera. The issue came to a head at a NATO
Advanced Studies Workshop held in Paris in
May 1993, primarily to consider the development of the next edition of an ‘‘Outline of
the Ascomycetes’’, including lichen-forming
and non-lichenized groups (Hawksworth
1994). The differing views over the
parmelioid genera were vigourously debated
at that meeting, but without a consensus
(Hafellner et al. 1994).
An independent test of the homogeneity
and phylogenetic relationships of the
parmelioid genera was clearly needed. This
became possible for the first time in the late
1990s with the advent of molecular phylogenetic approaches. Phylogeny based on
molecular markers has supported many of
the generic concepts proposed, although
several morphological characters proved to
be homoplasic and so some generic segregations were polyphyletic. Although the first
molecular results were not very conclusive
(Crespo & Cubero 1998; Mattsson & Wedin
1998), that situation has now changed. ITS
and 5.8 rDNA data did not resolve many
relationships among groups with sufficient
statistical support, though some widely accepted ‘‘genera’’ were grouped together in
the same clade with strong support, notably
Neofuscelia with Xanthoparmelia, Hypotrachyna with Parmelinopsis, and Rimelia with
Parmotrema (Crespo & Cubero 1998). A
non-molecular cladistic study also suggested
that Canomaculina and Rimelia might be
better treated within Parmotrema (Louwhoff
& Crisp 2000). More genes gradually became available for use in such approaches,
and proved to be more discriminatory, most
importantly the small subunit mitochondrial
region of the rDNA (Crespo et al. 2001).
These last authors confirmed previous
monogenic analyses, and also showed that
the species they studied of Chondropsis, Neofuscelia, Paraparmelia and Xanthoparmelia,
amongst others, belonged together. These
results were confirmed by other workers
using more genes, notably Thell et al.
(2004). The need now was to sample larger
numbers of species in these ‘genera’, including their type species, and to search for
correlations with anatomical, morphological
2008
Parmelioid lichens in Europe—Hawksworth et al.
and other features in order to establish
robust circumscriptions.
Consequently, a series of more comprehensive studies has been conducted on different groups of parmelioid lichens, which
preliminary investigations had suggested
might be closely allied. The first of these
showed that Chondropsis, Karoowia p. p., Neofuscelia, Paraparmelia, and Xanthomaculina
p. p. had to be included in Xanthoparmelia,
a decision supported by the polysaccharides
of the cell walls (Blanco et al. 2004a; Elix
2003), and also now by a unique ascospore
structure (Del Prado et al 2007). Thell et al.
(2006) showed that the South African endemic genera Almbornia, Namakwa, and
Xanthomaculina, were also synonyms of
Xanthoparmelia. Studies on the species referred to Melanelia, however, showed them
to be polyphyletic and dispersed through
four well-supported clades, with two new
genera requiring recognition (Melanelixia
and Melanohalea) and which were supported
by anatomical and chemical features, as well
as ecology (Blanco et al. 2004b). Canomaculina, Concamerella, Parmelaria, and Rimelia,
fell within Parmotrema, which has thickwalled ascospores also seen in Flavoparmelia
and which proved to be its sister-group but
which also differs in having bifusiform not
acicular conidia (Blanco et al. 2005a). Those
authors concluded that Canomaculina, Concamerella, and Rimelia were synonyms of
Parmotrema, supported both by molecular
markers and sharing some further morphological features such as lobe width, maculae,
the type of cilia and rhizines, and ascospore
size. Furthermore, although the results
suggested that Parmelaria might be more
appropriately treated also as a synonym of
Parmotrema, the independence of Parmelaria
could not be unequivocally rejected, and the
status of that genus cannot be definitely
established until more data to clarify its
phylogenetic placement are available.
Cetrariastrum, Everniastrum and Parmelinopsis all fell into the main Hypotrachyna
clade, with Bulbothrix and Parmelinella in a
sister clade with other Hypotrachyna species
(Blanco et al. 2006; Divakar et al. 2006).
Finally, Crespo et al. (2007) have shown a
3
supported relationship of Parmelinella and
some species of Bulbothrix, Hypotrachyna,
Parmelina, and Myelochroa. In the present
checklist Parmelinopsis is retained as distinct
from Hypotrachyna here, despite the molecular data of Divakar et al. (2006), as the genus
is polyphyletic and more tropical species
require investigation.
While not all tropical parmelioid groups
are yet sufficiently studied and resolved,
seven main clades within a monophyletic
group of parmelioid lichens can now be
recognized with confidence (Fig. 1): the
Hypotrachyna (incl. Bulbothrix, Parmelinella,
Everniastrum, Cetrariastrum, and Parmelinopsis), Melanelixia, Melanohalea, Parmelia,
Parmelina (incl. Myelochroa), Parmotrema
(incl. Flavoparmelia, Flavopunctelia, Punctelia, Parmelaria and Canoparmelia p.p. as
independent branches), and Xanthoparmelia
clades, with Arctoparmelia and Melanelia
s. str. falling outside (Blanco et al. 2006;
Divakar et al. 2006).
In order to clarify the use of the concept of
‘parmelioid lichens’ here, it is necessary to
explain that while the previous concept
(Hale & DePriest 1999; DePriest 1999) has
been shown to be polyphyletic, there is a
wide and strongly supported core group,
excluding Arctoparmelia and Melanelia s. str.,
but including Parmeliopsis and Parmelaria.
Recently, Crespo et al. (2007), in an extensive phylogenetic analysis of Parmeliaceae,
corroborated these findings, showing also
that Omphalodiella and Cetrelia (two genera
not previously considered as parmelioid)
clustered within the parmelioid lichens, with
Psiloparmelia and Allantoparmelia falling
outside.
We have not included the lichenicolous
genera Nesolechia and Phacopsis. The data of
Peršoh & Rambold (2002) and Crespo et al.
(2007) showed they belonged in the
parmelioid clade, but these are preliminary
data and fresh samples should be studied in
more detail before reaching conclusions as
to the placement of lichenicolous genera
growing intimately with their hosts.
At the species level, molecular studies on
large numbers of specimens have supported
the recognition of additional species in
4
THE LICHENOLOGIST
Vol. 40
F. 1. Simplified phylogenetic scheme of parmelioid and other ‘parmelioid’ genera represented in Europe based
on Crespo et al. (2007). Branches in bold indicate relationships with statistical support (posterior probability >95
and bootstrap >70%).
Parmelia s. str. (Feuerer & Thell 2002;
Molina et al. 2004; Divakar et al., 2005a),
Parmelina (Argüello et al. 2007a), and Parmotrema (Divakar et al. 2005b). In most
cases where populations at first recognized
by molecular studies have been re-examined,
morphological characters that were previously overlooked or thought to be variable
and of no taxonomic consequence have been
found to be correlated. This means that in
most groups with such previously overlooked cryptic speciation, specimens can still
be identified without recourse to molecular
analyses. Molecular studies provide a
method of confirming or rejecting the monophyly of current species concepts, especially
in widely distributed species, and are to be
commended when new species are described.
Now that all but a minority of issues
concerning the generic placement of the
European parmelioid lichens have been
satisfactorily resolved, and almost all species
concepts (with a few exceptions) in Europe
are clear, this contribution provides a new
European checklist for these taxa, along with
indications of the countries from which they
have been reported. However, we stress that
checklists are dynamic, and we expect further species to be discovered in the less
explored parts of Europe, as is already
occurring in the Iberian Peninsula (e.g.
Paz-Bermúdez & Elix 2004; Blanco et al.
2005b; Divakar et al. 2005a).
The Checklist
The names of accepted genera which fall in
the monophyletic parmelioid clade (i.e.
parmelioid lichens s. str.) (Blanco et al.
2006; Crespo et al. 2007) are placed in bold
capital (upper case) type.
2008
Parmelioid lichens in Europe—Hawksworth et al.
5
T 1. Abbrevations used for country and island group names
A
AZO
B
BG
BIH
BR
CH
CZ
D
DK
E
EC
EST
F
FIN
Austria
Azores
Belgium
Bulgaria
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Belarus
Switzerland
Czech Republic
Germany
Denmarka
Spainb
Canary Islands
Estonia
France
Finland
FO
FYRM
GB
GR
GRO
H
HR
I
IRL
IS
JM
L
LT
LV
MAD
Faeroe Islands
Macedonia
United Kingdomc
Greeced
Greenland
Hungary
Croatia
Italye
Ireland
Iceland
Jan Mayen
Luxembourg
Lithuania
Latvia
Madeira
MNE
N
NL
P
PL
RO
RUS
S
SRBI
SK
SLO
SV
TR
UA
Montenegro
Norwayf
The Netherlands
Portugalg
Poland
Romania
Russiah
Sweden
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Svalbard
Turkey
Ukrainei
a
Excludes the Faeroe Islands and Greenland which are indicated separately.
Excludes the Canary Islands which are indicated separately.
c
Great Britain and Northern Ireland, including the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.
d
Including Crete, Cyprus, Rhodes, etc.
e
Including Malta.
f
Excluding Svalbard (with Bear Island), and Jan Mayen which are listed separately.
g
Excluding the Azores and Madeira which are listed separately.
h
Russia in Europe, including the Russian Caucasus, but excluding Novaya Zemlya.
i
Including Moldova.
b
The accepted names are all validly published and legitimate in publications of the
dates indicated. However, for names treated
as synonyms, the dates are those of effective
publication, and we do not make any comments as to their validity or legitimacy here.
We decided to focus on species level
names here, and not to recognize any infraspecific taxa at this time as molecular support for the few such taxa that have been
regularly recognized in recent years is still
not available (e.g. Melanelixia fuliginosa
subsp. glabratula, Pseudevernia fufuracea var.
ceratea). We have, however, selectively included the names of a few infraspecific taxa
in the lists of synonyms that have been used
in recent works.
Europe is interpreted here essentially as
that of Flora Europaea (Tutin et al. 1964),
especially in the east, except that Kazakhstan
is fully excluded. Further, Russia is interpreted as including the Russian part of the
Caucasus, and records from all Turkey are
included. The distributional data presented
have been gleaned from national checklists,
monographs, and other publications, in
some cases supplemented by our own
studies in the field or herbaria, or information from colleagues. Abbreviations for
country names used are given in Table 1.
Where species that occur in Greenland
(North America) or the Macaronesian
Canary Islands or Madeira (which belong
in north-west Africa) are also present in
Europe, this is indicated in the main list;
otherwise Greenland and Macaronesian
species are mentioned separately in the
notes.
Allantoparmelia (Vain.) Essl. 1978
alpicola (Th. Fr.) Essl. 1978
A, BG, CH, CZ, D, F, FIN, FYRM,
GB, GRO, I, IS, N, PL, RO, RUS, S,
SK, SV, UA
Note: A. almquistii (Vain.) Essl. 1978 also occurs in
GRO.
Lit.: Esslinger (1977, 1978).
6
THE LICHENOLOGIST
Arctoparmelia Hale 1986
centrifuga (L.) Hale 1986
A, CZ, D, EST, FIN, GRO, LT, LV,
N, PL, RO, RUS, S, SK, SV, UA
incurva (Pers.) Hale 1986
A, B, BG, CH, CZ, D, DK, EST, FIN,
GB, GRO, IRL (extinct), N, PL, RUS,
S, SK, SV
separata (Th. Fr.) Hale 1986
GRO, RUS
subcentrifuga (Oxner) Hale 1986
GRO, RUS
aleuritica (Nyl.) Hale 1986=Arctoparmelia centrifuga [usnic acid-deficient chemotype]
Note: Records of A. centrifuga from E and I appear to be
misidentifications.
Lit: Hale (1986a), Nimis (1993), and Vitikainen &
Dudoreva (2003).
Brodoa Goward 1987
atrofusca (Schaer.) Goward 1987
A, BG, CH, CZ, E, I, N, PL, RUS, S,
SK, TR
intestiniformis (Vill.) Goward 1987
A, AND, B (extinct), BG, BIH, CH,
CZ, D, DK, E, FIN, FYRM, GB, H,
IRL, IS, M, P, PL, RO, RUS, S, SRBI,
SK, TR, UA
oroarctica (Krog) Goward 1987
FIN, GRO, IS, N, RUS, S
Lit.: Goward (1987), and Krog (1974).
CANOPARMELIA Elix & Hale 1986
caroliniana (Nyl.) Elix & Hale 1987
AZO, EC
crozalsiana (de Lesd.) Elix & Hale 1986
AZO, E, F, I. P
Notes: The genus as originally perceived is polyphyletic,
and C. crozalsiana is not congeneric with the type
species of the genus, C. texana (Tuck.) Hale & Elix
1987, but appears as a sister group to Parmotrema
(Crespo et al. 2007). However, we consider it premature to combine C. crozalsiana into Parmotrema here
before additional species of Parmotrema s. lat. have been
sequenced. C. texana reported from EC and C. caroliniana from RO are in need of confirmation.
Lit.: Elix et al. (1986b), and Hafellner (1995).
Cavernularia Degel. 1938
hultenii Degel. 1938
GB, N, S
Lit.: Degelius (1938), and Printzen & Ekman (2002).
Vol. 40
CETRELIA W. L. Culb. & C. F. Culb.
1968
alaskana (W. L. Culb. & C. F. Culb.)
W. L. Culb. & C. F. Culb. 1968
RUS
cetrarioides (Delise ex Duby) W. L. Culb.
& C. F. Culb. 1968
A, BG, CH, CZ, D, E, EC, F, FIN,
GB, H, I, L, N, RO, RUS, S, SRBI,
SK, TR, UA
chicitae (W. L. Culb.) W. Culb. & C. F.
Culb. 1968
A, D, E, F, I, UA
monachorum (Zahlbr.) W. L. Culb. &
C. F. Culb. 1977
A, BR, E, F, GB, RUS, UA
olivetorum (Nyl.) W. L. Culb. & C. F.
Culb. 1968
A, AZO, B, BG, BR, CH, D, E, EC,
EST (extinct), F, FIN, GB, H, HR, I,
IRL, L, LT, LV, N, P, PL, RO, RUS,
S, SRBI, SK, SLO, TR, UA
Notes: The species concepts in the genus have been
confused and require more in-depth molecular studies
to resolve them satisfactorily, but some of the previously
synonymized chemotypes appear as distinct phylogenetic species (Thell et al. 2002).
Lit.: Culberson & Culberson (1968), Hawksworth et al.
(2002), Randlane & Saag (1991, 2006), and Sohrabi
et al. (2007).
FLAVOPARMELIA Hale 1986
caperata (L.) Hale 1986
A, AND, AZO, B, BG, BIH, BR, CH,
CZ, D, DK, E, EC, EST (extinct), F,
FIN (extinct), FYRM, GB, GR, H,
HR, I, IRL, L, LT, MAD, MNE, N,
NL, P, PL, RO, RUS, S, SRBI, SK,
SLO, TR, UA
soredians (Nyl.) Hale 1986
AZO, B, E, EC, F, GB, I, IRL, MNE,
NL, P, RO, SLO, TR
Lit.: Hale (1976a, 1986b).
Note: The reports of F. soredians from RUS (e.g.
Shustov 2006) are regarded as incorrect (G. Urbanavichus, pers. comm.).
FLAVOPUNCTELIA (Krog) Hale 1984
flaventior (Stirt.) Hale 1984
A, B, CH, CZ, D, E, F, H, I, L (extinct),
NL, PL, RO, RUS, SK, SLO, UA
2008
Parmelioid lichens in Europe—Hawksworth et al.
soredica (Nyl.) Hale 1984
CH (?), I, RO, RUS
Lit.: Hale (1980, 1984a).
Foraminella S.L.F. Meyer 1982=Parmeliopsis
ambigua (Wulfen) S.L.F. Meyer 1982=Parmeliopsis
ambigua
esorediata (Degel.) Lumbsch 1985=Parmeliopsis
esorediata
hyperopta (Ach.) S.L.F. Meyer 1982=Parmeliopsis
hyperopta
Hypogymnia (Nyl.) Nyl. 1896
austerodes (Nyl.) Räsänen 1943
A, BG, CH, D, E, FIN, GRO, I, N, PL,
RO, RUS, S, SK, SV, TR
bitteri (Lynge) Ahti 1964
A, BIH, CH, CZ, D, E, FIN, I, N, NL,
PL, RUS, S, SK, SLO, TR, UA
farinacea Zopf 1907
A, AND, B, BG, CH, CZ, D, DK, E,
EST, F, FIN, FO, GB, GR, H, I, IS, L,
LT, LV, N, P, PL, RO, RUS, S, SRBI,
SK, SLO, TR, UA
incurvoides Rass. 1967
N, RUS, S
laminisorediata D. Hawksw. & Poelt 1973
EC, I, TR
physodes (L.) Nyl. 1896
A, AL, AND, B, BG, BIH, BR, CH,
CZ, D, DK, E, EC, EST, F, FIN, FO,
FYRM, GB, GRO, H, HR, I, IRL, IS,
L, LT, LV, MAD, MNE, N, NL, P,
PL, RO, RUS, S, SRBI, SK, SLO, SV,
TR, UA
subobscura (Vain.) Poelt 1962
FO, GRO, RUS, SV
tubulosa (Schaer.) Hav. 1918
A, AL, B, BG, BIH, BR, CH, CZ, D,
DK, E, EC, EST, F, FIN, FO, FYRM,
GB, GR, GRO, H, I, IRL, IS, L, LT,
LV, MAD, MNE, N, NL, P, PL, RO,
RUS, S, SRBI, SK, SLO, TR, UA
vittata (Ach.) Parrique 1898
A, BG, BR, CH, CZ, D, DK (extinct),
E, EC, EST, F, FIN, GB, I, LT, LV,
MAD, MNE, N, NL, PL, RO, RUS, S,
SRBI, SK, TR, UA
alpicola (Th. Fr.) Hav. 1936=Allantoparmelia alpicola
atrofusca (Schaer.) Räsänen 1943=Brodoa atrofusca
7
atrofusca sensu Räsänen 1943=Allantoparmelia alpicola
bitteriana Räsänen 1947=H. farinacea
encausta (Sm.) Walt. Watson 1939=Brodoa intestiniformis
intestiniformis (Vill.) Räsänen 1943=Brodoa intestiniformis
obscurata auct. non (Bitter) Räsänen 1943=H. bitteri
oroarctica Krog 1974=Brodoa oroarctica
pertusa (Schrank) Räsänen 1951=Menegazzia
terebrata
Note: H. maderensis (Tav.) D. Hawksw. 1973 occurs in
MAD, and H. tavaresii D. Hawksw. & P. James 1973 in
EC and MAD.
Lit.: Bitter (1901), Hawksworth (1973), and McCune
et al. (2007).
HYPOTRACHYNA (Vain.) Hale 1974
britannica (D. Hawksw. & P. James) P.
James 2002
D, F, GB, IRL, P, RO
costaricensis (Nyl.) Hale 1975
AZO, EC
endochlora (Leight.) Hale 1975
AZO, E, EC, F, GB, IRL, MAD, P,
RUS
imbricatula (Zahlbr.) Hale 1975
AZO, EC
laevigata (Sm.) Hale 1975
A, AZO, CH, D (? extinct), E, EC, F,
GB, I, IRL, MAD, N, P, RO, RUS,
SLO, TR, UA
lividescens (Kurok.) Hale 1974
F, P
microblasta (Vain.) Hale 1975
AZO, EC, P (?)
pseudosinuosa (Asahina) Hale 1975
AZO, EC, F, P
pulvinata (Fée) Hale 1975
AZO, EC, MAD
rachista (Hale) Hale 1975
AZO
revoluta (Flörke) Hale 1975
A, AZO, B, BG, CH, CZ, D, DK, E,
F, GB, I, IRL L, LT, MAD, N, NL,
P, PL, RO, RUS, S, SK, SLO, TR,
UA rockii (Zahlbr.) Hale 1975
AZO, EC, F, MAD
sinuosa (Sm.) Hale 1975
A, AZO, B (?), BIH, CH, CZ, D, E,
EC. F, GB, I, IRL, MAD, N, PL, RO,
SK, SLO, UA
8
THE LICHENOLOGIST
taylorensis (M.E. Mitch.) Hale 1974
A, AZO, CH, D, E, EC, F, GB, I, IRL,
MAD
afrorevoluta (Krog & Swinscow) Krog & Swinscow
1987=Parmelinopsis afrorevoluta
horrescens (Taylor) Krog & Swinscow 1987=
Parmelinopsis horrescens
minarum (Vain.) Krog & Swinscow 1987=
Parmelinopsis minarum
Notes: The separation of Parmelinopsis from this genus
merits further investigation (see below). Hypotrachyna
britannica is not correctly reported from E, and the record
of H. microblasta from P is in need of confirmation.
Lit.: Divakar et al. (2006), Hafellner (1995), Hale
(1975), Krog & Swinscow (1987), Masson (2005),
Mitchell (1961), and Rodrigues et al. (2007).
Imshaugia S.L.F. Meyer 1985
aleurites (Ach.) S.L.F. Meyer 1985
A, B, BG, BR, CH, CZ, D, DK, E,
EST, F, FIN, FO, GB, H, I, IRL, L,
LT, LV, N, NL, P, PL, RO, RUS, S,
SRBI, SK, SLO, TR, UA
Lit.: Meyer (1985).
Melanelia Essl. 1978
agnata (Nyl.) A. Thell 1995
A, CH, IS, N, RUS, S, SK, SV
disjuncta (Erichsen) Essl. 1978
A, B, BG, CH, CZ, D, DK, E, EST,
FIN, GB, GRO, H, I, IRL, IS, L, N,
NL, PL, RUS, S, SK, SLO, SV, TR,
UA
hepatizon (Ach.) A. Thell 1995
A, BG, CH, D, E, EST (extinct), F,
FIN, FO, GB, GRO, I, IS, N, PL, RO,
RUS, S, SK, SV, TR, UA
panniformis (Nyl.) Essl. 1978
A, B, BG, CH, CZ, D, E (?), FIN,
GRO, H, I, LT, LV, N, P, PL, RO,
RUS, S, SK, UA
sorediata (Ach.) Goward & Ahti 1987
A, B, BG, BIH, CH, CZ, D, E, EST, F,
FIN, FYRM, GRO, I, L, LT, LV, N, P,
PL, RO, RUS, S, SRBI, SK, SV, TR,
UA sorediella (Lettau) V.J. Rico et al.
2005
A, AND, CH, D, E, P stygia (L.) Essl.
1978
A, B, BG, CH, CZ, D, E, EST, FIN,
FYRM, GB, GRO, I, IS, N, P, PL, RO,
RUS, S, SK, TR, UA
Vol. 40
tominii (Oxner) Essl. 1992
A, CH, E, GRO, I, LV, N, RUS, S
acetabulum (Neck.) Essl. 1978=Pleurosticta acetabulum
commixta (Nyl.) A. Thell 1995=Cetrariella commixta (Nyl.) Kärnefelt & A. Thell 2004
commixta var. sorediella (Lettau) Hafellner & Türk
2001=See Note below
elegantula (Zahlbr.) Essl. 1978=Melanohalea elegantula
exasperata (De Not.) Essl. 1978=Melanohalea exasperata
exasperatula (Nyl.) Essl. 1978=Melanohalea exasperatula
fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) Essl. 1978=Melanelixia
fuliginosa
fuliginosa subsp. glabratula (Lamy) Coppins 2002=
Melanelixia fuliginosa
glabra (Schaer.) Essl. 1978=Melanelixia glabra
glabratula (Lamy) Essl. 1978=Melanelixia fuliginosa
incolorata (Parrique) Essl. 1987=Melanohalea elegantula
infumata (Nyl.) Essl. 1978=Melanohalea infumata
koflerae (Clauz. & Cl. Roux) Elix & Lumbsch
1981=Pleurosticta koflerae
laciniatula (H. Olivier) Essl. 1978=Melanohalea
laciniatula
olivacea (L.) Essl. 1978=Melanohalea olivacea
septentrionalis (Lynge) Essl. 1978=Melanohalea
septentrionalis
sorediella (Lettau) V.J. Rico et al. 2005=See Note
above
sorediosa (Almb.) Essl. 1978=Melanelia sorediata
subargentifera (Nyl.) Essl. 1978=Melanelixia subargentifera
subaurifera (Nyl.) Essl. 1978=Melanelixia subaurifera
substygia (Räsänen) Essl. 1987=Melanelia tominii
Notes: M. commixta (Nyl.) A. Thell 1995 (A, BG, CH,
D, EST, F, FIN, GB, GRO, I, N, P, PL, RUS, S, SK,
UA) was transferred to Cetrariella Kärnefelt & A. Thell
1993 by Thell et al. (2004), based on molecular phylogenetic data; and M. sorediella may also belong there,
nested within the cetrarioid clade. The inclusion of M.
disjuncta here is an interim measure as its position is not
yet conclusively resolved, but it does belong to the
parmelioid clade. The record of the North American M.
culbersonii (Hale) A. Thell 1995 from SK is in need of
confirmation.
Lit.: Blanco et al. (2004b, 2006), Crespo et al. (2007),
Esslinger (1977, 1978), Otte et al. (2005), Randlane &
Saag (2006), Rico et al. (2005), Thell (1995), and Thell
et al. (2002, 2004).
MELANELIXIA O. Blanco et al. 2004
fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) O. Blanco et al.
2004
A, AL, AND,B, BG, BIH, BR, CH,
CZ, D, DK, E, EC, EST, F, FIN, FO,
2008
Parmelioid lichens in Europe—Hawksworth et al.
FYRM, GB, GR, H, HR, I, IRL, IS, L,
LT, LV, MAD, MNE, N, NL, P, PL,
RO, RUS, S, SRBI, SK, SLO, TR, UA
glabra (Schaer.) O. Blanco et al. 2004
A, AL, BG, BIH, CH, CZ, D, E, EC,
EST, F, FIN, FYRM, GR, H, HR, I,
MAD, MNE, P, PL, RO, RUS, SRBI,
SK, SLO, TR, UA
subargentifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al.
2004
A, BG, BIH, BR, CH, CZ, D, DK, E,
EST, F, FIN, FO, FYRM, GB, GR, H,
I, L, LT, LV, MNE, N, P, PL, RO,
RUS, S, SRBI, SK, SLO, TR, UA
subaurifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. 2004
A, AL, B, BG, BR, CH, CZ, D, DK, E,
EST, F, FIN, FO, FYRM, GB, H, HR,
I, IRL, IS, L, LT, LV, MNE, N, L, P,
PL, RO, RUS, S, SRBI, SK, SLO, TR,
UA
fuliginosa subsp. glabratula (Lamy) J. R. Laundon
2006=Melanelixia fuliginosa
Note: The report of M. glabra from GB is based on an
incorrectly localized specimen. Resolution of the status
of the olivaceous and dark brown morphs of M. fuliginosa requires study by molecular phylogenetic methods
using a large number of collections.
Lit.: Blanco et al. (2004a), Esslinger (1977), Hafellner
(1995), Laundon (2006), and Otte et al. (2005).
MELANOHALEA O. Blanco et al. 2004
elegantula (Zahlbr.) O. Blanco et al. 2004
A, B, BG, BIH, CH, CZ, D, DK, E,
EC, EST (extinct), F, FYRM, GB, GR,
GRO, H, I, IRL, L, LV, N, NL, P, PL,
S, RO, RUS, SRBI, SK, SLO, TR, UA
exasperata (De Not.) O. Blanco et al.
2004
A, AL, B, BG, BIH, BR, CH, CZ, D,
DK, E, EC, EST, F, FIN, GB, GR,
GRO, H, HR, I, IRL, IS, L, LT, LV,
MNE, N, NL, P, PL, RO, RUS, S,
SRBI, SK, SLO, TR, UA
exasperatula (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. 2004
A, B, BG, BIH, CH, CZ, D, DK, E,
EC, EST, F, FIN, FO, FYRM, GB,
GR, H, I, IRL, IS, L, LT, LV, MNE,
N, NL, P, PL, RO, RUS, S, SRBI, SK,
SLO, TR, UA
9
infumata (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. 2004
A, CH, CZ, E, EC, FIN, GRO, I, IS,
N, RUS, S, SK, SV, TR
laciniatula (Flagey ex H. Olivier) O.
Blanco et al. 2004
A, B, BIH, CH, CZ, D, DK, E, EC, F,
GB, GR, I, L, N, NL, PL, S, SK, SLO,
TR, UA
olivacea (L.) O. Blanco et al. 2004
B, BR, D, DK, EST, F, FIN, LT, LV,
PL, RUS, S, UA
septentrionalis (Lynge) O. Blanco et al.
2004
A, CH, CZ, D, DK (extinct), EST, F,
FIN, GB, GRO, IS, LT, LV, N, RUS,
S, SK, TR, UA
subolivacea (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. 2004
E, EC
Notes: Records of M. olivacea from A, AZO, BG, CH,
CZ, E, F, FO, GRO, I, IS, MAD, N, RO, SRBI, and
UA belong to M. glabra or M. septentrionalis (Ahti
1966), while records of M. olivacea from EC refer to
M. subolivacea. The record of M. olivacea from F (Jura,
Morez, H) is substantiated here as that species.
Saxicolous collections of M. elegantula from northern
Scandinavia reported by Esslinger (1977) have been
referred to M. infumata by Fennoscandian authors (e.g.
Santesson et al. 2004).
Lit.: Ahti (1966), Blanco et al. (2004b), Esslinger
(1977), and Otte et al. (2005).
Menegazzia A. Massal. 1854
subsimilis (H. Magn.) R. Sant. 1942
A, AZO, CH, D, F, GB, N, P, RUS, S
terebrata (Hoffm.) A. Massal. 1854
B, BR, CH, CZ, D, E, ECC, EST, F,
FIN, GB, H, I, IRL, L (extinct), LT,
LV, MNE, N, P, PL, RO, RUS, S,
SRBI, SK, SLO, TR, UA
dissecta (Rass.) Hafellner 1997=Menegazzia subsimilis
pertusa (Schrank) Schaer. 1840=Menegazzia terebrata
terebrata var. dissecta (Rass.) Poelt 1969=Menegazzia
dissecta
Lit.: Bjerke (2003), Bjerke & Timdal (2006), and
Hafellner (1995).
MYELOCHROA (Asahina) Elix & Hale
1987
aurulenta (Tuck.) Elix & Hale 1987
RUS
10
THE LICHENOLOGIST
metarevoluta (Asahina) Elix & Hale 1987
RUS
subaurulenta (Nyl.) Elix & Hale 1987
RUS
Note: M. subaurulenta is reported here as new to Europe
from a recent collection from Bashkortostan (H,
KPABG; G. Urbanavichus, pers. comm.). The genus is
close to Parmelina in the molecular trees and its status
merits further study.
Lit.: Elix & Hale (1987), and Hale (1976b).
Neofuscelia Essl. 1978=Xanthoparmelia
canariensis Elix & Schumm. 2003=Xanthoparmelia
canariensis
delisei (Duby) Essl. 1978=Xanthoparmelia delisei
glabrans (Nyl.) Essl. 1978=Xanthoparmelia glabrans
halei Essl., Barbero & Llimona 1993=Xanthoparmelia halei
loxodella (Essl.) Essl. 1978=Xanthoparmelia loxodella
loxodes (Nyl.) Essl. 1978=Xanthoparmelia loxodes
luteonotata (J. Steiner) Essl. 1978=Xanthoparmelia
luteonotata
perrugata (Nyl.) Elix 2002=Xanthoparmelia perrugata
pulla (Ach.) Essl. 1978=Xanthoparmelia pulla
pulloides (Essl.) Essl. 1978=Xanthoparmelia pulloides
pustulosa (Essl.) Essl. 1978=Xanthoparmelia pustulosa
pokornyi (Körb.) Essl. 1978=Xanthoparmelia pokornyi
pyrenaica (Essl.) Essl. 1987=Xanthoparmelia pyrenaica
pulla var. delisei (Duby) R. Sant. et al. 2004=Xanthoparmelia delisei
ryssolea (Ach.) Essl. 1978=Xanthoparmelia ryssolea
stenosporonica Elix & Schumm 2003=Xanthoparmelia stenosporonicella
taurica (Mereschk.) S. Kondr. 1992=? Xanthoparmelia ryssolea
verruculifera (Nyl.) Essl. 1978=Xanthoparmelia verruculifera
PARMELIA Ach. 1803
barrenoae Divakar et al. 2005
E
discordans Nyl. 1886
B, D, DK, E, F, FIN, GB, IRL, N, NL,
PL, RUS, S, TR
ernstiae Feuerer & A. Thell 2002
BG, D, E, EC, GB, S, SLO fraudans
(Nyl.) Nyl. 1890
CZ, EST, F (?), FIN, GRO, N, RUS,
S, SK
Vol. 40
omphalodes (L.) Ach. 1803
A, B, BG, CH, CZ, D, DK, E, EC,
EST, F, FIN, FO, GB, GRO, H, I,
IRL, IS, JM, L, LT, MAD, N, NL, P,
PL, RO, RUS, S, SK, SV, TR, UA
pinnatifida Kurok. 1976
A, D, E, FIN, FO, GRO, N, RO, RUS,
S, SK, SV
saxatilis (L.) Ach. 1803
A, AL, AND, AZO, B, BG, BIH, BR,
CH, CZ, D, DK, E, EC, EST, F, FIN,
FO, FYRM, GB, GR, GRO, H, HR, I,
IRL, IS, JM, LT, LV, MAD, MNE, N,
NL, P, PL, RO, RUS, S, SRBI, SK,
SLO, SV, R, UA
serrana A. Crespo et al. 2004
A, D, E, EC, S
skultii Hale 1987
GRO, RUS, SV
squarrosa Hale 1971
A, CH
submontana Nádv. ex Hale 1987
A, AL, B, BG, BR, CH, CZ, D, DK, E,
EC, F, GB, GR, H, I, L, LT, N, PL,
RUS, S, SK, SLO, R, TR, UA, YU
sulcata Taylor 1836
A, B, BG, BIH, CH, CZ, D, DK, E,
EC, EST, F, FIN, FO, FYRM, GB,
GR, GRO, H, HR, I, IRL, IS, L, LT,
LV, MAD, MNE, N, NL, P, PL, RO,
RUS, S, SRBI, SK, SLO, SV, TR, UA
acetabulum (Neck.) Duby 1830=Pleurosticta acetabulum
addanubica Gyeln. 1931=Xanthoparmelia pulla
afrorevoluta Krog & Swinscow 1979=Parmelinopsis
afrorevoluta
aleuritica Nyl. 1875=Arctoparmelia centrifuga
almquistii Vain. 1909=Allantoparmelia almquistii
alpicola Th.Fr. 1860=Allantoparmelia alpicola
altaica Oxner 1970=Melanelia tominii
andreana Müll. Arg. 1879=Flavopunctelia flaventior
angustiphylla (Gyeln.) Gyeln. 1936=Xanthoparmelia
conspersa
arnoldii Du Rietz 1924=Parmotrema arnoldii
aspera A. Massal. 1853=Melanohalea exasperata
aspidota (Ach.) Poetsch 1872=Melanohalea exasperata
atlantica Gyeln. 1931=Xanthoparmelia conspersa
atricha Nyl. 1873=Parmelina quercina
atrofusca (Schaer.) Cromb.=Brodoa atrofusca
austerodes (Nyl.) Nyl. 1881=Hypogymnia austerodes
austrosinensis Zahlbr. 1930=Parmotrema austrosinense
bakonyensis Gyeln. 1931=Xanthoparmelia conspersa
2008
Parmelioid lichens in Europe—Hawksworth et al.
baumgartneri Zahlbr. 1903=Melanelia hepatizon
bitteri Lynge 1921=Hypogymnia bitteri
bitteriana Zahlbr. 1927=Hypogymnia farinacea
bohemica Gyeln. 1932=Xanthoparmelia conspersa
bohemica Nádv. 1957=Parmelia submontana
borreri (Sm.) Turner 1808=Punctelia borreri
borreri var. pseudoborreri (Asahina) Targé & Lambinon
1965=Punctelia borreri
borreri var. ulophylla (Ach.) Nyl. 1872=Punctelia
jeckeri
borisorum Oxner 1940=Melanelia tominii
britannica D. Hawksw. & P. James 1971=Hypotrachyna britannica
budae (Gyeln.) Gyeln. 1937=Melanelixia fuliginosa
budapestensis Gyeln.=Parmelina quercina
camtschadalis (Ach.) Eschw. 1833=Xanthoparmelia
camtschadalis
caperata (L.) Ach. 1803=Flavoparmelia caperata
carporrhizans Taylor 1847=Parmelina carporrhizans
centrífuga (L.) Ach. 1803=Arctoparmelia centrifuga
ceratea (Ach.) Sandst. 1912=Pseudevernia furfuracea
cetrarioides (Duby) W. L. Culb. & C. F. Culb. 1968=
Cetrelia cetrarioides
ciliata (Lam. & DC.) Nyl. 1878=Parmotrema reticulatum
claudelii (Harm.) Vain. 1909=Parmotrema stuppeum
clavulifera Räsänen 1944=Parmotrema reticulatum
conformata Vain. 1890=Parmotrema conformatum
coniocarpa Laurer 1827=Parmotrema perlatum
conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Ach. 1803=Xanthoparmelia conspersa
conspersa var. felkaensis Gyeln. 1930=Xanthoparmelia felkaensis
conspersa var. stenophylla Ach. 1803=Xanthoparmelia stenophylla
conspurcata (Schaer.) Vain. 1888=Melanelixia subargentifera
contorta Bory 1832=Parmelia submontana
convoluta (Rabenh.) Gyeln. 1931=Xanthoparmelia
stenophylla
corrugata (Sm.) Ach. 1803=Pleurosticta acetabulum
crinita Ach. 1814=Parmotrema crinitum
crozalsiana de Lesd. ex Harm. 1909=Canoparmelia
crozalsiana
crustificans Hilitzer 1924=Melanelia panniformis
cylisphora (Ach.) Vain. 1896=Flavoparmelia caperata
delisei (Duby) Nyl. 1872=Xanthoparmelia delisei
denalii Krog 1968=Melanelia disjuncta
dendritica Pers. 1810=Melanelia sp. (?); sensu
auct.=Xanthoparmelia pulla
dentata (J.D.Zhao) J.N.Wu 1989=Xanthoparmelia
protomatrae
despreauxii Delise 1830=Hypotrachyna sinuosa
diffusa auct., non (Weber) Rebent. 1804=Parmeliopsis ambigua
dilatata auct., non Vain. 1890=Parmotrema robustum
disjuncta Erichsen 1939=Melanelia disjuncta
dissecta (Nyl.) Hale 1974=Parmelinopsis horrescens
dubia (Wulfen) Schaer. 1840=Punctelia subrudecta
11
dubia var. stictica (Duby) Schaer. 1850=Punctelia
stictica
duboscqii Abbayes 1932 ?=Parmelina quercina
elegantula (Zahlbr.) Szatala 1930=Melanohalea elegantula
elegantula subsp. infumata (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl.
Roux 1986=Melanohalea infumata
encausta (Sm.) Ach. 1803=Brodoa intestiniformis
endochlora Leight. 1871=Hypotrachyna endochlora
epilosa (J. Steiner) Gyeln. 1932=Melanelixia glabra
exasperata De Not. 1847=Melanohalea exasperata
exasperans (Nyl.) Gyeln. 1932=Xanthoparmelia
pulla
exasperatula Nyl. 1873=Melanohalea exasperatula
excrescens (Arnold) Lynge 1921=Parmotrema crinitum
fahlunensis (L.) Ach. 1803, nom. utique rej.=
Melanelia stygia
fahlunensis auct. mult.=Melanelia hepatizon or
Cetrariella commixta
fahlunensis var. hepatizon (Ach.) Ach. 1803=Melanelia hepatizon
farinacea var. obscurascens Bitter 1901=Hypogymnia
bitteri
ferruginascens (Rosend.) Gyeln. 1932=Melanelixia
fuliginosa
flaventior Stirt. 1877=Flavopunctelia flaventior
flotowiana Gyeln. 1932=Melanelixia fuliginosa
fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) Nyl. 1868=Melanelixia
fuliginosa
fuliginosa subsp. glabratula Lamy 1883=Melanelixia
fuliginosa
fuliginosa var. laetevirens (Flot. ex Körb.) Nyl. 1872=
Melanelixia fuliginosa
furfuracea (L.) Ach. 1803=Pseudevernia furfuracea
gallicana Gyeln. 1931=Hypotrachyna endochlora
glabra (Schaer.) Nyl. 1872=Melanelixia glabra
glabra var. epilosa J. Steiner 1919=Melanelixia glabra
glabrans Nyl. 1875=Xanthoparmelia glabrans
glabratula (Lamy) Nyl. 1883=Melanelixia fuliginosa
glabratula subsp. fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) J.R.
Laundon 1965=Melanelixia fuliginosa
glabrizans Flagey 1891=Xanthoparmelia loxodes
glomellifera (Nyl.) Nyl. 1881=Xanthoparmelia verruculifera
granulosa Lynge 1932=Melanelia disjuncta
granulosula Oxner 1941=Melanelia disjuncta
groenlandica Lynge 1950 [non (Oeder) Ach.
1803]=Arctoparmelia subcentrifuga
halmaiana Gyeln. 1935=Flavoparmelia soredians
helenae de Lesd. 1937=Punctelia subrudecta
horrescens Taylor 1836=Parmelinopsis horrescens
hyperopta Ach. 1814=Parmeliopsis hyperopta
hypoclista (Nyl.) Klement 1950=Xanthoparmelia
sublaevis
hypoleucina J. Steiner 1918=Parmotrema hypoleucinum
hypopallida Gyeln. 1932=Xanthoparmelia stenophylla
imitans (Müll. Arg.) Gyeln. 1934=Xanthoparmelia
stenophylla
12
THE LICHENOLOGIST
incolorata (Parrique) Lettau 1919=Melanohalea elegantula
incurva (Pers.) Fr. 1826=Arctoparmelia incurva
infumata Nyl. 1875=Melanohalea infumata
insensitiva (H. Magn.) Anders 1928=Parmelia discordans
intestiniformis (Vill.) Ach. 1803=Brodoa intestiniformis
intestiniformis var. atrofusca (Schaer.) Hasselr. 1953=
Brodoa atrofusca
isidiata (Anzi) Gyeln. 1930=Xanthoparmelia conspersa
isidiigera (Müll. Arg.) Gyeln. 1934=Xanthoparmelia
conspersa
isidiophora Sandst. 1912=Pseudevernia furfuracea
isidiophora Zahlbr. 1902=Canoparmelia caroliniana
isidiotyla Nyl. 1875=Xanthoparmelia loxodes
isidiotyla var. glomellifera (Nyl.) Maas Geest. 1948=
Xanthoparmelia verruculifera
jacquesii Werner 1932=Melanohalea elegantula
jinretleni Gyeln. 1931=Allantoparmelia alpicola
kernstockii Lynge & Zahlbr. 1913=Flavopunctelia
flaventior
koeroesii-csomae Gyeln. 1931=? Xanthoparmelia conspersa
koflerae Clauz. & Poelt 1961=Pleurosticta koflerae
laciniatula (H. Olivier) Zahlbr. 1916=Melanohalea
laciniatula
laetevirens (Flot. ex Körb.) F. Rosend. 1907=Melanelixia fuliginosa
laevigata (Sm.) Ach. 1814=Hypotrachyna laevigata
laevigatula (Nyl.) Parrique 1906=Melanohalea laciniatula
latissima Fée 1837=Parmotrema latissimum
laxiuscula H. Magn. 1942=Hypotrachyna microblasta
lividescens Kurok. 1964=Hypotrachyna lividescens
lojkana Gyen. 1932=Xanthoparmelia conspersa
locarnensis Zopf ex Rosend. 1907=Xanthoparmelia
pulla
loxodella Essl. 1976=Xanthoparmelia loxodella
loxodes Nyl. 1872=Xanthoparmelia loxodes
loxodes var. glomellifera (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
1986=Xanthoparmelia verruculifera
lusitana Nyl. 1881=Xanthoparmelia verrucigera
luteonotata J. Steiner 1902=Xanthoparmelia luteonotata
macmillana Stirt. 1874=Hypotrachyna endochlora
maculatosorediosa (Gyeln.) Gyeln. 1934=Punctelia
subrudecta
manshurica Asahina 1941=Flavopunctelia soredica
massalongoana Gyeln. 1932=Xanthoparmelia verruculifera
maxima Hue 1899=Parmotrema stuppeum
meridionalis Tav. 1945=Parmotrema austrosinense
mexicana Gyeln. 1931=Xanthoparmelia mexicana
minarum Vain. 1890=Parmelinopsis minarum
minuscula (Nyl. ex Arnold) Nyl. 1887=Pseudephebe
minuscula (Nyl. ex Arnold) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
1977 [Not treated]
mitrovicensis Gyeln. 1932=Xanthoparmelia protomatrae
Vol. 40
molliuscula auct., non Ach. 1810=Xanthoparmelia
stenophylla
monachorum Zahlbr. 1930=Cetrelia monachorum
mougeotii Schaer. ex D. Dietr. 1846=Xanthoparmelia mougeotii
multifida Schaer. 1842=Arctoparmelia incurva
myrinii (Fr.) Fr. 1846=Aspilidea myrinii (Fr.)
Hafellner 2001 [Not treated]
nigrescens Gyeln. 1938=Xanthoparmelia protomatrae
nigrita (Flot.) Hillm. 1936=Allantoparmelia alpicola
obscurascens (Bitter) Zahlbr. 1929=Hypogymnia
austerodes
obscurata auct., non (Ach.) Bitter 1901=Hypogymnia bitteri
obscurata (Ach.) Bitter 1901=Hypogymnia austerodes
obscurata var. isidiata (Lynge) H. Magn. 1936=
Hypogymnia austerodes
olivacea (L.) Ach. 1803=Melanohalea olivacea
olivacea var. septentrionalis Lynge 1912=Melanohalea septentrionalis
olivaria (Ach.) Hue 1889=Parmotrema pseudoreticulatum
olivaria auct., non (Ach.) Hue 1889=Cetrelia olivetorum
olivetorina (Zopf) Sandst. 1912=Pseudevernia furfuracea
olivetorum Nyl. 1866=Cetrelia olivetorum
omphalodes subsp. discordans (Nyl.) Skult 1984=
Parmelia discordans
omphalodes subsp. glacialis Skult 1984=Parmelia
skultii
omphalodes subsp. pinnatifida (Kurok.) Skult 1984=
Parmelia pinnatifida
omphalodes f. insensitiva H. Magn. 1919=Parmelia
discordans
pallescens (Hoffm.) Räsänen 1931=Imshaugia aleurites
pallescens sensu Räsänen 1931=Parmeliopsis hyperopta
pannariiformis (Nyl. ex Lamy) Vain. 1909=Melanelia panniformis
panniformis (Nyl.) Vain. 1881=Melanelia panniformis
papulosa (Anzi) Vain. 1888=Melanohalea exasperatula
pastillifera (Harm.) R. Schub. & Klem. 1966=
Parmelina pastillifera
perlata (Huds.) Ach. 1803=Parmotrema perlatum
perreticulata (Räsänen) Hale 1959=Punctelia perreticulata
perrugata Nyl. 1885=Xanthoparmelia pulla
pertusa (Schrank) Schaer. 1840=Menegazzia terebrata
physodes (L.) Ach. 1803=Hypogymnia physodes
pilosella Hue 1898=Parmotrema crinitum
plittii auct. scand., non Gyeln. 1931=Xanthoparmelia conspersa
pokornyi (Körb.) Szatala 1925=Xanthoparmelia
pokornyi
proboscidea Taylor 1836=Parmotrema crinitum
prolixa (Ach.) Carroll 1865=Xanthoparmelia pulla
2008
Parmelioid lichens in Europe—Hawksworth et al.
protoaurifera Gyeln. 1932=Melanelixia subaurifera
protomatrae Gyeln. 1931=Xanthoparmelia protomatrae
pseudoborreri Asahina 1951=Punctelia borreri
pseudohungarica (Gyeln.) Gyeln. 1932=Xanthoparmelia pulvinaris
pseudoreticulata Tav. 1845=Parmotrema pseudoreticulatum
pseudoservitiana Gyeln. 1934=Xanthoparmelia verrucigera
pseudosinuosa Asah. 1951=Hypotrachyna pseudosinuosa
pubescens (L.) Vain. 1909=Pseudephebe pubescens
(L.) M. Choisy 1930 [Not treated]
pulla Ach. 1814=Xanthoparmelia pulla
pulla var. delisei (Duby) H. Magn. 19291 =Xanthoparmelia delisei
pulvinaris Gyeln. 1931=Xanthoparmelia pulvinaris
pyrenaica Essl. 1977=Xanthoparmelia pyrenaica
quercina (Willd.) Vain. 1899=Parmelina quercina
reagens (Servít) Gyeln. 1931=Melanelia stygia
recurva Ach. 1803=Arctoparmelia incurva
reddenda Stirt. 1877=Punctelia reddenda
reticulata Taylor 1836=Parmotrema reticulatum
retiruga (DC.) Suza 1914=Parmelia saxatilis
revoluta Flörke 1827=Hypotrachyna revoluta
revoluta var. britannica (P. James & D. Hawksw.) V.
Wirth 1980=Hypotrachyna britannica
robusta Degel. 1941=Parmotrema robustum
rockii Zahlbr. 1912=Hypotrachyna rockii
rosiformis (Ach.) Gyeln. 1928=Parmelia sulcata
rubescens (L.) Vain. 1921=Cetrelia olivetorum
rugosa Taylor 1836=Hypotrachyna taylorensis
ryssolea (Ach.) Nyl. 1860=Xanthoparmelia ryssolea
saccatiloba Taylor 1847=Parmotrema saccatilobum
samboana Gyeln. 1932=Xanthoparmelia delisei
san-miguelii Gyeln. 1931=Flavoparmelia soredians
saximontana R.A. Anderson & W.A. Weber 1963=
Melanelia tominii
sbarbaronis de Lesd. 1922=Canoparmelia crozalsiana
scortea (Ach.) Ach. 1803=Parmelina tiliacea
scortea f. borealis Norman ex Lynge 1921=Parmelina
pastillifera
scortella auct. eur., non Nyl. 1855=Hypotrachyna
horrescens
septentrionalis (Lynge) Ahti 1966=Melanohalea septentrionalis
1
This combination was validly published by Magnusson
(Skand. Busk-bladlavar: 85 (1929) as although attributed to Duby alone it was accepted as a variety under
‘‘pulla’’ (and listed as such in the index on p. 121), and
he used the author citation ‘‘(Duby) H. Magn.’’ in
subsequent editions of his checklist (Föteckn. Skand.
Växter 4: 67, 1936; ibid. 4: 66, 1944). However, prior to
1953, an indirect reference to a basionym citation is
acceptable as a new combination under the Code (Art.
33.2), so there is no need to attribute this combination
to Clauzade & Roux (1986: 827) as has been done in
some more recent publications.
13
serbica Gyeln. 1932=Xanthoparmelia protomatrae
servitiana Gyeln. 1931=Xanthoparmelia verrucigera
sinuosa (Sm.) Ach. 1814=Hypotrachyna sinuosa
somloënsis Gyeln. 1931=Xanthoparmelia stenophylla
soralifera (Bitter) Lynge 1921=Pseudevernia furfuracea
soredians Nyl. 1872=Flavoparmelia soredians
sorediata (Ach.) Th. Fr. 1860=Melanelia sorediata
sorediata var. coralloidea Lynge 1928=Melanelia disjuncta
soredifera R. Sant. 1949=Melanelia sorediata
soredica Nyl. 1872=Flavopunctelia soredica
sorediomanes (Nyl.) Gyeln. 1932=Melanelixia subargentifera
sorediosa Almb. 1947=Melanelia sorediata
sprengelii Flörke 1811=? Xanthoparmelia pulla
stenophylla (Ach.) Heugel 1855=Xanthoparmelia
stenophylla
stictica (Del. ex Duby) Nyl. 1872=Punctelia stictica
stuppea Taylor 1847=Parmotrema stuppeum
stygia (L.) Ach. 1803=Melanelia stygia
subargentifera Nyl. 1875=Melanelixia subargentifera
subarnoldii Abbayes 1961=Parmotrema subarnoldii
subaurifera Nyl. 1873=Melanelixia subaurifera
subdiffluens (Zahlbr.) Timkó 1925=Xanthoparmelia
subdiffluens
subconspersa Nyl. 1869=Xanthoparmelia conspersa
subglauca Nyl. 1894=Flavoparmelia caperata
sublaevis Cout. 1916=Xanthoparmelia sublaevis
subolivacea Nyl. 1897=Melanohalea subolivacea
subrudecta Nyl. 1888=Punctelia subrudecta
subsimilis H. Magn. 1941=Menegazzia subsimilis
substygia Räsänen 1935=Melanelia tominii
taractica auct. eur., non (Kremp.) Hale 1974=Xanthoparmelia stenophylla
tarpatakensis Gyeln. 1930=Xanthoparmelia verrucigera
taurica Mereschk. 1913=? Xanthoparmelia ryssolea
taylorensis M.E. Mitch. 1961=Hypotrachyna taylorensis
tiliacea (Hoffm.) Ach. 1803=Parmelina tiliacea
tiliacea var. pastillifera (Harm.) Grumm. 1963=
Parmelina pastillifera
tinctina Maheu & Gillet 1925=Xanthoparmelia tinctina
tominii Oxner 1933=Melanelia tominii
trichotera Hue 1898=Parmotrema perlatum
trichotera var. claudelii (Harm.) Du Rietz 1924=
Parmotrema stuppeum
tubulosa (Schaer.) Bitter 1901=Hypogymnia tubulosa
ulophylla (Ach.) F. Wilson 1893=Punctelia jeckeri
ulophyllodes (Vain.) Savicz 1915=Flavopunctelia
soredica
vagans (Nyl.) Nyl. 1869=Xanthoparmelia vagans
verrucigera Nyl. 1872=Xanthoparmelia verrucigera
verruculifera Nyl. 1878=Xanthoparmelia verruculifera
vittata (Ach.) Nyl. 1875=Hypogymnia vittata
xanthomela Müll. Arg. (1883)=Hypotrachyna
endochlora
14
THE LICHENOLOGIST
Notes: The following names of uncertain application are
reported from EC: P. comparata Nyl. 1869, P. coralloidea (Meyen & Flot.) Vain. 1890, and P. papulenta
Harm. 1911; and P. subcrinita Nyl. 1890 from AZO.
Lit.: Crespo et al. (2002, 2004), Christensen (1997),
Divakar et al. (2005a), Feuerer & Thell (2002), Hafellner (1995), Hale (1987), and Molina et al. (2004).
PARMELINA Hale 1974
carporrhizans (Taylor) Poelt & Vězda
1977
A, BG, D (extinct?), E, EC, ES, F, GB,
GR, HR, I, MAD, P, RO, RUS, SLO,
TR, UA
pastillifera (Harm.) Hale 1976
A, AL, B, BG, BIH, CH, CZ, D, DK,
E, F, FIN, GB, GR, H, HR, I, IRL, L,
N, NL, PL, RUS, S, SRBI, SK, SLO,
TR, UA, YU
quercina (Willd.) Hale 1974
A, AL, B (extinct), BG, BIH, CH, CZ,
D, DK, E, F, GR, H, HR, I, MNE, NL,
PL, RO, RUS, SRBI, SK, SLO, TR,
UA
tiliacea (Hoffm.) Hale 1974
A, AL, AND, B, BG, BIH, BR, CH,
CZ, D, DK, E, EC, EST, IS, F, FIN,
GB, GR, H, HR, I, IRL, L, LT, LV,
MAD, MNE, N, NL, P, PL, RO, RUS,
S, SRBI, SK, SLO, TR, UA
Note: Records of P. quercina from EC, GB, MAD and P
refer to P. carporrhizans.
Lit.: Argüello et al. (2007a, b), Culberson (1961),
Dobson & Hawksworth (1976), and Hale (1976b).
PARMELINOPSIS Elix & Hale 1987
cryptochlora (Vain.) Elix & Hale 1987
AZO, EC
horrescens (Taylor) Elix & Hale 1987
AZO, CH, E, EC, F, GB, I, IRL,
MAD, P, SLO
minarum (Vain.) Elix & Hale 1987
AZO, CH, E, EC, F, GB, I, P
Notes: This genus is very close to Hypotrachyna, and
perhaps should be included within it, but molecular
studies of more extra-European species are required
to draw final conclusions. Parmelinopsis afrorevoluta
(Krog & Swinscow) Elix & Hale 1987 occurs in EC,
and has been reported from D, F, GB, IRL, N, P, RUS,
and TR, but as yet we have not verified by molecular
methods any European collections as belonging to the
clade that includes tropical material of the taxon.
Vol. 40
Lit.: Divakar et al. (2006), Hale (1975), Krog &
Swinscow (1987), and Masson (2005).
PARMELIOPSIS (Nyl.) Nyl. 1866
ambigua (Wulfen) Nyl. 1866
A, AND, B, BG, BIH, BR, CH, CZ, D,
DK, E, EC, EST, F, FIN, FO, FYRM,
GB, GRO, H, I, IRL, IS, L, LT, LV,
MNE, N, NL, PL, RO, RUS, S, SRBI,
SK, SLO, SV, TR, UA
esorediata (Degel.) Nordnes 1982
N, RUS
hyperopta (Ach.) Arnold 1884
A, AND, BG, BR, CH, CZ, D, DK, E,
EST, F, FIN, FO, GB, GRO, I, IRL,
IS, LT, LV, MNE, N, NL, PL, RO,
RUS, S, SRBI, SK, SLO, TR, UA
aleurites (Ach.) Nyl. 1866=Imshaugia aleurites
diffusa auct., non (Weber) Riddle 1917=Parmeliopsis ambigua
hyperopta var. esorediata Degel. 1956=Parmeliopsis
esorediata
pallescens (Hoffm.) Zahlbr. 1929=Imshaugia aleurites
pallescens sensu Räsänen 1931=Parmeliopsis hyperopta
subsoredians Nyl. 1877=Parmeliopsis ambigua
Note: The record of P. esorediata from RUS is based on
a collection from the Basegi Reserve in Perm Territory
made in 2004 (G. Urbanavichus, pers. comm.).
Lit.: Ahti & Isoviita (1987), Meyer (1982, 1985),
Nordnes (1982), and Tehler & Källersjö (2001).
PARMOTREMA A. Massal. 1860
arnoldii (Du Rietz) Hale 1974
A, AZO, CH, D, E, EC, GB, I, IRL,
MAD, N, P, PL, RO, RUS, SLO, TR,
UA
austrosinense (Zahlbr.) Hale 1974
E, EC, P
conformatum (Vain.) Hale 1974
EC, RO (?)
crinitum (Ach.) M. Choisy 1952
A, AZO, B (extinct), CH, CZ, D, E,
EC, F, FO, GB, H, I, IRL, L (extinct),
MAD, N, P, PL, RO, SK, SLO, TR,
UA
hypoleucinum (J. Steiner) Hale 1974
E, F, I, MNE, P
perlatum (Huds) M. Choisy 1952
A, AZO, B, BG, BIH, CH, CZ, D, DK,
E, EC, EST (extinct), F, GB, GR, H,
2008
Parmelioid lichens in Europe—Hawksworth et al.
HR, I, IRL, L, MAD, MNE, N, NL, P,
PL, RO, RUS, SRBI, K, SLO, TR, UA
pseudoreticulatum (Tav.) Hale 1974
AZO, E, EC, P
reticulatum (Taylor) M. Choisy 1952
B (extinct), CH, E, EC, GB, GR, I,
IRL, NL, P, SLO
robustum (Degel.) Hale 1974
AZO, BG, CH, EC, F, GB, I, IRL,
MAD, P
saccatilobum (Nyl.) Hale 1974
E, P
sampaioi Paz-Berm. & Elix 2004
P
stuppeum (Taylor) Hale 1974
A, AZO, CH, CZ, D, EC, F, I, MAD,
P, PL, UA
chinense auct., non (Osbeck) Hale & Ahti 1986
[=Parmotrema tinctorum (Despr. ex Nyl.) Hale
1974]=Parmotrema perlatum
fraudans (Nyl.) Choisy 1952=Parmelia fraudans
latissimum (Fée) Hale 1974=Not correctly reported
from Europe
clavuliferum (Räsänen) Streimann 1986=Parmotrema reticulatum
subarnoldii auct. eur., non (Abbayes) Hale 1974=
Parmotrema arnoldii
trichoterum (Hue) M. Choisy 1952=Parmotrema
perlatum
Notes: The record of P. perlatum from RUS is from the
Smolensk Region (G. Urbanavichus, pers. comm.).
Parmotrema cetratum (Ach.) Hale 1974 is reported from
EC and MAD, but the EC record is doubtful (Hafellner
1995). Parmotrema perforatum (Wulfen) A. Massal.
1860 was reported from IRL by Hale (1965) but the
specimen is likely to have been collected elsewhere,
from AZO, EC and MAD by Tavares (1952) but the
identification was questioned by Hafellner (1995), and
the report from RO by Moruzi et al. (1967) requires
confirmation. Parmotrema robustrum has not been correctly reported from E. The following additional species
occur in EC: P. bangii (Vain.) Hale 1974, P. conformatum (Vain.) Hale 1974, P. grayanum (Hue) Hale 1974
(also in MAD), P. mellissii (C. W. Dodge) Hale 1974
(also in AZO), P. pseudotinctorum (Abb.) Hale 1974, P.
subisidiosum (Müll. Arg.) Hale 1974 (also in AZO), P.
subtinctorum (Zahlbr.) Hale 1974, and P. tinctorum
(Despr. ex Nyl.) Hale 1974 (also in AZO and MAD).
Lit.: Blanco et al. (2005a), Divakar et al. (2005b), Hale
(1965), Hale & Fletcher (1990), Hawksworth et al.
(2002), Hawksworth (2004), and Paz-Bermúdez & Elix
(2004).
PLEUROSTICTA Petrak 1931
acetabulum (Neck.) Elix & Lumbsch
1988
15
A, AL, B, BG, BIH, BR, CH, CZ, D,
DK, E, EST, F, FIN, GB, GR, H, HR,
I, L, LT, LV, MNE, N, NL, PL, RO,
RUS, S, SK, SLO, TR, UA
koflerae (Clauz. & Poelt) Elix & Lumbsch
1988
F, RUS, SK
lichenicola Petrak 1931=Pleurosticta acetabulum
Lit.: Lumbsch et al. (1988).
Pseudevernia Zopf 1903
furfuracea (L.) Zopf 1903
A, B, BG, BIH, CH, CZ, D, DK, E,
EC, EST, F, FIN, FO, FYRM, GB,
GR, H, I, IRL, IS, L, LT, LV, MNE,
N, NL, PL, RO, RUS, S, SRBI, SK,
SLO, TR, UA
furfuracea var. ceratea (Ach.) D. Hawksw. 1969=
Pseudevernia furfuracea
olivetorina Zopf 1903=Pseudevernia furfuracea
soralifera (Bitter) Zopf 1903=Pseudevernia furfuracea
Lit.: Hale (1968).
Pseudoparmelia Lynge 1914=Flavoparmelia
caperata (L.) Hale 1974=Flavoparmelia caperata
crozalsiana (De Lesd.) Hale 1974=Canoparmelia
crozalsiana
soredians (Nyl..) Hale 1974=Flavoparmelia soredians
PUNCTELIA Krog 1982
borreri (Sm.) Krog. 1982
A, B, BG, CH, D, E, EC, F, GB, HR,
I, IRL, L, MNE, NL, P, RO, SCG,
SLO
jeckeri (Roum.) Kalb 2007
B, CH, CZ, D, DK, EC, EST, F, GB,
IRL, L, N, NL, PL, RO, RUS, UA
perreticulata (Räsänen) G. Wilh. & Ladd
1987
E, F, I, RUS
reddenda (Stirt.) Krog 1982
D, E, F, GB, IRL, MAD, S (extinct)
stictica (Duby) Krog 1982
B (?), CH, E, F, H (?), I, MAD, N
subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog 1982
A, AL, BG, D, CH, CZ, D, DK, E, EC,
F, GB, GR, H, HR, I, IRL, LT, MAD,
MNE, N, NL, P, PL, RO, RUS, SRBI,
SK, SLO, TR, UA
16
THE LICHENOLOGIST
flaventior (Stirt.) Krog 1982=Flavopunctelia flaventior
helenae (de Lesd.) Hale ex De Priest & B. W. Hale
1998=Punctelia subrudecta
ulophylla (Ach.) Herk & Aptroot 2000=Punctelia
jeckeri
isidiigera (Müll. Arg.) Elix & J. Johnst.
1986
E
isidiovagans O. Blanco. et al. 2005
E, TR
loxodella (Essl.) O. Blanco et al. 2004
E
loxodes (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. 2004
A, AND, B, BG, CH, CZ, D, DK, E,
EC, EST, F, FIN, GB, GR, H, I, IRL,
L, LT, LV, MAD, N, NL, P, PL, RUS,
S, SRBI, K, TR, UA
luteonotata (J. Steiner) O. Blanco et al.
2004
E, F, GB, I
mexicana (Gyeln.) Hale 1974
E, I, TR
mougeotii (Schaer. ex D. Dietr.) Hale
1974
B, CH (?), CZ, D, DK, E, EST, F,
FIN, GB, I, IRL, L, LT, LV, N, NL, P,
PL, S, SK, TR
perrugata (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. 2004
E, GB, I
plittii (Gyeln.) Hale 1974
E, EC, F, I, N
pokornyi (Körb.) O. Blanco et al. 2004
A, BR, CZ, D, E, F, GR, H, PL, RO,
RUS, SK, TR, UA
protomatrae (Gyeln.) Hale 1974
A, B, CZ, E, F, GB, H, I, N, P, RO,
RUS, SRBI, SK, TR, UA, YU
pulla (Ach.) O. Blanco et al. 2004
A, AL, AND, B, BG, BIH, BR, CH,
CZ, D, DK, E, EC, EST, F, FIN, FO,
FYRM, GB, GR, GRO, H, I, IRL, L,
LT, LV, MAD, N, NL, P, PL, RO,
RUS, S, SRBI, SK, SLO, TR, UA
pulvinaris (Gyeln.) Ahti & D. Hawksw.
20072
CZ, E, H, MNE, RUS
Notes: Punctelia rudecta (Ach.) Krog 1982 also occurs in
EC, but is not correctly reported from E, P. jeckeri is not
correctly reported from E, and P. reddenda is not
correctly reported from N. Records of P. strictica from B
and H are in need of confirmation. The RUS record of
P. subrudecta is based on recent collections from the
southern Ural Mountains (G. Urbanavichus, pers.
comm.).
Lit.: Crespo et al. (2004), Krog (1982b), Kalb (2007),
van Herk & Aptroot (2000), and Truong & Clerc
(2003).
Rimelia Hale & A. Fletcher 1990=Parmotrema
cetrata (Ach.) Hale & A. Fletcher 1990=Parmotrema
cetratum
clavulifera (Räsänen) Kurok. 1991=Parmotrema reticulatum
olivaria (Ach.) Hale & A. Fletcher 1990=Parmotrema pseudoreticulatum
reticulata (Taylor) Hale & A. Fletcher 1990=Parmotrema reticulatum
subisidiosa (Müll. Arg.) Hale & A. Fletcher 1990=
Parmotrema subisidiosum
XANTHOPARMELIA (Vain.) Hale 1974
angustiphylla (Gyeln.) Hale 1988
CZ, D, F, H, I, RO, S
attica (Essl.) O. Blanco et al. 2004
GR, TR
camtschadalis (Ach.) Hale 1974
E, RO, RUS, TR, UA
conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Hale 1974
A, AL, AND, AZO, B, BG, BIH, BR,
CH, CZ, D, DK, E, EC, EST, F, FIN,
FYRM, GB, GR, GRO, H, I, IRL, L,
LT, LV, MAD, MNE, N, NL, P, PL,
RO, RUS, S, SRBI, SK, SLO, TR, UA
delisei (Duby) O. Blanco et al. 2004
A, B, BG, CH, D, E, EC, F, FIN,
FYRM, GB, GR, H, I, IRL, MAD,
MNE, N, NL, PL, RUS, S, TR, UA
desertorum (Elenkin) Hale 1988
RO, RUS, UA
felkaensis (Gyeln.) Hale 1988
H, SK
glabrans (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. 2004
A, E, EC, F, GR, I
halei (Essl. et al.) O. Blanco et al. 2004
E, EC
Vol. 40
2
Xanthoparmelia pulvinaris (Gyeln.) Ahti & D.
Hawksw., comb. nov.
MycoBank no.: MB511239
Basionym: Parmelia pulvinaris Gyeln., Feddes Repert. 29:
155 (1931) [as [‘‘(Zahlbr.) Gyeln. n. comb.’’]; type:
Hungary: Co. Pest: Szikrapuszta near Alpár, alt. ca
100 m, Aug. 1920, G. Timkó [Fl. Hung. Exs. no. 618,
as ‘‘Parmelia conspersa var. pulvinaris A. Zahlbr. nov.
var. in litt’’; nom. inval. Art. 32.1] (W—lectotypus hic
designatus; H—isolectotypus).
2008
Parmelioid lichens in Europe—Hawksworth et al.
pyrenaica (Essl.) O. Blanco et al. 2004
E, F, GR
ryssolea (Ach.) O. Blanco et al. 2004
BG, E, H, RO, RUS, UA
stenophylla (Ach.) Ahti & D. Hawksw.
2005
A, AL, B, BG, CH, CZ, D, E, EC,
EST, F, FIN, FYRM, GR, H, I, L, LT,
LV, MAD, N, NL, P, PL, RO, RUS, S,
SRBI, K, SLO, TR, UA
subdiffluens (Zahlbr.) Hale 1987
E, F, H, RUS, UA
sublaevis (Cout.) Hale 1988
BG, BIH, CZ, E, EC, F, FYRM, H, I,
MAD, P, SRBI, SK
subverrucigera O. Blanco et al. 2005
E
tinctina (Maheu & A. Gillet) Hale 1974
AL, BG, CH, CZ, D, DK, E, EC, F,
GB, GR, H, I, MAD, N, P, RO, RUS,
S, SRBI, SK, TR, UA
verrucigera (Nyl.) Hale 1990
CZ, E, F, FYRM, GR, H, I, MNE,
MONT, P, RO
verruculifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. 2004
A, AL, B, BG, BR, CH, CZ, D, DK, E,
EC, F, FIN, FYRM, GB, H, I, IRL, L,
LT, LV, MNE, N, NL, PL, RO, RUS,
S, SRBI, SK, TR, UA
vicentei A. Crespo et al. 2001
E
centrifuga (L.) Hale 1974=Arctoparmelia centrífuga
lusitana (Nyl.) Krog. 1987=Xanthoparmelia verrucigera
incurva (Pers.) Hale 1974=Arctoparmelia incurva
pseudohungarica (Gyeln.) Hale 1988=Xanthoparmelia pulvinaris
somloënsis (Gyeln.) Hale 1987=Xanthoparmelia
stenophylla
Notes: The report of X. tasmanica (Hook. f. & Taylor)
Hale 1974 from RO is in need of confirmation. Xanthoparmelia vagans (Nyl.) Hale 1974 is not correctly
reported from Europe, and European records of X.
taractica (Kremp.) Hale 1987 refer to Xanthoparmelia
stenophylla. Xanthoparmelia angustiphylla has been incorrectly reported from B. Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia
(Gyeln.) Hale 1974 is reported from I, but this is
primarily a North American species which requires
confirmation in Europe with molecular data.
Xanthoparmelia stenophylla is not correctly reported
from GB.
The following additional species occur in EC: X.
canariensis (Elix & Schumm) O. Blanco et al. 2004, X.
phaeophana (Stirt.) Hale 1974, X. pulloides (Essl.) O.
17
Blanco et al. 2004, X. pustulosa (Essl.) O. Blanco et al.
2004, X. stenosporonicella O. Blanco et al. 2004, X.
sublaevis (Cout.) Hale 1988 (also in MAD), and X.
subramigera (Gyeln.) Hale 1974 (also in MAD). In
addition, X. madeirensis Elix & Schumm 2003 occurs in
MAD.
Kondratyuk et al. (1998) accepted Parmelia taurica as
distinct from the species treated as X. ryssolea here, but
without any discussion; the status of that species, which
is known only from Crimea (UA), merits further study.
Lit.: Ahti & Hawksworth (2005), Blanco et al. (2004a,
2005b), Elix et al. (1986b), Elix & Schumm (2003),
Esslinger (1977, 1978), Giordani et al. (2002, 2003),
Hale (1990), Kulakov (2002), Pérez-Ortega & Elix
(2007), and Thell et al. (2006).
We are indebted to numerous colleagues for information on occurrences and nomenclature, including:
Steen N. Christensen (Copenhagen), Brian J. Coppins
(Edinburgh), Josef Hafellner (Graz), M. Gökhan Halici
(Ecriyes), Helmut Mayrhofer (Graz), Xavier Llimona
(Barcelona), and Gennadi P. Urbanavichus (Kirovsk).
This work was undertaken while D.L.H. was supported
through the Programa Ramón y Cajal and P. K. D.
through the Programa Juan de la Cierva, both of the
Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia of Spain. Some
of the bibliographic work in connection with this
study was completed at the Natural History Museum
(London) through SYNTHESYS award GB-TAF-238
from the Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities (CETAF) to D.L.H. Funds from CGL2004-1848/
BOS from the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia from
Spain have also been used.
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Accepted for publication 24 October 2007