Studia bot. hung. 39, pp. 113–138, 2008
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATS OF CARDAMINOPSIS PETRAEA
IN HUNGARY
N. BAUER, L. LÕKÖS and B. PAPP
Department of Botany, Hungarian Natural History Museum
H–1476 Budapest, Pf. 222, Hungary
bauer@bot.nhmus.hu, lokos@bot.nhmus.hu, pappbea@bot.nhmus.hu
1
2
3
The arctic-alpine, glacial relict Cardaminopsis petraea (L.) Hiitonen (Northern Rockcress)
is a very rare plant species in Hungary. The distribution of the species in the country is
reviewed on the basis of herbarium and literature data. The currently known stands are
characterised by coenological relevés and documentation of the cryptogam taxa in three
major populations (Tapolca-Diszel: Csobánc, Gyenesdiás: Kõmell, Balatongyörök:
Bise-kõ). In Hungary Cardaminopsis petraea survived on both dolomite and basalt bedrocks,
mainly occurring on north facing stone walls and steep slopes.
Key words: Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. petraea, Cardaminopsis petraea, distribution, habitat,
relict species
INTRODUCTION
Although Cardaminopsis petraea (L.) Hiitonen (Northern Rockcress)
is a very rare plant species in Hungary it lacks the needed attention of nature conservation. The Hungarian Red Data Book mentions Cardaminopsis petraea as a potentially endangered taxon (RAKONCZAY 1989), but
despite its rarity it is not protected by law. The conservational significance
of this species is acknowledged in Europe; Cardaminopsis petraea is protected in several countries, it is listed in several Red Data Books and is recorded among the endangered taxa (CURTIS and MCGOUGH 1988,
KORNECK et al. 1996, NIKLFELD 1999, HOLUB and PROCHAZKA 2000,
ZAHLHEIMER 2001, CHEFFINGS and FARRELL 2005). Cardaminopsis petraea
is a biogeographically important and well-searched species. Currently just a
few confirmed occurrences are known in Hungary. The present study sums
up Hungarian literature and herbarium data and describes the studied habitats by coenological relevés.
Studia Botanica Hungarica, 39, 2008
Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest
114
BAUER, N., LÕKÖS, L. and PAPP, B.
Based on TUTIN et al. (2002) the valid name of the taxon is Cardaminopsis petraea (L.) Hiitonen. Important synonyms or older names are:
Arabis petraea L., Arabis hispida Mygind, Arabis Crantziana Ehrh., Arabidopsis petraea (L.) Lam., Cardamine petraea L., Cardaminopsis hispida
(L.) Hayek. It is worth noting that O’KANE and AL-SHEHBAZ (1997) offered a new definition of the Arabidopsis genus based on molecular evidence, and mentioned the Cardaminopsis taxa under this genus. O’Kane
and Al-Shehbaz treated Cardaminopsis petraea under the name of Arabidopsis lyrata (L.) O’Kane et Al-Shehbaz subsp. petraea (L.) O’Kane et
Al-Shehbaz, which differs only on subspecies level from the subspecies of
Arabidopsis lyrata native to Siberia, NE Asia and North America (subsp.
kamchatica (Fischer ex DC.) O’Kane et Al-Shehbaz; subsp. lyrata (L.)
O’Kane et Al-Shehbaz). Molecular systematic studies by KOCH et al. (1999)
confirmed these treatments.
Range maps of MEUSEL et al. (1965), HULTÉN and FRIES (1986), JALAS
and SUOMINEN (1996) clearly show the disjunct distribution of the European taxon Cardaminopsis petraea. It occurs in North Europe (Iceland,
Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, Faroe Islands) and in certain mountainous
areas of Central Europe (Germany, Bohemia, Austria, Hungary). Its most
southerly occurrence is known from the Italian Alps (JALAS and SUOMINEN
1996). It is considered extinct in Poland (JASIEWITZ 1985), although ÈERNÝ
et al. (2006) doubted its occurrence in Poland. Populations of Cardaminopsis petraea occur from the sandy and rocky seashores (only in North Europe) up to as high as the alpine areas (1,500 m). Most of the Central European stands, however, grow in rocky habitats of the submountainous and
mountainous regions of the middle mountains (MEUSEL 1939, MILBRANDT
1976, ERICSON and MASCHER 1978, ÈERNÝ et al. 2006).
Cardaminopsis petraea is generally considered to be a glacial relict, occupying an arcto-alpine position in Central Europe shown by its disjunct
distribution (BORBÁS 1900, MEUSEL 1939, MÁTHÉ 1940, THORN 1960,
MILBRANDT 1976, SCHUHWERK 1990, MÌSÍÈEK et al. 1992). HEMP (1996)
mentioned Cardaminopsis petraea as a progressive glacial element, and assumed the possibility of recent expansion. The relict character, the characteristics of distribution and habitats where competitors are largely absent
make Cardaminopsis petraea (Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. petraea) an ideal
subject for studying interconnections between abiotic stresses and the
Studia bot. hung. 39, 2008
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATS OF CARDAMINOPSIS PETRAEA IN HUNGARY
115
species’ distribution. The biogeographical factors shown by the latest studies evidently confirmed the relict character of the species. Molecular genetic evidences have proven that the species might have survived the last
glaciation in steppe-tundra habitats of the periglacial areas and also in
montane refugia in Central Europe. On the basis of analysing the genetic
structure of the remnant populations of Cardaminopsis petraea in Pleistocene periglacial areas of Central Europe, CLAUSS and MITCHELL-OLDS
(2006) concluded that there are low but significant differences between the
isolated populations because of limited gene-flow. These Central European
populations are characterised by widespread polymorphism and higher genetic diversity than the North European populations developing separately. The higher genetic diversity observed in Central Europe may be
explained by the periglacial development. The genetic variation is high between the populations developed in different geographic areas (VAN
TREUREN et al. 1997, SCHIERUP 1998, SAVOLAINEN et al. 2000, CLAUSS et
al. 2002, ANSELL et al. 2007). There are significant differences between certain morphological features, i.e. the trichomes (KÄRKKÄINEN et al. 2004),
the blooming season and floral display (RIHIMÄKI and SAVOLAINEN 2004,
SANDRIG et al. 2007), the isoenzyme places (JONSELL et al. 1995), the micro-satellite (VAN TREUREN et al. 1997, GAUDEUL et al. 2007), the sequence
alternation (SAVOLAINEN et al. 2000, WRIGHT et al. 2003), and nuclear and
chloroplast-DNA diversity (ANSELL et al. 2007). On the basis of the nuclear
and chloroplast-DNA diversity analysis of the European populations
ANSELL et al. (2007) assumed the existence of two refuge areas during the
glaciation (on an unknown location between the Scandinavian and the Alpine ice-fields, and on one Central European location), and see evidences of
post-glacial recolonisation that has taken place in two waves. DAVEY et al.
(2006) justified the cold tolerance of Cardaminopsis petraea through experiments as well. The differences among the geographically isolated populations were measured based on ecological and physiological data, but concerning the cold tolerance, eco-typical differences were not found within the
species. The sexual reproduction of the species is characterised by outside
pollen mediation of insects, its productive system being incompatible with
itself. Dispersion by rhizomes was also revealed, but the contribution of
such clone ramets to the population structure is geographically different
(CLAUSS and MITCHEL-OLDS 2006).
Studia bot. hung. 39, 2008
116
BAUER, N., LÕKÖS, L. and PAPP, B.
On the basis of karyological analyses of Cardaminopsis petraea populations the species is diploid (2n = 16) (HEDBERG and HEDBERG 1961,
POLATSCHEK 1966, BURDET 1967), however, tetraploid populations were
also documented (2n = 4× = 32) (POLATSCHEK 1966, DART et al. 2004).
DART et al. (2004) mention the hybrid (allopolyploid) origin or the gene alternation following the poliploidisation, authors also demonstrate the dynamic feature of the polyploid genom. The allopolyploid origin of the
Austrian tetraploid populations in the Alps (the closest populations to the
species’ occurrences in Hungary) can be explained by the hybridisation
with Arabis arenosa (= Cardaminopsis arenosa) (MATSCHINGER and KOCH
2003, DART et al. 2004). Mygind in LINNÉ (1774, 1784), later HAYEK (1908)
on the basis of occurrences in eastern Austria probably consider this species
(“fol. hispidis…”, “alsó szárlevelei lehetnek fogazottak…” [its lower stem-leaves
may be dentate], etc.) as one broadly interpreted species (called Arabis
hispida Myg. and/or Cardaminopsis hispida (Myg.) Hay.). So far, individuals of the Hungarian stands have not been analysed genetically, but morphologically they can be identified with these descriptions.
Regarding the habitat preferences of Cardaminopsis petraea it is generally discussed that it occurs on habitats characterised by low competition,
sometimes with moderate disturbances (ERICSON and MASCHER 1978,
HEMP 1996, ÈERNÝ et al. 2006), and it also grows as a pioneer-like primary
phanerogam in coastal areas. It was reported from various bedrocks (limestone, dolomite, basalt, anorthosite, dolerite, granite, serpentine, gabbro,
sandstone, sand) (MEUSEL 1939, HOHENESTER 1960, HEGI 1960, SPENCE
1970, ERICSON and MASCHER 1978). The Central European populations,
however, are found on calcareous or basaltic bedrocks and outcrops (MEUSEL
1939, HOHENESTER 1960, HEGI 1960, SPENCE 1970, MILBRANDT 1976,
BORHIDI 1995, ELLENBERG 1996). Its Hungarian stands grow on dolomite
in the Keszthely Mts, and on basalt on Csobánc Hill in the Balaton Uplands
(FEKETE 1964). ZÓLYOMI (1942) lists Cardaminopsis petraea among the
species of the Middle Danube flora boundary (confined to the southwestern part of Õsmátra, Transdanubian Mts).
Most references agree on the basic ecological requirements of Cardaminopsis petraea. BORHIDI (1995) mentions it as a drought-resistant species
that thrives on places of low nutrition content. A number of references deal
with its light requirements, and consider it a photophilous species yet
Studia bot. hung. 39, 2008
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATS OF CARDAMINOPSIS PETRAEA IN HUNGARY
117
preferring semi-shaded areas (THORN 1958, BORHIDI 1995, HEMP 1996,
ÈERNÝ et al. 2006). HEMP (1996) demonstrated the photophilous character
of the Cardaminopsietum petraeae chasm grassland – through the comparison of Cystopteridetum, Asplenietum and Cardaminopsietum. According to
ELLENBERG (1996) – in the alpine region –Cardaminopsis petraea is the species of sunny limestone rocks and stone walls (Potentillion caulescentis), and
can be found on south-facing chasms and rock ledges. Its relict populations
exist in several middle mountainous areas in Central Europe (HOHENESTER
1960, POLATSCHEK 1966, MILBRANDT 1976, ÈERNÝ et al. 2006), mainly in
north-facing locations (ÈERNÝ et al. 2006). This is also true for the Hungarian stands; in the submountainous region relict populations of montane,
photophilous species (e.g. Primula auricula, Saxifraga paniculata) as well as
C. petraea share similar habitat preferences and find their optimal environment in humid (mainly partly shaded) microclimatic recesses.
Shown by a number of references, there is obvious disagreement in its
coenological preferences. For example (with reference of the association),
JÁVORKA and SOÓ (1951) and CHYTRÝ and TICHÝ (2003) – SeslerioFestucion; SOÓ (1968) and BORHIDI (1995) – Bromo-Festucion pallentis;
BRANDES (1992) – Asplenietea Class; POTT (1995) – Potentilletalia caulescentis ordo within Asplenietea. ELLENBERG (1996) treats it as a character
species of the Potentillion caulescentis-serial. [It should be noted here that
“Cardaminopsis petraea” on the 90th diagram of POTT (1995) is in fact
Hornungia petraea (L.) Rchb.].
Cardaminopsis petraea is the denominating species of several plant associations [e.g. “Cardaminopsietum petraeae Thorn 1958” (THORN 1958,
POTT 1995), “Arenaria norvegica-Cardaminopsis petraea-soc.” (SPENCE
1970)]. SCHUHWERK (1990) designated the lectotype of “Cardaminopsietum petraeae Thorn 58”, however he deleted the relevés relating to the
earlier described Asplenio trichomano-rutae-murariae and Asplenio-Cystopteridetum from the association definition summarised in the name of Cardaminopsietum petraeae by Thorn. According to SCHUHWERK (1990) Cardaminopsis petraea (and other relict species from the Fränkischen Jura rock
vegetation) belongs to the relict alternations of the above-mentioned
associations, as well as to the “Sesleria albicans Gesellschaft”. Other authors
also pointed out occurrences of several other, mainly rocky plant associations:
“Bromo-Seslerietum” (GAUCKLER 1938), “Sesleria grasslands” (MEUSEL 1939),
Studia bot. hung. 39, 2008
118
BAUER, N., LÕKÖS, L. and PAPP, B.
“Helychriso-Festucetum sulcatae dolomiticum” (HOHENESTER 1960), dolomite grassland dominated by Festuca glauca (ZÓLYOMI 1950), “AlyssoSedetum”, “Asplenio-Cystopteridetum” in extreme situation, and “Buphthalmo-Pinetum” (HEMP 1996), Festuco ovinae-Saxifragetum decipientis,
Diantho moravici-Seslerietum albicantis, Medicagini prostratae-Festucetum
pallentis (ÈERNÝ et al. 2006), etc.
ZÓLYOMI (1950) mentioned Cardaminopsis petraea among the character species of dolomite rocky grasslands dominated by Festuca glauca of
the Transdanubian Mts in Hungary (with the invariance value I) and made
a comment that “csak a Keszthelyi-hegységben” [“only in the Keszthely
Mts”]. His statement (with the names used for the associations, “Festucetum glaucae hungaricum”, “Seseli leucospermi-Festucetum pallentis”, etc.)
was adopted by synthesising works (e.g. JÁVORKA and SOÓ 1951, SOÓ 1968,
SIMON 2000).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The Hungarian herbarium data were collected by reviewing the collection of the
Hungarian Natural History Museum (BP) [the sheet inventory number is given after the
abbreviation. Additional specimens were studied in the herbaria of the Eötvös Lóránd
University (BPU), University of Debrecen (DE), Savaria Museum, Szombathely (SAV).
Cardaminopsis petraea was examined in all habitats documented in the literature and
in herbaria. Coenological relevés in three significant stands were taken in order to document the habitat. The vegetation was sampled with the BRAUN-BLANQUET (1964)
quadrate method (using 2 m × 2 m quadrates). Altogether 35 coenological relevés representing the habitats are presented in this article (Tables 1–2). The cryptogam data were
collected relating to stone walls or parts of the stone walls not to relevés. The typical
cryptogam taxa from the sampling sites were collected and identified, however, their dominating relations and density per relevé were not analysed because these parameters are
difficult to estimate in the field.
Nomenclature of the plant names follows SIMON (2000), that of the moss taxa
ERZBERGER and PAPP (2004), the lichen taxa SIMON (1991) and VERSEGHY (1994), and the
plant association names BORHIDI (2003).
Studia bot. hung. 39, 2008
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DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATS OF CARDAMINOPSIS PETRAEA IN HUNGARY
Coenological relevés of the habitat of Cardaminopsis petraea I. (Basic data of the
relevés, 1–10. Csobánc Hill, northern stone wall; 11–20. Csobánc, northern side of the ruined castle wall; Settlement: 1–10. Tapolca-Diszel, 11–20. Gyulakeszi; Bedrock: 1–10 basalt rock, 11–20 basalt stone wall; Exposition: 1–20 N; Slope: 1. 60°, 2. 70°, 3–8. 60°, 9. 80°,
10. 60°, 11– 20. 90°; Height above sea level: 1–7. ca 340 m, 8–10. 330 m, 11–20. 375 m)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Cardaminopsis petraea
Allium montanum
Alyssum alyssoides
Anthericum ramosum
Arenaria serpyllifolia
Asplenium ruta-muraria
Asplenium septentrionale
Aurinia saxatilis
Campanula rotundifolia
Cerastium pumilum subsp.
glutinosum
Cerasus mahaleb
Ceterach officinarum agg.
Chamaecytisus ratisbonensis
Dianthus pontederae
Festuca pallens
Galium austriacum
Hieracium cymosum
Jovibarba hirta
Koeleria cristata agg.
Linaria genistifolia
Phleum phleoides
Poa bulbosa
Sedum album
Sedum maximum
Sedum sexangulare
Seseli osseum
Thymus praecox
Trifolium alpestre
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Other taxa: : Festuca valesiaca agg. 1, Knautia arvensis +; : Festuca valesiaca agg. 1, Fraxinus ornus
1, Euphorbia cyparissias +, Polypodium vulgare agg. +, Viola arvensis +, Salvia pratensis +; : Potentilla argentea agg. +; : Polypodium vulgare agg. +, Luzula campestris agg. +, Stachys recta +; : Viola
arvensis +; : Lychnis viscaria +; : Melica ciliata +, Saxifraga paniculata 1, Erysimum diffusum +,
Lychnis viscaria +; : Erysimum diffusum +, Fraxinus ornus 1; : Anthemis tinctoria +, Tanacetum
corymbosum +, Potentilla arenaria +; : Melica ciliata 1, Centaurea stoebe agg. +, Potentilla argentea
agg. +, Pulsatilla pratensis subsp. nigricans +; : Euphorbia cyparissias +; : Chelidonium majus +;
: Chelidonium majus +; : Falcaria vulgaris +.
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BAUER, N., LÕKÖS, L. and PAPP, B.
Coenological relevés of the habitat of Cardaminopsis petraea II. (Basic data of the
relevés, 21–30. Gyenesdiás: Varsás-hegy, Kõmell; Settlement: 21–30. Gyenesdiás; Bedrock: dolomite; Exposition: 21–24 W, NW, 25 N, 26 E, NE, 27–30 NE; Slope: 21–23. 90°,
24. 80°, 25. 60°, 26. 80°, 27–28. 90°, 29–30. 70°; Height above sea level: 21–30. ca 170–180
m); 31–35. Balatongyörök: Bise-kõ; Bedrock: dolomite; Exposition: NW; Slope: 31–35.
90°; Height above sea level: 260–280 m
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Cardaminopsis petraea
Acinos arvensis
Allium montanum
Anthericum ramosum
Anthyllis polyphylla
Arabis hirsuta
Arenaria serpyllifolia
Asplenium ruta-muraria
Asplenium trichomanes
Biscutella laevigata
Bromus pannonicus var. reptans
Campanula rapunculoides
Campanula rotundifolia
Carex humilis
Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum
Dianthus plumarius agg.
Euphorbia cyparissias
Festuca pallens
Fraxinus ornus
Geranium lucidum
Hieracium bifidum
Hieracium glaucinum
Hippocrepis emerus
Leontodon incanus
Mercurialis ovata
Minuartia setacea
Phyteuma orbiculare
Polygonatum odoratum
Polypodium vulgare agg.
Potentilla arenaria
Sedum album
Seseli leucospermum
Thalictrum pseudominus
Viola collina
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DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATS OF CARDAMINOPSIS PETRAEA IN HUNGARY
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Distribution in Hungary
Dot map of the distribution data of Cardaminopsis petraea in Hungary
(Fig. 1) was made on the basis of herbarium and literature data. Current
populations of the species were typically found at locations that coincide
with the majority of herbarium data. Three major stands are known: one on
Csobánc Hill (one of the basalt monadnocks in the Balaton Uplands), one
on the “Kõmell” above Gyenesdiás (a dolomite rock of the Keszthely Mts)
and one on the “Bise-kõ” near Balatongyörök (another huge dolomite rock
of the Keszthely Mts).
In handbooks, taxonomic handbooks (JÁVORKA 1925, JÁVORKA and
SOÓ 1951, SOÓ 1968, etc.) and other synthetic works (FEKETE 1964) the
most often referred Hungarian data come from the Csobánc Hill and the
Keszthely Mts. SIMON (2000) only mentions it from the Keszthely Mts. In
spite of systematic searches on many formerly confirmed habitats in Hungary the species was not found. Occurrence data not verified by herbarium
vouchers are handled with reservation.
Data of Cardaminopsis petraea from Hungary (full circle = data confirmed by collected specimen in herbarium; empty circle = literary data). Localities and CEU codes:
Gyenesdiás, Vonyarcvashegy (several localities) 9269.2; “Büdöskúti-völgy” 9169.4; “Sipostorok, Szobakõ, Márványkõfejtõ” 9170.3; Balatongyörök: Bise-kõ 9270.1; Csobánc 9171.1;
Ódörögd:Viszló-erdõ 9070.3; Nadap 8777.2; “Nagy-Szénás” 8479.1; “Almás” (Dunaalmás)
8275.4 or 8276.3; Pécs “Schneeberg”, “Havihegy” 9975.1.
Studia bot. hung. 39, 2008
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BAUER, N., LÕKÖS, L. and PAPP, B.
: “Keszthely” leg. Hutter, s.d. (in Herbarium of Sadler József) [BP 73864];
“Keszthely” leg. Szenczy I. 1846 [SAV]; “Keszthely, in rupibus dolomiticis.” leg. Borbás V.,
04.05.1894 [BP 73857]; “Balatongyörök: in ruderatis dolomiticis retro Vonyarc ad Balatonem.” leg. Jávorka S., 19.04.1927 [BP 73861, 73858]; “Comit. Zala, ad ripas lacus Balaton.
In ruderatis dolomiticis declivium prope pag. Vonyarc-Vashegy.” leg. Jávorka S., 19.04.1927
[BP73863, 221956]; “Cott. Zala, in lapidosis dolomiticis vallis ultra pag. Vonyarcvashegy.”
leg. Jávorka S., 19.04.1927 [DE]; “Comit. Zala, ad ripas lacus Balaton. In ruderatis dolomiticis declivium prope pag. Vonyarc-Vashegy.” 19.04.1927 [DE]; “Vonyarc ad Keszthely:
in ruderatis et saxosis dolomiticis sub rara.” leg. Jávorka S., 25.06.1927 [BP 73862]; “Cott.
Zala, in graminosis saxosis declivium supra pag. Gyenesdiás.” leg. Soó R., 04.1928 [BPU];
“Locus natalis: cott. Zala, in saxosis gramin. declivium supra pag. Gyenesdiás.” leg. Soó R.,
05.1928 [BP 403347]; “Comit. Zala: supra pagum Vonyarc.” leg. Lengyel G., 20.04.1930
[BP 352541, 352539]; “Comit. Zala. In saxosis umbrosis supra pagum Vonyarc.” leg. Degen
Á., 20.04.1930 [BP 301122, 301123]; “Vonyarc-Vashegy, in montibus” leg. Zsák Z., 20.04.
1930 [BP 428602]; “Locus natalis: comit. Zala, Mt. Keszthelyi-hegység, in saxosis umbrosis
montibus prope pagum Vonyarcvashegy.” leg. Újvárosi M., 19.04.1946 [BP 478330];
“Comit. Zala. In rupibus dolomit. sept. dumetos. “Kümell” prope Gyenesdiás. 200 m” leg.
Boros Á., 14.05.1950 [BP 428564, 428565, 428603]; “Hungaria occ., com. Veszprém. In rupibus calcareis montis Kümell prope pag. Gyenesdiás.” leg. Vajda L., 14.05.1950 [BP
403486]; “Keszthelyi hegység: Vonyarc-Vashegy északi árnyas dolomitos lejtõjén.” leg. Jávorka S., 15.04.1951 [BP 73869, 73870]; “Keszthelyi hgs. Gyenesdiás mellett, a Büdöskuti
völgy vége felé északi dolomitlejtõn Brometum erecti ass.” leg. Baksay L., 15.04.1951 [BP
209285]; “Keszthelyi hegység, sziklákon. 250 m” leg. Vajda Ernõ, 15.04.1952 [BP 425439];
“Gyenesdiás. Erdõs, sziklás hegyoldalon.” leg. Siroki Z., 01.08.1955 [DE]; “Comitat. Veszprém. In rupibus dolomit. decl. mt. Kümellhegy supra pag. Gyenesdiás” leg. Károlyi Á.,
11.05.1952 [BP 403465]; “Comitat. Zala. In rupibus dolomiticis montis Kümellhegy dit.
pr. pag. Gyenesdiás” leg. Károlyi Á., 11.05.1952 [BP 403465]; “Comitat. Veszprém. Mtes.
Keszthelyi hg. In lapidosis pr. pag. Gyenesdiás. 200 m” leg. Károlyi Á., 09.06.1962 [BP
298081]; “Gyenesdiás: Kõmell (Varsás-hegy). In rupibus dolomiticis, EOV 515653 161518”
leg. Bauer N. [BP 689427]; “Vonyarcvashegy: Vas-hegy. Rarissima, in Pinetum nigrae
cultum, in declivibus septentrionalibus EOV 518215 159839.” leg. Bauer N., 07.04.2007
[BP 690253]; “Balatongyörök: Bise-kõ. In rupibus dolomiticis, in declivibus occidentalibus
EOV 520435 161418” leg. Bauer N. and Kenyeres Z., 11.04.2008 [BP 693198].
The first record is found in József Sadler’s herbarium concerning
Keszthely with the comment “Hutter Keszthely”. The specimen definitely
comes from Hutter, who was one of the botany teachers in the first half of
the 18th century at Georgikon and the Academic Grammar School in
Keszthely. He may have collected the plant approximately the same time as
his colleague, Imre Szency, whose sample was collected in 1846 and is now
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DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATS OF CARDAMINOPSIS PETRAEA IN HUNGARY
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preserved at the Savaria Museum. (Probably these were the first collected
specimens of Cardaminopsis petraea in Hungary). The plant was also found
by Vince Borbás who was researching the flora of the region around Lake
Balaton; in his monograph BORBÁS (1900) mentions it among the alpine
species of “Balaton-mellék” (the surroundings of Lake Balaton) under the
name of Arabis hispida Mygind, with a more precise site indication:
“Gyenes völgyében, sziklás helyen” [“In the valley of Gyenes, on a rocky
place”]. Borbás also mentioned that he saw the plant – a rarity in Hungary –
only from Nadap, in Tauscher’s herbarium. In the environs of Balatongyörök and Vonyarcvashegy (Vas Mount) Cardaminopsis petraea was found
for the first time by Sándor Jávorka. Ádám Boros and László Vajda made a
more precise circumscription of the Gyenesdiás habitat: Kümell (= Kõmell)
with a note “Büdöskuti-völgy vége felé” [“towards the end of Büdöskuti
Valley”]. This specimen was collected by Leona Baksay. Subsequent collections confirmed this data. SZABÓ (1987) cites the previous data from the
Keszthely Mts (after BORBÁS 1900 and SOÓ 1968), and adds three new localities: “Sipos-torok, Szobakõ, Márványkõfejtõ”. After the checking of the
known data we found (N. Bauer and Z. Kenyeres) a new occurrence on a
plumb wall of a huge dolomite rock, called “Bise-kõ”, near Balatongyörök.
Present knowledge of the occurrences in this region comprises of almost a hundred specimens on Kõmell’s dolomite rock at Gyenesdiás, and
almost 80 stems on the rock of Bise-kõ, a few dozens of specimens in a
planted Pinus nigra stand on the north slope of Vas Hill at Vonyarcvashegy,
a few specimens in the Büdöskúti Valley, on the northeastern dolomite
rocky slope of Öreg-Szék-tetõ facing Köves-árok.
: “Csobánczvár” leg. Redl G., 04.05.1907 [BP 73856]; “In rupibus basalticis
montis Csobánc prope pag. Gyulakeszi ad Balaton.” leg. Jávorka S., 02.06.1925 [BP 73859];
“Comit. Zala. In rupibus basalt. sept.-occ. montis Csobánc prope Gyulakeszi. 300 m.” leg.
Boros Á., 01.05.1954 [BP 428567, 428568, 428569]; “Balatonvidék, Csobánc.” leg. Vajda
L., 01.05.1954 [BP 199374]; “Comit. Zala. In rupibus basalt. sept. montis Csobánc prope
Diszel 300–370 m.” leg. Boros Á., 01.05.1959 [BP 448619, 448620]; “Veszprém megye,
Balaton-felvidék. Tapolca-Diszel: Csobánc, rara, in rupibus basalticis, in declivibus septentrionalibus.” leg. Bauer N., 16.04.2005 [BP 687563]; “Veszprém megye, Balaton-felvidék.
Gyulakeszi: Csobánc, in rupibus basalticis, in declivibus septentrionalibus.” leg. Bauer N.,
Studia bot. hung. 39, 2008
124
BAUER, N., LÕKÖS, L. and PAPP, B.
02.06.2005 [BP 665335]; “Gyulakeszi: Csobánc. “Csobáncvár” EOV 532328 170833” leg.
Bauer N., 27.04.2007 [BP 690837].
Cardaminopsis petraea grows at only one site in the Balaton Uplands, on
one of the basalt monadnocks in the Basin of Tapolca, namely the Csobánc
Hill. Its exploration is connected to Gusztáv Redl (1853–1917) – a teacher
and plant collector from Tapolca; the habitat site indication of “Csobáncvár”
refers to the fact that Redl collected the plant on the stone walls of the ruined
castle on the hill-top. Jávorka was the first who collected Cardaminopsis
petraea from the basalt rocks of Csobánc Hill; later its occurrence was confirmed by additional collections and literature sources (FEKETE 1964,
KOVÁCS and TAKÁCS 1995, MESTERHÁZY et al. 2003) as well.
Currently the plant is found on the northerly steep, and sometimes the vertical rocky slopes of the hill (almost 50 and 100 specimens, respectively), and almost 50 specimens on one of the north-facing stone wall of the ruined castle.
A
B
Cardaminopsis petraea. : Gyenesdiás, Kõmell, 06.23.2007, photo: Bauer N.; : Balatongyörök, Bise-kõ, 04.11.2008, photo: Bauer N.
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DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATS OF CARDAMINOPSIS PETRAEA IN HUNGARY
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Bakony Mts
: “Tapolca, comit. Zala: in calcareis vallis infra Ódörögdi major in silva Viszlói
erdõ.” leg. Jávorka S., 26.08.1927 [BP 73860].
Since the collection of Jávorka at the only known occurrence of Cardaminopsis petraea in the southern Bakony this site could not be verified, and
the precise location is still to be searched for.
: “Hungaria, Comitatus Alba. E vineis montis Csúcsos prope Nadap.” leg. Tauscher Gy., 05.1869 [BP 73865]; “Hungaria scutalis, Comitatus Alba. E lapidosis montanis
prope pagum Nadap.” leg. Tauscher Gy., 05.1869 [BP 73866].
We are aware of only one proven occurrence in the Velence Mts – on
“Csúcsos Hill” at Nadap. An interesting data from Gyula Tauscher
(1831–1882) – a manor doctor of Ercsi and a noted plant collector – is mentioned in the work of BORBÁS (1900). JÁVORKA (1925) cites the Velence
Mts occurrence with the comment “a Meleg-hegyen Fehér megyében” [“on
the Meleg Hill in Fehér county”], but omits the same location in his later
work (JÁVORKA 1937); SOÓ (1968) notes Cardaminopsis petraea as having
a questionable occurrence in the Velence Mts (“Velencei-hg. ?”).
HILLEBRANDT (1858) reported on the observation of Arabis petraea
Sam. while taking excursions with Count Zichy in Komárom county: “auf
dem Göbitiö (Steinberg), einem bei Almas sich erhebenden kleinen Tropstreinberg fanden wir…”. This occurrence could not be verified since then, however, it has been quoted in a number of synthetic works: NEILREICH (1866)
“auf dem Steinberg bei Almás im Com. Komorn.”; JÁVORKA (1925)
“Almásnál Komárom megyében”; SOÓ (1968) “Komárom: Almás?”. Anyway,
the occurrence appeared on the chorological map of JALAS and SUOMINEN
(1996). According to BARINA (2006) this occurrence is questionable.
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BAUER, N., LÕKÖS, L. and PAPP, B.
SOÓ (1968) and SOÓ and KÁRPÁTI (1968) mentioned Cardaminopsis
petraea from Mt “Nagy-Szénás” in the Buda Mts, a data of doubtful origin
that requires verification.
“Arabis Crantziana Ehr.” was mentioned from the environs of Pécs
with the note “bei Fünfkirchen” in the review of NEILREICH (1866). The author refers to the enumeration of K. NENDTVICH (1836). The species was
not listed in the work of T. NENDTVICH (1846) about the rare plants of the
environs of Pécs. KERNER (1863) called the attention to several erroneous
data of K. NENDTVICH, but “Arabis Crantziana” was not mentioned by
him. SIMONKAI (1876) was searching for it unsuccessfully on its presumed
location near Pécs, on “Schneeberg”, and also commented that it became
extinct according to NENDTVICH V. The Mecsek occurrence has been cited
in subsequent synthetic works as the species being extinct or its presence
doubtful: HAZSLINSZKY (1872): “lelhelyei bizonytalanok s nyugoton keresendõk” [“its occurrences are questionable and should be searched for in the west”];
HORVÁT (1942): “egykor… Pécs… Havihegy” [“erstwhile…Pécs… Havihegy”];
JÁVORKA (1925): “a Mecseken?” [“on the Mecsek?”]; SOÓ (1968): “Mecsek †
?” [“Mecsek †?”]. Recent works do not reference the species from the environs of Pécs and the plant is cited on the maps of JALAS and SUOMINEN
(1996) as extinct from this location. The hill called Havihegy in the town of
Pécs is a residential area today.
Habitat preferences in Hungary
Careful survey of occurrence data of Cardaminopsis petraea in Hungary revealed the existence of three major (Csobánc, Kõmell, Bise-kõ) and
two minor populations (Vas Hill, Büdöskúti Valley).
The strongest stand of Cardaminopsis petraea in Hungary remained
on one of the basalt volcanic monadnocks in the Balaton Uplands, namely
on the Csobánc Hill. The majority of this population exits on the Upper
Pannonian (Mio-Pliocene) basalt rocky outcrops of the northern slope
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DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATS OF CARDAMINOPSIS PETRAEA IN HUNGARY
127
(BUDAI and SCHAREK 2005), mainly on the vertical rocky wall, in chasm
vegetation (Table 1: 1–10). This vegetation on the basis of its species combination is considered an association variant of Alysso saxatilis-Festucetum
pallentis Klika ex Cerovsky 1949 corr. Gutermann et Mucina 1993 (see
MUCINA and KOLBEK 1993). The occurrence of this association in the
Csobánc Hill and its description on the basis of species frequency was given
by CSIKY (2003), and Csiky in BORHIDI (2003), without Cardaminopsis
petraea. Cardaminopsis petraea also grows on the rocks of the debris slope
forest (Mercuriali-Tilietum Zólyomi et Jakucs in Zólyomi 1958) under the
rocks, and some of its stems were also observed in the rocky grassland of the
west-facing slope. The occurrence of the plant on secondary surfaces, i.e.
built stone walls, is rather rare in Central Europe (BRANDES 1992). For this
reason, it is especially interesting that it occurs with high density as other
rocky grassland species on the Csobánc Hill on the northern side of one of
the ruined castle walls (Table 1: 11–20). Of the dominant species of the
Alysso saxatilis-Festucetum pallentis association on Csobánc Hill, Allium
senescens subsp. montanum, Aurinia saxatilis, Festuca pallens, Jovibarba
hirta, Seseli osseum, Asplenium septentrionale, Campanula rotundifolia are
typical in the habitats of Cardaminopsis petraea. Further notable elements
of the rocky vegetation are Saxifraga paniculata, Ceterach officinarum,
Galium austriacum, and Asplenium ruta-muraria is also frequent on the castle wall. Cardaminopsis petraea is found in the greatest density on the castle
wall. Observations of relatively great density of this species have been reported from secondary habitats; Hemp’s hypothesis (HEMP 1996) about
the recent expansion of Cardaminopsis petraea is based on this phenomenon.
The composition of the lichen species found in the studied quadrates
(Csobánc, relevés 1–20) represents a typical, acidic rocky lichen community with dominance of Acarospora fuscata, Aspicilia cinerea, Candelariella
vitellina, Lecanora rupicola, Pertusaria lactea, P. leucosora, Rhizocarpon geographicum, Rh. lavatum and Scoliciosporum umbrinum (Table 3). Micarea
botryoides (in relevés 1–10) is new for Hungary. At this place there is the
2nd, confirmed Hungarian occurrence for Toninia aromatica (in relevés
11–20 situated in the castle wall). Its first published occurrence from
Lipótmezõ (SÁNTHA 1910, SZATALA 1942) is dubious in lack of the specimen.
Another specimen from the Bükk Mts (collected by F. Fóriss) was revised
later as Scoliciosporum umbrinum, thus the other (only former) confirmed
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BAUER, N., LÕKÖS, L. and PAPP, B.
locality is in the Buda Mts (Bia: Dobogó-hegy) where it was found by Gy.
Timkó in 1917.
The bryophyte assemblage of the studied quadrates consists of common species as Hypnum cupressiforme, Dicranum scoparium, Brachythecium
rutabulum and Homalothecium sericeum. In the quadrates of Csobánc
11–20, (on the ruins of the castle wall) some common species characteristic
in anthropogenic habitats (Funaria hygrometrica, Tortula muralis) do also
occur. Two hepatics collected in quadrates Csobánc 1–10 (Barbilophozia
barbata, Frullania tamarisci) are indicator species of rocky places in good
natural condition.
In the Keszthely Mts, from where the largest number of proven occurrence data is known, we found the strongest stand of Cardaminopsis petraea
on the side of Mt Varsás above Gyenesdiás, mainly on the north-facing
wall of the great almost vertical rock. The bedrock of the locally named
Kõmell is upper Triassic dolomite (Rezi Dolomite Formation) (BUDAI and
SCHAREK 2005). Cardaminopsis petraea only occurs here on the rock wall
and a few individuals in the Pinus nigra stand planted under the rock. On
the wall Cardaminopsis petraea is accompanied by species typical in the
north-facing shaded dolomite rocky grasslands (Festuco pallenti-Brometum
pannonici Zólyomi 1958) of the Transdanubian Mts (Festuca pallens,
Bromus pannonicus var. reptans, Seseli leucospermum, Allium montanum,
Phyteuma orbiculare, Thalictrum pseudominus, Viola collina, Leontodon
incanus, etc.) (Table 2). The total cover of vegetation is rather low here because of the geomorphological conditions. Based on the coenological
relevés the plant association developed on dolomite substrate of the
Transdanubian Mts is significantly rich in relict species. This particular association can be regarded as a distinct “chasm grassland-character variant”
or “rocky wall variant” of the above association (in which Cardaminopsis
petraea and all of the recorded species are frequent, typical elements of the
association). Regarding this we share the opinion of Zólyomi in FEKETE et
al. (1961). Zólyomi also identified the habitat of Primula auricula occurring in rocky walls as a variant of closed dolomite rocky grasslands
fragmentally developed on cliffs. On the dolomite area of the Keszthely
Mts Aurinia saxatilis only survived on one spot (Keszthely-Cserszegtomaj:
Csókakõ) on barren rocky walls with similar vegetation.
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DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATS OF CARDAMINOPSIS PETRAEA IN HUNGARY
129
The list of lichens from the studied quadrates (“Kõmell” relevés 21–30)
is mostly composed of species which frequently colonise shaded calcareous
rocks, like Bacidina egenula, Catillaria lenticularis, Gyalecta jenensis, Lecidella stigmatea, Placynthium hungaricum and Protoblastenia rupestris, while
other species, such as Aspicilia calcarea, Lecanora albescens, Lobothallia radiosa and Placocarpus schaereri (Table 4) usually prefer exposed rocks.
Dirina stenhammari is a rare species with only 3 former localities from
Hungary (VERSEGHY 1994). Not previously known from the Keszthely
Mts, Solenopsora candicans had two former occurrences from Hungary
(Buda Mts: Nagy-Szénás; Keszthely Mts: “Rezi csere”), but these have never
been published. As the 3rd location of the species, it is 10 km far from the
other locality in the Keszthely Mts (“Rezi csere”).
Most of the bryophytes found in the studied quadrates are characteristic species of shaded rocks. Some of them prefer exposed rocky places as
Orthotrichum cupulatum and Radula complanata. In the quadrates Kõmell
28–30 some species living on soil in closed grassland or at forest margins
were also detected (e.g. Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Scleropodium purum,
Thuidium recognitum). Gymnostomum calcareum collected in the quadrates
Kõmell 21–25 is an indicator species of shaded calcareous rocky places in
good natural condition.
Situation of the stand in Bise-kõ is equal to the stand of Kõmell. In
Bise-kõ the common co-occurring species of Cardaminopsis petraea are
Asplenium ruta-muraria, Sedum album, Campanula rotundifolia, Allium
montanum, and Festuca pallens. In this habitat the relicts typical on dolomite in the Transdanubian Mts, as Seseli leucospermum, Biscutella laevigata,
and Dianthus plumarius, are also present. The vegetation is a rocky wall
variant of a dolomite rocky grassland community.
Concerning the habitat preferences of Cardaminopsis petraea in Hungary, the analyses based on relevés taken in Bohemia show similar results:
there, it also grows on base-rich volcanic bedrocks and also on dolomite.
CHYTRÝ (2007) stated that Cardaminopsis petraea occurs in Festuco pallentis-Aurinietum saxatilis association typical in the North Bohemian volcanic
hills, and in Saxifrago paniculatae-Seslerietum caeruleae Klika 1941 association typical on limestone and on base-rich siliceous bedrocks.
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Table 3 Occurrence of the bryophyte and lichen species in the studied quadrates of
Csobánc Hill
Species
Barbilophozia barbata (Schreb.) Loeske
Brachythecium rutabulum (Hedw.) Schimp.
Dicranum scoparium Hedw.
Frullania tamarisci (L.) Dumort.
Funaria hygrometrica Hedw.
Homalothecium sericeum (Hedw.) Schimp.
Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw.
Tortula muralis L. ex Hedw.
Acarospora fuscata (Nyl.) Arnold
Aspicilia cinerea (L.) Körb.
Caloplaca citrina (Hoffm.) Th. Fr.
Caloplaca holocarpa (Hoffm.) A. E. Wade
Caloplaca saxicola (Hoffm.) Nordin
Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll. Arg.
Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm.
Cladonia rangiformis Hoffm.
Diplotomma alboatrum (Hoffm.) Flot.
Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl.
Lecanora albescens (Hoffm.) Branth et Rostr.
Lecanora dispersa (Pers.) Röhl.
Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr.
Lecidella stigmatea (Ach.) Hertel et Leuckert
Melanelia glabratula (Lamy) Essl.
Micarea botryoides (Nyl.) Coppins
Parmelia sulcata Taylor
Pertusaria lactea (L.) Arnold
Pertusaria leucosora Nyl.
Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg
Physcia dimidiata (Arnold) Nyl.
Porpidia tuberculosa (Sm.) Hertel et Knoph
Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC.
Rhizocarpon lavatum (Fr.) Hazsl.
Scoliciosporum umbrinum (Ach.) Arnold
Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner
Toninia aromatica (Turner ex Sm.) A. Massal.
Trapelia sp.
Verrucaria muralis Ach.
Xanthoparmelia stenophylla (Ach.) Ahti et D. Hawksw.
Studia bot. hung. 39, 2008
Csobánc 1−10
Csobánc 11−20
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131
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATS OF CARDAMINOPSIS PETRAEA IN HUNGARY
Table 4 Occurrence of the bryophyte and lichen species in the studied quadrates of
Keszthely Mts
Kõmell 21−25 Kõmell 26−27 Kõmell 28−30
Anomodon viticulosus (Hedw.) Hook. et Taylor
Ctenidium molluscum (Hedw.) Mitt.
Encalypta streptocarpa Hedw.
Eurhynchium striatulum (Spruce) Schimp.
Fissidens dubius P. Beauv.
Gymnostomum calcareum Nees et Hornsch.
Homalia besseri Lobarz.
Homalothecium sericeum (Hedw.) Schimp.
Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw.
Neckera complanata (Hedw.) Huebener
Orthotrichum cupulatum Brid.
Plagiochila porelloides (Nees) Lindenb.
Radula complanata (L.) Dumort.
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus (Hedw.) Warnst.
Scleropodium purum (Hedw.) Limpr.
Thuidium recognitum (Hedw.) Lindb.
Tortella tortuosa (Hedw.) Limpr.
Aspicilia calcarea (L.) Körb.
Bacidina egenula (Nyl.) Vìzda
Bilimbia sabuletorum (Schreb.) Arnold
Caloplaca cirrochroa (Ach.) Th. Fr.
Caloplaca flavescens (Huds.) J. R. Laundon
Caloplaca saxicola (Hoffm.) Nordin
Catillaria lenticularis (Ach.) Th. Fr.
Collema sp.
Dirina stenhammari (Arnold) Poelt et Follmann
Gyalecta jenensis (Batsch) Zahlbr.
Lecania erysibe (Ach.) Mudd
Lecanora albescens (Hoffm.) Branth et Rostr.
Lecanora dispersa (Pers.) Röhl.
Lecidella stigmatea (Ach.) Hertel et Leuckert
Lepraria sp.
Lobothallia radiosa (Hoffm.) Hafellner
Physconia grisea (Lam.) Poelt
Placocarpus schaereri (Fr.) Breuss
Placynthium hungaricum Gyeln.
Protoblastenia rupestris (Scop.) J. Steiner
Solenopsora candicans (Dicks.) J. Steiner
Thelidium decipiens (Hepp) Kremp.
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132
BAUER, N., LÕKÖS, L. and PAPP, B.
CONCLUSIONS
Habitat analyses of the three major populations of Cardaminopsis
petraea in Hungary provided results similar to those of other works (HEMP
1996, ÈERNÝ et al. 2006). Based on the occurrence data and habitat features
in Hungary and in Central Europe the plant generally grows on rocky habitats. Its appearance cannot be strictly connected to any particular plant association or higher vegetation unit (cf. ELLENBERG 1996, HEMP 1996,
ÈERNÝ et al. 2006). The occurrence of the plant is determined by microclimatic and geomorphological features providing its basic ecological requirements and vegetation historic characters.
Hungary’s mountainous regions were periglacial areas during glaciation in the Pleistocene with cold steppe and mosaic steppe and tundra vegetation (ZÓLYOMI 1952, FRENZEL et al. 1992), which certainly provided
more favourable conditions for Cardaminopsis petraea and other alpine and
boreal flora elements. Today Cardaminopsis petraea occurrences in the
Balaton Uplands and in the Keszthely Mts can be characterised by intensive
sub-Mediterranean features, in which the relict populations of any boreal
and alpine species could only survive in the cool microclimatic microhabitats, as minor remnants of formerly more extended areas. Under the
current climatic conditions, Cardaminopsis petraea can only thrive on
cooler north-facing rocky slopes and rock walls in Hungary’s mountainous
areas. The small populations that survived in the Transdanubian Mts –
based on a higher diversity of other Central European populations (CLAUSS
and MITCHELL-OLDS 2006, ANSELL et al. 2007) – represent a valuable gene
pool. Because of their varied climatic and geomorphological characters, the
Transdanubian Mts have been able to continuously provide suitable conditions for Cardaminopsis petraea since the end of the Pleistocene up to now.
These areas – especially the dolomite areas (see ZÓLYOMI 1942) – are important refugia also shown by the presence of other de-alpine and/or boreal
relict species with similar requirements (Primula auricula, Moehringia
muscosa, Allium victorialis, Festuca amethystina, etc., see ZÓLYOMI 1942,
1958, SOÓ 1964). SIMON (1972) (in his paper about the rocky vegetation of
the Zemplén Mts) called the attention to the fact that the rocky grasslands
of the Hungarian volcanic middle mountains play an important role in preserving relict species. Simon’s assumption gets plenty of support also by
Studia bot. hung. 39, 2008
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATS OF CARDAMINOPSIS PETRAEA IN HUNGARY
133
previously published floras of low and small island-like basalt monadnocks
(see BORBÁS 1900, SOÓ 1930, JÁVORKA and SOÓ 1951, FEKETE 1964). The
geomorphological (differently exposed, often vertical stone walls; alternation of debris slopes and crumbling, block disintegrating stone types) and
microclimate features (strongly depending on the geomorphology) of the
volcanic monadnocks made the remaining of Cardaminopsis petraea, Saxifraga paniculata, Aurinia saxatilis and other glacial and postglacial rocky
relicts on the Transdanubian basalt hills [e.g. Dianthus plumarius subsp.
lumnitzeri (Szent György Hill, leg. Zsák Z., 1920, publ. BAKSAY 1972),
Hieracium wiesbaurianum (Badacsony, Borbás 1900, Szent György Hill,
Bauer ined.)] possible.
Because of their phytogeographical importance, the populations of
Cardaminopsis petraea restricted to limited areas in Hungary would deserve
greater attention of the nature conservation authorities. We are working on
a proposal that will hopefully result in the declaration of the plants’ remaining habitats strictly protected.
***
Acknowledgements – Our thanks are due to Lajos Balogh, István Isépy, Levente
Nagy, Balázs Pintér, Gábor Sramkó and Tibor Szerdahelyi for helping in data collection in
herbaria under their care, to Lajos Somlyay, Gábor Papp and Attila Szabó T. for helping in
literature research, and to János Csiky for the thorough revision of the manuscript. Some
segments of this work (especially the microlichen research) were supported by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA T47160).
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(Received 15 April, 2008)
Studia bot. hung. 39, 2008