TAXONOMY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN SPIDER FLOWER (CLEOME SPECIES): A CRITICAL REVIEW

vishal aparadh

The morphological characterization of four spiderplant types from western Kenya was carried out in a plastic greenhouse at Chepkoilel Campus of Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya. Seeds were collected from small-scale farmers in Kakamega District and from wildly growing plants within Chepkoilel Campus in Uasin Gishu District, both in western Kenya. Morphotypes were different for 3 variables out of the 7 scored for, the variables including plant structure, stem pubescence leaflet shape and leaflet apices. In the case of variable counts, morphotypes differed for 3 out of the 5 counted and the variables included days to 50% flowering, stem pubescence and number of leaflets per compound leaf. For variable measurements, morphotypes showed differences for 3 out of the 5 measured, and the variables were plant height, petiole length and fruit breadth. The morphotypes were also clustered into 3 groups by the dendrogram. In characterizing the four morphotypes, it was noted that overlaps in morphological statistics occur as expected. Despite these overlaps, significant differences were observed in analysis of variance, indicating that apart from stem and petiole colours, also other characters of importance differ.

Herbal treatment used in healthcare system from ancient time. Plants had been used by all cultures, ethnic group and society throughout history in the whole world. Plants are the potential source of secondary metabolites which have high medicinal value and huge utility in healthcare development. Herbal medicines are now in huge prospects in the developing and developed nation for basic health treatment. It is inexpensive and has minimal side effects. Cleome rutidosperma DC (Family-Cleomaceae) is an annual herbaceous plant, and it is commonly known as Fringed Spider Flower. Cleome rutidosperma is not only a weed, but it is an important medicinal plant, too. This review deals with phytochemical, morphological, taxonomical and other important biological aspects of Cleome rutidosperma. Literature survey indicated that this medicinal plant is available in tropical parts of India has various reported biological activities like analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory, locomotory effect, wound healing property, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-convulsant, anti-diabetic, diuretic and laxative activity etc. The review was done to find out morphological, physicochemical and phytochemical screening of Cleome rutidosperma plant parts. This review can be helpful for identification and preparation of monograph of the plant.

Spider plant (Cleome gynandra L.) is an indigenous leafy vegetable that is a rich source of minerals, proteins, vitamins, flavonoids, antioxidants and many other compounds. Morphological characterization of the germplasm for optimal genetic exploitation is limited by environmental factors. The objective of this study was to determine the degree of genetic diversity between exotic and local spider plant accessions using molecular markers. The spider plant germplasm consisted of 18 local and exotic accessions. Seven polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used in the study. The SSR marker combinations revealed a total of 46 alleles at 7 loci, with an average of 6.57 alleles per locus. An average polymorphic information index of 0.69 was recorded. According to Nei’s genetic distance analysis, low population differentiation was observed between the local and exotic spider plant accessions, which was indicated by a low fixation index value of 0.024 and a high Nm (10.20). An...

02 PLANT SCIENCES FEED REVIEW ARTICLE 2012 ISSN : 2231 - 1971 http://psf.lifescifeed.com TAXONOMY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN SPIDER FLOWER (CLEOME SPECIES): A CRITICAL REVIEW VISHAL T. APARADH*, RAHUL J. MAHAMUNI AND B. A. KARADGE Cleomaceae is a small family of flowering plants in the order Brassicales, comprising more than 300 species belonging to 9 genera of which Cleome is the largest genus with about 180 - 200 species of medicinal, ethnobotanical, ecological importance. The present paper accounts for critical review of spider flower genus Cleome with special emphasis on its taxonomy, ecology, ethnobotany, cytology, biochemistry, physiology and pathology with a note on its importance. The review of the researches on Cleome will provide understanding the value of the species and guidelines for further researches with spider flower genus. KEYWORDS : Taxonomy, Physiology, Cytology, Ethnobotany, Pathology, Cleome, Spider Flower Cite this article as : Aparadh et al. (2012). Taxonomy and Physiological Studies In Spider Flower (Cleome species): A Critical Review. Plant Sciences Feed 2 (3) : 25- 46 AUTHOR AFFILIATIONS: AUTHOR EMAIL Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur (Maharashtra) India. 416 004. vishu1415@gmail.com 1. INTRODUCTION Cleome is the largest genus from family Cleomaceae comprising 180 to 200 species of herbaceous annual or gynandra grow throughout the year but more vigorously during rainy season. C. gynandra grows predominantly in waste places along waste water. C. speciosa is cultivated perennial plants and shrubs widely distributed in tropical species growing widely in shadow places in the red soil species have been recorded [1]. In India, the genus is gardens. and subtropical regions. The major diversity of Cleome is restricted to tropical regions, where approximately 150 represented by fifteen species [2], 12 are reported in Maharashtra [3], while seven from Kolhapur district [4]. Earlier floristic workers like Hooker and Thomson [5] and Cooke [6] put Cleome and other allied genera under the family Capparidaceae, however, recently all these genera are separated taxonomically and put under a separate family i.e. Cleomaceae. Many of workers previously treated this genus in family Capparaceae, until DNA studies (APG II system) found that the major Cleomaceae members are closer to Brassicaceae than Capparaceae [7]. The genus Cleome is under constant evolution, many species show a developmental progression from C3 photosynthesis to C4 photosynthesis and this evolutionary progression is identical to Brassicaceae members like Arabidopsis thaliana [8]. There is very scanty and scattered work in the genus Cleome. Particularly, the anatomical and physiological studies in the species are rare. Present exploration is strictly carried out for selective species of Cleome viz. Cleome chelidonii L.f., C. speciosa Raf., C. gynandra L., C. simplicifolia (Camb.) Hook f. & Thoms and C. viscosa L.. All these species are herbs growing at same locality but in different soil types as Cleome chelidonii grows vigorously in moist places and also in the rocky regions, while C. simplicifolia and C. viscosa grow luxuriantly in the black soil in rainy season. Cleome simplisifolia has very short life cycle up to 3-4 months only. C. viscosa and C. particularly during rainy season. It is famous for its beautiful showy inflorescence and hence cultivated in Cleome is known by various names such as spider flower and mountain bee plant. The indigenous knowledge of many traditional communities has been formulated, documented, and ultimately become organized systems of medicine, such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and other systems outside India. Cleome has traditionally known for its different medicinal properties like leaf paste on headache, leaf juice of Cleome gynandra on earache and skin diseases. It is also used in food in African countries mostly for pregnant women. Boiled leaves of Cleome serrulata are used in preparation of black paint. Species like Cleome viscosa, Cleome gynandra and Cleome chelidonii have many medicinal applications, often in rubifacient and counter irritant preparations. They are also used for rheumatism and even headache [9]. Cleome viscosa is bushy aromatic herb with glandular trichomes, seeds of which are said to be anthelmintic and useful in fever, diarrhea and infantile convulsion [10]. Cleome viscosa is a popular remedy for a variety of ailments as documented in ethnobotanical surveys and traditional systems of medicine, such as Ayurveda and Unani [11]. A brief comparative account of the species which have been undertaken for the present study, with respect to their occurance or distribution, their habit, some morphological traits and flowering period, has been recorded in the following Table.1 Table 1 A brief comparative account of habitat in Cleome species Soil type needed Habitat C. simplicifolia Africa and S. Arabia to Australia India Annual erect herb Annual Semierrect/ prostrate herb Red and black both Black Plant Sciences Feed Vol. 2 Issue 3 C. gynandra C. chelidonii Shrilanka to India to whole Asia India Annual herb Annual herb Black mostly with waste place Moist black/soil form due to rock erosion C. speciosa Tropical America. Redish semi-shrub 26 Native C. viscosa Page Characters/ Other Flower colour Androecium Gynoecium Capsule (length) Simple Mostly 5 foliate pinnately compound Axillary racemes Solitary axillary Corymbose - racemes Many 6 Yellow Violet / pink Gynophore absent Gynophore absent Many Seed 5-7 cm Flowering and Fruiting Throughout year brownish-black Subglobose 2-4 cm Brown August - Nov. Economically the genus Cleome is not such admired. However, in many African countries some species are cultivated for their foliage which has some medicinal properties. Some species like C. gynandra are eaten as vegetable in extreme conditions. Besides, major Cleome species are considered and ignored as a weed in several countries. Species like C. speciosa, C. hassleriana, C. serrulata are commonly planted in gardens or on the hedges for their striking inflorescence. Seeds of all Cleome species are horse shoe shaped, containig upto 17to 19% of oil. Oil of Cleome seeds has insect repellent properties so used against tick. Seeds of Cleome chelidonii are used as condiment (Flora of India vol 2). Seeds are rich in unsaturated fatty acid as linoleic acid and phytosterol [12]. 2. TAXONOMY OF CLEOME Cleome species were put earlier in family Capparidaceae. However, recently the genus has been given a separate status. It has been separated from Capparidaceae and grouped as Cleomaceae. Cooke [6] has described ten species of Cleome under Capparidaceae. One hundred and fifty Cleome spp. have been so far described worldwide in tropical regions [13] and fifteen species occur in India. Seven species are found to be distributed in the region of Kolhapur district [4]. There are lots of observations on different parts of Cleome species and some new species have been described continuously from past century by different authors. Diagnosen and Kleinere [14] have reported a new species Cleome schweinfurthii. Kers [15] has described Cleome uncifer from Northwest Australia. Cleome kersiana has been Simple leaves also at basal region Axillary and terminal racemes White Violet / pink Gynandrophore 1cm long Gynophore absent Muricate, dark brown, globose Grey brown 4-8cm August- Dec 3-7 foliate pinnately compound racemes pink / purple Many 6 5-8 cm 3-6cm Grey black August- Oct. Sept. - Dec Gynophore elongated described and illustrated by Thulin [16] from Somalia. Iltis and Ruiz [17] have described endemic species Cleome torticarpa from wet gallery forests National Park, Venezuela. Silva [18] from Brazil reported Cleome eosina J. F. Macbr. which was considered endemic to Paraguay. Reddy and Raju [19] have reported Cleome chelidonii var pallai as a new variety from India. Keighery [20] has discussed nomenclature and taxanomy of Cleome uncifera and he separated it as a new subspecies using leaf morphology, a small-leaved variant species named Cleome uncifera subsp. microphylla Kers. and discused ranges of variation in the leaves of the new and typical subspecies. Iltis [21] has described and illustrated Cleome boliviensis Iltis, with large-flowers, and discussed its relationship to other species. Durand and Durand [22] have described six species of Cleome under Sylloge Flora Congolanae. Two new species, Cleome viscosa, C. spinosa and also Cleome gynandra have been described by Wilczek [23] from Bas Katanga district. Blacklock [24] has described upto 8 species of Cleome from flora of Iraq and has given a separate key for their identification. Rao [25] reported for the first time Cleome rutidosperma from Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Weber et al. [26] have added Cleome serrulata to the flora of Colorado USA. Chamberlain et al. [27] have recorded two new combinations and formal descriptions for eight new species and three new subspecies for the genera Cleome, Polycarpaea, Silene, Gypsophila, Dianthus and Rubus in Volume I of the Flora of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra. Siwakoti and Verma [28] have reported Cleome rutidosperma DC.and C. spinosa Jacq. with other eighteen 27 Inflorescence 3-5 foliate pinnately compound Page Leaves Mostly 3 sometime upto 7 foliate pinnately compound; Plant Sciences Feed Vol. 2 Issue 3 Many workers have studied pollen morphology of different Cleome species. Pope [37] studied pollen colours in different families and concluded that colour of pollen grains is almost constant in almost all members of a particular family with few exceptions. He studied Cleome and observed green coloured pollens in it. Mitra [38] has studied pollen morphology in some Cleome species. Solomon et al. [39] studied the pollen morphology of Cleome serrulata and reported that they are prolate, tricolporate, tectum reticulate with micropunctate lamina. Flint and Martyn [40] worked on pollen germination and they mentioned that when UVB was administerd a large and significant inhibition of pollen germination was noted in Cleome lutea. Palacios et al. [41] studied the pollen grains of three taxa belonging to family Capparidaceae, Cleome multicaulis, Cleomella mexicana and Polanisia uniglandulosa and suggested that the species could be separated on the basis of the characteristics of seeds such as the ornamentation, apertures and shape. Ruiz et al. [42] Plant Sciences Feed Vol. 2 Issue 3 Gier [46] prepared a key for identification of herbaceous dicotyledons and studied the morphology of Cleome serrulata and reported the absence of stipules in it. Guedes [47] studied morphology and anatomy of Cleome simplicifolia and for the first time he described the peltate petals in it. Puri [48] studied the morphology of leaf and seeds of Cleome gynandra. Bhattacharya and Maiti [49] from BSI studied seed morphology of 12 species of Cleome and prepared a taxonomic key for their identification through seeds only. Chakrabarty and Gupta [50] have reported morphohistological characters of 3 herbaceous species growing along railway track including Cleome viscosa L. Sereno [51] from Caribbean Barbados region has studied the morphology of Cleome tenuis. Ruiz and Escale [52] studied seed morphology of 19 species of Cleome L. from Venezuela using the scanning electron microscope and observed seminal characters. Richard et al. [53] described morphological details of Cleome isomeris and C. viscosa. Thulin [54] has studied morphology of four species of Cleome in the Horn of Africa region and reported that C. omanensis, comb. nov. occurs in the Mahrah Region of Yemen and also in Oman and prepared a key for identification of the species. According to Smith [55] a gynophore is usually defined as stalk or stip which supports the ovary or gynoecium in certain flowers of Cleome. Vanderpool [56] in his studies on SEM of seeds of some Cleome species found the presence of stomates on the seeds. Lloyd et al. [57] reported occurrence of heterostyly in S. African species of Bauhinia (Leguminosae), Cleome (Capparaceae), Aneilema (Commelinaceae), and Agelaea (Connaraceae). Koyama and 28 Khalifa and EL-Gohary [31] studied micro morphological attributes like anatomical features of stem, leaves and petioles to evaluate their significance in differentiating the 9 Cleome spp. of Egypt. Lynne [32] studied Cleomoideae and tried to explain their phylogeny by using cladistic method. Farris [33] studied evolutionary change for several characters in Cleome serrulata Pursh and suggested that morphological characters had a greater impact on fitness in wetter areas, while physiological characters were more important in the drier areas. Mark et al. [34] have studied different seed plants for their phylogeny and reported that the polyphyletics that occurs in capparidales is due to some members of capparaceae along with Cleome. Erbar and Leins [35] studied floral ontogeny of Cleome spinosa, Cleome violacea and Polanisia dodecandra subsp. Trachysperma and concluded that the evolutionary steps in the androecial development proceed from Reseda via Capparis and Polanisia/Cleome to Brassicaceae. Sanchez [36] tried to investigate phylogenetic and morphological relationships within, South American Cleome species. This study supported the monophyly of Cleome and the recognition of three clades within it, which are supported morphologically by seed and pollen characters. In general, seed and, to a lesser extent, pollen characters were found to be systematically useful within Cleome species. examined pollen morphology of 19 Cleome species from Venezuela using scanning electron microscopy and concluded that exine sculpturing has diagnostic value within the genus and supports the classification of species and there is no relationship between exine sculpturing and pollination syndromes. Gamal [43] reported that pollen grains of Cleome are tricolporate. Perveen and Qaiser [44] investigated pollen morphology of 14 species belonging to seven genera of the family Capparidaceae viz., Cadaba Forssk., Capparis L., Cleome L., Dipterygium Decaisne, Gynandropsis DC., Maerua Forssk by using light and scanning electron microscopes. They concluded that palynology is significantly helpful at the specific level. Fagundez [45] worked on melitopalynology of Cleome species comimg from the flooded islands with the help of ligh and scanning electronic microscope. He for the first time identified Cleome hassleriana pollen sample from honey along with other plants also and studied importance of each taxon in the production of honeys of these areas. Page dicotyledonous taxa new to Nepal flora. Sivarajan and Sunil [29] for the first time reported Cleome spinosa Jacq., in wild status from West Bengal, India (which is native of tropical America). Panda and Paul [30] reported Cleome aspera Koenig ex DC. as a new record for Flora of West Bengal. Choshi [58] have studied developmental stages of pistil in Cleome spinosa. Rajendrudu et al. [59] have studied leaf phylotaxy in Cleome gynandra L. Jelani et al. [60] have described foliar dermotypes of the seven Indian species of Cleome, viz. C. aspera Koen. ex DC., C. chelidonii L.f., C. felina L.f., C. monophylla, L. C. gynandra L., C. tenella L.f. and C. viscosa L. including epidermal cells, stomatal cells and trichome complexes. Six trichome types viz., uniseriate capitate, uniseriate cylindrical, biseriate capitate, multiseriate capitate, multiseriate clavate and multiseriate conical hairs have been observed. They prepared a key for identification of the species studied. Idioblastic cell sacs have been recorded in C. aspera, C. chelidonii, C. felina and C. tenella. It was also reported by them that though, C. chelidonii is a marshy plant, epidermal cells possess straight anticlinal walls. Changes in the foliar traits of some common plants including Cleome viscosa L. from polluted site were observed by Saha et al. [61]. They have reported significant variation in the palisade ratio and vein islet number in Chromolaena odoratum, Cleome viscosa, Hyptis suaveolens and Xanthium strumarium. Raghavan [62] Studied complete life history of Cleome chelidonii Linn. Weiss [63] studied domestically used plants from East Africa which included Cleome strigosa and gave its traditional use. Sharma [64] worked on systematic position of 11 angiosperm genera [Atylosia, Centella, Cleome, Glinus, Ludwigia, Malvastrum, Mukia, Pavonia, Spergula, Trachyspermum and Zaleya] widely distributed in India. Vanderpool and Estes [65] and Vanderpool et al. [66] in their systematic investigation of Cleome lutia and Cleome jonesii concluded that these two entities are conspecific, each having n=17. Rajagopal and Ramayya [67] studied anatomy of Cleome aspera and found the occurrence of idioblastic cellsacs in the leaf epidermis which is significant character for taxonomy of that plant. Iltis [68] worked on taxonomy of Cleome multicaulis and described biogeography of this species. He [69] studied monographic taxonomy and evolution of Cleome gynandra. Bremer and Wanntorp [70] made an attempt to classify Cleomoideae cladastically. Brunel et al. [71] worked on taxonomy of Cleome and prepared a floral key for identification. Anuradha et al. [72] worked on chemotaxonomy of Cappareae and Cleomeae and found that there are close ties among the members of the two tribes. Subramanian and Susheela [73] studied cytotaxonomy of 18 species coming under 6 genera of Capparidaceae and for the first time recorded chromosome number for some species. They concluded that the autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy play an important role in the origin and evolution of the species of South Indian Capparidaceae. Ruiz [74] has given the taxanomic key for identification of Cleome with three species and other five genra from Capparaceae. Arbuzova and Nikitin [75] studied taxonomy of Cleome and Cleomella-like fossil seeds from the Palaeogene and Neogene of Russia and adjacent states using scanning electron microscopy of the seed coat. Khatoon and Perveen [76] studied Cleome heratensis Bunge subsp. pakistanica and raised it to the species level as Cleome pakistanica. APG II system Règne Plantae Sous-règne Tracheobionta Division Magnoliophyta Classe Magnoliopsida Sous-classe Dilleniidae Ordre Capparales Famille Capparaceae Genre Cleome Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Brassicales Family: Cleomaceae Genus: Cleome L. Classification System: APG III Classification System: B &H Regnum: Plantae Cladus: Angiospermae Cladus: Eudicots Cladus: Core eudicots Cladus: Rosids Cladus: Eurosids II Ordo: Brassicales Familia: Cleomaceae Genus: Cleome Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Division : Angiosperms Sub Division : Dicotyledonae Class : Polypetalae Series : Thalamiflorae Order: Parietales Family: Capparidaceae Genera: Cleome Page Classification de Cronquist 29 Classification of Cleome in different system Plant Sciences Feed Vol. 2 Issue 3 Murneek [85] studied andromonoecious reaction or process in Cleome spinosa L. Eames and Wilson [86] studied anatomy and floral morphology of Cleome spinosa. Brink and Cooper [87] studied embryonic development in Cleome chelidonii. Overbeek [88] studied weed control by different synthetic chemicals. He reported that Cleome is controlled by spraying 2, 4, D in agriculture field. Ramanujam and Khatija [89] studied melittopalynology of Guntur District Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 66 pollen types referable to 38 families including Cleome gynandra have been recorded in these honey samples. Grzegorz and Maria [90] investigated megafossils from the fluvial sediments overlying the Tertiary lignites in the Bełchatów opencast mine of Middle Poland and recorded some genera (Cleome, Ternstroemites and Zingiberoideophyllum) which are new for the Tertiary of Poland. 4. ECOLOGY Cook [91] studied honey yield of Cleome integrifolia and other two plants and found that Rocky Mountain bee plant flourishes on the dry plains of Colorado, he had been quite successful in growing it and geting much nectar in small plots for years. Spring-sown seed will rarely germinate. So in the fall of 1888 he sowed eight acres of Cleome but he had great disappointment as the seeds did not germinate well. Henri [92] has recorded Cleome integrifolia as transient weed. Menon and Kulkarni [93] have done ecological studies in Cleome viscosa with respect to seed and seed germination. Barker et al. [94] recorded the vegetation on Plant Sciences Feed Vol. 2 Issue 3 Kassas and Zahran [100] reported Cleome droserifolia community in El Galata and El Bahariya. According to Iltis [101] centers of Cleome lanceolata are Paraguay and Southwestern Brazil and NE Brazil. He [102] studied ecological distribution of Cleome afrospina and its migration from South America to Africa or vice versa. Cook [103] reported Cleome ciliate and Cleome viscosa vegetation from the Kainji reservoir site in Northern Nigeria. Leroy [104] described 7 species of Cleome in which 3 species are endemic to Madagascar. Bruce [105] studied phytogeography of sand dunes in great basin and Mojava desert. He reported Cleome sparcifolia as indicator taxa of all studied basins. Vegetation survey by Salama and Fayed [106] revealed the following four community types in the wadis Zilla spinosa - Aerva javanica, Pulicaria undulataSchouwia thebaica, Cleome arabica - Crotalaria aegyptiaca and Acacia tortilis-Zygophyllum coccineum. Salama and Fayed [107] studied phytosociology of thirty nine species including Cleome droserifolia for comprising the vegetation of the wadi using the Zurich Montpelliar technique. Ali et al. [108] recorded one hundred and ten species, belonging to 35 families during survey of the Wadi Allaqi. They found that among the recorded species, Cleome paradoxa, Sesamum alatum, Gisekia pharnaceoides, Anticharis linearis and Anticharis arabica are very rare in the Egyptian flora. This study showed that vegetation distribution in the 30 Day by day there is increase in knowledge about genus Cleome. Some common botanical features noted are as follows: Gray [77] described Cleome integrifolia as cultivated ornamental plant with very beautiful flowers. Schaffner [78] observed long stipitate condition of the gynoecium in some Cleome species which may cause sterility in them. Bancroft [79] noted two species from genus Cleome and showed an indication of tetrarchy in hypocotyl. Frank [80] has reported that Cleome is a source of surplus honey, so bees are attracted towards it. Rijven [81] observed that glutamine at concentration of 400 ppm stimulated the growth of embryos of Cleome. Acropetal dehiscence with complete department of the valves as well as basipetal incomplete dehiscence occur in the cleomoideae [82]. Amelaxen and Arbeiter [83] indicated a cytoplasmic origin for the oil as secretory product of glandular hairs of Cleome spinosa. Thomas and Philips [84] reported that leaf anatomy of Cleome tenuis indicated operation of C3 metabolism. the campsite members occupied by different fast-growing, grazing-tolerant weeds like stoloniferous grass, Cynodon dactylon, and the non-palatable, annual forbs, Cleome tenella and Gisekia pharnaceoides. Ismail et al. [95] recorded the occurrence of seeds belonging to 21 and 25 species in the rubber and oil palm plantations respectively, with Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anders., Cleome rutidosperma DC., Borreria alata DC. and Paspalum conjugatum Berg. being the most abundant in both plantations and accounting for more than 80% of the total weed seeds. Dickore and Nusser [96] have reported Cleome as tropical weed in flora of Nanga Parbat. Lawrence [97] identified Cleome serrulata and other eleven species of other genera commonly associated with corrals in Navajo. Merlee and Rekha [98] studied Cleome viscosa for its autecology and provided information regarding its distribution and abundance which is helpful for its cultivation on a commercial scale. Ghaderian and Baker [99] reported that Cleome heratensis appears to be an indicator of ultramafics in Central Iran. Populations of this plant cover quite extensive areas during summer and autumn when there is no rainfall. This plant contained low concentrations of all metals and thus it possesses exclusion mechanisms to restrict excessive metal uptake. Page 3. BOTANY Kers [117] studied population ecology of Cleome angustifolia. The population ecology of Cleome droserifolia (Forssk) Del. was studied by Hegazy et al. [118] in Egypt. Costa et al. [119] described habitat, geographic distribution, morphological variability and prepared illustrations of different species of Cleome, for Brazil. They also prepared key for these species. Hammerton [120] reported Cleome spp. as weed and described common methods and chemicals used to control it. Wendy et al. [121] provided Banana mulch treatment method for control of annual weed species such as Spermacoce latifolia Aubl. and Cleome aculeate L. Cleome is common plant found in tropical scrub habitat. 5. BIOTECHNOLOGY Paigani And Romussi [122] have analysed seeds of Cleome pungens using chromatography technique. They isolated feruloyl choline chloride from the seeds using the techniques like nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectra, Naseem and Jha [124] standardized in vitro protocol for mass propagation of Cleome gynandra DC, using thalamus, gynandrophore and root segments as explants on Murashige and Skoog's medium varying the concentrations of auxin and cytokinin. They observed that a high BA to NAA ratio produced leathery leaves in culture besides shoot differentiation. 2, 4-D was not suitable for organogenesis and long term culture. Regenerants were successfully transferred to soil. In vitro response of gynandrophore culture was almost similar to that of thalamus explant. Simoes et al. [125] have done biotechnological studies in Cleome rosea. They studied the influence of cytokinins, 6benzyladenine (BA) and 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin) added to the Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) on the culture and reported plantlet regeneration by direct and indirect organogenesis. Songsak and Lockwood [126] established callus and suspension cultures from Cleome chelidonii to produce glucosinolates. 6. CYTOLOGY There are few reports on cytology of Cleome. Talyor [127] studied chromosomes in Cleome spinosa during mitosis. He recorded 32 chromosomes in the dividing cells (2n=32). Áskell [128] worked on cytology of some members of capparidaceae. According to him the chromosomes number in some Cleome species is as follows. Cleome gynandra L. n = 17, Cleome monophylla L. n = 11, Cleome serrulata Pursh. n = 17, Cleome rutidosperma DC. n = 15, Cleome viscosa L. n = 10 and Cleome coluteoides Boiss. n = 17. But according to Raghavan and Kamble [129] chromosome number in Cleome gynandra L. is n = 10. Renard et al. [130] have reported chromosome number for three Cleome species, Cleome monophylla L. - 2n = 22, C. schimperi Pax - 2n = 22 and C. gynandra 2n = 34. Koshy and Mathew [131] worked on cytology of eight species of Cleome, indigenous to South India and concluded that chromosome data indicate that polyploidy and widespread aneuploidy may have played significant role in speciation and evolution of the genus. Wang et al. [132] worked on cytology and micropropagation of Cleome spinosa Jacq. (2n = 20), and also studied germination and the young sprout growth of Cleome spinosa Jacq. Farris [33] investigated the extent and adaptive importance of genetically-based variation in plant water relations in two populations of Cleome serrulata. He collected seeds from maternal plants growing along the moisture gradients and then grew under well-watered 31 Sen and Chawan [114] reported that Cleome viscosa grows vigourously in spring season. Abdul [115] reported that Cleome arabica, an annual species is grown only in winter season. Singh et al. [116] studied weed competition in green gram (Vigna radiata) and black gram (Vigna mungo)field and reported the following species during the monsoon seasons Echinochloa colonum, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Eleusine indica, Digitaria sanguinalis, Celosia argentea, Phyllanthus niruri, Cleome viscosa and Cyperus rotundus. uv spectrum and IR spectrum. Koch et al. [123] proposed that genus Cleome is closest relative of brassicaceae on the basis of molecular biology. Page studied area was largely dictated by environmental physiogeographic gradients that control the water availability in an extremely arid desert. Reddy et al. [109] reported new naturalized Cardamine trichocarpa Hochst. ex A. Rich. and Cleome rutidosperma DC. in Andhra Pradesh, India. Nagar [110] reported Cleome scaposa DC.a rare species for Saurashtra. Galán de Mera et al. [111] for the first time reported Cleome violacea L., Puccinellia frigida (Phil.) I. M. Johnst., Sisymbrium altissimum L. and Solanum nitidibaccatum Bitter from Peru. Waterhouse [112] has given new distribution records for the serious tropical weeds Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. (Asteraceae), Mikania micrantha Kunth (Asteraceae), Cleome rutidosperma DC…. in northern Australia, Papua New Guinea and Papua (Indonesia). Barua et al. [113] have described bioecological activities of Leptosia nina var nina Fabr, a common Pierid butterfly on Cleome viscosa. The ecological observations were carried out by them in the field to determine the status and distribution, habits and habitat, feeding, courtship, mating and egg-laying behaviour. Plant Sciences Feed Vol. 2 Issue 3 7. BIOCHEMISTRY Biochemistry of number of Cleome species has been studied extensively. Thirty eight species of Capparidaceae including Cleome had been analyzed for their content of isothiocyanate-producing glucosides for taxonomic significance of species and possible biogenesis of the glucosides [136]. Chauhan and Srivastava [137] have worked on some phytochemical aspects of the roots of Cleome viscosa. Rao [138] determined some characteristics of seed oil from Cleome viscosa and found that the seeds contain 26% oil. This oil is composed of 10.6%palmitic, 4.9% stearic, 14.4% oleic and 68.6% linoleic acids. Singh [139] has studied leaf protines of Cleome viscosa. Kumar et al. [140] have studied effect of isoproturon on leaf cell membrane permeability of Cleome viscosa. Cleomiscosin D, a minor coumarino-lignan of the seeds of Cleome viscosa, has been proved to be regioisomer of cleomiscosin C [141], and developed a method for degradation of coumarinolignans. Mnzava [142] studied biochemical properties (Amino acid analysis, iodine and saponification numbers, crude protein, lipid, oleic and linoleic acids of the total fatty acids) of seeds of Cleome gynandra. Hussein et al. [143] have Plant Sciences Feed Vol. 2 Issue 3 Different workers have isolated different compounds from different Cleome species e.g. Kaempferide 3glucuronide from the roots [145]; new naringenin glycoside [146]; three new coumarino-lignoids from the seeds [147], which posses liver-protective properties (cleomiscosins A, B and C); stigmasta-5,24(28)-diene-3β-Oα-L-rhamnoside [148] and two new unsaturated cembrane acids [149] from Cleome viscosa. Cleosandrin from Cleome icosandrica [150]; Cleomeprenols from Cleome spinosa L. which were identified as nonaprenol, decaprenol and undecaprenol [151]. Viqar and Khisal [152] have isolated cabralealactone and ursolic acid and new trinortriterpenoid Cleome dilactone, deacetoxybrachycarpone from brachycarpa by spectroscopic analysis. Ahmad and Alvi [153] have isolated a cabralealactone, ursolic acid and new trinortriterpenoid dilactone, deacetoxy-brachycarpone from Cleome brachycarpa and determined its structure. Ahmad et al. [154] isolated a new triterpenoid cleocarbpone from Cleome brachycarpa. Sharaf et al. [155] examined aerial parts of four Cleome species (Cleome droserifolia, C. amplyocarpa, C. brachycarpa and C. chrysantha) for their surface flavonoids content. Ten methylated flavonoids were isolated and identified as isokaempferide, 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethyoxyflavone, Jaceosidin, penduletin, axillarin, 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-6,3',5'trimethoxyflavone, chrysosplenetin, 5,3'-dihydroxy3,6,7,4',5'-pentamethoxyflavone, 5,4'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,3'pentamethoxyflavone and 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,3',4',5'hexamethoxyflavone. Two triterpenes of the dammarane type compounds from aerial parts of Cleome africana were isolated and their structure was elucidated by Tsichritzis [156] using high field NMR spectroscopy. Hussein et al. [157] isolated and identified some sesquiterpenes from Cleome droserifolia. Harraz et al. [158] have isolated 6 dormane terpenes from Cleome ambylocarpa. Ndungu et al. [159] isolated the essential oil from Cleome monophylla. The identified constituents of this oil were evaluated and of these 14 compounds were identified by GC, GC-MS and coinjection with authentic samples. They have discussed the potential of C. monophylla against tick attack. Sharaf et al. [160] isolated and identified thirteen flavonoid glycosides from four Cleome and three Capparis species. Qin et al. [161] isolated and elucidated new 32 Hegazy et al. [118] investigated the autotoxic effects of Anastatica hierochuntica and possible effects on Cleome droserifoliaand found that the mitotic index was reduced by 55% in C. droserifolia at the 8% level of the A. hierochuntica extract concentration. Naseem and Jha [133] cultured callus derived shoot buds from younger leaves of the growing shoot of Cleome viscosa on Murashige and Skoog medium fortified with various combinations of 1-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 6-Benzylamino pure (BA). Rooting of shoots was obtained by using Indol-3-butyric acid in the medium and regenerated plantlets were subsequently transferred to the soil. Susana and Michael [134] attempted gene sequencing in Cleome hassleriana using atpB and rbcL. Claudia et al. [135] worked on cytogenetics and pigement composition of Cleome rosea. They cultured calluses using leaf and stem explant on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and from that eleven anthocyanins were obtained by using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD/ESIMS). worked on sesquiterpenes from Cleome droserifolia. Songsak and Lockwood [144] reported that Cleome chelidonii and Cleome viscosa contain glucocapparin and glucocleomin, while Cleome gynandra has only glucocapparin. Page conditions in the greenhouse. By his exprement he suggested that natural selection had acted on this character during one or more previous generations. It appears that slight variations in the physiological genotype can significantly affect overall fitness in C. serrulata. Seif et al. [168] have reported some flavonoids from Cleome droserifolia which were identified as kaempferol-3O-glucoside, rutin, kaempferol and luteolin-7-O-glucoside. Yang et al. [169] reported five flavonoids from aerial parts of Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Del. Mohamed et al. [170] investigated ten methylated surface flavonoids from four Cleome species. Narendhirakannan et al. [171] studied the anti-arthritic nature of Cleome gynandra L. against Freund’s complete adjuvant induced arthritis in rats and reported the presence of many biologically active phyto chemicals such as triterpenes, tannins, anthroquinones, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, resins, lectins, glycosides, sugars, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids in the extract of C. gynandra and these compounds might be responsible for the anti-arthritic properties. Leo et al. [172] synthesized Cleomeolide, the structurally unique diterpene lactone constituent from Cleome viscosa. Fathalla et al. [173] obtained four new and two known dammarane-type triterpenes from Cleome amblyocarpa. Hidekazu et al. [174] obtained eighteen dammarane-type triterpenes from Cleome africana. Twelve of these were novel compounds. Nagaya et al. [175] separated eighteen triterpene compounds from Cleome africana, in which twelve were novel. Preliminary work by Zhang et al. [176] revealed that dry seeds of Cleome spinosa evolve at least 24 kinds of volatile compounds into the ambient atmosphere during Ndungu et al. [178] identified three constituents from the essential oil of Cleome hirta (phytol, (+)-cedrol, noctacosane) and evaluated against the livestock tick, repellency and discussed potential of C. hirta in livestock tick and maize weevil control. Monica et al. [179] identified one monoacylated and four diacylated cyanidin 3sophoroside-5-glucosides as the main anthocyanins in flowers of Cleome hassleriana Queen Line. Sawaya et al. [180] have worked on chemical composition and nutritional quality of Cleome dolichostyla. Louda [181] studied chemical changes in Cleome serrulata. He found that methylglucosinolate concentrations decreased significantly due to insect damage. Khafagi [182] developed heterotrophic callus cultures and photomixotrophic cultures from whole seedlings of Cleome droserifolia and studied the effect of light and dark conditions on them and found that the heterotrophic callus cultures excreted allelochemicals (autotoxic) which inhibited callus induction and development. Mirza et al. [183] studied essential oil of Cleome iberica DC. and found that it has 26 components. Constance et al. [184] studied anthocyanin pigmentation patten in petals of cultivated Cleome hassleriana Chodat and wild species, Cleome serrulata Pursh. (Rocky Mountain bee flower) and their relation with three genera of the Brassicaceae. 8. PHYSIOLOGY Physiological studies in Cleome species are very rare. Zeevaart [185] studied the effect of growth retardants on plant growth and development in many species. He observed that application of amo (2,12), CCC and phoston D caused delayed flowering in Cleome species. Vyas and Garg [186] have studied interaction of GA and light on the germination and growth of seedlings of Cleome viscosa. de 33 Different diterpene derivatives are isolated from Cleome. Mahato et al. [164] have isolated new diterpene lactone from Cleome isosandrica. Burke et al. [165] isolated bicyclic diterpene cleomeolide from Cleome viscosa L. and established its stereo-structure by chemical, spectral and Xray crystallography techniques. Jente et al. [166] isolated a new macrocyclic diterpene (3E,7E,11E)-20-oxocembra3,7,11,15-tetraen-19-oic acid (cleomaldeic acid), from Cleome viscosa. Mahato [167] isolated Cleomeolide, a diterpene lactone from Cleome icosandra and reported that it may be used for therapeutic intervention in a wide range of diseases. storage periods. The abundant production of butane was found in two kinds of tropical plants, Cleome spinosa Jacq. and Cyperus alternifolius L. The fact that the amount of evolved volatiles increases with increasing period or temperature of seed storage and suggests that these volatiles are produced metabolically even in dry seeds. They have found that the concentration of butane is high in Cleome spinosa.. McLean et al. [177] examined for the presence of betaines and other quaternary ammonium compounds in 55 species and varieties of Capparaceae distributed in 17 genera. It was found that prolinebetaine and/or 3-hydroxyprolinebetaine were detected in all the species of Crataeva, Ritchlea, Maerua, Boscia, Capparis, Cladostemon, Cadaba, Thilachium, Morisonia and Steriphoma, whereas glycinebetaine was only betaine found in Cleome species. Page trinortriterpenoid, 1-epibrachyacarpone from Cleome chrysantha. Songsak and Lockwood [126] have isolated 2 volatile glucosinolate hydrolysis compounds in Cleome chellidonii. Tandon et al. [162] studied and isolated cleomiscosins A, B and C from the seeds of Cleome viscosa. Chattopadhyay et al. [163] have isolated the optically active nevirapine, a natural analogue of the previously designed and synthesized optically inactive nevirapine, a nonnucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase from the seeds of Cleome viscosa. Plant Sciences Feed Vol. 2 Issue 3 Rajendrudu et al. [191] studied growth of different plants (ecotypes) of Cleome gynandra L. that exhibits diaheliotropic leaf movements. The plants were grown at full (HI) and 40% (LI) natural irradiance. Sailaja et al. [192] studied laser-induced F-685/F-720 chlorophyll fluorescence of intact leaves in solar tracking different plants including Cleome gynandra. It was found that the plant exhibited remarkable diurnal constancy in contrast and suggested that the leaves of diaheliotropic plants maximise light-use efficiency throughout the day and avoid the hazard of midday depression of photosynthesis. Naidu et al. [193] have studied photosynthetic pathway in some weeds including Cleome gynandra and C. speciosa. Rajendrudu and Rama [194] could find some differences in the levels of dark respiration between C3 and C4 species like Cleome gynandra, L. C4 , Cleome rutidosperma, DC. C3, Cleome monophylla, L. C3 and Cleome viscosa, L. C3. Higher rates of dark respiration and photosynthetic CO2 uptake found in C4 plants and in some C3 species may form the basis for the rapid plant growth and biomass production per unit time in these species. They also studied carboxylating enzymes in the leaves of Cleome gynandra. They concluded that, the plant shows Kranz-type leaf Plant Sciences Feed Vol. 2 Issue 3 Dutt et al. [199] worked on distribution pattern of free amino acids in Moringa concanensis, M. oleifera, Cleome chelidonii, C. gigantea, C. gynandra, C. monophylla, C. viscosa and Crataeva nurvula for systematic position of Moringa and concluded that Moringaceae shows almost no affinity to Capparaceae. Mnzava [142] studied the seeds of Gynandropsis gynandra L. for their lipids, amino acids and proteins composition. Meyers [200] compaired Cleome serrulata and wheat for their protein content and concluded that protein content of Cleome serrulata is two times higher than that of wheat plants. Rathore and Meena [201] have shown that leaves of Cleome viscosa contain 29.9% crude protein. Selloum et al. [202] studied antioxidative activity of Cleome arabica L. leaf extract by using superoxide anion radical generating systems. Narendhirakannan et al. [171] tried to investigate the possible anti-oxidant potential of Cleome gynandra leaf extract on experimental rats and concluded that presence of biologically active ingredients and vital trace elements in the leaves readily account for 34 Stephan [188] showed that pollen grains of Cleome lutea can be germinated upto 57% on 15 % sucrose medium. He also found an inhibition of pollen germination due to UVB radiation in number of plants including this species. Ochuodho and Modi [189] have studied temperature and light requirement for seed germination in Cleome gynandra. They studied chilling, scarification, hydration and germination in the presence of KNO3 or GA (3) on the germination of seeds. They concluded that germination of seeds was improved by treatment with GA (3) and recommended that the germination should be performed under conditions of darkness and either alternating 20-300C. Boonsong et al. [190] investigated influence of seed maturity, seed storage and germination pre-treatments on seed germination of Cleome gynandra. They used different treatments (various levels of GA3, KNO3, leaching, pre-chilling, soaking and pre-heating at different temperatures) and reported that pre-heating at 40 °C for 1–5 days period was the most effective method for dormancy breaking. Rao et al. [25] have studied the allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of Cleome viscosa on the germination and early seedling growth of bajra. anatomy and there was higher activity of PEP carboxylase in the whole leaf extracts than the other Cleome species. Brown et al. [195] proposed that Cleome is very closely related genus containing C-4 species to the C-3 model Arabidopsis and may be used to accelerate our progress in elucidating the genetic basis of C-4 photosynthesis. Sawaya et al. [180] analysed seeds of Cleome dolichostyla for mineral element contents, amino acid composition and in vitro protein digestibility and calculated protein efficiency ratio and concluded that seeds were rich (dry wt basis) in oil (32.1%), protein (24.6%) and fiber (17.8%). The amount of various mineral elements (mg/100 g) was Ca, 1970; P, 493; Mg, 127; Na, 35; K, 465; Fe, 71.97; Zn, 2.25; Cu, 0.44 and Mn, 1.45. Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, arginine and histidine were the major amino acids in C. dolichostyla seed. Badri et al. [196] determined the mineral composition (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Al, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) of Senna alexandrina and Cleome droserifolia in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. It was found that the concentration of Fe, Al, Mn, Co, Ni, Na and Si in the leaves of Cleome was always higher than that in the leaves of Senna. Edeoga et al. [197] determined mineral and nutrient components like crude protein, crude fibre, carbohydrates, crude lipid, ash and food energy of leaves and stems of Cleome rutidosperma, along with other nine commonly used medicinal plants of Nigeria and suggested that these medicinal plants could potentially be used as raw materials in drug formulation. Lottermoser et al. [198] reported that the uptake of Cd, Pb and Zn by Cleome viscosa increases linearly with DTPAextractable soil metal concentrations. Page Jong and Bruinsma [187] reported that application of ethylene and ascorbic acid resulted in inhibition of gynoecium in Cleome iberidella. Auxin transport inhibitor TIBA had no effect on corolla elongation while there was growth promotion by gibberellin. 9. IMPORTANCE OF CLEOME SPECIES Some of the Cleome species are widely used as food medicinal plants. Slosson [206] reported Cleome speciosissima is cultivated for bee food as well as for flowers. Walter [207] reported that Cleome integrifolia leaves boiled with green corn can be used as food. Krochmal et al. [208] studied many plants and reported that some Cleome species are eaten by Indian people as vegetable and obtain black dye from Cleome serrulata after boiling it in water. Odhav et al. [209] collected preliminary nutritional data for traditional leafy vegetables in Kwa ZuluNatal, South Africa. Twenty vegetables were studied for their content of mineral elements and antioxidant levels and all including Cleome monophylla recommended for future commercial cultivation. Different Cleome species show different medicinal properties. Shabana et al. [210] tested molluscicidal and cercaricidal activities of fifty-eight plants from 22 families and found lower molluscicidal effectiveness shown by extracts of Panicum turgidum, Calligonum comosum, Cleome amblyocarpa, Cornulaca monacantha, Silene villosa, Jasonia montana and Achillea fragrantissima. Saxena et al. [211] tested 15 plants; four plant extracts showed anti-juvenile hormone against mosquitoes in the acetone extracts of Ageratum conyzoides, Cleome icosandra, Tagetes erectes and Tridax procumbens. They observed significant anti-juvenile property against mosquitoes only in Ageratum, Cleome and Tridax extracts. Loss of fecundity was observed in the treated mosquitoes but no sterilant effects could be recorded. Adults, obtained from larvae exposed to the plant extracts produced significantly shorter egg-rafts than in Gardiner and Brace [220] reported medicinal properties of Cleome gynandra for relieving pain, curing skin diseases like lepracy and earache. Bedi [221] noted that leaf juice of Cleome viscosa was used to remove pus from wound and leaf juice and oil from seeds of Cleome gynandra were used to cure skin diseases. Mpuchane and Gashe [222] determined antibiotic sensitivity of Klebsiella isolates for Corchorus olitorius and Cleome gynandra. Shackleton et al. [223] studied use and trading of Cleome gynandra in South Africa and reported that generally 82% people use Cleome gynandra in their diet in the Central Lowveld Savanna Region, and in winter, Cleome gynandra (usually dried) and Momordica balsamina were the principal herbs widely sold. Samy et al. [224] studied antibacterial activity of 16 different ethnomedicinal plants along with Cleome gynandra and Cleome viscosa. These Cleome species were tested against three gram positive and seven gram negative bacteria by the filter paper disc diffusion method. It was found that the extract of these species significantly controls the growth of all bacteria. Zemede and Mesfin [225] mentioned that Cleome gynandra 35 Kumar et al. [204] have worked on differential performance of Cleome gynandra and C. specoisa under water stress and their recovery conditions. When Cleome serrulata, growing at two sites (dry and wet sites) was studied for comparision, Farris [205] found that morphological and growth characters were important for its fitness in mesic site, while physiological characters were more important in the dry site. control. Smyth [212] studied anthelmintic, antipyretic and tonic properties of Cleome serrulata. Ganesan [213] studied antifungal properties of 30 plants against Drechslera oryzae and reported that the aqueous leaf extracts of Cleome aspera could effectively inhibit germ tube elongation. Perumalsamy and Raja [214] studied antibacterial properties of aqueous extracts of some selected weeds including Cleome species. Ndungu et al. [178] studied potential of essential oil of Cleome hirta and reported that three identified constituents (phytol, (+)-cedrol and noctacosane) were evaluated against the livestock tick, and maize weevil. Lazzeri and Manici [215] have studied fungitoxic activity of Cleome hassleriana. Stephan et al. [216] have studied nematocidal activity of some Cleome species. They have reported toxicity of crude extract of different plants including Cleome against egg-masses of Meloidogyne javanica, a root-knot nematode and found that pre-planting application of Cleome extracts resulted in significant reduction in root-gall index and improved plant growth (dry shoot and root weights). Mothana et al. [217] investigated Cleome socotrana as well as other 24 different plant species, for their antiviral activity. Nagarajan et al. [218] studied activity of petroleum ether and benzene extracts of Cleome felina on alloxan diabetic rats and concluded that this plant extract has antidiabetic and antihyperlipemic properties. Sharma et al. [219] synthesized first time six novel cleomiscosin A and studied potent anti-inflammatory activity using primary macrophages cell culture bioassay system. Page free radical scavenging property of C. gynandra. Djeridane et al. [203] screened 18 Algerian medicinal plants for their phenolic contents and radical scavenging activities and reported that the phenolic extract of Cleome arabica was the most effective. Compared to six other standard antioxidants (ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, Trolox, (+) catechin, p-coumaric acid and gallic acid) the isolated compound was found to be significantly more active in the radical scavenging assay using 2, 2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Plant Sciences Feed Vol. 2 Issue 3 Plant Sciences Feed Vol. 2 Issue 3 Bose et al. [243] have studied antimicrobial activity, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity of the ethanolic extracts of Cleome rutidosperma. Bellakhdar [244] have reported that in the Sahara and Dra region, fruits and leaves, mixed with Cleome arabica L. sub sp. Amblyocarpa and olive oil are used as antiinflammatory ointments. Bouriche et al. [245] found that Cleome arabica contains higher amount of flavonoids (19%) due to which it posses high anti-inflammatory activity. The effects of Cleome arabica leaf extract, rutin and quercetin on soybean lipoxygenase (Lox) activity was investigated by Bouriche et al. [246]. It was found that the extract was beneficial for the treatment of inflammatory conditions, particularly those characterised by excessive leukotriene generation. Ismail et al. [247] studied antiinflammatory property and flavanoids of Cleome arabica leaves and twigs. Yaniv et al. [248] have done ethnobotanical survey for the medicinal plants of Israel, 16 species were found to be used for hypoglycaemic treatments, Cleome droserifolia is one of those. Hegazy and Fadl-Allah [249] studied the effect of Cleome droserifolia shoot extract on its seed germination 36 Polasa and Rukmini [231] tested eight unconventional oils by the Ames mutagenicity assay and recorded no mutagenic activity of Cleome viscosa oil. Sebastian and Bhandari [232] have carried out ethnobotanical survey from Rajasthan and reported that certain plants such as Fumaria indica, Brassica juncea, Cleome viscosa, Portulaca oleraceae, Bauhinia variegata are used as vegetable. Khare et al. [233] collected fifty plants for the study of their efficacy against stored grain insect pests. Four ornamental plants and two wild plants Cleome viscosa and Boenninghausenia albiflora were found naturally infested by Lasioderma serricorne. Maikhuri et al. [234] described the agronomy, yield, cost-benefit analysis, uses, and ethnobotany of Cleome viscosa and suggested that systematic efforts must be made to promote its cultivation on a larger scale in the degraded and in marginal agricultural lands where traditional crops grow with difficulty. Devi et al. [235] studied anti-diarrheal potential of the entire Cleome viscosa L. plant on rats. Bhamarapravati et al. [236] studied gastroprotective properties of methanol extracts of Cleome viscosa (leaf) plants. Devi et al. [237] studied anti-inflammatory potential of methanol extracts of Cleome viscosa against carrageenin, histamine and dextran induced rat paw oedema. They also studied antipyretic activity of a methanol extract of this plant on normal body temperature and yeast-induced pyrexia in albino rats. They showed that there was significant reduction in normal body temperature and yeast-provoked elevated temperature. Oladele and Abatan [238] studied toxic effects of crude aqueous extracts of the leaves of Cleome viscosa, on serum biochemical parameters and histopathology in albino rats and reported that there was significant increase in the blood urea nitrogen in the rats and they concluded that the effect of Cleome viscosa is nephrotoxic. Parimaladevi et al. [239] studied analgesic activity of methanol extract of Cleome viscosa in mice, and reported promising activity in all the tests. Vijayan et al. [240] have investigated antifungal activity of Cleome viscosa. A study on Cleome viscosa by Williams et al. [241] revealed the presence of secretory glandular, club-cylinder and cylinder shaped trichomes on the leaves and stems of C. viscosa were extracted with hexane and the extract was evaluated for different biological activities like antibacterial, anti-fungal, insecticidal and nematicidal activity. Sudhakar et al. [242] tested antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts of the leaves and flowers of Cleome viscosa against Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Page is cultivated alongside other vegetables and black dye obtained from Cleome serrulata is two times higher than that from wheat plants. Hebbar et al. [226] conducted ethnomedicine survey of the Dharwad district of Karnataka in southern India. They recorded 35 plants belonging to 26 families for their medicinal properties. They reported that Cleome gynandra is used to treat tooth ache. Narendhirakannan et al. [171] worked on medicinal properties of Cleome gynandra L., which has traditionally been used for the treatment of rheumatic and other inflammatory conditions. Here they worked on checking significant anti-inflammatory activity in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats and demonstrated that the plant extract has no harmful effect and exerts in vivo anti-inflammatory properties against adjuvant induced arthritis. Modern Hopi people served Cleome gynandra L as an important starvation plant [21]. The antibacterial activities of Cleome gynandra were studied by Vijayakumar et al. [227] against Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Enterobacter faecalis. Samuel and Brian [228] reported use of Cleome gynandra as inter crop helpful for significant reduction of red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) in greenhouse rose production. Upadhyay et al. [229] isolated essential oils from Cleome gynandra and studied for their insecticidal, oviposition inhibitory and repellent activity against pulse beetle and concludeded that these essential oils could be used in the control of storage pests and are quite safe. Bala et al. [230] studied anticancer activity of methanolic extract of Cleome gynandra in swiss albino mice and showed that plant has potent dose dependent anticancer activity. 10. PATHOLOGY Species like Cleome spinosa are susceptible to different pathogens like Puccinia vexans, P. tosta, P. subnitens, tobacco budworm, Peronospora parasitica, cabbage white butterfly, Erysiphe cruciferarum, Aphis gossypii Glover and Myzus persicae aphids ([257] [258]; [259]; [260]; [261]; [262]; [263] and [264]). Puccinia subnitens also grows on Cleome serrulata [259]. Cabbage white butterfly insect breeds on weeds like Cleome viscosa and Cleome gynandra and parasite complex of cabbage budworm is richer and more consistent on Cleome species [265]. Benrey et al. [266] investigated the influence of four host plant species, including Cleome spinosa (spider flower), on two Ellis and Halsted [267] and Kellerman [268] reported new fungal species Cercospora cleomis on Cleome pungens, Cercospora conspicua on Cleome gynandra and Eeidium cleomis on Cleome integrifolia [269]. Raman and Sanjayan [270] studied the host plant and pathogen relationships in terms of the comparative growth rate, survival percentage, reproductive efficiency and population dynamics and indicated that the most preferred host plant for mirid, Cyrtopeltis tenuis are Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Solanaceae), followed by Luffa cylindrica Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae), Cleome viscosa L. and Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC. Different Cleome species are recorded as host plant for many pathogens such as Cleome gynandra as host plant for Liriomyza hawaiiensis [271]; Cleome graveolens Raf. for crown gall disease [272]; Cleome viscosa for powdery mildew [273]; Cleome viscosa, C. spinosa for PRSV melon viruse and C. viscosa for WMV-2 and ZYMV melon viruses [274] and also for Albugo cruciferarum, the white rust of mustard [275]. Zhang and Wang [276] reported Albugo capparidis on Cleome gynandra L. and C. viscosa L. Cleome rutidosperma is infected by Appias libythea [277] and cabbage webworm [278]. The egg to adult development of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) was found fastest on Cleome hassleriana [279]. Getachew et al. [280] reported unwanted and health problematic effect due to Cleome gallensis plants. Mamula [281] worked on of transmission of belladonna mottle virus (BMV) to Cleome spinosa plants. Bohart and Smith [282] studied plant insect interaction between Ammoplanops and Cleome species. Field studies were conducted by Mehra et al. [283] on weed control in irrigated groundnut and recorded that Fluchloralin, pendimethalin and oxadiazon herbicide treatments were found effective against, Cleome viscosa and Diodia teres. Nyambo [284] studied insect pest of cotton in Western Tanzania and investigated the role of natural enemies in regulating the larvae populations of the pest in the mixed cropping system using Cleome sp. They observed that the diseases (viral and bacterial) and parasitism were identified as important mortality factors of the larvae populations but neither prevented the pest population from causing economic damage on the crops. 37 Shahina et al. [251] reported that Cleome rupicola extract can be applied as eye-drops. Hawley [252] prepared black carbon paint from Cleome. Saboor et al. [253] have tested Cleome dolichostyla seed oil extract for iodine number, saponification number, Hehner value, ReichertMeissl number and refractive index and reported its potential as an edible oil for human. Shackleton [254] examined use and commercial value of wild edible herbs in South Africa which include Amaranthus, Bidens, Chenopodium, Cleome, Corchorus and Momordica. Juan and Gabriele [255] Studied herbal mixtures in the traditional medicine of Eastern Cuba and created 199 formulae by using one hundred seventy plant species including Cleome species. Claudia et al. [256] compared methanolic extracts of Cleome rosea, collected from natural habitat and from in vitro propagated plants. They also analysed different in vitro biological assays and reported that C. rosea presents medicinal potential and that the acclimatization process reduces the plant toxicity both to plasmid DNA and to J774 cells. components of the host selection process in Cotesia glomerata (L.), namely, attraction and host acceptance and concluded that phytochemistry mediates host selection more by influencing parasitoid attraction than it does by affecting host acceptance. Page and seedling growth. Cleome droserifolia was found autotoxic. A total of 20 fungal species belonging to 10 genera were found by Badran and Aly [250] to be associated with all stages of Culex pipiens. The water extract of both Artemesia cina and Cleome droserifolia showed an inhibitory effect on the protein content and growth of some selected isolates. Hegazy and Fadl-Allah [249] examined the effect of different extracts of Cleome droserifolia on its seed germination and seedling growth, and concluded that Cleome droserifolia is autotoxic. They tested allelopathic effects of Cleome droserifolia on Penicillium chrysogenum and P. funiculosum and found that these fungi are most sensitive. Badri et al. [196] have studied accumulation of metals in Cleome droserifolia. Khafagi [181] studied anthelminthic and antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of twelve plant species including Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Del. against six bacterial strains. Plant Sciences Feed Vol. 2 Issue 3 As per mineral analysis Cleome species have great tolerance capacity for any kind of environmental stress and also indicates that these species may act as antioxidants. On the basis of GCMS analysis seed oil from five different Cleome species shows much more similarity. Some compounds found common in all studied species at measurable concentrations may be taxonomically important criteria for family Cleomaceae or genus Cleome. While, some compounds are specific and are found only in single species. This character is also helpful for the study of variation among the species. SEM studies in Cleome species have shown that seeds of every Cleome species have their own ornamentation characteristics which will be helpful in identification of plant species on the basis of seed ornamentation. The review of the researches will provide guidelines for understanding the value of the Cleome species and this will be helpful for further researches with spider flower genus Cleome. [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] 12. REFERENCES [19] [1] [20] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Raghavan, R. S. (1993). Capparaceae. In: Sharma, B. D. & N. P. Balakrishnan (Eds), Flora of India. Vol. 2. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah. pp. 248 – 335. Londhe, A. N. (2000). 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