Fungal Diversity Two new species of Stachybotrys, and a key to the genus Umpava Pinruan1, Eric H.C. McKenzie2*, E.B. Gareth Jones1 and Kevin D. Hyde3 1 National Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Biotec Central Research Unit, 113 Phahonyothin Road, Klong 1, Klongluang, Pathumthani, Thailand, 12120 2 Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand 3 Centre for Research in Fungal Diversity, Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, PR China Pinruan, U., McKenzie, E.H.C., Jones, E.B.G. and Hyde, K.D. (2004). Two new species of Stachybotrys, and a key to the genus. Fungal Diversity 17: 145-157. Stachybotrys palmae sp. nov. found on decaying petioles of Licuala longicalycata in a peat swamp forest, Thailand, and S. cordylines sp. nov. found on decaying leaves of Cordyline banksii in New Zealand are described and illustrated. The new species are compared with other species in the genus, and a key is provided to all accepted species of Stachybotrys. A new name, S. thermotolerans, is proposed for S. ramosa Udaiyan, a later homonym of S. ramosa Dorai & Vittal. A list of accepted Stachybotrys species with references is provided. Key words: anamorphic fungi, hyphomycetes, monocotyledonous plants, palm fungi. Introduction We are studying fungi occurring on monocotyledonous plants (e.g. Hyde et al., 2002; McKenzie et al., 2002; Yanna et al., 2002; Zhou and Hyde, 2002). In this paper we describe two new species of Stachybotrys. The first species was found in Thailand on decaying petioles of Licuala longicalycata Furtado, a tropical palm species. The second species occurred on Cordyline banksii Hook. f., a New Zealand species of Laxmanniaceae. Stachybotrys species are saprobes, common in soil (Ellis, 1971, 1976), decaying plant material (Whitton et al., 2001) and wild fruits (Tang et al., 2003) and have also been recorded on submerged wood in mangroves (Maria and Sridhar, 2003). They produce single-celled conidia aggregated in slimy heads. The genus is worldwide in distribution although some species are restricted to the tropics and subtropics. More than 50 species of Stachybotrys are accepted, including those species formerly included in the genus Memnoniella. The new species are described and compared with similar species. * Corresponding author: Eric McKenzie; e-mail: McKenzieE@landcareresearch.co.nz 145 Materials and methods Decaying fronds of Licuala longicalycata were collected from Sirindhorn Peat Swamp Forest, Narathiwat, Thailand, and decaying leaves of Cordyline banksii were collected from the Waitakere Ranges, Auckland, New Zealand. The decaying tissues were returned to the laboratory and incubated in damp chambers. Single spore isolates of both fungi were obtained. Microscopic measurements for S. palmae were taken from specimens mounted in water while those for S. cordylines were taken from specimens mounted in lactophenol. Taxonomy Stachybotrys palmae Pinruan, sp. nov. (Figs. 1-5) Etymology: referring to its association with palms. Conidiophora macronematosa, mononematosa, solitaria vel fasciculata, eramosa, erecta, recta vel paulo flexuosa, laevia, 2-5 septata, brunnea, pallidae ad apicem, crassitunicata, (80)110-230 µm longa, 6.3-10 µm crassa. Cellulae conidiogenae monophialidicae, discretae, 5-7 in verticillo dispositae, clavatae, 11-12.5 × 6-7.5 µm, laevae, hyalinae. Conidia in massis globosis aggregata, ellipsoidea, hyalina, verrucosa, 10-15 × 5-7.5 µm; apice et basi truncata. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, single or in groups, unbranched, erect, straight or slightly flexuous, smooth, 2-5 septate, brown, apical cell hyaline, thick-walled, (80-)110-230 µm long, 6.3-10 µm wide. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, discrete, determinate, clavate, smooth, hyaline, forming a whorl of 5-7 at the apex of the conidiophores, 11-12.5 µm long, 6-7.5 µm thick in the broadest part. Conidia aggregated in pale cream slimy heads, ellipsoidal or boat-shaped, truncate at the base and apex, hyaline, verrucose, non-septate, 10-15 × 5-7.5 µm ( x = 13 × 7 µm, n = 20). Habitat: Saprobic on Licuala longicalycata. Distribution: Thailand. Material examined: THAILAND, Narathiwat, Sirindhorn Peat Swamp Forest, on decaying rachis of Licuala longicalycata Furtado, 12 May 2001, U. Pinruan (Wah 35) [BIOTEC Bangkok Herbarium (BBH), holotype]. Notes: Stachybotrys palmae is one of only five species of Stachybotrys that produce hyaline conidia. Of these, S. palmae is the only species with rough-walled conidia. Those of the other four species (S. bambusicola Rifai, S. bisbyi (Sriniv.) G.L. Barron, S. guttulispora Muhsin & Al-Helfi, S. palmijunci Rifai) are smooth-walled. Stachybotrys cordylines McKenzie, sp. nov. (Figs. 6-13) Etymology: referring to the host genus Cordyline. Conidiophora macronematosa, mononematosa, solitaria, eramosa, erecta, recta vel paulo flexuosa, laevia, interdum granulis magnis tecta, 4-7 septata, hyalina, crassitunicata, 95146 Fungal Diversity Figs. 1-5. Light micrographs of Stachybotrys palmae (from holotype). 1. Colonies on substratum. 2, 3. Conidiophores with pale apical cell. 4, 5. Conidia. Bars: 1 = 200 µm; 2-5 = 20 µm. 160 µm longa, basi 5.8-8 µm, prope apicem 3-4.2 µm, apice inflata 3.5-5.1 µm diam. Cellulae conidiogenae monophialidicae, discretae, 7-8 in verticillo dispositae, clavatae, 11-14(-16) × 3.8-5.4 µm, laevae, hyalinae. Conidia in massis globosis aggregata, ellipsoidea vel obovoidea, olivacea, rugulosa, eseptata, 7-8.3 × 3.2-5.1 µm. 147 Figs. 6-13. Light micrographs of Stachybotrys cordylines (from holotype). 6. Colonies on substratum. 7, 8. Conidiophores. 9-13. Conidia. Bars: 6 = 150 µm; 7 = 20 µm; 8-13 = 10 µm. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, single, unbranched, erect, straight or slightly flexuous, smooth or sometimes covered with a few large granules near the base, 4-7 septate, hyaline, thick-walled, 95-160 µm long, 5.8-8 µm thick near the base, tapering to 3-4.2 µm near the apex, slightly enlarged at the apex to 3.5-5.1 µm thick and bearing a whorl of 7-8 phialides. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, discrete, clavate, 11-14(-16) µm long, 3.85.4 µm thick in the broadest part, smooth, hyaline. Conidia aggregated in slimy, black, glistening heads, ellipsoid or obovoid, olive green, rugulose, nonseptate, 7-8.3 × 3.2-5.1 µm ( x = 7.6 × 4.5 µm, n = 20). Habitat: Saprobic on Cordyline banksii. Distribution: New Zealand. Material examined: NEW ZEALAND, Auckland, Waitakere Ranges, near Spraggs Bush, on dead leaves of Cordyline banksii Hook. f., 4 Aug 2003, R.E. Beever [PDD 78085, holotype]. Culture ex holotype [ICMP 15219]. 148 Fungal Diversity The conidia of S. cordylines are similar in size and shape to those of S. albipes. However, the latter fungus has smooth conidia, whereas those of S. cordylines are rugulose. It differs from S. chartarum by having hyaline conidiophores; those of S. chartarum are dark olivaceous towards the apex. Stachybotrys thermotolerans McKenzie, nom. nov. ≡ Stachybotrys ramosa Udaiyan, Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 15: 641, 1991[1992], nom. illegit., non Dorai & Vittal, Transactions of the British Mycological Society 87: 642, 1986[1987]. Notes: Udaiyan (1991) described several new species of hyphomycetes that were isolated from water-cooling towers. The Stachybotrys was stated to have an optimum temperature for growth of 43ºC. Udaiyan (1991) called this fungus a ‘thermophile’, but gave insufficient data to equate to the definition of a thermophile (Mouchacca, 1997). Discussion Memnoniella and Stachybotrys have been considered distinct genera (e.g., Ellis, 1971, 1976). However, the only difference between these two genera is that the conidia are in long, dry chains in Memnoniella while they are in slimy masses in Stachybotrys. Some authors have considered this is not a valid generic distinction and have suggested the two genera be combined under the older name of Stachybotrys (e.g. Smith, 1962; Carmichael et al., 1980). This is supported by the molecular results of Haugland et al. (2001). All accepted species of Stachybotrys and Memnoniella are included in the following key. Synonyms have mainly followed those listed by Jong and Davis (1976). However, their synonymy of S. sinuatophora Matsush. with S. nephrospora Hansf. has not been accepted. A recently collected specimen (PDD 77554, on dead stems of Abelmoschus esculentus, Fiji) matched the description of S. sinuatophora. The conidiophores are distinctly sinuous, and quite unlike those of S. nephrospora. The four remaining species of Memnoniella (M. indica, M. leprosa, M. longistipitata and M. levispora) should probably be transferred to Stachybotrys, following molecular analysis. Key to the accepted species of Stachybotrys 1. 1. Conidia when mature roughened, or surface ridged or banded, or with delicate striations .2 Conidia when mature smooth ............................................................................................39 2. 2. Conidial surface ridged, banded, striate or rugulose............................................................3 Conidia rough-walled ..........................................................................................................6 149 3. 3. Conidia cylindrical, with delicate, oblique striations, 11-16 × 4-6 µm ......S. cylindrospora Conidia ellipsoid..................................................................................................................4 4. 4. Conidia with a ridged surface, 12-13 × 5-5.5 µm..................................................S. virgata Conidia less than 12 µm long ..............................................................................................5 5. 5. Conidia with a ridged or banded surface, 7-12 × 4-6 µm ................................S. chartarum Conidia with a rugulose surface, 7-8.3 × 3.2-5.1 µm .......................................S. cordylines 6. 6. Conidiophores synnematous................................................................................................7 Conidiophores mononematous ............................................................................................8 7. 7. Conidia subglobose, 7-12 µm diam., apex black, base pale ...............Memnoniella leprosa Conidia globose, 4-5.5 µm diam .......................................................................S. stilboidea 8. 8. Conidia produced in dry chains, sometimes also in slimy heads.........................................9 Conidia aggregated in slimy heads ....................................................................................14 9. Conidia regularly of two kinds; catenate and globose, 5-5.5 µm diam.; non-catenate and cylindrical, 7-10 × 3.5-5 µm....................................................................................S. zuckii Conidia mainly of only one kind .......................................................................................10 9. 10. Conidiophores regularly branched, tapering to a slender, pointed apex; conidia globose, 56 µm diam.............................................................................................Memnoniella indica 10. Conidiophores not tapering towards apex .........................................................................11 11. Conidiophores (170-)260-460(-610) µm long, unbranched; conidia catenate and globose or subglobose, 5.8-8.5 × 6.3-8.3 µm; rarely producing cylindrical or ovoid conidia in slimy heads, 10.6-11.9 × 4.8-5.7 µm ........................................ Memnoniella longistipitata 11. Conidiophores shorter........................................................................................................12 12. Conidia globose to subglobose, 3-5 µm diam.; rarely producing cylindrical conidia in slimy heads, 7-9 × 3-5 µm.................................................................................. S. echinata 12. Conidia larger ....................................................................................................................13 13. Conidia globose, 5-7 µm diam ....................................................................... S. subsimplex 13. Conidia globose, 7-8 µm diam .............................Stachybotrys sp. (Haugland et al., 2001) 14. Conidia mainly globose or subglobose..............................................................................15 14. Conidia mainly of other shapes .........................................................................................20 15. Conidia more than 10 µm diam .........................................................................................16 15. Conidia mostly less than 10 µm diam................................................................................17 16. Conidia 11-12 µm diam.............................................................................. S. sphaerospora 16. Conidia (15.4-)21-25.2(-28) µm diam .............................................................. S. nilagirica 17. Conidiophores regularly sympodially branched; conidia 4.5-8 µm diam.............S. globosa 17. Conidiophores not regularly sympodially branched ..........................................................18 150 Fungal Diversity 18. Conidia 5-6 µm diam......................................................................................S. microspora 18. Conidia more than 6 µm diam ...........................................................................................19 19. Conidia 6-8 µm diam.; conidiophores (40-)70-90 µm long......................S. ruwenzoriensis 19. Conidia 7.5-10.5 × 7-10.5 µm; conidiophores 58-272 µm long .............................. S. kapiti 20. Conidia reniform or curved ...............................................................................................21 20. Conidia not reniform .........................................................................................................25 21. Conidia tightly reniform, (11-)13-15(-15.5) × (10.5-)12-14 µm ..................... S. nephrodes 21. Conidia less than 10 µm wide............................................................................................22 22. Conidiophores distinctly sinuous, branched; conidia 8-12 × 6-7 µm ......... S. sinuatophora 22. Conidiophores not sinuous ................................................................................................23 23. Conidia strictly kidney-shaped, 10-13.5 × 6-9.5 µm; phialides 10-14 × 5-6 µm; conidiophores smooth, 86-137 µm long .....................................................S. reniverrucosa 23. Conidia more variable, not strictly kidney-shaped ............................................................24 24. Conidia reniform or comma-shaped, 8-12 × 4-6(-7) µm; phialides smooth, 10-12 × 5-6 µm; conidiophores smooth or roughened, up to 400 µm long..................... S. nephrospora 24. Conidia ovoid to reniform, 9-12 × 4.5-8 µm; phialides smooth or verruculose, 10-21 × 4-7 µm; conidiophores smooth, up to 190 µm long................................................S. oenanthes 25. Conidia usually more than 10 µm long..............................................................................26 25. Conidia usually less than 10 µm long................................................................................32 26. Conidia more than 8 µm wide ...........................................................................................27 26. Conidia less than 8 µm wide..............................................................................................28 27. Conidia ellipsoid or obovoid, 10-15 × 9.5-11(-12.5) µm; conidiophores 80-235 µm long ... ......................................................................................................................S. verrucispora 27. Conidia ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 14.5-19 × 8-11.5 µm; conidiophores 54-75 µm long .......................................................................................................................... S. waitakere 28. Conidia cylindrical or ellipsoid; conidiophores sometimes branched ...............................29 28. Conidia ellipsoid or navicular; conidiophores not branched .............................................30 29. Conidia cylindrical, (10-)11-13(-15) × (3.5-)4-4.5(-5.3) µm; conidiophores up to 320 µm long................................................................................................................ S. freycinetiae 29. Conidia ellipsoid or cylindrical, 10-19 × 5-6.5 µm; conidiophores 120-260 µm long .......... .................................................................................................................... S. xanthosomae 30. Conidia hyaline, ellipsoid or navicular, 10-15 × 5-7.5 µm; conidiophores smooth, 80-230 µm long ................................................................................................................ S. palmae 30. Conidia dark-coloured .......................................................................................................31 151 31. Conidiophores warted, up to 100 µm long; conidia ellipsoid, 12-13 × 5-5.5 µm..S. virgata 31. Conidiophores smooth, up to 180 µm long; conidia ellipsoid, 10-15 × 6-8 µm.................... ...................................................................................................................... S. kampalensis 32. Conidia more than 5 µm wide ...........................................................................................33 32. Conidia usually less than 5 µm wide .................................................................................34 33. Conidia ellipsoid or ovoid, 7.5-10(-14) × 5-7 µm; conidiophores up to 270 µm long .......... ..............................................................................................................................S. dichroa 33. Conidia ellipsoid, 7-9 × 6 µm; conidiophores 45-50 µm long...........................S. klebahnii 34. Conidia biguttulate, oblong, (5.5-)6-8 × 3-4 µm .......................................S. queenslandica 34. Conidia without guttules....................................................................................................35 35. Conidiophores often branched, up to 130 µm long; conidia cylindrical or ellipsoid, 6.5-9.5 × 2-3.5 µm ..................................................................................................... S. breviuscula 35. Conidiophores unbranched or rarely branched ..................................................................36 36. Conidiophores smooth, up to 200 µm long; conidia ellipsoid, 3-6 × 2.5-3.5 µm; phialides 7-11 × 3-4 µm..................................................................................................S. parvispora 36. Conidiophores less than 100 µm long ...............................................................................37 37. Conidia ovoid or ellipsoid, 5-8 × 2.5-3.5 µm; phialides 5.5-11 × 2.5-3 µm; conidiophores verrucose, 63-95 µm long...............................................................................S. mangiferae 37. Conidia usually wider........................................................................................................38 38. Conidia ellipsoid, 7-9 × 3.5-4.5 µm; phialides 9-11 × 4-5 µm; conidiophores smooth, hyaline, 48-85 µm long.............................................................................................. S. zeae 38. Conidia ellipsoid or cylindrical, 7-9 × 3-6 µm; phialides 7.5-11 × 3 µm; conidiophores smooth or verrucose, pale brown, darker towards apex, 48-94 µm long ....... S. suthepensis 39. Conidia produced in dry chains, subglobose, 4-6 µm diam.............Memnoniella levispora 39. Conidia aggregated in slimy heads ....................................................................................40 40. Conidia reniform or curved ...............................................................................................41 40. Conidia not reniform or curved .........................................................................................43 41. Conidiophores not proliferating or branched; conidia 4.5-7 × 3-4.5 µm .... S. renisporoides 41. Conidiophores proliferating or branched...........................................................................42 42. Conidiophores proliferating through apex; conidia 5.5-7 × 4-5 µm ................S. proliferata 42. Conidiophores sympodially proliferating or branching; conidia 5.2-7 × 3.5-5.2 µm ............ ...........................................................................................................................S. renispora 43. Conidia usually more than 14 µm in length.......................................................................44 43. Conidia usually less than 14 µm in length.........................................................................46 44. Conidia broadly ellipsoid, 16-28 × 12-17 µm, with a basal apiculus ............S. theobromae 44. Conidia smaller, without an apical apiculus ......................................................................45 152 Fungal Diversity 45. Conidia cylindrical-clavate or ellipsoid, pale brown, 14.5-17.5 × 6.5-11 µm ...... S. cannae 45. Conidia ellipsoid, hyaline, 13.8-18.4 × 4-5.8 µm ............................................S. palmijunci 46. Conidia fusiform or limoniform ........................................................................................47 46. Conidia of other shapes .....................................................................................................48 47. Conidia limoniform or fusiform, hyaline, pink in mass, 8-14 × 6-9 µm or 10-16 × 3-6 µm . .................................................................................................................................S. bisbyi 47. Conidia fusoid, cylindrical or ellipsoid, grey to dark grey, black in mass, 7-10.2 × 2.5-3.5 µm................................................................................................................... S. havanensis 48. Conidia mostly more than 6 µm wide................................................................................49 48. Conidia mostly less than 6 µm wide..................................................................................50 49. Conidia subglobose or ellipsoid, dark brown, 7-9 × 6-7 µm; conidiophore sympodially branched ............................................................................................................... S. ramosa 49. Conidia obovoid, rarely ellipsoid, hyaline or pale pink, 10-15.5 × 6.5-8 µm........................ ......................................................................................................................S. bambusicola 50. Conidia cylindrical, 8.8-12 × 2-2.4 µm ...........................................................S. longispora 50. Conidia mainly other shapes, wider...................................................................................51 51. Conidia distinctly biguttulate, 9-12 × 3.5-5 µm ........................................... S. guttulispora 51. Conidia not guttulate .........................................................................................................52 52. Conidiophores often sympodially branched; conidia ellipsoid, 8.5-15.5 × 3.5-5 µm; phialides 8.5-12 × 5-7 µm; conidiophores up to 68 µm long .................. S. thermotolerans 52. Conidiophores not usually sympodially branched.............................................................53 53. Conidia ovoid, (4-)7-9(-12) × (3-)5-6(-7) µm; phialides 9-16 × 3-5 µm; conidiophores usually smooth, hyaline, up to 250 µm long.......................................................................... .......................................................... Melanopsamma pomiformis (anamorph S. albipes) 53. Conidia of other shapes, mostly less than 5 µm wide........................................................54 54. Conidia cylindrical or subcylindrical, occasionally rough-walled, 7-11 × (2.5-)3.5-5 µm; phialides 8-13 × 3.2-5 µm; conidiophores grey to black, 70-120 µm long...S. yunnanensis 54. Conidia of other shapes .....................................................................................................55 55. Conidia navicular, dark brown, 6-9 × 3-4 µm; phialides 8-13 × 3-4 µm; conidiophores subhyaline to pale brown, up to 60 µm long................................................. S. sansevieriae 55. Conidia of other shapes .....................................................................................................56 56. Conidia ellipsoid, olivaceous or dark, 5.9-10.2 × 2.2-5.2 µm; conidiophores hyaline .......... ........................................................................................................................S. lunzinensis 56. Conidia broadly ellipsoid to obovoid, blackish green, 8-10.5 × 4-5.5 µm; phialides 8-11 × 4-6 µm; conidiophores hyaline at base, darker towards apex, which is sometimes verrucose ................................................................................................. S. chlorohalonata 153 Accepted Stachybotrys (and Memnoniella) species S. albipes (Berk. & Broome) S.C. Jong & E.E. Davis, Mycotaxon 3: 425 (1976) (teleomorph = Melanopsamma pomiformis (Pers.) Sacc.). ≡ Sporocybe albipes Berk. & Broome, Annals and Magazine of Natural History 8: 19 (1871). S. bambusicola Rifai, Transactions of the British Mycological Society 47: 270 (1964). S. bisbyi (Sriniv.) G.L. Barron, Mycologia 56: 315 (1964). ≡ Hyalostachybotrys bisbyi Sriniv., Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 37: 341 (1958). S. breviuscula McKenzie, Mycotaxon 41: 180 (1991). S. cannae Bat., Anais da Sociedade de Biologia de Pernambuco 15: 394 (1957). S. chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes, Canadian Journal of Botany 36: 812 (1958). ≡ Stilbospora chartarum Ehrenb., Sylvae Mycologicae Berolinenses: 9 (1818). S. chlorohalonata B. Andersen & Thrane, Mycologia 95: 1228 (2003). S. cordylines McKenzie, Fungal Diversity 17: 146 (2004). S. cylindrospora C.N. Jensen, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 315: 496 (1912). S. dichroa Grove, Journal of Botany, London 24: 201 (1886). S. echinata (Rivolta) G. Sm., Transactions of the British Mycological Society 45: 392 (1962). ≡ Penicillium echinatum Rivolta, Dei Parassiti Vegetali: 451 (1873). S. freycinetiae McKenzie, Mycotaxon 41: 183 (1991). S. globosa P.C. Misra & S.K. Srivast., Transactions of the British Mycological Society 78: 556 (1982). S. guttulispora Muhsin & Al-Helfi, Sydowia 34: 133 (1981). S. havanensis Mercado & J. Mena, Acta Botánica Cubana 55: 2 (1988). M. indica T.S.K. Prasad, Asha & Bhat, Mycotaxon 85: 341 (2003). S. kampalensis Hansf. Proceedings of the Linnean Society 155: 45 (1943). S. kapiti Whitton, McKenzie & K.D. Hyde, New Zealand Journal of Botany 39: 493 (2001). S. klebahnii Burnhard, Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 1: 314 (1930). M. leprosa R.F. Castañeda, Fungi Cubenses (La Habana): 10 (1986). M. levispora Subram., Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 33: 40 (1954). S. longispora Matsush., Icones Microfungorum a Matsushima Lectorum: 145 (1975). M. longistipitata D.W. Li, Chin S. Yang, Vesper & Haugland, Mycotaxon 85: 154 Fungal Diversity 254 (2003). S. lunzinensis Svilv., Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten, Abt. II, 103: 182 (1941). S. mangiferae P.C. Misra & S.K. Srivast., Transactions of the British Mycological Society 78: 556 (1982). S. microspora (B.L. Mathur & Sankhla) S.C. Jong & E.E. Davis, Mycotaxon 3: 448 (1976). ≡ S. atra var. microspora B.L. Mathur & Sankhla, Scienca and Culture 32: 93 (1966). S. nephrodes McKenzie, Mycotaxon 41: 185 (1991). S. nephrospora Hansf., Proceedings of the Linnean Society, London 155: 45 (1943). S. nilagirica Subraman., Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science, B 46: 330 (1957). S. oenanthes M.B. Ellis, Mycological Papers 125: 29 (1971). S. palmae Pinruan, Fungal Diversity 17: 146 (2004). S. palmijunci Rifai, Reinwardtia 8: 537 (1974). S. parvispora S. Hughes, Mycological Papers 48: 74 (1952). S. proliferata K.G. Karand., S.M. Kulk. & Patw., Biovigyanam 18: 79 (1992). S. queenslandica Matsush., Matsushima Mycological Memoirs 6: 40 (1989). S. ramosa Dorai & Vittal, Transactions of the British Mycological Society 87: 642 (1986). S. renispora P.C. Misra, Mycotaxon 4: 161 (1976). S. renisporoides K.G. Karand., S.M. Kulk. & Patw., Biovigyanam 18: 79 (1992). S. reniverrucosa Whitton, McKenzie & K.D. Hyde, New Zealand Journal of Botany 39: 496 (2001). S. ruwenzoriensis Matsush., Matsushima Mycological Memoirs 4: 17 (1985). S. sansevieriae G.P. Agarwal & N.D. Sharma, Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 53: 78 (1974). S. sinuatophora Matsush., Microfungi of the Solomon Islands and Papua-New Guinea: 61 (1971). S. sphaerospora Morgan-Jones & R.C. Sinclair, Mycotaxon 10: 372 (1980). S. stilboidea Munjal & J.N. Kapoor, Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata 39: 121 (1969). S. subsimplex Cooke, Grevillea 12: 33 (1883). S. suthepensis Photita, Lumyong, K.D. Hyde & McKenzie, Cryptogamie Mycologie 24: 149 (2003). S. theobromae Hansf., Proceedings of the Linnean Society, London 155: 45 (1943). 155 S. thermotolerans McKenzie, Fungal Diversity 17: 149 (2004). S. verrucispora Matsush., Matsushima Mycological Memoirs 4: 18 (1985). S. virgata Krzemien. & Badura, Acta Societatis Boticorum Poloniae 23: 759 (1954). S. waitakere Whitton, McKenzie & K.D. Hyde, New Zealand Journal of Botany 39: 497 (2001). S. xanthosomae Mercado & J. Mena, Acta Botánica Cubana 55: 4 (1988). S. yunnanensis H.Z. Kong, Mycotaxon 62: 427 (1997). S. zeae E.B.G. Jones & Karr, Mycotaxon 4: 510 (1976). S. zuckii K. Matsush. & Matsush., Matsushima Mycological Memoirs 8: 53 (1995). Acknowledgements This project is supported by Thailand research grant BRT R_145008, and New Zealand Foundation for Research, Science and Technology. We are grateful to Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Saisamorn Lumyong, Ruud Valyasevi, and Morakot Tanticharoen for continued support, and to Manetr Boonyanant and his staff, for research facilities at the Sirindhorn Field and Nature Study Center, Narathiwat. References Carmichael, J.W., Kendrick, W.B., Conners, I.L. and Sigler, L. (1980). Genera of Hyphomycetes. University of Alberta Press, Edmonton. Ellis, M.B. (1971). Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, UK. Ellis, M.B. (1976). More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, UK. Haugland, R.A., Vesper, S.J. and Harmon, S.M. (2001). Phylogenetic relationships of Memnoniella and Stachybotrys species and evaluation of morphological features for Memnoniella species identification. Mycologia 93: 54-65. Hyde, K.D., Yanna, Pinnoi, A. and Jones, E.B.G. (2002). Goidanichiella fusiforma sp. nov. from palm fronds in Brunei and Thailand. Fungal Diversity 11: 119-122. 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