33 (2): 177-183 (2009) Original Scientific Paper Floristic and chorological news from north Albania Marash Rakaj Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Shkodra “Luigj Gurakuqi”, Sheshi “2 Prilli” Shkoder, Albania ABSTRACT: he North Albania region includes Albanian part of Mt Bjeshkët e Nemuna (Prokletije) massif, Mt Pashtrik on the east, Mt Tarabosh (southernmost part Mt Rumija) on the west, as well as the right side of the river Drin/Drim valley with surrounding mountain areas. It represents an area with the noticeably richer lora than any other region in Albania. Six new vascular plant species for Albania were reported: Adenostyles alpina (L.) Bluf & Fingerh, Calamagrostis varia (Schrad.) Host, Graia golaka (Hacq.) Rech., Melampyrum nemorosum L. Crocus weldenii Hoppe & Fürnrohr and Viburnum maculatum Pant., of which last two species are Balkan endemics. New loristic records for the Albanian lora are also presented for ive taxa: Amphoricarpus autariatus Blečić. & May. subsp. bertisceus Blečić & E. Mayer, Iris reichenbachii Heuf., Rumex balcanicus Rech. il., Senecio squalidus L. subsp. rupestris (Walds. & Kit.) Greuter and Potentilla heptaphylla L. subsp. australis (Krašan ex Nyman) Gams var. malyana (Borbás ex Malý) G. Beck. Key words: New loristic and chorological additions, North Albania, Bjeshkët e Nemuna (Prokletije), Mt Pashtrik. Received 12 September 2009 Revision accepted 07 December 2009 UDK 581.95(496.5) INTRODUCTION Flora of Albania shows a considerable loristic richness with a great number of interesting local and regional endemics. he 4-volumes of Flora e Shqiperise (Paparisto et al. 1988) comprises 3250 vascular plant species or 3758 taxa, including 175 cultivated species, of which 450 are Balkan endemic taxa, 46 are local endemic taxa, while 190 are sub-endemic taxa (V. Stevanovic pers. comm.). hey constitute 29.5% of the species of the European lora, and 47% of the species of the Balkan Peninsula lora. he North Albania region is located in the southeastern part of the Dinaric mountain range including mountain blocks of Albanian part of Mt Bjeshkët e Nemuna (Prokletije), Mt Pashtrik, on the east, Mt Tarabosh (southernmost part Mt Rumija), on the west, as well as the right side of the river Drin/Drim valley with surrounding mountains where the highest peaks are between 1200 and 1500 m (Fig. 1). he southern border of the North Albania region is more than 150 km long valley of the river Drin/ Drim. It represents an area with the noticeably richer lora correspondence: marashrakaj@yahoo.com ✳ than any other region in Albania. his area is characterized, predominately, by calcareous and serpentine rocks. Geological and climatic characteristics. Bjeshkët e Nemuna (Prokletije) or so-called Albanian Alps is a transboundary high mountain chain which includes c. 40 separated mountains over 2.000 m high, including 17 peaks over 2.500 m. he highest peaks are Jezerca and Gjeravica at 2,694 m and 2,656 m, respectively (Gruda 1981). Bjeshkët e Nemuna (Prokletije) is mainly composed of limestone, although the siliceous rocks also abound. he Albanian Alps range was formed by the folding actions of the African Plate which lies under the European one. Pleistocene glaciations are strongly expressed and caused actual mountain orography with the numerous traces of former glaciers and formation of luvial-glacial erosion and deposits (moraines, glacial lakes, former glacial cirques and valleys). Valleys are deep and extended almost to the mountain summits, while peaks are very edgy and high. Sources of the rivers Valbona, Shala, Cemi/Cijevna, Bistrica of © 2009 Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden Jevremovac, Belgrade 178 vol. 33 (2) Fig. 1. he North Albania region Peja/Pečka Bistrica) and some other, are situated in high mountain parts of Bjeshket e Nemuna (Prokletije). hese rivers formed deep canyons and gorges of which some are c. 1000 m deep. A plenty of glacial lakes are also present in these mountains. For instance, only in the area of the mountain peak Jezerce (Buni of Jezerca), six small glacial lakes occurred. he geological substrate of the North Albania is complex: limestone and dolomites, diabase-chert formation, argiloschists, ultrabasic or serpentine rocks, sandstone and conglomerate are to be found (Vranaj 1990). he North Albania mountain region belongs to Dinaric Mountain transitional eco-region (Hoda 1992). It is characterized mainly by Alpine relief, alpine karst hydrography, as well as by very rich lora with numerous endemics and Alpine plant species. A transitional climate between perhumid sub-Mediterranean and humid mountain climate of the Alpine type is dominant (Gruda 1981). Phytogeographical characteristics. Flora of the Albanian Alps is one of the richest in the Balkan. Approximately 1.611 wild vascular plant species and intraspeciic taxa are described and recorded, which constitutes over 50% of Albanian lora. hese plants belong to 690 genera and 150 families. Particularly signiicant are the numerous Tertiary and glacial relics, while 250 species are Balkan endemics, comprising 136 regional and 17 local endemics distributed only in Mt Bjeshkët e Nemuna (Prokletije), such as: Crepis bertiscea Jáv., Ligusticum albanicum Jáv., Lunaria telekiana Jáv., Valeriana bertiscea Pančić, Pedicularis ernesti-mayeri Stevanović, Heliosperma oliverae, Wulfenia baldaccii Degen, etc. (Ruci & Vangjeli 2001; Stevanović 2002). he natural potential vegetation is represented by the following communities Fagetum montanum, AbietiFagetum, Piceetum excelsae montanum, Pinetum mugi, Pinetum peucis, Pinetum heldreichii, Oxytropidon dinaricae. According to Ruci & Vangjeli (2001) 161 plant communities are described in this region of Albania. he dominant habitat types are forests of the Turkey oak, Macedonian oak, Sessile oak, beech, Bosnian pine, Macedonian pine, as well as alpine and sub-alpine calcareous grasslands. Above the forest belt, there are various shrubby communities, mainly dominated by Siberian juniper (Juniperus sibirica) and blueberries (Vaccinium spp.). Riparian or looded vegetation, as Salicetum eleagni, Salicetum fragilis and Alnetum incanae is distributed along the river valleys (Ruci & Vangjeli 2001). he North Albanian region, situated at the crossroads of several plant migration routes, is one of the most important refugium in the Balkans and, probably, in whole S. Europe. It is the most important region both for preservation of plants during Ice Age and for plant speciation. Mountains of the North Albania could be regarded as a corridor for the migrations of plants from the Alps towards the southand eastward regions. According to Ruci & Vangjeli (2001) the following loristic spectrum was recorded in the investigated area: European mountains (Central and Alpine) loristic element 22%, Eurasian 24.5% (Wulfenia, Forsythia, Gymnospermium, Ramonda, Aesculus, Dioscorea, Aster etc.), Boreal 9.3%, Mediterranean 12.5%, Balkan endemics 28% and 3.7% of other ones. he presence taxonomically isolated endemo-relict and relict species (Pinus heldreichii Christ, Pinus peuce Griseb., Narthecium scardicum Košanin, Taxus baccata L., Forsythia europaea Deg. & Bald., Silene asterias Griseb., Edraianthus graminifolius (L.) DC., Acer heldreichii Orph., Juglans regia L., Asarum europaeum L., Campanula lingulata Waldst. et Kit., Valeriana pancicii Hal. et Bald., Rumex balcanicus Rech., Ramonda serbica Pančić, Ostrya carpinifolia Scop., Jasione orbiculata Griseb. ex Velen.), as well as the existence of loristic ainities with ancient Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean lora indicate that speciation of the Albanian lora have began since the Tertiary period. he occurrence of common sub-endemic taxa in the Balkans and Apennine peninsula point to ancient amphiadriatic loristic link. he typical sub-endemic species having disjunct ranges (or Apennine-ScardoPindhic, Illyrian-Scardo-Pindhic-Apennine, IllyrianApennine, Subscardo-Pindhic-South Apennine, etc), are: Pinus heldreichii Crist., Pinus nigra Arnold, Quercus trojana Webb, Drypis spinosa L. subsp. linnaeana Murb., Geum molle Vis. et Pančić, Potentilla apennina Ten., Anemone apennina L., Hypericum barbatum Jacq., Pinguicula hirtilora Ten., Asyneuma pichleri (Vis.) D. Lakušić & M. Rakaj: Floristic and chorological news from north Albania 179 F. Conti, Campanula lingulata Waldst. et Kit., Jasione orbiculata Griseb., Cardamine glauca Spreng., Doronicum columnae Ten., etc. Pleistocene glaciations strongly efected on the current composition of the North Albanian mountain lora, as well as on the whole Balkan lora. he numerous species remained here ater glaciers melted, such as: Potentilla crantzii (Crantz)Beck, Arabis alpina L., Arctostaphylos alpinus (L.) Spreng., Aster alpinus L., Saxifraga aizoides L., Saxifraga oppositifolia L., Salix retusa L., Salix reticulata L., Dryas octopetala L., Androsace villosa L., Geum montanum L., Polygonum viviparum L., Trollius europaeus L., Parnassia palustris L., Veronica alpina L., Pedicularis verticillata L. Nigritella nigra (L.) Reichenb., Juncus triidus L., Poa alpina L., Luzula spicata DC., Selaginella selaginoides (L.) Schrank. & C. F. P. Mart etc. Stevanović et al. (2009) recorded c. 50 Arctic-Alpine plants in Mt Prokletije. he majority of the above mentioned plants are glacial relicts. he North Albanian lora is characterised by a high number of isolated endemic species. Approximately 110 Balkan endemics have northern, eastern or southern limits of distribution in N Albania that is of special phytogeographical interest (Ruci & Vangjeli 2001). he northernmost limit of distribution is characteristic for Alchemilla albanica Rothm., Minuartia baldaccii subsp. skutariensis Hayek, Ranunculus degenii Kümmerle & Jav., Ranunculus hayekii Dörler, Viola kosaninii (Degen) Hayek etc), Viola dukadjinica W. Becker et Bornm., while the eastern- or southernmost limits have Cerastium dinaricum G. Beck et Szyszyl., Edraianthus serpyllifolius (Vis.) A. DC., Edraianthus tenuifolius (Waldst. & Kit) A. DC., Gentiana dinarica G. Beck, Petasites doerleri Hayek, Minuartia velenovskyi (Rohlena) Hayek, Teucrium arduini L., Verbascum nicolai Rohlena etc. he number of plant endemic species in whole Mt Prokletije massif is particularly high. Approximately 17 local endemic species are known, as: Alchemilla bertiscea Martinčič, Crepis bertiscea Jáv., Dianthus behriorum Bornm, Hieracium wettsteinianum Hayek & Zahn subsp. wettsteinianum, H. guentheri-beckii subsp. phaedroleucum Hayek & Zahn., H. chloropannosum Zahn, H. geminum Hayek & Zahn, H. fritschianum Hayek & Zahn, Ligusticum albanicum Jav., Lunaria telekiana Jav., Pedicularis ernestimayeri Stevanović, Niketić & D. Lakušić, Sesleria wettsteinii Dörler & Hayek, Heliosperma macranthum Pančić, Valeriana bertiscea Pančić, Wulfenia baldaccii Degen, Viola vilaensis Hayek, etc. hree centres of endemism can be distinguished according to number and distribution of the regional and local endemic plant taxa from the North Albania region: 1. Mt Bjeshkët e Nemuna (Prokletije) – a big isolated mountain massif mainly made of calcareous (limestone and dolomite) substratum, represented by numerous regional and local paleo- and neo-endemic species, being an important centre of plant speciation and refugium; 2. Tropoja Valley, Bytyçi and White Drin Valley – a great serpentine area, represented also by numerous regional paleo- and neo-endemic taxa and few local endemics. It is important refugium (south-north corridor) of serpentine elements, as well as the speciation centre. 3. Has region, including Mt Pashtrik – mainly made of limestone, with few stenoendemic species. However, the occurrence of the endemic species, such as Asperula scutellaris Vis., Crepis baldaccii Halácsy subsp. albanica Jáv., Edraianthus serpyllifolius (Vis.) A. DC., Phyteuma pseudorbiculare Pant., Pimpinella serbica (Vis.) Bentham & Hooker il. ex Drude, Potentilla montenegrina Pant., Valeriana bertiscea Pančić, etc. conirm loristic connection between N Albania and surrounding parts of the Balkans (Dinaric Alps and Scardo-Pindhian mountain system). herefore, this region is of a particular phytogeographical interest as a barrier for a numerous Mediterranean plant species, from one side, and an important distribution corridor for orophytes from N Dinaric Alps towards south (Albanids, Pindhos) and east (Mt Shar Planina), as well as vice-versa, from the other side. History of investigation. he irst loristic data for North Albanian lora have been obtained by Grisebach (1843, 1844) in the middle of the XIX century. he serious work on lora and vegetation begun in the irst part of the XX century, when noumerous botanists, such as Degen & Dörfler (1897), Baldacci (1904), Janchen (1916), Hayek (1917, 1924), Jávorka (1921), Jávorka et al. (1926), Markgraf (1931), Bornmüller (1933), Rechinger (1935), Lemperg (1937), Košanin (1939), Rohlena (1942), etc., started the botanical explorations of this region. hey recorded and described numerous new plant species, including local endemics, as Wulfenia baldaccii Degen, Petasites doerleri Hayek, Centaurea kosaninii Hayek, Crepis bertiscea Jáv., Ligusticum albanicum Jáv., Polygala doerleri Hayek, Sanguisorba albanica Andrasovszky and Jáv., etc. In the last three decades a number of Albanian botanists have also investigated this area and published their own studies, such as Demiri (1983), Ruci (1986), Paparisto et al. (1988), Hoda (1992), Qosja et al. (1992, 1996), Vangjeli et al. (2000), Ruci & Vangjeli (2001), Rakaj & Kashta (2003, 2007), Rakaj (2006), Kashta (2007), Barina & Pifko (2008a, 2008b) etc. In this region several new taxa for Albanian lora were recorded during the last decade: Dianthus behriorum Bornm, Hyacinthella dalmatica (Baker) Chouard., Lathraea squamaria L., Parietaria lusitanica L., Prunus tenella Batsch, Ranunculus montanus Willd. 180 vol. 33 (2) It is worth to mention that the lora and vegetation of the northern parts of Mt Prokletije and Mt Pashtrik, outside Albania, were also investigated in more details by some ex-Yugoslav botanists: Lakušić (1971), Wraber (1986, 1989), Martinčič (1990), Lakušić & Stevanović (1995), Stevanović (1999), Stevanović & Lakušić (2000), Stevanović et al. (2002, 2003), Lakušić et al. (2004), Niketić (2005), Niketić & Stevanović (2006), etc. hey found seven new local endemic species: Alchemilla bertiscea Martinčič, Cynoglossum krasniqii T. Wraber, Draba bertiscea D. Lakušić & Stevanović, Draba kuemmerlei Stevanović & D. Lakušić, Hieracium bertisceum Niketić, Heliosperma oliverae Niketić & Stevanović, Pedicularis ernesti-mayeri Stevanović, Niketić & D. Lakušić. Most of them were found in close proximity of the Albanian territory, so it is probable to assume that some of these taxa will be recorded in Albania too. Fig. 2. – Distribution of Adenostyles alpina (L.) Bluf & Fingerh in Albania. MATERIALS AND METHODS he results of the present paper are based mainly on personal investigations and collecting plants material during the period of 2000-2009, and partly on the plant material stored in herbarium of Faculty of Natural Science, University of Shkodra, Albania. In addition, the literature data were used for the presentation of the distribution of the investigated taxa. he new plant species for Albania are mapped on UTM grid 10 x 10 sq. km. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION New taxa for the Albanian lora. Albanian lora, particularly, in mountain is not suiciently known. In this paper six new vascular plant taxa for Albanian lora were reported, including one new genus (Graia) (Fig. 2-4).: 1. Adenostyles alpina (L.) Bluf & Fingerh: limestone, in high-mountain rocky grounds and screes on Mt Shtegu i Dhenve (UTM CM99), 1850m, coll. T. Wraber, M. Rakaj, 15.07.2002; Mt Maja Jezerce (UTM DM09), 2340m, coll. B. Surina, M. Rakaj 16.08.2007; Mt Parun (UTM CM88), 1740m, coll. B. Surina, M. Rakaj 18.08.2007 (Fig. 2). his species was known from Alps, N Apennines and NW Dinarides (Slovenia and Croatia). he new localities in Albanian Alps represent a very isolated disjunction on the eastern and southern part of the species range. 2. Calamagrostis varia (Schrad.) Host: limestone, in high-mountain rocky grounds on Mt Shtegu i Dhenve (UTM CM99), 1700-1850m, coll. B. Surina, M. Rakaj 15.08.2007; Mt Parun, (UTM CM88), 1640m, coll. B. Surina, M. Rakaj 18.08.2007 (Fig. 3). Eurasian species widespread in mountain areas of C and Fig. 3. – Distribution of Calamagrostis varia (Schrad.) Host in Albania. S Europe. It has been recorded in all Balkan countries, except in Albania. Collected samples belong to the type subspecies (subsp. varia). 3. Crocus weldenii Hoppe & Fürnrohr: sunny hill slopes, grassy and stony places; Tarabosh, Goraj, Vrith (UTM CM65), 100 - 200m, coll. M. Rakaj, 22.02.2009; 14.03.2009 (Fig. 4). Balkan endemic with general distribution in Slovenia, Croatia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia and Macedonia.s North-western border of the species range reaches the vicinity of Trieste in NE Italy (Pulević 1977, Randjelović et al. 1990). It is interesting to note that Randjelović et al. (1990) also cited Albania for general distribution but without any locality. Species belongs to C. bilorus Mill. aggregate. 4. Graia golaka (Hacq.) Rech.: limestone, on rocky ground next to Mt Shtegu i Dhenve (UTM CM99), 1700m, coll. B. Surina, M. Rakaj, 15.07.2007 (Fig. 4). Apennine-Balkan (Dinaric) mountain species. he new discovered population in Albania is situated on the easternmost part of the species area, and also provides the south-easternmost border of the Balkan part of the area. his species has been also found in adjacent parts of Mt Prokletije in Montenegro (M. Niketić, pers. comm.). M. Rakaj: Floristic and chorological news from north Albania 181 Fig 4. – Distribution of Crocus weldenii Hoppe & Fürnrohr (black circle) and Graia golaka (Hacq.) Rech., Melampyrum nemorosum L. and Viburnum maculatum Pant. (triangle) in Albania. 5. Melampyrum nemorosum L.: on calcareous rocks of west slopes under Shpella upper Okol (heth) (UTM CM99), 1450m, coll.: T. Wraber, M. Rakaj 16.07.2002; M. Rakaj, B. Surina 16.08. 2007 (Fig. 4). Widespread species in Europe, except on the West. It is also known from adjacent parts of Mt Prokletije in Montenegro (Rohlena 1942). 6. Viburnum maculatum Pant.: limestone, on rocky grounds on Mt Maja Shtegut (heth) (UTM CM99), 1500m; coll. S. Barina, M. Rakaj, 16.08.2007 (Fig. 4). Regional endemic outer chain of SE Dinaric Alps under strong Mediterranean climatic inluence along Adriatic coast from Mt Orjen to Mt Rumija. he new discovered locality in Albania provides the southeasternmost border of the species area. New loristic records for the Albanian lora from North Albania 1. Amphoricarpus autariatus Blečić. & May. ssp. bertisceus: in stony places in the beech and pine forest on hore, 1650m; bellow Qafa Pejes, 1600m; coll: B. Surina, M. Rakaj, 15, 08. 07. It is distributed southward to NW Greece. Regional endemic. 2. Iris reichenbachii Heuf. (=Iris bosniaca Beck): limestone, in high-mountain pastures and rocky grounds on Mt Pashtrik (UTM DM67), 1750m, coll. T. Wraber, M. Rakaj, L. Kashta 07.06. 2001. Literature data: Mt Maja Gjallices, 1840m (Košanin 1939: 75). Balkan – S Carpatian loristic element. 3. Rumex balcanicus Rech. il.: limestone, high mountains and rocky grounds of Mt Maja Malisores (UTM DM09), 2300m; coll: M. Rakaj, 15.08. 08. Tertiary relict and Balkan endemic distributed in SE Dinaric Alps and N Scardo-Pindhic mountains. 4. Potentilla heptaphylla L. subsp. australis (Krašan ex Nyman) Gams var. malyana (Borbás ex Malý) G. Beck: serpentine, in stony places in the bush on Cahan, Mici-Has (Has) (530-800m) and (Kolsh 470m) (UTM DM57), coll. T. Wraber, M. Rakaj, L. Kashta 23.07. 2002. Literature data: Skanderbeg (Stane të Frenkthit, serpentine) (Markgraf 1931, sub. P. australis). P. heptaphylla subsp. australis is a south European orophyte, with an ecotype (var. malyana) characteristic for serpentinite rocky ground in the W and C Balkan. 5. Senecio squalidus L. subsp. rupestris (Walds. & Kit.) Greuter: on open grassy and calcareous rocks on Fusha e Runices 1750m (UTM CN90), coll. T. Wraber, M. Rakaj, 18.07.2000; Kroj i Kuq (Mt Gjallice) 2100m (UTM DM55); coll.: T. Wraber, M. Rakaj, 18.07.2000; 05.06.2001. Literature data: Mt Maja Pashtrik (Košanin 1939:75-105). his C and SE European orophyte is widespread through the Balkan mountains, particularly in the Dinaric Alps. CONCLUSIONS Flora of the North Albania is one of the richest in the region, even though it is not suiciently known. Six new vascular plant taxa for Albanian lora were reported from North Albania: Adenostyles alpina (L.) Bluf & Fingerh, Calamagrostis varia (Schrad.) Host., Graia golaka (Hacq.) Rech., Melampyrum nemorosum L., Crocus weldenii Hoppe & Fürnrohr and Viburnum maculatum Pant., of which last two are Balkan endemics. he genus Graia is a new for the lora of Albania. he new loristic records for ive taxa of the Albanian lora are also presented: Amphoricarpus autariatus Blečić. & May. subsp. bertisceus, Iris reichenbachii Heuf., Rumex balcanicus Rech. il., Senecio squalidus L. subsp. rupestris (Walds. & Kit.) Greuter and Potentilla heptaphylla L. subsp. australis (Krašan ex Nyman) Gams var. malyana (Borbás ex Malý) G. Beck. he occurrence of numerous Tertiary and glacial relicts, as well as the high number of regional and local endemics establish North Albanian region, particularly Mt Bjeshkët e Nemuna (Prokletije), as a one of the most important centre of diversity and evolution of vascular lora in SE Europe. Acknowledgements – I would like to express the highest gratitude to Prof. Tone Wraber, University of Ljubljana (Slovenia) and dr Boštjan Surina, National History Museum, Rijeka (Croatia), for their sincere support during our ield trip in North Albanian mountains. I am also gratefully acknowledged to dr Marjan Niketić, Natural History Museum, Belgrade (Serbia) and Prof. Vladimir Stevanović, Department of Plant Ecology and Phytogeography, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade (Serbia) for valuable comments and suggestions. 182 vol. 33 (2) REFERENCES Baldacci A. 1904. 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(in Slovenian) Wraber T. 1986. Ein neue Cynoglosum (C. krasniqii) aus Jugoslawien. Candollea 41: 145-150. REZIME Novi loristički i horološki podaci za Severnu Albaniju Marash Rakaj S everna Albanija obuhvata i deo Prokletijskog masiva, Paštrik na istoku i planinu Taraboš kao krajnji južni deo Runije na zapadu, te prostor desno od reke Drim sa dolinom i okolnim planinama. To je prostor koji ima primetno bogatiju loru od drugih albanskih regiona. Po prvi put se navodi šest novih vrsta za Albaniju: Adenostyles alpina (L.) Bluf & Fingerh, Calamagrostis varia (Schrad.) Host, Graia golaka (Hacq.) Rech., Melampyrum nemorosum L. Crocus weldenii Hoppe & Fürnrohr i Viburnum maculatum Pant. Od kojih su poslednje dve Balkanski endemiti. Novi podaci za Albansku loru dati su za pet taksona: Amphoricarpus autariatus Blečić. & May. subsp. bertisceus Blečić & E. Mayer, Iris reichenbachii Heuf., Rumex balcanicus Rech. Fil., Senecio squalidus L. subsp. rupestris (Walds. & Kit.) Greuter i Potentilla heptaphylla L. subsp. australis (Krašan ex Nyman) Gams var. malyana (Borbás ex Malý) G. Beck. Ključne reči: Novi loristički i horološki podaci, Severna Albanija, Prokletije, Paštrik.