MARIUS F G RAŞ (coord.)
___________________________________________________________________________
Studii comparative privind biodiversitatea habitatelor costiere, impactul
antropic şi posibilit ţile de conservare şi restaurare a habitatelor de
importanţ european dintre Capul Midia şi Capul Kaliakra - Volum cu
lucr rile Conferinţei de la Constanţa (Mamaia, 26-28 septembrie 2008)
2
MARIUS F G RAŞ (coord.)
Studii comparative privind biodiversitatea habitatelor
costiere, impactul antropic şi posibilit ţile de conservare şi
restaurare a habitatelor de importanţ european dintre
Capul Midia şi Capul Kaliakra
Volum cu lucr rile Conferinţei de la Constanţa
(Mamaia, 26-28 septembrie 2008)
Editura EX PONTO
Constanţa, 2008
3
Acest volum a fost realizat în cadrul proiectului RO 2005/017-535.01.02.02 prin Programul
Transfrontalier Phare CBC 2005 România-Bulgaria, cu sprijinul financiar al Uniunii Europene
Editor: Universitatea Ovidius Constan a
B-dul Mamaia, Nr. 124, 900527, Constan a,
Tel./fax. +40 241 619040, www.univ-ovidius.ro
e-mail: fagarasm@univ-ovidius.ro
Data public rii: noiembrie 2008
Coordonator volum: Marius F g raş
Tehnoredactare şi fotografii coperţi: Marius F g raş
Referenţi ştiinţifici:
Prof. univ. dr. Marian Traian Gomoiu – m.c. al Academiei Române, Universitatea “Ovidius”
Constan a
Cp. I dr. Dumitru Murariu – m.c. al Academiei Române, Muzeul de Istorie Natural “Grigore
Antipa”
Prof. univ. dr. Ioan Cristurean – Universitatea Bucureşti
Prof. univ. dr. Adrian Bavaru - Universitatea “Ovidius” Constan a
Prof. univ. dr. Dan Cog lniceanu - Universitatea “Ovidius” Constan a
Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Na ionale a României
F G RAŞ MARIUS (coordonator)
Volum cu lucr rile Conferin ei de la Constan a
(Mamaia, 26-28 septembrie 2008)/ F g raş Marius (coord.)
Constan a, 2008
ISBN 978-973-644-840-9
© Drepturile de autor asupra acestei publica ii sunt rezervate Universit ii Ovidius Constan a.
Volumul sau p r i ale acestuia pot fi reproduse numai cu acordul autorilor.
Con inutul acestui material nu reprezint în mod necesar pozi ia oficial a Uniunii Europene
http://consilium.europa.eu, http://ec.europa.eu/comm/world,
http://www.roinfocentre.be, http://www.infoeuropa.ro
ISBN 978-973-644-840-9
4
CUPRINS
Prefaţ .................................................................................................................................................
7
Preface.................................................................................................................................................
8
Marius F g raş – General presentation of the Phare CBC project Ro 2005 – 017535.01.02.02.........................................................................................................................................
9
Marius F g raş, Paulina Anastasiu, Gavril Negrean, Zheni Nanova – Types of habitats of
conservative interest and important plant associations on the sandy beaches between Cape Midia
and Cape Kaliakra................................................................................................................................
16
Paulina Anastasiu, Marius F g raş, Gavril Negrean, Zheni Nanova – Studies concerning flora
of limestone plateau and cliff from Kamen Bryag-Yailata (Bulgaria)................................................
25
Zheni NANOVA, Marius F g raş, Paulina Anastasiu, Gavril Negrean – Study of the higher
flora on the territory of Kaliakra Reserve............................................................................................
32
Gavril Negrean – Romanian botanical contributions to the studies of flora in Bulgarian
Dobrogea..............................................................................................................................................
49
Daciana Sava, Alexandru Bologa – Macrophytobenthos evolution under present environmental
quality of Romanian Black Sea coastal waters as to earlier decades...................................................
Dan
61
Cog lniceanu, Ciprian Samoil , Marian Tudor, Marius Skolka – Amphibians and
reptiles from the Black Sea coast area between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra.................................
71
Marius Skolka - Invertebrate diversity in the western part of Black Sea coast: Cape Midia-Cape
Kaliakra................................................................................................................................................
90
Gabriel B nic – Study on the avifaunistical diversity in the coastal area between Cape Midia
(Romania) and Cape Kaliakra (Bulgaria).............................................................................................
111
Stoyan Nonev – The ornithofauna of seaside Bulgarian Dobroudja...................................................
123
Gabriela-Mihaela Paraschiv - Study of the Polychaeta fauna (Annelida) from the mediolittoral
and infralittoral of the Black Sea: littoral segment Cape Midia-Cape Kaliakra .................................
130
Loreley Dana Jianu, Silvia Raluca Turcu - NATURA 2000 European ecological network in
Romania...............................................................................................................................................
5
140
Lucica Tofan, Timothy J. Ehlinger, Megan Helt-Baldwin, Diana Cerjak, Daniela Vasile,
Richard Shaker, Mirela Bucur, Ana Maria Buiculescu - Formulation of a shoreline
development index to examine the relationship between development and ecological integrity.........
144
Monica Axini, Rodica Bercu, Ligia D. Dima – Five years of activity concerning the education of
the coastal lands protection..................................................................................................................
153
Stefka Georgieva Gabrovska – Forms and methods of ecological education and upbringing ..........
158
6
Prefaţ
Acest volum reuneşte o bun parte a lucr rilor ştiin ifice prezentate şi discutate în cadrul
Conferin ei interna ionale organizat la Constan a (Mamaia, 26-28 septembrie 2008) în cadrul
proiectului transfrontalier Phare CBC Ro 2005/ 017-535.01.02.02, proiect implementat de
Universitatea “Ovidius” Constan a, în parteneriat cu Agen ia de Protec ie a Mediului Constan a şi
Getia Pontica Association, ONG din oraşul Kavarna, Bulgaria.
Scopul principal al Conferin ei a fost popularizarea activit ilor de cercetare desf şurate pe
teren de c tre membrii echipei de proiect în zona costier transfrontalier dintre Capul Midia
(România) şi Capul Kaliakra (Bulgaria), cercet ri care au vizat studiul habitatelor naturale şi al
biodiversit ii costiere în complexitatea sa (flor , asocia ii vegetale, fauna de nevertebrate,
herpetofauna şi avifauna). Au fost vizate de asemenea, aspecte legate de impactul antropic în zona
costier , urm rindu-se g sirea unor solu ii viabile pentru diminuarea efectelor negative ale activit ilor
umane în regiunea litoralului vestic al M rii Negre, concomitent cu protec ia şi conservarea habitatelor
naturale, a florei şi faunei tipice acestor habitate.
Studiul comparativ al biodiversit ii din zona sudic a litoralului românesc, intens antropizat
şi zona nordic a litoralului bulg resc, relativ bine conservat , au confirmat faptul c o mare parte a
pierderilor de biodiversitate de la litoralul românesc al M rii Negre, semnalate în literatura de
specialitate şi constatate pe teren, sunt consecin a activit ilor antropice, mai ales a dezvolt rii turistice
explozive din cea de-a doua jum tate a secolului XX.
Situa ia actual a biodiversit ii din zona costier a Dobrogei sudice este bine reflectat în
lucr rile din acest volum, lucr ri care aduc date ştiin ifice noi, dar şi confirm ri sau infirm ri ale
cunoştin elor din literatura de specialitate. Principalul merit al acestui volum este faptul c reuneşte
informa ie ştiin ific complex cu privire la tipurile de habitate şi biodiversitatea costier a Dobrogei
româneşti şi bulg reşti, începând cu zona infralitoral , continuând cu cea mediolitoral şi supralitoral
şi terminând cu zonele umede din dreptul lacurilor paramarine, cu fâşiile de step din apropierea
falezei sau cu p durile şi tuf rişurile submediteraneene ale falezelor terasate din zona bulg reasc a
Dobrogei. Sunt prezentate de asemenea în acest volum aspecte ale educa iei ecologice desf şurate de
c tre ecologişti inimoşi, membrii ai unor ONG-uri din România şi Bulgaria, care au participat la
Conferin a noastr în calitate de invita i.
Sper m ca acest volum s fie bine primit în lumea ştiin ific din România şi Bulgaria, cu atât
mai mult cu cât realizarea lui este rezultatul colabor rii strânse dintre specialişti români şi bulgari din
diferite domenii ale Biologiei şi Ecologiei.
Doresc s mul umesc pe aceast cale atât membrilor echipei de proiect şi invita ilor noştrii care
au preg tit lucr ri ştiin ifice, cât şi distinşilor referen i ai volumului.
coordonatorul volumului
Dr. Marius Fagaras
7
Preface
This volume brings together most of the scientific papers presented and discussed during the
International Conference organized in Constanta (Mamaia, September 26-28, 2008), within the transborder project PHARE CBC Ro 2005/ 017-535.01.02.02, which was implemented by “Ovidius”
University Constanta in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency Constanta and Getia
Pontica Association, NGO from Kavarna, Bulgaria.
The main purpose of the Conference was the popularization of the field research activities the
project team members accomplished in the cross-border coastal area between Cape Midia (Romania)
and Cape Kaliakra (Bulgaria). These researches targeted the study of the natural habitats and coastal
biodiversity in its complexity (flora, plant associations, invertebrate fauna, herpetofauna and
avifauna). The field studies also targeted aspects related to the anthropogenic impact on the littoral
habitats, on their specific flora and fauna, looking for viable solution and the reduction of the negative
effects caused by the human activities in the western part of the Black Sea littoral, together with the
protection and preservation of the natural habitats, of the wild flora and fauna.
The comparative study of the biodiversity in the southern part of the Romanian littoral,
intensely anthropic, and the northern part of the Bulgarian littoral, relatively well preserved, have
confirmed that much of the biodiversity losses signaled in the specialized literature and noted on the
field are the consequence of the anthropic activities, especially of the explosive touristic developments
in the second part of the 20th century.
The current situation of the coastal biodiversity of southern Dobrogea is well reflected in the
papers in this volume, as they offer many new scientific data, but they also bring confirmations or
contradictions of the specialty literature. The main merit of this volume is that is brings together
complex scientific information regarding the coastal biodiversity of Romanian and Bulgarian
Dobrogea, starting with the infra-littoral area and continuing with the mid-littoral and supra-littoral,
and ending with the wetlands around the paramarine lakes, the steppe strips on and behind the seawall
or the sub-Mediterranean forests and bushes of the terraced seawalls in the Bulgarian area of
Dobrogea. The volume also includes aspects of ecological education accomplished by devoted
ecologists, members of NGOs in Romania and Bulgaria, which participated in our Conference as
guests.
We hope that this volume will be well received in the scientific community in Romania and
Bulgaria, as its existence is the result of the strong collaboration between Romanian and Bulgarian
specialists in different fields of biology and ecology.
I wish to thank the project members and the guests that prepared scientific papers for this
volume, as well as the distinguished scientific reviewers of the volume.
volume coordinator
Marius F g raş, Ph.D.
8
GENERAL PRESENTATION OF THE PHARE CBC PROJECT
RO 2005/017 – 535.01.02.02
Marius F G RAŞ, Ph.D.
* Ovidius University Constanţa, the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences,
Department of Biology - Ecology
124 Mamaia Blvd , Constanţa, 900527, Romania, fagarasm@yahoo.com
__________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: This cross-border project took place over a period of 14 months through the program PHARE
CBC, financed by the European Union and the Romanian Government. The project was based on the partnership
between “Ovidius” University Constanta, The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Getia Pontica
Association of Kavarna. The aim of the project was to develop a durable partnership, to have joint activities for
research and monitoring of the biodiversity in the Romanian and Bulgarian coastal area of Dobrogea, to estimate
the anthropogenic impact on the natural habitats, on the wild flora and fauna, as well as to find common
solutions for the preservation of the habitats that have not yet been affected by human activities or to restore
those affected. The project results were presented in two Conferences organized in Constanta and Kavarna and
they were also published in scientific books and papers.
Keywords: PHARE CBC project, coastal biodiversity, anthropogenic impact, conservation, habitats,
Cape Midia, Cape Kaliakra.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
The aim of our cross-border project was to establish a durable partnership between “Ovidius” University
Constanta (the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) from
Constanta and the “Getia Pontica Association for Ecology and Sustainable Developement” NGO from Kavarna,
Bulgaria, with the purpose of organizing joint field research, information exchanges and monitoring activities of
the coastal habitats and biodiversity (flora, plant communities, fauna, birds) in the terrestrial coastal area
between Cape Midia (Romania) and Cape Kaliakra (Bulgaria) (Fig. 1), on a shore length of approximately 130
km.
Such a project is an interesting idea because the area between Cape Midia and Vama Veche is a touristic
area, much affected by economical activities, while the area between Durankulak and Cape Kaliakra (Bulgarian
Dobrogea) is relatively well preserved, with sand dune vegetation, steppe vegetation and wetlands. Our field
research data, compared with that bibliographical information, will indicate the extent to which the biodiversity
losses in the southern area of the Romanian Black Sea shore are due to anthropogenic factors.
As a result of our studies we wrote a common Strategy for the conservation of the coastal biodiversity of
Dobrogea between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra. The implementation of this strategy by the environmental
Authorities will lead to the improvement of the management plans in the Romanian and Bulgarian coastal areas
of Dobrogea.
The increased involvement of local and central authorities, as well as the interest of the riverside
residents in the problems of biodiversity preservation and of the conservation and restoration of natural habitats,
was another objective of the project.
Our collaboration with the Bulgarian partners in this field will continue in the future through joint
monitoring actions, in order to ascertain the way in which the results of our collaborative actions will lead to the
improvement of the management of the coastal terrestrial territory, the protected areas or other zones that are
remarkable through their biodiversity.
9
Fig. 1 – The studied coastal area between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra
Material and Methods
The inventory of biodiversity from the terrestrial coastal area between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra has
been accomplished through numerous field trips both in Romania and Bulgaria, between April and August 2008.
For the determination of botanical and zoological material, the researchers used specific books such as:
Flora Europaea [Tutin T.G. (eds.), vol. 1-5, 1964-1980], Flora of Romania, vol. 1-13 (Sãvulescu Tr., 19521976), The Illustrated Flora of Romania (Ciocarlan V., 2000), The Romanian Fauna, Red Data Book of the
People’s Republic of Bulgaria, Volume 2- Animals (Botev et al., 1984), Red Data Book of the People’s Republic
of Bulgaria, Volume 1- Plants [Velchev V. (ed.) et al., 1984], Flora of Dobrudja (Kitanov, Penev, 1980), etc.
The botanical nomenclature is in accordance with the Romanian Flora and Flora Europaea.
The identification of plant communities was made by means of the phytocenological survey method, in
accordance with west-European methodology (Zurich-Montpellier). The names of plant communities are in
accordance with the International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature (Weber et al, 2000).
In case of rare and endangered species, their threatening degree was established on the basis of Romanian
Red Lists (Negrean G., 2001, Dihoru Gh., 1994, Oltean M. and al., 1994), the Red Data Book of the People’s
Republic of Bulgaria, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2008), The Annexes of Bern Convention, Bird
Directive 79/409/EEC, etc.
10
For the identification and characterization of natural coastal habitats with conservative interest we used
some scientific materials, such as: The Habitats of Romania (Donita N. and al., 2005), CORINE biotopes
manual: Habitats of the European Communities, 1991, Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC, A classification of
Palearctic habitats (Devillers, 1997), Manual for the Interpretation of Natura 2000 Habitats in Romania (Gafta,
Owen, 2008), Biodiversity of Dobrudja (Skolka et al., 2005), Threaten and Rare Plant Communities in Bulgaria
(Velchev, Bondev, 1984), etc.
The mapping of the coastal habitats with European conservative importance (according to the Habitats
Directive) and also the rare and endangered plant populations was made by a cartographer.
For the fauna diversity analysis, samples from specific terrestrial ecosystems were collected, both from
the beaches and the cliffs. Quantitative samples were taken using specific methods – the entomological net for
flying insects and Barber traps for terrestrial fauna. Birds, reptiles and mammals were observed “in situ” and
identified with specific methods – direct observation, field guides etc.
Results and Discussions
In the context of the adhesion of Romania and Bulgaria to the European Union and of environmental
legislation uniformity, it is necessary to elaborate plans of cross-border management that are applicable to the
entire coastal zone of Dobrogea (both Romanian and Bulgarian). To this purpose, a general evaluation of the
coastal biodiversity of Dobrogea is necessary. Without a systematic inventory of the flora and fauna in the
southern part of the Romanian littoral and northern part of the Bulgarian seacoast, the biodiversity losses will be
neither correctly estimated nor limited.
There is an imperative need for a Red List of vascular plants in the littoral zone of the Romanian and
Bulgarian Dobrogea, which should not take into account borders, but only the size of populations, of territory
and also the risk factors. It is also necessary to identify and locate the habitats of European interest, in order to be
able to impose adequate measures for conservation and restoration beyond the territorial limits of the two
neighboring countries.
The implementation of the “Natura 2000” European network of protected areas but also of other
environmental programs has encountered difficulties (at least in Romania) because of the lack of updated
information regarding the coastal biodiversity, the distribution of habitats of European interest in the littoral zone
and also the rare flora and fauna species.
A complete evaluation of the biodiversity in both zones of Dobrogea will permit the elaboration of a
Strategy regarding the conservation of coastal biodiversity in the Romanian and Bulgarian coastal area of
Dobrogea, valid on both sides of the common border. The management of the coastal zone, especially of the sites
of European importance, could be much improved as a result of the books we realized.
In this context, our project had the following objectives:
a). The development of a durable partnership between the project partners with the purpose of realizing
collaborative actions of research and monitoring of the coastal biodiversity between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra;
b). A better knowledge of the Romanian and Bulgarian coastal area and of the management applied for the
protection of biodiversity and habitats of conservative interest;
c). The evaluation of the current biodiversity (flora, fauna) situation over the entire coastal area of Dobrogea,
through cross-border research realized over the entire vegetation period;
d). The identification, mapping and monitoring of the natural habitats of European interest, of the plant
communities, of the rare plant and animal populations (in accordance with the UNEP-WCMC database, IUCN
Romanian and Bulgarian Red Lists, Bern Convention) and of those areas with remarkable biodiversity;
e). The identification of unprotected coastal areas with large plant and/or animal diversity and the mapping of
those areas;
f). The evaluation of the anthropogenic impact over the natural coastal habitats and of the biodiversity losses
determined by the economical activities.
11
g). The identification of solutions for the conservation and restoration of important habitats (according to the
Habitats Directive) in the coastal areas that have been strongly affected by human activities.
h). The publishing of a Strategy regarding the conservation of coastal biodiversity in the Romanian and
Bulgarian coastal zone of Dobrogea; this should help both the implementation of the European environmental
programs in the western coastal area of the Black Sea and the improvement of the coastal management between
Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra.
i). The publication of a scientific book with our scientific results and a Volume containing scientific papers
presented by lecturers within the Conferences;
j). the wide popularization of our joint activities and results both in Romania and Bulgaria within Conferences
(organized in Constanta and Kavarna);
k). A wide dissemination of the research results, as scientific papers/reports and also materials (brochure, folders)
that should be easily accessible to non-specialists and common citizens.
l). The Setting up of the Information Centre regarding the Dobrogea coastal biodiversity and a website
(www.coastal-biodiv.ro);
All these ambitious objectives could not be realized without the consistent institutional partnership and
established between the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences (“Ovidius” University Constanta), the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and “The Association for Ecology and Sustainable Development-Getia
Pontica”, NGO from Kavarna (Bulgaria).
Ovidius University Constanta is a public education institution, with competences in the field of scientific
research. The Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences has participated in numerous projects in the field of
biodiversity protection and conservation, projects that materialized in the publication of scientific books and
papers. Due to the experience accumulated over time, it took responsibility for the coordination of this project.
The Environmental Protection Agency Constanta is the most important local authority responsible for the
implementation of environmental programs (for example, Natura 2000, Habitats Directive, etc.), of biodiversity
monitoring and of administration of protected areas in Constanta district.
The Association for Ecology and Sustainable Developement “Getia Pontica”, member of the
environmental NGOs network in Bulgaria, is an NGO with experience in developing projects connected to
sustainable development and biodiversity protection in Dobrich district. Through this NGO, the project activities
included the participation of specialists from Shumen University, the Faculty of Natural Sciences.
The results of our research addressed certain target groups and final beneficiaries, with competences in
implementing environment programs: The Local Environmental Authority, The National Environmental
Agency, The Natural Monuments Commission within the Romanian Academy, the Regional legislative
authorities (District Councils), the Dobrogea-Littoral Water Department Constanta, the Environmental Guard,
environmental NGOs, the riverside residents.
•
•
•
•
The main activities of the project were:
Meeting with all the partners in order to establish work groups, methodology and details of the activities
according to the grant scheme (April 2008). Work visit to different points of the Romanian coastal area
where research activities took place;
Field research in the coastal zone between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra, between April and August 2008.
Five field trips were organized in key points of the Romanian coastal zone between Cape Midia and Vama
Veche and other five in the northern coastal area of Bulgaria between Durankulak and Cape Kaliakra (Fig.
1);
The organization of a Conference and a round table in Constanta (September 2008), with three main
objectives: the presentation of our field research results, discussions with institution participation about the
draft of the Strategy for the conservation of coastal biodiversity of Dobrogea; the wide popularization and
dissemination of our collaborative activities;
The organization of a Conference and a round table in Kavarna (October 2008), together with our Bulgarian
partners, with the purpose of popularizing and disseminating project activities and results in Bulgaria.
12
The project activities could be accomplished due to a large team of specialists from Romania and
Bulgaria.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Romanian project team
Marius F G RAŞ, Ph.D. - Ovidius University of Constanta – project Manager and expert in botany, plant
ecology, plant conservation;
Marian-Traian GOMOIU, Ph.D. - Ovidius University of Constanta, member of the Romanian Academy,
former Governor of the Danube Delta; expert in marine zoology, ecology, biodiversity conservation;
Marius SKOLKA, Ph.D. - Ovidius University of Constanta; expert in zoology, marine invasive species,
biodiversity conservation;
Loreley Dana JIANU – Environmental Protection Agency Constanta, Biodiversity Conservation
Department; expert in protected areas and environmental legislation;
Dan COG LNICEANU, Ph.D. - Ovidius University of Constanta; expert in zoology, ecology, biodiversity;
Paulina ANASTASIU, Ph.D. – University of Bucharest, Faculty of Natural Sciences; expert in botany, plant
conservation, invasive plants;
Lenuta BOBE - Ovidius University of Constanta; economist and expert in financial aspects;
Olivia CHIROBOCEA - Ovidius University of Constanta; English-Romanian and Romanian-English
translator/interpreter;
Gavril NEGREAN - University of Bucharest, expert in botany (volunteer);
Ciprian SAMOIL – Ph.D. student at Ovidius University of Constanta; IT specialist;
Gabriel B NIC – Ph.D. student at Ovidius University of Constanta; ornithologist (volunteer);
Marian TUDOR – Ph.D. student at Ovidius University of Constanta; zoologist (volunteer);
The Bulgarian project team
Georgi Yordanov GEORGIEV – Getia Pontica Association – Bulgarian team coordinator; biologist;
Galin GEORGIEV – manager of Getia Pontica Association; field guide;
Zheni NANOVA – “Konstantin Preslavsky” University from Shumen (Bulgaria), Faculty of Natural
Sciences; expert in botany;
Alexander DOYCHINOV – “Konstantin Preslavsky” University from Shumen (Bulgaria), Faculty of
Natural Sciences; expert in zoology, ecology;
Lenutsa MARCEA – Getia Pontica Association; Bulgarian-Romanian and Romanian-Bulgarian
translator/interpreter;
Conclusions
Through our inventories and monitoring of the coastal biodiversity between Cape Midia and Cape
Kaliakra, our project has brought numerous new data presented in the scientific books and papers published by
our team members;
Through its inter-human relations component, the project facilitated the cooperation between different
institutions (Ovidius University of Constanta, the University of Bucharest, the University of Shumen, the
Environmental Agency Constanta, etc.) and people with various specializations from Romania and Bulgaria, to
the benefit of a better protected and managed environment in the cross-border area between Cape Midia and
Cape Kaliakra.
Through the component of dissemination and popularization of information, the project permitted the
exchange of information and experience with the Bulgarian partners but also with other organizations involved
in the environmental protection problem in Bulgarian and Romania.
Through its strategy component, the project permitted the elaboration of a Strategy of conservation of the
coastal biodiversity, as a first step towards the improvement of management plans for the western Black Sea
coastal area;
13
The establishment of a website (www.coastal-biodiv.ro) and of an Information Center regarding the
coastal biodiversity of Dobrogea, will facilitate the further dissemination of the environmental information
through printed and ‘on line’ materials.
Since our initial objectives have been reached, we consider that our cross-border project has been a
success, to which every team member has brought their contribution.
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frame of the project PHARE EuropeAid/121260/D/SV/RO “Implementation of Natura 2000 network in
Romania”, Edit. “Risoprint”, Cluj-Napoca, 102 pp., ISBN 978-973-751-697-8.
KITANOV B., PENEV I., 1980 – Flora of Dobrudja, Publ. House “Nauka i izkustvo”, Sofia, 630 pp.
(in Bulgarian).
NEGREAN G., 2001 – Lista roşie a plantelor din România existente în pajişti, inclusiv endemite şi
subendemite (Tracheophyta) (pg. 30-57), în Ghid pentru identificarea şi inventarierea pajiştilor
seminaturale din România, Sârbu Anca (ed.) & Coldea Gh., Sârbu I., Negrean G., 2001, Ed. “alo
Bucureşti!, Bucharest, 58 pp.
OLTEAN M., NEGREAN G., POPESCU A., ROMAN N., DIHORU G., SANDA V., MIH ILESCU S., 1994. Lista
roşie a plantelor superioare din România, Bucureşti, Studii, Sinteze, Documente de Ecologie, 1: 1-52.
S VULESCU T. (ed.), 1952-1976 – Flora of Romania (in Romanian), vol. I-XIII, Edit. Academiei
Române, Bucureşti.
SKOLKA M., F G RAŞ M., PARASCHIV GABRIELA, 2005 – Biodiversity of Dobrudja (in Romanian),
Ovidius University Press, Constan a, 396 pp., ISBN 973-614-232-9.
TUTIN T.G. (eds) & colab., 1964-1980 - Flora Europaea, Vols. 1-5, Cambridge, Cambridge University
Press.
TUTIN T.G. (eds) & colab. - Flora Europaea, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
VELCHEV V, BONDEV I., 1984 - Threaten and Rare Plant Communities in Bulgaria (in Bulgarian;
abstract in English). Savremenni Teoret. i Prilojni Aspecti na Rast. Ecologija (Modern Theoretical and
Applied Aspects of the Plant Ecology). Sofia. 1:94-105.
VELCHEV V. (ED.) & KOZUHAROV, BONDEV I., KUZMANOV B., MARKOVA M., VELEV V., 1984 – Red
Data Book of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria, Volume 1. Plants, Publishing House of the Bulgarian
Academy of Sciences, Sofia.
14
17. WEBER H.E., MORAVEC J., THEURILLAT J.P., 2000 – International Code of Phytosociological
Nomenclature, 3 Ed. –J. Veg. Sci., 11 (5) :739-768.
18. *** OUG 57/2007 (OUG regarding protected areas, conservation of natural habitats and of wild flora
and fauna).
19. *** Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC – Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural
habitats and of wild Fauna and flora.
20. *** IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 - http://www.iucnredlist.org
21. *** Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC – Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural
habitats and of wild Fauna and flora.
22. *** Birds Directive 79/409/EEC – Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of wild birds.
23. *** 1991, CORINE Biotopes Manual – Habitats of the European Community.
24. *** The Bern Convention on the Conservation of the European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, 1979.
15
TYPES OF HABITATS OF CONSERVATIVE INTEREST AND IMPORTANT
PLANT ASSOCIATIONS ON THE SANDY BEACHES BETWEEN
CAPE MIDIA AND CAPE KALIAKRA
Marius F G RAŞ*, Paulina ANASTASIU**, Gavril NEGREAN**, Zheni NANOVA***
* Ovidius University Constanţa, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Biology - Ecology
124 Mamaia Blvd, Constanţa, 900527, Romania, fagarasm@yahoo.com
** University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology, Dept. of Botany & Microbiology, 1-3 Aleea Portocalelor ,
Bucharest, 060101, Romania, anastasiup@yahoo.com
*** University of Shoumen, Faculty of Natural Sciences, 115 "Universitetska" Street, Shoumen 9712,
Bulgaria, jenidim@gmail.com
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: This paper includes a characterization of all the main types of habitats of European interest,
including the priority natural habitats referred to in Annex I of the Habitats Directive and identified in the area of
sandy beaches between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra. Six types of habitats of conservative interest are
characterized, as they are distributed especially in the broad sandy beaches in the proximity of the littoral lakes
(Lake Corbu, Lake Siutghiol, Lake Techirghiol, Herghelie Marsh Mangalia, Lake Durankulaka and Lake
Shabla). For each type of habitat, the following are specified: the characteristic plant associations, the
distribution, the conservation state, the tendency in the conservation state and the main risk factors. The data in
this paper are the result of field observations accomplished between April-August 2008, within the transborder
project Phare CBC RO 2005/017-535.01.02.02.
Keywords: habitats, plantassociations, conservation, Black Sea shore, sandy beaches, Cape Midia
(Romania), Cape Kaliakra (Bulgaria).
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
The coastal area between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra, with a length of approximately 130 km, is
heterogenous from the point of view of the physico-geographical conditions, with sandy beaches, wetlands, loess
seawalls, limestone seawalls and limestone plateaus with steppe vegetation. The variety of the substrate and of
the soil is reflected in the diversity of the natural habitats and in the large number of plant communities that
populate them, many of them of European importance from the conservation point of view, according to the
Directive 92/43/CEE (the Habitats Directive).
Due to the expansion of the touristic resorts, of the abusive construction in the beach area, but also to the
lack of a coherent strategy for preservation and sustainable management, the coastal phytodiversity in the
Romanian littoral area south of Cape Midia has known a strong decline over the past 15 years. The destruction or
serious damage of the natural habitats has led to the disappearance of communities of typically littoral plants and
of species of rare psamophile plants at national or European level (that were indicated in this area in
bibliographical papers).
In the northern coastal part of Bulgaria, the anthropogenic influences are relatively reduced due to the
large surfaces occupied by protected areas: the Lake Dunakulak Natural Complex, the Shabla Complex, the
Yailata Natural Reserve and the Kaliakra Reserve. Consequently, the natural habitats are well preserved and they
shelter a large diversity of plants, some of them floral rarities already extinct or critically endangered in the
southern part of the Romanian littoral. We will mention among these species: Silene thymifolia, Stachys
maritima, Euphorbia paralias, Hypecoum procumbens, Ammophila arenaria ssp. arundinacea, Corispermum
16
nitidum, Chamaesycae peplis, Cakile maritima ssp. euxina, etc. The important local populations of these species
in the Durankulak Reservation (only 6-8 km south of Vama Veche) demonstrate that their decline in the
Romanian littoral is mainly a consequence of the human activities that led to the degradation of the natural
habitats.
In this paper, we wish to describe the main habitats of conservative interest in the sandy beaches between
Cape Midia (Romania) and Cape Kaliakra (Bulgaria) (Fig. 1), to present their specific plant associations and the
risk or potential factors that may determine a rapid degradation of the vegetal blanket in the studied coastal area.
We also wish to draw the attention to some areas with high concentration of habitats of conservative interest at
EU level (Corbu-Cape Midia, Durankulak, Shabla), where touristic resorts are being built, infringing thus upon
their status of protected areas.
Fig. 1 – Sandy beaches with habitats of conservative interest
between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra (the white points)
Material and Methods
Among the natural habitats inventoried in the coastal area between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra, those
of conservative interest at EU level were selected. They require a designation as special conservation areas
(ASC), according to Annex I of the Habitats Directive and to Annex II of OUG no. 57/2007. For all the
described types of habitats, the Natura 2000 codes were specified (from the Habitats Directive) and the codes in
the Palearctic Habitats classification system (Pal.Hab.) (Devillers et al., 1996). The conservation status of the
habitat described was appreciated with one of the following qualifiers: very good, good, satisfactory and
17
unsatisfactory. The tendencies in the preservation state of the habitat were appreciated thus: strong decline, small
decline, stable, small improvement, improvement.
The specification of the plant associations characteristic to each type of habitat, to the chorological data
and to the conservation state were based on the specialized bibliography (Doni et al., 2005, 2006; Gafta,
Mountford et al., 2008; Tzonev et al, 2005, Velchev, Bondev, 1984; Tutin (ed.) et al., 1964-1980; S vulescu
(ed.) et al., 1952-1976; Ciocârlan, 2000; Kitanov, Penev, 1980; Meshinev et al., 1991; Sanda et al., 2001;
Georgiev et al., 1998; F g raş, 2002, 2003; Skolka et al., 2005) but also on the personal observations and field
experience of the paper authors.
The names of the plant associations are in accordance with the International Code of Phytosociological
Nomenclature (Weber et al., 2000).
Results and Discussions
The following types of ecosystems are found in the cross-border coastal area between Cape Midia and
Cape Kaliakra:
•
•
•
•
•
Wide sandy beaches with psammophile vegetation in the place of former sea bays (Corbu beach) or in
the area of the paramarine lakes (Tasaul, Siutghiol, Techirghiol, Belona, Herghelie Marsh Mangalia,
Durankulak, Shabla, etc.);
Large wetlands with mesophile and higrophile vegetation behind the dune strips or in the vicinity of the
paramarine lakes (Hergheliei Marsh, Lake Techirghiol, Lake Durankulak, Lake Shabla);
Narrow beaches with psammophile vegetation at the base of the high seawalls (Constanta, TuzlaCostinesti, Vama Veche, Durankulak, Krapets);
Low-height loess seawalls (maximum 30 m) with steppe vegetation between Cape Midia and Krapets;
Steep or terraced limestone seawalls (heights of 70-80 m) with steppe vegetation and vest-pontic shrubs
between Kamen Bryag and Cape Kaliakra;
Among the coastal ecosystems, we will refer only to the area of sandy beaches (supralittoral) covered by
psamophile vegetation, where there are several types of natural habitats of conservative interest.
The largest part of the sandy beaches is covered by sand dunes and sandy belts, mobile, semifixed or
stabilized by psamophile vegetation. Among the dunes and behind the dune strips, there are low areas, with
stronger humitity and salinity, swampy in the heavy rain periods (especially in spring); the substrate turns into a
swamp also because of the phreatic waters. Large wetlands with sandy substrate are also located in the vicinity
of the littoral lakes, former river-marine lagoons (Lake Corbu, Lake Siutghiol, Lake Techirghiol, Herghelie
Marsh, Lake Durankulak and Lake Shabla). The marine shore area, populated by specific vegetation, is located
between the sand dunes and the sea.
In the southern Romanian coastal area (Cape Midia-Vama Veche), the dune habitats were mostly
destroyed during the 1960s-1970s through the extension of the touristic resorts. This kind of habitats has
remained in scattered fragments in the shape of “oases” between the resorts. The situation of these “natural
vegetation oases” has worsened drastically since 1995. Currently, the habitats of European interest, some even
priority, are endangered because of the building of residential complexes or touristinc points of interest exactly
in the area of dune habitats, as it happens between Mamaia and Navodari, North Eforie and South Eforie, 2 Mai
and Vama Veche. This is why the situation of beach biodiversity in the southern area of the Romanian littoral is
currently disastrous, even after the implementation of the Natura 2000 program in Romania.
The dune habitats are well preserved only in the Agigea Marine Dunes Reservation, natural reserve with
a surface of 8 ha. In the northern Bulgarian coastal area, the dune habitats are well represented on the large sandy
beaches in front of the littoral Lakes Durankulak and Shabla. In the seawall areas, where the beaches narrow
considerably, the presence of this kind of habitats is reduced.
In accordance with Directive 92/43 CEE and OUG 57/2007, the natural habitats of conservative interest
are classified as follows:
18
1). Natural habitats of European interest – those types of habitats that:
• are endangered in their natural distribution area;
• have a reduced distribution surface;
• are representative samples for one or more of the five biogeographical regions specific to Romania:
alpine, continental, Pannonial, steppe and Pontic (the Black Sea region).
2). Priority natural habitats – types of endangered natural habitats, for whose conservation, the European
Community has a particular responsibility, due to the reduced proportion of their area on the European Union
territory.
• these types of habitats are indicated by an asterisk (*) in Annex I of the Habitats Directive and in Annex
II of OUG 57/2007 (OUG regarding the regime of the protected natural areas, the conservation of the
natural habitats and of the wild flora and fauna).
In the sandy beaches (supralittoral) area between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra, six types of habitats of
conservative interest have been identified (Tab. 1). According to the Habitats Directive (Directive 92/43 CEE),
they require the designation of Special Conservation Areas (SAC) which must be include in the Natura 2000
European ecological network:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Annual vegetation of drift lines (Code Natura 2000: 1210; code Pal. Hab: 17.2)
Embryonic shifting dunes (Code Natura 2000: 2110; code Pal. Hab: 16.211)
Shifting dunes along the shore line with Ammophila arenaria (white dunes) (Code Natura 2000: 2120;
code Pal. Hab: 16.212);
Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (grey dunes) (Code Natura 2000: * 2130; code Pal.
Hab: 16.221-16.227, 16.22B);
Humid dune slacks (Code Natura 2000: 2190; code Pal. Hab: 16.3);
Mediterranean salty meadows (Juncetalia maritimi) (Code Natura 2000: 1410; code Pal. Hab: 15.5);
These types of habitats characteristic to the sandy beaches between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra will
be described in what follows.
1210. Annual vegetation of drift lines
Characteristics: include plant communities which grow on coarse sand, slightly salty and rich in nitrate
substances; they cover the space between the midlittoral and the first strip of dunes.
Distribution: over the entire shore length between Cape Midia and Cape Shabla, including the narrow
beaches at the base of seawalls. North of Cape Shabla, the presence of this habitat type can be found only
occasionally, on the narrow beaches from the bay area (Russalka, Bolata, Kavarna).
Conservation state: good (in Romania and Bulgaria);
Tendency in the conservation state of the habitat: stable (both in Romania and Bulgaria);
Risk factors: natural (big waves, strong winds) and anthropogenic;
Characteristic plant associations: it includes plant communities from the class Cakiletea maritimae
R.Tx. et Prsg 1952, as well as Cakilo euxinae-Salsoletum ruthenicae Vicherek 1971, Atripliceto hastataeCakiletum euxinae Sanda et Popescu 1999; Salsolo-Euphorbietum paralias Pignatti 1952 ssp. salsoletosum
ruthenicae Pop 1985; Tournefortietum sibiricae Popescu et Sanda 1975; Lactuco tataricae-Glaucietum flavae
Dihoru et Negrean 1976.
19
2110. Embryonic shifting dunes
Characteristics: type of habitat made up of high, mobile dunes, partially or not at all fixed by vegetation;
the solidification process is in its first stages. The microclimate is characterized by considerable thermal
contrasts between night and day, intense solar radiation during the day and low humidity.
Distribution: in several points of the marine shore between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra, especially in
areas with wide sandy beaches, lacking seawall or with a seawall far away from the sea; type of habitat present
on the beaches of Corbu-Cape Midia, N vodari, Mamaia, North Eforie, South Eforie, Durankulak, Shabla,
Krapets, Bolata bay.
Conservation state: unsatisfactory in the Romanian southern coastal area, good in the northern
Bulgarian area; seriously affected habitat in the beach area between Mamaia-Navodari, North Eforie and South
Eforie and 2 Mai-Vama Veche by the construction of residences and touristic activities.
Trend in the conservation state of habitat: stable (both in Romania and Bulgaria);
Risk factors: natural (strong winds) and anthropogenic (buildings, sand extraction);
Characteristic plant associations: Elymetum gigantei Morariu 1957; Leymo sabulosi-Elymetum farcti
Gehu et al. 1986, Artemisietum tschernievianae (arenariae) Popescu et Sanda 1977; Secali sylvestris-Alyssetum
borzeani (Borza 1931) Morariu 1959; Aperetum maritimae Popescu et al. 1980; Secali sylvestris-Brometum
tectorum Hargitai 1940; Crambetum maritimae (Şerb nescu 1965) Popescu et al. 1980, Convolvuletum persici
(Borza 1931) Burduja 1968.
2120. Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (white dunes)
Characteristics: Habitat of high, mobile or semi-fixed dunes, generally populated by psamophile species
of the alliance Ammophilion arenariae J. M. et J. Gt. 1969 and Elymion gigantei Morariu 1957;
Distribution: only in the Bulgarian coastal area, between Durankulak and Shabla; they do not exist in the
Romanian coastal area; the Durankulak beach (the Cosmos camp) is the northernmost point where Ammophila
arenaria ssp. arundinacea was noticed;
Conservation state: very good, due to the small touristic developments in the northern coastal area of
Bulgaria;
Trend in the conservation state of habitat: stable;
Risk factors: natural (strong winds) and anthropogenic (buildings, sand extraction);
Characteristic plant associations: Ammophilo arundinaceae-Elymetum gigantei Vicherek 1971,
Festucetum beckeri Sanda, Popescu 1997;
2130. Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (grey dunes) (priority habitat)
Characteristics: coastal habitat made up of low dunes, stabilized and fixed by vegetation, located
behind the strips of mobile dunes; the solidification process is advanced. In this habitat type grow usually plant
associations of the class Festucetea vaginatae Soó 1968.
Distribution: only in the area of wide beaches in the vicinity of paramarine lakes (the beaches of CorbuCape Midia, N vodari, Mamaia, Durankulak and Shabla). This type of habitat was completely destroyed by the
extension of the resorts in the Romanian coastal area north of Mamaia.
Conservation state: good in the Bulgarian coastal area, unsatisfactory south of Cape Midia, except the
Agigea Marine Dunes Reservation where is good.
Trend in the conservation state of habitat: stable (both in Romania and Bulgaria);
Risk factors: natural (strong winds) and anthropogenic (buildings, sand extraction; garbage disposal on
the beach);
20
Characteristic plant associations: Scabioso argenteae-Caricetum colchicae (Simon 1960) Krausch
1965; Ephedro-Caricetum colchicae (Morariu 1959) Krausch 1965; Caricetum colchicae Simon 1960; Scabioso
argenteae-Artemisietetum campestris Popescu et Sanda 1987; Plantaginetum arenariae (Buia et al. 1960)
Popescu et Sanda 1987; Stachyo atherocalici-Caricetum ligericae Tzonev & al., 2005.
2190. Humid dune slacks
Characteristics: type of low habitat located located between dunes, with slightly salty soils and high
humidity conditions; the solidification process is advanced.
Distribution: in the proximity of the wide beaches of the paramarine lakes (Corbu, Navodari, Mamaia,
Herghelie Marsh, Durankulak and Schabla). This habitat does not exist in the coastal areas with seawall.
Conservation state: satisfactory in the Romanian southern coastal area and very good in the Bulgaria;
Trend in the conservation state of habitat: small decrease in Romania and stable in Bulgaria;
Risk factors: anthropogenic (buildings, garbage disposal on the beach);
Characteristic plant associations: Orchio-Schoenetum nigricantis Oberd. 1957, HoloschoenoCalamagrostietum epigeji Popescu et Sanda 1978; Lythro-Calamagrostidetum epigei I.Pop 1968, Caricetum
distantis Rapaics 1927.
1410. Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi)
Characteristics: type of habitat populated by halophile species with sandy-clay or silty soils, low to
medium salty, swamped in spring but dry during summer.
Distribution: in the wet, salty, depression areas of beach, behind the dune strips. Habitat present
especially in the wet and salty areas in the vicinity of the littoral lakes (Corbu, Navodari, Mamaia, Herghelie
Marsh, Durankulak and Shabla).
Conservation state: satisfactory in the Romanian coastal area and very good in the Bulgarian one. The
habitat has been destroyed almost completely between Mamaia and N vodari.
Trend in the conservation state of habitat: stable in Romania and Bulgaria;
Risk factors: anthropogenic;
Characteristic plant associations: Juncetum littoralis-maritimi Sanda et al. 1998; Juncetum littoralis
Popescu et al. 1992; Juncetum maritimi (Rubel 1930) Pignatti 1953; Teucrio-Schoenetum nigricantis Sanda et
Popescu 2002.
Conclussions
Six types of habitats of European conservative interest have been identified in the sandy beach area
between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra. They could be easily identified especially by the plant communities that
populate them.
On the southern Romanian littoral, the habitats of European importance are fragmented among the resorts
and are well represented especially in the wide beaches nearby the paramarine lakes. On the northern Bulgarian
littoral, they are well represented especially in the vicinity of Lakes Durankulak and Shabla.
The preservation state of the habitats nearby the sandy beaches is generally unsatisfactory in the southern
Romanian coast and good and very good in the northern Bulgarian coast. In the Romanian coastal area south of
Cape Midia, the conservation of the habitats of European interest is accomplished accordingly only in the Agigea
Marine Dunes Reservation.
The tendencies in the conservation state of the habitats in the Romanian coastal area are negative (decline
of habitats), while in the Bulgarian coastal area they are generally stable.
21
The favorable conservation state of the natural habitats, but also of the flora and fauna species in the
vicinity of Lakes Durankulak and Shabla, is explained by their status as protected areas and thus by the reduced
human activities in these areas.
References
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2.
3.
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DONI
Romania (Amendaments of Habitats Directive proposed by Romania and Bulgaria) 2006, Edit. Tehnic
Silvic , Bucharest, 496 pp.
F G RAŞ M., 2002 – Contributions regarding ecology of flora and plant communities from the
Romanian Black Sea coast. Doctoral thesis (in Romanian), “Ovidius” University of Constan a, Faculty
of Natural Sciences: 258 pp+25 anexe, 64 fig., 64 tab. (manuscris).
F G RAŞ M., 2003 - The conspectus of plant associations from the Romanian Black Sea shore,
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6 (2002): 51-62.
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Dr gulescu C., F g raş M., Gafta D., Goia I., Groza Gh., Micu D., Mih ilescu S., Moldovan O.,
Nicolin L.A., Niculescu M., Oprea A., Oroian S., Pauc Com nescu M., Sârbu I., Şuteu Al.), 2008 –
Handbook for interpretation of Natura 2000 habitats from Romania (in Romanian), Achieved and
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2000 network in Romania”, Edit. “Risoprint”, Cluj-Napoca, 102 pp., ISBN 978-973-751-697-8.
GEORGIEV D. & DERELIEV S., HAYNADJIEVA V., 1998 - Durankulak Lake Natural Complex
(Management plan), Bulgarian-Swiss Biodiversity Conservation Programme (Northern coastal wetlands
project).
GEORGIEV D. & DERELIEV S., HAYNADJIEVA V., 1998 – Shabla Lake Complex (Management plan),
Bulgarian-Swiss Biodiversity Conservation Programme (Northern coastal wetlands project).
GEORGIEV D. & DERELIEV S., HAYNADJIEVA V., 1998 – Kaliakra Reserve (Management plan),
Bulgarian-Swiss Biodiversity Conservation Programme (Northern coastal wetlands project).
KITANOV B., PENEV I., 1980 – Flora of Dobrudja, Publ. House “Nauka i izkustvo”, Sofia, 630 pp.
(in Bulgarian).
MESHINEV T., MILEVA M., SPIRIDONOV G., VASSILEV P., TEKKE R., 1991 - Sand Dune Inventory of
Europe. Bulgaria. :71-73. (Engl.) Ed. DT. I. P. Doody. EUCC.
SANDA V., POPESCU A., STANCU I., 2001 – The coenotic structure and ecological characterisation
of plant communities from Romania (in Romanian), Edit. Conphis, Bucharest, 359 pp.
S VULESCU T. (ed.), 1952-1976 – Flora of Romania (in Romanian), vol. I-XIII, Edit. Academiei
Române, Bucureşti.
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Ovidius University Press, Constan a, 396 pp., ISBN 973-614-232-9.
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22
18. TUTIN T.G. (eds) & colab., 1964-1980 - Flora Europaea, Vols. 1-5, Cambridge, Cambridge University
Press.
19. TUTIN T.G. (eds) & colab. - Flora Europaea, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
20. VELCHEV V, BONDEV I., 1984 - Threaten and Rare Plant Communities in Bulgaria (in Bulgarian;
abstract in English). Savremenni Teoret. i Prilojni Aspecti na Rast. Ecologija (Modern Theoretical and
Applied Aspects of the Plant Ecology). Sofia. 1:94-105.
21. WEBER H.E., MORAVEC J., THEURILLAT J.P., 2000 – International Code of Phytosociological
Nomenclature, 3 Ed. –J. Veg. Sci., 11 (5) :739-768.
22. *** OUG 57/2007 (OUG regarding protected areas, conservation of natural habitats and of wild flora
and fauna).
23. *** Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC – Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural
habitats and of wild Fauna and flora.
23
Tab. 1 - Coastal habitats from Cape Midia-Cape Kaliakra seashore area
and their specific plant associations
Code
Natura
2000
1210
Annual vegetation of drift lines
Code
Palearctic
Habitats
17.2
2110
Embryonic shifting dunes
16.211
2120
Shifting dunes along the shore
line with Ammophila arenaria
(white dunes)
Fixed coastal dunes with
herbaceous vegetation (grey
dunes)
16.212
16.221,16.
227,
16.22B
2190
Humid dune slacks
16.3
1410
Mediterranean salty meadows
(Juncetalia maritimi)
15.5
* 2130
Coastal habitat type
24
Typical plant associations
Cakilo euxinae-Salsoletum ruthenicae Vicherek 1971,
Atripliceto hastatae-Cakiletum euxinae Sanda et
Popescu 1999; Salsolo-Euphorbietum paralias Pignatti
1952 ssp. salsoletosum ruthenicae Pop 1985;
Tournefortietum sibiricae Popescu et Sanda 1975;
Lactuco tataricae-Glaucietum flavae Dihoru et Negrean
1976.
Elymetum gigantei Morariu 1957; Leymo sabulosiElymetum farcti Gehu et al. 1986, Artemisietum
tschernievianae (arenariae) Popescu et Sanda 1977;
Secali sylvestris-Alyssetum borzeani (Borza 1931)
Morariu 1959; Aperetum maritimae Popescu et al.
1980; Secali sylvestris-Brometum tectorum Hargitai
1940; Crambetum maritimae (Şerb nescu 1965)
Popescu et al. 1980, Convolvuletum persici (Borza
1931) Burduja 1968.
Ammophilo arundinaceae-Elymetum gigantei Vicherek
1971, Festucetum beckeri Sanda, Popescu 1997;
Scabioso argenteae-Caricetum colchicae (Simon 1960)
Krausch 1965; Ephedro-Caricetum colchicae (Morariu
1959) Krausch 1965; Caricetum colchicae Simon 1960;
Scabioso argenteae-Artemisietetum campestris Popescu
et Sanda 1987; Plantaginetum arenariae (Buia et al.
1960) Popescu et Sanda 1987; Stachyo atherocaliciCaricetum ligericae Tzonev & al., 2005.
Orchio-Schoenetum nigricantis Oberd. 1957,
Holoschoeno-Calamagrostietum epigeji Popescu et
Sanda 1978; Lythro-Calamagrostidetum epigei I.Pop
1968, Caricetum distantis Rapaics 1927.
Juncetum littoralis-maritimi Sanda et al. 1998;
Juncetum littoralis Popescu et al. 1992; Juncetum
maritimi (Rubel 1930) Pignatti 1953; TeucrioSchoenetum nigricantis Sanda et Popescu 2002.
STUDIES CONCERNING FLORA OF LIMESTONE PLATEAU AND
CLIFF FROM KAMEN BRYAG – YAILATA (BULGARIA)
Paulina ANASTASIU*, Marius F G RAŞ**, Gavril NEGREAN*, Jheni NANOVA***
*University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology, Department of Botany & Microbiology, Aleea Portocalelor nr. 1-3,
sector 6, Bucharest, Romania, anastasiup@yahoo.com
**Ovidius University of Constanţa, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Constanţa 900552, Romania
***University of Shoumen, Faculty of Natural Sciences, str. "Universitetska" 115, Shoumen 9712, Bulgaria
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: During the field research carried out on Kamen Bryag – Yailata territory (NE Bulgaria), we
inventoried 338 species and subspecies of vascular plants. Most of them are therophytes and hemicryptophytes,
characteristic for grasses communities in area with dry climate. An important percent of flora is represented by
Steppe elements and with southern origin (Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean, Balkan), correlated with the
climate of this region. The high number of rare and protected plants (37 taxa) makes this area valuable for
conservation process.
Key words: vascular plants, life forms, geo-elements, protected species, Kamen Bryag – Yailata, NE
Bulgaria.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
Kamen Bryag – Yailata area is situated at 18 km north-eastern of Kavarna city and is included into the
natural geographic subregion of the Northern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast (Fig. 1). In geological terms this
territory is part of the Moesian platform (Georgieva, Vladev, 2007; Geography of Bulgaria, 1982). Here mainly
chalky sandstones and marls, middle Sarmatian marly clay and sands are disclosed (Geomorphological Map of
Bulgaria) and separate areas with late sarmatian shellfish limestone. East of this territory is established one of the
most typical shelves slides with submeridional direction (one of the most dangerous earthquake zones in
Bulgaria). Landslides and underground niches are characteristic for cliffs. The soil on the seaside ledge is
humus-calcareous. The climate is temperate-continental, but with significant humidity – Black Sea climatic
region. The average air temperatures in January are positive, little higher than those inside the coastal Dobrudja.
The average temperature amplitude is not high (the average annual air temperature is + 11 °C). The amount of
the annual rainfall rarely exceeds 500 mm (rainfall maximum in February). The snow cover is not retained.
Surface fluent waters missing due to the karstic terrain (Georgieva, Vladev, 2007; Geography of Bulgaria, 1982).
According to decree 822/2002, Yailata is a protected area. It covers 45.3 ha offering historical and natural
attractions. Species of animal and plants, as well as their habitats are protected here. The habitats include
communities of grasses with steppic character (Bondev, 1991), forests and shrub formations, coastal limestone
cliffs and caves. On the territory of this protected area, according with the information from the reserve entrance,
there are 19 rare and threatened plant species, including Alyssum borzaeanum, Goniolimon besserianum,
Goniolimon tataricum, Limonium latifolium, Limonium meyeri, Opopanax chironium subsp. bulgaricum and
also endemic plants Silene caliacrae and Centaurea caliacrae. To Yailata the biggest subpopulation of Paeonia
peregrina in Bulgaria is also protected.
For Northern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast there are many botanical studies or information (Pan u, 1925;
Prodan, 1935; Prodan, 1936; Prodan, 1939; Paşcovschi, 1938; Kitanov, Penev, 1980; Assyov, Petrova, 2006),
but for Kamen Bryag – Yailata territory only few special references exist (Kozhuharov et al., 1997; Kozhuharov
et al., 2001).
25
Fig. 1 – The geographic position of Kamen Bryag – Yailata region
Material and Methods
This study was carried out in the April – October 2008 period, using transects method. Transects were
outlined so as to cover the maximum area. The length of researched seashore is about 5 km, between
43°27'59"N, 28°33'58"E and 43°25'35"N, 28°31'53"E. Various biotopes were studied: stony grassland from the
plateau, vegetal formations of the rocky cliffs, forest and ruderal places too. For rare plants we registered the
coordinates in WGS 84 system, using a GPS Garmin eTrex Legend C.
The nomenclature of taxa is according to Flora Europaea (Tutin et al., 1993 ; Tutin et al., 1964-1980).
The floristic elements are according to Assyov & Petrova (2006) and Ciocârlan (2000). The life form for each
taxon is given after Ciocârlan (2000). Rare and threatened species are according to Red Data Book of Bulgaria
[Velchev (ed.), 1984], Biodiversity law and European legislation (The Bern Convention; Council Directive
92/43/EEC; IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2008)
Results and Discussions
On the research territory we recorded the next 327 taxa: Acer campestre, Achillea clypeolata, Achillea
setacea, Acinos arvensis, Adonis flammea, Aegilops cylindrica, Aegilops geniculata [syn. Aegilops ovata],
Agrimonia eupatoria, Agropyron cristatum subsp. pectinatum, Ailanthus altissima, Ajuga chamaepytis, Ajuga
laxmannii, Alliaria petiolata, Allium flavum subsp. flavum, Allium moschatum, Allium saxatile, Althaea
cannabina, Alyssum desertorum, Alyssum hirsutum, Amaranthus crispus, Amaranthus retroflexus, Anthemis
austriaca, Anthemis cotula, Anthemis tinctoria, Arabis hirsuta, Arctium lappa, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Artemisia
absinthium, Artemisia austriaca, Artemisia pedemontana, Artemisia santonicum, Artemisia vulgaris, Arum
orientale, Asparagus verticillatus, Asperugo procumbens, Asperula tenella, Asphodeline lutea, Asplenium rutamuraria, Aster oleifolius, Astragalus hamosus, Atriplex oblongifolia, Atriplex tatarica, Ballota nigra subsp.
nigra, Bassia prostrata [syn. Kochia prostrata], Beta trigyna, Bombycilaena erecta, Brassica juncea s.l.,
Bromus japonicus, Bromus squarrosus, Bromus sterilis, Bromus tectorum, Buglossoides arvensis subsp.
sibthorpiana [syn. Lithospermum arvense subsp. sibthorpianum], Buglossoides purpurocaerulea [syn.
26
Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum], Camelina rumelica, Campanula rapunculus, Campanula sibirica, Cardaria
draba subsp. draba, Carduus pycnocephalus, Carduus thoermeri, Carpinus orientalis, Carthamus lanatus,
Celtis australis, Centaurea alba subsp. caliacrae, Centaurea diffusa, Centaurea napulifera subsp. thirkei,
Centaurea salonitana, Centaurea solstitialis, Cephalaria transylvanica, Cephalaria uralensis, Cerastium
glomeratum, Cerastium pumilum, Chamaecytisus jankae, Chenopodium album, Cichorium intybus, Clematis
vitalba, Clypeola jonthlaspi, Conium maculatum, Consolida orientalis [syn. Delphinium orientale], Consolida
regalis s.l., Convolvulus arvensis, Convolvulus cantabrica, Convolvulus lineatus, Conyza canadensis, Cornus
mas, Corydalis solida, Crataegus monogyna, Crepis foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia, Crepis sancta, Crithmum
maritimum, Crocus pallasii, Cruciata laevipes, Crupina vulgaris, Cynanchum acutum, Cynodon dactylon,
Cynoglossum creticum, Cynoglossum officinale, Dactylis glomerata s.l., Datura stramonium, Descurainia
sophia, Desmazeria rigida [syn. Scleropoa rigida], Dianthus giganteus, Dianthus leptopetalus, Dianthus
pseudarmeria, Dichanthium ischaemum, Digitalis lanata, Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinops ritro subsp.
ruthenicus, Echinops sphaerocephalus, Echium italicum, Echium vulgare, Elymus elongatus [syn. Agropyron
elongatum], Elymus hispidus, Elymus repens [syn. Agropyron repens], Ephedra distachya subsp. monostachya,
Erodium ciconium, Erodium cicutarium, Erophila verna s.l., Eryngium campestre, Erysimum cuspidatum,
Erysimum diffusum, Eupatorium cannabinum, Euphorbia agraria, Euphorbia helioscopia, Euphorbia myrsinites,
Euphorbia nicaeensis s.l., Euphorbia seguieriana, Falcaria vulgaris, Festuca arundinacea subsp. orientalis,
Festuca valesiaca, Ficus carica, Filipendula vulgaris, Fragaria viridis, Fraxinus ornus, Fumaria kralikii,
Fumaria rostellata, Galanthus elwesii, Galium album subsp. pycnotrichum, Galium aparine, Galium flavescens,
Galium glaucum, Galium verticillatum, Geranium molle, Geranium pyrenaicum, Geranium robertianum,
Geranium rotundifolium, Geum urbanum, Gleditsia triacanthos, Goniolimon besserianum, Gypsophila pallasii,
Haplophyllum suaveolens, Hedera helix, Helianthemum salicifolium, Helianthus annuus, Heliotropium
europaeum, Helminthotheca echioides, Herniaria incana, Hordeum bulbosum, Hordeum murinum, Hypericum
elegans, Hypericum perforatum, Inula ensifolia, Inula oculus-christi, Iris pumila, Iris sintenisii, Jasminum
fruticans, Jurinea consanguinea subsp. arachnoidea, Koeleria lobata [syn. Koeleria brevis], Koeleria nitidula,
Lactuca quercina, Lactuca serriola, Lactuca viminea s.l., Lamium amplexicaule, Lamium purpureum, Lathyrus
cicera, Legousia speculum-veneris s.l., Leonurus cardiaca, Ligustrum vulgare, Limonium latifolium, Limonium
meyeri, Linaria genistifolia, Linum austriacum, Lolium perenne, Lolium rigidum subsp. lepturoides, Malva
sylvestris, Marrubium peregrinum, Medicago arabica, Medicago minima, Medicago rigidula, Medicago sativa
subsp. falcata, Melica ciliata, Milium vernale, Minuartia bilykiana, Minuartia glomerata, Minuartia setacea,
Morus alba, Muscari racemosum, Myagrum perfoliatum, Myosotis arvensis subsp. arvensis, Myrrhoides nodosa,
Nectaroscordum siculum, Onopordum acanthium, Onosma heterophylla, Opopanax chironium subsp.
bulgaricum, Orlaya grandiflora, Ornithogalum comosum, Paeonia peregrina, Paeonia tenuifolia, Paliurus
spina-christi, Papaver rhoeas, Parapholis incurva, Parietaria lusitanica subsp. serbica, Parietaria officinalis,
Petrorhagia prolifera [syn. Tunica prolifera], Phleum paniculatum, Phleum subulatum, Phragmites australis,
Pimpinella peregrina, Pisum sativum subsp. elatius, Plumbago europaea, Poa bulbosa, Poa nemoralis,
Polygonum aviculare, Potentilla recta, Potentilla taurica, Prunus cerasifera, Prunus mahaleb, Prunus spinosa,
Psilurus incurvus, Puccinelia limosa, Pyrus communis, Quercus pubescens, Ranunculus ficaria, Reseda lutea,
Rhus coriaria, Robinia pseudacacia, Rubus caesius, Rumex patientia, Rumex tuberosus, Ruscus aculeatus,
Salsola kali subsp. ruthenica, Salvia amplexicaulis, Salvia austriaca, Salvia nemorosa, Salvia nutans, Sambucus
ebulus, Sanguisorba minor s.l., Satureja caerulea, Saxifraga tridactylites, Scabiosa ochroleuca, Scandix
australis, Scandix pecten-veneris s.l., Scorzonera mollis, Sedum caespitosum, Sedum maximum, Sedum
sexangulare, Sedum urvillei subsp. hillebrandtii, Senecio vernalis, Senecio vulgaris, Seseli campestre, Seseli
rigidum, Setaria verticillata, Setaria viridis, Sherardia arvensis, Sideritis montana, Silene latifolia subsp. alba,
Silene bupleuroides, Silene caliacrae, Silene conica, Silene dichotoma, Silene exaltata, Silybum marianum,
Sinapis arvensis, Sisymbrium officinale, Sisymbrium orientale, Solanum dulcamara, Solanum nigrum, Sonchus
oleraceus, Spergularia media, Stellaria media s.l., Sternbergia colchiciflora, Stipa capillata, Stipa lessingiana,
Tagetes patula, Tamus communis, Tanacetum corymbosum, Tanacetum millefolium, Taraxacum officinale,
Taraxacum serotinum, Teucrium chamaedrys, Teucrium polium subsp. capitatum, Thesium dollineri, Thlaspi
27
perfoliatum, Thymus pannonicus, Thymus zygioides, Tordylium maximum, Torilis arvensis, Torilis nodosa,
Tragopogon dubius, Tragus racemosus, Tribulus terrestris, Trifolium echinatum, Trigonella gladiata, Trigonella
monspeliaca, Triticum aestivum, Ulmus minor, Urtica dioica, Valeriana officinalis, Valerianella pumila,
Verbascum banaticum, Verbascum ovalifolium s.l., Verbascum phoeniceum, Verbena officinalis, Veronica
austriaca subsp. austriaca [syn. Veronica jaquinii], Veronica hederifolia s.l., Veronica orchidea, Viburnum
lantana, Vicia narbonensis, Vicia pannonica, Vicia peregrina, Vicia sativa subsp. nigra, Vinca herbacea,
Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Viola kitaibeliana, Vulpia myuros, Xanthium italicum, Xanthium spinosum,
Xeranthemum annuum. Other 11 taxa are mentioned by literature (Kozhuharov et al., 1997; Kozhuharov et al.,
2001) : Adonis volgensis, Anemone sylvestris, Carduus uncinatus, Centaurium turcicum, Erodium hoefftianum,
Gypsophila perfoliata, Hypecoum ponticum, Ruta graveolens, Sideritis syriaca, Thalictrum aquilegiifolium s.l.,
Verbascum purpureum. These taxa belong to 62 families. Asteraceae prevails with 53 taxa (15.68%). This is
followed by Poaceae with 40 taxa (11.83%), Caryophyllaceae with 21 taxa (6.21%), Lamiaceae with 19 taxa
(5.62%), Brassicaceae with 17 taxa (5.02%), Fabaceae with 16 taxa (4.73%), Apiaceae with 15 taxa (4.43%),
Rosaceae with 13 taxa (3.84%) and Scrophulariaceae with 10 taxa (2.95%) (Fig. 2). Other 30 families are
represented by 9-2 taxa, while 24 families are represented by one taxa.
Famil
SCR
ROS
API
FAB
BRA
LAM
CAR
POA
AST
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Number of species and subspecies
Fig. 2 – Spectrum of the main plant families from Kamen Bryag – Yailata
According to life forms, the flora from Kamen Bryag – Yailata has the following structure (Fig. 3):
therophytes – 115 taxa (34.02%), hemicryptophytes – 108 taxa (31.95%), phanerophytes – 26 taxa (7.69%),
geophytes – 23 taxa (6.80%), hemitherophytes – 23 taxa (6.80%), chamaephytes – 15 taxa (4.43%), therophytes–
hemitherophytes – 13 taxa (3.84%), hemitherophytes–hemicryptophytes – 9 taxa (2.66%), hemicryptophytes–
chamaephytes – 2 taxa (0.59%), therophytes - hemicryptophytes – 2 taxa (0.59%), chamaephyte–phanerophyte –
1 taxon (.29%), hemicryptophyte–geophyte – 1 taxon (0.29%). The high percent of therophytes is correlated with
dry climate of this area, while the hemicryptophytes are characteristic for grasses communities, at Kamen Bryag
– Yailata these dominating the limestone plateau.
28
T
H
Ph
G
Ht
Ch
T-Ht
Ht-H
H-Ch
T-H
Ch-Ph
H-G
Fig. 3 – Spectrum of life forms of flora from Kamen Bryag – Yailata
Eur.centr. & SE
As
Pont.-pan.
Eur.centr.
Atl.-medit.
Eur.centr.-submedit.
Eur.centr.-medit.
Geoeleme
Circ.
Pont.
Pont.-pan.balc.
Eur.
Adv.
Balc.
Submedit.
Cosm.
Pont.-medit.
Pont.-balc.
Euras.cont.
Medit.
Euras.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Number of taxa
Fig. 4 – Spectrum of the main geographic elements of flora from Kamen Bryag - Yailata
The analysis of geographic elements of flora from Kamen Bryag – Yailata (Fig. 4) reveals the prevailing
of Steppe elements (76 taxa – 22.48%): Ponto-Balkan – 29 taxa, Ponto-Mediterranean – 22 taxa, PontoPannonian-Balkan – 10 taxa, Pontic – 9 taxa, Ponto-Pannonian – 4 taxa, Ponto-Caucasian – 1 taxon, PontoMediterranean-Atlantic – 1 taxon. These are followed by Euro-Asian elements (63 taxa – 18.63%),
Mediterranean – 39 (11.53%) and continental Euro-Asian elements (34 taxa – 10.05%). Sub-Mediterranean and
Balkan elements are well represented too, with 16 taxa (4.73%) and, respectively, 14 taxa (4.14%). Among
cosmopolite elements, we identified here 18 taxa (5.32%). Alien plants are represented by 13 taxa (3.84%), but
they have only small populations, especially along the roads and pathways.
According with Red Data Book of Bulgaria [Velchev (ed.), 1984], the following rare species were
recorded to Kamen Bryag – Yailata: Adonis volgensis (Kozhuharov et al., 1997, Buglossoides arvensis subsp.
sibthorpiana – sporadic on limestone plateau, Carduus uncinatus (Kozhuharov et al., 1997), Convolvulus
lineatus – rare on limestone plateau, Crithmum maritimum – rare on rocky cliff, Ficus carica – frequent on rocky
cliff, Goniolimon besserianum – sporadic on limestone plateau, Gypsophila perfoliata (Kozhuharov et al., 1997),
29
Hypecoum ponticum (Kozhuharov et al., 1997), Koeleria lobata – sporadic on limestone plateau, Onosma
heterophylla – sporadic on limestone plateau, Opopanax chironium subsp. bulgaricum – frequent on cliff,
Paeonia tenuifolia – sporadic on limestone plateau, Parapholis incurva – rare in grassland (43°26'33"N,
28°32'55"E), Scandix australis – frequent on limestone plateau, Sideritis syriaca (Kozhuharov et al., 1997),
Silene caliacrae – rare on rocky cliff (43°27'11"N, 28°33'31"E), Stipa lessingiana – frequent on limestone
plateau, Verbascum purpureum (Kozhuharov et al., 1997). To these we add four endangered species: Artemisia
pedemontana – rare on limestone plateau, Limonium latifolium and Limonium meyeri – rare on rocky cliff, Ruta
graveolens (Kozhuharov et al., 1997). Among the species listed in Biodiversity Law we recorded on Kamen
Bryag – Yailata area: Paeonia tenuifolia – sporadic on limestone plateau, Artemisia pedemontana, Convolvulus
lineatus, Galanthus elwesii – in a forest at SW of Kamen Bryag (43°25'35"N, 28°31'53"E), Goniolimon
besserianum, Limonium latifolium, Limonium meyeri, Silene caliacrae – endemic species for this region.
Paeonia tenuifolia is also strictly protected species according to Bern Convention. Among species listed in
Habitat Directive, only Ruscus aculeatus grows here. Its harvesting from the wild is forbidden. The conservation
status of all these plants is favourable, the threats being almost absent.
Some inventoried plants to Kamen Bryag – Yailata are rare, although they are not included in Red Data
Book of Bulgaria [Velchev (ed.), 1984]. They are represented here by only few individuals: Centaurea alba
subsp. caliacrae – local endemic, on limestone plateau, Centaurea napulifera subsp. thirkei – Mediterranean
element, rare on limestone plateau, Cynoglossum creticum – Mediterranean element, very rare on limestone
plateau, Dianthus leptopetalus – Ponto-Balkan element, rare on limestone plateau, reported for the first time for
this region, Fumaria kralikii – Mediterranean element, rare on rocky places, Parietaria lusitanica subsp. serbica
– Ponto-Balkan element, rare on stony cliff, Nectaroscordum siculum – Ponto-Balkan element, very rare in
forest, Pisum sativum subsp. elatius – Mediterranean species, rare in shrub formations at the border of forest,
Salvia amplexicaulis – Daco-Balkan species, rare on stony grassland from the plateau.
We also mention the presence of some alien species: Ailanthus altissima, Amaranthus crispus,
Amaranthus retroflexus, Brassica juncea, Conyza canadensis, Datura stramonium, Gleditsia triacanthos, Morus
alba, Robinia pseudacacia, Xanthium italicum, Xanthium spinosum. These are spread especially along roads and
pathways and don’t seem to be a threat for the native flora. Occasionally Triticum aestivum, Helianthus annuus,
Tagetes patula and Pyrus communis could be found as escaped from cultivation.
Conclusions
Taking into account the surface of researched territory (about 300 ha), we assert that the floristic diversity
of Kamen Bryag – Yailata is high. Because our study was only a preliminary one, we suspect a higher number of
taxa for this region.
Thermophile plants are dominating here, many of them being at the northern limit of their distribution.
Many rare plant species, protected at national or European level, occur to Kamen Bryag – Yailata having a
favourable status and making this territory very important for conservation.
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Appendix I, 1979.
*** Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna
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*** IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 - http://www.iucnredlist.org
Acknowledgments
Many thanks to Ciprian Samoil , PhD student at University Ovidius Constan a, providing us with the map
of the region Kamen Bryag – Yailata.
The study was supported by the grant Phare CBC Ro 2005/017-535.01.02.02.
31
STUDY OF THE HIGHER FLORA ON THE TERRITORY OF KALIAKRA
RESERVE
Zheni NANOVA*, Marius F G RAŞ**, Paulina ANASTASIU***, Gavril NEGREAN***
* University of Shoumen, Faculty of Natural Sciences, str. "Universitetska" 115, Shoumen 9712,
Bulgaria, E-Mail: jenidim@gmail.com
** Ovidius University of Constanţa, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Constanţa 900552, Romania
*** University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology, Department of Botany & Microbiology, Bucharest,
76900, Romania
Abstract: field researches were carried out on the territory of Kaliakra reserve during the period April August 2008. The purpose of the study is: Inventory of taxonomic diversity, analysis of floristic elements and
life forms, establishment of endemic taxa and conservation status of taxa. As a result of the study 351 species of
higher plants, referring to 222 genera and 62 families were found. Most of the species relate to two
phytogeographic areas - Eastern Mediterranean and steppe-Pontic. 45 species with conservation status were
established on the territory of the reserve.
Key words: taxonomic diversity, floristic elements, endemic plants, conservation status
Introduction
"Kaliakra" is declared for a National Park in 25.09.1941 in 1966 it is categorized as a reserve. In
4.04.1980 its territory was expended and included part of the marine strip. Its main purpose is the conservation
of the primary steppe vegetation, some bird species and natural habitats of monk seal (Monachus monachus).
The reserve is the only one in Bulgaria that includes a sea aquatory. The total area of the reserve is 687.5 ha
(287.5 ha of land part and 400 ha sea part). Kaliakra belongs to a group of the protected territories in the country,
category I - strict nature reserve.
Kaliakra reserve is situated on the Cape Kaliakra and neighbouring aquatory. Cape Kaliakra is part of the
eastern periphery of Dobrudja plateau and is included into the same name natural-geographic subregion of the
Northern Black Sea coast. Cape Kaliakra is shaped into a well-developed rock ledge. In geological terms this
territory is part of the Moesian platform (Georgieva et Vladev, 2007; Geography of Bulgaria, 1980). Here lower
sarmatian clays, chalky sandstones and marls, middle sarmatian marly clays, chalky sandstones and sands and
upper sarmatian shellfish limestone are disclosed (Soil map of Bulgaria, 1965). This is one of the most
dangerous earthquake zones in Bulgaria with magnitude 7 (the highest of all regions). There is a serious danger
of windstorms and lendslides throughout the region of Cape Kaliakra.The soils on the nose and in the
surroundings are humus-calcareous type (Bondev, 1991).
The reserve belongs to the Black Sea climatic region. The climate is temperate continental, but with
significant humidity. It features relatively mild, humid winter and dry, hot summer. The average annual air
temperature in Kaliakra is 11 . August is the hottest month with average monthly temperatures of 22,5 and
the coolest month is January, with average monthly temperature 0.8 . The multi-annual total of rainfalls in the
region is 450-500 mm with rainfall maximum in February. In recent years there has been a reduction in the
amount of rainfall and climate in the region has become increasingly arid in nature. River flow is irregular due to
thekarst terrain (Georgieva et Vladev, 2007; Geography of Bulgaria, 1980).
The Kaliakra reserve occupies the eastern part of South Dobrudja, with vegetation belonging to the steppe
and semisteppe communities (Delipavlov et al., 1969). In vegetation mainly grass phytocenoses dominates. The
most frequent are found formations, with domination of cereals - Poa bulbosa, Agropyron sp., Koeleria sp. etc.
32
The formations of Stipa pennata and Stipa capillata are relatively widespread . Less distributed are the
formations of Stipa lessingiana, Artemisia pedemontana and Artemisia pontica. Iris sp., Adonis sp. and Paeonia
sp. develop together with cereal plants in spring. Achillea sp., Salvia sp., Thymus sp. etc. appear in June. Species
diversity significantly reduced in August (Kozhukharov et al., 1979; Andreev et al., 1992).
Material and Methods
For establishing a floristic composition the route method was applied. The routes were matched so as to
cover the most diverse habitats. Much of the identified locations were visited several times during the vegetation
period of 2008 (at once in April, May, June, July and August), so the most complete inventory of species
composition.
The following indicators were assessed in the floristic analysis: number of taxa by category, the richest in
species and genera families, the richest in species genera, biological spectrum, floristic elements, endemic
species and taxa with conservation status.
The determination of taxa were carried out with “Guide to the Vascular Plants in Bulgaria” (Andeev et al.,
1992) and Flora of Bulgaria, volumes I-X (Yordanov (ed.), 1964-1995). The determination of floristic elements
is on a basis of “Conspectus of the Bulgarian vascular flora. Distribution maps and floristic elements” (Assyov et
al., 2006). The species with conservation status are associated with: Atlas of endemic plants in Bulgaria
(Velchev et al., 1992); Red Book of P.R.Bulgaria, v. 1: Plants (Velchev (ed.), 1984); Biodiversity Law and
Annex I of Bern Convention.
Results and Discussion
The flora of Kaliakra reserve includes 351 species of vascular plants, belonging to the 221 genera and 61
families (table 1). The established species constitute 9.84% of the flora of Bulgaria (3567 species) (Yordanov
(ed.), 1964-1995) and 25.66% of the flora of Dobrudja (1368 species) (Kitanov, Penev, 1980). The families
represented by the biggest number of species are : Asteraceae – 56, Poaceae – 38, Fabaceae – 25, Lamiaceae –
21, Brassicaceae – 19, Caryophyllaceae – 16, Boraginaceae – 15, Apiaceae – 11, Scrophullariaceae – 11,
Liliaceae – 10, Rosaceae – 10.
No.
Tab. 1 - Established in the reserve families with number of genera and species
Family
Number of genera
Number of species
1
Asteraceae
31
56
2
Poaceae
24
38
3
Fabaceae
14
25
4
Lamiaceae
12
21
5
Brassicaceae
13
19
6
Caryophyllaceae
9
16
7
Boraginaceae
10
15
8
Apiaceae
10
11
9
Scrophullariaceae
5
11
10
Liliaceae
6
10
11
Rosaceae
8
10
12
Rubiaceae
4
9
13
Ranunculaceae
7
8
33
14
Chenopodiaceae
5
7
15
Geraniaceae
2
7
16
Euphorbiaceae
2
6
17
Papaveraceae
3
6
18
Dipsaceaea
2
5
19
Convolvulaceae
2
4
20
Malvaceae
3
4
21
Plumbaginaceae
2
4
22
Polygonaceae
2
4
23
Linaceaea
1
3
24
Oleaceae
3
3
25
Asclepiadaceae
2
2
26
Crassulaceae
1
2
27
Cyperaceae
2
2
28
Hypericaceae
1
2
29
Orobanchceae
1
3
30
Plantaginaceae
1
2
31
Primulaceae
2
2
32
Rutaceae
2
2
33
Aspleniaceae
1
2
34
Salicaceae
1
2
35
Violaceae
1
2
36
Valerianaceae
1
2
37
Anacardiaceae
1
1
38
Apocinaceae
1
1
39
Araceae
1
1
40
Campanulaceae
1
1
41
Cannabaceae
1
1
42
Celastraceae
1
1
43
Cistaceae
1
1
44
Dioscoreaeceae
1
1
45
Eleagnaceae
1
1
46
Equisetaceae
1
1
47
Iridaceae
1
1
48
Lithraceae
1
1
34
49
Moraceae
1
1
50
Paeoniaceae
1
1
51
Resedaceae
1
1
52
Rhamnaceae
1
1
53
Saxifragaceae
1
1
54
Simaroubaceae
1
1
55
Solanaceae
1
1
56
Tamaricaceae
1
1
57
Thymelaeceae
1
1
58
Ulmaceae
1
1
59
Urticaceae
1
1
60
Verbenaceae
1
1
61
Vitaceae
1
1
Total
221
351
Figure 1 shows the ten largest families in the flora of Bulgaria (Angelova et al., 2006). The families in
first three places on both figures are Asteraceae, Poaceae and Fabaceae. The biggest differences between two
figures are the positions of families Lamiaceae and Rosaceae. The Lamiaceae, which is in the ninth position for
the country moves up to the fourth place for the flora of Kaliakra. The presence of many species of family
Lamiaceae is due to a specific geographical location of the research area, namely its proximity to the Eastern
Mediterranean and Pontic phytogeographical centres (sources of species for this family). The fact that
representatives of the Lamiaceae are mainly thermophytes and xerophytes and they are located in the appropriate
environmental conditions in the research area is also important. The last fact is valid and for family
Boraginaceae, which is in the seventh position in the flora of Kaliakra, but is not among the ten most numerous
families of the Bulgarian flora.
Number of species
500
400
300
200
100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Families
Fig. 1 - The ten richest families in species in the flora of Bulgaria: 1-Asteraceae,
2-Poaceae, 3-Fabaceae, 4-Rosaceae, 5-Caryophyllaceae, 6-Brassicaceae, 7-Scrophulariaceae,
8-Apiaceae, 9-Lamiaceae, 10-Ranunculaceae
35
The Rosaceae, which is in the fourth position for Bulgaria, shares a tenth place with Liliaceae in flora of
Kaliakra. Low representation of the family Rosaceae can be explained by the fact that the family is rich in
species of Alpine and Boreal origin for which the environmental conditions in the territory of Kaliakra reserve
are not appropriate.
Family Ranunculaceae, which is ranks the tenth place for the country is not among the ten most numerous
families in the flora of Kaliakra. This is due to the fact that much of the species of family Ranunculaceae are
hygrophytes and mesophytes and the environmental conditions in the territory of the reserve do not advantage
their development.
The first five families richest in genera are the same five families which are richest in species (Fig. 2):
Asteraceae – 31, Poaceae – 24, Fabaceae – 14, Brassicaceae – 13, Lamiaceae – 12. From the established genera
richest in species are: Centaurea – 7, Astragalus – 6, Galium – 6, Veronica – 6, Bromus – 5, Euphorbia – 5,
Geranium – 5, Allium – 4, Artemisia – 4, Vicia - 4.
Number of species
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1
2
3
9
6
5
11
8
7
12
4
Families
Fig. 2 - The ten richest families in species in the flora of Kaliakra reserve: 1-Asteraceae,
2-Poaceae, 3-Fabaceae, 9-Lamiaceae, 6-Brassicaceae, 5-Caryophyllaceae, 11-Boraginaceae,
8-Apiaceae, 7-Scrophulariaceae, 12-Liliaceae, 4-Rosaceae
According to their biological type the perennial herbaceous plants prevail in the flora of reserve - 168
species (47,86%); followed by annual herbaceous - 108 species (30,77%). The species in the next group are 28
(7,98%) and it includes: annual to biennial - 17, biennial to perennial – 4 and annual to perennial – 8. This group
shares a third place with bushes and trees, also 28 species (7,98%) and the least of all are biennial - 15 species
(4.27%).
The floristic genetic analysis shows the following distribution of species in geoelements:
1. Euro-Asian - 60 species (17,09%)
2. Sub-Mediterranean - 49 species (13,96%)
3. Euro-Mediterranean - 47 species (13, 39%)
4. Pontic-Mediterranean - 30 species (8,55%)
5. Cosmopolites – 23 species (6, 55%)
6. Mediterranean - 21 species (5,98%)
7. Euro-Siberian – 16 species (4,56%)
8. European - 15 species (4,27%)
9. Pontic - 13 species (3,70%)
10. Mediterranean-Asian – 13 species (3,70%)
11. Balkan - 12 species (3, 42%)
36
12. Sub–Boreal – 9 species (2, 56%)
13. Boreal – 8 species (2, 28%)
14. Pontic- Asian - 8 species (2,28%)
15. Adventive – 5 species(1,42%)
Generally, the species of different Mediterranean type of distribution (Sub-Mediterranean, Mediterranean,
Euro-Mediterranean and Mediterranean- Asian) are 130, which constitute 37,04% of the total number of species
on territory of reserve (Fig. 3).
The site is the richest in steppe-Pontic species in Bulgaria. Their scope is related mainly to the EuroAsian, Euro-Siberian, Pontic-Mediterranean, Pontic, and Pontic-Asian geoelements. In the territory of the
reserve, they are represented by a total of 127 species (36,18%) (Fig. 3).
The environmental conditions in the reserve are not appropriate for Boreal floristic elements (Boreal and
Sub-Boreal–4,84%), so they a represented lessthoroughly.
On the territory of the reserve 45 plant species with conservation status are found (Tab. 2) - 15 species
according to literary data (Delipavlov et al, 1979) and 30 according to our studies.
Kaliakra Reserve is classified as relatively poor in endemic taxa. Established eleven endemic plants (11
Balkan and 1 Bulgarian), which constitute 3,42% of the total number of species on studied territory. From the
endemic species, the largest population has Achillea clypeolata. Other endemic species are presented with
smaller populations.
Boreal
Cos 5%
7%
Others
7%
Eur Balkan
3%
4%
Med
38%
St-Pont
36%
Fig. 3 - Distributions of species in geoelements: Med - species of different Mediterranean type of distribution,
St-Pont - steppe-Pontic species, Cos – Cosmopolites, Eur- Europian , Boreal – Boreal and sub-Boreal, Balkan –
different Balkan geoelements
Tab. 2 - Conservation status and endemism of plant species in Kaliakra reserve
Species
Achillea clypeolata Sibth. et Sm.
Alyssum borzeanum Nyár. *
Anemone sylvestris L. *
Artemisia lerchiana Weber. *
Artemisia pedemontana Balb.
Artemisia pontica L.
Astragalus cornutus Pall.
Endemism,
categories
Red Book
of Bulgaria,
categories
Biodiversity
Law
Annex, №
Bern
Convention
3
3
3
3
+
Balkan
Endangered
Rare
Endangered
Rare
Endangered
37
3
Astragalus spuneri Boiss.
Asyneuma anthericoides (Janka) Bornm.
*
Aurinia uechtritziana (Bornm.) Cullen et
T. R. Dudley *
Bellevalia sarmatica (Pall.ex Gweorgi)
Woronow
Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M.Johnst.
subsp. sibthorpiana (Griseb.) R.Fern.
Chamaecytisus jankae (Vel.) Rothm.
Centaurea arenaria M. Bieb. ex Willd. *
Centaurea caliacrae Prod.
Centaurea napulifera Rochel subsp.
thirkei (Sch.Bip.) Dostál
Centaurea varnensis Vel.
Cerastium gracile Dufour [syn.
Cerastium bulgaricum R.Uechtr.] *
Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl.
Convolvulus lineatus L.
Crambe tataria Sebeok *
Erysimum bulgaricum (Vel.)Anchev ex
Polatschec
Ficus carica L.
Geranium tuberosum L.
Goniolimon besseranum (Schult. ex
Rchb.) Kusn.
Gypsophila perfoliata L. [syn.
Gypsophyla trichotoma Wender]
Iris suaveolens Boiss. & Reut. *
Koeleria lobata (M.Bieb.) Roem. &
Schult. [syn. Koeleria brevis Steven]
Lactuca tatarica (L.) C.A.Mey
Limonium latifolium (Sm.) O.Kuntze
Limonium meyeri (Boiss.) O.Kuntze
Matthiola odoratissima (Bieb.)R.Br.
Nepeta ucrainica L. *
Onosma heterophylla Griseb.
Opopanax chironium (L.) W.D.J.Koch
ssp. bulgaricum (Vel.) Andr.
Orobanche essulae Panc. *
Paeonia tenuifolia L.
Potentilla emili-popii Nyár. *
Ruta graveolens L.
Scandix australis L.
Sideritis syriaca L. *
Silene caliacrae Jord. et Pan. *
Stipa lessingiana Trin et Rupr.
Typha shuttleworthii Koch et Sonder *
Balkan
Balkan
Rare
2,3
+
3
Rare
Balkan
Rare
3
Balkan
Balkan
Balkan
Rare
Rare
Rare
Rare
3
3
3
Rare
Rare
Endangered
3
Rare
3
Balkan
Balkan
Rare
Rare
Endangered
Endangered
Endangered
Rare
Rare
Rare
3
3
2, 3
2,3
3
Balkan
Balkan
Bulgarian
38
Endangered
Rare
Endangered
Rare
Endangered
Rare
Rare
Rare
2, 3
2, 3
3
+
+
3
3
+
Vicia sativa L. subsp. amphicarpa
(Dorthes) Asch. & Graebn.
*according to the literary data [6]
Endangered
3
Erysimum bulgaricum is a newly distinguished species for the Balkan Peninsula from M. Ancev and A.
Polatschek (Ancev et al., 2003). Erysimum bulgaricum is found in the south-eastern and eastern parts of the
Balkan Peninsula. In Bulgaria it is wide-spread in the South-East and East of the country in localities in the
Upper Thracia plain, the Tundzha hilly region, along the Black Sea coast (Balchik, Kavarna, Kaliakra cape), in
the East Stara Planina and in North-Eastern Bulgaria. Erysimum bulgaricum occurs in dry grassy habitats.
Thirty-three plant species, from the flora of Kaliakra, are included in the "Red Book of Bulgaria” - 11 in
the category "Endangered” and 22 in the category "Rare"; 24 species fall into annexes of Biodiversity Law. In
the annex 1 of the Bern Convention five species are included. From these species with a few and small
populations are: Astragalus cornutus, Belevallia sarmatica, Limonium latifolium, Limonium meyeri, Matthiola
odoratissima, Gypsophila trichotoma, Ruta graveolens. Well shaped populations have Artemisia pontica, Ficus
carica, Opopanax chironium subsp. bulgaricum, Paeonia tenuifolia, Stipa lessingiana.
Conclusions
In conclusion, the flora of Kaliakra, in the main part is made up of the species of two phytogeographic
areas - Eastern Mediterranean and steppe-Pontic.
Forty five endemic, rare, endangered and protected plant species with high conservation value can be find
on territory of Kaliakra reserve.
The primary steppe vegetation, which is distributed on such big area, cannot be found nowhere else in
Bulgaria. It determines the territory’s exceptional conservation value.
References
ANCEV, M. and A. Polatschek, 2003 - Erysimum bulgaricum (Brassicaceae), a newly distinguished
species for the Balkan Peninsula. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 104 B: 691-698.
2. ANDREEV, N., M. Anchev, St. Kozhukharov, M. Marinova, D. Peev, A. Petrova, 1992 - Guide to the
Vascular Plants in Bulgaria (in Bulgarian), Publ. House “Nauka i izkustvo”, Sofia, 788 pp.
3. ANGELOVA, K., K.Trendafilov, R.Petrova, 2006 - Floristic elements and systematic structure of the
vascular flora of Vitosha floristic region (in Bulgarian). Scientific articles. Ecology, Part 1: 339-358.
4. ASSYOV, B., A. Petrova, D. Dimitrov, R. Vassilev, 2006 - Conspectus of the Bulgarian vascular flora.
Distribution maps and floristic elements (in Bulgarian), Bulgarian biodiversity foundation, Sofia, 452
pp.
5. BONDEV, I., 1991 - The vegetation of Bulgaria. Map 1: 600 000 with explanatory text, (in Bulgarian),
St. Kliment Ochridski University Press, Sofia.
6. DELIPAVLOV, D., D. Dimitrov, J. Guteva, Hr. Jancheva, 1979 - Flora and vegetation of Kaliakra
Reserve and neighbouring territories. In: Collection of papers “Dobrudja and Kaliakra” (in Bulgarian),
HIA Academic Press, Plovdiv, 27-35.
7. GEORGIEVA, N., D. Vladev, 2007 - Geography of Bulgaria (in Bulgarian), Publ. House “Faber”,
Veliko Tarnovo, 410 pp.
8. Geography of Bulgaria. Physical geography (in Bulgarian), 1982. BAS, Geographical institute, 513 pp.
Geomorphological map of Bulgaria, scale 1: 600 000. Geographical institute of BAS, Geodesy and
cartography office, 1980.
9. JORDANOV, D. (Ed.), 1964-1995 - Flora of Bulgaria, volumes I-X (in Bulgarian), Publishing House
of BAS.
10. KITANOV, B., I. Penev, 1980 - Flora of Dobruga (in Bulgarian), Publ. House “Nauka i izkustvo”,
Sofia, 632 pp.
1.
39
11. KOZHUKHAROV, ST., D. Dimitrov, M. Lazarova, E. Kozhukharova, 1979 - Characterization of flora
and vegetation of natural plant complexes in southern Dobrudja. In: Collection of papers “Dobrudja and
Kaliakra” (in Bulgarian), HIA Academic Press, Plovdiv, 42-58.
12. VELCHEV, V., St. Kozhukharov, M. Anchev, 1992 - Atlas of endemic plants in Bulgaria (in
Bulgarian), Publishing House of BAS, 205 pp.
13. VELCHEV, V. (Ed.), 1984 - Red Book of P.R.Bulgaria, v. 1: Plants (in Bulgarian), Publishing House
of BAS, Sofia, 447 pp.
14. ***, 2002 - Biodiversity Law, promulgated in the State Gazette № 77, 9.08.2002.
15. ***, 1965 - Soil map of Bulgaria, scale 1:400 000, Geodesy and cartography head office.
Annex I - Checklist of the plant species recorded from us of the Kaliakra Reserve
Species
Achillea clypeolata
Achillea setacea
Acinos rotundifolius
Adonis flammea
Adonis vernalis
Aegilops cylindrica
Aegilops neglecta [syn. Aegilops ovata]
Agropyron cristatum ssp. pectinatum
Agropyron cristatum subsp. ponticum
Agrostis sp.
Agrostis verticillatus
Ailanthus altissima
Ajuga chamaepytis
Ajuga laxmannii
Alcea rosea [syn. Althaea rosea]
Alliaria petiolata
Allium flavum subsp. tauricum
Allium flavum subsp. flavum
Allium moschatum
Allium rotundum
Allium saxatile
Althaea cannabina
Althaea hirsuta
Alyssum caliacrae
Alyssum desertorum
Alyssum hirsutum
Anagallis arvensis
Anchusa arvensis [syn. Lycopsis arvensis]
Anchusa stylosa
Familia
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Lamiaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Simaroubaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Malvaceae
Brassicaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Primulaceae
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
40
Floristic
element
Bal
subMed
Med-CAs
Eur-subMed
ur-Sib
Eur-As
subMed
Eur-Pont
Eur-Pont
Eur-As
Adv
Pont-Med
SSib
Med
Eur-as
Med
Med
Pont-Med
Eur-OT
Med-As
Med-As
Pont-Med
Pont
subMed
Cos
Eur-Med
subMed
Biological
type
P
P
1
P
P
1
1
P
P
P
T
1,2
P
2
1,2
M
M
P
P
P
P
P
P
1
1
1,2
1
1
Androsace maxima
Angelica sylvestris
Anthemis austriaca
Anthemis tinctoria
Arabis recta [syn. Arabis auriculata]
Arenaria serpyllifolia
Artemisia absinthium
Artemisia austriaca
Artemisia pedemontana
Artemisia pontica
Arum orientale
Asparagus verticillatus
Asperula tenella
Asphodeline lutea
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum
Asplenium trichomanes
Aster oleifolius
Astragalus cornutus
Astragalus hamosus
Astragalus monspessulanus
Astragalus onobrychis
Astragalus spruneri
Astragalus varius [syn. Astragalus
virgatus]
Atriplex hastata
Atriplex nitens
Atriplex oblongifolia
Avena barbata
Avena clauda
Bassia prostrata [syn. Kochia prostrata]
Bellevalia sarmatica
Beta trigyna
Bombycilaena erecta
Brachypodium pinnatum
Brachypodium sylvaticum
Brassica elongata
Brassica juncea
Brassica nigra
Bromus hordeaceus
Bromus japonicus
Bromus squarrosus
Bromus sterilis
Bromus tectorum
Primulaceae
Apiaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Brassicaceae
Carryophyllaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Araceae
Liliaceae
Rubiaceae
Liliaceae
Aspleniaceae
Aspleniaceae
Asteraceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Cos
Pont-Sib
Pont-As
Eur-As
Pont-Med
Eur-As
Bal
Fabaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Liliaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Asteraceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Pont-As
Boreal
Eur-As
Eur-As
Med-CAs
Med-CAs
Eur-as
Pont
Med
Eur-Med
SSib
Eur-As
Eur-as
As
Cos
SMed
Med-CAs
subMed
Boreal
Boreal
41
Eur-As
Eur-Sib
Eur-Med
Eur-Sib
Eur-As
Eur-As
Pont-Med
Eur-Sib
Pont-Med
Pont
Med
Pont-As
subMed
Pont-Med
1
2
1,2
P
1
1,2
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
1
1
1
1
1
B
P
P
1
P
P
2, P
1
1
1-P
1
1
1
1
Buglossoides arvensis subsp. sibthorpiana
Buglossoides purpurocaerulea
Calystegia sepium
Camelina microcarpa
Camelina rumelica
Campanula sibirica
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Cardaria draba subsp. draba
Carduus pycnocephalus
Carduus thoermeri
Carex michelii
Carthamus lanatus
Celtis australis
Centaurea caliacrae
Centaurea diffusa
Centaurea napulifera subsp. thirkei
Centaurea salonitana
Centaurea solstitialis
Centaurea varnensis
Cephalaria transylvanica
Cephalaria uralensis
Cerastium pumilum
Cerastium glomeratum
Ceratocephalus testiculatus
Cerinthe minor susbsp. auriculata
Chamaecytissus jankae
Chenopodium album
Cichorium intybus
Cirsium vulgare
Cladium mariscus
Clematis vitalba
Clypeola jonthlaspi
Conium maculatum
Consolida regalis
Convolvulus arvensis
Convolvulus cantabrica
Convolvulus lineatus
Conyza canadensis
Coronilla scorpioides
Coronilla varia
Crataegus monogyna
Crepis foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia
Crepis sancta
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Convolvulaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Campanulaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Cyperaceae
Asteraceae
Ulmaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Dipsacaceae
Dipsaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Ranunculaceae
Boraginaceae
Fabaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Cyperaceae
Ranunculaceae
Brassicaceae
Apiaceae
Ranunculaceae
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulaceae
Asteraceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Rosaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
42
Euro-As
Eur-As
Cos
Pont-CAs
Pont-CAs
subMed
Cos
Eur-Med
Med
Pont-Pann-Bal
Eur
subMed
Med
Bal
Pont-Med
Pann-Bal
Pont-Med
Eur-Med
Bal
Pont-Med
Pont-Med
Eur-Med
Cos
Eur-As
Pont-Med
Bal
Cos
Eur-Sib
Eur-Med
Kos
Eur
Med
Eur-As
Eur-Med
Cos
Pont
Eur-As
NAm(Adv)
subMed
Eur-Med
subBoreal
Eur-Med
subMed
1
P
P
1,2
1,2
2
1,2
P
1
1
P
1
T
1
2
1- P
P
1
2
1
P
1,2
1
1
1-P
B
1
P
2
P
B
1
1
1
P
P
P
1
1
P
B, T
1
1
Cruciata pedemontana
Crupina vulgaris
Cynanchum acutum
Cynodon dactylon
Cynoglossum creticum
Dactylis glomerata
Daucus carota subsp. carota
Dianthus leptopetalus
Dianthus pseudarmeria
Digitalis lanata
Echinochloa crus-gallii
Echinops exaltatus
Echinops ritro subsp. ruthenicus
Echinops sphaerocephalus
Echium italicum
Echium vulgare
Elaeagnus angustifolius
Elymus elongatus [syn. Agropyron]
Elymus repens
Equisetum telmateia
Erodium ciconium
Erodium cicutarium
Erophila verna
Eryngium campestre
Erysimum bulgaricum
Erysimum diffusum
Euonymus europaeus
Eupatorium cannabinum
Euphorbia agraria
Euphorbia helioscopia
Euphorbia myrsinites
Euphorbia nicaeensis s.l.
Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp.dobrogensis
Falcaria vulgaris
Festuca valesiaca
Ficus carica
Filipendula vulgaris
Fragaria viridis
Fraxinus ornus
Fumaria rostellata
Fumaria officinalis
Fumaria schleicheri
Galega officinalis
Rubiaceae
Asteraceae
Asclepiadaceae
Poaceae
Boraginaceae
Poaceae
Apiaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Poaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Eleagnaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Equisetaceae
Geraniaceae
Geraniaceae
Brassicaceae
Apiaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Celastraceae
Asteraceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Apiaceae
Poaceae
Moraceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Oleaceae
Papaveraceae
Papaveraceae
Papaveraceae
Fabaceae
43
Med-CAs
subMed
Med-CAs
Cos
Med-CAs
Eur-As
Eur-As
Med
subMed
Cos
Eur
Eur-Sib
Eur-Med
subMed
Eur-As
Adv
Pont-SMed
Boreal
Boreal
subMed
subBoreal
Eur-Med-Cas
Pont-Med
Bal
CSEur
Eur-As
Eur-As
subMed
Eur-As
subMed
Eur-Med
Eur-Med
Eur-As
Pont
Med(Adv)
Euro-Med
Eur-Sib
subMed
Eur-Med
Eur-Med
Eur-As
Pont-Med
1
2
B
P
1,2
P
1
P
1
1,2
1
P
P
P
2
2
B
P
P
P
1,2
1
1
P
P
2, P
B, T
P
P
1
P
P
P
1-P
P
B, T
P
P
D
1
1
1
P
Galium album subsp. pycnotrichum
Galium aparine
Galium flavescens
Galium glaucum
Galium humifusum
Galium verum subsp. verum
Geranium columbinum
Geranium dissectum
Geranium molle
Geranium rotundifolium
Geranium tuberosum
Glaucium corniculatum
Goniolimon besserianum
Gypsophila perfoliata (G. trichotoma)
Gypsophila palasii (G. glomerata)
Haplophyllum suaveolens
Helianthemum salicifolium
Heliotropium europaeum
Herniaria incana
Hordeum bulbosum
Hordeum murinum
Humulus lupulus
Hypericum elegans
Hypericum perforatum
Inula oculus-christi
Iris pumila
Jasminum fruticans
Jurinea consanguinea subsp.arachnoidea
Kickxia elatine
Koeleria lobata (K. brevis)
Koeleria nitidula
Koeleria splendens
Lactuca tatarica
Lactuca viminea
Lamium amplexicaule
Lamium purpureum
Lappula patula (syn.L.marginata)
Lathyrus cicera
Lembotropis nigricans
Leontodon crispus
Leontodon hispidus
Ligustrum vulgare
Limonium latifolium
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Geraniaceae
Geraniaceae
Geraniaceae
Geraniaceae
Geraniaceae
Papaveraceae
Plumbaginaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Rutaceae
Cistaceae
Boraginaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Cannabaceae
Hypericaceae
Hypericaceae
Asteraceae
Iridaceae
Oleaceae
Asteraceae
Scrophulariaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Boraginaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Oleaceae
Plumbaginaceae
44
Eur-As
Eur-As
Bal-Dac
subMed
Eur-Med
Eur-As
subMed
Eur-As
Eur-Med
Eur-As
subMed
Eur-As
Pont
Eur-As
subMed
Med
subMed
Eur-As
Eur-Med
Eur-As
Boeal
Eur-Sib
Eur-Sib
Cos
Eur-Med
subMed
Pont-CAs
subMed-Sib
subMed
Pont-Med
Pont
Pont-Med
Pont-As
Eur-Med
Eur-As
Eur-Med
Eur-As
subMed
Eur-Med
Pont-Med
Eur-Med
subMed
Pont
P
1
P
P
P
P
1
1
1,2
1
P
1,2
P
P
P
P
1
1
1
P
1
P
P
P
P
P
B
P
1
P
P
P
P
1
1
1
1
1
B
P
P
B
P
Limonium meyeri
Linaria genistifolia
Linum austriacum
Linum tauricum
Linum tenuifolium
Lolium perenne
Lotus corniculatus
Lycopus europaeus
Lythrum salicaria
Malva sylvestris
Marrubium peregrinum
Marrubium vulgare
Matricaria perforata
Matthiola odoratissima
Medicago minima
Medicago sativa subsp. falcata
Melica ciliata
Melilotus alba
Mentha longifolia
Mercurialis annua
Milium vernale
Minuartia sp.
Minuartia glomerata
Minuartia setacea
Muscari racemosum
Myosotis arvensis subsp. arvensis
Myosotis stricta
Nigella arvensis
Nonea pulla subsp. atra
Onobrychis gracilis
Ononis pusilla
Onopordum acanthium
Onopordum tauricum
Onosma heterophylla
Onosma taurica
Opopanax chironium ssp.bulgaricum
Ornithogalum comosum
Ornithogalum refractum
Orobanche caryophyllaceae on Galium
aparine
Plumbaginaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Linaceae
Linaceae
Linaceae
Poaceae
Fabaceae
Lamiaceae
Lithraceae
Malvaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Asteraceae
Brassicaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Poaceae
Fabaceae
Lamiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Poaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Liliaceae
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Ranunculaceae
Boraginaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Apiaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Pont-CAs
Pont-Sib
subMed
Pont-Med
Pont-Med
Eur-As
Eur-Med
Eur-As
subBoreal
Cos
subMed
Eur-As
Eur-Med
Pont-Med
Eur-As
Cas(Adv)
Eur-subMed
subBoreal
Eur-Sib
subMed
subMed
Orobanchaceae
Eur
Orobanche sp. on Achillea
Orobanche sp. on Thymus
Paeonia tenuifolia
Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae
Paeoniaceae
45
Eur-Med
Pont
subMed
Eur-As
subMed
subMed
Pont-Med
subMed
Eur-Med
Med
subMed
subMed
Med
Med
subMed
P
1
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
1
P
1
P
P
1
P
1
1
1- P
P
P
2
1
1
1
P
P
1
1
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
subMed
P
P
Paliurus spina-christi
Papaver hybridum
Papaver rhoeas
Parietaria officinalis
Periploca graeca
Petrorhagia prolifera [ Tunica prolifera]
Phleum subulatum
Phragmites australis
Picris hieracioides
Plantago lanceolata
Plantago major
Plumbago europaea
Poa angustifolia
Poa bulbosa
Polygonum aviculare
Populus alba
Populus canescens
Potentilla recta
Potentilla pedata
Prunus mahaleb
Psilurus incurvus
Pulicaria dysenterica
Pyrus elaeagrifolia
Ranunculus oxyspermus
Reseda lutea
Rhus coriaria
Rosa sp. -1
Rosa sp.- 2
Rumex obtusifolius
Rumex patientia
Rumex tuberosus
Ruta graveolens
Salsola kali subsp. ruthenica
Salvia aethiopis
Salvia austriaca
Salvia nemorosa
Salvia nutans
Sanguisorba minor
Satureja coerulea
Saxifraga tridactylites
Scabiosa argentea
Scabiosa micrantha
Scabiosa ochroleuca
Rhamnaceae
Papaveraceae
Papaveraceae
Urticaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Asteraceae
Plantaginaceae
Plantaginaceae
Plumbaginaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Polygonaceae
Salicaceae
Salicaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Poaceae
Asteraceae
Rosaceae
Ranunculaceae
Resedaceae
Anacardiaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Rutaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Rosaceae
Lamiaceae
Saxifragaceae
Dipsaceae
Dipsaceae
Dipsaceae
46
Eur-As
Med-CAs
Eur-Sib
Eur
Pont-Med
Pont-Med
Eur-As
Cos
Eur-As
Cos
Boreal
subMed
Cos
Eur-As
Cos
Eur-As
Eur-Med
subBoreal
Med
Eur-Med
subMed
Eur-Med
Med
Med-CAs
subBoreal
Med-As
Eur-Med
Eur-As
Boreal
Pont-Med
Eur-As
Eur-As
Eur
Eur-OT
Eur-Sib
subBoreal
subMed
subBoreal
Bal-Anat
Pont-Med
Eur-Sib
B, T
1
1
P
B
1
1
P
1- P
P
P
P
P
P
1
T
T
P
P
B, T
2
2
T
P
1, P
B
B
B
P
P
P
P
1
2, P
P
P
P
P
B
1
1- P
1
2, P
Scandix australis
Scandix pecten-veneris
Scorzonera hispanica
Scorzonera laciniata
Scorzonera mollis
Sedum sp.
Sedum urvillei subsp. hillebrandtii
(syn.S.sartorianum)
Senecio vernalis
Seseli tortuosum
Setaria verticillata
Sherardia arvensis
Sideritis montana
Silene conica s.l.
Silene dichotoma
Silene exaltata
Sisymbrium orientale
Solanum nigrum
Sonchus arvensis
Sonchus oleraceus
Spartium junceum
Spergularia media
Stachys recta
Stachys atherocalyx
Stipa capillata
Stipa pennata
Stipa lessingiana
Tamarix ramosissima
Tamus communis
Tanacetum corymbosum
Tanacetum millefolium
Taraxacum erythropsermum
Taraxacum officinale
Taraxacum serotinum
Teucrium chamaedrys
Teucrium polium subsp. capitatum
Thalictrum minus
Taeniatherum caput-medusae
Thlaspi perfoliatum
Thymelaea passerina
Thymus pannonicus
Thymus zygioides
Torilis nodosa
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Crassulaceae
Eur-Med
Eur-As
Med
Med
Med
Crassulaceae
Asteraceae
Apiaceae
Poaceae
Rubiaceae
Lamiaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Brassicaceae
Solanaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Fabaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Tamaricaceae
Dioscoreaeceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Ranunculaceae
Poaceae
Brassicaceae
Thymelaeaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Apiaceae
Eur
Eur-Med
subMed
Cos
Med
subMed
subMed-as
Eur-Med
47
Eur-As
Cos
Eur-As
Cos
Med(Adv)
Eur-As
Eur-Med
Pont-Med
Pont-Med
Eur
Eur-As
Eur-As
subMed
Eur-Med
Pont
Eur
Eur-Med
Pont
Eur-Med
Pont-Med
Eur-Sib
Eur-As
Eur-Med
Pont
Eur
subMed
Eur-As
1
1
P
P
P
P
P
1
1,2
1
1
1
1
1,2
P
1,2
1
P
1
B
P
P
P
P
P
P
B
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
1
1
1
P
P
1
Tragopogon dubius
Trigonella gladiata
Trigonella monspeliaca
Tussilago farfara
Valerianella carinata
Valerianella pumila
Verbascum banaticum
Verbascum ovalifolium
Verbena officinalis
Veronica arvensis
Veronica austriaca subsp. austriaca
Veronica hederifolia
Veronica polita
Veronica prostrata
Veronica spicata subsp. prodanii
Vicia sativa subsp. amphicarpa
Vicia pannonica
Vicia peregrina
Vicia sativa subsp. nigra
Vinca herbacea
Viola arvensis
Viola kitaibeliana
Vitis sylvestris
Vulpia myuros
Xanthium spinosum
Xeranthemum annuum
Asteraceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Asteraceae
Valerianaceae
Valerianaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Verbenaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Apocinaceae
Violaceae
Violaceae
Vitaceae
Poaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
1 - annual herbaceous plant
2 - biennial herbaceous plant
P - perennial herbaceous plant
B - bush
T - tree
48
Eur-Med
subMed
subMed
Eur-As
Eur-Med
Pont-Med
Bal-Dac
Pont-Bal
Cos
Eur-Sib
Eur-Med
Eur-Med
Eur-As
Eur
Pont
Med
Eur-Med
Eur-As
Eur-Med
Eur-Med
Eur
Eur-Med
subMed
subBoreal
Cos
subMed
2
1
1
P
1
1
2
2
P
1
P
1
P
P
P
1
1
1
1
P
1
1
B
1
1
1
ROMANIAN BOTANICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDIES OF FLORA IN
BULGARIAN DOBROGEA
Gavril NEGREAN
University of Bucharest, Botanical Garden, Cotroceni Str., No. 32, Bucharest, Romania
negrean_gavril@yahoo.com
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: Since the Bulgarian botanists do not know the botanic research that Romanian botanists made
in Bulgarian Dobrogea we consider that it is appropiate to make them known. A short history of botany in
Dobrogea is given. Also the authors’ contribution to the Flora and Mycobiota of Bulgaria. A list of taxa
(Tracheophyta and Fungi) described by romanian botanists and over than 160 number of bibliography is added.
Keywords: Botanical history, Bulgarian Dobrogea, described taxa, bibliography;
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
Since the Bulgarian botanists do not know the botanic research that Romanian botanists made in
Bulgarian Dobrogea we consider that it is appropiate to make them known.
The oldest knowledge over plants in Dobrogea had the people that had lived on these places from ancient
times. Plants have been used in economical purpose, for food, clothing, constructions, remedies for illnesses etc.
It is known that Dioskurides, one of the greatest doctors of antiquity, had left us as inheritance several
hundreds of plants, described and even illustrated. A number of over 60 of them would be of Dacian origin. Over
the dacian names of Dioskurides plants there been made botanic research but most with contradictory results.
This is also due to the fact that lots copies after Dioskurides work had been done in the middle ages with lots of
adding’s during the years.
Recently, Constantin Dr gulescu from Sibiu University has issued a very interesting and bold hypothesis,
that is: it is probably that Dioskurides himself, it some of its students, have flowed the roman armies trough
Dobrogea, thus being possible that some names of plants to have been picked up by the students from the local
peoples. Dr gulescu is identifyind even a number of approximately 20 plants that would exist also in Dobrogea,
from Dioskurides’ lists. It is a very interesting hypothesis that makes as meditates.
Another information regarding Dobrogea would be represented by the metopes from Adam-Klissi. This
monument has been built by the Romans to celebrate the victory of the roman armies over the gethic people. On
this metopes there are figured also several plants. Their analysis leads to the conclusion that eventual the
architects that buolt this monuments were from southern origin and did not know well the areas around the
monument. While the Trajan’s Column (from Rom, with a very good copy at the archeology Museum in
Bucharest) brought up surprisingly results, through the meaning that the architect that accompanied Traian had
seen plants from Transilvania and had eternalized them of thew Column. This is the case of the fir tree, which
seems that 2000 years ago had not been known by the Romans and they would have known it on these places.
Another very interesting aspect on naturalistic point of view is the fact that the Column it is figured a scene in
which a delegation sent by Dekebal to Trajan was carrying a message written on a huge mushrooms (a
Polyporaceae, after the pores can by seen it).
On the mosaic discovered in Constan a there figured several plants, though they are very stylized and do
not have much of a great for the histors of botanics from Dobrogea. Maybe only an aesthetic one.
Some hints to the vegetation in Dobrogea the great poet Ovidius is also making in its writings.
In the 17 century the great Turkish traveler Evvia Celebi is signaling in its travels through Dobrogea a
plant, Prunus spinosa and says that he has been impressed by the fact that up north to Mangalia the „porumbes
were as big as plums in Turkey” (Dobrogeanu, 1913).
49
The first Romanian botanic research have started after the year 1914 an have continued until today. The
greatest explorer of entire Dobrogea has been Iuliu Prodan who even wrote a monograph very valuable over the
province. Among other botanists that had researched Bulgarin Dobrogea we enumerate I. C. Constantineanu (the
first in IX 1914), Zaharia Pan u, Alexandru Borza, Traian S vulescu and collaborators, Iuliu Nyárády, Emil Pop
and others. We mention that the International Phytogeographic trip orgnized in the year 1931 in Romania had as
objective also a few areas from Bulgarian Dobrogea. Thus we have large lists of plants from Caliacra Cape and
even from the Ceracman Collin (Borza, 1931).
Discussions
What is my connection to the flora from Balcanic Peninsula and from Bulgaria? Exactly 60 years ago, my
natural sciences professor Paul Pteancu, has tought me botanics in high school. He had been the best student of
Alexandru Borza, one of the gretest Romanian botanists. Paul Pteancu had been sent to the Romania high school
in Sofija to teach there natural sciences an expecially to familiarize with the Balcanic Peninsula flora because
proferssor Borza was the adept of the postglaciary migrations towards the Carpathians of the flora an wanted to
prepare his student for continouing the grounding of this theory.
We ourselses have made botanic and mycologic researches through Bulgaria starting the year 1973 when
had particpated to the first Flora anf Vegetation Congress of the Balcan Peninsula, held in Varna. Wee had then
one of the greatest botanist of Europe: T. G. Tutin, J. Jalas, H. Meusel, A. L. Takhdadjean, G. Fekete, Sz.
Priszter, J. Holub, S. M. Walters, C. Zahariadi, A. Strid, F. Ehrendorfer, W. Greuter and others. With that
occasion I have visited also the Botanical Garden in Balcic, Caliacra Cape and have climbed on the „White hill”
from Balcic, frecvent pinted from many romanian painters (Şirato, Tonitza, Petraşcu, D r scu, Iser etc.). With
the occassion of Botanical Congress from Varna I have made botanical trips highly attractive, from Varna to
Sofija (Mount Emine, Ajtos, Sliven, Stara-Zagora, Bacicovo, Plovdiv, Velingrad, Borovecz, Assenovgrad, Pirin
and Rhodopi Mountains etc.).
Starting the year 1997 I have had even an official collaboration with several Bulgarian botanists and
mycologists among which Cvetomir Denchev, Sharkova, Gussev etc. I have collaborated with them on
mycologic researches on some groups of fungus on the Bulgarian and Romanian coasts of Dobrogea
(Peronosporales, Erysiphaceae, Uredina-les, Ustilaginales) I have visited then many interes-ting areas from
eastern Bulgaria, environs of Balcic, from Ecrene to Duranculac, then towards south: Emine Cape, Burgas,
Strandja Mountains etc. Several notes have been publisched by us with highly interesting results.
Several plants and fungi have been distributed in the exsiccatae: Flora Romaniae Exsiccata and Herbarium
Mycologicum Romanicum.
Outnumbered taxons have been described all this time from Bulgarian Dobrogea (species and varieties).
Among the more special species we mention:
Agropyron bazargicensis Prodan,
Agropyron sablensis Prodan,
Alyssum caliacrae Nyár. (Bolata Dere),
Astragalus nyaradyanus Prodan (Cavarna),
Bromus dobrogensis Prodan (Cavarna),
Bromus scoparius L. subsp. cavarnae Prodan,
Centaurea caliacrae Prodan,
Crambe dionisopolysi Prodan (Balcic),
Crambe tataria Sebeok subsp. cavarnae Prodan,
Cyclamen durostoricum Pan u & Solacolu
Dianthus borzaeanus Prodan,
Dianthus campestris Bieb. subsp. serbanii Prodan
Dianthus dobrogensis Prodan,
Euphorbia bazargica Prodan,
50
Euphorbia cadrilateri Prodan,
Euphorbia dobrogensis Prodan,
Festuca media Prodan (Balcic),
Onosma ponticum Prodan (Balcic),
Poa romanica Prodan (Simionova),
Potentilla bazargica Prodan,
Potentilla cavarnana Prodan,
Potentilla emilii-popii Nyár.
Stachys leucoglossa Griseb. ssp. caliacrae Prodan,
Stachys patula Griseb. subsp. ajugaefolia Prodan.
And countless variety and forms. Also some fungus: Calospora crataegi S vul. & Sandu, Cercospora
psoraleae-bituminosae S vul. & Sandu, Cucurbitaria pontica S vul. & Sandu, Puccinia dob-rogensis S vul.,
Uromyces trifolii-purpurei Const.
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60
MACROPHYTOBENTHOS EVOLUTION UNDER PRESENT ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY OF ROMANIAN BLACK SEA COASTAL WATERS AS TO EARLIER
DECADES
Daciana SAVA*, Alexandru S. BOLOGA**
* Universitatea Ovidius Constanţa, Facultatea de Ştiinţe ale Naturii şi Ştiinţe Agricole
B-dul Mamaia, nr. 124, Constanţa, 900527, România, dacianas@yahoo.com
** National Institute for Marine Research & Development “Grigore Antipa”, Mamaia 300, RO-900581,
Constanta 3, Romania, e-mail: abologa@alpha.rmri.ro
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: More than a century has passed since macroalgal flora was studied for the first time by Russian
and Romanian scientists, and later on by Bulgarian, Turkish and Georgian ones. Several decades ago these
studies showed a much higher number of taxa as presently found in the coastal waters.
This paper shows the latest data on macrophytic algae from the Romanian littoral, after a five years long
survey along the coast, in seven sites situated between Constan a and 2 Mai, in different periods of the year
compared with previous data, in order to point out the gradual decline of this major component of the Black Sea
ecosystem, with special emphasize on endangered taxa. The algae were collected from various types of hard
substratum, and from each sample, algae were identified and representative individuals were kept and dried for
the herbarium collection. For biomass estimation three samples were randomly taken from a surface of 100 cm2
at each depth (between 0,5 - 7 m), and the algal material was dried 24 hours at 1050C and weighed.
The present observations show that the Romanian Black Sea coastal zone has been subjected to severe
ecological disturbance during the last five decades; and as a result of complex and multiple anthropogenic
pressures and with unfavourable natural factors, a considerable reduction of macroalgal species is evident within
the general decline of biodiversity.
Keywords: macrophytobenthos, Romanian Black Sea coast, Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
More than a century has passed since macroalgal flora was studied for the first time by Russian and
Romanian scientists, and later on by Bulgarian, Turkish and Georgian ones.
The beginning of marine benthal algology at the Romanian Black Sea coast is marked out by the first
information about native algal flora found in A. Kanitz (1881), where J. Schaarschmidt listed 233 species of
algae, out of which 50 marine, and only six macrophyta are mentioned. In 1907, E. Teodorescu published a
monograph of the algological flora from Romania (both fresh and marine waters) were 32 species of macrophyta
where mentioned in samples taken from rocky bottoms along the Romanian coast (Teodorescu, 1906). The most
decisive step in the development of marine biology in general and algology in particular, is the foundation of the
Marine Zoological Station at Agigea in 1926 by I. Borcea, and of the Bio-oceanographic Institute in Constanta in
1932 by G. Antipa. Starting her activity in 1930, the outstanding algologist Maria Celan contributed with
taxonomical, cytological and ecological research upon macrophytic vegetation from the Black Sea coast. Celan’
s contribution was represented by: first distinction made between the two species of Cystoseira (Celan, 1935),
new macroalgal species described for the Black Sea or for the Romanian sector (Celan, 1936; Celan, 1938),
cytological studies (Celan, 1940), taxonomical studies (Celan, 1948; Celan, 1958; Celan et Serb nescu,
1959Celan, 1960; Celan, 1977). Later, together with A. Bavaru, the studies were extended to algal communities
(Celan et Bavaru, 1973; Celan et Bavaru, 1978).
61
Important contributions to the knowledge of algal flora belong to H. V. Skolka, who was the first to
describe the repartition of red algae Phyllophora (Skolka, 1956), and continued the observations regarding
macroalgae phytocoenoses and their repartition along the shore (Skolka et Bodeanu, 1971; Skolka et al., 1980).
Mainly after 1970, A. Bavaru completed his research in algal systematics and phytocoenology, with
contributions on the macrobenthic vegetation in general (Bavaru, 1970; Bavaru, 1977; Bavaru, 1981) and
especially Cystoseira populations (Bavaru, 1971; Bavaru, 1972). Research on macroalgae extended also to their
physiology and chemistry; e.g., A. S. Bologa studied the photosynthetic productivity of benthic algae (Bologa,
1979; Bologa, 1980), as well as their capacity to accumulate radioactive isotopes, representing useful
bioindicators for this type of pollution (Bologa et al., 1983).
Several decades ago these studies showed a much higher number of species, subspecies and varieties as
presently found in the coastal waters. The continuous quantitative and qualitative lowering of algal diversity and
biomass becomes evident when analyzing the related literature.
According to A.D. Zinova, in 1967, the Black Sea macroalgoflora totalized a number of 277 species with
74 Chlorophyta, 3 Xanthophyta, 71 Phaeophyta and 129 Rhodophyta (Zinova, 1967). But research carried out
after 1970 showed a gradual impoverishment, especially from the qualitative point of view, of the macroalgal
flora. The observations on the both qualitatively and quantitatively decline of macroalgal flora, initiated by
Celan, were confirmed. In 1969, only 77 species were identified (Skolka, 1969), later, in 1977, 86 species
(Bavaru, 1977), and 69 and 55 respectively, after 1980 (Vasiliu, 1984; Vasiliu, 1996).
It is considered that these changes are due to a number of causes such as: massive frosts, silting of the
rocky bottom with suspended matter, decrease of light penetration in the water column due to same suspensions,
increase of eutrophication (Bologa, 1987-1988).
So, it is evident that increasing eutrophication and pollution have considerably changed the structure and
functioning of the Black Sea ecosystem, mainly in its NW corner, where human activities, discharge of polluted
fresh waters, inflow of sewage and industrial wastes, affected both the qualitative and quantitative state of
benthic and planktonic communities; that is why macrophytobentos has shown a gradual and continuous decline.
In the last 20 to 30 years, the phytal zone on the NW shelf has shrunk to a tiny fraction of its previous size: at
present, the area where macrophytobenthos can develop is only a narrow inshore strip, between 2 to 7 m depth
which is the only zone where there is enough light for photosynthesis. Knowing the importance of algae as food
and shelter for animals as well as source of oxygen and external metabolites, such a decline is catastrophic for
benthic life and for the entire ecosystem of in this part of the Black Sea.
Unfortunately very few research has been carried out today regarding the present state of the macroalgal
flora (Bologa, 2001). Taking this in consideration, a new approach of such studies is absolutely necessary in
order to establish the major modifications that occurred in the state of macrophytobenthos, under the influence of
harmful factors that disturbed the quality of marine environment and biodiversity (Bologa et Sava, 2006; Sava,
2002).
The paper shows the latest data on macrophytic algae along the Romanian littoral, after a five years long
survey along the coast, compared with previous data, in order to point out the gradual decline of this major
component of the Black Sea ecosystem, with special emphasize on endangered taxa.
Material and Methods
Sampling stations
One of the most important conditions for the development of macrophytes is the presence of a hard
substratum, of various types. Therefore, the selection of study sites considered as principal criteria the presence
of a rocky, natural or artificial bottom, In some cases, the algae were collected from the shells of mussels that
covered the whole surface of rocky bottoms. The location of the sampling station covered a length of over 60
km, between Constanta to 2 Mai, close to Bulgarian border.
The locations of the study sites as well as the sampling depths are illustrated in Table 1 and Figure 1.
62
Table 1 - Sampling stations of macrophytobenthos, with indication of transects and depths
No.
Sampling
station
1.
Constanta
2.
3.
Agigea
Eforie Nord
4.
5.
6.
Eforie Sud
Costinesti
Mangalia
7.
2 Mai
Transect
Bottom type
Cazino
Trei Papuci
Pescarie
Rocky -natural
Rocky- natural
rocky / tetrapods natural and
artificial
rocky -natural
rocky / tetrapods – natural and
artificial
dam
rocky- natural
rocky / tetrapods –natural and
artificial
Rocky –natural
Sampling
depth
0.5 to 1 m
0.5 to 1 m
0.5 to 4 m
0.5 to 1 m
0.5 to 1 m
0.5 to 3 m
0.5 to 3 m
0.5 to 6 m
0.5 to 5 m
Fig.1 - The location of sample stations along the Romanian Black Sea coast
The research has been carried out between 2000 and 2005, in different periods of the year, both in warm
and in cold season, in order to collect macroalgal species that develop all year round together with the species
that could only be found in certain periods of the year.
Qualitative determinations
Samples for qualitative determinations have been collected from various depths between 0.5 and 6 m, in
plastic bags, together with a label, mentioning place and time of collection. All samples were brought fresh in the
laboratory, carefully washed for sediments and associated fauna, and sorted out in three main groups:
Chlorophyta (green algae), Phaeophyta (brown algae), Rhodophyta (red algae). Species identification was made
macroscopically where possible, but for difficult genera, microscopic examination was necessary. Representative
individuals were kept for herbarium collection.
Quantitative measurements
For accurate results regarding the major modification of the macrophytobenthos, quantitative
determinations are also necessary giving the possibility to appreciate biomass dynamics of these algae during the
last years, comparative with previous decades.
The method used for quantitative measurements is a classical one, and in order to be adequate, certain
requirements were respected, taking in consideration that sometimes sampling can be difficult, because of the
irregular and diverse type of substratum, but, on the other hand, that algal samples must be representative for the
studied algal population.
In present work, the method of squares was used, using a metallic frame that covered a surface of 100
cm2. Three samples were collected from each station, transect and depth and each one was introduced in plastic
bags and labeled. Samples were brought fresh into the laboratory, washed for the associated fauna and
sediments, and dried in oven at 1050 C. The estimation of biomass was calculated from the mean weight of the
three samples and appreciated as dry weight.
Results and Discussions
Qualitative results
In the samples collected during six years of study, 16 Chlorophyta, 5 Phaeophyta and 10 Rhodophyta were
found, as shown in the following list.
CHLOROPHYTA
Ord. ULVALES
Fam. Ulotrichaceae
1. Ulothrix implexa (Kutz.) Kutz.
2. Ulothrix flacca (syn. U. pseudoflacca Wille) Dillw.Thur.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fam. Ulvaceae
Ulva rigida Ag. (Fig.2)
Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Link.
Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulf. et Roth) J.Ag.
Enteromorpha compressa (L.) Grev. (Fig.3)
Enteromorpha linza (L.) J.Ag.
Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F.Mull) J.Ag.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Ord. CLADOPHORALES
Fam. Cladophoraceae
Cladophora vagabunda (L.) Hoeck
Cladophora albida (Huds.) Kutz.
Cladophora sericea (Huds.) Kutz.
Cladophora laetevirens (Dillw.) Kutz.
Cladophora dalmatica Kutz.
Chaetomorpha aerea (Dillw.) Kutz.
Fam. Acrosiphonaceae
1. Urospora penicilliformis (Roth.) Aresh.
Ord. BRYOPSIDALES
Fam. Bryopsidaceae
1. Bryopsis plumosa (Huds.) Ag.
64
PHAEOPHYTA
Ord. ECTOCARPALES
Fam. Ectocarpaceae
1. Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillw) Lyngb.
2. Ectocarpus confervoides (Roth) Le Jolis.
Ord. SCYTOSIPHONALES
Fam. Scytosiphonaceae
1. Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngb) J.Ag.
Ord. PUNCTARIALES
Fam. Punctariaceae
1. Punctaria latifolia Grev.
Ord. FUCALES
Fam. Cystoseiraceae
1. Cystoseira barbata (Good. et Wood.) Ag.
RHODOPHYTA
Ord. BANGIALES
Fam. Bangiaceae
1. Porphyra leucosticta Thur.
2. Bangia fuscopurpurea (Dillw.) Lyngb.
Ord. CRYPTONEMIALES
Fam. Corallinaceae
1. Corallina officinalis L.
Ord. RHODIMENIALES
Fam. Champiaceae
1.Lomentaria clavellosa (Thurn.) Gail. (Fig.4)
Ord. CERAMIALES
Fam. Ceramiaceae
1. Ceramium rubrum (Huds.) C. Ag. (Fig.5)
2. Ceramium elegans (Roth.) Ducl.
3. Ceramium diaphanum (Lightf.) Roth.
4. Callithamnion corymbosum (Ducl.) Ag.
Fam. Rhodomelaceae
1. Polysiphonia elongata (Huds.) Harv.
1.
Ord. GIGARTINALES
Fam. Phyllophoraceae
Phyllophora pseudoceranoides (Gmel.) Newr.et A.Tayl. ( syn. P. membranifolia (Good. et Wood. ) J.Ag
65
Fig. 2 - Ulva rigida Ag.
Fig. 4 - Lomentaria clavellosa (Thurn.) Gail.
Fig. 3 - Enteromorpha compressa (L.) Grev.
Fig. 5 - Ceramium rubrum (Huds.) C. Ag.
Compared with previously reported results, it is very evident that the number of species from each phylum
decreased over the years (Table 2).
Analyzing both the present list and the table, several observations result:
-about the exact number of species of macrophytes, opinions differ from author to author, as a result of
incertitudes created by some forms and varieties and by the consideration of microscopic forms;
-it is very obvious that, over the years, most species belonged to green algae. This can be explained by the
fact that eutrophication, that generally has a negative influence on marine biota, favourized the development of
green algae. Some genera like: Ulva, Enteromorpha, Cladophora persisted and proliferated under these
environmental conditions;
-as to the brown algae, the number of species also decreased and nowadays, only four cold season species
were found;
-red algae are also sensitive to pollution and their number has also decreased over the years, but some
genera of red algae (Ceramium) can also develop in eutrophic waters, sometimes covering the hard substratum
up to 90%;
-another obvious fact is the lack of perennial species: only one such species was found in the samples (red
alga Polysiphonia); Cystoseira barbata (brown) and Phyllophora (red) have been found in various locations
along the shore during field trips, on the beach, teared out from their rocky bottom probably during storms;
-the positive sign that can be pointed out is the reappearance of species that were considered lost for many
years, such as Lomentaria clavellosa, but unfortunately, no exact data about its location and biomass could be
achieved, as the thalli were collected from the beach, teared away from the rocky bottom.
66
Table 2 - Number of macroalgal species along the Romanian Black Sea coast identified
between 1977 and 2002
Phyllum
Bavaru, 1977
Vasiliu, 1980-1995
Sava,1995-2002
Chlorophyta
31
22
16
Phaeophyta
14
9
4
Rhodophyta
41
24
10
Total
86
55
30
It is evident that the benthic algal flora has endured a gradual, but continuous decline and the accentuation
of this decline is not only due to natural factors but mainly to anthropogenic ones. Also, another important
feature is the uniform aspect of the present vegetation and the fact that the new algal communities consist of a
very small number of species. Nevertheless some of them, evinced considerable biomass.
Quantitative results
The qualitative data are completed with quantitative ones, allowing a better understanding of the structure
and functioning of the algal populations. As it became evident from analyzing the samples, green and red algae
were dominant, brown algae being represented by a few number of species, as a consequence, the biomass
estimates were made only for the two major groups: Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta.
The evolution of biomass since 200 evinced that green algae were dominant. Also for a complete image
of the present state of macroalgal vegetation, the values of total biomass of both green and red algae, in all
sampling sites are indicated (Table 3).
Table 3. Total biomass of Chlorophyta (green algae) and Rhodophyta (red algae)
between 2000 and 2005 (g/m3)
Year
Green algae
Red algae
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
TOTAL
19,734
18,828
22,310
25,000
23,410
15,581
124, 863
17,845
17,910
20,802
18,010
21,772
7,830
104,169
It is once more evident that the green algae prevailed and the quantities of red algae are lower.
The maximum development of green algae took place in 2003 (25,000 g/m2), but close values were
registered also in 2002 (22,310 g/m2 ) and 2004 (23,410 g/m2). In 2005, a significant decrease of Chlorophyta
biomass is evident, the total value being almost half (15,581 g/m2) of the one calculated for 2003.
As to the red algae, the maximum value of biomass (21,722 g/m2) occurred in 2004, with slight
differences compared with previous years, whereas in 2005 a reduced biomass was significant, with more than
half values registered compared with the ones observed in 2000.
67
Even though the maximum values of green and red algae were not registered simultaneously, for 2005 it
is evident that both decreased; this could be related to the amelioration of the state of the marine ecosystem along
the Romanian shore in recent years, that could have beneficial consequences on the whole algal vegetation.
It has to be point out that the high biomass of green algae is due to species belonging to the genera
Ulva, Enteromorpha and Cladophora that develop all year round, together with Ulothrix and Urospora that
develop only during the cold season (spring and autumn). But high biomasses of red algae are almost entirely
owed to species of Ceramium, found on rocky bottom the entire year. During spring Porphyra, and sometimes
Polysiphonia and Callithamnion contributed quantitatively. Only in the warm season these last two mentioned
species were found in appreciable quantities in samples. This can be explained because Ceramium species, have
a high capacity of both asexuate and sexuate reproduction, so they can easily and quickly populate the rocky
bottoms, sometimes even completely.
Conclusions
As to the severe environmental degradation of the Black Sea ecosystem in general and of its NW sector in
special, macrophytobenthos deserve a notable attention, as a key component of coastal waters.
The impoverishment of the vegetation, starting in the ’50’s but very evident especially since 1970, is due
to known natural and anthropic causes which deteriorated the quality of the marine environment (massive frosts
registered in some years, progressive degradation of the marine coastal environment due to erosion,
impurification of seawater quality due to increasing eutrophication, extension of hypoxia and even anoxia.
These changes affected not only the macrophytobenthos, but all biological components of the ecosystem,
e.g. the structure and the functioning of benthic and pelagic communities, as well the qualitative and quantitative
state of all phyto and zoocommunities.
Anthropogenic disturbances are still present, changing, directly and indirectly the ecosystem and
community structure, by replacement of some phytocoenoses by others.
Recent observations confirmed: qualitative decline (few number of species), the almost disappearance of
perennial species (brown and red algae) this fact having as consequence disappearance of associated or epiphytic
species, the uniformity of algal belts, that consist mainly of opportunistic species with a short life cycle, much
lower productions compared with those of Cystoseira in previous years; non-stable equilibrium of macrophytic
communities.
The Romanian Black Sea coastal zone has been subjected to severe ecological disturbance during the last
five decades; as a result of complex and multiple anthropogenic pressures together with unfavourable natural
factors, a considerable reduction of macroalgal species within the general decline of biodiversity took place.
Future needs for improving the existing situation may consider:
• continuous biodiversity monitoring in order to enable observations of all changes that might occur;
• continuous observation of the evolution of physical-chemical parametres of shallow waters, with
valuable informations upon the environment quality but also upon the expected amelioration of the state of the
marine ecosystem;
• submission of projects that have to propose rapid but realistic rehabilitation programmes;
• the maintenance of the Marine Reserve 2 Mai –Vama Veche in the south part of the Romanian Black
Sea coast, and its extension across the Bulgarian border, in order to extend the interest in conserving biodiversity
in both countries, and increasing the possibility of more sound related projects and reconstruction plans.
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under modified salinity and ionic rations – Rev Rom. Biol., Biol .veget., 24, 2:127-131
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Universitatea Bucuresti, 174 pp
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of some radionuclides by Balck Sea macrophytes. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Medit., 28, 7: 263-265
BOLOGA A.S., 1987-1988 – Annotated bibliography on the macrophytobenthos along the Romanian
Black Sea coast (1881-1986) Cercetari marine, Recherches marines, 20 / 21, 353-384
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Pacem in Maribus XXVII Conference, Proceedings: 249-254
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macroalgal flora – Cercetari marine, Recherches marine, 36;31-60
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Cystoseira. Bull. Sect. Sci. Acad. Roumaine 17: 81-94
CELAN M., 1936 - Notes sur la flore algologique du littoral roumain de la Mer Noire. III.Quelques algues
récoltées sur la portion du littoral „Institut Bio-océanographique du Constantza –Cap Midia Academie
Roumaine – Mem. Sect. Sci. Romana 3:39-69
CELAN M., 1938 - Notes sur le flore algologique du littoral roumain de la Mer Noire V.- Quelques
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CELAN M., 1940 - Recherches cytologiques sur les algue rouges. Thèse pour le Doctorat es Sciences
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70
AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES FROM THE BLACK SEA COAST AREA BETWEEN
CAPE MIDIA AND CAPE KALIAKRA
Dan COG LNICEANU, Ciprian SAMOIL , Marian TUDOR, Marius SKOLKA
University Ovidius Constanţa, Faculty of Natural Sciences
B-dul Mamaia, nr. 124, Constanţa, 900527, Romania, dcogalniceanu@univ-ovidius.ro
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: We present a preliminary inventory of amphibian and reptile species along the coastline
between Cape Midia (Romania) and Cape Kaliakra (Bulgaria). Eight amphibian species and nine reptile species
were inventoried in the area. The inventory was not complete since the species accumulation curve did not reach
the plateau, but the results can provide an useful baseline for a future monitoring program in the area. The two
countries share many common environmental problems along the Black Sea coastline, but more efforts are
required to integrate existing conservation and legislation measures into effective tools for biodiversity
conservation.
Keywords: inventory, amphibians, reptiles, species richness, distribution, mapping, geodatabase
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
The coastal area between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra belongs to the Pontic (Black Sea) bioregion and
presents unique characteristics. It stretches along approximately 120 km and has been impacted by humans for
thousands of years. The Romanian coastline has been transformed by urban, tourism and industrial development,
with few parts left in a semi-natural state. The Bulgarian coastline is less stressed by human development; here
there are few localities and tourist facilities and no industrial areas. The area covered by the present study does
not only follow a North-South latitudinal gradient, but also a mosaic of human-impacted areas.
Amphibians and reptiles are taxa that appeared and evolved during hundreds of millions of years,
surviving several major extinction periods. Nevertheless, they are sensible to human impact and are good
indicators of the state of the environment. Both amphibians (Stuart et al. 2004) and reptiles (Gibbons et al. 2000)
are declining worldwide and are considered priority taxa for conservation (Gascon et al. 2007). Monitoring
amphibian and reptile populations is recommended since they are sensible to even minor changes in the quality
of their habitats (Dodd et al. in press). In the present paper we present a preliminary inventory of amphibian and
reptile species along the coastline between Cape Midia (Romania) and Cape Kaliakra (Bulgaria), providing the
baseline data for a future monitoring program in the area.
Materials and Methods
During April until August 2008 we conducted monthly field trips lasting four to five days each along the
entire coastline. We used a combination of visual encounter, active search and dip-net sampling techniques to
detect amphibians, as well as visual encounter and active search for reptiles. The geographical coordinates and
altitude of each site were recorded with a handheld Garmin GPS device.
We also recorded the characteristics of aquatic and terrestrial habitat (type, area, maxim depth, pH,
conductivity, vegetation, presence of predators) and the human impact. Existing distribution data was based on
Szekely et al. (in press) for the Romanian part, and on several publications covering the area of interest in
Bulgaria (Lepşi 1926; 1927; 1929; Beschkov 1984a; 1984b; 1985). We did not consider the updated taxonomic
nomenclature, such as the one proposed by Frost et al. (2006) for amphibians; instead we used the taxonomy still
valid in the national legislations. We built an amphibians and reptiles geodatabase in order to manage the
geographic distribution of species records and perform spatial queries. The spatial data originated in two main
sources: GPS data collection from the inventory in 2008 and locality data extracted from bibliographic sources.
71
Both types of data were spatially joined to the UTM 5x5 km grid system based on the corresponding cell code
attributes, and then exported as polygon feature classes and related attribute tables into a personal geodatabase.
We performed the spatial analysis on species records and produced a series of maps with ArcGIS Desktop
9.3, using the ESRI Data and Maps 2008, and elevation Data from NASA, NGA, USGS as main basemap
sources. The coordinate system used for each map was UTM Zone 35N, and datum: WGS 1984 (Figure 1).
Figure 1 - The Black Sea coastal area between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra
covered by the present study
A species accumulation curve was computed for amphibians and reptiles based on individual site data (i.e.
sample based) using EstimateS 7.5 (Colwell, 2005). Sample order was randomized 50 times and mean richness
72
estimates were computed for each sample accumulation level. This removes the effect of sample order and
generates a smoother curve.
Results and Discussion
Amphibians and reptiles are widespread along the coastline, even in highly impacted areas. During our
inventory we found individuals of eight amphibian species (Bombina bombina, Pelobates fuscus, Pelobates
syriacus, Bufo viridis, Hyla arborea, Rana kl. esculenta, R. lessonae, R. ridibunda), and nine reptile species
(Testudo graeca, Emys orbicularis, Lacerta viridis, L. trilineata, Podarcis taurica, P. muralis, Pseudopus
apodus, Coluber caspius, Natrix natrix, Vipera ammodytes). Since the collecting effort differed between the two
countries, we analyzed the data separately. The species accumulation curves based on the number of inventoried
sites did not reach a plateau for both countries (Figures 2 and 3), indicating that the inventory was incomplete.
This is normal for the two taxa where species detectability varies within a wide range. Some species (e.g.
Pelobates sp., Eryx jaculus) are active only during the night, or possess cryptic coloration (e.g. Vipera
ammodytes) and thus have a lower detectability
Species richness
25
20
15
10
5
0
1
6
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
Number of localities
Figure 2 – Species accumulation curve for amphibians and reptiles inventoried along the coastline
between Cape Midia and Vama Veche (Romania).
73
Species richness
20
15
10
5
0
1
A.
3
5
7
9
11
Number of localities
10
Number of species
8
6
4
Bolata Dere
Kaliakra
2
Durankulak
0
B.
1
2
3
4
5
Number of visits
Figure 3 – A. Species accumulation curve for amphibians and reptiles inventoried along the coastline between
Durankulak and Cape Kaliakra (Bulgaria). B. Species accumulation curve for three Bulgarian sites with high
species richness according to the number of visits.
74
Some species were widespread and/or had a high detectability and were recorded from most sites and/or
during each visit (Figure 4). This is the case for water frogs of the Rana esculenta complex and for the lizard
Podarcis taurica and the tortoise Testudo graeca. Other species were rare, either limited to aquatic habitats (e.g.
Emys orbicularis, B. bombina) or type of soil (e.g. Pelobates sp.).
Rana esculenta complex
Podarcis taurica
Testudo graeca
Podarcis muralis
Lacerta viridis
Hyla arborea
Bufo viridis
Pseudopus apodus
Natrix natrix
Dolicophis caspius
Pelobates syriacus
Bombina bombina
Vipera ammodytes
Emys orbicularis
Lacerta trilineata
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Number of sightings
Figure 4 – Frequency of amphibians and reptiles based on the number of sightings along
the Bulgarian coastline between Durankulak and Cape Kaliakra in 2008.
The highest species richness was recorded in Bulgaria in sites that contained both terrestrial and aquatic
habitats (Durankulak, Bolata Dere, Rusalka) while the sites without freshwater aquatic habitats had a lower
species richness due to the absence of most amphibian species (Figure 5).
Kaliakra
Durankulak
Bolata Dere
Rusalka
Zelenka
Tuzlata
Shabla
Krapets
Kamen Bryag
Yaylata
0
2
4
6
8
10
Number of species
Figure 5 – Relative species richness of amphibians and reptiles in several sites
inventoried in Bulgaria in 2008.
75
The species richness pattern can not be correlated with human density, a high number of species being
recorded also from urban or industrial areas (Figure 6). Overall, coastal areas with wetlands hold the highest
species diversity, while the lowest is recorded from inland arid plains used mainly in agriculture, with or without
irrigation.
Figure 6 – Amphibian and reptile species richness along the coastline
between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra.
76
The distribution of several amphibian and reptile species are presented below, including widespread
species like Bufo viridis (Figure 7), Podarcis taurica (Figure 8), Natrix natrix (Figure 9), Dolicophis caspius
(Figure 10), Testudo graeca (Figure 11), or species with specific habitat requirements and a more restricted
distribution, like Bombina bombina (Figure 12), Hyla arborea (Figure 13) or Podarcis muralis (Figure 14).
Figure 7 – Distribution of the Green Toad Bufo viridis along the coastline
between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra.
77
Figure 8 – Distribution of the Balkan Wall lizard Podarcis taurica along the coastline
between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra.
78
Figure 9 – Distribution of the Grass Snake Natrix natrix along the coastline
between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra.
79
Figure 10 – Distribution of the Large Whip Snake Coluber caspius along the coastline
between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra.
80
Figure 11 – Distribution of the Spur-thighed Tortoise Testudo graeca along the coastline
between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra.
81
Figure 12 – Distribution of the Fire-bellied toad Bombina bombina along the coastline
between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra.
82
Figure 13 – Distribution of the Tree Frog Hyla arborea along the coastline
between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra.
83
Figure 14 – Distribution of the Wall lizard Podarcis muralis along the coastline
between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra.
84
Several species have an even more restricted distribution in the studied area, reaching either their northern
distribution limit (e.g. Ophisaurus apodus) or their southern limit (e.g. Eremias arguta)
(Figure 15).
Figure 15 – Distribution of the Steppe Runner Eremias arguta and the European Glass Lizard Ophisaurus
apodus along the coastline between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra.
85
The amphibian and reptile fauna is similar for the coastline stretches of the two countries, despite the
rather large differences between Balkan countries (Atatür and Yilmaz 1986). Bulgaria has a higher amphibian
and reptile species diversity as compared to Romania, despite its smaller area (Table 1). The area covered by our
study is relatively uniform relatively to the number of species, only two reptile species being present only in one
country each (Eremias arguta in Romania and Pseudopus apodus in Bulgaria).
Our inventory was not complete as indicated by the species accumulation curves. When comparing our
results to the management plans for two protected areas in Bulgaria – Durankulak and Shabla the differences in
species richness are significant. The species listed in the management plans are not based on inventories but on
the coarse distribution of the amphibians and reptiles in Bulgaria. It is not backed by recent distribution maps
(Gasc et al. 1997; Naumov and Stanchev 2008). For example, Trayanov (1996, unpublished report cited in the
Draft Management Plan for Shabla Lake Complex in 1998) reports five amphibian and six reptile species in
Shabla lake complex. For Kaliakra and Bolata Dere, the Draft Management Plan (1997) mentions 20 species, but
the report is unreliable and does not refer to any bibliographic source. For example, it cites Triturus cristatus,
which is not present in Bulgaria, clearly confusing it with T. karelinii, mentions B. variegata, confusing it with
B. bombina, wrongly mentions Lacerta taurica and L. muralis, which belong to the genus Podarcis.
The herpetofauna of Romania and Bulgaria differs in both species richness and percentage of species
protected. The conservation status of amphibians and reptiles varies between the two countries (Table 1). While
in Romania all species, except for Natrix natrix, are included in OUG 57/2007, in Bulgaria only 2/3 are included
in the annexes (Law 77/2002).
Table 1 – The number of species of amphibians and reptiles from Romania and Bulgaria and their conservation
status. Romania also protects subspecies and they are represented in addition to the number of species preserved.
PARAMETERS
ROMANIA
BULGARIA
Surface (km2)
237,500
110,910
19+1
18
20
17
100%
94%
8
7
23+1
35
23
24
96%
68%
42+2
53
1.76/1.85
9.81
8
9
Amphibians (number of species)
Protected by Habitats Directive (number)
Protected by Habitats Directive (%)
Number of amphibian species from the investigated coastline area
Reptiles (number of species)
Protected by Habitats Directive (number)
Protected by Habitats Directive (%)
Total number of species
Species density (number of species/10,000 km2)
Number of reptile species from the investigated coastline area
A more detailed comparative analysis of the distribution and conservation status of amphibians and
reptiles in the two countries is given in Tables 2 and 3.
86
Both countries share many environmental problems along the 170 km of terrestrial border in Dobrudja.
Nevertheless there are many differences between the measures taken by the two governments in tackling
environmental problems, starting from discrepancies in legislation and conservation status. Protecting the unique
ecosystems and species diversity of the Black Sea Coast requires a higher degree of cooperation and joint
measures, in a coherent approach.
Table 2 - A comparative analysis of the conservation status of amphibians in Romania, Bulgaria and according
to international conventions or IUCN Red List. The EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) was implemented in
Romania by OUG 57/2007 and in Bulgaria by Law 77/2002. The Romanian Red List is according to Botnariuc
and Tatole (2005) and the Bulgarian according to Beschkov (1985). The species inventoried during the present
study are marked with P.
87
Table 3 - A comparative analysis of the conservation status of reptiles in Romania, Bulgaria and according to
international conventions or IUCN Red List. The taxonomy is according to national legislation; in four species
different names are used in the two countries. The EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) was implemented in
Romania by OUG 57/2007 and in Bulgaria by Law 77/2002. The Romanian Red List is according to Botnariuc
and Tatole (2005) and the Bulgarian Red List according to Beschkov (1985).The species inventoried during the
present study are marked with P.
88
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INVERTEBRATE DIVERSITY IN THE WESTERN PART OF BLACK SEA COAST:
CAPE MIDIA - CAPE KALIAKRA ZONE
Marius SKOLKA
Universitatea Ovidius Constanţa, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Biology - Ecology
Mamaia Bd. 124, Constanţa, 900527, Romania, mskolka@gmail.com
______________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: The western littoral part of the Black Sea is characterized by a series of specific habitats, from
the rocky cliffs covered with tree clusters to the marine dunes. The invertebrate fauna of these habitats is very
interesting, characterized by a number of endemic species, specific to the Pontic province. The present paper
succinctly presents the data known to the present day for the area between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra. These
data represent the result of the research activities accomplished within the Program PHARE CBC RO2005/017535.01.02.02 which took place between April-August 2008.
Key words: invertebrate diversity, Black Sea littoral, Romania, Bulgaria
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
The Black Sea littoral represents a special area from many points of view. The special ecotone conditions
are practically unique compared to other types of habitats, while the fauna, as well as the littoral flora, is strongly
influenced by the marine climate. The species present here – psamophylous, hygrophile or thalassophylous –
even though found in considerable numbers in the neighboring areas as well (steppe vegetation or wetlands),
form a particular association.
Due to the narrow littoral area – a few hundred meters at most – the fauna associations – quite poor in
species compared to those in the neighboring areas – are subject to much stronger anthropogenic pressure, any
modification of the habitat leading to the disappearance of entire groups. Thus, the harbor developments on the
one side, as well as the development of the specific touristic infrastructures on the other, have led to the
disappearance of fauna encountered frequently on the beaches from large portions of the littoral (especially the
area Mamaia-Eforie North).
From an ecological point of view, several types of fauna groups can be found in the littoral area. If we
classify these groups according to the microhabitats, the following categories can be counted:
- The fauna of decomposing algae deposits and alluvial deposits;
- The fauna of the beach proper, with no vegetation;
- The fauna of psamophile vegetation with Crambe maritima, Salsola sp., Cakile maritima;
- The fauna of the herbaceous vegetation strip dominated by Leymus sabulosus;
- The fauna of the wetlands in the Vadu-Navodari area and the paramarine lake areas;
- The fauna of the high seawalls in the southern part of the littoral.
Among these particular types of fauna, those exclusive to the littoral area are the first four. Here, there is a
number of typical species, while in the seawall fauna in the southern littoral and the wetland area north of
Mamaia – more and more affected by the anthropogenic impact – the fauna is made up of species present in
other types of habitats as well.
A specification must be made from the very beginning. The studies effected on the fauna in the littoral area in
general and the entomofauna in particular have been sporadic and, with the exception of the valuable researches
of Carol Nagy (Nagy, 1971, 1972), they usually approached aspects regarding one or another of the taxonomical
groups. Comparative ecological studies on these interesting insect groups lack almost completely.
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Material and Methods
The present paper is mostly based on specialized literature for the outlining of species into different
taxonomic groups which occur in the littoral area. Also, the field observations within the Program PHARE CBC
RO2005/017-535.01.02.02 between April-August 2008 completed the literature data for some of the insect
groups.
Results and Discussions
The most interesting fauna group in the littoral area can be found in the vicinity of the wave breaking area,
where algae debris or mollusk shells deposit all year round. All this decomposing debris represents a complex
ensemble of habitat niches populated by an important number of living creatures. The trophic chains formed here
are based on trophic resources of organic decomposing matter. Some of the species present in the detritus
deposits can also be found in other areas, while other species are characteristic to a specific zone.
Particularly interesting is the presence of certain marine species that consume the same resources in this
narrow portion. Thus, in the alluvial deposits of the littoral area and under the piles of algae, one can frequently
encounter gammarid amphipods, while crabs like Carcinus mediterraneus (quite rare over the last decades at the
Romanian littoral) or Pachygrapsus marmoratus usually feed during the warm season with mollusk cadavers
thrown on the beach by the waves, and not only. The fauna encountered in the organic detritus deposits on the
beach is made up especially of insects, which dominate in terms of number of species and individuals. A number
of birds specialized in exploiting the same habitat niches complete the fauna here.
The insects encountered in this area are divided into several categories. A first category is represented by
those species that consume decomposing organic matter. This category contains not only Dermaptera such as
Labidura riparia (characteristic to the littoral area, where large populations can be found), springtails
(Collembola) of the genera Entomobrya and Tomocerus, etc. but especially larvae and adults of brachycer
Diptera and Coleoptera. Among these: Euconnus waterhali (Scydmenidae), Sapromyza bipunctata, Fucellia
maritima (in large numbers on the beaches, even in warm days during the cold season), Choleva oblonga,
Ptomaphagus varicornis, Sciodrepa watsoni, Catops tristis (Catopidae), Calobaea bifasciella, Ctenulus
pectoralis, Salticella fasciata (Sciomyzidae), Pyrelia cadaverina, Piophila caripes (Piophilidae), Ephydra
macellaria (whose larvae feed on epibiont Diatomea on the rocks in the wave breaking area or on decomposing
vegetal remains), Lucilia sericata, Agyrtes castaneus, Necrodes littoralis, Ablataria laevigata (Silphidae), Lebia
cyanocephala, Chlaenius festivus (Coleoptera). The larvae of some of these species often practice cannibalism –
phenomenon also observed in Labidura. Also on the sea shore, one can encounter certain species of Heteroptera
such as Prostemma gutula, Prostemma seneicole – which take shelter in mollusk shells, Prostemma sanguinea,
Nysus senecionis – found on rocky beaches in the southern littoral, Tingis maculata, Aethus nigritus, found on
sandy beaches in the north, Microvelia schneideri – on the piles of decomposing algae.
Another category is represented by the carnivorous species that feed on larvae or adults of species in the
first category or which they use as hosts. This group is made up especially of Coleoptera - Cicindela trisignata,
Clivina fosor, Clivina ypsilon, Paederus riparius – or Hymenoptera genus – Teleas, Brachymeria (which are
parasites for other species) and species Bembix oculata, Bembix olivacea (which feeds its larvae with different
Diptera species captured on the detritus deposits on the beach), to which ants, Neuroptera or damselflies and
dragonflies are added, but they are not as important. Certain birds that live on the beaches also feed on larvae of
the different insect species that grow in the decomposing algae deposits.
The beaches proper, deprived of vegetation, have a poor fauna, represented especially by species from the
neighboring areas – the vegetation zone or the sea shore with alga or mollusk deposits. On the beaches, one may
encounter especially predatory species that are active in open field – such as the Cicindelida among Coleoptera,
certain species of Hymenoptera such as Pompilus plumbeus or Ammophila sabulosa, Heteroptera such as Aethus
nigritus, Arma custos (which hunts other insect species), Saldula saltatoria, certain predatory Diptera in the
Asilida group, the spiders. More rarely, during the night, certain large Myriapoda can be found in the same area
– Scolopendra cingulata, while during the day, sand lizards venture in the area – Eremias arguta deserti.
91
In the psamophile vegetation areas with Crambe maritima and Cakile maritima, as well as in the area
with Elymus sabulosus, the fauna is richer. On the bushes of Cakile maritima or Crambe maritima one can often
find individuals of Heteroptera, some common like Eurydema ornata, but this is also where Eurydema spectabile
is encountered, a species strictly localized on the littoral strip and which does not exist in other habitats;
important populations of this species also occur on bushes of Crambe in the northern littoral. Grasshopers
(Orthoptera) are also represented by common species, often in large numbers – Calliptamus italicus,
Stenobothrus fischeri, Oedipoda germanica, but also by species strictly localized on the littoral strip, like
Acrotylus longipes, species existing only in this type of habitat. The populations of this species have disappeared
in the Mamaia-Agigea area, while it is rare in the southern littoral. An isolated population remains only in the
Agigea sand dunes reservation, in the area with Convolvulus persicus; vigorous populations can be found north
of Mamaia. Other species found in these areas: Gasteropoda/Gastropoda – Helicella obvia, Odonata – species of
Agrion, Sympetrum, Ischnura pumilio, Orthoptera – Tetrix subulata, etc., Mantodea – Ameles decolor, seldom
Mantis religiosa, Neuroptera, Heteroptera – Menccarus arenicola, Psacasta neglecta, Zicrona coerulea,
Eysacoris punctatus, etc., Coleoptera – Lophyridia lunulata, Zbrus, Harpalus, Pogonidium laticolle, a large
number of adults of species of Diptera, Hymenoptera – Ammophila sabulosa, Pompilus plumbeus, Bembix,
Myrmecocystus. Vertebrate species can also be encountered in the area – reptiles (Eremias arguta deserti,
Podarcis taurica) or birds that sometimes nestle in these habitats.
The swampy areas are the richest in regards to the fauna, the following being dominant: Orthoptera –
Tettigonia viridissima, Calliptamus italicus, Oedipoda coerulescens, Acrida hungarica – in areas where
herbaceous vegetation dominates and the soil is not swampy, Nematocera Diptera the group of Chironomidae –
Chironomus plumosus, C. salinarius, Glyptotendipes sp. and Culicidae – Culex sp., Aedes sp., Heteroptera (both
the hydrocorisae Nepa, Ranatra, Notonecta, Plea, etc. - and geocorisae) and Lepidoptera – Lycaena phlaeas,
Lycaena dispar. Well represented are also all types of insects with aquatic larvae or adults – Odonata of all
genera (Callopteryx, Agrion, Lestes, Sympecma, Sympetrum, Ischnura, Aeschna, s.a.), Ephemeroptera – Caenis,
Baetis, Ephemera), Coleoptera, etc. Still, the fauna of these habitats is not exclusive to the littoral area, as they
are usually found around ponds and in Danube Delta and Danube Valley.
The largest areas of this kind can be found north of Vadu-Mamaia, as in the southern littoral they are
restricted to the seashore between Eforie South and Costinesti, where fresh water infiltrations occur at the basis
of the seawalls and this permits the development of compact bushes. They are also restricted to the Hergheliei
Swamp near Mangalia.
The southern littoral with high seawalls partially covered by sparse vegetation represents another
interesting habitat. The seawalls position makes them directly influenced by the salty marine moisture and by the
strong sunlight. The vegetation living here is mostly of steppe origin. The particular importance of these habitats
comes from the fact that the littoral steppe is almost entirely gone, being limited to a very narrow strip on the
superior part of the seawalls, the rest being occupied by agricultural crops. The seawall entomofauna is also
mostly represented by steppe species that take shelter in the vegetation from the edge of the seawalls or on that
of the steep slopes, or it is made up of species that visit flowing plants in these narrow strips of wild vegetation.
This justifies the exhaustive citation of all the taxa encountered in this area. There are frequent Odonata –
Sympecma fusca, Sympetrum vulgatum, Aeschna affinis, Mantidae – Mantis religiosa, Orthoptera – Gryllus
desertus, Poecillimon brunneri, Isophya speciosa, Saga pedo (very rare), Tetrix subulata, Calliptamus barbarus,
Calliptamus italicus, Oedipoda sp., Acrida hungarica, Tettigonia viridissima, Phaneroptera falcata, Heteroptera
– Metopoplax origani, Reduvius personatus, Anthocoris nemorum, Liocoris tripustulatus, etc, Homoptera –
Centrotus cornutus, Cercopsis sanguinolenta, Neuroptera Chrysopidae and Myrmeleontidae, Coleoptera –
Calosoma inquisitor, Notiophilus palustris, Bledius furcatus, a large number of species of Lepidoptera that visit
flowering plants – Pontia daplidice, Colias croceus, Colias erate, Polyommatus icarus, Vanessa cardui, Vanessa
atalanta, Argynnis lathonia, Coenonympha pamphilus etc, adults of Diptera that fly on the beach too,
Hymenoptera.
Among the Gasteropoda/Gastropoda?, quite frequent are Zebrina varnensis, Helicella obvia dobrudschae,
Cernuella virgata variabilis, Helicopsis striata, Monacha carthusiana, among the Myriapoda Lithobius
92
forficatus, Scolopendra cingulata, Scutigera cleoptrata, order Araneae with families Lycosidae and/or
Salticidae.
The list of taxa in the Romanian littoral area
Gasteropoda - Pulmonata
Snails are poorly represented in the littoral areas (Grosuu, 1983, 1987, 1993; Negrea, 1994a, 1994b). The
absence of vegetation on the beaches, as well as the influence of salt in the soil have caused the lack of
Gasteropoda in the littoral strip. Numerous populations of Helicella or Zebrina varnensis can be encountered in
the psamophile vegetation or the herbaceous areas on seawalls. In areas with swamp vegetation situated north of
Mamaia, a number of aquatic or water loving species can occur. Similarly, in areas with trees or shrubs nearby
the seashore, characteristic Gasteropoda occur.
Zebrina varnensis Pfeiff.
Milax dobrogicus Grossu
Ovatella ( Myosotella) myosotis (Drap.)
Cernuella virgata variabilis (Drap.)
Lymnaea stagnalis (L.)
Cernuella dobrogica Grossu
Galba truncatula (O.F.Muller)
Helicella obvia dobrudsche Clessin
Ancylus fluviatilis (O.F.Muller)
Helicella spiruloides Wagner
Planorbis carinatus (Muller)
Helicopsis striata O.F.Muller
Planorbis planorbis (L.)
Helicopsis dejecta Cristofori et Jan
Zebrina varnensis (Pfeiff.)
Helicopsis krynickii (Andr.)
Chondrula tridens (O.F.Muller)
Helicopsis derbentina (Krynicki)
Cecilioides acicula (O.F.Muller)
Cochlicella acuta (O.F.Muller)
Oxychilus glaber (West)
Monacha cartusiana (O.F.Muller)
Oxychilus dilus rumelicus (Hesse)
Helix pomatia L.
Multidentula ovularis (Olivier)
Helix lucorum O.F.Muller
Milax kusceri H.Wagner
Myriapoda – Chilopoda
Millipedes and centipedes are poorly represented in the coastal habitats(Matic, 1966, 1992; Negru, 1994).
Their ecological characteristic are often improper for most Myriapoda species. Still, some species can be present
nearby beaches and mostly in the vegetation of high seawalls, the most frequent being Scolopendra cingulata
and Scutigera cleoptrata.
Lithobius forficatus (L.)
Lithobius muticus Koch
Lithobius (Monotarsobius) crassipes Koch
Lithobius (Monotarsobius) burzenlandicus euxinicus Prunescu
Scutigeromorpha
Scutigera cleoptrata (L.)
Scolopendra cingulata L
Araneae
The spiders are a little studied group in the Romanian littoral area and not only (Fuhn, Gherasim, 1995;
Fuhn, Niculescu-Burlacu, 1971; Oltean, 1968). Due to the complexities of the trophic relationships in which they
are involved as a group of predators, a systematic inventory of this group is absolutely necessary in the future.
Lycosidae
Arctosa cinerea Fabr.
Pardosa italica Tong.
Lycosa vultuosa Koch
Pardosa luctinosa Simon
Lycosa radiata Latr.
Alopecosa cursor Hahn
Salticidae
Alopecosa sulzeri Pv.
Yllenus horvathi Chyz.
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Euophrys erratica Walck.
Heliophanus flavipes Hahn.
Heliophanus kochi Simon
Marpissa muscosa Clerck
Sitticus dzieduszyckii Koch
Myrmarachne formicaria de Geer
Insecta
Ord. Collembola
Springtails are a group that has few demands regarding the environment conditions, they often occur in
large agglomerations in the littoral area, sometimes in particular microhabitats, such as the ponds remaining on
rocks after storms, where hundreds of individuals can be found. The springtail fauna in the littoral area has not
yet been studied systematically.
Anurida maritima Guerin
Archisotoma besselsi (Pacard)
Entomobrya marginata Tulb.
Friesea acuminata Denis
Heteromorus major Mon.
Onychiurus fimata Gisin
Tomocerus vulgaris (Tullb.)
Seira ferrari Parona
Sminthurus sp.
Ephemeroptera
The larvae of Ephemeroptera are part of the pond fauna in the littoral area, while the adults occur in the
entomofauna of herbaceous vegetation (Bogoescu, 1958). They are not present on the high seawalls in the
southern littoral or on beaches. In the littoral area, only a few species can be found that also occur nearby fresh
water habitats.
Palingenia longicauda (Olivier)
Ephemera vulgata L.
Caenis horraria (L.)
Baetis bioculatus (L.)
Cloeon dipterum (L.)
Odonata
Damselflies and dragonflies are predatory species and good fliers and they can be found frequently on
beaches or in habitats in their vicinity, especially where there are ponds or swamps nearby(Bulimar, 1992, 1993;
Cârdei, Bulimar, 1963; Griebler, 1994)
Anisoptera
Libellula quadrimaculata L.
Orthetrum cancellatum (L.)
Sympetrum pedemontanum Allioni
Sympetrum depressiusculum (Selys)
Sympetrum sanguineum L.
Aeschna grandis (L.)
Aeschna affinis Steph.
Anax imperator (Leach)
Zygoptera
Callopteryx splendens L.
Agrion pulchellum (van der Linden)
Lestes barbarus (van der Linden)
Lestes viridis (van der Linden)
Lestes dryas (Kirby)
Sympecma fusca Lind.
Agrion puella L.
Ischnura pumilio Charp.
Ischnura elegans Lind.
Orthoptera
Grasshoppers are one the groups represented especially in areas with herbaceous vegetation nearby
beaches or on seawalls (Knechtel, Popovici-Baznosanu, 1950). Few species are adapted exclusively to the
habitats with sparse psamophile vegetation like Acrotylus longipes with vigorous populations in the areas of
Vadu-Mamaia and Eforie; the Agigea population, restricted to the sandy perimeter with Convolvulus persicus is
currently endangered.
94
Tettigonioidea
Tettigonia viridissima (L)
Poecillimon brunneri Friv.
Isophia speciosa Friv.
Phaneroptera falcata Scop.
Saga pedo Pall.
Grylloidea
Gryllus desertus (Pallas)
Oecanthus pellucens Scop.
Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (L)
Acridoidea
Tetrix subulata L.
Calliptamus italicus (L)
Acrida hungarica (Herbst)
Stenobothrus fischeri Ev.
Oedipoda germanica Latr.
Oedipoda coerulescens (L)
Acrotylus longipes Charp.
Blattodea
Roaches occur accidentally in the littoral area. One of the species – Ectobius laponicus – is characteristic
to forests and can be found only in areas with trees (Comorova Forest), while the other species prefer human
presence and can be found in areas with buildings. An interesting situation is given by Periplaneta americana –
a species that has immigrated recently and that has been appearing frequently since 1990 around Constanta, all
year round.
Ectobius laponicus L.
Phyllodromia germanica L.
Blatta orientalis L.
Periplaneta americana L.
Mantodea
Praying mantids are poorly represented in the European entomofauna. Only two of the four species of
Mantida (characteristic to Dobrogea) occur in the littoral areas with high seawalls (Knechtel, PopoviciBaznosanu, 1950).
Mantis religiosa (L)
Ameles decolor (Charp.)
Dermaptera
Polyphage species by excellence, Dermaptera (earwings) are one of the groups characteristic to beaches.
The piles of decomposing algae or bivalves and crustaceans represent a trophic niche where Labidura riparia in
particular, develop extremely numerous populations along the entire littoral.
Forficula auricularia (L.)
Labidura riparia Pall.
Anechura bipunctata F.
Chelidurella acanthopygia Gen.
Thysanoptera
The trips are distributed in areas with herbaceous vegetation and they are rare or absent on the beaches
with sparse vegetation. The adults and the larvae occur in plant inflorescences. As with other groups, a
systematic inventory of Thysanopterae in the littoral areas does not exist yet (Knechtel, 1951; Vasiliu-Oromulu,
1992, 1998).
Taeniothrips frici Uzel
Terebrantia
Thrips tabaci (Lindeman)
Aelothrips intermedius Bag.
Stenothrips graminum (Uzel)
Aelothrips astutus (Priesner)
Limothrips angulicornis Jab.
Tubulifera
Haplothrips angusticornis Priesner
Pseudocryptothrips meridionalis (Priesner)
Haplothrips reuteri Karny
Haplothrips tritici Kurd.
Kakothrips robustus (Uzel)
Bolothrips icarus Uzel.
Taeniothrips discolor (Karny)
Bolothrips bicolor (Heeger)
Heteroptera
Heteroptera (bugs) – particularly their representatives of the order Gymnocerata, are one of the numerous
groups in the terrestrial littoral biotopes. Unlike coleoptera or Diptera, Heteroptera populate the beach strips with
herbaceous vegetation and especially the seawalls or the steppes nearby beaches. The special particularities of
their eating habits do not permit them to occupy the trophic niches offered by the decomposing organic material
on the beaches. Criptocerata can be found only in the ponds nearby the littoral or in the paramarine lakes (Kis,
1985, 1993 ; Schneider, Plattner, 1968).
Cryptocerata
Derula flavoguttata M.R.
Corixa punctata Illiger.
Carpocoris mediterraneus (Tamanini)
Hesperocorixa linnaei Fieb.
Carpocoris pudicus Poda
Carpocoris fuscipinus Boh.
Peracorixa coccinea Fieb.
Antheminia lunulata Goeze
Sigara stagnalis pontica Jacz.
Palomena prasina L.
Sigara assimilis Fieb.
Eurydema ornata L.
Sigara striata L.
Eurydema spectabile (L)
Sigara iactans Jann.
Eurydema ventrale (Kolenati)
Sigara lateralis Leach
Menaccarus arenicola Schltz.
Plea lechi McGreg. et Kirk.
Sciocoris sulcatus Fieber
Notonecta glauca L.
Sciocoris helferi Fieber.
Ilyocoris cimicoides L.
Nepa rubra L.
Sciocoris deltocephalus (Fieber)
Ranatra linearis L.
Sciocoris macrocephalus Fieb.
Gerris lacustris L.
Dryoderes umbraculatus Fabr.
Gerris odontogaster Zett.
Aelia acuminata L.
Gerris argentatus Schum.
Neotiglossa pusilla Gmel.
Hydrometra stagnorum L.
Holcostethus sphacelatus Fabr.
Gymnocerata
Zicrona coerulea L.
Stibaropus henkei Jak.
Arma custos F.
Byrsinus fossor Mulss. et Rey
Jalla domosa L.
Aethus nigritus F.
Troilus luridus F.
Aethus flavicornis (Fabricius)
Eysacoris punctatus L.
Geotomus punctulatus (Costa)
Henestaris halophilus Bur.
Geotomus caucasius (Kolenati)
Lygaeosoma reticulatum H.-S.
Cydnus atterimus Frst.
Nysus punctipennis H.-S.
Legnotus limbosus (Geoffroi)
Nysus thymi Wlff.
Legnotus picipes Fall.
Nysus senecionis Schill.
Canthophorus melanopterus H.- S.
Metopoplax origani Kolenanti
Schirus morio L.
Derephysia foliacea Fall.
Odontoscelis lineola (Rambur)
Stephanitis piri Geoff.
Odontoscelis dorsalis (Fabricius)
Tingis maculata H.-S.
Odontoscelis fuliginosa L.
Reduvius personatus L.
Irochrotus lanatus (Pallas)
Prostemma guttula F.
Prostemma seneicolle Stein
Phimodera humeralis (Dalman)
Prostemma sanguinea Rossi
Psacasta neglecta H.-S.
Hebrus pusillus Fall.
Psacasta exanthematica (Scopoli)
Nabis apterus F.
Eurygaster austriaca (Schrank)
Nabis ferus L.
Eurygaster itegriceps (Puton)
Nabis brevis Schltz.
Eurygaster maura (L)
Microvelia schneideri Schltz.
Ancyrosoma leucogrammes Gmel.
Velia currens F.
Graphosoma lineatum L.
96
Saldula saltatoria L.
Anthocoris nemorum L.
Orius nigra Wlff.
Orius minuta L.
Capsodes gothicus L.
Liocoris tripustulatus F.
Camptobrochis punctulatus Fall.
Codophila varia (Fabricius)
Homoptera
Homoptera represent another order that lacks data regarding the littoral areas. Entire taxonomic groups
such as the suborder Auchenorhyncha are practically not studied. The aphids, for example, a very important
group in the habitats with herbaceous vegetation can offer many interesting surprises.
Centrotus cornutus F.
Caliscelis bonellii Latr.
Cercopsis sanguinolenta L.
Neuroptera
Both the adults and the larvae are predatory species. Coniopterigida and Chrysopida occur especially in
areas with thick or bushy herbaceous vegetation, or in the biotopes where there are trees as well. Ant lions
(Myrmeleonidae), on the other side, are by excellence inhabitants of the open biotopes, with soil that is relatively
poorly covered by vegetation; their larvae prefer sandy soils on the beaches or in their close vicinity, where they
build characteristic traps. The adults can be encountered in the herbaceous vegetation nearby the beaches (Kis et
al, 1970).
Coniopterygidea
Chrysopa phyllochroma (Wesmael)
Coniopteryx borealis (Tjeder)
Coniopteryx loispetsederi (Aspock)
Myrmeleonoidea
Coniopteryx esbenpeterseni Tj.
Dendroleon pantherinus (Fabr.)
Coniopteryx tjederi Kimm.
Megistopus flavicornis (Rossi)
Hemerobiidea
Creoleon lugdunense Villers
Hemerobius humulinus L.
Myrmeleon formicarius (L)
Hemerobius stigma Steph.
Myrmeleon inconspicuus (Rambur)
Hemerobius micans Oliv.
Euroleon nostras (Fourcroy)
Aleuropteryx ornata (Kis)
Acanthaclisis occitanica (Villers)
Chrysopydea
Acanthaclisis baetica (Ramb.)
Chrysopa carnea Steph.
Myrmecaelurus trigrammus (Pallas)
Chrysopa hungarica (Klapalek)
Neuroleon nemausiensis (Borkhausen)
Chrysopa abbreviata (Curtis)
Formicaleon tetragrammicus F.
Chrysopa commata (Kis-Ujhelyi)
Coleoptera
Coleoptera represent one of the best represented groups on the beaches and in the littoral areas, alongside
diptera (Crisan, 1993 ; Ienistea, 1968; Nitu, 1992; Ostafciuc, 1994; Panin, 1955; Panin, Savulescu, 1961;
Popovici, 1992; Ruic nescu, 1995; Serafim, 1993°, 1993b; Serafim, Ruic nescu, 1995; Teodor, 1993; Teodor,
Traian, 1996). Among Coleoptera, a large number of species literally consume – as adults or as larvae – the
remains of decomposing algae on the beach; other species are saprobic, coprophage or necrophage, while others
are carnivorous, attacking mostly Diptera larvae. Considering that the group befitted from detailed studies at
national level, the species in the littoral area are relatively well known, too.
Cicindella trisignata Dej.
Carabus violaceus L.
Cicindella campestris pontica Motsch.
Calosoma inquisitor L.
Cicindella lunulata nemoralis O.
Calosoma maderae auropunctatum Hbst.
97
Oxytelus complanatus F.
Stenus ater Mannh.
Euplectes bicolor Denny
Hister sinuatus Illig.
Hister quadrimaculatus L.
Hister fimetarius Hbst.
Hister stercorarius Hoffm.
Hister quadrinotatus Scriba
Thanatophilus sinuatus F.
Agyrtes castaneus Payk.
Necrodes littoralis L.
Silpha orientalis Brull.
Silpha carinata Illig.
Drilus concolor Ahr.
Choleva oblonga Mull.
Ptomaphagus varicornis Rosh.
Scioderpa watsoni Spin.
Catops tristis Panz.
Dermestes lardarius L.
Dermestes mustelinus Er.
Attagenus piceus Oliv.
Anthrenus pimpinellae F.
Anthrenus scrophulariae L.
Anthrenus fuscus Oliv.
Atomaria ruficornis Marsh.
Heterocerus flexuosus Steph.
Scymnus apetzi Muls.
Phyllotreta poeciloceras Cond.
Cryptocephalis globicollis Sufr.
Cryptocephalus flavipes F.
Cryprocephalus bipunctatus L.
Crepidodera helxines L.
Apthona cyparissiae Koch.
Epicauta verticalis Illig.
Zonitis caucasica Pall.
Lydus balcanicus Steutz.
Lydus chalybaeus Tautsch.
Trichodes quadriguttatus Adams
Notoxus trifasciatus Rossi
Anthicus hispidus Rossi
Anthicus antherinus L.
Anthicus fenestratus Schm.
Anthicus humilis Germ.
Onthophagus lucidus Sturm.
Potosia fieberi Kr.
Epicometis hirta Poda
Scarabaeus affinis (Brulle)
Aphodius lugens (Creutzer)
Aphodius punctipenis (Erichson)
Omophron limbatum F.
Clivina fossor L.
Clivina ypsilon Dej.
Dyschirus numidicus ponticus Lutshn.
Brachinus explodens Duft.
Brachinus crepitans L.
Brachinus angustatus Dej.
Polystichus conexus Fourc.
Notiophilus palustris Duft.
Ditomus capito Serv.
Lebia cyanocephala L.
Chlenius festivus F.
Amara similata Gil.
Amara familiaris Duft.
Amara aenea De Geer
Amara equestris Duft.
Trechus quadristriatus Schrk.
Microlestes minutullus Goeze
Microlestes plagiatus Duft.
Calatus cisteloides Panz.
Calatus fuscus F.
Zabrus blaptoides Creutz.
Zabrus curtus Dej.
Harpalus aeneus F.
Harpalus azureus F.
Harpalus serripes Luc.
Harpalus distinguendus Luc.
Bembidium varium Oliv.
Pogonidium laticolle Duft.
Pardileus calceatus Duft.
Lyperosomus aterrimus Hbst.
Staphylinus cesareus L.
Staphylinus murinus L.
Paederus riparius L.
Carpelinus memnonius Kiesw.
Philonthus fulvipes F.
Philonthus punctatus Grav.
Philonthus longicornis Steph.
Philonthus xantholoma Grav.
Tachyporus nitidulus F.
Tachyporus obtusus L.
Tachyporus chrysomelinus L.
Conosoma pubescens Grav.
Oxyporus rufus L.
Troglophloeus riparius Boisd.
Bledius tricornis Hbst.
Bledius furcatus Oliv.
Bledius unicornis Germ.
Haploderus caelatus Grav.
98
Maladera holoserica Scop.
Homaloplia alternata Kust.
Homaloplia ruricola F..
Homaloplia erythroptera Friv.
Coccinela septempunctata L.
Thea 22-punctata L.
Calamobius filum L.
Aphodius immunus (Creutzer)
Trox hispidus (Pontoppidan)
Pentodon bidens (Pallas)
Pentodon idiota Herbst.
Polyphylla fullo (L.)
Anoxia orientalis (Kryn)
Anomala errans (Fabr.)
Mecoptera
This order – that includes scorpionflies - It is represented by a single species – Panorpa communis L. –
rarely on the beach, sometimes close to wetlands (Nagler, 1968).
Trichoptera
The members of this group are relatively rare on the beaches. However, the adults can sometimes be
found in large numbers in the herbaceous vegetation of the high seawalls in the south or close to the moors in the
area of Vadu-Navodari. Also, they can be present in the anthropic areas along the littoral, if there are permanent
ponds nearby (Ciubuc, 1993).
Argypnia varia (Fabricius)
Limnephilus flavospinosus (Stein)
Limnephilus affinis Curtis
Limnephilus sparsus Curtis
Limnephilus bipunctatus Curtis
Colpotaulius incistus (Curtis)
Limnephilus decipiens (Kolenati)
Oecetis ochreacea (Curtis)
Lepidoptera
Moths and butterflies are less connected to the beach biotope, where the larvae do not find a variety of
trophic resources. However, the adults can be encountered both on the beaches, where they visit the flowers of
rare psamophile plants, but especially in the areas with herbaceous vegetation or bushes close to the beaches.
Also, the presence of forested areas close to the seashore, such as Comorova or Neptun, facilitate the presence
of forest species in the littoral area (Kovacs et Kovacs, 1998, 1999; Rakosy, 1997; Rakosy, Szekely, 1996;
Rusti, 1992, 1994; Skolka, 1994; Vicol, 1997).
Triodia amasinus dobrogensis Car.
Tineidae
Euplocamus ophisus Cram.
Cossidae
Phragmataecia castanea Hb.
Anemopogon quercicolellus H.-S.
Parahypopta caestrum Hb.
Neurothaumasia ankerella Mn.
Zygaenidae
Tinea pellionella L.
Zygaena contaminei Bsdv.
Tinea flavescentella Haw.
Adscita subsolana Stgr.
Fermocelina inquinatella Zell.
Adscita globulariae Hb.
Trichophaga tapetzella L.
Adscita mannii Led.
Trichophaga abruptella Wall.
Monopis imella Hb.
Geometridae
Cyclophora porata L.
Monopis nominella Zag.
Scopula tesselaria Bsdv.
Ethmiidae
Ethmia bipunctella F.
Scopula turbidaria Hb.
Aegeriidae
Scopula marginepunctata Goeze
Chamaesphecia anellata (Zeller)
Scopula beckeraria Led.
Chamaesphecia astatiformis (Herrich Scopula incanata L.
Schaffer)
Scopula laevigata Scop.
Chamaesphecia empiformis (Esper)
Scopula flaccidaria Zel.
Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rottenburg)
Idaea vulpinaria H.-S.
Idaea filicata Hb.
Hepialidae
99
Idaea levigata Scop.
Idaea camparia H.-S.
Idaea elongaria Ramb.
Idaea biselata Hfn.
Idaea politata Hb.
Idaea seriata Schr.
Idaea degeneraria Hb.
Rhodostrophia vibicaria Clerck.
Caclysme riguata Hb.
Lythria purpuraria L.
Lythria purpurata L.
Orthonoma obstipata F.
Catarhoe rubidata D. et S.
Epirrhoe galiata D. et S.
Epirrhoe rivata Hb.
Pelurga comitata L.
Euphitecia insigniata Hb.
Euphitecia variostrigata Alph.
Eupithecia centaureata D. et S.
Euphitecia breviculata Donz.
Euphitecia denticulata Treitsche
Euphitecia extensaria Fr.
Euphitecia simpliciata Haw.
Gymnoscellis rufifasciata Haw.
Anaitis plagiata L.
Lithostege duplicata Hb.
Lomaspilis marginata L.
Ligdia adustata D. et S.
Semiothisa glarearia Brahm.
Semiothisa aestimaria sareptanaria Stgr.
Narraga tessularia kasyi Mouch. et Pov.
Tephrina murinaria F.
Tephrina arenacearia D. et S.
Gnopharmia stevenaria Bsdv.
Eilicrinia trinotata Metz.
Apocheima pilosarium D. et S.
Biston stratarius Hfn.
Agriopis bajaria D. et S.
Dasycorsa modesta Stgr.
Peribatodes rhomboidaria D. et S.
Peribatodes secundaria D. et S.
Synopsis sociaria Hb.
Boarmia roboraria D. et S.
Serraca punctinalis Scop.
Ascotis selenaria D. et S.
Campaea margaritata L.
Aspitates ochrearius Rossi
Boarmia selenaria (Schiffer)
Calothysanis amata (L.)
Cidaria bilineata (L.)
Lasiocampidae
Gastroparca quercifolia L.
Odonestis pruni L.
Notodontidae
Phalera bucephala L.
Cerura vinula L.
Dicranura ulmi D. et S.
Paradrymonia vittata bulgarica de Freina
Pterostoma palpinum Cl.
Arctiidae
Pelosia obtusa H.-S.
Lithosia pallifrons Z.
Lithosia quadra L.
Eilema sororculum Hfn.
Eilema caniola Hbn.
Eilema pygmaeola Dbld.
Coscinia striata L.
Chelis maculosa mannerheimii Dup.
Phragmatobia fuliginosa L.
Spiris striata L.
Spilosoma lubricipedum L.
Spilosoma urticae Esp.
Arctia caja L.
Arctia villica L.
Ammobiota festiva Hfn.
Dysauxes famula pontica Frise
Noctuidae
Xestia c - nigum (L.)
Dysgonia algira (L.)
Agrostis ipsilon (Hufnagel)
Trachea atriplicis (L.)
Prodotis stolida (Fabr.)
Emmelia trabealis (Scopoli)
Autographa gamma (L.)
Autographa confusa (Stephens)
Mythimna albipuncta (Denis Schiffermuler)
Heliothis maritima (Graslin)
Lacanobia oleracea (L.)
Catocala elocata (Esper)
Catocala puerpra (Giorna)
Sphingidae
Acherontia atropos (L.)
Herse convolvuli (L.)
Smerinthus ocellata L.
Laothoe populi L.
Celerio lineata livornica Esp.
Celerio euphorbiae L.
100
Pergesa elpenor L
Pergesa porcelus (L.)
Macroglosum stellatarum (L.)
Hesperiidae
Ochlodes venatus (Brem - Grey)
Charcharodus flocciferus (Zell)
Pyrgus serratulae. (L)
Maniola jurtina (L.)
Melanargia galathea (L.)
Coenonympha pamphilus (L.)
Lycaenidae
Lycaena phlaeas (L.)
Lycaena dispar L.
Plebejus idas (L.)
Plebejus argus (L.)
Plebejus argyrognomon (Bgstr)
Celastrina argiolus L.
Polyommatus icarus (Rott)
Aricia agestis (Schiff)
Nymphalidae
Nymphalis polychloros (L.)
Aglais urticae (L.)
Polygonia c - album (L.)
Vanessa atalanta (L.)
Vanessa cardui (L.)
Inachis io (L.)
Melitaea varia (Mey - Dun)
Melitaea trivia (Den et Schifer)
Melitaea phoebe (Schiff)
Argynnis lathonia (L.)
Argynnis pandora (Den et Schiff)
Papilionidae
Iphiclides podalirius (L.)
Papilio machaon (L.)
Pieridae
Leptidea sinapis (L.)
Anthocaris cardamines (L.)
Pontia daplidice (L.)
Pieris brassicae (L.)
Pieris napi (L.)
Pieris rapae (L.)
Colias croceus (Fourcr.)
Colias erate Esp.
Gonepteryx rhamni (L.)
Satyridae
Pararge megaera (L.)
Pararge maera (L.)
Diptera
Flies and mosquitos are relatively well represented in all the littoral areas (Albu, 1980; Ceianu 1999;
Dinulescu, 1958; Ionescu, Weinberg, 1960, 1963, 1971; Neacsu, 1965; Pârvu, 1993a, 1993b, 1993c; Weinberg,
1994). The most frequent are brachycer Diptera, whose larvae feed on the piles of decomposing algae or on the
cadavers of mollusks, crustaceans, fish and sometimes mammals and birds thrown on the beach by waves. A
considerable number of this kind of species are characteristic to the beaches, and they can be found in numerous
populations over the entire length of the littoral. Nematocera Diptera reach the beach accidentally; numerous
populations of Chironomida and Culicida can be found in the north – Vadu-Navodari – or the Herghelie Swamp
area in Mangalia, where there are swampy biotopes (where the larvae of these species develop) in the immediate
vicinity of the beaches.
Leptochironomus tener
Nematocera
Dicrotendipes fusconotarsus Kieff.
Glyptotendipes barbipes St.
Tipulidae
Glyptotendipes severinei Goet.
Endochironomus tendens Fabr.
Tipula oleracea.L.
Polypedilum nubeculossum Meig.
Chironomidae.
Polypedilum scalaenum Schr.
Chironomus gr. plumosus
Tanytarsus excavatus Edw.
Chironomus halophilus Kieff.
Paratanytarsus inoperatus Walk.
Chironomus salinarius Kieff.
Culicidae
Einfeldia disidens Walk.
Aedes caspius Pall.
Haliella noctivaga Kieff.
Aedes dorsalis Meig.
Cryptocladopelma virescens Meig.
Aedes cantans Meig.
Parachironomus arcuatus Goet.
101
Aedes salinus Edw.
Aedes quartus Mart.
Aedes geniculata Edw.
Culex pipiens pipiens L.
Culex pipiens molestus Forsk.
Culex modestus Fic.
Culex tipuliformis Theobald
Urotaenia unguiculata Edw.
Taniorhynchus richardii Fic.
Anopheles maculipennis Meig.
Anopheles pseudopictus Grasse
Anopheles bifurcatus L.
Anopheles messeae Fall.
Anopheles labranchiae Fall.
Anopheles hyrcanus Pall.
Brachycera
Laphria fulva Mg.
Compsilura concinnata Mg.
Siphona geniculata De Geer
Monoleta cincta Nees
Limnobia nubeculosa Mg.
Erioptera trivialis Mg.
Limnophila oleracea Mg.
Bibio marci L.
Sciara thomae L.
Scatopse fuscipes Mg.
Hermione trilineata F.
Haplodonta viridula F.
Rhagio lieneola F.
Chrysops flavipes Meig.
Chrysops italicus (Meigen)
Chrysops pictus Meig.
Tabanus solstitialis Mg.
Tabanus lunatus F.
Tabanus bifarius Loew.
Chrysozona crassicornis Wahl.
Chrysozona pluvialis (L.)
Ochrops rusticus L.
Lapharia fulva Mg.
Philonicus albiceps Mg.
Exoprosopa jacchus F.
Exoprosopa germari Wied.
Villa hotentota L.
Anthrax fenestratus Fall.
Bombylius major L.
Tachista sabulosa Mg.
Syrphus tricinctus Fall.
Syrphus torvus O.-S.
Syrphus balteatus De Geer.
Erystalomyia tenax L.
Xylota femorata L.
Sapromyza bipunctata Kieff.
Cnemodon vitripenis (Meigen)
Lonchaea chorea F.
Chilosia melanura Beck.
Piophila caripes Mg.
Calobaea bifasciella Mg.
Ctenulus pectoralis Z.
Salticella fasciata Mg.
Bischoffia simplex Fall.
Tetanocera arrogans Mg.
Oxytaenia mikiana Hend.
Meroplius stercorrarius Rob.
Nemopoda nitidula Fall.
Themira putris L.
Themira anulipes Mg.
Limosina limosa Fall.
Rhamphomyia marginata L.
Melieria omissa Loew.
Euconnus watterhali Gyll.
Choleva oblonga Mull.
Ptomaphagus varicornis Rosh.
Scioderpa watsoni Spin.
Ephydra macellaria Egger
Fucellia maritima Hall.
Sepsis thoracica Rob.-Desv.
Coremacera catenata Scop.
Trypetoptera punctulata Scop.
Hemipenthes morio Loew.
Catops tristis Panz.
Fannia scalaris F.
Muscina stabulans Fall.
Musca tempestiva Fall.
Pyrella cadaverina L.
Heteronychia rohdendorfi P.-S.
Oxytaenia mikiana Hend.
Meroplius stercorarius R.-D.
Nemopoda nitidula Fall.
Sarcophaga carnaria L.
Bercaea hamorrhoidalis Fall.
Platystoma seminationis L.
Cylindomyia brassicaria F.
Tephromyia grisea Mg.
Metopia leucocephala Rossi
Histochaeta marmorata F.
Gymnosoma rotundatum L.
Echinomyia prompta Mg.
Lucilia ruficeps Mg.
102
Lucilia sericata Mg.
Limnophora notata Fall.
Dexia rustica F.
Spilogona dispar Fall.
Lispa hydromysina Fall.
Hymenoptera
The wasps and bees encountered in the littoral area are fewer compared to the Diptera or Coleoptera
(Andriescu, 1993; Constantineanu et Constantineanu, 1993, 1997, 1998; Constantineanu, 1965; Ionescu, 1957,
1973 ; Iuga, 1958 ; Konnerth-Ionescu, 1963; Lacatusu, 1968; Nagy, 1968; Negru, 1965; Pascu, 1996, 1997;
Scobiola, 1960, 1963; Scobiola-Palade, 1965, 1968, 1978, 1981). Among these species there are those that hunt
on the beach and those that are parasites for larvae or adults of Diptera or Coleoptera. Anthophylous species are
rare and only occur accidentally on the inflorescence of plants in the herbaceous vegetation area.
Teleas rugosus Kieff.
Bombus agrorum L.
Teleas lamellatus Kieff.
Bombus terrestris L.
Brachymeria minuta L.
Bombus lapidarius L.
Vespa germanica L.
Brachymeria intermedia Nees
Haltichella rufipes Oliv.
Pompilius plumbeus F.
Ammophila sabulosa L.
Ammophila heydeni Dhlb
Ammophila hirsuta Scop.
Ammophila affinis Kirby
Ammophila morawitzi Andr.
Bembix oculata Latr.
Bembix olivacea Cyr.
Cerceris rybyensis L.
Liris nigra Lind.
Stizus distinguendus Hand.
Philanthus triangulum F.
Philanthus coronatus F.
Philanthus venustus Rossi
Tetramorium caespitum L.
Formicoidea
Myrmecocystus cursor Fonsc.
Myrmecocystus viaticus F.
Myrmecocystis varialei Em.
Messor structor Latr.
Scelionidae
Sparasion frontalis Latr.
Megachilidae
Eriades maxillosus L.
Anthidium variegatum F.
Lithurgus chrysurus F.
Apoidea
Dasypoda plumipes Drury
Amegilla quadrifasciata quadrifasciata
(Villers)
Tetralonia ruficornis (Mocsary)
Amobates (amobates) punctatus (Fabr.)
Xylocopa violacea L.
103
The entomofauna in the Bulgarian littoral
The area included in the project, located as far as Cape Kaliakra, is characterized by a much richer habitat
diversity, compared to the Romanian littoral area. Thus, if the northern part of the Bulgarian littoral, between
Krapets and Durankulak, is characterized by sandy beaches stretched in the vicinity of paramarine lakes or high
loess seawalls, south of cape Shabla the seawall becomes rocky and its height rises to over 50 meters. In this
case, a new type of habitat occurs – rather a complex of habitats – characterized by a different entomofauna that
can be seen north of Vama Veche. Thus, the seawall plateau is often terraced and covered by shrubs and tree
clusters in which certain species of southern origin occur. A particular complexity in terms of habitat structure
can be encountered in Kamen Bryag, Yailata, Rusalka, Bolata Dere and the south-oriented seawall from cape
Kaliakra, where a particular vegetation develops and shelters a largely unstudied entomofauna.
Considering these reasons, we appreciate that the entomofauna of the Bulgarian littoral is much richer
compared to the one at the Romanian littoral. The dune vegetation areas, exceptionally well preserved both in
Durankulak and Shabla, permit the existence of important invertebrate populations that occur only isolate in the
Romanian littoral area (the Agigea and Eforie South zones have been strongly affected by the anthropogenic
impact and only preserve partially the characteristic species).
However, the richest, most interesting and complex entomofauna can be encountered in the portions
where the limestone seawall, furrowed by a system of fissures and caves (which permit the development of a
characteristic fauna), is terraced and covered by forest, as well as the seawall in cape Kaliakra, where the
underground water drains permit the development on the almost vertical wall of a vegetation that is mostly
hygrophile, looking like a jungle. Sadly, these areas have not been studied by specialists interested in more
detailed entomofauna studies and unfortunately, in some cases (Rusalka), the anthropogenic impact can already
be seen. These areas are protected at national level, which means, at least theoretically, that their very important
entomofauna biodiversity and flora are preserved.
The Durankulak Area. It is characterized by the presence of a littoral strip that separates the lake from
the sea, a strip on which vegetal associations characteristic to the marine dunes occur. They are very well
preserved due to the inexistence of an access route and to the fact that the anthropogenic impact in the area is
minimal compared to the Romanian littoral. In the north and south, the high loess seawalls are covered with
herbaceous vegetation, while the ridge of the seawalls display plants of different wood types, from Fraxinus
ornus and Carpinus orientalis to Pinus nigra and Amorpha fruticosa. At the basis of the seawall that edges the
littoral strip in the north, there are very well preserved associations dominated by Crambe maritima.
All these habitats are completed by the presence in the immediate vicinity of Lake Durankulak with
wetland vegetal associations. In this area, the invertebrate fauna is much richer compared to the area north of
cape Midia, where there are no wetlands even though there are high seawalls.
Important populations of Orthoptera have been identified as they are characteristic to the associations
dominated by sand plants such as Acrotylus longipes present in extremely large numbers starting with June. A
considerable number of Cicindela hybrida also occurs in May. In the area with Crambe maritime, the population
of the Mediterranean Heteroptera Eurydema spectabile reaches a very high density, the number of individuals
per one plant exceeding 200. Among Lepidoptera – which are quite numerous in the area due to the habitat
diversity – are worth mentioning especially Lycaena dispar – characteristic to wet habitats – and Zerynthia
hypsipyle, both being on the lists of the Habitat Directive. The forest skirts south and north of the littoral strip
shelter a considerable number of species of lepidopters such as Euchloe ausonia, Brenthis daphne, Argynnis
pandora, Melitatea phoebe, Melanargia galathea, Zygaena filipendulae while the flowers in the littoral strip
Astragallus attract a large number of Colias croceus, Vanessa cardiu, Aricia agestis, Polyommatus icarus,
Polyommatus bellargus. A number of rare species are cited in the area such as Scopula corrivalaria and
Diachrysia chryson deltaica signaled in Bulgaria only in this area, as well as Triodia amasinus dobrogensis,
Macrochilo cribrumalis, Schrankia costaestrigalis, Eupithecia variostrigata, Eupithecia inturbata, Diachrysia
104
nadeja, Athetis furvula, Proxenus lepigone, Apamea sicula, Agrotis obesa scitha, Agrotis vestigialis, Pelosia
obtusa, Hyles hippophaes, Colias erate, Pseudophilotes vicrama, Melitaea trivia (Abadjiev, Beshkov, 2007).
The Shabla Area. The marine dunes in this area are larger compared to those in Durankulak, but they
shelter a smaller entomofauna due to th fact that the vegetation is also poorer in species. Common species have
been identified in this area: Pieris rapae, Colias croceus, Lycaena phlaeas, Polyommatus icarus, Coenonympha
pamphilus alongside the noctuid Drasteria caucasica, species characterisitc to the sandy habitats. Other species
are cited in the specialized literature in the area of sand dunes and neighboring wetlands, such as Triodia
amasinus dobrogensis, Eupithecia variostrigata, Eupithecia biornata, Eupithecia ochridata, Oxicesta
geographica, Simyra albovenosa, Schrankia costaestrigalis, Cucullia asteris, Proxenus lepigone, Archanara
dissoluta, Agrotis vestigialis, Pelosia obtusa, Rhyparioides metelkana, many of them present in Durankulak, an
area similar in many aspects regarding the habitat conditions (Abadjiev et al, 1999; Abadjiev, Beshkov, 2007;
Beshkov, Abadjiev, 2000)
Cape Kaliakra – Bolata Dere
Located at the southern extremity of the littoral area north of cape Kaliakra, Bolata Dere valley represents
an extremely interesting mixture of habitats. Thus, the narrow valley oriented east-west is sheltered by strong
winds, except those that blow from the sea. The valley is swampy, populated by associations of hygrophile
plants and associations of xerophile bushes on the slopes dominated by species such as Paliurus spina-christi.
The valley and sea plateau are dominated by Iris and Asphodeline lutea. In this sheltered valley, the diurnal
Lepidoptera are represented by common species Papilio machaon, Iphiclides podalirius, Anthocaris cardamines,
Gonepteryx rhamni, Lycaena phlaeas – as well as by rarer species such as Pyrgus sidae sau Melitaea trivia.
The cape Kaliakra area is very interesting in what regards the invertebrate fauna. The high seawall (over
50 m), south oriented, offers shelter from the dominant winds and permits the development of an extremely
interesting vegetation with numerous species characteristic to wetlands (due to the numerous water infiltrations)
and thermophile species that form associations with jungle aspect. On the limestone plateau, there is a xeric
habitat characterized by species adapted to a very dry climate. Among them, the enormous agglomerations of
xerophile Gasteropoda, as well as large populations of Orthoptera that populate the plateaus with natural
vegetation above the seawall. A number of interesting Lepidoptera have been indentified during the field trips,
such as Strymon ilicis, Zygaena ephialtes, alongside common species such as Argynnis pandora, Pararge
megera or Synaphe moldavica. The Lepidoptera fauna in cape Kaliakra also includes rare species, such as
Lycaena dispar, Maculinea arion, Catopta thrips – present on the lists of the Bern Convention, a number of
subspecies characterized by the light colors of their wings (feature directly connected to the limestone soil) –
Autophola asiatica argentea, Autophila dilucida argentea, Auchmis detersa argentea, Caradrina pertinax
argentea, Dichagyris melanura albida, Dichagyris renigera argentina, Dichagyris flavina pretiosa, Agrotis
obesa nivea, Meganola albula nivalis. These are completed by rare and localized species such as Triodia
amasinus dobrogensis, Oncocnemis michaelorum, Lemonia balcanica, Lasiocampa quercus, Nychiodes
waltheri, Eupithecia variostrigata, Pandesma robusta, Clytie syriaca, Panchrysia aurea, Oxicesta geographica,
Cryphia ochsi, Cryphia amasina, Acontia titania, Pyrrhia purpurina, Pyrrhia victorina, Eutelia adoratrix,
Mycteroplus puniceago, Proxenus lepigone, Chortodes morrisii, Oxytripia orbiculosa noctivolans,Lacanobia
praedita, Hadula odontites, Hadena persimilis, Euxoa cos crimaea, Euxoa conspicua, Nola cristatula, Nycteola
siculana, Sphingonaepiopsis gorgoniades, Hyles gallii, Hyles hippophaes, Thymelicus acteon, Pyrgus cinarae,
Pseudophilotes vicrama, Glaucopsyche alexis, Plebejus sephirus, Melitaea trivia, Melitaea aurelia, (Abadjiev,
Beshkov, 2007).
Apart from the Lepidoptera, it is worth mentioning the presence in the area of an Orthoptera – Asiotmethis
limbatus – species characteristic to the limestone habitats, rare and localized in eastern Europe, present also in
the Romanian Dobrogea and once signaled in the Romanian littoral area, but currently extinct.
105
Rusalka. The Rusalka area is quite similar as habitat structure with cape Kaliakra. The difference lies in
the fact that the limestone plateau is crashed forming a series of 4-5 successive terraces, covered by a complex of
trees and shrubs that alternate with clearings dominated by herbaceous plants. The limestone plateau is
dominated by herbaceous plants, but the habitats are less dry compared to the high seawall in Kaliakra. In this
area, the entomofauna is extremely interesting, comprising on a reduced territory, species characteristic to the
marine beaches, to the limestone seawalls, to the east-Balkan thermophile forests or to the steppe habitats.
Among Lepidoptera, we remark the presence of interesting species that have not been observed in the other areas
investigated during the Program PHARE CBC RO2005/017-535.01.02.02. Thus, among the rhopalocera, the
following species were observed in July Strymon accaciae, Scolitantides orion and Pseudophilotes vicrama,
Philotes baton (present also in Bolata Dere and cape Kaliakra), Pyrgus cirsii, Pyrgus armoricanus.
Conclusions
Analyzing comparatively the two areas studied from a biodiversity point of view within the Project
PHARE CBC RO2005/017-535.01.02.02 the conclusion is that there are a number of similarities and differences
between the Romanian littoral area and the Bulgarian one. Thus, the Romanian littoral displays (from a
biodiversity point of view as well) a continuation north of the limestone shore in the Cape Kaliakra area. The
diversity of the entomofauna decreases from south to north with the disappearance of certain habitats – limestone
seawalls covered with tree clusters – north of cape Shabla. From the point of view of the entomofauna, three
types of associations can be distinguished in this area of the western littoral of the Black Sea: a dominant
association of forest and steppe species south of cape Shabla, an association with steppe and maritime dunes
species between cape Shabla and cape Midia and a dominant association with species characteristic strictly to the
littoral strips – north of cape Midia. From far, the richest in number of species is the area between Yailata and
cape Kaliakra.
From the point of view of the originality of fauna associations in the Romanian littoral area, the wild
beaches area can be distinguished on the one hand, where human influence is minimal and where numerous
populations of insects still remain alongside other invertebrates that feed either on vegetal or animal remains
thrown by waves onto the beach, or on the vegetation characteristic to the sandy beaches. These areas suffered
the most in the past because of the anthropogenic impact and we appreciate that they should be protected
everywhere where it is necessary.
Unfortunately, the entomofauna of these areas is mostly not studied, either at the level of taxonomy or
ecology. Studies to outline the complex relationships among different species of insects in the vegetal
associations in the littoral area should be a priority in order to understand the structurs of these habitats
characteristic to the Pontic region.
Due to the fact that a large part of the wild littoral is included in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reservation,
the unaltered preservation of these habitats can be considered certain today.
The Agigea Maritime Dunes Reservation and the seawalls in the southern littoral do not share a similar
situation.
Firstly, the reduction of reservation surface and the severance of any direct connection to the seashore (the
harbor installations Constanta South-Agigea are currently located in front of the reservation) have led to the
turning of the reservation into steppe which made the once sands lie almost entirely fallow, except a very small
surface in the north. This way, the initial flora and fauna have changed profoundly. Still, that surface is protected
by law, which means its protection is certain.
The seawalls in the southern littoral are an interesting area where the flora and fauna characteristic to the
original steppe interpenetrates the beach flora and fauna. If in the close past this area was extremely little
affected by human activities, the accelerated rhythm of construction in some parts of the southern littoral in the
superior part of the seawall raises a number of problems now. Due to the sewage system which is located in the
close vicinity of the seawalls, the soil quality will inevitably change as certain opportunistic plant species will
enter and thus deeply alter the original flora. This kind of situations occurred over the entire length of the seawall
106
in the vicinity of the cities and towns of Constanta, Eforie North or Eforie South, where the flora is currently
dominated by weeds. This is why we consider imperative the decision to declare protected areas these seawall
zones currently unaffected by the anthropogenic impact.
In the Bulgarian littoral, the degree of preservation is much higher. The lack of access routes, of large
urban agglomerations in the littoral area and the lack of harbors and resorts make the area between Durankulak
and cape Kaliakra much better preserved, compared to the Romanian littoral. A large part of the coastline is
included in different protected areas, which is a guarantee for its protection in the future. However, a widening of
these areas is desired in order to create a green corridor. This would also prevent the development of any
considerable projects that would alter the habitats radically.
A general conclusion regarding the fauna of invertebrates in the analyzed area is that the correct way is to
treat this area as a continuum from this point of view as well, the gradual modification of the fauna being in fact
a reflection of the habitat structure in the coastal area.
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110
STUDY ON THE AVIFAUNISTICAL DIVERSITY IN THE COASTAL AREA
BETWEEN CAPE MIDIA (ROMANIA) AND CAPE KALIAKRA (BULGARIA)
Gabriel BANIC
Universitatea Ovidius Constanta, Facultatea de Stiinte ale Naturii si Stiinte Agricole, Mamaia Bd., No. 124,
900527, Constanta, Romania, gabibiosys@yahoo.com
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: The paper presents the result of the ornithological observations made in the summer of the
2008 on the wetlands from the Romanian and Bulgarian Black Sea coast. We observed 172 species of birds: in
Romania 153 species and in Bulgaria 121 species. Some of this species we have seen only on the Romanian sea
coast, some of them only on the Bulgarian sea coast. There are significant differences between the habitats from
the two countries and the anthropic impact. They are still important bird populations in this area, but the human
impact has a very big influence on these populations. We need solutions for the protections of this beautiful area.
Keywords: Birds, Black Sea Coast, Wetlands, Bulgaria, Romania.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
Habitats. Birds are dependent on the habitats they are living in, just as any other living creature. Naturaly,
this means that habitat variety will lead to an even larger bird species diversity. The coastal habitats between
Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra are varied and alternate some with others. This favors bird populations, offering
them great living conditions.
Unfortunately, the coastal area is more and more under anthropic influence. People have a great tendency
towards the coastline, proven by the large number of settlements (cities and holiday resorts) present everywhere
on the globe. There is an important traffic, both terrestrial and aquatic. The warm season is reserved to aestival
tourism, a factor extremely disturbing for the birds which may nest here.
We believe that habitat variety, alongside the anthropic impact are the leading factors in determining the
area’s bird diversity.
In the studied area, we can distinguish the following types of the habitat:
•
•
•
The Black Sea. This is about the sea’s water surface situated close to the shore. Here, species of
waterfowl and good flying birds can find shelter, birds belonging to Gaviiformes, Podicipediformes,
Anseriformes, Charadriiformes orders and Fulica atra. Of course, this is not only a nesting place, it is
just an area destined to resting and feeding.
Marine Beach. There exists an entire series of beaches in the studied area, fine feeding and resting place
for Charadriiformes species (limicoles, gulls and terns). These should’ve also been fine nesting places
of this species, but because of the tourists and other anthropic activities, practically, these beaches
cannot be used this way.
Claysh cliffs. These cliffs are found especially in the Romanian area, as the cliff between Tuzla and
Costinesti or the cliff between 2 Mai and Vama Veche. A similar cliff is found at Durankulak, in the
north (Bulgaria). These are less affected areas by the human influence, and can still provide fine nesting
places for species which build their nests here, as the Falco tinnunculus, Coracias garrulus, Merops
apiaster, Sturnus vulgaris, Passer montanus.
111
•
•
•
•
•
Stony cliffs. This sort of cliff does not exist in Romania, only in Bulgaria, at Kamen Bryag, Yaylata,
Rusalka and Kalyakra Cape. These are tall cliffs, which are of little use to men. For this reason, they are
favourable for the nesting places of some birds as the Oenanthe pleshanka, largely spread in the area.
Coastal steppes. If in Romania this habitat almost does not exist anymore (in the coastal area), because
of the antropic aggression, in Bulgaria, steppes still can be found above cliffs, at Kamen Bryag,
Yaylata, Rusalka and Kaliakra Cape. Here nest birds characteristical of open areas, as the Burhinus
oedicnemus, Melanocorypha calandra, Alauda arvensis, Lanius collurio, Lanius minor, Anthus
campestris, Motacilla alba, Passer montanus, etc.
Litoral lakes. More or less influenced by human activity, the lakes are excellent habitats, for a large
number of bird species. Practically, several ecosystems can be found here, from the beaches, reed beds,
open water surfaces or bushes of the shore, good places for birds, good for nesting and also for resting
or feeding. There are many lakes situated in the near vicinity of the sea-side, both in Romania
(especially) and Bulgaria. A large number of aquatic species may be found here.
Forested areas. Forests do not exists in the word’s true meaning in the studied area, but there are some
areas with trees and bushes, there are parks, which are good habitats for a large number of birds
(Passeriformes). Usually, these are not good nesting places, but during migration and in the cold
season, they are great refugees for many species of birds.
Anthropic habitat. Here species of birds are found characteristical to settlements and harbours. The
birds here have an importance which is not to be neglected, especially now that some species have
started conquering this new territory, as the Larus cachinnans, bird nesting in the cities on the
Romanian sea-coast.
Here, is an extremely brief, a presentation of the principal habitats in Dobruja’s coastal area. Of course,
wet areas are prioritary and have the utmost importance for local birds.
Migration. The coastal area in the west of the Black Sea is one of the most important way of migration
in Europe. Here, the Pontic and Sarmatic ways are found, followed by a large variety of species. This means that
during spring and fall, both the Bulgarian and the Romanian coasts are passed by a large number of birds,
especially aquatic birds, but also small passerines (Passeriformes) and birds of prey (Falconiformes). Most
species of migrating birds in the Danube Delta follow this route. Birds that nest in northern Europe and even in
northern Asia fly, in the majority of cases, along the west coast of the Black Sea.
This fact makes bird fauna in the coastal area of Bulgaria and Romania become distinctly rich (leading to
a large avifaunistical diversity). For this reason, the existence of resting and feeding places for birds is extremely
important for their survival. We mention only the wetlands of Techirghiol Lake and Hergheliei Swamp, from
Romania (Banica, G. 1996, Banica, G. 2000) and Durankulak Lake and Sabla Lake (Bulgaria).
Wintering. There exist many aquatic species that winter in the wetlands on the shores of Dobruja (both
Romanian and Bularian). This fact increases the specific diversity of birds from the area. For the the red breasted
goose (Branta ruficollis), Dobruja it’s the main wintering area. To illustrate the distinct importance of this area
for aquatic birds wintering here, we need to mention that the numbers of the species from the Orders
Gaviiformes, Podicipediformes, Pelecaniformes, Ciconiiformes, Anseriformes, Gruiformes si Charadriiformes of
this period of the year can go beyond one million individuals (Munteanu, D. et al. 1989).
Antropic impact. Since the dawn of time, people have preferred the closeness of water. This is why the
sea side has always been a favourite place for settling. Unfortunately, the large urban crowding on the sea shores
contributed decisively to chasing birds away from these areas. Some birds from the sea coast have witnessed
their habitat become more and more restrained. Here are some differences between the Bulgarian and the
Romanian coast. While the Romanian shore is invaded and even suffocated with construction (between Cape
112
Midia and Vama Veche), between Durankulak and Cape Kaliakra, the sea shore is far less affected by anthropic
activities. This fact makes us hope that at least this area will be protected in the future for the benefit of bird
populations transiting the area year after year. The anthropic impact on the Romanian sea side will lead to less
bird species nesting here, because during the warm season come the most important waves of tourists, which
greatly inconvenience the area. On the other hand, during winter and spring, most touristical locations remain
unhabited, and birds, especially the aquatic species, can find great resting and feeding places. In wetlands from
Bulgarian coastal areas, some birds can still nest under fine conditions, an example being the nesting colony of
cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) from Durankulak. In Romania, litoral lakes are used as fish farms
(with one exception, Hergheliei Swamp). The exploitation of fish resources leads to a conflict between fishermen
and fisheating birds. The disturbance provoked by the farm staff can influence other species of birds. During
summertime, lakes are also used by tourists, fact contributes to the disturbance of birds.
Material and Methods
We used binoculars (usually Olympus 10x50) and telescopes (usually Optolyth 30x75) for our
observations. We made transects along the sea coast and along the lakes side, in order to identify the species of
birds and their numbers (effectivs). The book-guides used are Bruun, B. et all. 1999, Peterson, R. et all. 1989 and
Svensson, L. et all. 2000.
Our observations from Bulgaria were made in: 09.05.2008–11.05.2008, 06.06.2008–08.06.2008,
18.07.2008-20.07.2008 and 08.08.2008-10.08.2008. The points of observations in Bulgaria were Durankulak
(the sea and the lake), Krapets (on the sea), Shablenska Tuzla (the lake and the sea), Kamen Bryag (the steppe
and the sea), Yaylata (the cliff and the sea), Rusalka (the steppe, the cliff, the sea), Bolata Dere (the gorges and
the sea), Kaliakra Cape (the steppe, the cliff and the sea) and Kavarna (the sea). The observations from Romania
was made in the following Points: Grind Chituc, Vadu, Corbu, Navodari, Mamaia, Constanta, Eforie Nord,
Eforie Sud, Costinesti , Mangalia and Vama Veche. Here, the observations were made from April till September.
Results and Discussion
During our research on the sea side of both countries, the following species of birds have been seen
(Table 1 and Table 2 – the names of the birds are according with Munteanu, D. 1998):
Table 1 - Bird Species from the North Eastern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast (2008)
No.
Scientific Name
English Name
Romanian Name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Gavia arctica (Linnaeus)
Podiceps cristatus (Linnaeus)
Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis (Linnaeus)
Phalacrocorax aristotelis (Linnaeus)
Phalacrocorax pygmaeus (Pallas)
Botaurus stellaris (Linnaeus)
Ixobrychus minutus (Linnaeus)
Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus)
Ardeola ralloides (Scopoli)
Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus)
Casmerodius albus (Linnaeus)
Ardea cinerea Linnaeus
Ardea purpurea Linnaeus
Ciconia nigra (Linnaeus)
Ciconia ciconia (Linnaeus)
Black-throated Diver
Great Crested Grebe
Cormorant
Shag
Pygmy Cormorant
Bittern
Little Bittern
Night-Heron
Squacco Heron
Little Egret
Great White Egret
Grey Heron
Purple Heron
Black Stork
White Stork
Cufundar polar
Corcodel mare
Cormoran mare
Cormoran motat
Cormortan mic
Buhai de balta
Starc pitic
Starc de noapte
Starc galben
Egreta mica
Egreta mare
Starc cenusiu
Starc rosu
Barza neagra
Barza alba
113
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus
Cygnus olor (Gmelin)
Tadorna tadorna (Linnaeus)
Anas strepera Linnaeus
Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus
Anas querquedula Linnaeus
Anas clypeata Linnaeus
Aythya nyroca (Guldenstadt)
Circus aeruginosus (Linnaeus)
Accipiter nisus (Linnaeus)
Buteo buteo (Linnaeus)
Buteo rufinus (Cretzschmar)
Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus
Falco vespertinus Linnaeus
Falco subbuteo Linnaeus
Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus)
Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus
Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus)
Fulica atra Linnaeus
Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus
Himantopus himantopus (Linnaeus)
Recurvirostra avosetta Linnaeus
Burhinus oedicnemus (Linnaeus)
Glareola pratincola (Linnaeus)
Charadrius dubius Scopoli
Pluvialis squatarola (Linnaeus)
Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus)
Calidris ferruginea (Pontoppidan)
Calidris alpina (Linnaeus)
Tringa erythropus (Pallas)
Tringa totanus (Linnaeus)
Tringa ochropus Linnaeus
Tringa glareola Linnaeus
Larus melanocephalus Temminck
Larus minutus Pallas
Larus ridibundus Linnaeus
Larus genei Breme
Larus cachinnans Pallas
Gelochelidon nilotica (Gmelin)
Sterna sandvicensis Latham
Sterna hirundo Linnaeus
Chlidonias hybridus (Palllas)
Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus)
Chlidonias leucopterus (Temminck)
60
61
Bubo bubo (Linnaeus)
Streptopelia decaocto (Frivaldszky)
Spoonbill
Mute Swan
Shelduck
Gadwall
Mallard
Garganey
Shoveler
Ferruginous Duck
Marsh Harrier
Sparrowhawk
Common Buzzard
Long-legged Buzzard
Kestrel
Red-footed Falcon
Hobby
Quail
Pheasant
Moorhen
Coot
Oystercatcher
Black-winged Stilt
Avocet
Stone Curlew
Collared Pratincole
Little Ringed Plover
Grey Plover
Lapwing
Curlew Sandpiper
Dunlin
Spotted Redshank
Redshank
Green Sandpiper
Wood Sandpiper
Mediterranean Gull
Little Gull
Black-headed Gull
Slender-billed Gull
Yellow-legged Gull
Gull-billed Tern
Sandwich Tern
Common Tern
Whiskered Tern
Black Tern
White-winged Black
Tern
Eagle Owl
Collared Dove
114
Lopatar
Lebada de vara
Califar alb
Rata pestrita
Rata mare
Rata caraitoare
Rata lingurar
Rata rosie
Herete de stuf
Uliu pasarar
Sorecar comun
Sorecar mare
Vanturel rosu
Vanturel de seara
Soimul randunelelor
Prepelita
Fazan
Gainusa de balta
Lisita
Scoicar
Cataliga
Ciocintors
Pasarea ogorului
Ciovlica ruginie
Prundaras gulerat mic
Ploier argintiu
Nagat
Fugaci roscat
Fugaci de tarm
Fluierar negru
Fluierar cu picioare rosii
Fluierar de zavoi
Fluierar de mlastina
Pescarus cu cap negru
Pescarus mic
Pescarus razator
Pescarus rozalb
Pescarus argintiu
Pescarita razatoare
Chira de mare
Chira de balta
Chirighita cu obraji albi
Chirighita neagra
Chirighita cu aripi albe
Bufnita
Gugustiuc
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
Streptopelia turtur (Linnaeus)
Cuculus canorus Linnaeus
Caprimulgus europaeus Linnaeus
Apus apus (Linnaeus)
Apus melba (Linnaeus)
Merops apiaster Linnaeus
Coracias garrulus Linnaeus
Upupa epops Linnaeus
Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich et
Ehrenberg)
Melanocorypha calandra (Linnaeus)
Galerida cristata (Linnaeus)
Alauda arvensis Linnaeus
Riparia riparia (Linnaeus)
Hirundo rustica Linnaeus
Hirundo daurica Linnaeus
Delichon urbica (Linnaeus)
Anthus campestris (Linnaeus)
Anthus spinoletta (Linnaeus)
Motacilla flava flava Linnaeus
Motacilla flava feldegg Michahellis
Motacilla alba Linnaeus
Luscinia luscinia (Linnaeus)
Phoenicurus phoenicurus (Linnaeus)
Saxicola rubetra (Linnaeus)
Oenanthe oenanthe (Linnaeus)
Oenanthe pleschanka (Lepechin)
Turdus merula Linnaeus
Acrocephalus shoenobaenus (Linnaeus)
Acrocephalus scirpaceus (Hermann)
Acrocephalus arundinaceus (Linnaeus)
Hippolais pallida (Hemprich et
Ehrenberg)
Sylvya communis Latham
Sylvya atricapilla (Linnaeus)
Phylloscopus sibilatrix (Bechstein)
Phylloscopus collybita (Vieillot)
Phylloscopus trochilus (Linnaeus)
Muscicapa striata (Pallas)
Parus palustris Linnaeus
Parus major Linnaeus
Sitta europaea Linnaeus
Oriolus oriolus (Linnaeus)
Lanius collurio Linnaeus
Lanius minor Gmelin
Garrulus glandarius (Linnaeus)
Pica pica (Linnaeus)
Turtle Dove
Cuckoo
Nightjar
Swift
Alpine Swift
Bee-eater
Roller
Hoopoe
Syrian Woodpecker
Turturica
Cuc
Caprimulg
Drepnea neagra
Drepnea mare
Prigorie
Dumbraveanca
Pupaza
Cocanitoare de gradini
Calandra Lark
Crested Lark
Skylark
Sand Martin
Swallow
Red-rumped Swalow
House Martin
Tawny Pipit
Water Pipit
Blue-headed Wagtail
Black-headed Wagtail
White Wagtail
Thrush Nightingale
Redstart
Whinchat
Wheatear
Pied Wheatear
Blackbird
Sedge Warbler
Reed Warbler
Great Reed Warbler
Olivaceous Warbler
Ciocarlie de baragan
Ciocarlan
Ciocarlie de camp
Lastun de mal
Randunica
Randunica roscata
Lastun de casa
Fasa de camp
Fasa de munte
Codobatura galbena
Codobatura cu cap galben
Codobatura alba
Privighetoare de zavoi
Codros de padure
Maracinar negru
Pietrar sur
Pietrar negru
Mierla
Lacar mic
Lacar de stuf
Lacar mare
Frunzarita cenusie
Whitethroat
Blackcap
Wood Warbler
Chiffchaff
Willow Warbler
Spotted Flycatcher
Marsh Tit
Great Tit
Nuthach
Golden Oriole
Red-bached Shrike
Lesser Grey Shrike
Jay
Magpie
Silvie de campie
Silvie cu cap negru
Pitulice sfaraitoare
Pitulice mica
Pitulice fluieratoare
Muscar sur
Pitigoi sur
Pitigoi mare
Ticlean
Grangur
Sfrancioc rosiatic
Sfrancioc cu frunte neagra
Gaita
Cotofana
115
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
Corvus monedula Linnaeus
Corvus frugilegus Linnaeus
Corvus corone cornix Linnaeus
Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus
Sturnus roseus (Linnaeus)
Passer domesticus (Linnaeus)
Passer hispaniolensis (Temminck)
Passer montanus (Linnaeus)
Carduelis chloris (Linnaeus)
Carduelis carduelis (Linnaeus)
Carduelis cannabina (Linnaeus)
Emberiza citrinella Linnaeus
Emberiza schoeniclus (Linnaeus)
Emberiza melanocephala Scopoli
Miliaria calandra (Linnaeus)
Jackdaw
Rook
Hooded Crow
Starling
Rose-coloured Starling
House Sparrow
Spanish Sparrow
Tree Sparrow
Greenfinch
Goldfinch
Linnet
Yellowhammer
Reed Bunting
Black-headed Bunting
Corn Bunting
Stancuta
Cioara de semanatura
Cioara griva
Graur
Lacustar
Vrabie de casa
Vrabie negricioasa
Vrabie de camp
Florinte
Sticlete
Canepar
Presura galbena
Presura de stuff
Presura cu cap negru
Presura sura
Table 2 - Bird species from Romanian Black Sea Coast (2008)
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Scientific Name
Tachybaptus ruficollis (Pallas)
Podiceps cristatus (Linnaeus)
Podiceps grisegena (Boddaert)
Podiceps nigricollis C.L.Brehm
Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis (Linnaeus)
Phalacrocorax pygmaeus (Pallas)
Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus
Pelecanus crispus Bruch
Botaurus stellaris (Linnaeus)
Ixobrychus minutus (Linnaeus)
Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus)
Ardeola ralloides (Scopoli)
Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus)
Casmerodius albus (Linnaeus)
Ardea cinerea Linnaeus
Ardea purpurea Linnaeus
Ciconia ciconia (Linnaeus)
Plegadis falcinellus (Linnaeus)
Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus
Cygnus olor (Gmelin)
Anser anser (Linnaeus)
Tadorna tadorna (Linnaeus)
Anas strepera Linnaeus
Anas crecca Linnaeus
Anas platyrhynchos
Anas querquedula
English Name
Little Grebe
Great Crested Grebe
Red-necked Grebe
Black-necked Grebe
Cormorant
Pygmy Cormorant
White Pelican
Dalmatian Pelican
Bittern
Little Bittern
Night-Heron
Squacco Heron
Little Egret
Great White Egret
Grey Heron
Purple Heron
White Stork
Glossy Ibis
Spoonbill
Mute Swan
Greylag Goose
Shelduck
Gadwall
Teal
Mallard
Garganey
116
Romanian Name
Corcodel mic
Corcodel mare
Corcodel cu gat rosu
Corcodel cu gat negru
Cormoran mare
Cormoran mic
Pelican comun
Pelican cret
Buhai de balta
Starc pitic
Starc de noapte
Starc Galben
Egreta mic
Egreta mare
Starc cenusiu
Starc rosu
Barza
Tiganus
Lopatar
Lebada de vara
Gasca de vara
Califar alb
Rata pestrita
Rata mica
Rata mare
Rata caraitoare
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
Anas clypeata
Netta rufina
Aythya ferina
Aythya nyroca
Haliaeetus albicilla
Circus aeruginosus
Circus macrourus
Circus pygargus
Accipiter nisus
Buteo rufinus
Aquila pomarina
Aquila clanga
Hieraaetus pennatus
Falco tinnunculus
Falco vespertinus
Falco subbuteo
Perdix perdix
Coturnix coturnix
Phasianus colchicus
Rallus aquaticus
Porzana porzana
Porzana parva
Gallinula chloropus
Fulica atra
Haematopus ostralegus
Himantopus himantopus
Recurvirostra avosetta
Burhinus oedicnemus
Glareola pratincola
Charadrius dubius
Charadrius alexandrinus
Vanellus vanellus
Gallinago gallinago
Limosa limosa
Numenius arquata
Tringa erythropus
Tringa totanus
Tringa stagnatilis
Tringa ochropus
Actitis hypoleucos
Larus melanocephalus
Larus minutus
Larus ridibundus
Larus genei
Larus cachinnans
Gelochelidon nilotica
Sterna caspia
Shoveler
Red-crested Pochard
Pochard
Ferruginous Duck
White-tailed Eagle
Marsh Harrier
Pallid Harrier
Montagu’s Harrier
Sparrowhawk
Long-legged Buzzard
Lesser Spotted Eagle
Spotted Eagle
Booted Eagle
Kestrel
Red-footed Falcon
Hobby
Grey Partridge
Quail
Pheasant
Water Rail
Spotted Crake
Little crake
Moorhen
Coot
Oystercatcher
Black-winged Stilt
Avocet
Stone Curlew
Collared Pratincole
Little Ringed Plover
Kentish Plover
Lapwing
Snipe
Black-tailed Godwit
Curlew
Spotted Redshank
Redshank
Marsh Sandpiper
Green Sandpiper
Common Sandpiper
Mediterranean Gull
Little Gull
Black-headed Gull
Slender-billed Gull
Yellow-legged Gull
Gull-billed Tern
Caspian Tern
117
Rata lingurar
Rata cu ciuf
Rata cu cap castaniu
Rata rosie
Codalb
Herete de stuf
Herete alb
Herete sur
Uliu pasarar
Sorecar mare
Acvila tipatoare mica
Acvila tipatoare mare
Acvila mica
Vantirel rosu
Vanturel de seara
Soimul randunelelor
Potarniche
Prepelita
Fazan
Carstel de balta
Crestet pestrit
Crestet cenusiu
Gainusa de balta
Lisita
Scoicar
Cataliga
Ciocintors
Pasarea ogorului
Ciovlica ruginie
Prundaras gulerat mic
Prundaras de saratura
Nagat
Becatina comuna
Sitar de mal
Culic mare
Fluierar negru
Fluierar cu picioare rosii
Fluierar de lac
Fluierar de zavoi
Fluierar de munte
Pescarus cu cap negru
Pescarus mic
Pescarus razator
Pescarus rozalb
Pescarus argintiu
Pescarita razatoare
Pescarita mare
74
75
76
77
78
79
Sterna sandvicensis
Sterna hirundo
Sterna albifrons
Chlidonias hybridus
Chlidonias niger
Chlidonias leucopterus
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
Streptopelia decaocto
Streptopelia turtur
Cuculus canorus
Athene noctua
Asio otus
Caprimulgus europaeus
Apus apus
Alcedo atthis
Merops apiaster
Coracias garrulus
Upupa epops
Dendrocopos major
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
Dendrocopos syriacus
Melanocorypha calandra
Galerida cristata
Lullula arborea
Alauda arvensis
Riparia riparia
Hirundo rustica
Delichon urbica
Anthus campestris
Motacilla flava
Motacilla alba
Troglodytes troglodytes
Erithacus rubecula
Luscinia luscinia
Luscinia megarhynchos
Phoenicurus ochruros
Phoenicurus phoenicurus
Saxicola rubetra
Saxicola torquata
Oenanthe isabellina
Oenanthe oenanthe
Turdus merula
Acrocephalus agricola
Acrocephalus palustris
Acrocephalus scirpaceus
Acrocephalus arundinaceus
Hippolais pallida
Sandwich Tern
Common Tern
Little Tern
Whiskered Tern
Black Tern
White-winged Black
Tern
Collared Dove
Turtle Dove
Cuckoo
Little Owl
Long-eared Owl
Nightjar
Swift
Kingfisher
Bee-eater
Roller
Hoopoe
Great Spotted
Woodpecker
Syrian Woodpecker
Calandra Lark
Crested Lark
Woodlark
Skylark
Sand Martin
Swalow
House Martin
Tawny Pipit
Blue-headed Wagtail
White Wagtail
Wren
Robin
Thrush Nightingale
Nightingale
Black Redstart
Redstart
Whinchat
Stonechat
Isabelline Wheatear
Wheatear
Blackbird
Paddyfield Warbler
Marsh Warbler
Reed Warbler
Great Reed Warbler
Olivaceous Warbler
118
Chira de mare
Chira de balta
Chira mica
Chirighita cu obraji albi
Chirighita neagra
Chirighita cu aripi albe
Gugustiuc
Turturica
Cuc
Cucuvea
Ciuf de padure
Caprimulg
Drepnea neagra
Pescaras albastru
Prigorie
Dumbraveanca
Pupaza
Ciocanitoare pestrita mare
Ciocanitoare de gradini
Ciocarlie de baragan
Ciocarlan
Ciocarlie de padure
Ciocarlie de camp
Lastun de mal
Randunica
Lastun de casa
Fasa de camp
Codobatura galbena
Codobatura galbena
Ochiuboului
Macaleandru
Privihetoare de zavoi
Privighetoare roscata
Codros de munte
Codros de padure
Maracinar mare
Maracinar negru
Pietrar rasaritean
Pietrar sur
Mierla
Lacar rasaritean
Lacar de mlastina
Lacar de stuf
Lacar mare
Frunzarita cenusie
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
Sylvia nisoria
Sylvia curruca
Sylvia communis
Sylvia borin
Sylvia atricapilla
Phylloscopus collybita
Phylloscopus trochilus
Muscicapa striata
Ficedula albicollis
Panurus biarmicus
Parus palustris
Parus caeruleus
Parus major
Certhia brachydactyila
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
Oriolus oriolus
Lanius collurio
Lanius minor
Garrulus glandarius
Pica pica
Corvus monedula
Corvus frugilegus
Corvus corone cornix
Sturnus vulgaris
Sturnus roseus
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
Passer domesticus
Passer hispaniolensis
Passer montanus
Fringilla coelebs
Carduelis chloris
Carduelis carduelis
Carduelis cannabina
Emberiza citrinella
Emberiza hortulana
Emberiza schoeniclus
Miliaria calandra
Barred Warbler
Lesser Whitethroat
Whitethroat
Garden Warbler
Blackcap
Chiffchaff
Willow Warbler
Spotted Flycatcher
Collared Flycatcher
Bearded Tit
Marsh Tit
Blue Tit
Great Tit
Short-toed
Treecreeper
Golden Oriole
Red-backed Shrike
Lesser Grey Shrike
Jay
Magpie
Jackdaw
Rook
Hooded Crow
Starling
Rose-coloured
Starling
House Sparrow
Spanish Sparrow
Tree Sparrow
Chaffinch
Greenfinch
Goldfinch
Linnet
Yellowhammer
Ortolan
Reed Bunting
Corn Buntng
Silvie porumbaca
Silvie mica
Silvie de campie
Silvie de zavoi
Silvie cu cap negru
Pitulice mica
Pitulice fluieratoare
Muscar sur
Muscar gulerat
Pitigoi de stuf
Pitigoi sur
Pitigoi albastru
Pitigoi mare
Cojoaica cu degete scurte
Grangur
Sfrancioc rosiatic
Sfrancioc cu frunte neagra
Gaita
Cotofana
Stancuta
Cioara de semanatura
Cioara griva
Graur
Lacustar
Vrabie de casa
Vrabie negricioasa
Vrabie de camp
Cinteza
Florinte
Sticlete
Canepar
Presura galbena
Presura de gradina
Presura de stuf
Presura sura
This show that in the period of study (april-august 2008), a number of 172 species of birds have been
observed on the sea coast between Cape Midia and Cape Kaliakra (Romania-Bulgaria). In Romania (the sea
coast between Cape Midia and Vama Veche), 153 species of birds have been seen. In Bulgaria (the sea coast
between Durankulak and Cape Kaliakra), 121 speces of birds have been observed. A number of 42 species of
birds have been seen only on the Romanian litoral, while 19 bird species have only been witnessed on the
Bulgarian litoral.
Because most of my time has been spent on the Romanian sea side, it is only natural that the number of
species identified here will be larger that the one from Bulgaria, because there exist common birds, which is
impossible not to appear on the Bulgarian sea coast, because the migration follows both the Romanian and the
Bulgarian coast-line. Species as Tachybaptus ruficollis, Podiceps griseigena, Podiceps nigricollis or Gallinago
119
gallinago, Limosa limosa, Numenius arquata, Charadrius alexandrinus, identified on the Romanian coast, will
surely pass during migration on the Bulgarian litoral.
This is also available for a number of species from Bulgaria, as the Gavia arctica,, Buteo buteo, Burhinus
oedicnemus, Pluvialis squatarola, Tringa glareola, Caprimulgus europaeus, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus,
which were identified on the sea coast in past years but have not been observed in the study period.
In the north of the study area (Romania) some aquatic bird species also appear during summer-time, arriving
from the nesting places in the Danube Delta and from Razelm-Sinoe lagunas, which we have not been able to
identify on the Bulgarian litoral: Pelecanus onocrotalus, Pelecanus crispus, Plegadis falcinellus si Anser anser.
Moreover, the number of birds of prey species (Falconiformes) is considerable larger in Romania than in
Bulgaria (12, respectively 7).
Rocky cliff ecosistems from Bulgaria and the lack of antropic impact lead to species living here not able
to be seen on the Romanian litoral.
One of this species is Phalacrocorax aristotelis (Shag). We have only witnessed this bird on the sea and
on the marine cliffs from Cape Kaliakra, Bolata Dere and Rusalka. The species prefers the sea and rocky cliffs
and only occasionally appears on the Romanian sea side. The motif is the lack of rocky cliffs (non-existent on
the Romanian littoral) and the extremely powerful anthropic impact on the Romanian coast. The birds are still
nesting in the area of Bulgaria rocky cliffs in tens of mates.
Another species which is not found on the Romanian littoral is Apus melba (Alpine swift). During the
study period, we have only met this birds at Kavarna, Cape Kaliakra and Bolata Dere. A nesting colony exists in
Kavarna on the sea-oriented wall of the spectaculous Cerahman Hill (10-12 mates).
A swallow rare in Romania is the Hirundo daurica (Red-rumped Swallow) seen in the study area at
Yaylata (Kamen Briag), Rusalka, but especially in the Bolata Dere canyon (probably it’s nesting place). The lack
of rocky walls for the birds to nest in leads to the disappearance of it’s area before the Romanian-Bulgarian
border.
Oenanthe pleshanka (Pied Wheatear) is frequently met on the on the marine rocky cliffs of Bulgaria:
Yaylata, Rusalka, Bolata Dere and Cape Kaliakra, where it also nests. It is entirely missing from the romanian
littoral.
Another species that can commonly be found in the area of lake Durankulak and lake Sabla is Passer
hispaniolensis (Spanish Sparrow). If it is more frequent here (it nests in the lake surroundings) and is more
numerous then Passer montanus (Tree Sparrow) and Passer domesticus (House Sparrow), past the RomanianBulgarian frontier, the situation is opposite, the most numerous being Passer domesticus followed by Passer
montanus, and Passer hispaniolensis is entirely missing from the Romanian littoral.
Emberiza melanocephala (Black-headed Bunting) is another bird frequently found between Durankulak
and Yaylata (Kamen Briag) where it also nests. On the Romanian littoral, the species is rarely found, probably
because the human impact causing an accentuated degradation of the habitat.
We must state that some species, as the Hirundo daurica, Oenanthe pleshanka and Passer hispaniolensis,
even if they don’t appear on the Romanian sea-coast, penetrated Dobrogea through the south-west, in the
Canaralelor area from Baneasa, where these birds have found favorable habitats, coming up from the north
towards and reaching Cheile Dobrogei and even Macin Mountaines.
In July 2008 we had the chance to see the migration of the Riparia riparia (Sand Martin) on the Bulgarian
sea coast. We estimated about 14 000 birds passing from north to south on 18-20.07.2008. On the Sabla lake, on
20.07.2008, was 10 000 sand martins.
Most of this birds are protected by the international laws, like the Birds Directive – European Council
Directive 79/409 EEC – Annex I (Table 3):
120
Table 3 - Bird Species from Eastern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast (2008)
Birds Directive (European Council Directive 79/409 EEC) Annex I
No.
Scientific Name
English Name
Romanian Name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Gavia arctica (Linnaeus)
Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis (Linnaeus)
Phalacrocorax aristotelis (Linnaeus)
Phalacrocorax pygmaeus (Pallas)
Botaurus stellaris (Linnaeus)
Ixobrychus minutus (Linnaeus)
Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus)
Ardeola ralloides (Scopoli)
Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus)
Casmerodius albus (Linnaeus)
Ardea purpurea Linnaeus
Ciconia nigra (Linnaeus)
Ciconia ciconia (Linnaeus)
Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus
Aythya nyroca (Guldenstadt)
Circus aeruginosus (Linnaeus)
Accipiter nisus (Linnaeus)
Buteo rufinus (Cretzschmar)
Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus
Himantopus himantopus (Linnaeus)
Recurvirostra avosetta Linnaeus
Burhinus oedicnemus (Linnaeus)
Glareola pratincola (Linnaeus)
Tringa glareola Linnaeus
Larus melanocephalus Temminck
Larus genei Breme
Gelochelidon nilotica (Gmelin)
Sterna sandvicensis Latham
Sterna hirundo Linnaeus
Chlidonias hybridus (Palllas)
Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus)
Bubo bubo (Linnaeus)
Caprimulgus europaeus Linnaeus
Coracias garrulus Linnaeus
Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich et
Ehrenberg)
Melanocorypha calandra (Linnaeus)
Anthus campestris (Linnaeus)
Lanius collurio Linnaeus
Lanius minor Gmelin
Black-throated Diver
Cormorant
Shag
Pygmy Cormorant
Bittern
Little Bittern
Night-Heron
Squacco Heron
Little Egret
Great White Egret
Purple Heron
Black Stork
White Stork
Spoonbill
Ferruginous Duck
Marsh Harrier
Sparrowhawk
Long-legged Buzzard
Oystercatcher
Black-winged Stilt
Avocet
Stone Curlew
Collared Pratincole
Wood Sandpiper
Mediterranean Gull
Slender-billed Gull
Gull-billed Tern
Sandwich Tern
Common Tern
Whiskered Tern
Black Tern
Eagle Owl
Nightjar
Roller
Syrian Woodpecker
Cufundar polar
Cormoran mare
Cormoran motat
Cormortan mic
Buhai de balta
Starc pitic
Starc de noapte
Starc galben
Egreta mica
Egreta mare
Starc rosu
Barza neagra
Barza alba
Lopatar
Rata rosie
Herete de stuf
Uliu pasarar
Sorecar mare
Scoicar
Cataliga
Ciocintors
Pasarea ogorului
Ciovlica ruginie
Fluierar de mlastina
Pescarus cu cap negru
Pescarus rozalb
Pescarita razatoare
Chira de mare
Chira de balta
Chirighita cu obraji albi
Chirighita neagra
Bufnita
Caprimulg
Dumbraveanca
Cocanitoare de gradini
Calandra Lark
Tawny Pipit
Red-bached Shrike
Lesser Grey Shrike
Ciocarlie de baragan
Fasa de camp
Sfrancioc rosiatic
Sfrancioc cu frunte neagra
36
37
38
39
121
We can sea easily that a large number of species of birds are protected by this important European law.
That means the study area is very important for this protected birds. All this species are present also on the
Romanian litoral.
Conclusions
In Romania the anthropical impact is very heavy for the populations of birds (especially in the summer).
For this reason, here, the number of nesting birds is very poor.
In Bulgaria, it is a less anthropical impact, the area is not affected by the people. In Bulgaria still exist an
important number of nesting birds.
The habitats are different in the two countries: in Romania are especially sand beaches and in Bulgaria are
especially rocky cliffs. That means some species are seen only on the Bulgarian sea coast.
The whole area is very important for the migratory birds. Here it is a major way for them.
In winter, the human impact is not so important, that means the area is also an importat wintering area.
The preservation of the Bulgarian sea coast is very important, because in Romania the littoral is already
affected by the tourism.
In Romania, the most important wetlands from the sea-coast are Techirghiol Lake and Hergheliei
(Mangalia) Swamp. Here we can find the bigger number of species of birds (and the large number of birds, too).
We have seen 172 species of birds in the study area – a large avifaunistical diversity.
For the future, it is very important to study the relations between the people and birds, in order to make
possible the survival of the men and birds.
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
B NICA, G., 1996 – Contributii la studiul avifaunei lacului Techirghiol, Lucrarile celei de-a treia
conferinte nationale pentru protectia mediului prin metode si mijloace biologice si biotehnice,
Universitatea “Transilvania”, Brasov: 376-379.
B NICA, G., 2000 - Mlastina Hergheliei, Buletin A.I.A., nr. 9, S.O.R., Cluj-Napoca:2.
BRUUN, B., DELIN, H., SINGER, A., 1999 – Pasarile din Romania si Europa, S.O.R., Hamlyne
Guide, Octopus Publishing Group Ltd., London.
MUNTEANU, D., TONIUC, N., WEBER, P., SZABO, J., MARINOV., 1989 - Evaluarea efectivelor
pasarilor acvatice in cartierele lor de iernare din Romania, Ocrotirea Naturii si a Mediului Inconjurator,
t. 33, 2, Bucuresti: 105-112.
MUNTEANU, D., 1998, Dictionarul poliglot al speciilor de pasari din Romania, Editia a II-a,
Pblicatiile S.O.R. nr.6, Cluj-Napoca.
PETERSON, R., MOUNTFORT, G., HOLLOM, P., A., D., 1989 – Guide des oiseaux d’Europe, Ed.
Delachaux et Niestle, Paris.
SVENSSON, L., MULLARNEY, K., ZETTERSTROM, D., GRANT, P., 2000 – Le Guide Ornitho, Ed.
Delachaux et Niestle, Paris.
THE ORNITHOFAUNA OF SEASIDE BULGARIAN DOBROUDJA
Stoyan NONEV
Regional Museum of History – Dobrich, Department “Nature”,
“Konstantin Stoilov ”str. 18, P.B. 131, 9300 – Dobrich, Bulgaria
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: The aim of the paper is the ornithological evaluation of the territory of the coastal Bulgarian
Dobroudja, the presentation of typical species of nesting birds from the coastal steppe areas and the water birds
in the humid zones of the Lakes Shabla and Durankulak, Another aim is the presentation of some bird species
not typical for this territory that hibernate in south, passing trough this part of the Dobrudja.
Keywords: ornithofauna, Bulgarian Dobroudja, seaside, nesting birds, steppe areas, humid zones.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
Dobroudja, named in the antiquity Scythia Minor is historical-geographic region, situated in the NorthEast part of the Balkan Peninsula. On the north and north-west bordered by the river Danube, on the east by
Black Sea, and on the south by Batovska river. Bulgarian Dobroudja now is divided in two parts North and
South Dobroudja. Seaside Dobroudja has not so good expressed borders. She started with the territories of the
municipalities Balchik, passing over the municipality Kavarna, Shabla and ended by the state border with
Romania. The terrain is almost flat, come on with the elevation “0”. On some places is cutting by little gullies,
part of the coast is rocky, with caves, which disrupt the flat character of the land. There are two big firth lakes,
Shabla and Durankulak, as well as three hyperhalline reservoirs /tuzlas/, which are very important for the
concentration of the ornithofauna of the region.
The climate of Bulgarian Dobroudja is temperate to transitional continental. The coastal area belongs to
the continental- Mediterranean climatic region and characterized as a proximately mild winter and hot, dry
summer. The coastal area belongs to the continental- Mediterranean climatic region; during the summer the
maximum air temperatures are lower, and during the winter they are above 0, the snow cover is unstable. Strong
north and north-east winds prevail. They are often accompanied by abundant snow falls and icing.
Natural vegetation has been significantly altered due to the long-term anthropogenic effect. Natural
environment is preserved only in single small locations not included in agricultural activities. The region is
characterized with xerothermic oak forests (with admixes of elm, hornbeam, etc.), lime-tree forests, and various
species of xerothermic grass communities. The northernmost flooded forest, Baltata, is also located in this region.
Secondary growth of Oriental hornbeam and (Jerusalem) Christ thorn can be observed, as well. On the whole, the
Dobroudja region is a typical agrarian area. Under the influence of the people the firmer forests are vanished and
transformed their landscape, looking like steppe. In 50-th years of the future century, the steppes are ploughed up
and reduce into agriculture areas. In the same time was formed the forest shelter belts to protect the fields from the
hard north winds as well during the winter as during the summer (dry winds). All these works are to restrict the
erosion of the fruitful level of the soil and to keep the snow-cover during the winter. The forest shelter belts are
very important for the forming of the nest ornithofauna of the region, and also for the bird migration. The fauna is
represented by Euro-Siberian and European species. The region is rich in steppe species, both animals and plants.
They are widespread mostly in the eastern part of the territory.
On the lands of Kavarna municipality two nature-archaeological reserves Kaliakra and Jailata are situated,
and in Shabla municipality - protected natural areas Shabla lake, Shablenska tuzla and Durankulak lake. Between
the village of Balgarevo, cape Kaliakra and Eni Kulak area are the best preserved typical steppe communities in
Dobroudja. The steppes here are the largest and in best conditions. Typical for these biotopes are species, like
123
short-toed lark (Calandrella brachydactyla), calandra lark (Melanocorypha calandra), black-headed bunting
(Emberiza melanocephala), different species of wheatear (Oenanthe) and isabellina-weatear (Oenanthe
isabellina) and Stone-Curlew (Burhinus oеdicnemus) among them. Here some rare species - Eagle-owl (Bubo
bubo) and Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus) also nidificate.
Nesting populations of these typical for the steppe species are best presented on this confined space. The
area between Tyulenovo and Kaliakra is well known from the specialists and fans like a place, where a most
beautiful and uncommon pink starlings (Stumus roseus) can be seen. These “wanderers” of the steppes are
staying and nesting here only if they have enough nutritive value. Otherwise the flocks migrate to the south
toward Turkey, or move to the north toward Rumania and Ukraine.
The cape Kaliakra is the most eastern point of this seacoast. He is extremely important for the migratory
birds. The region is famous as a medial station for a great amount of migratory birds along the Black Sea coast.
It is known long ago, that here alight coveys of white storks and, quails and many little songbirds for a rest.
During this period here feed migratory small birds of prey: harrier, falcons, hawks. When bad climatic conditions
appears, the aquatoria around the bay, give shelter to the migrating, hibernating and aquatic birds. Sometimes
here can be observed hundreds of loons, wild ducks, mallards etc. heaping. On the rock cornice from Kaliakra to
Tyulenovo nested also the aristotelis cormorant (Phalacrocorax aristotelis). In spite of this, it is considered as
vulnerable and is included to the new Red list of the species in this category.
Therefore, this strategic for the birds region and especially the Kaliakra cape uses to be quite like a
magnet for the ornithologists. No matter of the already existing large information over the bird species, found in
this aria during different seasons, the parameters of the nest communities in this biotope is not well known. In
spite of the permanent narrowing of this typical for Dobroudja landscape, it is necessary to make description of
the here nesting birds’ populations, starting from an investigation of the possibilities for enlargement of the
already existing reserve Kaliakra. With the help of the Bulgrian - Switzerland Programme, during the year 1996
a lot of similar surveys have been done by Bozhidar Enchev and Stoyan Nonev.
Material and Methods
During the nesting season in 1996 three reports concerning the nesting birds in the region have been
made. For that purpose, five different in their vegetation substance and ground structure, sectors has been
determined.
• Typical for the Kaliakra steppe. With grass coverage to height of 10-12 centimeters. Average count of
vegetation stalks above the medium height – 66,24m2. Stone coverage – approx.10-20%. Single bushes
- here and there within the sector. Separate groups of trees (pine, oleaster and others) along the road
Bulgarevo village – Cape Kaliakra. On this platform a stone-pit near Cape Zelenka is also situated.
Through it passes a power transmission line constructed from cement and metal columns. Here also 40
goats and 240 sheep graze. Area – 73 hectare.
• Area with cadastre number № 128 to the south of the Eni kulak countryside. Here the grass is with
different height and it forms mosaic spots from 10 to 50 centimeters. The average height is from 18 to
20 centimeters. Average count of vegetation stalks above the medium height – 457,28m2. However the
grass seems to be loose, because of the fact that the high grasses are the stalks of the wheat plants
indeed. Stones – 10%. Area – 26,2hectare. Extremely well preserved steppe. No trace of a human
influence.
• Steppe bushy area, overgrown with hornbeam, oak, sumac, wild briar, hawthorn and ashl trees. The
height of the bushes riches 3m. Coverage about 40%. Between the bushes there is typical steppe
vegetation, the same as in sector №1. Area - 30 hectare.
• Cape Kaliakra: from the first fortress wall to the cape (cadastre numbers 293, 296, 298,299). This sector
is full of variety. The biggest part of the area is occupied with archaeological excavations. Among them
there is exuberant, thick grass vegetation, and single low bushes. In the front part of the of the cape
there are several buildings for living and around them and along the edge of the rock there are some
124
•
group of trees and some single ones, thick bushes and several cypresses. A small number of open rock
caves are also situated in this sector. Area – 26,5 hectare.
A sector, located to the south of the Eni kulak countryside; between the Eni kulak, the strip of a land
over the sea and the Bolata gulch. The average height is from 20 to 30 centimeters. Average count of
vegetation stalks above the medium height – 100,8m2. Groups of thorn bushes, oak, ashl tree, wild briar
and hornbeam and others. Coverage about 20%. There are areas without stones at all, total coverage –
about 10%. Area – 16 hectare.
For the determination of the number of the nidificating couples the map-making method was used. It gives
the best possible results in such territories.
Results and Discussions
During the nesting season in 1996 in the steppes of the plateau of cape Kaliakra 32 species of nidificating
birds were found. In this number we don’t include those that inhabit rock perches (12 species), 6 more additional
species connected with some specific bio-zones in Bolata, as well as those, feeding in the steppe. We will discuss
them separately. The location of the species in different sectors and the density of their populations are put in
tables 1-5.
On the fist sector the greatest number of nidificating birds was found (Table 1). The bigger part of those
species nests on the ground (7 species) or in halls in the ground (6 species). Prevailing species here are the larks
(Melanocorypha calandra, Calandrella brachydactyla and the Wood-lark). The availability of some hollow
cement columns makes possible the nesting of the starling, the sparrow and the blue crow too.
Table 1 - Number and density of the nesting birds in the sector №1 /Steppe on the East of Bulgarevo village, 73
hectares
№
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Species
Melanocorypha calandra
Calandrella brachydactyla
Alauda arvensis
Oenanthe oenanthe
Anthus campestris
Galerida cristata
Sturnus vulgaris
Oenanthe pleschanka
Oenanthe isabellina
Lanius minor
Upupa epops
Miliaria calandra
Burhinus oedicnemus
Emberiza melanocephala
Lanius collurio
Merops apiaster
Falco tinnunculus
Carduelis cannabina
Coracias garrulus
Number of nesting birds
33
27
23
14
8
8
8
7
6
5
5
4
3
3
3
3
2
1
1
125
Density of couples/10ha
4,52
3,7
3,15
1,92
1,1
1,1
1,1
0,96
0,82
0,68
0,68
0,55
0,41
0,41
0,41
0,41
0,27
0,14
0,14
20 Passer domesticus
21 Pica pica
22 Strptopelia decaocto
Total
1
1
1
167
0,14
0,14
0,14
22,88
The magpie makes its nests not only on the trees but in bushes near the road and on the metal parts of the
electrical columns as well. After that the kite uses those same nests. The presence of the turtle-dove is not
typical, having in mind the fact that its nest is situated on the black pine tree near the road.
The sector № 2 is nothing but one typical for the steppes grass community where there aren’t almost any
bushes and no pasture at all. Almost identical conditions in the entire area allows here to nidificate only limited
number of birds. They are adapted to the open air-spaces and they nest on the ground. Their thickness here is
vastly higher in comparison with the other sectors (table 2).
Table 2 - Number and density of the nesting birds in the sector №2/cad. №128; 26,2 ha
№
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Species
Melanocorypha calandra
Alauda arvensis
Calandrella brachydactyla
Miliari calandra
Emberiza melanocephala
Anthus campestris
Burhinus oedicnemus
Lanius collurio
Total
Number of nesting birds
33
11
6
2
2
1
1
1
57
Density of couples/10ha
12,60
4,20
2,29
0,76
0,76
0,40
0,40
0,40
21,76
The small number of single bushes limits the presence of the inhabiting species to two – Emberiza
melanocephala and Lanius collurio.
Along the Bolata gulch a bio-zone is differentiating. It differs from those we have determined as typical
steppe. (sector №1) Here increases the number of the bushes, they are much higher and they make groups with
vastly coverage. In this way, some conditions for nesting of additional number of species not typical for steppe
region origin. (table3)
Table 3 - Number and density of the nesting birds in the sector №3/ thin bushes
entering the “Bolata” object; 30 ha/
№
1
2
3
4
5
6
Species
Miliaria calandra
Emberiza melanocephala
Alauda arvensis
Carduelis cannabina
Lanius minor
Melanocorypha calandra
Number of nesting birds
6
3
2
2
2
2
126
Density of couples/10ha
2,0
1,0
0,7
0,7
0,7
0,7
7
8
9
10
11
12
Sylvia nisoria
Galerida cristata
Hippolais pallida
Pica pica
Sylvia communis
Upupa epops
Total
2
1
1
1
1
1
24
0,7
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
8,0
That’s why we divide the sector in this bio-zone, nevertheless that it is inseparable part of the landscape as
a whole.
Although the larks inhabit this sector too, their number here is vastly smaller. Here we can find the great
number of Emberiza calandra. It prefers this bio-zone because it uses the top of the bushes from where it marks
its territory. Typical for this area is also the Emberiza melanocephala. Some two other species of garden warbler
appears and they also prefer thin bushes. Because of the lack of high trees here the magpie also nests.
The sector №4 has its specific characteristics and it differs thoroughly from the main part of the region.
That’s why here is settled a community including a great variety of species and part of them are sparrows and
swallows (table 4).
Table 4 - Number and density of the nesting birds in the sector №4/ from the firs fortress wall to the cape
Kaliakra, cad. №293, 296, 298 and 299, 26,5 ha
№
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Species
Number of nesting birds
Density of couples/10ha
15
11
7
5
5
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
65
5,66
4,25
2,64
1,89
1,89
1,13
1,13
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,38
0,38
0,38
0,38
0,38
0,38
24,53
Oenanthe pleschanka
Passer domesticus
Emberiza melanocephala
Miliaria calandra
Oenanthe oenanthe
Carduelis cannabina
Passer montanus
Galerida cristata
Lanius collurio
Parus major
Passer hispaniolensis
Upupa epops
Anthus campestris
Athene noctua
Carduelis carduelis
C. chloris
Hippolais pallida
Sylvia communis
Total
On this sector, in the existing caves also 8 more couples of swallows are nesting.
127
The most numerous species here is the black-backed wheatear and this is predetermined from the fact that
there are a lot of stone walls and holes in the rocks. The next one is the sparrow. It also finds here the optimum
conditions for nesting in the already existing buildings and for feeding – in the surrounding grass areas. The
greater part of the species is presented here with the small number of couples.
Natural platform №5 is situated along the coast. The grass here is high and the bushes are gathered in
small groups.
Table №5. Number and density of the nesting birds in the sector №5/ between the Eni kulak
and the Bolata gulch, 16 ha
№
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Species
Melanocorypha calandra
Miliaria calandra
E. melanocephala
Oenanthe pleschanka
Alauda arvensis
Carduelis cannabina
Lanius collurio
Total
Number of nesting birds
17
4
3
3
2
2
1
32
Density of couples/10ha
10,6
2,5
1,9
1,9
1,2
1,2
0,6
20,0
The great number of Melanocorypha calandra (Table 5) and the absence of the Calandrella
brachydactyla is determined from the high grass here. In the west the grass became lower and the steppe starts to
carry the characteristics of the sector №1. Here the count of the Calandrella brachydactyla is much higher (50
couples) than the number of the Melanocorypha calandra (10 couples).
In the researched territory 3 couples of nesting partridge were found. The density of this species have been
calculated, having in mind the whole territory of the area and it is 0, 04 couples per 10 hectares.
Conclusions
During the period 1978-79 a survey concerning the territory and the number of the Phalacrocorax
aristotelis have been made by expert-curators from the Regional Museum of History – Dobrich. On the vertical
rock formations near Tulenovo village and Kaliakra cape about 40 couples of these birds have been found with
an annual population increase of 7 to 10 nests (baby birds). Today (2007) we can find here about 180-250
couples of the Phalacrocorax aristotelis, or we may say that the number of the birds increases and the species is
stable.
But we couldn’t say such kind of words for the Burhinus oеdicnemus. The pasture here is not enough and
the height of the grass is three or four times bigger than the height of the Burhinus oеdicnemus. This fact breaks
the conditions which assure the existing of the species. And if we put in addition the facts that the density of the
Canis aureus and Elarus agentatus on this territory increases as well the presence of the rambling dogs, the great
number of buildings that appears and the wind generators in the area, we may certainly say that the population of
this species is threatened with extinction.
Now the information needs to be refreshed, especially because of the coming changes in steppe
communities – result of the wind generators constructing.
The steppes of the seaside Dobroudja are turning into wet zones on the territory of Shabla and
Durankulak. The Shabla Lake is declared as protected zone from the year of 1979. Inseparably part of the Shabla
Lake complex is the Shablenska tuzla. This complex is one of the most well kept from anthropogenic influence
wetland on the Black Sea coast. The Shabla and Durankulak lakes are included in the European Program Burd
Life International - ornithological important places. The Durankulak Lake is declared as natural landmark during
128
the year 1980. Because of the fact, that they are keeping definite quantities of the aquatic birds, they are reported
for Ramsar places under Ramsar convention, with Bulgaria as a side in it. The lakes play a certain part during the
migration of the birds and especially in winter time. Practically the whole population, about 56 000
representatives, of the world threatened with extinction red gizzard goose (Branta ruficollis) hibernates here. Big
quantities from the white frontlet goose (Anser albifrons), different types of mallards, swans and others also find
a shelter here, during the winter. The role of the lakes and the shores increases vastly, when the weather in the
Danube Delta is getting worse and the swamps are frozen. By such meteorology conditions our lakes are full of
birds.
The nesting ornithofauna is represented with 57 species, 10 from them are rare. Here can be found the
border west area of the territories occupied with India warbler (Acrocephalus agricola). Because of these, there
are tourists, very found of birds, coming from whole Europe. In the Durankulak Lake, during the migration,
periodically one rare species, also can be found. This is the Stiff-tailed duck (Oxyura leucocephala) - an object
of international project which is after its protection. Durankulak is the next station on its migration way to
Greece after the Rumanian lakes in Dobroudja.
During the last years, the natural communities in Dobroudja are subjects of powerful anthrop-genetic
pressure. There are almost no remains from the steppe biotopes in the region. In them a number of characteristic
species are found, which because of the coming changes, quick and precipitously reduce their quantity. The
steppes are from a great significance for the migration for some distinct species. Here they rest and feed. That’s
why their protection is very urgent. The question for the possible reintroduction of some species also needs
detailed investigation. It is necessary to examine suitable terrains and to work out a similar program, in which
specialists at large, representatives of state and NGOs to be able to take part.
The Seaside Dobroudja, possesses varied and interesting ornithofauna. The natural diversity of Dobroudja
in every season and the fact that this region is on the Black Sea migration way of the birds, are giving extremely
good possibilities for development of ecology and alternative tourism in any time of the year. Utilization of this
opportunity and the protection of the wild nature must be the utmost task for the municipalities and the local
public.
References
1.
NONEV, S, 1978. Observation on the nesting and number of the Phalacrocorax aristotelis on the
territory of the Dobrudja seaside 1975-1977. Orn. Inf. Bul., 3,11-13.
2. SIMEONOV, S., MICHEV, T., NANKINOV, D., 1990. Fauna of Bulgaria. Aves, vol. 1, BAN, S.,
350p.
3. BOTEV, B. & TZOLO PESHEV (EDS.), BOEV N., SIMEONOV S., BESHKOV V., KARAPETKOVA M.,
POMAKOV V., MICHEV, T., 1984 - Red Data Book of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria, Volume 2.
Animals, Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia.
4. IANKOV, P. (Ed.) 2007. Atlas of breeding birds in Bulgaria.-Bulgarian Society for the Protection of
Birds, Conservation series, Book 10, Sofia, BSPB, 56-57.
5. IVANOV, B. E., NONEV, S. I., 1997. Scientific reports “Dobrudja and Kaliakra”, VSI, Plovdiv
6. PETROV, B.M., ZLATNOV, S. I., 1955. Materials for the fauna of the Dobrudja’s birds, Magazine of
the Scientific Institute at the Ministry of Agriculture, book 1, 93-111pp.
7. NONEV,. S., 1977. Pastor roseus L. in Dobrudja. Orn. Inf. Bul., 10-14.
8. SIMEONOV, S., MICHEV, T., 1985. Population of Bubo bubo L. in Bulgaria. Ecology, 15, 60-65pp.
9. BAUMGART, W. 1970.
Ueber die Voegel im Kuestengebiet der suedlichen Dobrudscha
(Silberkueste), Der Falke, 17, 220-231.
10. BIBBY, C., BURGESS, N., HILL, D., 1992. Bird census techniques. Academic Press, London, 257pp.
129
STUDY OF THE POLYCHAETA FAUNA (ANNELIDA) FROM THE
MEDIOLITTORAL AND INFRALITTORAL OF THE BLACK SEA: LITTORAL
SEGMENT CAPE MIDIA – CAPE KALIAKRA
Gabriela - Mihaela PARASCHIV*
* Universitatea Ovidius Constanţa, Facultatea de Ştiinţe ale Naturii şi Ştiinţe Agricole
B-dul Mamaia, nr. 124, Constanţa, 900527, Romania, gmparaschiv@gmail.com
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: Polychaeta represent an important component of the marine benthos by the number of species,
the density of the abundance and biomass recorded in various benthic biocenosys of the Pontic basin. Our
research subject area is characterized by the existence of a mosaic of habitats, from the sedimentary ones, from
the sheltered areas of the beach protection breakwaters or port premises (reported on the Romanian seaside
length), to the ones made up from platform exposed to the direct wave action from Vama Veche; from those
encountered in the low depth (mediollittoral and infralittoral) to the sedimentary and shell-type substrate from 15
or 25 meters deep (Constanta and Cap Kaliakra). Community best represented by Polychaeta is the one from the
hard substrate habitats of all the horizons of depth, where there are encountered vagile forms of the Palpata, as
well as tubicolous forms of Scolecida group, with sedentary lifestyle and detritivorous-filtrates or sedimentfeeding style.
Keywords: polychaeta community, benthic fauna, sedimentary, hard and phytal substratum
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
Fauna of polychaeta group from the Mediterranean-Pontic basin includes approximately 400 species, ie
5% of the total number of polychaeta species known until today; for the Black Sea are quoted from this group
199 species, which is 49.5% of Mediterranean polychaeta fauna and 2.5% of the species cited in Planetary
Ocean.
Structural changes reported in recent years at Planetary Ocean communities level led experts to conduct
studies on benthic wildlife in general and thus of the polychaeta; these studies followed a reassessment of the
taxonomic lists from various geographical regions, and especially particularly studies focusing on specific biogeography of specific and supra-specific taxons and on their distribution at regional level, depending on the main
category of substrate.
Concerning for polychaeta bio-geography knowledge has become a concern because it has identified
some species or habitats in regions that previously had not been reported or others report the disappearance of
habitats in which another time it was considered characteristic (Bartolomaeus, 2005; Bellot, 2004; Musco, 2005;
Glasby, 1999, 2005). In this context, we mention the research conducted by (Sergheva, 1998; Kisseleva, 1968,
1985) on the fauna of anoxic biotopes of the Black Sea which quotes a new species for science – Vigtoriella
zaikai KISSELEVA (Sergheva, 1998) and a new species for the Black Sea of the genus Protodrilus HATSCH;
representatives of this genus, Protodrilus (other species than P. flavocapitatus ULIJ) have been identified by us
too in different habitats of the north-western of the Pontic basin from 50-60 m depth. In the category of species
which lately have not been reported in mediollittoral habitats, with gross sediments from the south of Constanta,
are Ophaelia bicornis SAVIG and Praegeria remota SOUTH. (B cescu, 1972; Paraschiv and Gomoiu, 2002;
Paraschiv, 2006) or in the infralittoral sedimentary habitats: Arenicola marina L. (Gomoiu, 1981)
Material and Methods
Our study is based on several categories of data obtained by us during 2002-2006 periods (Fig. 1): - 57
samples from small depth community (mediollittoral and infralittoral), and - 20 samples obtained through
130
research carried out in the research programs: GEF/Akademik Cruise-2003 and GEF/Parshin Cruise CERES2005 and CERES 2006.
C. Midia –
C. Kaliakra
Littoral Zone
Medio- and
infralittoral
Sits (0-5 m)
Transects
Constanta
C. Midia,
C.Kaliakra
Fig. 1 – Researched area: Cape Midia – Cape Kaliakra and the localization of the sampling points
Samples were collected from locations arranged perpendicular to the shore line, using a device type corer,
(being withheld evidence in its entirety - sediment and biological material caught), from different horizons of
depth (Table 1), after which fixing and conservation were conducted in order to be processed in the laboratory.
Table 1: The number of samples which were included in this study and the localization of collecting point
Localization
of samples collecting point
Mediollittoral
C. Midia, Constanta, Eforie Sud, Mangalia, Vama Veche
Infralittoral:
C. Midia, Constanta, Eforie Sud, Mangalia, Vama Veche
Transects:
Cape Midia – Constanta and Cape Kaliakra
Total samples
Depth
(m)
No.
samples
0
12
1,3 and 5
45
8, 15 and 25
20
77
Substratum
Hard and sedimentary
phytal
Hard and sedimentary
Exclusive rocky
Sediments:
Sandy silt and muddy
Results and Discussions
In this study have been identified 54 species for the main types of habitat considered: sedimentary, hard
(especially associated to the phytal and zoo-bioderm) and stone; out of this species, Nereidae JOHN. are 17%,
Phyllodocelidae LEVIN are19%, 9% Syllidae SAVIG. (45% of which is Aciculata-Palpata group) and 50% of
131
Scolecidae BLAIN (sedentary, with external tubs of sediment, out of which 37% represents Spionidae GRUBE)
7% from other groups; juvenile and larval forms are dominated by spionidae, followed by nereidae.
Although the number of samples collected in the Kaliakra area is much lower compared to the rest,
polychaets recorded a bigger increase in this sector than in the rest of the coast area (58%, Fig. 2); in addition,
species cited only in habitats of these areas represent 62% of the species cited only with a single presence (Fig.
3).
Polychaeta- Species number
RO
42%
BG
58%
BG
RO
25 m
48%
15 m
52%
15 m
44%
25 m
56%
Fig. 2 – Distribution of the number of species identified in the researched area: C. Kaliakra-Bulgarian
littoral and the rest of the researched area-Romanian littoral
Also in the area C. Kaliakra, in the biotopes from 25 m depth, polychaets recorded the highest number of
species identified, relative to the total number cited for the entire area; in the habitats located between C. Midia
and Vama Veche were recorded values approximately equal for the number of species recorded on various depth
horizons (Fig.2).
Constant
23%
RO
47%
BG
53%
One present
62%
Frequent
15%
Constant: more 80% ; Frequent: more 50% ;
Fig. 3. – The analysis of the polychaeta species frequency in the two sectors of the studied area
Staying in the same context, data analysis performed for the fauna of benthal metazoars (79 species),
presents the northern extremity of the analyzed area (Cape Midia - Constanta) as the area with the greatest
number of species and the highest values of density on abundance particularly in the horizon of depth to 15 m
132
(especially by representatives of groups Polychaeta - 27 species and Mollusca - 23 species, Fig. 4).
In specific literature it is considered that approximately 75% of the benthic fauna of the Planetary Ocean is
encountered in combination with hard substrate (rock, coral reefs, artificial reefs, hydro-technical constructions,
or shell-type), 20% is populating sedimentary biotopes and only 5% of the benthic fauna is associated to the
phytal substrate (Parsons, 1977).
Metazoa (Davg*m-2)
25 m
14%
RO
59%
BG
41%
Density metazoa/deep
w ith 32 metazoa
species
25 m
53%
15 m
47%
w ith 23 metazoa
species for each
deep interval
15 m
86%
w ith 21 metazoa
species
Fig. 4. - Analysis of the number of species and of the density after the benthic fauna abundance from the two
sectors of the studied area
For the study area presented shows is highlighted an almost constant presence of nereidae species, with
high waist: Neanthes succinate LEUCK., Nereis rava EHLERS., with affinity for hard substrate, frequent in
association with epibenthic fauna of this substrate; they are present also in association with various sedimentary
deposits and this is correlated with the presence of rocks and stones large enough, at whose shelter can form such
accumulation of sediments (Fig. 5); the last species quoted by us as a novelty for the Romanian coast (Paraschiv
et.al., 2001); as well as a novelty in the `90 was reported for the first time at the Romanian seacoast a species of
nereid, Namanereis litoralis MAR., in the mediollittoral sediments, at shelter from waves and with high
concentration in particulate organic matter in interstitial water (Surugiu and Manoleli, 1998; Paraschiv and
Gomoiu, 2002); populations of this polychaeta are described in the literature as typical for the mediollittoral with
sediments dominated by fine fractions and with increased organic load (Vinogradov, 1968); in the study
conducted by us, we found it in high enough number in the fauna associated to the protection breakwaters of the
port of Cape Midia.
Among the species characteristic to the rocky substrate, with epibenthic consisting in mussels and macroalgae associations, and frequently encountered by us, we quote: Platynereis dumerilii AUDOU.&EDW. and
Perinereis cultrifera GRUBE.
Among the forms of vagile polychaeta, a fairly large percent of species, especially among syllidae and
phyllodocelidae, presents an accentuated affinity to the hard substrate particularities (38%, Fig. 5).
133
80
70
soft substratum
hard sustratum
F%
FD%
60
50
40
30
20
Sp
h
yd
o
Po
l
N
ea
nt
he
s
su
cc
in
ea
ra
an
ae
te
ro
nn
sy
at
lli
a
s
bu
lb
Po
os
ly
a
do
ra
ci
li a
ta
N
er
ei
s
ra
B
va
ra
ni
a
cl
N
er
av
in
at
e
a
Pl
ci
at
rr
at
yn
ul
er
us
ei
s
Pe
du
ri
m
ne
er
re
i li
is
i
H
cu
ar
lt r
m
ife
ot
ho
ra
e
re
tic
ul
at
a
10
0
Sp.
Polychaeta species num ber
total num ber identificated: 54/2002-2006
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
sedim
5%
until 3 m
4%
rocky, until 3 m
9%
RkD
population from 10-25 m deep
population from 3 m deep and
rocky substratum
A
o
on ni d
e
id
es s o
pa xy c
uc
e
ib pha
ra
nc l a
B
h
r
C
C ani iat
a
ap
a
a
ito pite cl a
m
l
v
as la c ata
ap
t
C us
i
ap
m tat
a
ite in
lli imu
d
Po es s
g
ly
do iar
C
d
Eu lym ra c i
ili
ch en
on e c ata
o
e
ru lla
ris
br
o
Et c in
ct
eo
Eu ne a
pi
la
ct
F lia
a
G abr lim
ru
ic
ba
ia
be
t
a
s
a
te a b
nu el
l
G
a
i
Po rub cirr
a
e
ly
do a l t a
ra imb
a
an
te ta
nn
at
a
RkD
deep biotop
44%
everywhere
38%
A
Sp.
Fig. 5 – The structure of the Polychaeta communities from the different types of occupied habitats
A relatively large number of species (44%), are identified only in biotopes at depths exceeding 10 m; this
is explained mainly by the presence at these depths of a particular type of sediments that form the matrix
substrate (silt with slimy matrix) and the preference is given rather by the need to "build" the tube to carry out
life-cycle and to a lesser extent by bathymetric factors; among these species we quote: the species of Capitella
BLAINV., Capitomastus LANGERH, Polydora BOSK and Aonides CLAP., species Eucymene CLAP. and
134
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
N
ea
nt
h
es
Po
su
ly
cc
do
Sp
in
ra
ea
ha
an
er
t
en
os
na
yl
lis
ta
bu
Fa
lb
br
os
ic
ia
a
sa
be
N
lla
er
ei
s
B
ra
ra
va
ni
a
c
Po
la
va
yd
Pl
ta
or
at
yn
a
ci
er
l ia
ei
ta
s
du
G
m
ru
er
be
il i
a
i
Po
l
im
yd
ba
or
Pe
ta
a
ri n
la
rv
er
.+
ei
ju
s
cu
v
l tr
i fe
ra
F%
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Polychaeta fauna from shalow w ater zone (hard and sedim entary
substratum ): 28 taxa/2002-2003
Rang (RkD)
Heteromastus CLAP. whose population occupies the first positions (after the rank given by the frequency – F%
and dominance – DD % values) in the polychaeta fauna communities of the investigated sector (Fig. 5).
Mediollittoral floor is characterized on the entire length of the analyzed coastline segment by sedimentary
habitat with fine grading (C. Midia, Constanta), average and rough (Eforie Sud) and rough mixed with fragments
of shell more or less run (Vama Veche); habitats of the far south, are populated by rare species strictly affinity of
sediment habitats: Saccocirrus papillocercus BOBR. (216 indv.m-2) and Nerilla antennata SCHM. (1068 indv.m2
) (Surugiu, Manoleli, 1998-1999); the most part of the species that have been identified in the biotopes of this
floor and that dominate through values of the average density of the populations are the ones associated to the
hard substrate epibenthic organisms (Fig. 6): Neanthes succinea (12 378 indv.m-2), Perinereis cultrifera (936
indv.m-2), Platynereis cultrifera (1 097 indv.m-2) and Nereis rava (Nereidae), Brania clavata CLAP.(1 174
indv.m-2) and Sphaerosyllis bulbosa SOUTH. (Syllidae), species of the Polydora genus (3 114 indv.m2
Populations of these species record the first five values of density rank (RkD) because of the frequency and/or
increased densities. In the mediollittoral sediments from Eforie South is highlighted increased average density
values (438 indv.m-2) recorded by the population of Namanereis litoralis.
F%
Sp.
RkD
Fig. 6 – The structure of polychaeta associations from the sediments and rocky substrate of the mediollittoral
area, Cape Midia - Vama Veche
The sedimentary habitats of the infralittoral are dominated throughout the entire length of the analyzed
coastline segment by a lower number of species, but which develops increased effectives, even if they are not
recorded consistently; at this level the species of Scolecidae group are dominant (Fig. 7): Nerine cirratulus
DELLE-CHIAJE (3 758 indv.m-2), Spio filicornis O.F.M. (1 418 indv.m-2), Polydora ciliata JOHN. (1 087
indv.m-2); the Neanthes nereid population is reported especially in areas with development mussels effectives,
but with much lower values (650 indv.m-2).
135
at
N
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8
7
6
5
4
3
2
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us
F%
Polychaeta fauna from sedim entary substratum : 24 taxa/2003-2005
100.00
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
Sp.
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Rang (RkD)
Polychaeta fauna from hard substratum : 36 taxa/2003-2005
in
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im
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90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
RkD
N
ea
nt
h
es
su
cc
F%
F%
Sp.
F%
RkD
Fig. 7 – The structure of the polychaeta associations from the sediments and rocky substrate of the infralittoral
(until 25 m), Cape Midia – Cape Kaliakra
The hard substrate infralittoral is characterized by the fact that the frequency index values are very close to
a relatively large number of species (Fig. 7), though dominant through effectives are only two populations of the
Polydora (Polydora sp. 32 017 indv.m-2 and P. antennata 15 034 indv.m-2); at a significant difference (6511
indv.m-2) is encountered the population of the Neanthes (RkD 3) and species Sphaerosyllis (RkD 4; 4029 indv.m2
). While with lower effectives, we report the presence of populations of certain genus from Phyllodocelidae
group: genus Harmothoe KINBERG. (H. reticulata CLAP. and H. imbricata L., on average 1400 indv.m-2),
Polynoe scolopendrina SAVIG. (1250 indv.m-2), Eteone picta QUATR., Eulalia limbata CLAP. and E. viridis
MULLER (on average 740 indv.m-2), Euchone rubrocincta SARS (65 indv.m-2).
Analyzing from the feeding stand point the associations formed by polychaeta-fauna, two main groups are
highlighted: the predators - 33% (in this group being included non-selective carnivores) and the detritivore
species - 29% (consuming particulate organic substance, indifferent of the mechanisms used, Fig. 8).
136
polyvalent troph.
20%
Trophic stucture of polychaeta community
predatory
33%
sedimentphag
18%
detrivorous
29%
Substr. soft
Substr. hard
20
Substr. soft
Substr. hard
15
No.sp.
No.sp.
20
15
10
5
0
10
5
0
0-3 m
until 10m
until 25 m
Depth
0-3 m
until 10m
Depth
until 25 m
Fig. 8 – Trophic structure of polychaeta communities from different habitats types
The group of predator species includes the syllidae (Sphaerosyllis bulbosa, Syllis gracilis GRUBE, Brania
clavata, Grubea limbata CLAP.and G. tenuicirrata MAR.), Harmothoe şi Phyllodoce SAVIG. species from
genus. Some nereidae species are included in the non-selective carnivores group because they present a multiple
trophic valence recognized in the literature (eg Hediste diversicolor O.F.M.). The largest number of species in
this group was identified in the hard substrate habitats associated to the infralittoral floor (Fig. 8).
The second group which includes a relatively large number of species is the on of detritivorous species; in
this largest group are included the species of spionidae, scolecidae and terebelidae (Canalipalpata): the species
of genus Aonides CLAP, Polydora, Spio FABR., Nerine, Euclymene CLAP., Heteromastus CLAP, Capitelida,
and some nereidae – Namanereis litoralis. Out of these species are highlighed selective micro- or macrodetritivorous, as well as non-selective species.
Conclusions
The variety of the biotopes encountered in the littoral sector Cape Midia - Cape Kaliakra (between 0 and
25 m deep) is the premise of their employment by a diverse fauna; there are are encountered sedimentary habitats
with mixture variants of the clay, silt and sandy fractions (the last category with grading subdivisions of fine,
medium and rough sand, mineral or biogenic – shells material, rough, strongly run), as well as habitats
characterized by a hard substrate (limestone platforms more or less extensive in the southern extremity of the
area investigated, the protection breakwaters for the beaches and of the harbor from C. Midia to Mangalia, or
substrate composed of strongly compacted shell material).
On the basis of the 77 benthos samples collected from the C. Midia - C. Kaliakra sector, there were
identified a total of 199 specific and supraspecific taxa: 117 taxa of 14 major groups of metazoars identified in
the small depth benthal domain, to the north of Mangalia (with more sedimentary habitats) and 82 taxa of 18
major groups, for the Vama Veche - Cap Kaliakra sector; this situation is due to rather low number of samples
collected from this sector than to the lower diversity (this not allowing the identification of a greater segment
benthos fauna typical to the hard substrate).
However we mention the presence of a greater number of species in the group Polychaeta (Annelida) in
the southern extremity of the investigated littoral sector (58% of the total number of polychaeta species - 54)
compared with 42% recorded in the benthos domain of north of Mangalia; this is explained by the greater variety
of categories of sedimentary habitats or with hard substrate in the area. A constant presence (presence in percents
of more than 90%) in almost all types of habitat is registered nearly 23% of Polychaeta species (Nerine
cirratulus, Polydora species complex, Capitella capitata FABR., Sphaerosyllis bulbosa, etc); a high enough
percentage (62%) is represented by the category of species cited as unique presence in one habitat or another, in a
137
coastal area or another; from this fauna segment, 18 fauna species are cited as unique presence for the habitats
from the south of Vama Veche (hard substrate: Microspio mecznikowianus CLAP., Janua pagenstecheri
QUATRE, or at more than 15 m depth).
We signalize the presence of the populations of some polychaeta species cited by us in previous works as
new presence for areas situated to the south of Odessa Bay: Nereis rava and Namanereis litoralis; if
approximately 10 years ago we were reporting in the mediollittoral from Eforie South the presence of
Namanereis species population, at present we can say that it is present as well in the sedimentary deposits
sheltered at the base of the brakewaters from Cape Midia (even if not in increased effectives, 487 indv.m-2).
Mediollittoral sedimentary habitats from Cape Midia to Constanta, are characterized by an extremely poor
polychaeta fauna, consisting of more juvenile and larval stages of spionidae; as one goes further to the south, the
sediments granulometry of this is changing, the rough fractions becoming dominant (Eforie Sud, Mangalia); in
these habitats, considered in the `70 as being populated by the association of Ophelia bicornis polychaeta species
(now disappeared from these habitats) we believe that restructuring of the invertebrate communities take place;
deposits of small fragments, of bivalves shells (especially mussels) from the mediollittoral from Vama Veche,
exposed to wave action, are populated mainly by two typical interstitial species: Saccocirrus papillocercus and
Nerilla antenna; since in the literature Nerilla antenna is described as a typical small depth and psammophyl
species and we have identified the representatives of this species and in association with phytofil fauna, as well
as in habitats from sandy depths greater than 30m, we believe that it could be in this case a species complex, too.
The mediollittoral with rocky substrate and epibenthos is dominated by nereidae species: Neanthes
succinea, Perinereis cultrifera, Platynereis dumerilii, Nereis rava.
The infralittoral with sediments is populated mostly by species of Polydora complex, by Nerine cirratulus, Spio
filicornis, Pygospio elegans CLAP., Prionospio cirrifera WIREN; to a high enough extent, to the northern area
investigated, capitelidae species develop populations with relative great effectives: Capitella capitata, Capitella
minima LANGER., Capitelides giardi MESNIL, and the species Euclymene collaris, Heteromastus filiformis.
In the infralittoral areas with hard substrate (particularly to the south of the area investigated), where are
commonly encountered mussels colonies, associated to this particular type of habitat are encountered to a higher
extent species of syllidae, phyllodocelidae, vagile forms, and mostly predators.
Under feeding aspect, the polychaeta communities in the area studied are grouped into four major groups:
predators (ravening and non-selective, Syllidae, Harmothoe, Polynoe SAVIG.), detritivorous (macrophagous and
micophagous), the majority of scolecidae group), sedimentophagous (most of capelidae species) and the group of
the species with a polyvalent trophic regime (the majority of nereidae species).
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BARTOLOMAEUS T., Purschke, G., Hausen, H., 2005 – Polychaete phylogeny based on
morphological data – a comparasion of current attempts; Hydrobiologia 535: 341-356.
B CESCU M.C., 1972 – Substratum; Marine Ecology, vol. 3, part 3; 1291-1314.
BELLOT A., BRUNETTI, R., BURATTO, A., GABRIELE, M., GALLOTTI, D., MASIERO, L., 2004
– Community structure and abundence of sublittoral meiobenthos of Nortern Adriatic Sea; Bollettino
del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia, 55: 53-65.
GLASBY J. C., 1999 – The Namanereididae (Polychaeta: Nereididae). Part 2, Cladistic Biogeography;
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GLASBY J. C., 2005 – Polychaetae distribution patterns revisited: an historical explanation; Mar.
Ecology 26: 235-245.
GOMOIU, M.T. - 1981 – Some problems concerning actual ecological changes in the Black Sea;
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KISSELEVA M. I., 1968 – Le développement du benthos dans les mers du bassin méditerranéen; Rapp.
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biogeography, diversity and species fidelity to environmental feature; MEPS 304: 143-153.
PARASCHIV G. M., GOMOIU, M.T., 2002 – New species of Cnidaria in the Black Sea:
Halammohydra sp. and Stylocoronella sp., interstitial forms at mid-littoral sandy beaches; Proc. Intern.
Workshop on “Modern and Ancient Environments and Processes”- Geo-Eco-Marina 5-6/2000-2001
Bucureşti: 53-58.
PARASCHIV G. M., 2006 – Present state of Polychaeta worms populations in the NW Black Sea; 1st
biannual Scientific Conference Black Sea b.Ecosystem 2005 and Beyond-commision on the Protection
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PARASCHIV, G. M., GOMOIU, M.T., ŞERBAN V., 2001 – New species of Polychaeta (Annelida)
from the Romanian Black Sea coast; 3rd International Conference of PhD Students, 13-19 August 2001,
University of Miskolc, Hungary: 271-278.
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SERGHEVA V., ZAIKA, M., KISSELEVA, M., 1998 - Two polychaeta species bordering deep sea
anoxic water in the Black Sea; Tavrichesky med.-biolog., Vestnik, no.1-2: 56-60.
SKOLKA M., F G RAŞ, M., PARASCHIV, G. M., 2005 – Biodiversitatea Dobrogei, 132-134, (ed)
Ovidius University Press, Constan a.
SURUGIU, V., MANOLELI, D., 1998-`99 – Nouvelle contribution á l`etude des Annélides Polychétes
de la region d`Agigea (Littoral Roumain); An. Stiin. Univ. “A.I. Cuza”, Iaşi, Biol. Animal , fas. XLIVXLV.
VINOGRADOV K. A., LOSOVSKAYA, G. V., 1968 – Klass mnogoshetinkovye chervil – Polychaeta/
Opredelitel`Fauny Cenogo I Azovskogo Morey; Naukova Dumka I, Kiev: 251-359 pp.
139
NATURA 2000 EUROPEAN ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IN ROMANIA
Loreley Dana JIANU *, Silvia Raluca TURCU*
Constanţa Environmental Protection Agency, Unirii Street, No. 23, 900532, Constanţa, Romania
jloreley@yahoo.com
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: Natura 2000 is a Community-wide network of nature protection areas established under the
1992 Habitats Directive. It also includes areas designated under the 1979 Birds Directive. Aim of the network is
long-term survival of Europe's most valuable and threatened species and habitats. Natura 2000 is not a system of
strict nature reserves where all human activities are excluded.
Keywords: Natura 2000, Habitats Directive, Birds Directive, environmental assesment, Constanta
County’s sites
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
European ecological network Natura 2000 is a network of protected natural areas, through implementation
of European Directives 92/43/EEC - Directive on the conservation of natural habitats and species of plants and
wild animals (Habitats Directive) and 79/409/EEC - Directive on the conservation of wild birds (Birds
Directive). The term Natura 2000 comes from the Habitats Directive and symbolizes efforts to conserve
biodiversity for the year 2000 and in the future.
Discussions
Protected areas Natura 2000 are of two types: Special Areas of Conservation - SAC-s, designated under
the Habitats Directive and Special Protected Areas for Birds - SPA-s established under the Birds Directive. The
establishment of this network of protected areas where special measures are taken to conserve biological
diversity also fulfils a clear Community obligation under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity.
Nature 2000 sites selection in Romania follows two different selection processes. First, the identification
and delimitation of SPA-s is entirely based on scientific criteria, and than declared as Natura 2000 sites.
Second process concerns SAC-s selection, and follows few steps. Once the national list of Sites of
Community Importance (SCI-s) have been adopted it is then for the Romanian State to designate these sites as
SAC-s as soon as possible and within six years at most (complying by Habitats Directive criteria in the
Biogeographyc Seminars debates). During this period the state should establish the necessary management or
restoration measures for the sites to ensure their favourable conservation status (FCS). The first FCS monitoring
report will be in 2013 for the SCI-s declared in Romania.
The purpose of Natura 2000 network is to stem the decline of biological diversity by maintaining or
restoring favorable conservation status of species with different degrees of endangerment (rare, vulnerable or
endangered) and natural habitats of European interest. The conservation status are favorable when the species is
maintained in the long term, not the natural habitats aren’t reduced are also are sufficiently broad to maintain
populations in the long term. In the same time, Natura 2000 network is the main instrument of the European
Union for the Conservation of biodiversity and nature, it’s irreversible loss means to affect the production of
goods and services and semi-natural ecosystems, and economic well-being and health of human populations.
European ecological network objectives are identifying, maintaining and restoring key areas to protect
species of wild fauna and flora, and corridors linking of these, which make it possible migration and exchange
between the peoples populating the same species as habitats of different areas.
Romania is characterized by: the presence of five biogeographical regions (Pannonian, Steppic, Alpine,
Continental and Pontic or the Black Sea region) due to geographical position - being the only country in Europe
140
with five biogeographical regions, the diversity of hydro-geomorphological units, maintaining a share of
approximately 45% of natural ecological systems or partly natural from total area of the country and maintaining
most types of systems and complex natural ecological systems.
Both European Directives 92/43/EEC and 79/409/EEC have been translated into Romanian legislation by
several legislative acts, namely: Emergency Ordinance no. 57/2007, with subsequent amendments on the regime
of protected natural areas, conservation of natural habitats, wild flora and fauna, Order of the Ministry of
Environment and Sustainable Development no. 1964/2007 declaring sites of community importance as part of
European ecological network Natura 2000 in Romania and the Government Decision no. 1284/2007 declaring
special protected areas for birds as part of European ecological network Natura 2000 in Romania.
Specific lows in Romania (Emergency Ordinance no. 57/2007; Order of the Ministry of Environment and
Sustainable Development no. 1964/2007, Government Decision no. 1284/2007) provides for all the plans,
programmes and projects to be carried out in the Natura 2000 sites and close to them the obligation of applying
the procedure of making environmental assessment for plans and programs and procedure framework for
environmental impact assessment for projects.
Thus, not any type of human activity is a priori prohibited in Natura 2000 sites or in the vecinity, the
situations are distinct from case to case and evaluate differentiated. Projects and plans to be achieved, however,
are of major public concern, including the sake of social or economic order. For this development proposals
competent authority for environmental protection will determine and establish the compensatory measurements
necessary to protect the coherence of the Natura 2000 network.
In our country are designated 108 areas of special protection for birds (SPA-s), meaning approximately
12% of the area of national territory and 273 sites of Community importance (SCI-s), which means
approximately 13% of the area of the country.
In the county of Constanta are 20 SCI-s (Fig. 1) and 22 SPA-s (Fig. 2) declared to protect a significant
number of very diverse habitats (forest, meadow, coastal, swamp, rocks, sand) and a number of important
species of flora and fauna of Community interest.
Fig. 1 Limits of sites of Community importance (SCI-s) within the county of Constanta
141
Fig. 2 Limits of areas of special protection for birds (SPA-s) on the county of Constanta
The 20 sites of Community Importance present wholly or partly within the county of Constanta are the
following:
1. ROSCI0006 Balta Mic a Br ilei
2. ROSCI0012 Braţul M cin
3. ROSCI0022 Canaralele Dun rii
4. ROSCI0053 Dealul Alah Bair
5. ROSCI0065 Delta Dun rii
6. ROSCI0066 Delta Dun rii - zona marin
7. ROSCI0071 Dumbr veni - Valea Urluia - Lacul Vederoasa
8. ROSCI0073 Dunele marine de la Agigea
9. ROSCI0083 Fântâniţa Murfatlar
10. ROSCI0094 Izvoarele sulfuroase submarine de la Mangalia
11. ROSCI0114 Mlaştina Hergheliei - Obanul Mare şi Peştera Movilei
12. ROSCI0149 P durea Esechioi - Lacul Bugeac
13. ROSCI0157 P durea Hagieni - Cotul V ii
14. ROSCI0172 P durea şi Valea Canaraua Fetii - Iortmac
15. ROSCI0191 Peştera Limanu
16. ROSCI0197 Plaja submers Eforie Nord - Eforie Sud
17. ROSCI0201 Podişul Nord Dobrogean
18. ROSCI0215 Recifii Jurasici Cheia
19. ROSCI0269 Vama Veche - 2 Mai
20.ROSCI0273 Zona marin de la Capul Tuzla.
The list of specially protected areas for birds on the county of Constanta includes the following sites:
1. ROSPA0001 Aliman – Adamclisi
2. ROSPA0002 Allah Bair – Capidava
3. ROSPA0005 Balta Mic a Br ilei
4. ROSPA0007 Balta Vederoasa
5. ROSPA0008 B neasa - Canaraua Fetei
6. ROSPA0017 Canaralele de la Hârşova
7. ROSPA0019 Cheile Dobrogei
8. ROSPA0031 Delta Dun rii şi Complexul Razim – Sinoie
9. ROSPA0036 Dumbr veni
142
10. ROSPA0039 Dun re – Ostroave
11. ROSPA0040 Dun rea Veche - Braţul M cin
12. ROSPA0053 Lacul Bugeac
13. ROSPA0054 Lacul Dun reni
14. ROSPA0056 Lacul Oltina
15. ROSPA0057 Lacul Siutghiol
16. ROSPA0060 Lacurile Taşaul – Corbu
17. ROSPA0061 Lacul Techirghiol
18. ROSPA0066 Limanu – Herghelia
19. ROSPA0076 Marea Neagr
20. ROSPA0094 P durea Hagieni
21. ROSPA0100 Stepa Casimcea
22. ROSPA0101 Stepa Saraiu – Horea.
Whereas the Natura 2000 network certainly includes nature reserves most of the land is likely to continue
to be privately owned and the emphasis will be on ensuring that future management is sustainable, ecologically,
economically and socially. We make the mention that in Constanta County all the natural reserves are included
in Natura 2000 sites, thus their protection status is consolidated.
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
www.mmediu.ro
www.anpm.ro
www.mediu-constanta.ro/
http//ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/ habitatsdirective/
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/ birdsdirective/
Emergency Ordinance no. 57/2007, with subsequent amendments on the regime of protected natural
areas, conservation of natural habitats, wild flora and fauna
Order of the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development no. 1964/2007 declaring sites of
community importance as part of European ecological network Natura 2000 in Romania
Government Decision no. 1284/2007 declaring special protected areas for birds as part of European
ecological network Natura 2000 in Romania
143
FORMULATION OF A SHORELINE DEVELOPMENT INDEX TO EXAMINE THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT AND ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY
Lucica TOFAN*, Timothy J. EHLINGER**, Megan HELT-BALDWIN**, Diana CERJAK**,
Daniela VASILE*, Richard SHAKER*, Mirela BUCUR*, and Ana Maria BUICULESCU*
* Ovidius Universiy of Constanţa, Natural and Agricultural Sciences Faculty
124, Mamaia Bd., Constanţa, 900527, Romania
** University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: This paper presents a rapid methodology that was created for the assessment of shoreline
development around an urban lake. Human activity on the land affects the functionality of different areas of the
lakeshore. This multi-metric index attempts to collect information to examine the interconnectivity of aquatic,
shoreline, riparian, biotic, and viewscape variables at sites along Lake Tabacarie, Constanta Romania. The
aquatic, shoreline, and riparian variables were observed by using a modified point-transect methodology
following the lake shoreline. Vegetation, organic debris, garbage, ground cover, and land usage were assessed at
each sample point around the lake perimeter. The biotic variables were assessed by observation of presence of
birds, amphibians, and other fauna at each site. Viewscape was evaluated using a qualitative assessment of
natural landscape and culturally important or aesthetically pleasing built environs as compared to impervious
surface areas (e.g. parking lots), degraded building, or commercial areas directly on the shore. Data collected
were processed into a point scale and scores were given to 98 locations around Lake Tabacarie. The scores
created by the application of this methodology can be utilized as indicators of the integrated environmental health
and human activity. Furthermore, it can help inform and monitor sustainable development around Lake
Tabacarie.
Keywords: sustainable development, Tabacarie lake, functional zones, shoreline development index;
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
An interdisciplinary study was undertaken to develop a framework for integrated sustainable development
for the Lake Tabacarie area, Constatana Romania. The first step of this study was to define the spatial
characteristics of the built and natural environmental features, in an attempt to define “functional zones” that
could serve as a basis for creating a systems-based model for studies of social, environmental, and economic
factors.
Based upon examination of satellite orthophotos, the area around the lake was divided into different land
cover zones and the human activities within these zones were described (Figure 1). This formed the basis for
eleven “functional zones”, including the (1) Holiday Village, Luna Park, and Shops, (2) Tabacarie Park and
Playground, (3) City Park Mall, (4) Activity Park, (5) St. Mina Church Area, (6) Micro Delta Reserve, (7) The
Natural Science Park, (8) Open Green Space, (9) Commercial Area, (10) North Water Treatment Plant, and (11)
Arena and North Green Space.
Human actions on land affect the shoreline, which in turn affects the aquatic zone. This is an issue of
connectivity. Connectivity assumes the union of smaller parts. The functional zones are connected by the Lake
T b c rie shoreline.
The purpose of the study described in this paper is to develop a multi-metric index to gather the data
needed to quantify and understand the relationships between human activities on the shoreline and the ecological
integrity of the lake. This shoreline index provides a methodology to rapidly assess components of the
144
ecological integrity along the shoreline and visualize the spatial relationships as part of indentifying and
monitoring sustainable development opportunities.
Material and Methods
A visual survey was conducted to gather information for 98 locations around Tabacarie Lake. At each
location, data were evaluated for an area 10m by 10m square at each survey point.
Five components of the Shoreline Development Index were considered: the Aquatic Zone, the Shoreline
Zone, the Riparian Zone, a Biotic Component, and an Aesthetic Component. For each sampling point, a transect
depth of 5m into the aquatic zone and 10 m into the riparian zone, with a 1m depth from the water edge for
shoreline was used at each location. For the aquatic zone, shoreline, and riparian zone, the percent coverage of
different vegetation, ground cover and land uses were estimated visually (see example data sheet in Figure 2).
145
The presence of birds, amphibians, and other fauna at each site were noted as either absent, present or
many. Aesthetic value was determined by a qualitative assessment of natural landscape and culturally important
or aesthetically pleasing built environs visible from the site. The surveys also took note of pollution sources,
canopy cover, public vs. private ownership, and the “buffer zone” between lake and manmade surface.
It should be noted that surveys were meant to be a rapid assessment of the locations. One person took
consistent notes and filled out the surveys. Pictures of each location were taken from the shore facing land and
from the land facing water. GPS was used to accurately identify locations.
Aquatic Component
Data were entered into Microsoft Excel ™, and the statistical distributions of the different variables were
examined.
Variables that were considered to contribute positively to ecological integrity were assigned positive
scores and summed to generatate a “good” score. Variables those that were considered to subtract from
ecological integrity were given negative scores and summed to create a “bad” score.
The presence of vegetation was considered as something that added value to the aquatic zone. The types of
vegetation that were present included, reeds, sedges, submerged and floating vegetation. The aquatic good score
was determined by adding percent of reeds, sedges, submerged vegetation and floating vegetation, and was given
the variable name “AqGoodScr”. Equation 1 shows how the variables where added:
Equation 1: AqGoodScr = PercReed + PercSedge + PercSubVeg + PercFloatVeg, where
AqGoodScr = good score for the aquatic component,
PercReed = percent of reed,
PercSedge = percent of sedge,
PercSubVeg = percent of submerged vegetation,
PercFloatVeg = percent of floating vegetation.
Based upon the total AqGoodScr, a point value between 0 and 15 was assigned. Table 1 shows the scores
once all the good variables were added and the point values that were given to each range of scores. The
variables that were considered good received the highest scores.
Table 1: Aquatic Good Scores
AqGoodScr (Total)
0-5
5-20
20-40
40-60
60-80
80-100
Points Given
0
3
6
9
12
15
Negative variables were determined to be the categories of percent litter and percent other. The percent
other category usually consisted of algae and brown foam and thus was determined to be a negative variable. The
equation given to the bad score of the aquatic zone was named “AqBadScore.” Equation 2 shows how the
variables were added.
Equation 2: AqBadScr = PercLitter + PercOther, where
146
AqBadScr = aquatic bad score,
PercLitter = percent of litter,
PercOther = percent of other.
Table 2 shows the scores once all the bad variables were added and the point values that were given for
each range of scores. Low scores were given the most points as they signified the absence of bad variables.
Table 2: Aquatic Bad Scores
AqBadScr (total)
0-5
5-20
20-40
40-100
Points Given
5
3
2
0
Once the points were given for each site, the total aquatic score was found at each site. Equation 3
represents the total equation score. The most points a site could have were 20 points.
Equation 3: AqTOTscr = AqGoodScr + AqBadScr, where
AqTOTscr = aquatic total score,
AqGoodScr = aquatic good score,
AgBadScr = aquatic bad score.
Shoreline Component
After all of the data was inputted into excel, each of the different variables was assessed as a positive or
negative aspect of the shoreline. The percentage of reeds, sedges, grass, and trees were determined to be positive,
or “good” variables, and were added up as the “SLGoodScr”:
Equation 4: SLGoodScore = %reed + %sedge + %grass + %tree, where
SLGoodScore – good score for shoreline component.
Table 3 shows the scores once all the good variables were added and the point values that were given to
each range of scores. The variables that were considered good received the highest scores, and those who did not
scored good, were given the lower scores.
Table 3: Shoreline Good Scores
Added Good Scores
Points Given
0-10
0
10-20
2
20-40
4
40-60
6
60-80
8
80-100
10
The percentage of litter, wall and rock on the shoreline was determined to be negative or “bad” variables
and were added up as the “SLBadScr”:
147
Equation 5: SLBadScore = %Litter + %Wall + %Rock, where
SLBadScore = bad score for shoreline component.
Table 4 shows the scores once all the bad variables were added and the point values that were given to
each range of scores. Absence of bad variables was given the highest scores.
Table 4: Shoreline Bad Scores
SLBadScore
0-10
10-20
20-40
40-100
Points Given
10
5
3
0
The total shoreline score was then decided by adding the points given for the good score and the points
given for the bad score. The highest points given could add up to 20. Equation 6 shows the total shoreline score:
Equation 6: SLTOTScr = SLGoodScr + SLBadScr, where
SLTOTScr – total score for shoreline component,
SLGoodScr – good score for shoreline component,
SLBadScr – bad score for shoreline component.
Riparian component
Within the riparian zone, positive variables included percent grass, reed, sedge and shrubs or trees.
Equation 7 shows the equation that was used to determine the “RipGoodScr”
Equation 7: RipGoodScr = PercReed + PercSedge + PercShrbTree + PercGrass, where
RipGoodScr = good score for riparian,
PercReed = percent of reed,
PercSedge = percent of sedge,
PercShrbTree = percent of shrubs and trees,
PercGrass = percent of grass.
Table 5 shows the scores once all the good variables were added and the point values that were given to
each range of scores. The variables that scored good received the highest scores.
Table 5: Riparian Good Scores
RipGoodScr (total)
0-10
10-20
20-40
40-60
60-80
80-100
Points Given
0
2
4
6
8
10
148
Negative variables were determined as percent concrete, bare soil, and other. The other variable was
usually found to be litter. Equation 8 shows the equation that was used to find the “RipBadScr.”
Equation 8: RipBadScr = PercConcrete + PercBareSoil + PercOther, where
RipBadScr = bad sore for riparian component,
PercConcrete = percent of concrete,
PercBareSoil = percent of bare soil,
PercOthere = percent of others.
Table 6 shows the scores once all the bad variables were added and the point values that were given for
each range of scores. Low scores were given the most points as they signified the absence of bad variables.
Table 6: Riparian bad scores
RipBadScr (total)
0-10
10-20
20-40
40-100
Points Given
10
5
3
0
The final score for each site was decided by adding the RipGoodScr and RipBadScr variables. The highest
score for each site was 20.
Equation 8: RipTOTScr = RipGoodScr + RipBadScr, where
RipTOTScr = total score for riparian,
RipGoodScr = good score for riparian,
RipBadScr = bad score for riparian.
Biotic Component
The biotic aspect was broken down into two parts. One variable was created for the presence of frogs and
another was created for the presence of birds. Both scores had a total of ten points and then could be added to
equal 20 total points. Frogs were divided into difference categories. They were either “none”, “present” or
“many” at a site. Table 7 shows how the points were determined for the presence of frogs.
Table 7: Presence of frogs
Presence of Frogs
None
Present
Many
Points Given
0
5
10
Presence of birds was done in the same way. Birds were either determined to be “none”, “present” or
“many” at a site. Table 8 shows how the points were determined for the presence of birds.
149
Table 8: Presence of birds
Presence of Birds
None
Present
Many
Points Given
0
5
10
At each site then the presence of frogs was added with the presence of birds. For each site the highest score
could be 20 points. Equation 9 shows how this was done.
Equation 9: BioScr = Frogs + Birds, where
BioScr = score for the biotic component,
Frogs = presence of frogs,
Birds = presence of birds.
Aesthetic Quality Component
The aesthetic quality section was broken down into three sections of what could be seen in the viewscape.
These sections included natural beauty, aesthetically pleasing built areas, and aesthetically unpleasing built
areas. The natural viewscape was given a total of ten points. Likewise, the aesthetically pleasing built areas were
also given a total of ten points. The unpleasing built areas had a total of five points that could be taken away
from the total score. Once each of these scores was determined in each function zone the scores were added or
subtracted. Equation 10 was used to determine the final aesthetic score.
Equation 10: AestScr = Natural + PleasingBuilt – UnpleasingBuilt, where
AestScr = score for the aesthetic component,
Natural = presence of natural features,
PleasingBuilt = pleasing built environment,
UnpleasingBuilt = unpleasing built environment.
This equation was then used to give each functional zone a score based on the view that could be seen
within that zone.
Total Score At Each Site
After all five of the components were assessed and given points, they were then added together to make an
overall score at each site. Equation 11 shows everything that was added to make the final overall score.
Equation 11: TotalSDIScr = AqTOTScr + SLTOTScr + RipTotScr + BioScr + AestScr, where
TotalSDIScr = total Shoreline Development Index score,
AqTOTScr = total score for the aquatic component,
SLTOTScr = total score for the shoreline component,
RipTotScr = total score for the riparian component,
BioScr = total score for the biotic component,
AestScr = total score for the aesthetic component.
150
Table 9: Total SDI Score
Total SDI Score
0-20
20-40
40-60
60-80
80-100
Value
Poor
Average
Good
Very Good
Excellent
Each of the five components was added to make up the total score at each site. Table 9 shows how the
scores were then interpreted.
Results and Discussions
The index results show the connectivity of the riparian zone to the shoreline zone, to the actual aquatic
zone. Human activity and its effect on the lake can be quantified, and relations can be understood. Connectivity
assumes the union of smaller parts. The smaller parts in this case are the functional use zones around the lake.
The functional zones with all of their different uses have the lake as their common connection.
When the scores were given to 98 locations around Lake Tabacarie and the Microdelta at the
Dolphinarium the results showed most sites to be average, followed by a high amount of poor scoring sites (Fig
3 and 4). Excellent and very good sites were found at the Microdelta and the bay in Tabacarie Park. The high
occurrence of reeds along the shoreline and in the aquatic zones in these areas correlated with higher amounts of
fauna. Shoreline comprised of concrete wall was an occurrence at a great number of sites and affected the scores
negatively.
The Bay and the Microdelta from the Dolphinarium scored excellent, while most of the sites varied
between poor and average.
The Microdelta at the Delphinarium scored “very good” and has the potential to be a model for the
revitalization of aquatic, shoreline, and riparian zones on Lake Tabacarie.
Fig. 3 Total Shoreline Development Index Scores
151
Fig. 4: Distribution of Shoreline Scores around Tabacarie Lake
Amphibian and avian numbers were highest in the Microdelta and a correlation was found between their
numbers and a heavily vegetated shoreline.
The zone that scored “excellent” the most was the Bay in Tabacarie Park. Generally high percentages of
reed and vegetation with low levels of built environment generated an example of a potentially healthy area of
the lake system.
Conclusions
There is a growing need to monitor and evaluate the impacts of development on lake ecosystems (Roan et
al 2006, Jennings et al 2003) and to develop indicators that include biotic and abiotic aspects related to
sustainable development in and around coastal zones (Butler and deMaynadier 2008, Jackson 2002). It is the
interaction among the physical and biological components that contributes to the healthy functioning of
ecosystems impacted by human activity.
The index presented in this paper provides a rapid method for characterizing the physical and biological
features of the shorelines of urban lakes that are related to sustainable development. The impacts of development
in the Tabacarie Lake system are growing rapidly. As such, the need to identify areas for preservation and
restoration is great. The index presented here can serve as a method for both monitoring impacts and for
planning future developments to improve the functioning of the lake system.
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
BUTLER, R. G., MAYNADIER, P. G., 2008. The significance of littoral and shoreline habitat
integrity to the conservation of lacustrine damselflies (Odonata), Journal of Insect Conservation 12(1):
23-36.
JACKSON, M.W., 2002. Development of Shoreline Degradation Index (SDI): monitoring
environmental change using landscapte ecology metrics and high resolution remotely sensed imagery.
Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2002. IEEE International, 5(2005): 2844-2846.
JENNINGS, M. J.,. EMMONS E. E. et al., 2003. Is littoral habitat affected by residential development
and land use in watersheds of Wisconsin lakes?, Lake and Reservoir Management 19(3): 272-279.
ROWAN, J. S., CARWARDINE J. et al., 2006 . Development of a technique for Lake habitat survey
(LHS) with applications for the European Union Water Framework Directive, Aquatic ConservationMarine and Freshwater Ecosystems 16(6): 637-657.
152
FIVE YEARS OF ACTIVITY CONCERNING THE EDUCATION OF THE
COASTAL LANDS PROTECTION
Monica AXINI*,** , Rodica BERCU*, Ligia D. DIMA***
*
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agricultural Sciences,”Ovidius” University of Constantza,124 Mamaia Bd
900590, Constantza, Romania
**
”Monachus” Group of Research and Ecological Education, 8 Hortensiei Alley, 900518, Constantza, Romania,
monicaaxini@yahoo.com
***
Museal Complex of Natural Sciences, 255 Mamaia Bd, Constantza,Romania
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: The coastal lands constitute an ecological balance of the actions and retroactions from flora,
fauna and climate. For this reason, it is imperative their sensible conservation and capitalisation. Its constitute the
living environment for numerous animals and plants species. But, always, the man has intervened in their
balance with the negativest results. In conservation preoccupation of coastal ecosystems, its frames the
theoretical and practical activities carried on in the line of pupils by G.C.E.E.M. during 2003 – 2008, two. The
major purpose was the development of conscience of young generation concerning the importants of the coastal
lands in sustenable maintenance. The present paper point events went by the time of the Wetlands World Day, of
the Water World Day, of the Earth Day, of the Black Sea International Day and of during the springs and the
summers.
Keywords: pupils, ecological education, coastal lands
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
The projects adressed to pre – school children, middle school pupils (with age between 11 – 14 years) and
high school pupils (with age between 15 – 18 years) and students, too.
The purposes of projects was the development of concience of childrens concerning the protection and
conservation of coastal lands through: a) the pupils verification concerning their knowledges about coastal lands;
b) the delivering of conferences; c) the lectured on coastal lands; d) the maked of trips in various coastal lands
from Constantza County; d) the carrying on by pictures, drawings and grapfic arts competitions; e) the drawing
up, the printing and the distribution of instructive teaching aids; f) the seeing of documentary films; h) the acting
of sketchs (Corneanu et al. 2005).
Results and Discussions
The pupils verification. The pupils answers showed that they owned some knowledge about nature. But,
they wish to know more about that and they will mixed up in projects concerning the knowledge, the protection
and the rehabilitating of it (figure 1).
153
Fig. 1 - The pupils verification
The delivering of conferences. The participation in great number of pupils at conferences organized for
they it showed their interest in theoretical and practical problems of nature in general and specially of coastal
zone. The lectures were maked by specialists and pupils. The pupils papers showed that they major
preoccupations are: the dolphins of Black Sea, the effects os pollution and the erosion of coastal zones, the algae
from romanian littoral of Black Sea and their importance in human food, legislation, the history of scientific
researchs concerning coastal lands, etc. The pupils met mans of science, they knowed their preoccupations and
science problems from nowadays (figure 2).
Fig. 2 - The delivering of conferences
The lectured on coastal lands. In other stage, the pupils participated to lectures on coastal lands. They
learned: what is a coastal land and how its take form; the species which habits in such places, their adaptations
at environment as well these threats and the protection measures that its will taked; the international and national
legislation with reference from these and their application; theit statute. The lectures ended with pupils questions
showing their interes about nature (figure 3).
The maked of trips. With such stock of knowledge concerning coastal lands, the childrens participated to
study trips in various protected and other coastal lands from Constantza County (figure 3). The pupils received
binoculars, cameras, cases for the measurement of physical and chemical parameters, botanical cases, etc. They
achieved observations concerning the phenomenons which happened in these zones. They learned to collect and
to determine plants and animals species from respective zones. They learned to make herbariums, insect
collections and the others, too. Finally, they understood the species adaptations at such environments (Axini,
Bercu, 2006).
154
Fig. 3 – The maked lessons and trips
The carrying on by pictures competitions. Its carryed on competitions of pictures, drawings and grapfic
arts. The participations were many middle school pupils from Constantza County schools and pre – school
childrens from two nursery schools in Constantza Town.
The drawing up of instructive teaching aids. In same projects, the pupils received teaching aids concerning
the coastal lands: posters, leaflets, booklets, etc. In others projects, the pupils distributed the leaflets with coastal
lands informations (figure 4).
Fig. 4 - The drawing up of instructive teaching aids
The seeing of documentary films. The pupils saw documentary films concerning wild life from coastal
places, the dolphins and 2 Mai – Vama Veche Submarine Reservation.
The acting of sketchs. The last years, it was written and it staged a little play. The sketch was acted by
middle school pupils from „Kemal Atatürk” National High School.
The granting of diplomae and prizes of participant pupils in projests. For the implication in conferences,
we granted an number of: 5 excellent prizes, 7 prizes I, 6 prizes II, 6 „The Seal of Black Sea” Prizes, 7 „The
Dolphin of Sea” Prizes (see table 1). For participation to the competitions of pictures, drawings and grapfic arts,
we granted an number of: 4 excellent prizes, 3 prizes I, 5 prizes II, 4 prizes III, 2 mentions and 5 „Lirica M rii”
Prizes (see table 2). The great number of diplomae and prizes shows the passion of the pupils and their wish for
the knowledge and the protection od nature, of coastal lands in particular. In general, the diplomae maked and
financed by G.C.E.E.M. We gives prizes than: popularity science books, atlases, posters, leaflets, instructive
teaching aids concerning biology and ecology of coastal lands.
Table 1. Diplomae gave the pupils for the active participation to conferences
THE PRIZE
The Excellent
Prize
NUMBER OF PRIZES
Middle
School
2
High
School
4
NUMBER OF PUPILS
NUMBER OF PAPERS
Middle
School
2
Middle
School
2
155
High
School
13
High School
3
The Prize I
The Prize II
„The Seal of
Black Sea ” Prize
„The Dolphin of
Sea " Prize
TOTAL
5
5
-
2
1
6
5
5
-
2
1
15
5
5
-
4
1
6
4
7
4
10
5
2
16
20
16
41
17
16
Table 2. Diplomae gave the pupils for the active participation to pictures, drawings and grapfic arts
competitions
THE PRIZE
NUMBER OF PRIZES
NUMBER OF PUPILS
NUMBER OF PAPERS
The Excellent
Prize
The Prize I
The Prize II
The Prize III
The „Lirica
Marii” Prize
Mention
TOTAL
Middle
School
4
Middle
School
-
Middle
School
4
High
School
-
Middle
School
4
High School
3
5
4
5
-
3
5
4
9
-
3
5
4
5
-
2
23
-
2
27
-
2
23
-
-
The Foundation of J.T.R. Group
In 2007, was born the group of Junior Terrestrial Rangers (J.T.R.), formed by middle school pupils with
age between 11 – 15 years. This group is composed by one leader, one spokesman, one environmental reporter
and group members. Their mission is the study and the protection of reserves, in general, of nature from
Dobrudja by lands studies, conversations with public and the distribution of teaching aids concerning nature
informations, etc.
Future views
Such projects, in special those with practic parts, were a success. All this, its advises us to change them
into programs which we are going to develop years by years. The direct beneficiaries will be pupils from others
school institutes from Constantza County.
In future, we are going to be more pupils in J.T.R. group, to expand their action area and to achieve by
experience changes with similar groups both in our country and others.
Some of high school pupils will be include in research projects and they even will be to a scientific
profession.
Collaborations
In all this projects, we colaborated with:
1) Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agricultural Sciences – Ph. D., Associate Professor Marius Skolka;
2) Agency of Environment Protection, Constanta – advisers Zoica C l toiu, Mihaela Condur, Marcela
Popovici;
3) National Institut For Marine Research And Development „Grigore Antipa”, Constantza, Romania –
strategy – cooperation manager, Ph. D. Nicolae Papadopol, biologist Maria Moldoveanu, engineer Ph. D. Laura
Alexandrov, engineer Ph. D. Tania Zaharia and others;
4) Museal Complex of Natural Sciences – general manager Decebal F g d u, biologist Ph. D. Elena
Şerb nescu, biologist Adela Bologa;
156
5) The national Administration „Romanian Waters” „Dobrogea – Litoral” „Waters Directorate – office
leader Josefina Lipan;
6) The Romanian Naval League, Constantza Subsidiary – biologists Ph. D. Ioan and Florica Porumb,
contra-admiral George Petre;
7) Consulate General of the Republic of Turkey, Constantza – general consul Haluk Ağca
as well with school institutes from Constatza County:
1) „Dimitrie Cantemir” Middle School, Constantza – headmaster, teacher of history Teodora Maria Muşat,
teacher of chemistry Marina Marinescu, teacher of geography Neriman Asan, teacher of drawing Bogdan Ionu
Ene, teacher of technological education Violeta Cojocaru;
2) „Decebal” Theoretic High School, Constantza – teacher of biology Romica Milea,
3) „George C linescu” Theoretic High School, Constatza – teacher of drawing Bogdan Ionu Ene;
4) „Omnia” High School, Constantza – teacher Ph. D. Carmen Atanasiu;
5) „George Emil Palade” School Group, Constantza;
6) O.N. Nursery School no. 51, Constantza – headmaster Doina Albu;
7) Middle School, Crucea – teacher of Romanian language and literature Carmen Maria Dumitrescu;
8) „Nicolae B lcescu” Theoretic High School, Medgidia – teachers of geography Anca Elena B laşa and
Şeila Selim;
9) „Kemal Atatürk” National College, Medgidia - teacher of geography Şeila Selim, teacher of drawing
Iuliana Neacşu, schoolmaster Eugenia Ungureanu and
10) „Spiru Haret” Middle School, Medgidia – teacher of biology Felicia Simion, teacher of drawing
plastic Iuliana Neacşu;
11) „Laz r Edeleanu” School Group, N vodari – teacher of biology Corina Tudoraş and Middle School
no. 3, N vodari.
Conclusions
The participation of pupils at theoretical and practical activities of these projects show their interest in
nature and costal lands, too. They wish to participate at various projects and programes concerning the study, the
research and the reconstruction of such zones.
References
1.
2.
AXINI M., Bercu R, 2006 – Theoretical And Practical Activities Concerning The Development At
Pupils Of Conscience Concerning The Coastal Wetlands, JEPE - under press;
CORNEANU G. C., Cojocaru L., Corneanu M., 2005 – Quick Testing Methods Of The Environment
Mutagen Capacity With The Possibility To Use Them In Schools And In Hospital Units, Journal of
Envioronmental Protection and Ecology 6, No 1, 31 – 34;
157
FORMS AND METHODS OF ECOLOGICAL EDUCATION AND UPBRINGING
Stefka Georgieva GABROVSKA
Yordan Yovkov Primary School, Kavarna, Dobrich District, Republic of Bulgaria
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: The paper deals with aspects of ecological education accomplished through a collaboration
among schools and some NGOs from the Dobrich district. This collaboration is materialized through different
activities with the pupils: excursions to get acquainted to the biodiversity, participation to cleaning and
reforestation campaigns, information campaigns and activities for the dissemination of the information regarding
the protection of the environment, biodiversity monitoring activities (especially birds), exhibitions with topics
related to biodiversity, etc.
Keywords: ecological education, environment, information campaigns, Dobrich district.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
Due to the over-loaded curriculum, the responsibilities of Ecological education and sustainable
development are put on the extracurricular activities. They enable reassertion of already acquired knowledge in
the field of Ecological studies and create possibilities for the students to participate, in practice, in preservation
and restoration of the Environment.
Young people should be actively engaged in social activities and should be a part of what is happening in
their Municipality and the whole region. This expresses their willingness to live together in clean streets, clean
neighborhoods and to have a word on the social changes. Social integration of the young will help them cope
with the negative trends of our time, such as self-isolation, anonymity, lack of motivation.
Materials and Methods
The system of extracurricular work includes components which are divided into two groups:
Group 1. Principles, methods, means, stimulus, material, technological and financial provision of the activities
within the system. The first three of the stated components are known from Pedagogy but are adapted to the
goals of Ecological education and sustainable development. The rest of the components are developed in our
school according to the given conditions.
Group 2. Forms of work for educating in Ecological and sustainable development concern. The optional course
called Ecology and Health works twice a week on an approved curriculum including theoretical and practical
activities.
The curriculum dwells on the following modules:
1. Black Sea- charm and magic
2. Humid Areas- a laboratory under the open sky
3. Water- the spring of life
4. Love and concern for the Environment
5. Planet Earth- our home
The goal of the program is not merely acquiring certain knowledge but also:
- to prompt students to value more the Environment in which they live and study;
- to understand the importance of every person in finding solutions for ecological problems;
- to present positive and healthy ways of living;
- to develop a sense of personal responsibility;
- to demonstrate the idea of public engagement;
- to set up an adequate behavior and interest in research and exploratory activities.
158
The activities planned for the realization of the themes include excursions; meetings with representatives
of Biodiversity Foundation , Bulgarian Association for Birds Preservation, lectors from the University of
Shumen, Association for Ecology and Sustainable Development-Getia Pontika; forestation and cleaning
campaigns; informational, propaganda and preservative work.
With this eco district been created, the ideas of the optional course become popular, papers and research
themes are written. The young environmentalists take part in eco competitions, quizzes, contests on ecological
themes, etc.
Ecopulse Club is a constant extracurricular form which tackles environmental issues and sustainable
development. It was founded on 4 October 2000. Its members vary from 5th till 8th grade students with special
interest in Natural sciences, all enthusiastic environmentalists.
By using different methods and forms of education, students have the opportunity to be active in studying
the ecological peculiarities, cultural and historic heritage of Black Sea Dobrudja as well as other regions of our
country. Symbols of the club are Branta ruficollis and cape Chirakman. The activities of Ecopulse are of both
permanent and temporary character but always related to significant dates like:
29 December- International Day of Preserving the Ecological Diversity
22 March- International Day of the Water
22 April- International Day of the Earth
5 June- International Day of Preserving the Environment
The club is open for new members and every student who is concerned about the future of our planet is
welcomed. The group of members is flexible and its members may depend on the discussed issues, the interests
and abilities.
The program of the club is realized through interactive education and modern forms and methods of work
with a practical orientation- “brain attack”, debate, discussion. The curriculum is based on the knowledge, the
skills and the attitude of the students in the different cultural-educational areas. The Environment is considered
in its unity and wholeness with emphasis on the three spheres of interaction- natural, social and technological,
and on the global challenges of our time. This type of education directs students towards the answers of the
questions: “What needs to be done?”, “How does it need to be done?”, “Why does it need to be done?”, “What
is my personal role and responsibility?”. The curriculum provide conditions for maximum number of students to
be active participants in practical activities concerning preservation and restoration of the Environment In this
way, they build up motivation and responsible attitude towards current and possible problems on a regional and
national scale.
The activities of a temporary character might be eco lecture, excursion, expedition, eco camp,
informational and propaganda campaign, preservation activity, working on projects, presentations and
conferences.
Eco lecture - the themes are logically connected with important dates for the green-minded activists (i.e.
16 September- International Day of Ozone Layer Preservation; 3 October- International Day of Birds; First week
of April- The Week of Forests; 15 May- International Day of the Climate; 29 August- the European Night of the
Bat, etc.) These dates are good occasion for meetings with specialists and scientists in various fields of
knowledge. Guests of Ecopulse Club have been representatives of Bulgarian Association for Birds Preservation,
of Group for Studies and Preservation of Bats, ornithologists from Association for Preservation of Humid
Areas- Claverock, Scotland. Our students were given the chance to see latest presentations on Birds diversity, on
Bulgarian ichthyofauna, on the biological specifics of Branta Leucopsis.
Informational and propaganda campaign - it aims raising the ecological consciousness of students,
parents, society. With the help of the Board of Trustees of our school, we published flyers of the Youngsters
section of Bulgarian Association for Birds Preservation in school, calendars, posters, etc. For the purposes of the
Informational and propaganda campaign, we set up a special “eco nook” in the school.
Preservation activity - it is oriented towards conservation and reproduction of the Environment Serving
these goals, many organized campaigns take place: cleaning the seaside area, around the Turkish bath in
Kavarna, which is presently a museum, the pedestrian lane to the seaside; forestation; making and placing rags
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and bird feed-boxes, etc. Our students take part in such activities with consciously and with a great sense of
responsibility. This fact proves that, as a result of the Ecological education, the long way of transition
Knowledge of the Environment- Attitude towards the Environment- Behavior is accomplished.
Technological and financial provision is a crucial factor for the efficiency of the Ecological education and
sustainable development. With this regard, we carry out projects that are often sponsored by the Board of
Trustees, the Regional Inspection of Preservation and Control of Public Health- Dobrich, the Association of
Ecology and Sustainable Development- Detia Pontika, parents.
Eco excursions - they contribute to the connection between the theoretical knowledge acquired from the
optional Ecology course and the real natural conditions. Student may have first-hand experience with preserved
species when visiting: the lakes in Shabla and Durankulak, cape Kaliakra, the Preserved area of Bolata, Yailata
National Archaeological Reserve, Reserve Srebarna, Poda Preserved Natural Center, Atanasovsko Lake close to
Burgas, etc.
Eco camps - they give students the chance of long-term direct communication with Nature which helps
perceiving it fully will all senses. Eco camps are organized after the end of the school year in different bases.
The schedule of an Eco camp consists of theoretical studies (lectures, discourses), practical activities with
ecological character and time for brakes. Eco camps could be combined with visits to museums, historic
monuments, exhibitions, caves and other places of interest in the certain area.
Project work - it teaches students to work in a team, to form complex knowledge based on various
informational resources, to gather rich practical experience. Students’ active presence in the Monitoring of the
regular bird species was materialized in the project International Ecology Forum Srebarna 2006. Their efforts
were rewarded with First price for young participants.
The last challenge before the students from 4th grade of Yordan Yovkov Primary School is the National
students competition named The Project of Our Class for a Life without Cigarette Smoke. We take part in the
Smoking Prevention section with the project I Do Not Smoke and I am Independent. On 4 November 2008 we
founded a Club of the non-smoker called I Do Not Smoke and I Want the Others to Know It! The activities in
the club will be competitions, lectures, presentations, speaking on radio shows, conferences, etc.
Our students could compare their progress and awareness of environmental issues with their peers on the
following forums: Fifth National Competition in Natural Sciences and Ecology- Dobrich; National Contest
“Water- the spring of life”- Burgas: final stage of the National Olympiad of ornithology. Our students were
deeply touched and inspired by the example of the Peace Corps volunteers from USA and France whom they
met.
They also talked to scouts from Varna and Sofia who taught them how to train their endurance, how to put
a tent together, how to set fire and to orientate in the wild nature.
Results and Discussions
It has become a tradition in our school to celebrate 22 April- International Day of the Earth with an
exhibition of the biological diversity of Bulgaria. Thus the intertextual connection between Biology, Geography,
History, Literature and Art is justified. The purpose of the exhibition is to form a modern notion of the world and
to imply the necessity of preserving the ecological balance and the rational use of Nature’s wealth. Its
educational idea is to make students aware of at least a part of the valuable resources of Planet Earth, of the
diversity of species and, as a result, to recruit new members.
On the exhibition in question, abundance of items was presented: 20 paintings; photos; collections of
Mollusca; research papers on Galanthus nivalis and Centaurium erythraea as well as on the theme Peoples
Actions in Preserving the Endangered Plants; descriptions of favorite sea and river creatures; of favorite flower;
essays on the themes Problems In the Environment I Live In, Is Life Possible on Earth without Photosynthesis?
After studying about Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida in the regular Biology classes for 7th grade, the
optional course continues the theme by gathering and organizing herbarium. Now our collection consists of:
Rosaceae- Rubus idaeus, Rosa canina, Agrimonia eupatoria, Cydonia oblonga; Asteraceae- Bellis perennis,
Achillea millefolium, Matricaria chamomilla, Cirsium arvense, Ranunculaceae- Consolida regalis, Clematis
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vitalba; Ranunculus repens, Ficaria verna, Aquilegia vulgaris; Liliaceae- Convallaria majalis, Asparagus
officinalis; Poaceae- Poa pratensis, Cynodon dactylon, Setaria glauca.
Consistent observations lead to the students’ ability of unmistakably identifying the following bird
species: Phalacrocoeax carbo, Fulica atra, Larus cachinnans, Motacilla cinerea, Alcedo atthis, Corvus
monedula, Dendrocopos syriacus, Oriolus orilus, Carduelis chloris, Merops apiaster, Melanocorypha calandra,
Carduelis carduelis, Hirundo rustica.
Conclusions
Working with children is a responsibility as well as a motivation. Not once have they provoked me with
their own ideas resulting from their touch with books, with popular science films, with Internet. It is of great
importance to have these ideas in mind and to impress on young people that the future of our planet depends on
our current behavior.
References
1.
2.
3.
PETROV, S., PALAMAREV, E., 1989, Atlas on Botanic, Narodna Prosveta Publishing House, pgs.
120, 255, 278, 301
STANEVA, D., PANOVA, D., 1986, The Herbs in Every House, Medicine and Physical Culture, pg.
28
*** Center for Education, Culture and Ecology “21”, Interactive Education in Ecology and Sustainable
Development, 2003, Volume І, Varna, pg. 53-55
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Gabriel Banica
Jianu Loreley
Ciprian Samoila