This art icle was downloaded by: [ Universit y of t he Free St at e] On: 24 February 2015, At : 03: 10 Publisher: Taylor & Francis I nform a Lt d Regist ered in England and Wales Regist ered Num ber: 1072954 Regist ered office: Mort im er House, 37- 41 Mort im er St reet , London W1T 3JH, UK Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants Publicat ion det ails, including inst ruct ions f or aut hors and subscript ion inf ormat ion: ht t p: / / www. t andf online. com/ loi/ t eop20 Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Artabotrys petelotii Merr. , Artabotrys intermedius Hassk. , and Artabotrys harmandii Finet & Gagnep. (Annonaceae) from Vietnam a b a a a Nguyen H. Hung , Do N. Dai , Doan M. Dung , Truong T. B. Giang , Tran D. Thang & Isiaka A. Ogunwande c a Facult y of Chemist ry, Vinh Universit y, 182-Le Duan, Vinh Cit y, Nghe An Province, Viet nam b Facult y of Biology, Vinh Universit y, 182-Le Duan, Vinh Cit y, Nghe An Province, Viet nam c Click for updates Nat ural Product s Research Unit , Depart ment of Chemist ry, Facult y of Science, Lagos St at e Universit y, Badagry Expressway Oj o, P. M. B. 0001, Lasu Post Of f ice, Oj o, Lagos, Nigeria Published online: 23 Feb 2015. To cite this article: Nguyen H. Hung, Do N. Dai, Doan M. Dung, Truong T. B. Giang, Tran D. Thang & Isiaka A. Ogunwande (2014) Chemical Composit ion of Essent ial Oils of Art abot rys pet elot ii Merr. , Art abot rys int ermedius Hassk. , and Art abot rys harmandii Finet & Gagnep. (Annonaceae) f rom Viet nam, Journal of Essent ial Oil Bearing Plant s, 17: 6, 1105-1111, DOI: 10. 1080/ 0972060X. 2014. 886163 To link to this article: ht t p: / / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1080/ 0972060X. 2014. 886163 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTI CLE Taylor & Francis m akes every effort t o ensure t he accuracy of all t he inform at ion ( t he “ Cont ent ” ) cont ained in t he publicat ions on our plat form . However, Taylor & Francis, our agent s, and our licensors m ake no represent at ions or warrant ies what soever as t o t he accuracy, com plet eness, or suit abilit y for any purpose of t he Cont ent . Any opinions and views expressed in t his publicat ion are t he opinions and views of t he aut hors, and are not t he views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of t he Cont ent should not be relied upon and should be independent ly verified wit h prim ary sources of inform at ion. 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(Annonaceae) from Vietnam Downloaded by [University of the Free State] at 03:10 24 February 2015 Nguyen H. Hung 1, Do N. Dai 2, Doan M. Dung 1, Truong T.B. Giang 1, Tran D. Thang 1*, and Isiaka A. Ogunwande 3* Faculty of Chemistry, Vinh University, 182-Le Duan, Vinh City, Nghe An Province, Vietnam 2 Faculty of Biology, Vinh University, 182-Le Duan, Vinh City, Nghe An Province, Vietnam 3 Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Badagry Expressway Ojo, P. M. B. 0001, Lasu Post Office, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria 1 Received 28 October 2013; accepted in revised form 14 May 2014 Abstract: The chemical composition of essential oils of Artabotry spetelotii Merr., Artabotrys intermedius Hassk., and Artabotry sharmandii Finet & Gagnep. (Annonaceae) collected from Vietnam and determined by GC-FID and GC-MS, are being reported. The main compounds of the leaf of A. petelotti were elemol (19.4 %), cis-β-guaiene (9.2 %), δ-cadinene (8.4 %) and δ-elemene (5.5 %), while the stem bark comprised mainly of elemol (32.7 %), δ-cadinene (11.9 %) and spathulenol (9.6 %) as compounds of significant quantities. On the other hand, δ-3-carene (19.1 %), α-gurjunene (10.7 %) and α-zingiberene (6.3 %) were the major constituents of the leaf oil of A. intermedius. The stem was rich in δ-3-carene (29.9 %), germacrene D (15.1 %) and α-amorphene (8.0 %). A. harmanddii yielded oil in which the major components were spathulenol (17.4 %), aromadendrene epoxide (12.2 %), γ-elemene (7.1 %) and isospathulenol (5.6 %). The compositional patterns of these oil samples are being reported for the first time. Key words: Artabotrys petelotii, Artabotrys intermedius, Artabotrys harmandii, essential oil, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes. Introduction The genus Artabotrys has about 100 species distributed in tropical Asia and Africa 8. All species are climbers or erect shrubs and generally occur in rainforest communities. The genus Artabotrys is included in the Xylopia group of Annonaceous genera that are characterized by valvate sepals and petals and spoon-shaped petals with a concave base that is coherent around the reproductive organs. The flowers of Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari. (syn. Artabotrys intermedius Hassk.) from the Indian subcontinent are used to make a stimulant tea and are useful in the treatment of cholera 14. It is interesting to note that only twelve species of the Artabotrys genus have been investigated upon for their volatile oil compositions namely Artabotrys odoratissimus R. Br. ex Ker Gawl. 6,9, Artabotrys lastoursvillensis Pellegr.11, Artabotys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari., 7,15 , Artabotrys vinhensis Ast 3 , Artabotrys insignis Engl. & Diels.and four other species 5, Artabotrys pallens Ast. 18, Artabotrys hongkongensis Hance 19 and Artabotrys oliganthus Engl. & Diels.13, with variations in the chemical constituents. The genus is a source of many biologically active compounds such as *Corresponding author (Tran D. Thang , Isiaka A. Ogunwande) E-mail: < thangtd@vinhuni.edu.vn, isiaka.ogunwande@lasu.edu.ng > © 2014, Har Krishan Bhalla & Sons Nguyen H. Hung et al., / TEOP 17 (6) 2014 1105 - 1111 Downloaded by [University of the Free State] at 03:10 24 February 2015 antimicrobial and mosquito larvicidal amide 12, cytotoxic aporphines16,22, flavonoids and glycosides 17 and lipids 2. The lack of information on the biological potential as well as the volatile and non-volatile chemical constituents of Artabotrys petelotti Merr., Artabotrys intermedius Hassk. and Artabotrys harmandii Finet & Gagnep., prompted us to embark on this research. A. harmandii induces apoptosis and therefore exhibits anticancer activity in vitro 21. The methanol extracts displays potent antiestrogenic effect and can be used as a safe and effective hormonal replacement therapy 4. Materials and methods Plants collection Leaves of A. harmandii were collected from Pù Mát National park, Nghean, in Mar 2013; Leaves and stem barks of A. petelotii were collected from Pù Hu Ñng Natural Reserve, Nghean Province, in May 2013 while samples of A. intermedius were obtained from Ben En National Park, Thanh Hóa Province, Vietnam, in July 2013. Voucher specimens DND 297, DND 348 and DND 374 respectively were deposited at the Botany Museum, Vinh University, Vietnam. Plant samples were air-dried under laboratory shade prior to extraction. Extraction of the oils Aliquots of 0.5 Kg of air-dried and pulverized samples were each subjected to separate hydrodistillation for 4h at normal pressure, according to the Vietnamese Pharmacopoeia 20. Analysis of the oils Gas chromatography (GC) analysis was performed on an Agilent Technologies HP 6890 Plus Gas chromatograph equipped with a FID and fitted with HP-Wax and HP-5MS columns (both 30 m x 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 µm, Agilent Technology, Berkshire, United Kingdom). The analytical conditions were: carrier gas H2 (1 mL/ min), injector temperature (PTV, programmed temperature vaporization injection) 250 oC, detector temperature 260oC, column temperature programmed from 40oC (2 min hold) to 220oC (10 min hold) at 4oC/min. Samples were injected by 1106 splitting and the split ratio was 10:1. The volume injected was 1.0 µL. Inlet pressure was 6.1 kPa. Each sample was analyzed thrice. An Agilent Technologies HP 6890N Plus Chromatograph fitted with a fused silica capillary HP-5 MS column (30 m x 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 µm) and interfaced with a mass spectrometer HP 5973 MSD was used for the GC-MS analysis. The conditions were the same as described above with He (2 mL/min) as carrier gas. The MS conditions were as follows: ionization voltage 70 eV; emission current 40 mA; acquisitions scan mass range of 35-350 amu at a sampling rate of 1.0 scan/s. The MS fragmentation patterns were checked with those of other essential oils of known composition with Wiley (Wiley 9 th Version), NIST 08 Libraries (on ChemStation HP), with those in the literature, and also with standard substances. The identification of constituents was performed on the basis of retention indices (RI) determined by co-injection with reference to a homologous series of n-alkanes, under identical experimental conditions. Further identification was performed by comparison of their mass spectra with those from NIST 08 Libraries (on ChemStation HP) and Wiley 9th Version and the home-made MS library built up from pure substances and components of known essential oils, as well as by comparison of their retention indices with literature values 1,10. The relative amounts of individual components were calculated based on the GC peak area (FID response) without using correction factors. Results and discussion The oils were obtained in a yield of 0.25 % and 0.2 % (v/w; respectively for A. petelotii, leaf and stem barks), 0.2 % and 0.15 % (v/w; respectively for A. intermedius, leaf and stem barks) and 0.20 % (v/w, A. harmandii leaf) calculated on a dry weight basis. Oil samples were light yellow coloured. The percentage composition of compounds identified in the oil samples are summarized in Table 1. The main compounds of the A. petelotti leaf were mainly sesquiterpenes elemol (19.4 %), cis-β-guaiene (9.2 %), δ-cadinene (8.4 %), δ-elemene (5.5 %), seychellene (4.9 %) and Nguyen H. Hung et al., / TEOP 17 (6) 2014 1105 - 1111 1107 Table 1. Chemical constituents of essential oils of the studied Artabotrys species from Vietnam Downloaded by [University of the Free State] at 03:10 24 February 2015 Compound a Tricyclene α-Thujene α-Pinene Camphene Sabinene β-Pinene Myrcene α-Phellandrene δ-3-Carene ρ-Cymene o-Cymene Limonene (Z)-β-Ocimene (E)-β-Ocimene γ-Terpinene α-Terpinolene Linalool n-Nonanal allo-Ocimene trans-Pinocarveol ρ-Mentha-1,5-dien-8-ol Terpinen-4-ol α-Terpineol Methyl salicylate Myrtenol trans-Carveol (Z)-Citral Geraniol Linalyl acetate (E)-Citral Bornyl acetate Bicycloelemene δ-Elemene α-Cubebene Neryl acetate α-Ylangene α-Copaene β-Maaliene Geranyl acetate β-Patchoulene β-Bourbonene β-Cubebene RI (Cal.) RI (Lit.) 926 930 939 953 976 980 990 1006 1011 1022 1024 1032 1043 1052 1061 1090 1100 1106 1128 1135 1166 1177 1189 1191 1194 1217 1235 1253 1257 1270 1289 1327 1340 1351 1362 1375 1377 1380 1381 1381 1387 1388 921 926 932 946 969 974 988 1002 1008 1020 1022 1024 1044 1052 1054 1086 1098 1100 1128 1135 1166 1174 1186 1190 1194 1215 1235 1249 1254 1272 1289 1338 1340 1345 1359 1373 1374 1380 1379 1379 1385 1387 Percentage composition 1 2 3 4 2.2 1.2 4.3 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 Tr 0.1 0.1 4.7 0.2 5.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 - 0.7 0.3 2.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 2.0 0.2 4.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 1.3 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.7 19.1 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.8 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.8 2.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 - 0.1 0.1 1.4 1.0 0.3 0.8 29.9 1.2 1.2 0.3 1.0 0.3 1.6 0.2 1.0 1.8 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.1 2.9 b 5 0.2 2.9 1.8 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 2.3 0.1 4.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8 - Nguyen H. Hung et al., / TEOP 17 (6) 2014 1105 - 1111 1108 table 1. (continued). Downloaded by [University of the Free State] at 03:10 24 February 2015 Compound a Isolongifolene β-Elemene α-Cedrene α-Gurjunene β-Caryophyllene cis-Thujopsene β-Gurjunene trans-α-Bergamotene γ-Elemene α-Guaiene Aromadendrene (Z)-β-Farnesene Seychellene α-Humulene α-Patchoulene allo-Aromadendrene Ishwarane γ-Gurjunene α-Elemene ar-Curcumene Germacrene D α-Amorphene Ledene β-Selinene cis-b-Guaiene δ-Selinene α-Zingiberene cis-Cadina-1,4-diene Valencene Bicyclogermacrene α-Muurolene β-Bisabolene γ-Cadinene δ-Cadinene Selina-3, 7(11)-diene Elemol 1,5-Epoxysalvial-4(14)-diene Germacrene B (E)-Nerolidol Spathulenol Caryophyllene oxide Viridiflorol α-Guaiol RI (Cal.) RI (Lit.) 1389 1391 1406 1412 1419 1430 1431 1435 1437 1440 1441 1443 1450 1454 1457 1460 1467 1477 1477 1478 1485 1485 1485 1486 1491 1493 1494 1496 1497 1500 1500 1506 1513 1525 1547 1550 1560 1561 1563 1578 1583 1593 1601 1386 1389 1410 1409 1417 1429 1431 1432 1434 1437 1439 1440 1444 1452 1454 1458 1465 1475 1477 1479 1483 1484 1482 1489 1492 1492 1493 1495 1496 1500 1500 1505 1513 1522 1545 1548 1557 1559 1561 1577 1582 1592 1600 Percentage composition 1 2 3 4 0.2 0.3 1.5 4.9 4.9 1.1 3.7 1.2 1.4 9.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 3.8 1.8 8.4 19.4 1.5 1.6 1.4 0.8 0.3 0.9 0.7 2.3 0.7 2.0 2.3 1.1 2.2 0.9 2.7 11.9 32.7 9.6 0.4 1.1 0.8 1.9 10.7 1.9 0.2 3.6 1.1 0.7 0.5 1.7 6.3 3.3 4.9 0.8 1.1 0.4 0.5 4.5 1.4 - 2.5 3.2 2.4 2.1 1.4 5.2 15.1 8.0 0.1 1.2 0.5 0.9 4.5 0.4 0.4 1.5 0.9 0.7 0.6 - b 5 5.0 1.3 1.9 0.1 7.1 1.4 0.7 - 2.0 1.9 5.0 0.4 1.2 1.7 17.4 1.6 - Nguyen H. Hung et al., / TEOP 17 (6) 2014 1105 - 1111 1109 table 1. (continued). Downloaded by [University of the Free State] at 03:10 24 February 2015 Compound a RI (Cal.) RI (Lit.) β-Oplopenone Epiglobulol 5-epi-Neointermedeol Isospathulenol Aromadendrene epoxide Campherenone β-Eudesmol α-Selina-6-en-4-ol Aristol-9-en-3-ol α-Cadinol Patchouli alcohol 7-epi-α-Eudesmol Vulgarol B Bulnesol Valerenol Farnesolc Mint sulfide Aristolene epoxide β-Costol 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid Total Monoterpene hydrocarbons Oxygenated monoterpenes Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons Oxygenated sesquiterpenes Non-terpenes 1608 1608 1639 1626 1640 1647 1651 0165 1651 1654 1654 1658 1668 1672 1715 1718 1741 1742 1776 1917 1607 1637 1639 1639 1642 1649 1650 1651 1652 1656 1662 1668 1670 1711 1740 1742 1776 1917 Percentage composition 1 2 3 4 0.7 4.0 1.0 92.6 11.5 5.5 49.3 28.2 0.1 0.1 0.8 3.9 0.3 1.2 0.2 93.3 4.6 3.2 35.1 50.3 0.1 3.3 4.5 2.1 1.2 0.3 0.6 91.2 25.5 3.3 48.0 18.4 - 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.1 93.9 39.4 1.0 50.4 3.1 - b 5 5.6 12.2 1.0 3.4 1.6 0.9 0.4 3.6 92.8 6.5 2.8 35.8 44.1 3.6 Order of elution on HP-5MS capillary column; Standard Deviation (± 0.00 - 0.01 were observed and omitted from the table to avoid congestion); c Correct isomer not identified; RI (Cal.) Retention indices on HP-5MS capillary column; RI (Lit.) Literature retention indices (see Experimental); - Not identified; 1 = A. petelotti leaf 2 = A. petelotti stem 3 = A. intermedius leaf 4 = A. intermedius stem 5 = A. harmandii leaf a b α-guaiene (4.9 %), while bornyl acetate (4.7 %) and camphene (4.3 %) were the prominent of the monoterpenes. The stem comprised of elemol (32.7 %), δ-cadinene (11.9 %) and spathulenol (9.6 %) as compounds of significant quantities. On the other hand, a monoterpene δ-3-carene (19.1 %) and the sesquiterpenes α-gurjunene (10.7 %), α-zingiberene (6.3 %) and arcurcumene (5.2 %) were the major constituents of the leaf oil of A. intermedius. The stem was Downloaded by [University of the Free State] at 03:10 24 February 2015 Nguyen H. Hung et al., / TEOP 17 (6) 2014 1105 - 1111 also rich in δ-3-carene (29.9 %), germacrene D (15.1 %) and α-amorphene (8.0 %). The high content of δ-3-carene (19.1-29.9 % vs. 57.2-60.2 %) makes the oils of A. intermedius similar to those of A. oliganthus 13, but differ due to its low content of myrcene (0.7 -0.8 % vs. 15.7-59.2 %). The compositional pattern also differs from those of previous studies due to its low contents of αcopaene, β-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide which were the main compounds of the latter 7,15. A total of forty-one compounds comprising of seven monoterpene hydrocarbons (6.5 %), five oxygenated monoterpenes (2.8 %), nineteen sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (35.8 %), nine oxygenated sesquiterpenes (44.1 %) and a nonterpene (3.6 %) were identified in the leaf oil of A. harmandii. The main constituents were the spathulenol (17.4 %), aromadendrene epoxide (12.2 %) γ-elemene (7.1 %), isospathulenol (5.6 %), bicycogermacrene (5.0 %) and β-elemene (5.0 %). The main monoterpene compounds present in the oil were α-pinene (2.9 %) and bornyl acetate (2.3 %). In our previous studies on Artabotrys species from Vietnam, A. vinhensis 3 had its chemical constituents dominated by α-pinene (16.7 %), limonene (15.4 %), germacrene D (14.4 %) and benzyl benzoate (8.8 %), while A. pallens 18 consisted mainly of α-phellandrene (20.1 %), αgurjunene (21.9 %) and bicycloelemene (9.6 %). A. hongkongensis also gave oil whose major constituents were spathulenol (13.1 %), βcaryophyllene (6.6 %), δ-cadinene (6.3 %), γelemene (6.3 %) and benzyl benzoate (5.6 %). Benzyl benzoate was not identified in the studied oils while the contents of the major compounds were quite different from each other. Previous analysis on Artabotrys oils revealed 1110 three major chemical patterns. They are oils in which the major compounds are sesquiterpenes 5,7,9,11,15,19 ; oil dominated by monoterpene compounds 13 and oils consisting mainly of monoterpenes instead of sesquiterpene compounds 3,6,18. The chemical patterns of both the leaf and stem oils of A. petelotti and the leaf oil of A. harmandii were similar to first chemical class mentioned above only in the dominance of sesquiterpene compounds. Also, the leaf and stem oils of A. intermedius could also be classified into the third class due to the abundance of mono- and sesquiterpene as the major compounds. However, the identities of these compounds differed from each other and with those previously reported in the literature. For example, terpinen-4-ol, linalool, α- and β-caryophyllene, α-copaene, caryophyllene oxide and β-asarone which were the main compounds of A. odoratissimum 6,9 and A. hexapetalus 7,15 were either absent or present in low amounts in the present study. In addition, cyperene and cyperenone, which are conspicuous compounds of A. insignis, A. rufus, A. thomsoni, A. venustus, A. pierreanus 5 and A. lastoursvillensis 11 were not detected in these oil samples. Conclusion For the first time, the compositions of the leaf and stem essential oils of the Vietnamese grown A. petelotti, A. intermediusand A. harmandii were elucidated. Quantitative and qualitative variations were observed between these oils of Artabotrys species cultivated in Vietnam and elsewhere. This may be attributed to factors such as the place of collection, age and nature of the plant, climatic conditions, handling procedures e.t.c. References 1. Adams, R.P. (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. 4th Edition, Carol Stream. IL: Allured Publishing. 2. Bhupendra, K.M., Pramila, K., Darshana, M. and Himanshu, M. (2012). Novel lipid constituents identified from the leaves of Artabotrys odoratissimus (R.Br). Arabian J. Chem. http:// doi.org/10.106/j.arabjc.2012.11.020. 3. Dai, D.N., Thang, T.D., Hoi, T.M. and Dung, N.X. (2010). Chemical constituents of essential oil from Artabotrys vinhensis of Vietnam. J. Sci. Tech. 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