A CHECKLIST OF THE
TOTAL VASCULAR PLANT FLORA OF SINGAPORE
Native, Naturalised and Cultivated Species
Kwek Yan Chong, Hugh T. W. Tan and Richard T. Corlett
Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research
National University of Singapore
Singapore
2009
A CHECKLIST OF THE
TOTAL VASCULAR PLANT FLORA OF SINGAPORE
Native, Naturalised and Cultivated Species
Kwek Yan Chong
Hugh T. W. Tan
Plant Systematics Laboratory
Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore
14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
Email: kwek@nus.edu.sg; hughtan@nus.edu.sg
Richard T. Corlett
Terrestrial Ecology Laboratory
Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore
14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
Email: corlett@nus.edu.sg
Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research
National University of Singapore
Singapore
2009
A Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore: Native, Naturalised and
Cultivated Species by K. Y. Chong, H. T. W. Tan and R. T. Corlett
is published by the:
Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research and
Department of Biological Sciences
Faculty of Science
National University of Singapore
Blk S6, #03-01, Science Drive 2
Singapore 117546
Republic Of Singapore
Website: http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/
Email: ask.rmbr@gmail.com
Editor:
Typesetter:
Hugh T. W. Tan
Chua Keng Soon
Cover photograph by Hugh T. W. Tan. Flowers of the Singapore kopsia (Kopsia singapurensis), a species
endemic to Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia, which is nationally critically endangered in Singapore.
Singapore populations consist of only a few individuals in the Nee Soon Swamp Forest.
ISBN 978-981-08-4030-3 (online)
© 2009 Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of
the copyright holder. For information regarding permission(s) please write to: ask.rmbr@gmail.com
CONTENTS
Singapore ............................................................................................................................................. 1
Floristic Changes.................................................................................................................................. 2
Reference Sources................................................................................................................................ 3
General Statistics.................................................................................................................................. 5
Acknowledgements.............................................................................................................................. 6
Citation of this Book ............................................................................................................................ 6
Literature Cited .................................................................................................................................... 6
Part 1: Species List in Alphabetical Order......................................................................................... 10
Part 2: Species List by Phyla and Families ........................................................................................ 92
Part 3: Species List by Status .......................................................................................................... 186
SINGAPORE
The Republic of Singapore consists of a group of 59 islands located at latitude 1o N and longitude
104o E, off the southernmost tip of continental Asia, separated by the Straits of Johore from
Peninsular Malaysia in the north. The country has a combined land area of 710 km2 as at 2008, and
coupled with a mid-year estimate population of 4,987,600 has a population density of 6,814 per km2
for 2008 (Singapore Department of Statistics, 2009), so making Singapore the second most densely
populated country after Monaco (United Nations Population Division, 2009).
Singapore has a typical equatorial climate, where temperature varies little between months of the
year. Mean daily minimum and maximum temperatures are 23.9 and 32.3oC, respectively, with an
average annual rainfall of 2,191 mm (Meteorological Services Division, 2009). Rainfall generally
falls throughout the year, but the northeast monsoon winds from Dec. to early Mar. bring
significantly heavier rainfall than the drier southeast monsoon from Jun.–Sep. (Meteorological
Services Division, 2009). Topographically, Singapore is rather flat and has only small hills, with the
highest at 163 m being the summit of Bukit Timah (Malay, tin hill) (MICA, 2009).
Singapore gained its independence from the British in 1959, and in 1965 became a sovereign,
independent and democratic nation after its separation from Malaysia. Despite very limited natural
resources, it achieved much development quickly, prompting its description as an economic miracle
(MICA, 2009). Singapore today is a modern metropolis in the heart of tropical Asia with core
industries in electronics, chemicals, financial services, oil drilling equipment, petroleum refining,
rubber processing and products, processed food and beverages, ship repair, offshore platform
construction, life sciences, and entrepôt trade (MICA, 2009). It possesses one of the world’s busiest
seaports―in 2007 it handled the most 20-foot container equivalent units, and handled the second
highest tonnage of cargo (American Association of Port Authorities, 2009). Singapore’s threeterminal airport, Changi Airport serves more than 80 airlines flying to over 190 cities in 60
countries, so is a major aviation hub for the Asia Pacific region (Changi Airport Group, 2009). The
airport handles more than 37 million passengers per year, and for the period 2004–2008, averaged
1.85 million tonnes of air freight (Changi Airport Group, 2009). Singapore has a large tourist
industry with 10.2 million tourist arrivals in 2008, 10.3 million in 2007, and 9.8 million in 2006
(Singapore Tourism Board, 2007, 2008).
Present-day Singapore is also a garden city, the result of decades of work to implement then Prime
Minister Lee Kuan Yew’s vision of integrating the environment with development, a “clean and
green” approach starting with the first tree planting campaign in 1963 (National Parks Board,
2009a). Going beyond this, current Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong envisions Singapore as a city
of “gardens and water” by integrating parks with the water bodies (Leong, 2007). Visitors today
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Chong et al.
would note the bustling streets and high-rise commercial buildings and public housing residential
apartments or private condominiums, replete with neatly planted streetscapes covering 2,517 ha,
and 56 regional and 242 neighbourhood parks, 25 park connectors as well as open spaces covering
of 2,015 ha (National Parks Board, 2009b). Many residents have also hiked through the forests of
its four nature reserves covering 3,358 ha―the Bukit Timah, Central Catchment and Labrador
Nature Reserves, as well as Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve (National Parks Board, 2009b). Few,
however, truly appreciate the immense diversity of plants that this country holds for its tiny size.
FLORISTIC CHANGES
Before the arrival of humans, the natural biome of Singapore―the tropical rainforest―would have
covered all land areas. It is estimated that the primeval Singapore Island was mostly covered in
dipterocarp forest (82%), then along its coasts, estuaries, and creeks by mangrove forests (13%),
and further upstream along streams and rivers, freshwater swamp forest (about 5%), with a small
component of beach vegetation along the narrow sandy beaches (Corlett, 1991). When modern
Singapore’s founder, Sir Stamford Raffles landed in Singapore on the morning of 29 Jan.1819,
there was only a small population of about 150 mostly living at the mouth of the Singapore River,
including 30 Chinese who cultivated gambier (Uncaria gambir), the crop that would ultimately
devastate the natural landscape irreversibly (Wee & Corlett, 1986).
Occupation by the British led to deforestation and the introduction of cash crops and plantation
agriculture by mostly Chinese smallholder farmers, so that by the time of the first forest survey in
1883 by Nathaniel Cantley, Superintendent of the Singapore Botanic Gardens, only 7% of primary
dry-land forest remained because of agriculture, and most of the mangrove forests were very
degraded because of over-exploitation (Cantley, 1884). Thus most of the original forest cover had
been felled by the time of the arrival of H. N. Ridley, first director of the Singapore Botanic
Gardens in 1888 (Holttum, 1957) and his first compilation of the Singapore flora (Ridley, 1900,
1901). However, for his compilation, Ridley included the records of his predecessors, including
those of William Jack from 1819, Nathaniel Wallich from 1822, H. J. Murton, and Nathaniel
Cantley. Some of these exotic agricultural crops such as rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) or gambier
(Uncaria gambir) still survive today as part of the flora in secondary or wasteland vegetation.
With the rapid industrialisation from the 1960s onwards that followed a self-governed Singapore
came another series of successive redevelopments for higher intensity land use. Secondary forests,
agricultural land, and wasteland were cleared to build factories or public housing. Coastal areas
were transformed by land reclamation of numerous reefs and subtidal habitats which increased land
area from an estimated 578.1 km2 (Tan et al., 2007) to 710.2 km2 of 2008 (Singapore Department of
Statistics, 2009), an increase of 22.9%! Drainage patterns were drastically changed as rivers and
streams were straightened, redirected, and made into concretized canals and ditches for water
catchment and drainage, or dammed to form the Kranji, Lower Seletar, and Pandan Reservoirs
(Wee & Corlett, 1986; Tan et al., 2007) as well as the newly constructed or soon to be completed
Marina, Punggol and Serangoon Reservoirs. A second wave of exotic plant introductions came
through ornamentals that were used for streetscapes or landscaping the built-up areas as
implemented by the then Parks and Recreation Department and then in its present form, the
National Parks Board (NParks) (Wee & Corlett, 1986). Today, Singapore’s vascular plants grow in
a mosaic of surviving primary forest and tall secondary forest nature reserves, patches of low
secondary forest and scrub, regrowth mangrove forests, wasteland, and the greenery of parks, lawns,
gardens and other managed vegetation (Corlett, 1992; Tan et al., 2007), so Singapore’s more visible
plants are a mixture of both wild and cultivated species.
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Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
RECORDS OF WILD AND CULTIVATED VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES
Singapore’s ‘Garden City’ label tends to make one overlook the remnant plant species of its wild,
once-rich heritage, while floristic records compiled by Singapore botanists have correspondingly
ignored the cultivated and horticultural species that dominate its present landscape, so previous
compilations have either confined themselves to the wild or cultivated species, but not combined
them both.
Wild plant species lists have been more frequently compiled. The first Singapore plant checklist
was that of Ridley (1900, 1901). Subsequently, the Flora of Syonan was compiled by the staff of the
Singapore Botanic Gardens Herbarium, during the Japanese occupation of Singapore during World
War II (Turner, 1993). The checklists and floras of vascular plant species made in the 1990s such as
Turner et al. (1990), Keng (1990), Turner (1993), and Keng et al. (1998) included mainly native
species. [It must be noted that Keng (1990) is a compilation of H. Keng’s Annotated lists of seed
plants of Singapore I–XI (Keng, 1973, 1974a, 1974b, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1985–1987)].
The inclusion of the spontaneous exotic species of most of these previous lists were built upon the
list by Corlett (1988). Only a few of the more common cultivated species were included in some of
the lists (e.g., Flora of Syonan, Keng, 1990; Keng et al., 1998). Lastly, the 2nd Edition of the
Singapore Red Data Book (Davison et al., 2008) updated the conservation status categories of the
threatened native plant species.
The only fairly complete cultivated plant species list is that of Boo et al. (2006). From that, the
NParks have developed a database of species already cultivated in Singapore for their selection of
candidates for streetscape planting (the PRIME list).
Based on all these developments, we have prepared a checklist of the wild and cultivated vascular
plants of Singapore.
REFERENCE SOURCES
A list of vascular plant species was compiled from the checklists of Turner et al. (1990), and Turner
(1993), and updated using recent revisions and additions (e.g. Turner, 1994, 1995a; Turner et al.,
1994, 1997; Ibrahim et al., 1997). This list of native species and spontaneous exotic species was
then cross-checked with the lists of locally cultivated plants by Boo et al. (2006), the PRIME list
from the NParks which captures records of all plants cultivated within Singapore (including the
Singapore Botanic Gardens), and a planting list from HortPark, a ‘Gardening Hub’ administered by
the NParks. Cultivated varieties (cultivars) and taxa not identified to species were excluded from
this list.We would expect that these sources should cover most, if not all, the cultivated species in
Singapore. The number of species in each list is given in Table 1.
The reference sources may have already classified the listed plant species as native, escaped, or
naturalised (naturalised alien species), but their classification was reviewed and standardised by us
to adopt the definitions of Pyšek et al. (2004) as modified by us (Table 2). Plants that were not
previously found to be native, naturalised or escaped but were listed as cultivated were included in
the list as exotics that are ‘cultivated only’. Species that were locally only found in open, disturbed
or man-made habitats that did not occur in primeval Singapore, but do not have strong enough
biogeographic or historical information for us to consider them as exotics, were placed in a category
called ‘weed of uncertain origin’ (WUO).
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Chong et al.
Table 1. Primary reference sources from which the total vascular flora of Singapore was compiled. Each
reference source may deal with specific plant groups and was not comprehensive on its own. The PRIME list
is a database of plant species that have been recorded in cultivation by the NParks, while the HortPark
planting list provided the species of plants that were cultivated there. Both these lists are unpublished.
Cultivated varieties (cultivars) and taxa not identified to species level were excluded from this list.
Source
Keng (1990)
Turner et al. (1990)
Turner (1993)
Keng et al. (1998)
Boo et al. (2006)
PRIME list (as at
May, 2007)
HortPark planting
list (as at Jun.2009)
No. of Species
1285
2520
2505
595
1900+
2610
636
Kinds of Plant Species Documented
Dicots and gymnosperms; native, naturalised and cultivated
Vascular plants; native and naturalised
Vascular plants; native, casual and naturalised
Monocots; native, naturalised and cultivated
Cultivated plants; native and exotic; included many cutivars
Cultivated plants; native and exotic; included many cultivars
and unidentified species
Cultivated plants; native and exotic; included many cultivars
and unidentified species
Table 2. Classification system for vascular plant species used in this study. Each species is first classified
as either native, exotic, or a weed of uncertain origin. Natives are then categorised as either extinct or extant
as defined in the Singapore Red Data Book, 2nd Edition (Davison, 2008). Our categories for each of the
threatened species include additions and corrections to those of Tan et al. (2008). Exotics are categorised as
either spontaneous or cultivated only. Casuals and naturalised exotic species are sub-categories of
spontaneous exotics.
Status
1.Native
Categories
Definitions (adapted from Pyšek et al., 2004)
Species that have originated in a given area without human
involvement or have arrived there without intentional or
unintentional intervention of humans from an area in which they
are native.
1.1.Extinct
Native species classified as globally extinct are species endemic
to Singapore and not seen in or collected from the wild in the
last 30 years, and those classified as nationally extinct are those
non-endemic species which have not been seen in or collected
from the wild in the last 30 years.
1.2.Extant
Native species classified as critically endangered, endangered,
or vulnerable are are as defined by Davison (2008). Species with
more than 1,000 mature individuals are considered common.
2.Exotic
Species whose presence is a result of either intentional or
unintentional human involvement.
2.1.Spontaneous
Exotic species that survive outside cultivation or without direct
human care.
2.1.1.Casual
Exotic species that do not form self-replacing populations and
rely on repeated introductions or limited asexual reproduction
for persistence.
2.1.2.Naturalised
Exotic species that form self-replacing, usually sexuallyreproducing populations.
2.2.Cultivated Only
3.Weed of Uncertain Origin (WUO)
Exotic species that can only be found in cultivation or under
direct human care.
Species without biogeographical or historical evidence of being
non-native, but are restricted to only human-modified or humandisturbed habitats.
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Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
Specific names and naming authorities follow the information provided by the International Plant
Names Index (2004–2009) and the latest revisions found in the Germplasm Resources Information
Network (GRIN) (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, 2008), LegumeWeb
(International Legume Database & Information Service, 2005), The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
World Checklists (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2008) or specific family or generic
taxonomic revisions. Family assignations of the angiosperms, ferns, and the remaining vascular
plant groups follow those of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (Stevens, 2001 onwards), Flora
Malesiana Series II, and Turner (1995b), respectively. Synonyms used by the more recent literature
are indicated for ease of reference. Wherever available, the life forms provided in the checklists of
Turner (1995b) were used. Life forms and growth habits in the LegumeWeb database, the Kew
World Checklists, the PIER database (US Forest Service, Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk, 2008)
and the e-PROSEA (e-PROSEA, undated) were also referred to. Life forms of Raunkjaer (1936)
used in the Kew World Checklists are adapted thus: ‘hydrophytes’, ‘geophytes’ and
‘hemicryptophytes’ were treated as herbs, ‘nanophanerophytes’ were considered shrubs and
‘phanerophytes’, as trees.
GENERAL STATISTICS
From this study, the total vascular plant flora of Singapore consists of 4,180 species from 1,580
genera, 243 families and six phyla (Lycophyta, Filicinophyta, Cycadophyta, Pinophyta, Gnetophyta,
and Magnoliophyta). Of these, 2,145 species (51.3%) are native and 1826 (43.7%) are exotic
species. The remaining 209 (5.0%) species are classified as weeds of uncertain origin (WUO).
There are eight species consisting of two subspecific taxa (varieties or subspecies) and two species
consisting of three varieites. If all these are included, the total number of taxa is 4,192, as reflected
in the lists in Parts 1–3.
The angiosperms (Magnoliophyta), consisting of 3,941 species (94.3% of the total), are the
dominant phylum, followed by the ferns and fern allies (Filicinophyta and Lycophyta with a
combined total of 199 species) making up 4.8%. The remainder, the gymnosperms (Pinophyta,
Cycadophyta, and Gnetophyta with a combined total of 40 species) make up 1.0%.
Of the natives, 1,506 species (70.2%) are still extant and 639 (29.8%) are globally or nationally
extinct. The investigation by Kiew & Turner (2003) into recorded claims of endemic plant taxa
concluded that only four species, Flickingeria laciniosa (Ridl.) Hawkes, Spatholobus ridleyi King,
Strychnos ridleyi King & Gamble, and Thunbergia dasychlamys Bremek, can be considered strictly
endemic to Singapore, all of which are angiosperms. Spatholobus ridleyi was recently collected in
1997. The other three are considered globally extinct. Of the exotics, 323 species (17.7%) occur
spontaneously in the wild, outside of human cultivation while the remaining 1,503 (82.3%) can be
found only in cultivation.
This checklist is the most complete compilation of the vascular plant species of Singapore to date.
In such a large list, there are bound to be some errors and omissions. Additionally, the vascular flora
of Singapore continues to be in flux, with continual introduction and naturalisation of exotics, as
well as decline and extinction of native species. We welcome feedback from readers to update and
improve the accuracy of this checklist. Future editions of this checklist will correct errors and
update the information.
5
Chong et al.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank Alvin Francis Lok Siew Loon, Alex Yee Thiam Khoon, Ang Wee Foong,
Giam Xingli, Nghiem Thi Phuong Le, Tan Kai-xin, Teo Siyang, and Yeo Chow Khoon for pointing
out errors and providing their inputs, without which this checklist could not have been completed.
We are also grateful to Boo Chih Min and the National Parks Board for providing us with the
PRIME list of the cultivated species of Singapore. This research was partially funded by the
Ministry of National Development Research Fund for the Built Environment through the research
grant for the project “Enhancing the Urban Native Biodiversity of Singapore”.
CITATION OF THIS BOOK
Chong, K. Y., H. T. W. Tan & R. T. Corlett, 2009. A Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of
Singapore: Native, Naturalised and Cultivated Species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research,
National University of Singapore, Singapore. 273 pp. Uploaded 12 November 2009.
http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/raffles_museum_pub/flora_of_singapore_tc.pdf.
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Plants. In: Davison, G. W. H., P. K. L. Ng & H. C. Ho (eds.), The Singapore Red Data Book. 2nd
Edition. The Nature Society (Singapore), Singapore. Pp. 213–244.
Turner, I. M. 1994. Notes on the flora of Malaya: New records, overlooked records and some
nomenclatural clarification. Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore, 46(2): 125–135.
Turner, I. M., 1995a. New names and new combinations in the Malayan flora. Asian Journal of
Tropical Biology, 1(1): 25–27.
Turner, I. M., 1995b. A catalogue of the vascular plants of Malaya. Garden’s Bulletin, Singapore,
47(1 & 2): 1–757.
Turner, I. M., H. T. W. Tan & K. S. Chua, 1990. A checklist of the native and naturalized vascular
plants of the Republic of Singapore. Journal of the Singapore National Academy of Sciences, 18
& 19: 58–88.
Turner, I. M., H. T. W. Tan & K. S. Chua, 1994. Additions to the flora of Singapore, II. Gardens’
Bulletin, Singapore, 46(2): 131–135.
Turner, I. M., H. T. W.Tan, E. E. L. Seah, A. H. B. Loo & Ali bin Ibrahim, 1997. Additions to the
flora of Singapore, III. Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore, 49(1): 1–5.
United Nations Population Division, 2009. The United Nations World Population Prospects: The
2008 Revision. Ver. V0.11.15 Beta. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations
Population
Division,
United
Nations.
http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=PopDiv&f=variableID%3a14#PopDiv. (Accessed 31 Oct.2009).
US Forest Service, Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk, 2008. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry.
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). Plant Threats to Pacific Ecosystems. US Forest
Department, USA. http://www.hear.org/Pier/. (Accessed Oct.2007–Feb.2008).
Wee, Y. C. & R. T. Corlett, 1986. The City and the Forest: Plant Life in Urban Singapore.
Singapore University Press, Singapore. 186 pp.
8
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2008. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The
Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do.
(Accessed Oct.2007–Feb.2008).
PART 1
SPECIES LIST IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER
Each entry consists firstly of the species name, author name(s), and family, based on information
sources indicated under Reference Sources (pp. 3, 5) then national status in Singapore based on
Table 2 (p. 4).
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench; Malvaceae; cultivated only
Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.; Malvaceae; casual
Abrus precatorius L.; Fabaceae; naturalised
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet; Malvaceae; weed of uncertain origin
Abutilon pictum (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Walp.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.; Fabaceae; naturalised
Acacia cincinnata F. Muell.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC.; Fabaceae; extinct
Acacia confusa Merr.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Acacia holosericea A. Cunn. ex G. Don; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Acacia kekapur I. Niels.; Fabaceae; extinct
Acacia mangium Willd.; Fabaceae; naturalised
Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Acalypha amentacea Roxb. ssp. wilkesiana (Müll.Arg.) Fosberg; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated
only
Acalypha chamaedrifolia (Lam.) Müll. Arg.; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
Acalypha hispida Burm. f.; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
Acalypha indica L.; Euphorbiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
Acalypha lanceolata Willd.; Euphorbiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
Acalypha siamensis Oliv. ex Gage; Euphorbiaceae; casual
Acalypha variegata Rusby; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze; Asteraceae; naturalised
Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl; Acanthaceae; vulnerable
Acanthus ilicifolius L.; Acanthaceae; common
Acanthus volubilis Wall.; Acanthaceae; vulnerable
Acer palmatum Thunb.; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
Achyranthes aspera L.; Amaranthaceae; weed of uncertain origin
Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass.; Asteraceae; weed of uncertain origin
Acoelorraphe wrightii (Griseb. & H. Wendl.) H. Wendl. ex Becc; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Acorus gramineus Sol.; Acoraceae; cultivated only
Acriopsis liliifolia (J. Konig) Retz.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
Acriopsis ridleyi Hook. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Acroceras munroanum (Balansa) Henr.; Poaceae; casual
Acrostichum aureum L.; Pteridaceae; common
Acrostichum speciosum Willd.; Pteridaceae; common
Actephila excelsa (Dalz.) Müll. Arg. var. javanica (Miq.) P. & H.; Phyllanthaceae; vulnerable
Actinodaphne glomerata (Blume) Nees; Lauraceae; critically endangered
Actinodaphne macrophylla (Blume) Nees; Lauraceae; extinct
9
Chong et al.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
Actinodaphne malaccensis Hook. f.; Lauraceae; endangered
Actinodaphne pruinosa Nees; Lauraceae; endangered
Actinorhytis calapparia (Blume) H. Wendl. & Drude; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Actinoscirpus grossus (L. f.) Goetgh. & D. A. Simpson; Cyperaceae; common
Adansonia digitata L.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
Adenanthera malayana Kosterm.; Fabaceae; vulnerable
Adenanthera pavonina L.; Fabaceae; naturalised
Adenia macrophylla (Blume) Koord. var. singaporeana (Wall. ex G. Don) de Wilde;
Passifloraceae; vulnerable
Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
Adenoncos major Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Adenoncos sumatrana J.J. Sm.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Adenosma indicum (Lour.) Merr.; Plantaginaceae; weed of uncertain origin
Adenosma inopinatum Prain; Plantaginaceae; weed of uncertain origin
Adenosma javanicum (Blume) Koord.; Plantaginaceae; common
Adenostemma viscosum J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.; Asteraceae; weed of uncertain origin
Adiantum flabellulatum L.; Adiantaceae; endangered
Adiantum fructuosum Spreng.; Adiantaceae; naturalised
Adiantum hispidulum Sw.; Adiantaceae; extinct
Adiantum latifolium Lam.; Adiantaceae; naturalised
Adiantum raddianum C. Presl; Adiantaceae; cultivated only
Adiantum stenochlamys Baker; Adiantaceae; extinct
Adiantum trapeziforme L.; Adiantaceae; cultivated only
Adinandra acuminata Korth.; Pentaphylacaceae; critically endangered
Adinandra dumosa Jack; Pentaphylacaceae; common
Adinandra integerrima T. Anders. ex Dyer; Pentaphylacaceae; extinct
Adonidia merrillii (Becc.) Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Aechmea chantinii (Carriere) Baker; Bromeliaceae; cultivated only
Aechmea fasciata (Lindl.) Baker; Bromeliaceae; cultivated only
Aechmea fulgens Brongn.; Bromeliaceae; cultivated only
Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco; Myrsinaceae; endangered
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa; Rutaceae; cultivated only
Aeschynanthus albidus (Blume) Steud; Gesneriaceae; critically endangered
Aeschynanthus parvifolius R. Br.; Gesneriaceae; extinct
Aeschynanthus radicans Jack; Gesneriaceae; extinct
Aeschynanthus speciosus Hook.; Gesneriaceae; cultivated only
Aeschynanthus wallichii Benn.; Gesneriaceae; critically endangered
Aeschynomene americana L.; Fabaceae; naturalised
Aeschynomene indica L.; Fabaceae; naturalised
Afgekia sericea Craib; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Afrocarpus gracilior (Pilg.) C. N. Page; Podocarpaceae; cultivated only
Afzelia quanzensis Welw.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Aganope heptaphylla (L.) Polhill; Fabaceae; critically endangered
Aganope thyrsiflora (Benth.) Polhill; Fabaceae; vulnerable
Agathis borneensis Warb.; Araucariaceae; cultivated only
Agathis dammara (Lamb.) Rich.; Araucariaceae; cultivated only
Agathis robusta (C. Moore ex F. Muell.) F. M. Bailey; Araucariaceae; cultivated only
Agave americana L.; Agavaceae; cultivated only
Agave angustifolia Haw.; Agavaceae; cultivated only
Agave attenuata Salm-Dyck; Agavaceae; cultivated only
Agave tequilana F.A.C. Weber; Agavaceae; cultivated only
10
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
Agelaea borneensis (Hook. f.) Merr.; Connaraceae; vulnerable
Agelaea macrophylla (Zoll.) Leenh.; Connaraceae; critically endangered
Ageratum conyzoides L.; Asteraceae; naturalised
Aglaia cucullata (Roxb.) Pellegrin; Meliaceae; critically endangered
Aglaia duperreana Pierre; Meliaceae; cultivated only
Aglaia elliptica Blume; Meliaceae; extinct
Aglaia exstipulata (Griff.) W. Theob.; Meliaceae; critically endangered
Aglaia formosana Hayata; Meliaceae; cultivated only
Aglaia leptantha Miq.; Meliaceae; critically endangered
Aglaia leucophylla King; Meliaceae; critically endangered
Aglaia macrocarpa (Miq.) Pannell; Meliaceae; extinct
Aglaia malaccensis (Ridl.) Pannell; Meliaceae; critically endangered
Aglaia multinervis Pannell; Meliaceae; extinct
Aglaia odorata Lour.; Meliaceae; cultivated only
Aglaia odoratissima Blume; Meliaceae; critically endangered
Aglaia oligophylla Miq.; Meliaceae; extinct
Aglaia palembanica Miq.; Meliaceae; extinct
Aglaia rubiginosa (Hiern) Pannell; Meliaceae; critically endangered
Aglaia rufinervis (Blume) Bentv.; Meliaceae; critically endangered
Aglaia sexipetala Griff.; Meliaceae; critically endangered
Aglaia simplicifolia (Bedd.) Harms; Meliaceae; critically endangered
Aglaia spectabilis (Miq.) S. S. Jain & Bennet; Meliaceae; critically endangered
Aglaia tenuicaulis Hiern; Meliaceae; extinct
Aglaia tomentosa Teijsm. & Binn.; Meliaceae; extinct
Aglaodorum griffithii (Schott) Schott; Araceae; extinct
Aglaomorpha speciosa (Blume) Roos; Polypodiaceae; extinct
Aglaonema commutatum Schott; Araceae; casual
Aglaonema costatum N.E. Br. f. costatum; Araceae; cultivated only
Aglaonema nebulosum N.E. Br.; Araceae; vulnerable
Aglaonema nitidum (Jack) Kunth; Araceae; vulnerable
Aglaonema simplex Blume; Araceae; common
Aglaonema tenuipes Engl.; Araceae; cultivated only
Agrostistachys borneensis (Wight) Benth.; Euphorbiaceae; common
Agrostistachys gaudichaudii Müll. Arg.; Euphorbiaceae; extinct
Agrostophyllum majus Hook. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Agrostophyllum stipulatum (Griff.) Schltr.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Agrostophyllum stipulatum (Griff.) Schltr. ssp. bicuspidatum (J.J.Sm.) Schuit.; Orchidaceae;
extinct
Aidia auriculata (Wall.) Ridsdale; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
Aidia cochinchinensis Lour.; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
Aidia densiflora (Wall.) Masam.; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
Ailanthus integrifolia Lam.; Simaroubaceae; critically endangered
Ajuga reptans L.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
Alangium javanicum (Blume) Wangerin var. ebenaceum (C.B.Clarke) Berhaman; Cornaceae;
critically endangered
Alangium nobile (C.B. Clarke) Harms; Cornaceae; critically endangered
Alangium ridleyi King; Cornaceae; extinct
Alangium salviifolium (L. f.) Wang.; Cornaceae; critically endangered
Alangium uniloculare (Griff.) King; Cornaceae; critically endangered
Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Albizia pedicellata Baker ex Benth.; Fabaceae; critically endangered
11
Chong et al.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
Albizia retusa Benth.; Fabaceae; extinct
Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr.; Fabaceae; casual
Albizia splendens Miq.; Fabaceae; endangered
Alchornea rugosa (Lour.) Müll. Arg.; Euphorbiaceae; extinct
Alchornea villosa (Benth.) Müll. Arg.; Euphorbiaceae; critically endangered
Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.; Euphorbiaceae; casual
Allagoptera campestris (Mart.) Kuntze; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Allamanda blanchetii A. DC.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
Allamanda cathartica L.; Apocynaceae; casual
Allamanda oenotherifolia Pohl; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
Allamanda schottii Pohl; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
Allium sativum L.; Alliaceae; cultivated only
Allmania nodiflora R. Br. ex Wight; Amaranthaceae; common
Allophylus cobbe (L.) Reausch.; Sapindaceae; common
Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
Alloxylon flammeum P. H. Weston & Crisp; Proteaceae; cultivated only
Alocasia cucullata (Lour.) G. Don; Araceae; cultivated only
Alocasia longiloba Miq.; Araceae; common
Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don; Araceae; naturalised
Aloe variegata L.; Asphodelaceae; cultivated only
Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.; Asphodelaceae; cultivated only
Alphonsea maingayi Hook. f. & Thoms.; Annonaceae; critically endangered
Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe; Zingiberaceae; critically endangered
Alpinia conchigera Griff.; Zingiberaceae; extinct
Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw.; Zingiberaceae; casual
Alpinia mutica Roxb.; Zingiberaceae; extinct
Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum.; Zingiberaceae; cultivated only
Alpinia rafflesiana Wall. in Baker; Zingiberaceae; extinct
Alpinia vittata W. Bull; Zingiberaceae; cultivated only
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B. L. Burtt & R. M. Sm.; Zingiberaceae; cultivated only
Alseodaphne bancana Miq.; Lauraceae; critically endangered
Alseodaphne intermedia Kostermans; Lauraceae; critically endangered
Alseodaphne nigrescens (Gamble) Kostermans; Lauraceae; extinct
Alstonia angustifolia Wall. ex A. DC.; Apocynaceae; common
Alstonia angustiloba Miq.; Apocynaceae; common
Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G. DC.; Apocynaceae; naturalised
Alstonia pneumatophora Back. ex L.G. den Berger; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
Alstonia spathulata Blume; Apocynaceae; vulnerable
Alstonia spectabilis R. Br.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel) G. Nicholson; Amaranthaceae; naturalised
Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) P. Beauv.; Amaranthaceae; cultivated only
Alternanthera paronychioides A. St.-Hil.; Amaranthaceae; cultivated only
Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb; Amaranthaceae; naturalised
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC.; Amaranthaceae; weed of uncertain origin
Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC.; Fabaceae; weed of uncertain origin
Alyxia pilosa Miq.; Apocynaceae; extinct
Alyxia reinwardtii Blume; Apocynaceae; common
Amaranthus blitum L. ssp. oleraceus (L.) Costea; Amaranthaceae; naturalised
Amaranthus spinosus L.; Amaranthaceae; naturalised
Amblygonocarpus andongensis (Welw. ex Oliv.) Exell & Torre; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Amesiodendron chinense (Merr.) Hu; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
12
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
240.
241.
Amherstia nobilis Wall.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Amischotolype gracilis (Ridl.) I.M. Turner; Commelinaceae; common
Amischotolype mollissima Hassk.; Commelinaceae; critically endangered
Ammannia baccifera L.; Lythraceae; naturalised
Amomum hastilabium Ridl.; Zingiberaceae; extinct
Amomum xanthophlebium Baker; Zingiberaceae; critically endangered
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicholson; Araceae; cultivated only
Amorphophallus prainii Hook. f.; Araceae; critically endangered
Amorphophallus variabilis Blume; Araceae; cultivated only
Ampelocissus ascendiflora Latiff; Vitaceae; extinct
Ampelocissus cinnamomea (Wall.) Planch.; Vitaceae; extinct
Ampelocissus elegans (Kurz) Gegnep.; Vitaceae; endangered
Ampelocissus gracilis (Wall.) Planch.; Vitaceae; endangered
Ampelocissus polystachya (Wall.) Planch.; Vitaceae; critically endangered
Ampelocissus thyrsiflora (Blume) Planch.; Vitaceae; extinct
Amphineuron opulentum (Kaulf.) Holttum; Thelypteridaceae; endangered
Amphineuron terminans (Hook.) Holttum; Thelypteridaceae; common
Amsonia tabernaemontana Walter; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
Amydrium medium (Z. & M.) Nicolson; Araceae; endangered
Amylotheca duthieana (King) Danser; Loranthaceae; extinct
Anacardium occidentale L.; Anacardiaceae; casual
Anacolosa frutescens (Blume) Blume; Olacaceae; extinct
Ananas bracteatus (Lindl.) Schult. & Schult. f. var. striatus M.B. Foster; Bromeliaceae;
cultivated only
Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.; Bromeliaceae; casual
Ananas nanus (L. B. Sm.) L. B. Sm.; Bromeliaceae; cultivated only
Anathallis acuminata (Kunth) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase; Orchidaceae; extinct
Anaxagorea javanica Blume; Annonaceae; critically endangered
Ancistrocladus tectorius (Lour.) Merr.; Ancistrocladaceae; critically endangered
Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex DC.; Fabaceae; casual
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees; Acanthaceae; naturalised
Anemopaegma chamberlaynii (Sims) Bureau & K. Schum.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
Angelonia biflora Benth.; Plantaginaceae; cultivated only
Angelonia salicariifolia Bonpl.; Plantaginaceae; cultivated only
Angiopteris evecta (Forst.) Hoffm.; Marattiaceae; vulnerable
Aniseia martinicensis (Jacq.) Choisy; Convolvulaceae; naturalised
Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze; Lamiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
Anisophyllea corneri Ding Hou; Anisophyllaceae; cultivated only
Anisophyllea disticha (Jack) Baill.; Anisophyllaceae; common
Anisophyllea griffithii Oliv.; Anisophyllaceae; critically endangered
Anisoptera costata Korth.; Dipterocarpaceae; extinct
Anisoptera curtisii Dyer ex King; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
Anisoptera laevis Ridl.; Dipterocarpaceae; critically endangered
Anisoptera megistocarpa Slooten.; Dipterocarpaceae; critically endangered
Anisoptera scaphula Pierre; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
Annona cherimola Mill.; Annonaceae; cultivated only
Annona muricata L.; Annonaceae; cultivated only
Annona reticulata L.; Annonaceae; casual
Annona squamosa L.; Annonaceae; cultivated only
Anodendron candolleanum Wight; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
Anoectochilus geniculatus Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Anthurium andraeanum Linden ex Andre; Araceae; cultivated only
13
Chong et al.
242.
243.
244.
245.
246.
247.
248.
249.
250.
251.
252.
253.
254.
255.
256.
257.
258.
259.
260.
261.
262.
263.
264.
265.
266.
267.
268.
269.
270.
271.
272.
273.
274.
275.
276.
277.
278.
279.
280.
281.
282.
283.
284.
285.
286.
287.
288.
289.
290.
291.
292.
293.
Anthurium crystallinum Linden & Andre; Araceae; cultivated only
Anthurium plowmanii Croat; Araceae; cultivated only
Antiaris toxicaria Lesch.; Moraceae; critically endangered
Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.; Phyllanthaceae; casual
Antidesma coriaceum Tul.; Phyllanthaceae; vulnerable
Antidesma cuspidatum Müll. Arg.; Phyllanthaceae; common
Antidesma neurocarpum Miq.; Phyllanthaceae; endangered
Antidesma velutinosum Blume; Phyllanthaceae; endangered
Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn.; Polygonaceae; casual
Antrophyum callifolium Blume; Vittariaceae; critically endangered
Antrophyum parvulum Blume; Vittariaceae; extinct
Anubias barteri Schott var. glabra N. E. Br.; Araceae; cultivated only
Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Parker; Meliaceae; endangered
Aphanamixis sumatrana (Miq.) Ridl.; Meliaceae; extinct
Aphelandra sinclairiana Nees; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
Aphelandra squarrosa Nees; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
Aphyllorchis pallida Blume; Orchidaceae; extinct
Aporosa benthamiana Hook. f.; Phyllanthaceae; vulnerable
Aporosa confusa Gage; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
Aporosa falcifera Hook. f.; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
Aporosa frutescens Blume; Phyllanthaceae; common
Aporosa lucida (Miq.) Airy Shaw var. lucida; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
Aporosa lunata (Miq.) Kurz; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
Aporosa microstachya (Tul.) Müll. Arg.; Phyllanthaceae; endangered
Aporosa nervosa Hook. f.; Phyllanthaceae; vulnerable
Aporosa nigricans Hook. f.; Phyllanthaceae; endangered
Aporosa penangensis (Ridl.) Airy Shaw; Phyllanthaceae; extinct
Aporosa prainiana King ex Gage; Phyllanthaceae; vulnerable
Aporosa subcaudata Merr.; Phyllanthaceae; endangered
Aporosa symplocoides (Hook. f.) Gage; Phyllanthaceae; common
Apostasia nuda R. Br.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
Appendicula anceps Blume; Orchidaceae; extinct
Appendicula cornuta Blume; Orchidaceae; extinct
Appendicula lucida Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Appendicula uncata Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Aptenia cordifolia (L. f.) Schwantes; Aizoaceae; cultivated only
Aquilaria hirta Ridl.; Thymelaeaceae; extinct
Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.; Thymelaeaceae; vulnerable
Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.; Thymelaeaceae; critically endangered
Arachis hypogaea L.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W. C. Greg.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Arachnis hookeriana (Hook. f.) Schltr.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem.; Araliaceae; cultivated only
Aralidium pinnatifidum (Jungh. & de Vr.) Miq.; Torricelliaceae; extinct
Araucaria bidwillii Hook.; Araucariaceae; cultivated only
Araucaria columnaris (G. Forst.) Hook.; Araucariaceae; cultivated only
Araucaria cunninghamiana Aiton ex A. Cunn.; Araucariaceae; cultivated only
Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco; Araucariaceae; cultivated only
Araucaria hunsteinii K. Schum.; Araucariaceae; cultivated only
Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I. C. Nielsen; Fabaceae; critically endangered
Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I. C. Nielsen; Fabaceae; common
Archidendron contortum (Mart.) Nielsen; Fabaceae; vulnerable
14
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
294.
295.
296.
297.
298.
299.
300.
301.
302.
303.
304.
305.
306.
307.
308.
309.
310.
311.
312.
313.
314.
315.
316.
317.
318.
319.
320.
321.
322.
323.
324.
325.
326.
327.
328.
329.
330.
331.
332.
333.
334.
335.
336.
337.
338.
339.
340.
341.
342.
343.
344.
345.
Archidendron ellipticum (Blume) Nielsen; Fabaceae; vulnerable
Archidendron globosum (Blume) Nielsen; Fabaceae; critically endangered
Archidendron jiringa (Jack) Nielsen; Fabaceae; vulnerable
Archidendron lucidum (Benth.) I. C. Nielsen; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Archidendron lucyi F. Muell.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Archidendron microcarpum (Benth.) Nielsen; Fabaceae; endangered
Archidendron ramiflorum (F. Muell.) Kosterm.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Archontophoenix alexandrae (F. Muell.) H. Wendl. & Drude; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (Wendl.) Wendl. & Drude; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Ardisia colorata Roxb.; Myrsinaceae; common
Ardisia comosa (de Wit) Taton; Myrsinaceae; cultivated only
Ardisia crassa C. B. Clarke; Myrsinaceae; extinct
Ardisia crenata Sims; Myrsinaceae; critically endangered
Ardisia elliptica Thunb.; Myrsinaceae; endangered
Ardisia humilis Vahl; Myrsinaceae; cultivated only
Ardisia lanceolata Roxb.; Myrsinaceae; critically endangered
Ardisia miqueliana Scheff.; Myrsinaceae; critically endangered
Ardisia ridleyi King & Gamble; Myrsinaceae; extinct
Ardisia sessilis Scheff.; Myrsinaceae; extinct
Ardisia singaporensis Ridl.; Myrsinaceae; extinct
Ardisia teysmanniana Scheff.; Myrsinaceae; endangered
Ardisia tuberculata Wall. ex A. D. C.; Myrsinaceae; critically endangered
Ardisia villosa Roxb.; Myrsinaceae; critically endangered
Ardisia wallichii A. DC.; Myrsinaceae; cultivated only
Areca alicae W. Hill ex F. Muell.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Areca catechu L.; Arecaceae; casual
Areca concinna Thwaites; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Areca guppyana Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Areca ipot Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Areca macrocarpa Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Areca triandra Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Areca vestiaria Giseke; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Arenga brevipes Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Arenga hookeriana (Becc.) Whitmore; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Arenga microcarpa Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Arenga tremula (Blanco) Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Arenga undulatifolia Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Arenga westerhoutii Griff.; Arecaceae; naturalised
Arfeuillea arborescens Pierre; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer; Convolvulaceae; cultivated only
Argyreia ridleyi Prain. ex Oostr.; Convolvulaceae; critically endangered
Aristolochia acuminata Lam.; Aristolochiaceae; cultivated only
Aristolochia elegans Mast.; Aristolochiaceae; cultivated only
Aristolochia gigantea Mart. & Zucc.; Aristolochiaceae; cultivated only
Aristolochia jackii Steud.; Aristolochiaceae; extinct
Aristolochia labiata Willd.; Aristolochiaceae; cultivated only
Aristolochia ringens Vahl; Aristolochiaceae; cultivated only
Arrabidaea corallina (Jacq.) Sandwith; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
Artabotrys costatus King; Annonaceae; vulnerable
Artabotrys crassifolius Hook. f. & Thoms.; Annonaceae; critically endangered
Artabotrys hexapetalus (L. f.) Bhandari; Annonaceae; cultivated only
15
Chong et al.
346.
347.
348.
349.
350.
351.
352.
353.
354.
355.
356.
357.
358.
359.
360.
361.
362.
363.
364.
365.
366.
367.
368.
369.
370.
371.
372.
373.
374.
375.
376.
377.
378.
379.
380.
381.
382.
383.
384.
385.
386.
387.
388.
389.
390.
391.
392.
393.
394.
Artabotrys maingayi Hook. f. & Thoms.; Annonaceae; critically endangered
Artabotrys suaveolens (Blume) Blume; Annonaceae; endangered
Artabotrys wrayi King; Annonaceae; endangered
Artemisia lactiflora Wall. ex DC.; Asteraceae; cultivated only
Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit.; Asteraceae; cultivated only
Artemisia vulgaris L.; Asteraceae; cultivated only
Arthrophyllum diversifolium Blume; Araliaceae; common
Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg; Moraceae; casual
Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq.; Moraceae; endangered
Artocarpus camansi Blanco; Moraceae; cultivated only
Artocarpus dadah Miq.; Moraceae; endangered
Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume; Moraceae; common
Artocarpus fulvicortex Jarrett; Moraceae; critically endangered
Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trec.; Moraceae; critically endangered
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.; Moraceae; casual
Artocarpus hispidus Jarrett; Moraceae; critically endangered
Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.; Moraceae; casual
Artocarpus kemando Miq.; Moraceae; endangered
Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxb.; Moraceae; critically endangered
Artocarpus lowii King; Moraceae; critically endangered
Artocarpus maingayi King; Moraceae; extinct
Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. griffithii (King) Jarrett; Moraceae; critically endangered
Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco; Moraceae; cultivated only
Artocarpus rigidus Blume; Moraceae; vulnerable
Arundina graminifolia (Don) Hochr.; Orchidaceae; common
Arundinaria variegata (Siebold ex. Miq.) Makino; Poaceae; cultivated only
Arundo donax L.; Poaceae; cultivated only
Arytera divaricata F. Muell.; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
Arytera littoralis Blume; Sapindaceae; critically endangered
Asclepias curassavica L.; Apocynaceae; naturalised
Asclepias syriaca L. var. kansana (Vail) E.J. Palmer & Steyerm.; Apocynaceae; cultivated
only
Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop; Asparagaceae; cultivated only
Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop; Asparagaceae; cultivated only
Aspidistra elatior Blume; Ruscaceae; cultivated only
Aspidistra lurida Ker Gawl.; Ruscaceae; cultivated only
Aspidopterys concava (Wall.) Juss.; Malpighiaceae; endangered
Asplenium batuense Alderw.; Aspleniaceae; endangered
Asplenium longissimum Blume; Aspleniaceae; common
Asplenium macrophyllum Sw.; Aspleniaceae; extinct
Asplenium nidus L.; Aspleniaceae; common
Asplenium nitidum Sw.; Aspleniaceae; extinct
Asplenium phyllitidis D. Don; Aspleniaceae; endangered
Asplenium tenerum Forst.; Aspleniaceae; vulnerable
Asplenium thunbergii Kunze; Aspleniaceae; cultivated only
Asterogyne martiana H. Wendl. ex Drude; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa (F. Muell.) Craven; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
Asystasia chelonoides Nees; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson ssp. gangetica; Acanthaceae; naturalised
Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson ssp. micrantha (Nees) Ensermu; Acanthaceae;
naturalised
16
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
395. Athertonia diversifolia (C. T. White) L. A. S. Johnson & B. G. Briggs; Proteaceae; cultivated
only
396. Atractocarpus benthamianus (F. Muell.) Puttock; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
397. Attalea cohune Mart.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
398. Attalea insignis (Mart.) Drude; Arecaceae; cultivated only
399. Atuna racemosa Rafin.; Chrysobalanaceae; critically endangered
400. Austrobuxus nitidus Miq.; Picrodendraceae; extinct
401. Averrhoa bilimbi L.; Oxalidaceae; casual
402. Averrhoa carambola L.; Oxalidaceae; casual
403. Avicennia alba Blume; Acanthaceae; common
404. Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. ssp. marina; Acanthaceae; critically endangered
405. Avicennia officinalis L.; Acanthaceae; common
406. Avicennia rumphiana Hallier f.; Acanthaceae; common
407. Axonopus compressus (Sw.) Beauv.; Poaceae; naturalised
408. Axonopus fissifolius (Raddi) Kulm.; Poaceae; naturalised
409. Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) M. Jacobs; Meliaceae; cultivated only
410. Azadirachta indica A. Juss.; Meliaceae; casual
411. Azolla pinnata R.Br. ssp. asiatica R.M.K. Saunders & K. Fowler; Salviniaceae; naturalised
B
412.
413.
414.
415.
416.
417.
418.
419.
420.
421.
422.
423.
424.
425.
426.
427.
428.
429.
430.
431.
432.
433.
434.
435.
436.
437.
438.
439.
440.
441.
442.
443.
Baccaurea bracteata Müll. Arg.; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
Baccaurea brevipes Hook. f.; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
Baccaurea hookeri Gage; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
Baccaurea kunstleri King ex Gage; Phyllanthaceae; endangered
Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Müll. Arg.; Phyllanthaceae; extinct
Baccaurea macrocarpa (Miq.) Müll. Arg.; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
Baccaurea macrophylla (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg.; Phyllanthaceae; extinct
Baccaurea maingayi Hook. f.; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
Baccaurea minor Hook. f.; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
Baccaurea motleyana (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg.; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
Baccaurea parviflora (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg.; Phyllanthaceae; common
Baccaurea polyneura Hook. f.; Phyllanthaceae; endangered
Baccaurea pubera (Miq.) Müll. Arg.; Phyllanthaceae; extinct
Baccaurea pyriformis Gage; Phyllanthaceae; extinct
Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw.) Müll. Arg.; Phyllanthaceae; endangered
Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.; Phyllanthaceae; cultivated only
Baccaurea reticulata Hook. f.; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
Baccaurea sumatrana (Miq.) Müll. Arg.; Phyllanthaceae; vulnerable
Bacopa caroliniana (Walter) B. L. Rob.; Plantaginaceae; cultivated only
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell; Plantaginaceae; naturalised
Bactris guineensis (L.) H. E. Moore; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Baeckea frutescens L.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
Baikiaea insignis Benth.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Bambusa heterostachya (Munro) Holtt.; Poaceae; casual
Bambusa lako Widjaja; Poaceae; cultivated only
Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Raeusch. ex Schult & Schult. f.; Poaceae; cultivated only
Bambusa tuldoides Munro; Poaceae; cultivated only
Bambusa ventricosa McClure; Poaceae; cultivated only
Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J. C. Wendl.; Poaceae; casual
Baphia massaiensis Taub.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Baphia nitida Lodd. et al.; Fabaceae; casual
Baratranthus axanthus (Korth.) Miq.; Loranthaceae; extinct
17
Chong et al.
444.
445.
446.
447.
448.
449.
450.
451.
452.
453.
454.
455.
456.
457.
458.
459.
460.
461.
462.
463.
464.
465.
466.
467.
468.
469.
470.
471.
472.
473.
474.
475.
476.
477.
478.
479.
480.
481.
482.
483.
484.
485.
486.
487.
488.
489.
490.
491.
492.
493.
494.
495.
Barclaya motleyi Hook. f.; Nymphaeaceae; critically endangered
Barleria cristata L.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
Barleria lupulina Lindl.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
Barleria obtusa Nees; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
Barleria repens Nees; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn.; Lecythidaceae; cultivated only
Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz; Lecythidaceae; critically endangered
Barringtonia calyptrata R. Br. ex Benth.; Lecythidaceae; cultivated only
Barringtonia conoidea Griff.; Lecythidaceae; extinct
Barringtonia edulis Seem.; Lecythidaceae; cultivated only
Barringtonia macrostachya (Jack) Kurz; Lecythidaceae; critically endangered
Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng.; Lecythidaceae; critically endangered
Barringtonia reticulata (Blume) Miq.; Lecythidaceae; critically endangered
Barringtonia scortechinii King; Lecythidaceae; cultivated only
Basella alba L.; Basellaceae; cultivated only
Bauhinia acuminata L.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Bauhinia bidentata Jack; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Bauhinia divaricata L.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Bauhinia forficata Link; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Bauhinia galpinii N. E. Br.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Bauhinia hookeri F. Muell.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Bauhinia kochiana Korth.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Bauhinia monandra Kurz; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Bauhinia purpurea L.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Bauhinia semibifida Roxb. var. semibifida; Fabaceae; vulnerable
Bauhinia tomentosa L.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Bauhinia variegata L.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Beaucarnea recurvata Lem.; Ruscaceae; cultivated only
Beaumontia grandiflora (Roxb.) Wall.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
Beaumontia jerdoniana Wight; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
Beccariophoenix madagascariensis Jum. & H. Perrier; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Begonia cucullata Willd. var. cucullata; Begoniaceae; cultivated only
Begonia masoniana Irmsch.; Begoniaceae; cultivated only
Begonia rex Putz.; Begoniaceae; cultivated only
Beilschmiedia kunstleri Gamble; Lauraceae; critically endangered
Beilschmiedia madang Blume; Lauraceae; endangered
Beilschmiedia tonkinensis (Lecomte) Ridl.; Lauraceae; critically endangered
Bentinckia nicobarica (Kurz) Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Berchemia discolor (Klotzsch) Hemsl.; Rhamnaceae; cultivated only
Bergera koenigii L.; Rutaceae; casual
Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.; Lecythidaceae; cultivated only
Bhesa paniculata Arn.; Celastraceae; common
Bhesa robusta (Roxb.) Ding Hou; Celastraceae; vulnerable
Bidens alba (L.) DC.; Asteraceae; cultivated only
Bidens pilosa L.; Asteraceae; naturalised
Biermannia laciniata (Carr) Gary; Orchidaceae; extinct
Bignonia capreolata L.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
Bignonia violacea DC.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
Billardiera heterophylla (Lindl.) L. W. Cayzer & Crisp; Pittosporaceae; cultivated only
Billbergia pyramidalis (Sims) Lindl.; Bromeliaceae; cultivated only
Bischofia javanica Blume; Phyllanthaceae; cultivated only
18
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
496.
497.
498.
499.
500.
501.
502.
503.
504.
505.
506.
507.
508.
509.
510.
511.
512.
513.
514.
515.
516.
517.
518.
519.
520.
521.
522.
523.
524.
525.
526.
527.
528.
529.
530.
531.
532.
533.
534.
535.
536.
537.
538.
539.
540.
541.
542.
543.
544.
545.
546.
Bismarckia nobilis Hildebrandt & H. Wendl.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Bixa orellana L.; Bixaceae; cultivated only
Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson; Asteraceae; cultivated only
Blechnum finlaysonianum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.; Blechnaceae; vulnerable
Blechnum gibbum (Lab.) Mett.; Blechnaceae; cultivated only
Blechnum orientale L.; Blechnaceae; common
Blechnum serrulatum A. Rich.; Blechnaceae; vulnerable
Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC.; Asteraceae; weed of uncertain origin
Blumea junghuhniana (Miq.) Boerl.; Asteraceae; extinct
Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC.; Asteraceae; weed of uncertain origin
Blumea membranacea DC.; Asteraceae; weed of uncertain origin
Blumea riparia (Blume) DC.; Asteraceae; common
Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) Kurz; Euphorbiaceae; vulnerable
Blyxa aubertii Rich. var. aubertii; Hydrocharitaceae; weed of uncertain origin
Blyxa japonica (Miq.) Maxim. var. alternifolia (Miq.) C.D.K. Cook & Luond;
Hydrocharitaceae; weed of uncertain origin
Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich.; Urticaceae; naturalised
Boerhavia diffusa L.; Nyctaginaceae; weed of uncertain origin
Bolbitis appendiculata (Willd.) Iwatsuki; Lomariopsidaceae; endangered
Bolbitis heteroclita (C. Presl) Ching; Lomariopsidaceae; endangered
Bolbitis sinuata (C. Presl) Henn.; Lomariopsidaceae; extinct
Bolusanthus speciosus (Bolus) Harms; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Bombax ceiba L. var. leiocarpum; Malvaceae; cultivated only
Bombax oleagineum (Decne.) A. Robyns; Malvaceae; cultivated only
Bonamia semidigyna (Roxb.) Hall.f.; Convolvulaceae; weed of uncertain origin
Borassodendron machadonis Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Borassus flabellifer L.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S. T. Blake; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
Bouea macrophylla Griff.; Anacardiaceae; critically endangered
Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.) Meisn.; Anacardiaceae; vulnerable
Bougainvillea glabra Choisy; Nyctaginaceae; cultivated only
Brachychiton acerifolius (A. Cunn. ex G. Don) Macarthur; Malvaceae; cultivated only
Brachychiton discolor F. Muell.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
Brachychiton rupestris (T. Mitch. ex Lindl.) K. Schum.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
Brackenridgea hookeri (Planch.) A. Gray; Ochnaceae; endangered
Brackenridgea palustris Bartell.; Ochnaceae; critically endangered
Brahea edulis H. Wendl. ex S. Watson; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Breynia coronata Hook. f.; Phyllanthaceae; endangered
Breynia discigera Müll. Arg.; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
Breynia disticha J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.; Phyllanthaceae; cultivated only
Breynia racemosa (Blume) Mull. Arg.; Phyllanthaceae; common
Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C. Fisch.; Phyllanthaceae; common
Bridelia cinnamomea Hook. f.; Phyllanthaceae; extinct
Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill.; Phyllanthaceae; cultivated only
Bridelia pustulata Hook. f.; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume; Phyllanthaceae; vulnerable
Bridelia tomentosa Blume; Phyllanthaceae; common
Bromheadia alticola Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Bromheadia aporoides Rchb. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Bromheadia borneensis J. J. Sm; Orchidaceae; extinct
Bromheadia finlaysoniana (Lindl.) Miq.; Orchidaceae; common
19
Chong et al.
547. Bromheadia scirpoidea Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
548. Bromheadia truncata Seidenf.; Orchidaceae; extinct
549. Brownea coccinea Jacq. ssp. capitella (Jacq.) D. Velasquez & G. Agostini; Fabaceae;
cultivated only
550. Brownea crawfordii W. Watson; Fabaceae; cultivated only
551. Brownea grandiceps Jacq.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
552. Brownea rosa-de-monte Bergius; Fabaceae; cultivated only
553. Brownlowia argentata Kurz; Malvaceae; extinct
554. Brownlowia tersa (L.) Kosterm.; Malvaceae; endangered
555. Brucea javanica (L.) Merr.; Simaroubaceae; vulnerable
556. Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Blume; Rhizophoraceae; common
557. Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lamk.; Rhizophoraceae; common
558. Bruguiera hainesii C.G. Rogers; Rhizophoraceae; critically endangered
559. Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) W. & A. ex Griff.; Rhizophoraceae; endangered
560. Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir.; Rhizophoraceae; critically endangered
561. Brunfelsia americana L.; Solanaceae; cultivated only
562. Brunfelsia pauciflora (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth.; Solanaceae; cultivated only
563. Bryobium hyacinthoides (Blume) Y. P. Ng & P. J. Cribb; Orchidaceae; extinct
564. Bryobium pudicum (Ridl.) Y. P. Ng & P. J. Cribb; Orchidaceae; extinct
565. Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume; Anacardiaceae; common
566. Buchanania lucida Blume; Anacardiaceae; cultivated only
567. Buchanania sessifolia Blume; Anacardiaceae; vulnerable
568. Bucida buceras L.; Combretaceae; cultivated only
569. Bucida molinetii (M. Gómez) Alwan & Stace; Combretaceae; cultivated only
570. Buddleja asiatica Lour.; Scrophulariaceae; cultivated only
571. Buddleja davidii Franch.; Scrophulariaceae; cultivated only
572. Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd.; Asphodelaceae; cultivated only
573. Bulbophyllum aberrans Schltr.; Orchidaceae; extinct
574. Bulbophyllum acuminatum (Ridl.) Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
575. Bulbophyllum apodum Hook. f.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
576. Bulbophyllum blumei (Lindl.) J. J. Sm.; Orchidaceae; extinct
577. Bulbophyllum botryophorum Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
578. Bulbophyllum caudatisepalum Ames & Schweinf.; Orchidaceae; extinct
579. Bulbophyllum clandestinum Lindl.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
580. Bulbophyllum cleistogamum Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
581. Bulbophyllum concinnum Hook. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
582. Bulbophyllum flabellum-veneris (J. Konig) Aver.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
583. Bulbophyllum flavescens (Blume) Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
584. Bulbophyllum gracillimum (Rolfe) Rolfe; Orchidaceae; extinct
585. Bulbophyllum gusdorfii J.J. Sm.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
586. Bulbophyllum lasianthum Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
587. Bulbophyllum limbatum Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
588. Bulbophyllum lobbii Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
589. Bulbophyllum macranthum Lindl.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
590. Bulbophyllum macrochilum Rolfe; Orchidaceae; extinct
591. Bulbophyllum makoyanum (Rchb. f.) Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
592. Bulbophyllum medusae (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
593. Bulbophyllum membranaceum Teijsm & Binnend.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
594. Bulbophyllum nigropurpureum Carr; Orchidaceae; extinct
595. Bulbophyllum ovalifolium (Blume) Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
596. Bulbophyllum patens King ex Hook. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
597. Bulbophyllum pileatum Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
20
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
598.
599.
600.
601.
602.
603.
604.
605.
606.
607.
608.
609.
610.
611.
612.
613.
614.
615.
616.
617.
618.
619.
620.
Bulbophyllum pulchellum Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Bulbophyllum purpurascens Teijsm & Binnend.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Bulbophyllum restrepia Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Bulbophyllum ruficaudatum Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Bulbophyllum rugosum Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Bulbophyllum singaporeanum Schltr.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Bulbophyllum striatellum Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Bulbophyllum tenuifolium (Blume) Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Bulbophyllum trifolium Ridl.; Orchidaceae; vulnerable
Bulbophyllum uniflorum (Blume) Hassk.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Bulbophyllum vaginatum (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Orchidaceae; endangered
Bulbophyllum vermiculare Hook. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Bulbophyllum vesiculosum J.J. Sm; Orchidaceae; extinct
Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) C. B. Clarke; Cyperaceae; common
Bulbostylis puberula (Poir.) C.B. Clarke; Cyperaceae; common
Bunchosia armeniaca (Cav.) DC.; Malpighiaceae; cultivated only
Burkea africana Hook.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Burmannia championii Thw.; Burmanniaceae; critically endangered
Burmannia coelestis D. Don; Burmanniaceae; common
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth; Malpighiaceae; cultivated only
Byttneria maingayi Mast.; Malvaceae; critically endangered
C
621.
622.
623.
624.
625.
626.
627.
628.
629.
630.
631.
632.
633.
634.
635.
636.
637.
638.
639.
640.
641.
642.
643.
644.
645.
646.
647.
Caelospermum truncatum (Wall.) Baill. ex K. Schum.; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.; Fabaceae; critically endangered
Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Caesalpinia crista L.; Fabaceae; vulnerable
Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex Tul.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Caesalpinia sappan L.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Caesalpinia sumatrana Roxb.; Fabaceae; critically endangered
Caesalpinia tortuosa Roxb.; Fabaceae; extinct
Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent; Araceae; cultivated only
Caladium humboldtii (Raf.) Schott; Araceae; cultivated only
Caladium lindenii (Andre) Madison; Araceae; cultivated only
Calamus densiflorus Becc.; Arecaceae; extinct
Calamus diepenhorstii Miq.; Arecaceae; endangered
Calamus erinaceus (Becc.) J. Dransf.; Arecaceae; vulnerable
Calamus insignis Griff.; Arecaceae; critically endangered
Calamus javensis Blume; Arecaceae; extinct
Calamus laevigatus Mart.; Arecaceae; critically endangered
Calamus lobbianus Becc.; Arecaceae; critically endangered
Calamus luridus Becc.; Arecaceae; extinct
Calamus ornatus Becc.; Arecaceae; extinct
Calamus oxleyanus Teijsm & Binnend.; Arecaceae; critically endangered
Calamus ridleyanus Becc.; Arecaceae; critically endangered
Calanthe pulchra (Blume) Lindl.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
Calathea bella (W. Bull) Regel; Marantaceae; cultivated only
Calathea crocata E. Morren & Joriss.; Marantaceae; cultivated only
Calathea crotalifera S. Watson; Marantaceae; cultivated only
21
Chong et al.
648.
649.
650.
651.
652.
653.
654.
655.
656.
657.
658.
659.
660.
661.
662.
663.
664.
665.
666.
667.
668.
669.
670.
671.
672.
673.
674.
675.
676.
677.
678.
679.
680.
681.
682.
683.
684.
685.
686.
687.
688.
689.
690.
691.
692.
693.
694.
695.
696.
Calathea insignis Petersen; Marantaceae; cultivated only
Calathea leopardina Regel; Marantaceae; cultivated only
Calathea loeseneri J.F. Macbr.; Marantaceae; cultivated only
Calathea lutea (Aubl.) Schult.; Marantaceae; cultivated only
Calathea majestica (Linden) H.A. Kenn.; Marantaceae; cultivated only
Calathea makoyana E. Morren.; Marantaceae; cultivated only
Calathea orbifolia (Linden) H.A. Kenn.; Marantaceae; cultivated only
Calathea ornata (Linden ex Lem.) Korn.; Marantaceae; cultivated only
Calathea picturata (Linden) K. Koch & Linden; Marantaceae; cultivated only
Calathea roseopicta (Linden) Regel; Marantaceae; cultivated only
Calathea rotundifolia (Koch.) Koern. var. fasciata Petersen; Marantaceae; cultivated only
Calathea rufibarba Fenzl; Marantaceae; cultivated only
Calathea veitchiana Veitch ex Hook. f.; Marantaceae; cultivated only
Calathea warscewiczii (L. Mathieu) Planch. & Linden; Marantaceae; cultivated only
Calathea zebrina (Sims) Lindl.; Marantaceae; cultivated only
Callerya atropurpurea (Wall.) Schot; Fabaceae; casual
Callerya dasyphylla (Miq.) Schot; Fabaceae; extinct
Callerya eriantha (Benth.) Schot; Fabaceae; critically endangered
Callerya reticulata (Benth.) Schot; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Calliandra haematocephala Hassk.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Calliandra surinamensis Benth.; Fabaceae; casual
Calliandra tergemina (L.) Benth. var. emarginata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Barneby;
Fabaceae; cultivated only
Callicarpa longifolia Lamk.; Lamiaceae; endangered
Callicarpa maingayi King & Gamble; Lamiaceae; extinct
Callicarpa pedunculata R. Br.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) L.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
Callisia fragrans (Lindl.) Woodson; Commelinaceae; cultivated only
Callisia gentlei Matuda var. elegans (Alexander ex H. E. Moore) D. R. Hunt; Commelinaceae;
cultivated only
Callisia repens (Jacq.) L.; Commelinaceae; cultivated only
Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
Callistemon pallidus (Bonpl.) DC.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
Callistemon sieberi DC.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
Callistemon viminalis (Sol. ex Gaertn.) G. Don; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
Calocephalus brownii (Cass.) F. Muell.; Asteraceae; cultivated only
Calodendrum capense Thunb.; Rutaceae; cultivated only
Calophyllum biflorum Hend. & Wyatt-Smith; Clusiaceae; extinct
Calophyllum calaba L. var. bracteatum (Wight) P. F. Stevens; Clusiaceae; extinct
Calophyllum costulatum Hend. & Wyatt-Smith; Clusiaceae; extinct
Calophyllum dispar P.F. Stevens; Clusiaceae; critically endangered
Calophyllum ferrugineum Ridl.; Clusiaceae; common
Calophyllum inophyllum L.; Clusiaceae; critically endangered
Calophyllum lanigerum Miq. var. austrocoriaceum (T. C. Whitmore) P. F. Stevens;
Clusiaceae; endangered
Calophyllum macrocarpum Hook. f.; Clusiaceae; critically endangered
Calophyllum pulcherrimum Wall. ex Choisy; Clusiaceae; common
Calophyllum rigidum Miq.; Clusiaceae; critically endangered
Calophyllum rubiginosum Hend. & Wyatt-Smith; Clusiaceae; endangered
Calophyllum rufigemmatum Hend. & Wyatt-Smith; Clusiaceae; endangered
Calophyllum sil Lauterb.; Clusiaceae; cultivated only
Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f.; Clusiaceae; critically endangered
22
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
697.
698.
699.
700.
701.
702.
703.
704.
705.
706.
707.
708.
709.
710.
711.
712.
713.
714.
715.
716.
717.
718.
719.
720.
721.
722.
723.
724.
725.
726.
727.
728.
729.
730.
731.
732.
733.
734.
735.
736.
737.
738.
739.
740.
741.
742.
743.
744.
745.
746.
Calophyllum sundaicum P. F. Stevens; Clusiaceae; critically endangered
Calophyllum tetrapterum Miq.; Clusiaceae; vulnerable
Calophyllum teysmannii Miq.; Clusiaceae; vulnerable
Calophyllum wallichianum Planch. & Tr. var. incrassatum (Hend. & Wyatt-Smith) P. F.
Stevens; Clusiaceae; vulnerable
Calophyllum wallichianum Planch. & Tr. var. wallichianum; Clusiaceae; critically
endangered
Calopogonium mucunoides Desv.; Fabaceae; naturalised
Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T. Aiton; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
Calpurnia aurea (Aiton) Benth.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Schum.; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
Calyptrocalyx micholitzii (Ridl.) Dowe & M.D. Ferrero; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Calyptronoma occidentalis (Sw.) H.E. Moore; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Camoensia scandens (Welw.) J.B. Gillett; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Campnosperma auriculata Hook. f.; Anacardiaceae; common
Campnosperma squamatum Ridl.; Anacardiaceae; common
Campsis radicans (L.) Seem ex Bureau; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
Campylospermum serratum (Gaertn.) Bittrich & M.C.E. Amaral; Ochnaceae; common
Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson; Annonaceae; cultivated only
Canarium grandifolium (Ridl.) Lam; Burseraceae; critically endangered
Canarium indicum L.; Burseraceae; cultivated only
Canarium littorale Blume; Burseraceae; common
Canarium odontophyllum Miq.; Burseraceae; cultivated only
Canarium oleosum (Lam.) Engl.; Burseraceae; cultivated only
Canarium patentinervium Miq.; Burseraceae; endangered
Canarium pilosum Benn.; Burseraceae; endangered
Canarium vulgare Leenh.; Burseraceae; cultivated only
Canavalia cathartica Thouars; Fabaceae; common
Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC.; Fabaceae; common
Canna glauca L.; Cannaceae; cultivated only
Canna indica L.; Cannaceae; naturalised
Cansjera rheedii J.F. Gmelin; Opiliaceae; vulnerable
Canthium confertum Korth.; Rubiaceae; endangered
Canthium glabrum Blume; Rubiaceae; endangered
Canthium horridum Blume; Rubiaceae; endangered
Canthium molle King & Gamble; Rubiaceae; extinct
Cantleya corniculata (Becc.) Howard; Stemonuraceae; extinct
Capparis micracantha DC.; Capparaceae; critically endangered
Capsicum annuum L.; Solanaceae; cultivated only
Capsicum frutescens L.; Solanaceae; cultivated only
Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr.; Rhizophoraceae; endangered
Carallia suffruticosa Ridl.; Rhizophoraceae; cultivated only
Carapa guianensis Aubl.; Meliaceae; cultivated only
Cardiospermum halicacabum L.; Sapindaceae; naturalised
Cardwellia sublimis F. Muell.; Proteaceae; cultivated only
Carex cryptostachys Brongn.; Cyperaceae; critically endangered
Carica papaya L.; Caricaceae; casual
Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A. DC.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
Carludovica palmata Ruiz. & Pav.; Cyclanthaceae; cultivated only
Carmona retusa (Vahl) Masam.; Boraginaceae; naturalised
Carpentaria acuminata Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Carphalea kirondron Baill.; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
23
Chong et al.
747.
748.
749.
750.
751.
752.
753.
754.
755.
756.
757.
758.
759.
760.
761.
762.
763.
764.
765.
766.
767.
768.
769.
770.
771.
772.
773.
774.
775.
776.
777.
778.
779.
780.
781.
782.
783.
784.
785.
786.
787.
788.
789.
790.
791.
792.
793.
794.
795.
796.
797.
798.
Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E. Br.; Aizoaceae; cultivated only
Caryota cumingii Lodd. ex Mart.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Caryota maxima Blume ex Mart.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Caryota mitis Lour.; Arecaceae; common
Caryota no Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Caryota rumphiana Mart.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Caryota zebrina Hambali, Maturb., Heatubun & J.Dransf.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Casearia capitellata Blume; Salicaceae; critically endangered
Casearia clarkei King var. clarkei; Salicaceae; extinct
Casearia lobbiana Turcz.; Salicaceae; critically endangered
Casearia tuberculata Blume; Salicaceae; extinct
Cassia artemisioides DC.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Cassia bakeriana Craib; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Cassia fistula L.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Cassia grandis L. f.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Cassia javanica L.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Cassia renigera Benth.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Cassia roxburghii DC.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Cassine viburnifolia (Juss.) Ding Hou; Celastraceae; critically endangered
Cassytha filiformis L.; Lauraceae; common
Castanopsis inermis (Lindl. ex Wall.) Benth. & Hook. f.; Fagaceae; critically endangered
Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A. DC.; Fagaceae; extinct
Castanopsis lucida (Nees) Soepadmo; Fagaceae; critically endangered
Castanopsis malaccensis Gamble; Fagaceae; critically endangered
Castanopsis megacarpa Gamble; Fagaceae; critically endangered
Castanopsis nephelioides King ex Hook. f.; Fagaceae; critically endangered
Castanopsis schefferiana Hance; Fagaceae; critically endangered
Castanopsis wallichii King ex Hook. f.; Fagaceae; critically endangered
Castanospermum australe A. Cunn. & C. Fraser; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Castanospora alphandii (F. Muell.) F. Muell.; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
Castilla elastica Sessé; Moraceae; casual
Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq.; Casuarinaceae; cultivated only
Casuarina equisetifolia L.; Casuarinaceae; common
Casuarina junghuhniana Miq.; Casuarinaceae; cultivated only
Casuarina nobilis Whitmore; Casuarinaceae; cultivated only
Catalpa ovata G. Don; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don; Apocynaceae; naturalised
Cayratia mollissima (Wall.) Gagnep.; Vitaceae; endangered
Cayratia novemfolia (Wall. ex Laws.) Burk.; Vitaceae; critically endangered
Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin; Vitaceae; vulnerable
Cecropia peltata L.; Urticaceae; naturalised
Cecropia pachystachya Trécul; Urticaceae; naturalised
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.; Malvaceae; casual
Ceiba speciosa (A. St.-Hil.) Ravenna; Malvaceae; cultivated only
Celosia argentea L.; Amaranthaceae; casual
Celtis africana Burm. f.; Cannabaceae; cultivated only
Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.; Poaceae; naturalised
Cenchrus echinatus L.; Poaceae; naturalised
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.; Apiaceae; common
Centipeda minima (L.) A. Braun & Asch.; Asteraceae; casual
Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv.; Poaceae; critically endangered
Centotheca longilamina Ohwi; Poaceae; common
24
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
799.
800.
801.
802.
803.
804.
805.
806.
807.
808.
809.
810.
811.
812.
813.
814.
815.
816.
817.
818.
819.
820.
821.
822.
823.
824.
825.
826.
827.
828.
829.
830.
831.
832.
833.
834.
835.
836.
837.
838.
839.
840.
841.
842.
843.
844.
845.
846.
847.
Centranthera tranquebarica (Spreng.) Merr.; Orobanchaceae; weed of uncertain origin
Centratherum punctatum Cass.; Asteraceae; cultivated only
Centrosema pubescens Benth.; Fabaceae; naturalised
Cephalomanes javanicum (Blume) Bosch; Hymenophyllaceae; endangered
Cephalomanes obscurum (Blume) K. Iwatsuki; Hymenophyllaceae; endangered
Cephalomanes singaporeanum Bosch; Hymenophyllaceae; vulnerable
Cephalomanes superbum (Backh. ex T. Moore) I.M. Turner; Hymenophyllaceae; extinct
Ceratolobus subangulatus (Miq.) Becc.; Arecaceae; extinct
Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn.; Pteridaceae; weed of uncertain origin
Ceratostylis subulata Blume; Orchidaceae; extinct
Cerbera manghas L.; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
Cerbera odollam Gaertn.; Apocynaceae; vulnerable
Cercestis mirabilis (N.E. Br.) Bogner; Araceae; cultivated only
Cereus hildmannianus K. Schum.; Cactaceae; cultivated only
Ceriops tagal (Pers.) C.B. Robins; Rhizophoraceae; vulnerable
Ceriops zippeliana Blume; Rhizophoraceae; endangered
Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl.; Solanaceae; cultivated only
Cestrum diurnum L.; Solanaceae; cultivated only
Cestrum elegans (Brongn. ex Neumann) Schltdl.; Solanaceae; cultivated only
Cestrum nocturnum L.; Solanaceae; cultivated only
Chamaecrista leschenaultiana (DC.) Degener; Fabaceae; naturalised
Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene; Fabaceae; naturalised
Chamaedorea cataractarum Mart.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Chamaedorea elegans Mart.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Chamaedorea metallica O.F. Cook ex H.E. Moore; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Chamaedorea microspadix Burret; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Chamaedorea seifrizii Burret; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Chamaerops humilis L.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp.; Euphorbiaceae; naturalised
Chamaesyce hypericifolia (L.) Millsp.; Euphorbiaceae; naturalised
Chamaesyce thymifolia (L.) Millsp.; Euphorbiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
Chambeyronia macrocarpa (Brongn.) Vieill. ex Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Champereia manillana (Blume) Merr.; Opiliaceae; common
Chassalia chartacea Craib; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
Chassalia curviflora (Wall.) Thw.; Rubiaceae; endangered
Chassalia pubescens Ridl.; Rubiaceae; extinct
Chassalia singapurensis (Ridl.) A.P. Davis; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm. f.) Sw.; Adiantaceae; vulnerable
Cheilocostus globosus (Blume) C. Specht; Costaceae; extinct
Cheilosa montana Blume; Euphorbiaceae; extinct
Chilocarpus vernicosus Blume; Apocynaceae; extinct
Chionanthus macrocarpus Blume; Oleaceae; extinct
Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxb.; Oleaceae; critically endangered
Chisocheton erythrocarpus Hiern; Meliaceae; critically endangered
Chisocheton longistipitatus (Bailey) L.S. Sm.; Meliaceae; cultivated only
Chisocheton macrophyllus King; Meliaceae; extinct
Chisocheton patens Blume; Meliaceae; critically endangered
Chisocheton pauciflorus King; Meliaceae; extinct
Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. paucijugus (Miq.) Mabb.; Meliaceae; critically
endangered
848. Chisocheton sarawakanus (C. DC.) Harms; Meliaceae; critically endangered
849. Chloranthus erectus (Buch.-Ham.) Verdc.; Chloranthaceae; critically endangered
25
Chong et al.
850.
851.
852.
853.
854.
855.
856.
857.
858.
859.
860.
861.
862.
863.
864.
865.
866.
867.
868.
869.
870.
871.
872.
873.
874.
875.
876.
877.
878.
879.
880.
881.
882.
883.
884.
885.
886.
887.
888.
889.
890.
891.
892.
893.
894.
895.
896.
897.
898.
899.
900.
Chloris barbata Sw.; Poaceae; naturalised
Chlorophytum capense (L.) Voss; Agavaceae; cultivated only
Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques; Agavaceae; cultivated only
Chlorophytum filipendulum Baker ssp. amaniense (Engl.) Nordal & A.D. Poulsen; Agavaceae;
cultivated only
Chlorophytum laxum R. Br.; Agavaceae; cultivated only
Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B.L. Burtt. & A.W. Hill; Anacardiaceae; cultivated only
Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
Chonemorpha penangensis Ridl.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
Christella arida (Don) Holttum; Thelypteridaceae; common
Christella dentata (Forsk.) Brownsey & Jermy; Thelypteridaceae; weed of uncertain origin
Christella parasitica (L.) Lev.; Thelypteridaceae; weed of uncertain origin
Christella subpubescens (Blume) Holttum; Thelypteridaceae; common
Christia vespertilionis (L. f.) Bakh. f.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.; Asteraceae; naturalised
Chrysobalanus icaco L.; Chrysobalanaceae; naturalised
Chrysophyllum cainito L.; Sapotaceae; cultivated only
Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. ssp. oliviforme; Sapotaceae; cultivated only
Chrysophyllum roxburghii G. Don; Sapotaceae; critically endangered
Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin.; Poaceae; common
Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty; Poaceae; cultivated only
Chrysothemis pulchella Decne.; Gesneriaceae; cultivated only
Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss.; Meliaceae; cultivated only
Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees; Lauraceae; cultivated only
Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees and T. Nees) Blume; Lauraceae; cultivated only
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl; Lauraceae; cultivated only
Cinnamomum iners Reinw.; Lauraceae; common
Cinnamomum javanicum Blume; Lauraceae; critically endangered
Cinnamomum sintoc Blume; Lauraceae; critically endangered
Cinnamomum subavenium Miq.; Lauraceae; extinct
Cinnamomum verum J. Presl; Lauraceae; cultivated only
Cissus hastata Miq.; Vitaceae; weed of uncertain origin
Cissus nodosa Blume; Vitaceae; critically endangered
Cissus repens Lam.; Vitaceae; critically endangered
Cissus rostrata (Miq.) Planch.; Vitaceae; critically endangered
Citharexylum spinosum L.; Verbenaceae; cultivated only
Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle; Rutaceae; cultivated only
Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f.; Rutaceae; casual
Citrus madurensis Lour.; Rutaceae; cultivated only
Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.; Rutaceae; cultivated only
Citrus paradasi Macfad.; Rutaceae; cultivated only
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck; Rutaceae; cultivated only
Claderia viridiflora Hook. f.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
Claoxylon indicum (Reinw. ex Blume) Hassk.; Euphorbiaceae; common
Claoxylon longifolium (Blume) Endl. ex Hassk.; Euphorbiaceae; extinct
Clappertonia ficifolia (Willd.) Decne.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
Clausena brevistyla Oliv.; Rutaceae; cultivated only
Clausena excavata Burm. f.; Rutaceae; common
Cleisostoma halophilum (Ridl.) Garay; Orchidaceae; extinct
Cleisostoma scortechinii (Hook. f.) Gary; Orchidaceae; extinct
Cleisostoma subulatum Blume; Orchidaceae; extinct
Cleistanthus hirsutulus Hook. f.; Phyllanthaceae; extinct
26
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
901.
902.
903.
904.
905.
906.
907.
908.
909.
910.
911.
912.
913.
914.
915.
916.
917.
918.
919.
920.
921.
922.
923.
924.
925.
926.
927.
928.
929.
930.
931.
932.
933.
934.
935.
936.
937.
938.
939.
940.
941.
942.
943.
944.
945.
946.
947.
948.
949.
950.
951.
952.
Cleistanthus macrophyllus Hook. f.; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
Cleistanthus malaccensis Hook. f.; Phyllanthaceae; extinct
Cleistanthus oblongifolius (Roxb.) Mull. Arg; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
Cleistanthus schlechteri Hutch.; Phyllanthaceae; cultivated only
Cleistanthus sumatranus (Miq.) Müll. Arg.; Phyllanthaceae; vulnerable
Clematis aristata Ker Gawl.; Ranunculaceae; cultivated only
Clematis heynei M.A. Rau; Ranunculaceae; cultivated only
Cleome aculeata L.; Cleomaceae; naturalised
Cleome gynandra L.; Cleomaceae; naturalised
Cleome rutidosperma DC.; Cleomaceae; naturalised
Cleome viscosa L.; Cleomaceae; naturalised
Clerodendrum buchananii (Roxb.) Walp.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
Clerodendrum bungei Steud.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
Clerodendrum calamitosum L.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabb.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
Clerodendrum deflexum Wall.; Lamiaceae; vulnerable
Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn.; Lamiaceae; common
Clerodendrum laevifolium Blume; Lamiaceae; common
Clerodendrum paniculatum L.; Lamiaceae; casual
Clerodendrum phyllomega Steud. var. myrmecophilum (Ridl.) Moldenke; Lamiaceae; extinct
Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
Clerodendrum splendens G. Don; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf.; Lamiaceae; casual
Clerodendrum villosum Blume; Lamiaceae; vulnerable
Clerodendrum wallichii Merr.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
Clianthus puniceus (G. Don) Lindl.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don; Melastomataceae; naturalised
Clinostigma samoense H. Wendl.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Clitoria fairchildiana R.A. Howard; Fabaceae; cultivated only
Clitoria laurifolia Poir.; Fabaceae; naturalised
Clitoria ternatea L.; Fabaceae; naturalised
Clusia colombiana Pipoly; Clusiaceae; cultivated only
Clusia rosea Jacq.; Clusiaceae; cultivated only
Clytostoma callisgtegioides (Cham.) Bureau & Schum.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
Cnestis palala (Lour.) Merr.; Connaraceae; common
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt; Cucurbitaceae; naturalised
Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L.; Polygonaceae; cultivated only
Coccothrinax crinita (Griseb. & H. Wendl. ex Kerch.) Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC.; Menispermaceae; extinct
Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston; Bixaceae; cultivated only
Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Spreng.; Bixaceae; cultivated only
Cocos nucifera L.; Arecaceae; naturalised
Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. Juss.; Euphorbiaceae; casual
Coelogyne cumingii Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Coelogyne foerstermannii Rchb. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Coelogyne mayeriana Rchb. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Coelogyne rochussenii de Vr.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Coelogyne septemcostata J.J. Sm.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Coelogyne testacea Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Coelogyne tomentosa Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
Coelostegia griffithii Benth.; Malvaceae; critically endangered
27
Chong et al.
953. Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
954. Coffea liberica W. Bull ex Hiern; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
955. Coix lacryma-jobi L.; Poaceae; naturalised
956. Cola gigantea A. Chev.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
957. Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
958. Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott; Araceae; casual
959. Colubrina asiatica (L.) Brongn.; Rhamnaceae; common
960. Columnea tulae Urb. var. flava Urb.; Gesneriaceae; cultivated only
961. Colvillea racemosa Bojer; Fabaceae; cultivated only
962. Combretum comosum G. Don; Combretaceae; cultivated only
963. Combretum constrictum (Benth.) M. A. Lawson; Combretaceae; cultivated only
964. Combretum erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond.; Combretaceae; cultivated only
965. Combretum grandiflorum G. Don; Combretaceae; cultivated only
966. Combretum sundaicum Miq.; Combretaceae; vulnerable
967. Combretum tetralophum C.B. Clarke; Combretaceae; critically endangered
968. Commelina attenuata Koen.; Commelinaceae; extinct
969. Commelina benghalensis L.; Commelinaceae; weed of uncertain origin
970. Commelina diffusa Burm. f.; Commelinaceae; weed of uncertain origin
971. Commersonia bartramia (L.) Merr.; Malvaceae; common
972. Congea tomentosa Roxb.; Lamiaceae; casual
973. Congea velutina Wight; Lamiaceae; casual
974. Connarus ferrugineus Jack; Connaraceae; critically endangered
975. Connarus grandis Jack; Connaraceae; critically endangered
976. Connarus monocarpus L.; Connaraceae; critically endangered
977. Connarus planchonianus Schellenb.; Connaraceae; extinct
978. Connarus semidecandrus Jack; Connaraceae; critically endangered
979. Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist; Asteraceae; weed of uncertain origin
980. Copaifera officinalis (Jacq.) L.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
981. Copernicia alba Morong; Arecaceae; cultivated only
982. Copernicia baileyana Léon; Arecaceae; cultivated only
983. Copernicia prunifera (Mill.) H.E. Moore; Arecaceae; cultivated only
984. Coprosma australis Robinson; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
985. Coprosma rugosa Cheeseman; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
986. Coptosapelta flavescens (Blume) Val. ex K. Heyne; Rubiaceae; extinct
987. Coptosapelta griffithii Hook. f.; Rubiaceae; extinct
988. Coptosapelta parviflora Ridl.; Rubiaceae; extinct
989. Corchorus aestuans L.; Malvaceae; naturalised
990. Cordia caffra Sond.; Boraginaceae; cultivated only
991. Cordia cylindristachya (Ruiz & Pav.) Roem. & Schult.; Boraginaceae; naturalised
992. Cordia dichotoma G. Forst.; Boraginaceae; critically endangered
993. Cordia sebestena L.; Boraginaceae; cultivated only
994. Cordia subcordata Lam.; Boraginaceae; critically endangered
995. Cordia superba Cham.; Boraginaceae; cultivated only
996. Cordiglottis filiformis (Hook. f.) Gary; Orchidaceae; extinct
997. Cordyline australis (G. Forst.) Endl.; Laxmanniaceae; cultivated only
998. Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev.; Laxmanniaceae; casual
999. Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet; Asteraceae; cultivated only
1000. Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.; Asteraceae; cultivated only
1001. Cornukaempferia aurantiflora J. Mood & K. Larsen; Zingiberaceae; cultivated only
1002. Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1003. Corymbia papuana (F. Muell.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1004. Corymbia polycarpa (F. Muell.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
28
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1005. Corymbia ptychocarpa (F. Muell.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1006. Corymbia torelliana (F. Muell.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1007. Corymborkis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Blume; Orchidaceae; extinct
1008. Corypha umbraculifera L.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1009. Corypha utan Lam.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1010. Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr.; Menispermaceae; endangered
1011. Cosmos sulphureus Cav.; Asteraceae; cultivated only
1012. Costus amazonicus (Loes.) J.F. Macbr.; Costaceae; cultivated only
1013. Costus curvibracteatus Maas; Costaceae; cultivated only
1014. Costus erythrophyllus Loes.; Costaceae; cultivated only
1015. Costus lucanusianus J. Braun & K. Sch.; Costaceae; casual
1016. Costus malortieanus H. Wendl.; Costaceae; cultivated only
1017. Costus productus Gleason ex Maas; Costaceae; cultivated only
1018. Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith; Costaceae; common
1019. Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw.; Costaceae; cultivated only
1020. Costus stenophyllus Standl. & L.O. Williams; Costaceae; cultivated only
1021. Costus varzearum Maas; Costaceae; cultivated only
1022. Costus woodsonii Maas; Costaceae; cultivated only
1023. Cotinus coggygria Scop.; Anacardiaceae; cultivated only
1024. Cotylelobium lanceolatum Craib; Dipterocarpaceae; critically endangered
1025. Couroupita guianensis Aubl.; Lecythidaceae; cultivated only
1026. Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore; Asteraceae; naturalised
1027. Crateva religiosa G. Forst.; Capparaceae; cultivated only
1028. Cratoxylum arborescens (Vahl) Blume; Hypericaceae; vulnerable
1029. Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour.) Blume; Hypericaceae; endangered
1030. Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer; Hypericaceae; endangered
1031. Cratoxylum glaucum Korth; Hypericaceae; common
1032. Cratoxylum maingayi Dyer; Hypericaceae; critically endangered
1033. Crepidomanes christii (Copel.) Copel.; Hymenophyllaceae; extinct
1034. Crepidomanes humile (G.Forst) Bosch; Hymenophyllaceae; endangered
1035. Crepidomanes minutum (Blume) K. Iwatsuki; Hymenophyllaceae; extinct
1036. Crepidomanes pallidum (Blume) K. Iwatsuki; Hymenophyllaceae; extinct
1037. Crescentia cujete L.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
1038. Crinum album Herb.; Amaryllidaceae; cultivated only
1039. Crinum asiaticum L.; Amaryllidaceae; critically endangered
1040. Crinum jagus (J. Thomps.) Dandy; Amaryllidaceae; cultivated only
1041. Crinum moorei Hook. f.; Amaryllidaceae; cultivated only
1042. Crinum xanthophyllum Hannibal; Amaryllidaceae; cultivated only
1043. Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
1044. Crossandra pungens Lindau; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
1045. Crossostephium chinense (L.) Makino; Asteraceae; cultivated only
1046. Crotalaria alata Buch.-Ham ex G. Don; Fabaceae; naturalised
1047. Crotalaria incana L.; Fabaceae; naturalised
1048. Crotalaria juncea L.; Fabaceae; naturalised
1049. Crotalaria pallida Aiton; Fabaceae; naturalised
1050. Crotalaria quinquefolia L.; Fabaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1051. Crotalaria retusa L.; Fabaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1052. Croton argyratus Blume; Euphorbiaceae; extinct
1053. Croton bonplandianus Baill.; Euphorbiaceae; naturalised
1054. Croton caudatus Geiseler; Euphorbiaceae; common
1055. Croton heterocarpus Müll. Arg.; Euphorbiaceae; critically endangered
1056. Croton hirtus L'Hér.; Euphorbiaceae; naturalised
29
Chong et al.
1057. Croton oblongus Burm. f.; Euphorbiaceae; endangered
1058. Croton tiglium L.; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
1059. Cryptanthus bromelioides Otto & A. Dietr.; Bromeliaceae; cultivated only
1060. Cryptanthus zonatus (Vis.) Beer; Bromeliaceae; cultivated only
1061. Crypteronia griffithii C.B. Clarke; Crypteroniaceae; critically endangered
1062. Cryptocarya caesia Blume; Lauraceae; extinct
1063. Cryptocarya ferrea Blume; Lauraceae; critically endangered
1064. Cryptocarya griffithiana Wight; Lauraceae; critically endangered
1065. Cryptocarya impressa Miq.; Lauraceae; critically endangered
1066. Cryptocarya kurzii Hook. f.; Lauraceae; extinct
1067. Cryptocarya rugulosa Hook. f.; Lauraceae; critically endangered
1068. Cryptocoryne ciliata (Roxb.) Fischer ex Wydler; Araceae; extinct
1069. Cryptocoryne griffithii Schott; Araceae; critically endangered
1070. Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
1071. Cryptostylis arachnites (Blume) Hassk.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1072. Ctenanthe lubbersiana (E. Morren) Eichler ex Petersen; Marantaceae; cultivated only
1073. Ctenanthe oppenheimiana (E. Morren.) K. Schum.; Marantaceae; cultivated only
1074. Ctenanthe setosa (Roscoe) Eichl.; Marantaceae; cultivated only
1075. Ctenolophon parvifolius Oliv.; Ctenolophonaceae; critically endangered
1076. Ctenopteris blechnoides (Grev.) Wagner & Grether; Grammitidaceae; extinct
1077. Cucumis maderaspatanus L.; Cucurbitaceae; naturalised
1078. Cupaniopsis curvidentata (Bailey) Radlk.; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
1079. Cupaniopsis foveolata (F. Muell.) Radlk.; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
1080. Cuphea carthagenesis (Jacq.) J.F. Macbr.; Lythraceae; naturalised
1081. Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth; Lythraceae; cultivated only
1082. Cuphea ignea A. DC.; Lythraceae; cultivated only
1083. Curcuma longa L.; Zingiberaceae; cultivated only
1084. Curcuma parviflora Wall.; Zingiberaceae; cultivated only
1085. Curcuma rhabdota P. Sirirugsa & M.F. Newman; Zingiberaceae; cultivated only
1086. Curcuma rubrobracteata Škorničk., M. Sabu &. Prasanthk.; Zingiberaceae; cultivated only
1087. Cuscuta australis R. Br.; Convolvulaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1088. Cyanotis cristata D. Don; Commelinaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1089. Cyathea cooperi (Hook. ex F. Muell.) Domin; Cyatheaceae; cultivated only
1090. Cyathea glabra (Blume) Copel.; Cyatheaceae; extinct
1091. Cyathea latebrosa (Wall.) Copel.; Cyatheaceae; vulnerable
1092. Cyathea squamulata (Blume) Copel.; Cyatheaceae; endangered
1093. Cyathocalyx ramuliflorus (Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thoms.) Scheff.; Annonaceae; common
1094. Cyathocalyx ridleyi (King) Sinclair; Annonaceae; vulnerable
1095. Cyathocalyx sumatranus Scheff.; Annonaceae; critically endangered
1096. Cyathostemma hookeri King; Annonaceae; extinct
1097. Cyathostemma viridiflorum Griff.; Annonaceae; vulnerable
1098. Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume; Amaranthaceae; common
1099. Cycas edentata de Laub.; Cycadaceae; critically endangered
1100. Cycas pectinata Buch.-Ham; Cycadaceae; cultivated only
1101. Cycas revoluta Thunb.; Cycadaceae; cultivated only
1102. Cycas siamensis (Miq.) de Laub.; Cycadaceae; cultivated only
1103. Cyclanthus bipartitus Poit.; Cyclanthaceae; cultivated only
1104. Cyclea laxiflora Miers; Menispermaceae; critically endangered
1105. Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) H. Ito; Thelypteridaceae; common
1106. Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. ssp. pubescens (Lindl.) Du Pay & Cribb; Orchidaceae; critically
endangered
1107. Cymbidium finlaysonianum Lindl.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
30
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1108. Cymbopogon calcicola C.E. Hubb.; Poaceae; cultivated only
1109. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf; Poaceae; cultivated only
1110. Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) J.F. Watson; Poaceae; cultivated only
1111. Cymodocea rotundata Ehrenb. & Hemp. ex Aschers.; Cymodoceaceae; critically endangered
1112. Cymodocea serrulata (R.Br.) Aschers. & Magnus; Cymodoceaceae; extinct
1113. Cynanchum ovalifolium Wight; Apocynaceae; vulnerable
1114. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.; Poaceae; common
1115. Cynometra cauliflora L.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1116. Cynometra malaccensis Meeuwen; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1117. Cynometra ramiflora L.; Fabaceae; critically endangered
1118. Cyperus alternifolius L.; Cyperaceae; cultivated only
1119. Cyperus compactus Retz.; Cyperaceae; common
1120. Cyperus compressus L.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1121. Cyperus cuspidatus Kunth; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1122. Cyperus cyperinus (Retz.) J.V. Suringer; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1123. Cyperus cyperoides (L.) Kuntze.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1124. Cyperus difformis L.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1125. Cyperus digitatus Roxb.; Cyperaceae; common
1126. Cyperus distans L. f.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1127. Cyperus dubius Rottb.; Cyperaceae; common
1128. Cyperus elatus L.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1129. Cyperus exaltatus Retz.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1130. Cyperus haspan L.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1131. Cyperus imbricatus Retz.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1132. Cyperus iria L.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1133. Cyperus javanicus Houtt.; Cyperaceae; common
1134. Cyperus laxus Vahl; Cyperaceae; common
1135. Cyperus malaccensis Lam.; Cyperaceae; common
1136. Cyperus papyrus L.; Cyperaceae; cultivated only
1137. Cyperus pilosus Vahl; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1138. Cyperus procerus Rottb.; Cyperaceae; common
1139. Cyperus radians Nees & Meyen; Cyperaceae; common
1140. Cyperus rotundus L.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1141. Cyperus sphacelatus Rottb.; Cyperaceae; naturalised
1142. Cyperus stoloniferus Retz.; Cyperaceae; common
1143. Cyperus tenuiculmis Boeck.; Cyperaceae; common
1144. Cyperus trialatus (Boeck.) Kern; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1145. Cyrtandra pendula Blume; Gesneriaceae; critically endangered
1146. Cyrtococcum accrescens (Trin.) Stapf; Poaceae; critically endangered
1147. Cyrtococcum patens (L.) A. Camus; Poaceae; critically endangered
1148. Cyrtosperma merkusii (Hassk.) Schott; Araceae; vulnerable
1149. Cyrtostachys renda Blume; Arecaceae; extinct
1150. Cystorchis javanica (Blume) Blume; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
1151. Cystorchis variegata Blume; Orchidaceae; extinct
D
1152. Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub.; Podocarpaceae; cultivated only
1153. Dacryodes costata (A.W. Benn.) H.J. Lam; Burseraceae; endangered
1154. Dacryodes laxa (Benn.) Lam; Burseraceae; endangered
1155. Dacryodes longifolia (King) Lam; Burseraceae; critically endangered
1156. Dacryodes rostrata (Blume) Lam; Burseraceae; vulnerable
1157. Dacryodes rugosa (Blume) H.J. Lam; Burseraceae; critically endangered
31
Chong et al.
1158. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd.; Poaceae; common
1159. Daemonorops angustifolia (Griff.) Mart.; Arecaceae; vulnerable
1160. Daemonorops didymophylla Becc.; Arecaceae; vulnerable
1161. Daemonorops geniculata (Griff.) Mart.; Arecaceae; endangered
1162. Daemonorops grandis (Giff.) Griff. ex Mart.; Arecaceae; endangered
1163. Daemonorops hirsuta Blume; Arecaceae; vulnerable
1164. Daemonorops kunstleri Becc.; Arecaceae; critically endangered
1165. Daemonorops leptopus (Griff.) Mart.; Arecaceae; critically endangered
1166. Daemonorops lewisiana (Griff.) Mart.; Arecaceae; extinct
1167. Daemonorops longipes (Griff.) Mart.; Arecaceae; vulnerable
1168. Daemonorops micracantha (Griff.) Becc.; Arecaceae; critically endangered
1169. Daemonorops periacantha Miq.; Arecaceae; critically endangered
1170. Daemonorops sabut Becc.; Arecaceae; critically endangered
1171. Dalbergia candenatensis (Dennst.) Prain; Fabaceae; common
1172. Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1173. Dalbergia cultrata Benth.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1174. Dalbergia hullettii Prain; Fabaceae; extinct
1175. Dalbergia junghuhnii Benth.; Fabaceae; critically endangered
1176. Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1177. Dalbergia negrensis (Radlk.) Ducke; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1178. Dalbergia odorifera T.C. Chen; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1179. Dalbergia oliveri Prain; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1180. Dalbergia parviflora Roxb.; Fabaceae; extinct
1181. Dalbergia rostrata Hassk.; Fabaceae; common
1182. Dalbergia sissoo DC.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1183. Dalbergia velutina Benth.; Fabaceae; critically endangered
1184. Dapania racemosa Korth.; Oxalidaceae; extinct
1185. Daphniphyllum laurinum (Benth.) Baill.; Daphniphyllaceae; critically endangered
1186. Darlingia ferruginea J.F. Bailey; Proteaceae; cultivated only
1187. Datura metel L.; Solanaceae; cultivated only
1188. Davallia angustata Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.; Davalliaceae; endangered
1189. Davallia denticulata (Burm.) Mett.; Davalliaceae; common
1190. Davallia heterophylla J. Sm.; Davalliaceae; extinct
1191. Davallia parvula Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.; Davalliaceae; extinct
1192. Davallia pectinata Sm.; Davalliaceae; endangered
1193. Davallia repens (L. f.) Kuhn; Davalliaceae; vulnerable
1194. Davallia solida (G. Forst.) Sw.; Davalliaceae; vulnerable
1195. Davallia triphylla Hook.; Davalliaceae; vulnerable
1196. Davidsonia pruriens F. Muell; Cunoniaceae; cultivated only
1197. Decaspermum fruticosum J.R. & G. Forst.; Myrtaceae; vulnerable
1198. Deckenia nobilis H. Wendl. ex Seem.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1199. Dehaasia incrassata (Jack) Kosterm.; Lauraceae; critically endangered
1200. Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1201. Dendrobium acerosum Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1202. Dendrobium aciculare Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1203. Dendrobium aloifolium (Blume) Rchb.f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1204. Dendrobium bifarium Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1205. Dendrobium crocatum Hook. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1206. Dendrobium crumenatum Sw.; Orchidaceae; common
1207. Dendrobium flexile Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1208. Dendrobium grande Hook. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1209. Dendrobium hendersonii Hawkes & Heller; Orchidaceae; extinct
32
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1210. Dendrobium hercoglossum Rchb. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1211. Dendrobium indivisum (Blume) Miq.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1212. Dendrobium indragiriense Schltr.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
1213. Dendrobium lamellatum (Blume) Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1214. Dendrobium leonis (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1215. Dendrobium lobatum (Blume) Miq.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1216. Dendrobium lobbii Teijsm. & Binnend.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
1217. Dendrobium microglaphys Rchb.f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1218. Dendrobium pachyphyllum (Kuntze.) Bakh. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1219. Dendrobium pandaneti Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1220. Dendrobium pensile Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1221. Dendrobium planibulbe Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1222. Dendrobium prostratum Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1223. Dendrobium pulchellum Roxb. ex Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1224. Dendrobium revolutum Lindl.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
1225. Dendrobium salaccense (Blume) Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1226. Dendrobium secundum (Blume) Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1227. Dendrobium setifolium Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1228. Dendrobium singaporense Hawkes & Heller; Orchidaceae; extinct
1229. Dendrobium spurium (Blume) J.J. Sm.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1230. Dendrobium stuposum Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1231. Dendrobium subulatum (Blume) Lindl.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
1232. Dendrobium villosulum Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1233. Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.) Backer ex Heyne; Poaceae; casual
1234. Dendrochilum longifolium Rchb. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1235. Dendrochilum pallidiflavens Blume var. pallidiflavens; Orchidaceae; extinct
1236. Dendrolobium umbellatum (L.) Benth.; Fabaceae; common
1237. Dendrophthoe falcata (L. f.) Ettingsh.; Loranthaceae; extinct
1238. Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq.; Loranthaceae; common
1239. Dendrotrophe buxifolia (Blume) Miq.; Santalaceae; vulnerable
1240. Dendrotrophe varians (Blume) Miq.; Santalaceae; vulnerable
1241. Dentella repens J.R. Forst & G. Forst; Rubiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1242. Deplanchea bancana (Scheff.) Steen.; Bignoniaceae; extinct
1243. Deplanchea tetraphylla (R. Br.) F. Muell.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
1244. Derris amoena Benth. var. maingayana (Baker) Prain; Fabaceae; vulnerable
1245. Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth.; Fabaceae; critically endangered
1246. Derris trifoliata Lour.; Fabaceae; common
1247. Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.; Fabaceae; naturalised
1248. Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC.; Fabaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1249. Desmodium heterophyllum (Willd.) DC.; Fabaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1250. Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC.; Fabaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1251. Desmos dasymaschala (Blume) Safford; Annonaceae; critically endangered
1252. Desmos dumosus (Roxb.) Safford; Annonaceae; critically endangered
1253. Dialium cochinchinense Pierre; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1254. Dialium indum L. var. indum; Fabaceae; critically endangered
1255. Dialium platysepalum Baker; Fabaceae; critically endangered
1256. Dialium schlechteri Harms.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1257. Dianella caerulea Sims; Hemerocallidaceae; cultivated only
1258. Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC.; Hemerocallidaceae; common
1259. Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf; Poaceae; naturalised
1260. Dichanthium caricosum (L.) A. Camus; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1261. Dichapetalum sordidum (Hook. f.) Leenh.; Dichapetalaceae; extinct
33
Chong et al.
1262. Dichondra repens J.R. Forst & G. Forst; Convolvulaceae; cultivated only
1263. Dichorisandra thyrsiflora J.C. Mikan; Commelinaceae; cultivated only
1264. Dicranopteris curranii Copel.; Gleicheniaceae; common
1265. Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. f.) Underw.; Gleicheniaceae; common
1266. Dictyosperma album (Bory) H. Wendl. & Drude ex Scheff; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1267. Didymocarpus platypus C.B. Clarke; Gesneriaceae; critically endangered
1268. Didymocarpus puncticulatus Ridl.; Gesneriaceae; extinct
1269. Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw.) J. Sm.; Dryopteridaceae; cultivated only
1270. Didymoplexiella ornata (Ridl.) Garay; Orchidaceae; extinct
1271. Didymoplexis pallens Griff.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
1272. Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott var. seguine; Araceae; casual
1273. Dienia ophrydis (J. Konig) Seidenf.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1274. Dietes bicolor (Steud.) Sweet ex Klatt; Iridaceae; cultivated only
1275. Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem. & Schult.; Poaceae; common
1276. Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1277. Digitaria didactyla Willd.; Poaceae; naturalised
1278. Digitaria fuscescens (J. Presl) Henrard; Poaceae; common
1279. Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Pers.; Poaceae; common
1280. Digitaria mollicoma (Kunth) Henr.; Poaceae; common
1281. Digitaria nuda Schumach.; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1282. Digitaria radicosa (C. Presl) Miq.; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1283. Digitaria setigera Roem. & Schult. var. calliblepharata (Henrard) Veldk.; Poaceae; weed of
uncertain origin
1284. Digitaria setigera Roem. & Schult. var. setigera; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1285. Digitaria violascens Link; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1286. Dillenia alata (R. Br. ex DC.) Martelli; Dilleniaceae; cultivated only
1287. Dillenia albiflos (Ridl.) Hoogl.; Dilleniaceae; cultivated only
1288. Dillenia excelsa (Jack) Gilg; Dilleniaceae; critically endangered
1289. Dillenia grandifolia Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.; Dilleniaceae; endangered
1290. Dillenia indica L.; Dilleniaceae; extinct
1291. Dillenia ingens B.L. Burtt; Dilleniaceae; cultivated only
1292. Dillenia ovata Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thomson; Dilleniaceae; cultivated only
1293. Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe; Dilleniaceae; cultivated only
1294. Dillenia pulchella (Jack) Gilg; Dilleniaceae; critically endangered
1295. Dillenia reticulata King; Dilleniaceae; critically endangered
1296. Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff. ex Hook. f. & Thomson) Martelli; Dilleniaceae; common
1297. Dilochia wallichii Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1298. Dimeria ornithopoda Trin.; Poaceae; common
1299. Dimocarpus longan Lour.; Sapindaceae; casual
1300. Dioclea hexandra (Ralph) Mabberley var. javanica (Benth.) den Hengst; Fabaceae; weed of
uncertain origin
1301. Diodia ocymifolia (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Bremek.; Rubiaceae; naturalised
1302. Diodia sarmentosa Sw.; Rubiaceae; naturalised
1303. Dioscorea bulbifera L.; Dioscoreaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1304. Dioscorea glabra Roxb.; Dioscoreaceae; critically endangered
1305. Dioscorea hispida Dennst.; Dioscoreaceae; critically endangered
1306. Dioscorea laurifolia Wall. ex Hook. f.; Dioscoreaceae; common
1307. Dioscorea polyclados Hook. f.; Dioscoreaceae; critically endangered
1308. Dioscorea prainiana R. Knuth; Dioscoreaceae; critically endangered
1309. Dioscorea pyrifolia Kunth; Dioscoreaceae; common
1310. Dioscorea sansibarensis Pax; Dioscoreaceae; naturalised
1311. Dioscorea stenomeriflora Prain & Burk.; Dioscoreaceae; extinct
34
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1312. Dioscorea tenuifolia Ridl.; Dioscoreaceae; extinct
1313. Diospyros apiculata Hiern; Ebenaceae; extinct
1314. Diospyros argentea Griff.; Ebenaceae; endangered
1315. Diospyros blancoi A. DC.; Ebenaceae; cultivated only
1316. Diospyros buxifolia (Blume) Hiern; Ebenaceae; vulnerable
1317. Diospyros clavigera C.B. Clarke; Ebenaceae; critically endangered
1318. Diospyros confusa Bakh.; Ebenaceae; critically endangered
1319. Diospyros coriacea Hiern; Ebenaceae; critically endangered
1320. Diospyros diepenhorstii Miq.; Ebenaceae; critically endangered
1321. Diospyros discolor Willd.; Ebenaceae; cultivated only
1322. Diospyros durionoides Bakh.; Ebenaceae; cultivated only
1323. Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh.; Ebenaceae; critically endangered
1324. Diospyros horsfieldii Hiern; Ebenaceae; cultivated only
1325. Diospyros lanceaefolia Roxb.; Ebenaceae; common
1326. Diospyros latisepala Ridl.; Ebenaceae; extinct
1327. Diospyros maingayi (Hiern) Bakh.; Ebenaceae; critically endangered
1328. Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel.; Ebenaceae; cultivated only
1329. Diospyros oblonga Wall. ex G. Don; Ebenaceae; cultivated only
1330. Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco var. oblonga (Wall. ex G. Don) Ng; Ebenaceae; vulnerable
1331. Diospyros siamang Bakh.; Ebenaceae; extinct
1332. Diospyros styraciformis King & Gamble; Ebenaceae; vulnerable
1333. Diospyros sumatrana Miq.; Ebenaceae; critically endangered
1334. Diospyros tristis King & Gamble; Ebenaceae; cultivated only
1335. Diospyros venosa Wall. ex A. DC.; Ebenaceae; critically endangered
1336. Diplacrum caricinum R. Br.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1337. Diplazium allantoideum M.G. Price; Woodsiaceae; common
1338. Diplazium cordifolium Blume; Woodsiaceae; endangered
1339. Diplazium crennatoserratum (Blume) Moore; Woodsiaceae; vulnerable
1340. Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.; Woodsiaceae; vulnerable
1341. Diplazium malaccense C. Presl; Woodsiaceae; endangered
1342. Diplazium polypodiodes Blume; Woodsiaceae; endangered
1343. Diplazium prescottianum (Wall. ex Hook.) T. Moore; Woodsiaceae; endangered
1344. Diplazium riparium Holttum; Woodsiaceae; endangered
1345. Diplazium sorzogonense C. Presl; Woodsiaceae; endangered
1346. Diplazium tomentosum Blume; Woodsiaceae; vulnerable
1347. Diplectria divaricata (Willd.) Kuntze; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
1348. Diplectria stipularis (Blume) Kuntze; Melastomataceae; extinct
1349. Diplectria viminalis (Jack) Kuntze; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
1350. Diplocaulobium longicolle (Lindl.) Kraenzl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1351. Diploglottis berniana S.T. Reynolds; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
1352. Diploglottis bracteata Leenh.; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
1353. Diplospora malaccensis Hook. f.; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
1354. Dipodium paludosum (Griff.) Rchb.f.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
1355. Dipodium pictum (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1356. Dipodium scandens (Blume) J. J. Sm.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1357. Dipteris conjugata Reinw.; Dipteridaceae; critically endangered
1358. Dipterocarpus apterus Foxworthy; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
1359. Dipterocarpus baudii Korth.; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
1360. Dipterocarpus caudatus Foxw. ssp. penangianus (Foxw.) Ashton; Dipterocarpaceae;
critically endangered
1361. Dipterocarpus chartaceus Symington; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
1362. Dipterocarpus cornutus Dyer; Dipterocarpaceae; critically endangered
35
Chong et al.
1363. Dipterocarpus costatus C.F. Gaertn.; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
1364. Dipterocarpus costulatus Slooten; Dipterocarpaceae; vulnerable
1365. Dipterocarpus elongatus Korth.; Dipterocarpaceae; critically endangered
1366. Dipterocarpus grandiflorus (Blanco) Blanco; Dipterocarpaceae; vulnerable
1367. Dipterocarpus kerrii King; Dipterocarpaceae; vulnerable
1368. Dipterocarpus kunstleri King; Dipterocarpaceae; critically endangered
1369. Dipterocarpus oblongifolius Blume; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
1370. Dipterocarpus palembanicus Slooten; Dipterocarpaceae; critically endangered
1371. Dipterocarpus sublamellatus Foxw.; Dipterocarpaceae; vulnerable
1372. Dipterocarpus tempehes Slooten; Dipterocarpaceae; critically endangered
1373. Dischidia albida Griff.; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
1374. Dischidia albiflora Griff.; Apocynaceae; extinct
1375. Dischidia bengalensis Colebr.; Apocynaceae; extinct
1376. Dischidia cochleata Blume; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
1377. Dischidia complex Griff.; Apocynaceae; extinct
1378. Dischidia hirsuta (Blume) Decne.; Apocynaceae; extinct
1379. Dischidia major (Vahl) Merr.; Apocynaceae; common
1380. Dischidia nummularia R. Br.; Apocynaceae; common
1381. Dischidia pectenoides H.H.W. Pearsen; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
1382. Dischidia singaporensis Ridl.; Apocynaceae; extinct
1383. Disporum cantoniense (Lour.) Merr.; Colchicaceae; cultivated only
1384. Dissochaeta annulata Hook. f. ex Triana; Melastomataceae; extinct
1385. Dissochaeta celebica Blume; Melastomataceae; vulnerable
1386. Dissochaeta gracilis (Jack) Blume; Melastomataceae; vulnerable
1387. Dissochaeta intermedia Blume; Melastomataceae; extinct
1388. Dissochaeta pallida (Jack) Blume; Melastomataceae; endangered
1389. Dissochaeta punctulata Hook. f. ex Triana; Melastomataceae; vulnerable
1390. Dissotis rotundifolia (Sm.) Triana; Melastomataceae; cultivated only
1391. Distylium racemosum Siebold & Zucc.; Hamamelidaceae; cultivated only
1392. Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.; Sapindaceae; extinct
1393. Dolichandrone spathacea (L. f.) K. Schum.; Bignoniaceae; critically endangered
1394. Donax canniformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum.; Marantaceae; endangered
1395. Dorstenia contrajerva L.; Moraceae; cultivated only
1396. Dovyalis caffra (Hook. f. & Harv.) Warb.; Salicaceae; cultivated only
1397. Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardner) Warb.; Salicaceae; cultivated only
1398. Dracaena angustifolia Roxb. var. honoriae F.M. Bailey; Ruscaceae; cultivated only
1399. Dracaena aubryana Brongn. ex E. Morren; Ruscaceae; cultivated only
1400. Dracaena brachystachys Hook. f.; Ruscaceae; extinct
1401. Dracaena cantleyi Baker; Ruscaceae; vulnerable
1402. Dracaena compacta hort. ex Baker; Ruscaceae; cultivated only
1403. Dracaena elliptica Thunb.; Ruscaceae; critically endangered
1404. Dracaena fragrans (L.) Ker Gawl.; Ruscaceae; casual
1405. Dracaena goldieana hort. ex W. Bull; Ruscaceae; cultivated only
1406. Dracaena granulata Hook. f.; Ruscaceae; vulnerable
1407. Dracaena loureiroi Gagnep; Ruscaceae; cultivated only
1408. Dracaena maingayi Hook. f.; Ruscaceae; vulnerable
1409. Dracaena marginata Lam.; Ruscaceae; cultivated only
1410. Dracaena porteri Baker; Ruscaceae; common
1411. Dracaena reflexa Lam.; Ruscaceae; cultivated only
1412. Dracaena sanderiana hort. Sander ex Mast.; Ruscaceae; cultivated only
1413. Dracaena singapurensis Ridl.; Ruscaceae; extinct
1414. Dracaena surculosa Lindl.; Ruscaceae; cultivated only
36
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1415. Dracaena umbratica Ridl.; Ruscaceae; vulnerable
1416. Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe; Anacardiaceae; cultivated only
1417. Dracontomelon duperreanum Pierre; Anacardiaceae; cultivated only
1418. Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schultes; Caryophyllaceae; naturalised
1419. Drymophloeus oliviformis (Giseke) Mart.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1420. Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm.; Polypodiaceae; common
1421. Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) T. Moore; Polypodiaceae; common
1422. Dryobalanops aromatica C.F. Gaertn.; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
1423. Dryobalanops oblongifolia Dyer; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
1424. Drypetes curtisii (Hook. f.) Pax & K. Hoffm.; Putranjavaceae; common
1425. Drypetes laevis (Miq.) Pax & K. Hoffm.; Putranjavaceae; critically endangered
1426. Drypetes longifolia (Blume) Pax & Hoffm.; Putranjavaceae; critically endangered
1427. Drypetes pendula Ridl.; Putranjavaceae; critically endangered
1428. Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walp.; Lythraceae; cultivated only
1429. Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke; Rosaceae; naturalised
1430. Duranta erecta L.; Verbenaceae; cultivated only
1431. Durio graveolens Becc.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
1432. Durio griffithii (Mast.) Bakh.; Malvaceae; endangered
1433. Durio singaporensis Ridl.; Malvaceae; vulnerable
1434. Durio zibethinus L.; Malvaceae; casual
1435. Dyera costulata (Miq.) Hook. f.; Apocynaceae; common
1436. Dypsis ambositrae Beentje; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1437. Dypsis cabadae (H.E. Moore) Beentje & J. Dransf.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1438. Dypsis decaryi (Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1439. Dypsis hovomantsina Beentje; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1440. Dypsis lastelliana (Baill.) Beentje & J. Dransf.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1441. Dypsis leptocheilos (Hodel) Beentje & J. Dransf.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1442. Dypsis lutescens (H. Wendl.) Beentje & J. Dransf.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1443. Dypsis madagascariensis (Becc.) Beentje & J. Dransf.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1444. Dypsis mcdonaldiana Beentje; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1445. Dypsis nodifera Mart.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1446. Dypsis paludosa J. Dransf.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1447. Dypsis pinnatifrons Mart.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1448. Dypsis rivularis (Jum. & H. Perrier) Beentje & J. Dransf.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1449. Dypsis sanctaemariae J. Dransf.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1450. Dysoxylum acutangulum Miq.; Meliaceae; extinct
1451. Dysoxylum alliaceum (Blume) Blume; Meliaceae; extinct
1452. Dysoxylum carolinae Mabb.; Meliaceae; extinct
1453. Dysoxylum cauliflorum Hiern; Meliaceae; vulnerable
1454. Dysoxylum cyrtobotryum Miq.; Meliaceae; extinct
1455. Dysoxylum densiflorum (Blume) Miq.; Meliaceae; critically endangered
1456. Dysoxylum excelsum Blume; Meliaceae; critically endangered
1457. Dysoxylum flavescens Hiern; Meliaceae; critically endangered
1458. Dysoxylum pettigrewianum F.M. Bailey; Meliaceae; cultivated only
E
1459. Ebenopsis ebano (Berland.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1460. Echinocactus grusonii Hildm.; Cactaceae; cultivated only
1461. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1462. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1463. Echinochloa picta (J. Koenig) P.W. Michael; Poaceae; extinct
1464. Echinodorus palaefolius (Nees & Mart.) J.F. Macbr.; Alismataceae; cultivated only
37
Chong et al.
1465. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.; Asteraceae; naturalised
1466. Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth; Pontederiaceae; cultivated only
1467. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms; Pontederiaceae; naturalised
1468. Elaeis guineensis Jacq.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1469. Elaeocarpus acmosepalus Ridl.; Elaeocarpaceae; critically endangered
1470. Elaeocarpus angustifolius Blume; Elaeocarpaceae; cultivated only
1471. Elaeocarpus apiculatus Mast.; Elaeocarpaceae; cultivated only
1472. Elaeocarpus bancroftii F. Muell. & F.M. Bailey; Elaeocarpaceae; cultivated only
1473. Elaeocarpus dentatus (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Vahl; Elaeocarpaceae; cultivated only
1474. Elaeocarpus ferrugineus (Jack) Steud.; Elaeocarpaceae; common
1475. Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume; Elaeocarpaceae; endangered
1476. Elaeocarpus grandiflorus Sm.; Elaeocarpaceae; cultivated only
1477. Elaeocarpus griffithii (Wight) A.Gray; Elaeocarpaceae; extinct
1478. Elaeocarpus hainanensis Oliver; Elaeocarpaceae; cultivated only
1479. Elaeocarpus macrocerus (Turcz.) Merr.; Elaeocarpaceae; critically endangered
1480. Elaeocarpus mastersii King; Elaeocarpaceae; common
1481. Elaeocarpus nitidus Jack; Elaeocarpaceae; vulnerable
1482. Elaeocarpus palembanicus (Miq.) Corner; Elaeocarpaceae; critically endangered
1483. Elaeocarpus pedunculatus Wall. ex Mast.; Elaeocarpaceae; common
1484. Elaeocarpus petiolatus (Jack) Wall; Elaeocarpaceae; common
1485. Elaeocarpus polystachyus Wall. ex C. Muell.; Elaeocarpaceae; vulnerable
1486. Elaeocarpus rugosus Roxb.; Elaeocarpaceae; critically endangered
1487. Elaeocarpus stipularis Blume; Elaeocarpaceae; vulnerable
1488. Elaphoglossum amblyphyllum P.R. Bell; Lomariopsidaceae; extinct
1489. Elateriospermum tapos Blume; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
1490. Elatostema repens (Lour.) Hallier. f. var. pulchrum (N. E. Br.) H. Schröt.; Urticaceae; extinct
1491. Eleiodoxa conferta (Griff.) Burret; Arecaceae; vulnerable
1492. Eleocharis acutangula (Roxb.) Schult.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1493. Eleocharis dulcis (Burm. f.) Trin. ex Hensch.; Cyperaceae; common
1494. Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem. & Schult.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1495. Eleocharis ochrostachys Steud.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1496. Eleocharis retroflexa (Poir.) Urb.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1497. Eleocharis spiralis (Rottb.) Roem. & Schult.; Cyperaceae; common
1498. Elephantopus scaber L.; Asteraceae; weed of uncertain origin
1499. Elettariopsis curtisii Baker; Zingiberaceae; critically endangered
1500. Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.; Poaceae; cultivated only
1501. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.; Poaceae; naturalised
1502. Eleutheranthera ruderalis (Sw.) Sch. Bip.; Asteraceae; naturalised
1503. Eleutherococcus nodiflorus (Dunn) S.Y. Hu; Araliaceae; cultivated only
1504. Ellipanthus tomentosus Kurz; Connaraceae; critically endangered
1505. Ellipeia cuneifolia Hook. f. & Thoms.; Annonaceae; critically endangered
1506. Elytranthe albida (Blume) Blume; Loranthaceae; extinct
1507. Elytranthe arnottiana (Korth.) Miq.; Loranthaceae; extinct
1508. Embelia canescens Jack; Myrsinaceae; endangered
1509. Embelia coriacea Wall. ex A. DC.; Myrsinaceae; critically endangered
1510. Embelia dasythyrsa Miq.; Myrsinaceae; extinct
1511. Embelia lampani Scheff.; Myrsinaceae; common
1512. Embelia ribes Burm. f.; Myrsinaceae; common
1513. Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC.; Asteraceae; weed of uncertain origin
1514. Endiandra impressicosta C.K. Allen; Lauraceae; cultivated only
1515. Endiandra longipedicellata C.T. White & W.D. Francis; Lauraceae; cultivated only
1516. Endocomia canarioides (King) de Wilde; Myristicaceae; extinct
38
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1517. Endospermum diadenum (Miq.) Airy Shaw; Euphorbiaceae; vulnerable
1518. Engelhardtia serrata Blume; Juglandaceae; extinct
1519. Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle; Hydrocharitaceae; critically endangered
1520. Enkleia malaccensis Griff.; Thymelaeaceae; critically endangered
1521. Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman; Musaceae; cultivated only
1522. Entada rheedei Spreng.; Fabaceae; critically endangered
1523. Entada spiralis Ridl.; Fabaceae; common
1524. Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1525. Enydra fluctuans Lour.; Asteraceae; weed of uncertain origin
1526. Epidendrum ibaguense Kunth; Orchidaceae; cultivated only
1527. Epigynum ridleyi King & Gamble; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
1528. Epiphyllum oxypetalum (DC.) Haw.; Cactaceae; cultivated only
1529. Epipremnum amplissimum (Schott) Engl.; Araceae; cultivated only
1530. Epipremnum aureum (Linden ex André) Bunting; Araceae; casual
1531. Epipremnum giganteum (Roxb.) Schott; Araceae; common
1532. Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl.; Araceae; critically endangered
1533. Episcia cupreata (Hook.) Hanst.; Gesneriaceae; cultivated only
1534. Equisetum hyemale L.; Equisetaceae; cultivated only
1535. Equisetum scirpoides Michx.; Equisetaceae; cultivated only
1536. Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight & Arn. ex Nees; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1537. Eragrostis atrovirens (Desf.) Trin. ex Steud.; Poaceae; common
1538. Eragrostis brownii (Kunth) Nees; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1539. Eragrostis montana Balansa; Poaceae; common
1540. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv.; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1541. Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud.; Poaceae; common
1542. Eranthemum nigrum Linden; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
1543. Eranthemum wattii (Bedd.) Stapf; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
1544. Erechtites hieracifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC.; Asteraceae; naturalised
1545. Erechtites valerianifolius (Link ex Spreng.) DC.; Asteraceae; naturalised
1546. Eria bractescens Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1547. Eria floribunda Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1548. Eria javanica (Sw.) Blume; Orchidaceae; extinct
1549. Eria longirepens Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1550. Eria neglecta Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1551. Eria nutans Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1552. Eria pannea Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1553. Eria pellipes Hook. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1554. Eria pulchella Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1555. Eria robusta (Blume) Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1556. Eria tenuiflora Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1557. Eriachne pallescens R. Br.; Poaceae; vulnerable
1558. Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.; Rosaceae; cultivated only
1559. Eriocaulon oryzetorum Mart.; Eriocaulaceae; extinct
1560. Eriocaulon truncatum Buch.-Ham. ex Mart; Eriocaulaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1561. Eriocaulon wildenovianum Moldenke; Eriocaulaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1562. Eriochloa procera (Retz.) C.E. Hubb.; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1563. Erycibe citriniflora Griff.; Convolvulaceae; extinct
1564. Erycibe festiva Prain; Convolvulaceae; extinct
1565. Erycibe griffithii C.B. Clarke; Convolvulaceae; critically endangered
1566. Erycibe leucoxyloides King ex Prain; Convolvulaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1567. Erycibe maingayi C.B. Clarke; Convolvulaceae; extinct
1568. Erycibe malaccensis C.B. Clarke; Convolvulaceae; critically endangered
39
Chong et al.
1569. Erycibe tomentosa Blume; Convolvulaceae; common
1570. Eryngium foetidum L.; Apiaceae; casual
1571. Erythorchis altissima (Blume) Blume; Orchidaceae; extinct
1572. Erythrina caffra Thunb.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1573. Erythrina crista-galli L.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1574. Erythrina fusca Lour.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1575. Erythrina humeana Spreng.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1576. Erythrina latissima E. Mey; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1577. Erythrina lysistemon Hutch.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1578. Erythrina speciosa Andrews; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1579. Erythrina variegata L.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1580. Erythrina vespertilio Benth.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1581. Erythropalum scandens Blume; Olacaceae; vulnerable
1582. Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan; Fabaceae; cultivated only
1583. Erythroxylum cuneatum (Miq.) Kurz; Erythroxylaceae; common
1584. Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.; Zingiberaceae; cultivated only
1585. Etlingera littoralis (J. Koenig ex Retz.) Giseke; Zingiberaceae; extinct
1586. Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M. Sm.; Zingiberaceae; critically endangered
1587. Eucalyptus alba Reinw. ex Blume; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1588. Eucalyptus apodophylla Blakely & Jacobs; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1589. Eucalyptus botryoides Sm.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1590. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1591. Eucalyptus deglupta Blume; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1592. Eucalyptus exserta F. Muell.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1593. Eucalyptus globulus Labill.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1594. Eucalyptus herbertiana Maiden; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1595. Eucalyptus microcorys F. Muell.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1596. Eucalyptus moluccana Roxb.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1597. Eucalyptus pachyphylla F. Muell.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1598. Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1599. Eucalyptus pilularis Sm.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1600. Eucalyptus platyphylla F. Muell.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1601. Eucalyptus robusta Sm.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1602. Eucalyptus umbrawarrensis Maiden; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1603. Euclinia longiflora Salisb.; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
1604. Eucrosia bicolor Ker Gawl.; Amaryllidaceae; cultivated only
1605. Eugenia brasiliensis Lam.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1606. Eugenia reinwardtiana (Blume) DC.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1607. Eugenia stipitata McVaugh; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1608. Eugenia uniflora L.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
1609. Eulophia graminea Lindl.; Orchidaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1610. Eulophia spectabilis (Dennst.) Suresh.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
1611. Euonymus javanicus Blume; Celastraceae; extinct
1612. Euphorbia antiquorum L.; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
1613. Euphorbia atoto Forst. f.; Euphorbiaceae; vulnerable
1614. Euphorbia cotinifolia L.; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
1615. Euphorbia heterophylla L.; Euphorbiaceae; naturalised
1616. Euphorbia lactea Haw.; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
1617. Euphorbia milii Des Moul.; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
1618. Euphorbia neriifolia L.; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
1619. Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
1620. Euphorbia tirucalli L.; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
40
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1621. Eurya acuminata DC.; Pentaphylacaceae; common
1622. Eurycoma longifolia Jack; Simaroubaceae; critically endangered
1623. Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.; Lauraceae; cultivated only
1624. Eustachys tenera (Presl) A.Camus; Poaceae; extinct
1625. Euterpe edulis Mart.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1626. Euterpe oleraceae Mart.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1627. Euthemis leucocarpa Jack; Ochnaceae; extinct
1628. Euthemis minor Jack; Ochnaceae; extinct
1629. Evodiella muelleri (Engl.) B.L. Linden; Rutaceae; cultivated only
1630. Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.; Convolvulaceae; common
1631. Excoecaria agallocha L.; Euphorbiaceae; common
1632. Excoecaria cochinchinensis Lour.; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
1633. Excoecaria indica (Willd.) Müll. Arg.; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
F
1634. Fagraea acuminatissima Merr.; Gentianaceae; extinct
1635. Fagraea auriculata Jack; Gentianaceae; critically endangered
1636. Fagraea ceilanica Thunb.; Gentianaceae; extinct
1637. Fagraea crenulata Maingay ex C.B. Clarke; Gentianaceae; cultivated only
1638. Fagraea fragrans Roxb.; Gentianaceae; common
1639. Fagraea gigantea Ridl.; Gentianaceae; extinct
1640. Fagraea racemosa Jack ex Wall.; Gentianaceae; endangered
1641. Fagraea ridleyi King & Gamble; Gentianaceae; extinct
1642. Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes; Fabaceae; naturalised
1643. Falconeria insignis Royle; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
1644. Fatsia japonica (Thunb.) Decne. & Planch.; Araliaceae; cultivated only
1645. Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.; Menispermaceae; common
1646. Ficus albipila (Miq.) King; Moraceae; extinct
1647. Ficus annulata Blume; Moraceae; extinct
1648. Ficus apiocarpa Miq.; Moraceae; endangered
1649. Ficus aurantiaca Griff. var. aurantiaca; Moraceae; common
1650. Ficus aurata Miq. var. aurata; Moraceae; vulnerable
1651. Ficus auriculata Lour.; Moraceae; cultivated only
1652. Ficus barteri Sprague; Moraceae; cultivated only
1653. Ficus benghalensis L.; Moraceae; casual
1654. Ficus benjamina L.; Moraceae; weed of uncertain origin
1655. Ficus binnendykii Miq.; Moraceae; critically endangered
1656. Ficus botryocarpa Miq.; Moraceae; extinct
1657. Ficus bracteata Wall. ex Miq.; Moraceae; critically endangered
1658. Ficus buxifolia De Wild.; Moraceae; cultivated only
1659. Ficus caulocarpa (Miq.) Miq.; Moraceae; common
1660. Ficus celebensis Corner; Moraceae; cultivated only
1661. Ficus chartacea Wall. ex King; Moraceae; vulnerable
1662. Ficus consociata Blume; Moraceae; critically endangered
1663. Ficus crassipes F.M. Bailey; Moraceae; cultivated only
1664. Ficus crassiramea Miq.; Moraceae; critically endangered
1665. Ficus delosyce Corner; Moraceae; extinct
1666. Ficus deltoidea Jack; Moraceae; critically endangered
1667. Ficus destruens F. Muell. ex C.T. White; Moraceae; cultivated only
1668. Ficus dubia Wall. ex King; Moraceae; critically endangered
1669. Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem.; Moraceae; casual
1670. Ficus excavata King; Moraceae; extinct
41
Chong et al.
1671. Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume; Moraceae; common
1672. Ficus francisci H. Winkler; Moraceae; cultivated only
1673. Ficus glandulifera (Wall. ex Miq.) King; Moraceae; critically endangered
1674. Ficus globosa Blume; Moraceae; endangered
1675. Ficus grossularioides Burm. f. var. grossularioides; Moraceae; common
1676. Ficus heteropleura Blume; Moraceae; common
1677. Ficus irregularis Miq.; Moraceae; cultivated only
1678. Ficus kerkhovenii Valeton; Moraceae; critically endangered
1679. Ficus kurzii King; Moraceae; cultivated only
1680. Ficus laevis Blume; Moraceae; critically endangered
1681. Ficus lamponga Miq.; Moraceae; critically endangered
1682. Ficus lyrata Warb.; Moraceae; cultivated only
1683. Ficus microcarpa L. f.; Moraceae; common
1684. Ficus microsyce Ridl.; Moraceae; critically endangered
1685. Ficus natalensis Hochst. ssp. leprieurii (Miq.) C. C. Berg; Moraceae; cultivated only
1686. Ficus obscura Blume var. borneensis (Miq.) Corner; Moraceae; critically endangered
1687. Ficus pellucidopunctata Griff.; Moraceae; extinct
1688. Ficus pisocarpa Blume; Moraceae; critically endangered
1689. Ficus pleurocarpa F. Muell.; Moraceae; cultivated only
1690. Ficus pumila L.; Moraceae; casual
1691. Ficus punctata Lam.; Moraceae; cultivated only
1692. Ficus racemosa L.; Moraceae; cultivated only
1693. Ficus radicans Roxb.; Moraceae; cultivated only
1694. Ficus recurva Blume var. ribesoides King; Moraceae; critically endangered
1695. Ficus religiosa L.; Moraceae; naturalised
1696. Ficus retusa L.; Moraceae; critically endangered
1697. Ficus ruginervia L.; Moraceae; extinct
1698. Ficus sagittata Vahl; Moraceae; critically endangered
1699. Ficus scortechinii King; Moraceae; critically endangered
1700. Ficus sinuata Thunb.; Moraceae; critically endangered
1701. Ficus stricta (Miq.) Miq.; Moraceae; cultivated only
1702. Ficus subgelderi Corner var. rigida (Miq.) Corner; Moraceae; critically endangered
1703. Ficus subgelderi Corner var. subgelderi; Moraceae; extinct
1704. Ficus sundaica Blume var. sundaica; Moraceae; critically endangered
1705. Ficus superba Miq.; Moraceae; endangered
1706. Ficus trichocarpa Blume; Moraceae; critically endangered
1707. Ficus vaccinioides Hemsl. & King ex King; Moraceae; cultivated only
1708. Ficus variegata Blume; Moraceae; common
1709. Ficus vasculosa Wall. ex Miq.; Moraceae; endangered
1710. Ficus villosa Blume; Moraceae; critically endangered
1711. Ficus virens Aiton; Moraceae; critically endangered
1712. Ficus xylophylla Wall. ex Miq.; Moraceae; critically endangered
1713. Filicium decipiens (Wight & Arn.) Thwaites ex Hook. f.; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
1714. Fimbristylis acuminata Vahl; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1715. Fimbristylis complanata (Retz.) Link; Cyperaceae; common
1716. Fimbristylis cymosa R. Br. ssp. cymosa; Cyperaceae; common
1717. Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl ssp. dichotoma; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1718. Fimbristylis dura (Zoll. & Mor.) Merr.; Cyperaceae; critically endangered
1719. Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl; Cyperaceae; common
1720. Fimbristylis fusca (Nees) C.B. Clarke; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1721. Fimbristylis griffithii Boeck.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1722. Fimbristylis leptoclada Benth.; Cyperaceae; common
42
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1723. Fimbristylis littoralis Gaudich.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1724. Fimbristylis nutans (Retz.) Vahl; Cyperaceae; extinct
1725. Fimbristylis obtusata (C.B. Clarke) Ridl.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1726. Fimbristylis ovata (Burm. f.) Kern; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1727. Fimbristylis pauciflora R. Br.; Cyperaceae; critically endangered
1728. Fimbristylis polytrichoides (Retz.) R. Br.; Cyperaceae; vulnerable
1729. Fimbristylis schoenoides (Retz.) Vahl; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1730. Fimbristylis tetragona R. Br.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1731. Fimbristylis tristachya R. Br.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1732. Fimbristylis umbellaris (L.) Vahl; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1733. Finlaysonia obovata Wall.; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
1734. Firmiana malayana Kosterm.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
1735. Fissistigma fulgens (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Merr.; Annonaceae; vulnerable
1736. Fissistigma lanuginosum (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Merr.; Annonaceae; endangered
1737. Fissistigma latifolium (Dunal) Merr. var. ovoideum (King) Sinclair; Annonaceae; vulnerable
1738. Fissistigma manubriatum (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Merr.; Annonaceae; vulnerable
1739. Fittonia albivensis (Lindl. ex hort. Veitch) Brummitt; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
1740. Flacourtia inermis Roxb.; Salicaceae; cultivated only
1741. Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch.; Salicaceae; naturalised
1742. Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi; Salicaceae; vulnerable
1743. Flagellaria indica L.; Flagellariaceae; common
1744. Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T. Aiton; Fabaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1745. Flickingeria angustifolia (Blume) Hawkes; Orchidaceae; extinct
1746. Flickingeria bancana (J.J. Sm.) Hawkes; Orchidaceae; extinct
1747. Flickingeria comata (Blume) Hawkes; Orchidaceae; extinct
1748. Flickingeria fimbriata (Blume) A.D. Hawkes; Orchidaceae; extinct
1749. Flickingeria fugax (Rchb. f.) Seidenf.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1750. Flickingeria laciniosa (Ridl.) Hawkes; Orchidaceae; globally extinct
1751. Flickingeria xantholeuca (Rchb. f.) Hawkes; Orchidaceae; extinct
1752. Flindersia brayleyana F. Muell.; Rutaceae; cultivated only
1753. Flindersia ifflaiana F. Muell.; Rutaceae; cultivated only
1754. Flindersia pimenteliana F. Muell.; Rutaceae; cultivated only
1755. Floscopa scandens Lour.; Commelinaceae; common
1756. Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Voigt; Euphorbiaceae; naturalised
1757. Franciscodendron laurifolia (F. Muell.) Steenis & B. Hyland; Malvaceae; cultivated only
1758. Freycinetia angustifolia Blume; Pandanaceae; critically endangered
1759. Freycinetia confusa Ridl.; Pandanaceae; extinct
1760. Freycinetia corneri B.C. Stone; Pandanaceae; extinct
1761. Freycinetia javanica Blume; Pandanaceae; extinct
1762. Freycinetia multiflora Merr.; Pandanaceae; cultivated only
1763. Freycinetia sumatrana Hemsley var. sumatrana; Pandanaceae; common
1764. Friesodielsia biglandulosa (Blume) Steenis; Annonaceae; vulnerable
1765. Friesodielsia borneensis (Miq.) Steenis; Annonaceae; vulnerable
1766. Friesodielsia excisa (Miq.) Steenis; Annonaceae; vulnerable
1767. Friesodielsia glauca (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Steenis; Annonaceae; extinct
1768. Friesodielsia latifolia (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Steenis; Annonaceae; common
1769. Fuchsia hybrida hort. ex Sieb. & Voss; Onagraceae; cultivated only
1770. Fuirena umbellata Rottb.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1771. Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw.; Agavaceae; cultivated only
G
1772. Gaertnera grisea Hook. f. ex C.B. Clarke; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
43
Chong et al.
1773. Gaertnera obesa Hook. f. ex C.B. Clarke; Rubiaceae; endangered
1774. Gaertnera vaginans (DC.) Merr. ssp. junghuhnii (Miq.) van Beusekom; Rubiaceae; extinct
1775. Gaertnera viminea Hook. f. ex C.B.Clarke; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
1776. Gahnia tristis Nees; Cyperaceae; common
1777. Galearia fulva (Tul.) Miq.; Pandaceae; vulnerable
1778. Galearia maingayi Hook. f.; Pandaceae; critically endangered
1779. Galeola nudifolia Lour.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
1780. Galphimia glauca Cav.; Malpighiaceae; cultivated only
1781. Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anderson; Clusiaceae; critically endangered
1782. Garcinia bancana Miq.; Clusiaceae; critically endangered
1783. Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex DC.; Clusiaceae; cultivated only
1784. Garcinia cymosa (K. Schum.) I.M. Turner & P.F. Stevens; Clusiaceae; cultivated only
1785. Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz; Clusiaceae; cultivated only
1786. Garcinia eugeniifolia Wall. ex T. Anderson; Clusiaceae; vulnerable
1787. Garcinia forbesii King; Clusiaceae; critically endangered
1788. Garcinia griffithii T. Anderson; Clusiaceae; endangered
1789. Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) N. Robson; Clusiaceae; cultivated only
1790. Garcinia hombroniana Pierre; Clusiaceae; endangered
1791. Garcinia macrophylla Mart.; Clusiaceae; cultivated only
1792. Garcinia maingayi Hook. f. var. stylosa King; Clusiaceae; critically endangered
1793. Garcinia malaccensis Hook. f.; Clusiaceae; cultivated only
1794. Garcinia mangostana L.; Clusiaceae; casual
1795. Garcinia nervosa Miq.; Clusiaceae; critically endangered
1796. Garcinia nigrolineata Planch. ex T. Anderson; Clusiaceae; critically endangered
1797. Garcinia nitida Pierre; Clusiaceae; cultivated only
1798. Garcinia parvifolia Miq.; Clusiaceae; common
1799. Garcinia prainiana King; Clusiaceae; cultivated only
1800. Garcinia pyrifera Ridl.; Clusiaceae; extinct
1801. Garcinia rostrata (Hassk.) Miq.; Clusiaceae; critically endangered
1802. Garcinia scortechinii King; Clusiaceae; critically endangered
1803. Garcinia subelliptica Merr.; Clusiaceae; cultivated only
1804. Garcinia xanthochymus Hook. f.; Clusiaceae; cultivated only
1805. Gardenia carinata Wall.; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
1806. Gardenia gjellerupii Valeton; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
1807. Gardenia griffithii Hook. f.; Rubiaceae; extinct
1808. Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
1809. Gardenia ovularis F.M. Bailey; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
1810. Gardenia scabrella Puttock; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
1811. Gardenia tubifera Wall. var. subcarinata Corner; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
1812. Gardeniopsis longifolia Miq.; Rubiaceae; extinct
1813. Garuga pinnata Roxb.; Burseraceae; cultivated only
1814. Gastrodia javanica (Blume) Lindl.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
1815. Genianthus maingayi Hook. f.; Apocynaceae; extinct
1816. Geogenanthus poeppigii (Miq.) Faden; Commelinaceae; cultivated only
1817. Geophila pilosa Pears.; Rubiaceae; extinct
1818. Geophila repens (L.) I.M. Johnst. var. asiatica (Cham. & Schltdl.) Fosberg; Rubiaceae;
endangered
1819. Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hook. f.; Asteraceae; cultivated only
1820. Gigantochloa hasskarliana (Kurz) Backer ex Heyne; Poaceae; cultivated only
1821. Gigantochloa ligulata Gamble; Poaceae; critically endangered
1822. Gigantochloa thoii K.M. Wong; Poaceae; casual
1823. Gigantochloa wrayi Gamble; Poaceae; casual
44
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1824. Gironniera hirta Ridl.; Cannabaceae; extinct
1825. Gironniera nervosa Planch.; Cannabaceae; common
1826. Gironniera parvifolia Planch.; Cannabaceae; endangered
1827. Gironniera subaequalis Planch.; Cannabaceae; endangered
1828. Glandularia tenera (Spreng.) Cabrera; Verbenaceae; cultivated only
1829. Gleichenia truncata (Willd.) Nakai; Gleicheniaceae; vulnerable
1830. Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp.; Fabaceae; casual
1831. Globba atrosanguinea Teijsm. & Binn.; Zingiberaceae; cultivated only
1832. Globba leucantha Miq. var. peninsularis Holttum; Zingiberaceae; critically endangered
1833. Globba pendula Roxb. ssp. pendula var. pendula; Zingiberaceae; extinct
1834. Globba variabilis Ridl. ssp. pusilla S.N. Lim; Zingiberaceae; extinct
1835. Globba winitii C.H. Wright; Zingiberaceae; cultivated only
1836. Glochidion borneense (Müll. Arg.) Boerl.; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
1837. Glochidion ferdinandi (Müll. Arg.) Pax & K. Hoffm.; Phyllanthaceae; cultivated only
1838. Glochidion glomerulatum (Miq.) Boerl.; Phyllanthaceae; extinct
1839. Glochidion kunstlerianum Gage; Phyllanthaceae; extinct
1840. Glochidion littorale Blume; Phyllanthaceae; endangered
1841. Glochidion lutescens Blume; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
1842. Glochidion rubrum Blume; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
1843. Glochidion sericeum Hook. f.; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
1844. Glochidion singaporense Gage; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
1845. Glochidion superbum Baill.; Phyllanthaceae; common
1846. Glochidion varians Miq.; Phyllanthaceae; extinct
1847. Glochidion wallichianum Müll. Arg.; Phyllanthaceae; extinct
1848. Glochidion zeylanicum Blume var. arborescens (Blume) Chakrab. & M.Gangop.;
Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
1849. Glochidion zeylanicum Blume var. zeylanicum; Phyllanthaceae; vulnerable
1850. Gloriosa superba L.; Colchicaceae; casual
1851. Gluta malayana (Corner) Ding Hou; Anacardiaceae; cultivated only
1852. Gluta wallichii (Hook. f.) Ding Hou; Anacardiaceae; common
1853. Glycosmis chlorosperma (Blume) Spreng. var. chlorosperma; Rutaceae; vulnerable
1854. Glycosmis perakensis V. Naray.; Rutaceae; cultivated only
1855. Glycosmis trifoliata (Blume) Spreng.; Rutaceae; extinct
1856. Glyptopetalum quadrangulare Prain ex King; Celastraceae; extinct
1857. Gmelina arborea Roxb.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
1858. Gmelina asiatica L.; Lamiaceae; common
1859. Gmelina elliptica Sm.; Lamiaceae; endangered
1860. Gmelina macrophylla (R. Br.) Benth.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
1861. Gmelina philippensis Cham.; Lamiaceae; extinct
1862. Gnetum gnemon L. var. gnemon; Gnetaceae; critically endangered
1863. Gnetum gnemonoides Brongn.; Gnetaceae; critically endangered
1864. Gnetum latifolium Blume; Gnetaceae; critically endangered
1865. Gnetum macrostachyum Hook. f.; Gnetaceae; critically endangered
1866. Gnetum microcarpum Blume; Gnetaceae; critically endangered
1867. Gomphandra quadrifida (Blume) Sleum.; Stemonuraceae; vulnerable
1868. Gomphrena globosa L.; Amaranthaceae; cultivated only
1869. Goniophlebium percussum (Cav.) Wagner & Grether; Polypodiaceae; vulnerable
1870. Goniophlebium subauriculatum (Blume) C. Presl; Polypodiaceae; vulnerable
1871. Goniothalamus macrophyllus (Blume) Hook. f. & Thoms.; Annonaceae; vulnerable
1872. Goniothalamus malayanus Hook. f. & Thoms.; Annonaceae; vulnerable
1873. Goniothalamus ridleyi King; Annonaceae; vulnerable
1874. Goniothalamus tapis Miq.; Annonaceae; vulnerable
45
Chong et al.
1875. Goniothalamus tortilipetalus M.R. Hend.; Annonaceae; common
1876. Gonocarpus chinensis (Lour.) Orchard; Haloragaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1877. Gonocaryum gracile Miq.; Cardiopteridaceae; endangered
1878. Gonystylus confusus Airy Shaw; Thymelaeaceae; endangered
1879. Gonystylus maingayi Hook. f.; Thymelaeaceae; critically endangered
1880. Gordonia multinervis King; Theaceae; endangered
1881. Gordonia penangensis Ridl.; Theaceae; critically endangered
1882. Gordonia singaporiana Wall. ex Ridl.; Theaceae; endangered
1883. Grammatophyllum scriptum (L.) Blume; Orchidaceae; cultivated only
1884. Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume; Orchidaceae; extinct
1885. Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
1886. Grenacheria amentacea (C.B. Clarke) Mez; Myrsinaceae; extinct
1887. Grenacheria fulva (Mez) Airy Shaw; Myrsinaceae; extinct
1888. Grenacheria lampani (Scheff.) Mez; Myrsinaceae; endangered
1889. Grevillea baileyana McGill.; Proteaceae; cultivated only
1890. Grevillea banskii R. Br.; Proteaceae; cultivated only
1891. Grevillea dryandri R. Br.; Proteaceae; cultivated only
1892. Grevillea pteridifolia Knight; Proteaceae; cultivated only
1893. Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br.; Proteaceae; cultivated only
1894. Grewia laevigata Vahl; Malvaceae; vulnerable
1895. Guaiacum officinale L.; Zygophyllaceae; cultivated only
1896. Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
1897. Guettarda speciosa L.; Rubiaceae; endangered
1898. Guioa bijuga (Hiern) Radlk.; Sapindaceae; critically endangered
1899. Guioa lasioneura Radlk.; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
1900. Guioa pleuropteris (Blume) Radlk.; Sapindaceae; vulnerable
1901. Guioa pubescens (Z. & M.) Radlk.; Sapindaceae; vulnerable
1902. Gustavia augusta L.; Lecythidaceae; cultivated only
1903. Gustavia gracillima Miers; Lecythidaceae; cultivated only
1904. Gustavia superba O. Berg; Lecythidaceae; cultivated only
1905. Guzmania dissitiflora L.B. Sm.; Bromeliaceae; cultivated only
1906. Guzmania lingulata (L.) Mez; Bromeliaceae; cultivated only
1907. Gymnacranthera bancana (Miq.) Sinclair; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
1908. Gymnacranthera farquhariana (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Warb. var. eugeniifolia (A. DC.) R.T.A.
Schouten; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
1909. Gymnacranthera farquhariana (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Warb. var. farquhariana; Myristicaceae;
critically endangered
1910. Gymnacranthera farquhariana (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Warb. var. zippeliana (Miq.)
R.T.A.Schouten; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
1911. Gymnacranthera forbesii (King) Warb.; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
1912. Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch. Bip. ex Walp.; Asteraceae; cultivated only
1913. Gymnanthera nitida R. Br.; Apocynaceae; common
1914. Gymnanthera oblonga (Burm. f.) P.S. Green; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
1915. Gymnopetalum chinense (Lour.) Merr.; Cucurbitaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1916. Gymnosiphon aphyllus Blume; Burmanniaceae; extinct
1917. Gymnostoma nobile (Whitmore) L.A.S. Johnson; Casuarinaceae; cultivated only
1918. Gymnostoma papuanum (S. Moore) L.A.S. Johnson; Casuarinaceae; cultivated only
1919. Gymnostoma rumphianum (Miq.) L.A.S. Johnson; Casuarinaceae; cultivated only
1920. Gymnostoma sumatranum (Jungh. ex de Vriese) L.A.S. Johnson; Casuarinaceae; cultivated
only
1921. Gynochthodes coriacea Blume; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
1922. Gynochthodes sublanceolata Miq.; Rubiaceae; common
46
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1923. Gynotroches axillaris Blume; Rhizophoraceae; common
1924. Gynura aurantiaca (Blume) DC.; Asteraceae; cultivated only
1925. Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.; Asteraceae; critically endangered
1926. Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC.; Asteraceae; cultivated only
1927. Gynura segetum Merr.; Asteraceae; cultivated only
H
1928. Habenaria singapurensis Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1929. Habranthus gracilifolius Herb.; Amaryllidaceae; cultivated only
1930. Halodule pinifolia (Miki) den Hartog; Cymodoceaceae; extinct
1931. Halodule uninervis (Forsk.) Aschers.; Cymodoceaceae; extinct
1932. Halophila beccarii Aschers.; Hydrocharitaceae; endangered
1933. Halophila minor (Zoll.) Hartog; Hydrocharitaceae; critically endangered
1934. Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook. f.; Hydrocharitaceae; critically endangered
1935. Halophila spinulosa (R. Br.) Aschers.; Hydrocharitaceae; critically endangered
1936. Hamelia patens Jacq.; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
1937. Hanguana malayana (Jack) Merr.; Hanguanaceae; vulnerable
1938. Harpullia zanquebarica (J. Kirk) Radlk.; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
1939. Haworthia fasciata (Willd.) Haw.; Xanthorrhoeaceae; cultivated only
1940. Hedera helix L.; Araliaceae; cultivated only
1941. Hedychium coccineum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.; Zingiberaceae; cultivated only
1942. Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig; Zingiberaceae; cultivated only
1943. Hedyotis auricularia L.; Rubiaceae; common
1944. Hedyotis capitellata Wall. ex G.Don; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
1945. Hedyotis pinifolia Wall. ex G. Don; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
1946. Hedyotis verticillata (L.) Lam; Rubiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1947. Helianthus annuus L.; Asteraceae; cultivated only
1948. Helicia excelsa (Roxb.) Blume; Proteaceae; extinct
1949. Helicia petiolaris Benn.; Proteaceae; critically endangered
1950. Helicia robusta (Roxb.) R. Br. ex Wall.; Proteaceae; extinct
1951. Heliconia bihai (L.) L.; Heliconiaceae; cultivated only
1952. Heliconia bourgaeana Petersen; Heliconiaceae; cultivated only
1953. Heliconia caribaea Lam.; Heliconiaceae; cultivated only
1954. Heliconia chartacea Lane ex Barreiros; Heliconiaceae; cultivated only
1955. Heliconia danielsiana W.J. Kress; Heliconiaceae; cultivated only
1956. Heliconia densiflora Verl.; Heliconiaceae; cultivated only
1957. Heliconia dielsiana Loes.; Heliconiaceae; cultivated only
1958. Heliconia episcopalis Vell.; Heliconiaceae; cultivated only
1959. Heliconia indica Lam.; Heliconiaceae; cultivated only
1960. Heliconia lankesteri Standl.; Heliconiaceae; cultivated only
1961. Heliconia latispatha Benth.; Heliconiaceae; cultivated only
1962. Heliconia lingulata Ruiz & Pav.; Heliconiaceae; cultivated only
1963. Heliconia marginata (Griggs) Pitier; Heliconiaceae; cultivated only
1964. Heliconia mariae Hook. f.; Heliconiaceae; cultivated only
1965. Heliconia mathiasiae G.S. Daniels & F.G. Stiles; Heliconiaceae; cultivated only
1966. Heliconia psittacorum L. f.; Heliconiaceae; casual
1967. Heliconia rostrata Ruiz & Pav.; Heliconiaceae; cultivated only
1968. Heliconia stricta Huber; Heliconiaceae; cultivated only
1969. Heliconia vellerigera Poepp.; Heliconiaceae; cultivated only
1970. Heliconia wagneriana Petersen; Heliconiaceae; cultivated only
1971. Heliotropium indicum L.; Boraginaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1972. Helixanthera coccinea (Jack) Danser; Loranthaceae; extinct
47
Chong et al.
1973. Helixanthera parasitica Lour.; Loranthaceae; extinct
1974. Hemigraphis alternata (Burm. f.) T. Anderson; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
1975. Hemigraphis confinis T. Anderson.; Acanthaceae; naturalised
1976. Hemigraphis primulifolia (Nees) Fern.-Vill.; Acanthaceae; naturalised
1977. Hemigraphis repanda (L.) Hallier f.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
1978. Heritiera borneensis (Merr.) Kosterm.; Malvaceae; critically endangered
1979. Heritiera elata Ridl.; Malvaceae; endangered
1980. Heritiera javanica (Blume) Kosterm.; Malvaceae; critically endangered
1981. Heritiera littoralis Aiton; Malvaceae; endangered
1982. Heritiera peralata (Bailey) Kosterm.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
1983. Heritiera simplicifolia (Mast.) Kosterm.; Malvaceae; endangered
1984. Heritiera sumatrana (Miq.) Kosterm.; Malvaceae; critically endangered
1985. Hernandia nymphaeifolia (C. Presl) Kubitzki; Hernandiaceae; extinct
1986. Hetaeria nitida Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
1987. Hetaeria obliqua Blume; Orchidaceae; extinct
1988. Heterogonium sagenioides (Mett.) Holttum; Dryopteridaceae; endangered
1989. Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.; Poaceae; common
1990. Heterosmilax borneensis A. DC.; Smilacaceae; extinct
1991. Heterospathe minor Burret; Arecaceae; cultivated only
1992. Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg.; Euphorbiaceae; naturalised
1993. Hibiscus acetosella Welw. ex Hiern; Malvaceae; cultivated only
1994. Hibiscus mutabilis L.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
1995. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.; Malvaceae; casual
1996. Hibiscus sabdariffa L.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
1997. Hibiscus schizopetalus (Mast.) Hook. f.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
1998. Hibiscus surattensis L.; Malvaceae; weed of uncertain origin
1999. Hibiscus syriacus L.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
2000. Hibiscus tricolor Dehnh.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
2001. Hippeastrum reticulatum (L'Hér.) Herb.; Amaryllidaceae; cultivated only
2002. Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G. Don; Campanulaceae; naturalised
2003. Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz; Malpighiaceae; cultivated only
2004. Hiptage sericea Hook.f.; Malpighiaceae; critically endangered
2005. Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J. Sm.; Dennstaedtiaceae; vulnerable
2006. Hoffmannia discolor (Lem.) Hemsl.; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
2007. Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
2008. Homalanthus novoguineensis (Warb.) K. Schum.; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
2009. Homalium circumpinnatum F.M. Bailey; Salicaceae; cultivated only
2010. Homalium grandiflorum Benth.; Salicaceae; critically endangered
2011. Homalocladium platyclados (F. Muell.) L.H. Bailey; Polygonaceae; cultivated only
2012. Homalomena griffithii (Schott) Hook. f.; Araceae; vulnerable
2013. Homalomena humilis (Jack) Hook. f.; Araceae; endangered
2014. Homalomena pendula (Blume) Bakh. f.; Araceae; endangered
2015. Homalomena rostrata Griff.; Araceae; endangered
2016. Homalomena rubescens (Roxb.) Kunth; Araceae; cultivated only
2017. Homalomena sagittifolia Jungh. ex Schott; Araceae; endangered
2018. Homalomena wallichii Schott; Araceae; cultivated only
2019. Hopea griffithii Kurz; Dipterocarpaceae; critically endangered
2020. Hopea helferi (Dyer) Brandis; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
2021. Hopea mengarawan Miq.; Dipterocarpaceae; endangered
2022. Hopea nutans Ridl.; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
2023. Hopea odorata Roxb.; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
2024. Hopea pubescens Ridl.; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
48
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2025. Hopea sangal Korth.; Dipterocarpaceae; critically endangered
2026. Hopea wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn.; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
2027. Hornstedtia conica Ridl.; Zingiberaceae; critically endangered
2028. Hornstedtia leonurus (J. König) Retz.; Zingiberaceae; critically endangered
2029. Hornstedtia scyphifera (J. König) Steud var. scyphifera; Zingiberaceae; vulnerable
2030. Horsfieldia brachiata (King) Warb.; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
2031. Horsfieldia crassifolia (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Warb.; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
2032. Horsfieldia grandis (Hook. f.) Warb.; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
2033. Horsfieldia irya (Gaertn.) Warb.; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
2034. Horsfieldia parviflora (Roxb.) J. Sinclair; Myristicaceae; naturalised
2035. Horsfieldia polyspherula (Hook. f. emend. King) J. Sinclair; Myristicaceae; vulnerable
2036. Horsfieldia punctatifolia J. Sinclair; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
2037. Horsfieldia sparsa W.J. de Wilde; Myristicaceae; extinct
2038. Horsfieldia sucosa (King) Warb.; Myristicaceae; endangered
2039. Horsfieldia superba (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Warb.; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
2040. Horsfieldia tomentosa Warb.; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
2041. Horsfieldia wallichii (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Warb.; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
2042. Hosea lobbiana Ridl.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
2043. Houttuynia cordata Thunb.; Saururaceae; cultivated only
2044. Howea belmoreana (C. Moore & F. Muell.) Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2045. Hoya campanulata Blume; Apocynaceae; extinct
2046. Hoya carnosa (L. f.) R. Br.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
2047. Hoya coriacea Blume; Apocynaceae; extinct
2048. Hoya coronaria Blume; Apocynaceae; extinct
2049. Hoya diversifolia Blume; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
2050. Hoya finlaysonii Wight; Apocynaceae; extinct
2051. Hoya kerrii Craib; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
2052. Hoya lacunosa Blume; Apocynaceae; endangered
2053. Hoya latifolia G. Don; Apocynaceae; endangered
2054. Hoya multiflora Blume; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
2055. Hoya obtusifolia Wight; Apocynaceae; extinct
2056. Hoya revoluta Wight; Apocynaceae; extinct
2057. Hoya scortechinii King & Gamble; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
2058. Hoya verticillata (Vahl) G. Don var. verticillata; Apocynaceae; common
2059. Huperzia carinata (Desv. ex Poir.) Trevis.; Lypopodiaceae; extinct
2060. Huperzia nummulariifolia (Blume) T. C. Chambers; Lypopodiaceae; extinct
2061. Huperzia phlegmaria (L.) Rothm.; Lypopodiaceae; endangered
2062. Huperzia phyllantha (Hook. f. & Arn.) Holub; Lypopodiaceae; extinct
2063. Huperzia squarrosa (G. Forst.) Trevis.; Lypopodiaceae; extinct
2064. Hura crepitans L.; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
2065. Hydnocarpus anthelminthicus Pierre ex Laness.; Achariaceae; cultivated only
2066. Hydnocarpus castaneus Hook. f. & Thomson; Achariaceae; cultivated only
2067. Hydnophytum formicarum Jack; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
2068. Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser.; Hydrangeaceae; cultivated only
2069. Hydriastele beguinii (Burret) W.J. Baker & Loo; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2070. Hydriastele costata F.M. Bailey; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2071. Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle; Hydrocharitaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2072. Hydrocera triflora (L.) Wight & Arn.; Balsaminaceae; naturalised
2073. Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.; Araliaceae; cultivated only
2074. Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.; Araliaceae; common
2075. Hydrocotyle umbellata L.; Araliaceae; cultivated only
2076. Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) Vahl; Hydrophyllaceae; weed of uncertain origin
49
Chong et al.
2077. Hygrophila auriculata (Buch.-Ham.) M. R. Almeida & S. M. Almeida; Acanthaceae; casual
2078. Hygrophila meianthos C.B. Clarke; Acanthaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2079. Hygrophila phlomoides Nees; Acanthaceae; casual
2080. Hygrophila ringens (L.) R. Br. ex Steud; Acanthaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2081. Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose; Cactaceae; cultivated only
2082. Hylophila mollis Lindl.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
2083. Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Steud.) Gilliland; Poaceae; common
2084. Hymenaea courbaril L.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2085. Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2086. Hymenocallis caribaea (L.) Herb.; Amaryllidaceae; cultivated only
2087. Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb.; Amaryllidaceae; cultivated only
2088. Hymenocallis speciosa (L. f. ex Salisb.) Salisb.; Amaryllidaceae; cultivated only
2089. Hymenophyllum acanthoides (Bosch) Rosenst.; Hymenophyllaceae; endangered
2090. Hymenophyllum denticulatum Sw.; Hymenophyllaceae; endangered
2091. Hymenophyllum holochilum (Bosch) C. Chr.; Hymenophyllaceae; endangered
2092. Hymenophyllum polyanthos Sw.; Hymenophyllaceae; extinct
2093. Hymenophyllum serrulatum (C. Presl) C. Chr.; Hymenophyllaceae; endangered
2094. Hymenosporum flavum (Hook.) F. Muell.; Pittosporaceae; cultivated only
2095. Hyophorbe lagenicaulis (L.H. Bailey) H.E. Moore; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2096. Hyophorbe vaughanii L.H. Bailey; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2097. Hyophorbe verschaffeltii H. Wendl.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2098. Hypericum japonicum Thunb.; Hypericaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2099. Hyphaene coriacea Gaertn.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2100. Hypobathrum coniferum (Ridl.) Bakh. f.; Rubiaceae; extinct
2101. Hypolytrum nemorum (Vahl) Spreng.; Cyperaceae; common
2102. Hypserpa nitida Miers; Menispermaceae; extinct
2103. Hyptis brevipes Poit.; Lamiaceae; naturalised
2104. Hyptis capitata Jacq.; Lamiaceae; naturalised
2105. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.; Lamiaceae; naturalised
I
2106. Iguanura wallichiana (Wall. ex Mart.) Hook. f. ssp. malaccensis (Becc.) Kiew var.
malaccensis; Arecaceae; critically endangered
2107. Ilex cymosa Blume; Aquifoliaceae; common
2108. Ilex latifolia Thunb.; Aquifoliaceae; vulnerable
2109. Ilex maingayi Hook. f.; Aquifoliaceae; endangered
2110. Illigera trifoliata (Griff.) Dunn.; Hernandiaceae; extinct
2111. Impatiens balsamina L.; Balsaminaceae; cultivated only
2112. Impatiens repens Moon; Balsaminaceae; cultivated only
2113. Impatiens walleriana Hook. f.; Balsaminaceae; cultivated only
2114. Imperata conferta (J.Presl) Ohwi; Poaceae; common
2115. Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv.; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2116. Indigofera hirsuta L.; Fabaceae; naturalised
2117. Indigofera spicata Forssk.; Fabaceae; naturalised
2118. Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.; Fabaceae; naturalised
2119. Indigofera tinctoria L.; Fabaceae; naturalised
2120. Indigofera zollingeriana Miq.; Fabaceae; critically endangered
2121. Indorouchera griffithiana (Planch.) Hallier f.; Linaceae; common
2122. Inga jinicuil G. Don; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2123. Inga velutina Willd.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2124. Inocarpus fagifer (Parkinson) Fosberg; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2125. Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze; Fabaceae; critically endangered
50
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2126. Intsia palembanica Miq.; Fabaceae; critically endangered
2127. Iodes cirrhosa Turcz.; Icacinaceae; critically endangered
2128. Iodes ovalis Blume; Icacinaceae; endangered
2129. Iodes velutina King; Icacinaceae; common
2130. Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.; Convolvulaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2131. Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.; Convolvulaceae; casual
2132. Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet; Convolvulaceae; naturalised
2133. Ipomoea carnea Jacq.; Convolvulaceae; cultivated only
2134. Ipomoea littoralis (L.) Blume; Convolvulaceae; common
2135. Ipomoea marginata (Desr.) Verdc.; Convolvulaceae; common
2136. Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq.; Convolvulaceae; common
2137. Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl.; Convolvulaceae; common
2138. Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br.; Convolvulaceae; common
2139. Ipomoea pes-tigridis L.; Convolvulaceae; common
2140. Ipomoea quamoclit L.; Convolvulaceae; naturalised
2141. Ipomoea tricolor Cav.; Convolvulaceae; cultivated only
2142. Ipomoea triloba L.; Convolvulaceae; naturalised
2143. Ipomoea violacea L.; Convolvulaceae; common
2144. Iris domestica Goldblatt & Mabb.; Iridaceae; cultivated only
2145. Iris laevigata Fisch.; Iridaceae; cultivated only
2146. Iris pseudacorus L.; Iridaceae; cultivated only
2147. Irvingia malayana Oliv. ex A. W. Benn.; Irvingiaceae; critically endangered
2148. Isachne globosa (Thunb.) Kuntze; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2149. Isachne kunthiana (Wight & Arn.) Miq.; Poaceae; common
2150. Isachne minutula (Gaudich.) Kunstl.; Poaceae; common
2151. Isachne pulchella Roth ex Roem. & Schult.; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2152. Ischaemum barbatum R. Br.; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2153. Ischaemum ciliare Retz.; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2154. Ischaemum magnum Rendle; Poaceae; common
2155. Ischaemum muticum L.; Poaceae; common
2156. Ischaemum rugosum Salisb.; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2157. Ischaemum timorense Kunth; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2158. Isolepis cernua (Vahl) Roem. & Schult.; Cyperaceae; cultivated only
2159. Ixonanthes icosandra Jack; Ixonanthaceae; vulnerable
2160. Ixonanthes reticulata Jack; Ixonanthaceae; common
2161. Ixora chinensis Lam.; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
2162. Ixora concinna Hook. f.; Rubiaceae; extinct
2163. Ixora congesta Roxb.; Rubiaceae; common
2164. Ixora finlaysoniana Wall. ex G. Don; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
2165. Ixora grandifolia Zoll. & Moritzi var. grandifolia; Rubiaceae; extinct
2166. Ixora javanica (Blume) DC.; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
2167. Ixora lobbii King & Gamble; Rubiaceae; endangered
2168. Ixora pendula Jack var. pendula; Rubiaceae; endangered
2169. Ixora umbellata Valeton ex Koord. & Valeton; Rubiaceae; extinct
J
2170. Jacaranda acutifolia Bonpl.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
2171. Jacaranda cuspidifolia Mart.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
2172. Jacaranda obtusifolia D. Don; Bignoniaceae; naturalised
2173. Jacaranda semiserrata Cham.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
2174. Jackiopsis ornata (Wall.) Ridsdale; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
2175. Jasminum azoricum L.; Oleaceae; cultivated only
51
Chong et al.
2176. Jasminum elongatum (P.J. Bergius) Willd.; Oleaceae; endangered
2177. Jasminum grandiflorum L.; Oleaceae; cultivated only
2178. Jasminum griffithii C.B. Clarke; Oleaceae; extinct
2179. Jasminum humile L.; Oleaceae; cultivated only
2180. Jasminum laurifolium Roxb.; Oleaceae; cultivated only
2181. Jasminum longipetalum King & Gamble; Oleaceae; extinct
2182. Jasminum mesnyi Hance; Oleaceae; cultivated only
2183. Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andrews; Oleaceae; cultivated only
2184. Jasminum rex Dunn; Oleaceae; cultivated only
2185. Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton; Oleaceae; cultivated only
2186. Jatropha curcas L.; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
2187. Jatropha gossypifolia L.; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
2188. Jatropha integerrima Jacq.; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
2189. Jatropha multifida L.; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
2190. Jatropha podagrica Hook.; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
2191. Johannesteijsmannia altifrons (Rchb. & Zoll.) H.E. Moore; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2192. Johannesteijsmannia lanceolata J. Dransf.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2193. Juniperus chinensis L.; Cupressaceae; cultivated only
2194. Justicia betonica L.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
2195. Justicia brandegeeana Wassh. & L.B. Sm.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
2196. Justicia carnea Lindl.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
2197. Justicia gendarussa Burm. f.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
2198. Justicia guttata Wall.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
2199. Justicia procumbrens L.; Acanthaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2200. Justicia quadrifaria (Nees) T. Anderson; Acanthaceae; extinct
2201. Justicia vasculosa Wall.; Acanthaceae; critically endangered
2202. Justicia vulgaris Bert. ex Schult.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
K
2203. Kadsura scandens Blume; Schisandraceae; critically endangered
2204. Kaempferia elegans (Wall.) Baker; Zingiberaceae; cultivated only
2205. Kaempferia galanga L.; Zingiberaceae; cultivated only
2206. Kaempferia gilbertii W. Bull; Zingiberaceae; cultivated only
2207. Kaempferia rotunda L.; Zingiberaceae; cultivated only
2208. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln.; Crassulaceae; cultivated only
2209. Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.; Crassulaceae; casual
2210. Kandelia candel (L.) Druce; Rhizophoraceae; critically endangered
2211. Karomia tettensis (Klotzsch) R. Fern.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
2212. Kerriodoxa elegans J. Dransf.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2213. Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C. DC.; Meliaceae; cultivated only
2214. Khaya grandifoliola C. DC.; Meliaceae; cultivated only
2215. Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss.; Meliaceae; cultivated only
2216. Kibara coriacea (Blume) Tulasne; Monimiaceae; critically endangered
2217. Kibatalia maingayi (Hook. f.) Woodson; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
2218. Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
2219. Kleinhovia hospita L.; Malvaceae; extinct
2220. Knema cinerea (Poir.) Warb.; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
2221. Knema communis J. Sinclair; Myristicaceae; endangered
2222. Knema conferta (King) Warb.; Myristicaceae; endangered
2223. Knema curtisii (King) Warb. var. paludosa J. Sinclair; Myristicaceae; endangered
2224. Knema furfuracea (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Warb.; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
2225. Knema glaucescens Jack; Myristicaceae; extinct
52
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2226. Knema globularia (Lam.) Warb.; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
2227. Knema hookeriana (Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.) Warb.; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
2228. Knema intermedia (Blume) Warb.; Myristicaceae; endangered
2229. Knema latericia Elm. ssp. ridleyi (Gandoger) de Willde; Myristicaceae; endangered
2230. Knema laurina (Blume) Warb.; Myristicaceae; endangered
2231. Knema malayana Warb.; Myristicaceae; endangered
2232. Knema patentinervia (J. Sinclair) W.J. de Wilde; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
2233. Knema rubens (Sinclair) W.J. de Wilde; Myristicaceae; extinct
2234. Koilodepas longifolium Hook. f.; Euphorbiaceae; vulnerable
2235. Kokoona littoralis Laws.; Celastraceae; extinct
2236. Kokoona reflexa (Laws.) Ding Hou; Celastraceae; critically endangered
2237. Koompassia excelsa (Becc.) Taub.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2238. Koompassia malaccensis Maingay ex Benth.; Fabaceae; endangered
2239. Kopsia arborea Blume; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
2240. Kopsia flavida Blume; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
2241. Kopsia fruticosa (Ker Gawl.) A. DC.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
2242. Kopsia singapurensis Ridl.; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
2243. Korthalsia echinometra Becc.; Arecaceae; critically endangered
2244. Korthalsia flagellaris Miq.; Arecaceae; critically endangered
2245. Korthalsia laciniosa (Griff.) Mart.; Arecaceae; extinct
2246. Korthalsia rigida Blume; Arecaceae; critically endangered
2247. Korthalsia rostrata Blume; Arecaceae; endangered
2248. Korthalsia scortechinii Becc.; Arecaceae; extinct
2249. Kunstleria ridleyi Prain; Fabaceae; endangered
2250. Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2251. Kyllinga melanosperma Nees; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2252. Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel; Cyperaceae; weed of
uncertain origin
2253. Kyllinga polyphylla Willd. ex Kunth; Cyperaceae; naturalised
L
2254. Labisia pumila (Blume) F.-Vill.; Myrsinaceae; vulnerable
2255. Laccospadix australasica H. Wendl.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2256. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.; Cucurbitaceae; cultivated only
2257. Lagerstroemia archeriana F.M. Bailey; Lythraceae; cultivated only
2258. Lagerstroemia duperreana Pierre ex Gagnep.; Lythraceae; cultivated only
2259. Lagerstroemia floribunda Jack; Lythraceae; cultivated only
2260. Lagerstroemia indica L.; Lythraceae; cultivated only
2261. Lagerstroemia langkawiensis Furtado & Montien; Lythraceae; cultivated only
2262. Lagerstroemia loudonii Teijsm. & Binn.; Lythraceae; cultivated only
2263. Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.; Lythraceae; cultivated only
2264. Lagerstroemia tomentosa C. Presl; Lythraceae; cultivated only
2265. Lannea grandis (Dennst.) Engl.; Anacardiaceae; cultivated only
2266. Lansium domesticum Corrêa; Meliaceae; cultivated only
2267. Lantana camara L.; Verbenaceae; naturalised
2268. Lantana indica Roxb.; Verbenaceae; naturalised
2269. Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq.; Verbenaceae; cultivated only
2270. Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew; Urticaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2271. Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites; Araceae; vulnerable
2272. Lasianthus appressus Hook. f.; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
2273. Lasianthus attenuatus Jack; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
2274. Lasianthus constrictus Wight; Rubiaceae; endangered
53
Chong et al.
2275. Lasianthus cyanocarpus Jack; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
2276. Lasianthus ellipticus Wight; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
2277. Lasianthus glaber Ridl.; Rubiaceae; extinct
2278. Lasianthus griffithii Wight; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
2279. Lasianthus maingayi Hook. f.; Rubiaceae; extinct
2280. Lasianthus perakensis King & Gamble; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
2281. Lasianthus pterospermus Wight; Rubiaceae; extinct
2282. Lasianthus ridleyi King & Gamble; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
2283. Lasianthus scabridus King & Gamble; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
2284. Lasianthus stipularis Blume; Rubiaceae; extinct
2285. Lasianthus tomentosus Blume; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
2286. Latania loddigesii Mart.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2287. Latania lontaroides (Gaertn.) H.E. Moore; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2288. Latania verschaffeltii Lem.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2289. Lawsonia inermis L.; Lythraceae; casual
2290. Lecananthus erubescens Jack; Rubiaceae; extinct
2291. Lecanopteris crustacea Copel.; Polypodiaceae; vulnerable
2292. Lecanopteris sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel.; Polypodiaceae; common
2293. Lecanorchis malaccensis Ridl.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
2294. Lecythis ollaria Loefl.; Lecythidaceae; cultivated only
2295. Ledebouria botryoides (Baker) J.C. Manning & Goldblatt; Hyacinthaceae; cultivated only
2296. Leea aequata L.; Vitaceae; extinct
2297. Leea angulata Korth. ex Miq.; Vitaceae; critically endangered
2298. Leea guineensis G. Don; Vitaceae; cultivated only
2299. Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr.; Vitaceae; common
2300. Leea rubra Blume ex Spreng.; Vitaceae; extinct
2301. Leersia hexandra Sw.; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2302. Lemna perpusilla Torr.; Araceae; naturalised
2303. Lemna tenera Kerz; Araceae; common
2304. Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br.; Lamiaceae; naturalised
2305. Leonurus japonicus Houtt. f. var. albiflorus (Migo) Y.C. Zhu; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
2306. Leonurus sibiricus L.; Lamiaceae; naturalised
2307. Lepidozamia hopei (W. Hill) Regel; Zamiaceae; cultivated only
2308. Lepionurus sylvestris Blume; Opiliaceae; critically endangered
2309. Lepironia articulata (Retz.) Domin; Cyperaceae; extinct
2310. Lepisanthes alata (Blume) Leenh.; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
2311. Lepisanthes amoena (Hassk.) Leenh.; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
2312. Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh.; Sapindaceae; common
2313. Lepisanthes senegalensis (Juss. ex Poir.) Leenh.; Sapindaceae; critically endangered
2314. Lepisorus longifolius (Blume) Holttum; Polypodiaceae; endangered
2315. Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2316. Leptospermum brachyandrum (F. Muell.) Druce; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
2317. Leptospermum liversidgei R.T. Baker & H.G. Sm.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
2318. Leptospermum petersonii F.M. Bailey; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
2319. Leptospermum polgalifolium Salisb.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
2320. Lepturus repens R. Br.; Poaceae; common
2321. Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2322. Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit; Fabaceae; naturalised
2323. Leucas lavandulifolia Sm.; Lamiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2324. Leucas zeylanica (L.) R. Br.; Lamiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2325. Leuconotis griffithii Hook.f.; Apocynaceae; vulnerable
2326. Leucophyllum frutescens (Berland.) I.M. Johnst.; Scrophulariaceae; cultivated only
54
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2327. Licania splendens (Korth.) Prance; Chrysobalanaceae; common
2328. Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch; Chrysobalanaceae; cultivated only
2329. Licuala bintulensis Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2330. Licuala cordata Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2331. Licuala ferruginea Becc.; Arecaceae; endangered
2332. Licuala grandis (hort. ex W. Bull) H. Wendl.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2333. Licuala lauterbachii Dammer & K. Schum.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2334. Licuala mattanensis Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2335. Licuala orbicularis Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2336. Licuala paludosa Griff.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2337. Licuala peltata Roxb.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2338. Licuala ramsayi (F. Muell.) Domin; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2339. Licuala spinosa Thunb.; Arecaceae; vulnerable
2340. Licuala triphylla Griff.; Arecaceae; extinct
2341. Ligustrum sinense Lour.; Oleaceae; cultivated only
2342. Lijndenia laurina Zoll. & Moritzi; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
2343. Limacia oblonga Hook. f. & Thoms.; Menispermaceae; endangered
2344. Limacia scandens Lour.; Menispermaceae; vulnerable
2345. Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau; Limnocharitaceae; naturalised
2346. Limnophila chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. ssp. aromatica (Lam.) T. Yamaz.; Plantaginaceae; weed
of uncertain origin
2347. Limnophila laxa Benth.; Plantaginaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2348. Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume; Plantaginaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2349. Limnophila villosa Blume; Plantaginaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2350. Lindera lucida (Blume) Boerl.; Lauraceae; vulnerable
2351. Lindernia anagallis (Burm. f.) Pennell; Linderniaceae; common
2352. Lindernia antipoda (L.) Alston; Linderniaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2353. Lindernia caespitosa (Blume) Panigrahi; Linderniaceae; extinct
2354. Lindernia ciliata (Colsm.) Pennell; Linderniaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2355. Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell.; Linderniaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2356. Lindernia elata (Benth.) Wettst.; Linderniaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2357. Lindernia nummulariifolia (D. Don) Wettst.; Linderniaceae; naturalised
2358. Lindernia ruellioides (Colsm.) Pennell; Linderniaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2359. Lindernia viscosa (Hornem.) Bold.; Linderniaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2360. Lindsaea borneensis Hook. ex Baker; Dennstaedtiaceae; extinct
2361. Lindsaea cultrata (Willd.) Sw.; Dennstaedtiaceae; endangered
2362. Lindsaea divergens Hook. & Grev.; Dennstaedtiaceae; extinct
2363. Lindsaea doryphora K.U. Kramer; Dennstaedtiaceae; endangered
2364. Lindsaea ensifolia Sw.; Dennstaedtiaceae; common
2365. Lindsaea heterophylla Dryand.; Dennstaedtiaceae; extinct
2366. Lindsaea lucida Blume; Dennstaedtiaceae; extinct
2367. Lindsaea orbiculata (Lam.) Mett.; Dennstaedtiaceae; extinct
2368. Lindsaea ovata J. Sm.; Dennstaedtiaceae; extinct
2369. Lindsaea parallelogramma Alderw.; Dennstaedtiaceae; extinct
2370. Lindsaea parasitica (Roxb. Ex Griff.) Hieron.; Dennstaedtiaceae; vulnerable
2371. Lindsaea repens (Bory) Thwaites var. pectinata (Blume) Mett.; Dennstaedtiaceae; extinct
2372. Lindsaea walkerae Hook.; Dennstaedtiaceae; extinct
2373. Linostoma pauciflorum Griff.; Thymelaeaceae; endangered
2374. Liparis elegans Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
2375. Liparis ferruginea Lindl.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
2376. Liparis gibbosa Finet; Orchidaceae; extinct
2377. Liparis tricallosa Rchb. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
55
Chong et al.
2378. Liparis wrayi Hook. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
2379. Lipocarpha chinensis (Osbeck) J. Kern; Cyperaceae; common
2380. Lipocarpha microcephala (R. Br.) Kunth; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2381. Lipocarpha squarrosa (L.) Goetghebeur; Cyperaceae; common
2382. Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H. Bailey; Ruscaceae; cultivated only
2383. Litchi chinensis Sonn.; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
2384. Lithocarpus bennettii (Miq.) Rehder; Fagaceae; critically endangered
2385. Lithocarpus cantleyanus (King ex Hook. f.) Rehd.; Fagaceae; critically endangered
2386. Lithocarpus conocarpus (Oudem.) Rehd.; Fagaceae; critically endangered
2387. Lithocarpus cyclophorus (Endl.) A. Camus; Fagaceae; extinct
2388. Lithocarpus elegans (Blume) Hatus. ex Soepadmo; Fagaceae; critically endangered
2389. Lithocarpus encleisocarpus (Korth.) A. Camus; Fagaceae; critically endangered
2390. Lithocarpus ewyckii (Korth.) Rehd.; Fagaceae; endangered
2391. Lithocarpus gracilis (Korth.) Soepadmo; Fagaceae; extinct
2392. Lithocarpus hystrix (Korth.) Rehd.; Fagaceae; critically endangered
2393. Lithocarpus lucidus (Roxb.) Rehd.; Fagaceae; endangered
2394. Lithocarpus rassa (Miq.) Rehder; Fagaceae; cultivated only
2395. Lithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder; Fagaceae; critically endangered
2396. Lithocarpus wallichianus (Lindl. ex Hance) Rehder; Fagaceae; critically endangered
2397. Litsea accedens (Blume) Boerl.; Lauraceae; endangered
2398. Litsea bindoniana F. Muell.; Lauraceae; cultivated only
2399. Litsea castanea Hook. f.; Lauraceae; endangered
2400. Litsea cordata Hook. f.; Lauraceae; critically endangered
2401. Litsea costalis (Blume) Kosterm.; Lauraceae; critically endangered
2402. Litsea costata (Blume) Boerl.; Lauraceae; critically endangered
2403. Litsea elliptica Blume; Lauraceae; common
2404. Litsea erectinervia Kosterm.; Lauraceae; critically endangered
2405. Litsea ferruginea Blume; Lauraceae; critically endangered
2406. Litsea firma Hook. f.; Lauraceae; vulnerable
2407. Litsea garciae S. Vidal; Lauraceae; cultivated only
2408. Litsea gracilipes Hook. f.; Lauraceae; extinct
2409. Litsea grandis Hook. f.; Lauraceae; endangered
2410. Litsea lanceolata (Blume) Kosterm.; Lauraceae; extinct
2411. Litsea lancifolia (Roxb.) Hook. f.; Lauraceae; critically endangered
2412. Litsea machilifolia Gamble; Lauraceae; critically endangered
2413. Litsea myristicifolia (Wall. ex Nees) Hook. f.; Lauraceae; critically endangered
2414. Litsea ridleyi Gamble; Lauraceae; endangered
2415. Litsea robusta Blume; Lauraceae; critically endangered
2416. Litsea umbellata (Lour.) Merr.; Lauraceae; vulnerable
2417. Livistona australis (R. Br.) Mart.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2418. Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R. Br. ex Mart.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2419. Livistona decipiens Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2420. Livistona drudei F. Muell. ex Drude; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2421. Livistona endauensis J. Dransf. & K.M. Wong; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2422. Livistona humilis R. Br.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2423. Livistona lorophylla Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2424. Livistona mariae F. Muell.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2425. Livistona merrillii Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2426. Livistona muelleri F.M. Bailey; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2427. Livistona robinsoniana Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2428. Livistona rotundifolia (Lam.) Mart.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2429. Livistona saribus (Lour.) Merr. ex A. Chev.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
56
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2430. Livistona tahanensis Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2431. Lobelia cardinalis L.; Campanulaceae; cultivated only
2432. Lobelia chinensis Lour.; Campanulaceae; naturalised
2433. Lobelia zeylanica L.; Campanulaceae; common
2434. Lodoicea maldivica (J.F. Gmel.) Pers.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2435. Loeseneriella macrantha (Korth.) A.C. Smith; Celastraceae; extinct
2436. Loeseneriella pauciflora (DC.) A.C. Sm.; Celastraceae; cultivated only
2437. Lomariopsis lineata (C. Presl) Holttum; Lomariopsidaceae; critically endangered
2438. Lonicera japonica Thunb.; Caprifoliaceae; cultivated only
2439. Lophanthera lactescens Ducke; Malpighiaceae; cultivated only
2440. Lophatherum gracile Brongn.; Poaceae; common
2441. Lophopetalum beccarianum Pierre; Celastraceae; critically endangered
2442. Lophopetalum multinervium Ridl.; Celastraceae; endangered
2443. Lophopetalum wightianum Arn.; Celastraceae; vulnerable
2444. Lophostemon confertus (R. Br.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
2445. Loropetalum chinense (R. Br.) Oliv. var. rubrum Yieh; Hamamelidaceae; cultivated only
2446. Luculia grandiflora Ghose; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
2447. Ludisia discolor (Ker Gawl.) A. Rich.; Orchidaceae; cultivated only
2448. Ludwigia adscendens (L.) H. Hara; Onagraceae; weed of uncertain origin
2449. Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell; Onagraceae; weed of uncertain origin
2450. Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H. Raven; Onagraceae; weed of uncertain origin
2451. Ludwigia peruviana (L.) H. Hara; Onagraceae; naturalised
2452. Ludwigia prostrata Roxb.; Onagraceae; weed of uncertain origin
2453. Ludwigia sedioides (Humb. & Bonpl.) H. Hara; Onagraceae; cultivated only
2454. Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt; Combretaceae; endangered
2455. Lumnitzera racemosa Willd.; Combretaceae; endangered
2456. Luvunga crassifolia Tanaka; Rutaceae; critically endangered
2457. Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic.-Serm.; Lycopodiaceae; common
2458. Lygodium circinnatum (Burm. f.) Sw.; Schizaeaceae; vulnerable
2459. Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw.; Schizaeaceae; common
2460. Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw.; Schizaeaceae; naturalised
2461. Lygodium longifolium (Willd.) Sw.; Schizaeaceae; vulnerable
2462. Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br.; Schizaeaceae; common
2463. Lygodium salicifolium C. Presl; Schizaeaceae; common
2464. Lysimachia procumbens Baudo; Myrsinaceae; cultivated only
2465. Lytocaryum weddellianum (H. Wendl.) Toledo; Arecaceae; cultivated only
M
2466. Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche; Proteaceae; cultivated only
2467. Macaranga bancana (Miq.) Mull. Arg.; Euphorbiaceae; common
2468. Macaranga caladiifolia Becc.; Euphorbiaceae; extinct
2469. Macaranga conifera (Zoll.) Mull. Arg; Euphorbiaceae; common
2470. Macaranga gigantea (Rchb. f. & Zoll.) Mull. Arg.; Euphorbiaceae; common
2471. Macaranga griffithiana Müll.Arg.; Euphorbiaceae; vulnerable
2472. Macaranga heynei I.M. Johnst.; Euphorbiaceae; common
2473. Macaranga hosei King ex Hook. f.; Euphorbiaceae; extinct
2474. Macaranga hullettii King ex Hook. f.; Euphorbiaceae; critically endangered
2475. Macaranga hypoleuca (Rchb. f. & Zoll.) Mull. Arg.; Euphorbiaceae; common
2476. Macaranga lowii King ex Hook. f.; Euphorbiaceae; vulnerable
2477. Macaranga pruinosa (Miq.) Müll.Arg.; Euphorbiaceae; extinct
2478. Macaranga recurvata Gage; Euphorbiaceae; critically endangered
2479. Macaranga tanarius (L.) Mull. Arg.; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
57
Chong et al.
2480. Macaranga trichocarpa (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg.; Euphorbiaceae; endangered
2481. Macaranga triloba (Thunb.) Müll. Arg.; Euphorbiaceae; common
2482. Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) A.H. Gentry; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
2483. Machaerina rubiginosa (Spreng.) Koyama; Cyperaceae; extinct
2484. Maclurodendron porteri (Hook. f.) T.G. Hartley; Rutaceae; vulnerable
2485. Macodes petola (Blume) Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
2486. Macrolenes echinulata (Naudin) Bakh. f.; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
2487. Macrolenes nemorosa (Jack) Bakh.f.; Melastomataceae; extinct
2488. Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urb.; Fabaceae; naturalised
2489. Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb.; Fabaceae; naturalised
2490. Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour.) Tiegh.; Loranthaceae; common
2491. Macrosolen papillosus (Gamble) Danser; Loranthaceae; extinct
2492. Macrosolen retusus (Jack) Miq.; Loranthaceae; common
2493. Macrozamia moorei F. Muell.; Zamiaceae; cultivated only
2494. Madhuca decipiens Sinclair; Sapotaceae; extinct
2495. Madhuca kingiana (Brace ex King & Gamble) H.J. Lam; Sapotaceae; endangered
2496. Madhuca longifolia (L.) J.F. Macbr.; Sapotaceae; cultivated only
2497. Madhuca malaccensis (C.B. Clarke) H.J. Lam; Sapotaceae; critically endangered
2498. Madhuca motleyana (de Vriese) J.F. Macbr.; Sapotaceae; critically endangered
2499. Madhuca sericea (Miq.) H.J. Lam; Sapotaceae; critically endangered
2500. Madhuca sessilis (King & Gamble) Baehni; Sapotaceae; extinct
2501. Maesa ramentacea Wall. ex Roxb.; Maesaceae; common
2502. Maesopsis eminii Engl.; Rhamnaceae; cultivated only
2503. Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre; Magnoliaceae; cultivated only
2504. Magnolia elegans (Blume) H. Keng; Magnoliaceae; critically endangered
2505. Magnolia figo (Lour.) DC.; Magnoliaceae; cultivated only
2506. Magnolia liliifera L. var. liliifera; Magnoliaceae; cultivated only
2507. Magnolia maingayi King; Magnoliaceae; extinct
2508. Magnolia singapurensis (Ridl) H. Keng; Magnoliaceae; endangered
2509. Magnolia villosa (Miq.) H. Keng; Magnoliaceae; critically endangered
2510. Majidea zanguebarica J. Kirk; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
2511. Malaxis micrantha (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Orchidaceae; extinct
2512. Mallotus macrostachyus (Miq.) Müll. Arg.; Euphorbiaceae; extinct
2513. Mallotus paniculatus (Lam.) Mull. Arg.; Euphorbiaceae; common
2514. Mallotus penangensis Müll. Arg.; Euphorbiaceae; critically endangered
2515. Malpighia coccigera L.; Malpighiaceae; casual
2516. Malpighia glabra L.; Malpighiaceae; cultivated only
2517. Malvaviscus arboreus Cav.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
2518. Malvaviscus conzattii Greenm.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
2519. Mandevilla sanderi (Hemsl.) Woodson; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
2520. Mangifera caesia Jack; Anacardiaceae; critically endangered
2521. Mangifera foetida Lour.; Anacardiaceae; vulnerable
2522. Mangifera griffithii Hook. f.; Anacardiaceae; endangered
2523. Mangifera indica L.; Anacardiaceae; casual
2524. Mangifera lagenifera Griff.; Anacardiaceae; critically endangered
2525. Mangifera laurina Blume; Anacardiaceae; extinct
2526. Mangifera macrocarpa Blume; Anacardiaceae; vulnerable
2527. Mangifera magnifica Kochummen; Anacardiaceae; critically endangered
2528. Mangifera odorata Griff.; Anacardiaceae; vulnerable
2529. Mangifera paludosa Kosterm.; Anacardiaceae; extinct
2530. Mangifera parvifolia Boerl. & Koord.; Anacardiaceae; extinct
58
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2531. Manihot carthagenesis (Jack) Müll. Arg. ssp. glaziovii (Müll. Arg.) Allem; Euphorbiaceae;
naturalised
2532. Manihot esculenta Crantz; Euphorbiaceae; naturalised
2533. Manilkara kauki (L.) Dubard; Sapotaceae; cultivated only
2534. Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen; Sapotaceae; cultivated only
2535. Maniltoa browneoides Harms; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2536. Maniltoa lenticellata C.T. White; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2537. Maniltoa polyandra (Roxb.) Harms; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2538. Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A.H. Gentry; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
2539. Mansoa hymenaea (DC.) A.H. Gentry; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
2540. Mapania bancana (Miq.) Benth. & Hook. ex B.D. Jacks.; Cyperaceae; critically endangered
2541. Mapania cuspidata (Miq.) Uittien; Cyperaceae; vulnerable
2542. Mapania enodis (Miq.) C.B. Clarke; Cyperaceae; critically endangered
2543. Mapania kurzii C.B. Clarke; Cyperaceae; endangered
2544. Mapania longiflora C.B. Clarke; Cyperaceae; extinct
2545. Mapania lorea Uittien; Cyperaceae; extinct
2546. Mapania palustris (Hassk. ex Steud.) F.-Vill.; Cyperaceae; endangered
2547. Mapania squamata (Kurz) Clark; Cyperaceae; extinct
2548. Mapania wallichii C.B. Clarke; Cyperaceae; extinct
2549. Maranta arundinacea L.; Marantaceae; cultivated only
2550. Maranta leuconeura E. Morren; Marantaceae; cultivated only
2551. Maranthes corymbosa Blume; Chrysobalanaceae; endangered
2552. Maschalocorymbus corymbosus (Blume) Bremek; Rubiaceae; extinct
2553. Mastixia pentandra Blume ssp. scortechinii (King) K.M. Matthew; Nyssaceae; critically
endangered
2554. Mastixia trichotoma Blume var. maingayi (C.B. Clarke) Danser; Nyssaceae; critically
endangered
2555. Matisia cordata Bonpl.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
2556. Matthaea sancta Blume; Monimiaceae; endangered
2557. Maytenus emarginata (Willd.) D. Hou; Celastraceae; extinct
2558. Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) Steenis; Scrophulariaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2559. Medinilla astronioides Triana; Melastomataceae; cultivated only
2560. Medinilla crassifolia (Reinw. ex Blume) Blume; Melastomataceae; extinct
2561. Medinilla cummingii Naudin; Melastomataceae; cultivated only
2562. Medinilla magnifica Lindl.; Melastomataceae; cultivated only
2563. Medinilla radicans (Blume) Blume; Melastomataceae; extinct
2564. Megaskepasma erythrochlamys Lindau; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
2565. Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K. Simon & S.W.L. Jacobs; Poaceae; naturalised
2566. Megistostigma glabratum (Kurz) Govaerts; Euphorbiaceae; extinct
2567. Meiogyne monosperma (Hook.f. & Thomson) Heusden; Annonaceae; common
2568. Meiogyne virgata (Blume) Miq.; Annonaceae; critically endangered
2569. Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
2570. Melaleuca armillaris (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Sm.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
2571. Melaleuca bracteata F. Muell.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
2572. Melaleuca cajuputi Powell; Myrtaceae; extinct
2573. Melaleuca dealbata S.T. Blake; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
2574. Melaleuca decora (Salisb.) Britten; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
2575. Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
2576. Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
2577. Melaleuca saligna Schauer; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
2578. Melaleuca styphelioides Sm.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
2579. Melaleuca viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertn.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
59
Chong et al.
2580. Melampodium leucanthum Torr. & A. Gray; Asteraceae; cultivated only
2581. Melanochyla auriculata Hook. f.; Anacardiaceae; vulnerable
2582. Melanochyla bracteata King; Anacardiaceae; vulnerable
2583. Melanochyla caesia (Blume) Ding Hou; Anacardiaceae; vulnerable
2584. Melanthera biflora (L.) Wild; Asteraceae; common
2585. Melastoma malabathricum L.; Melastomataceae; common
2586. Melia indica Brand; Meliaceae; cultivated only
2587. Melicope denhamii (Seem.) T.G. Hartley; Rutaceae; cultivated only
2588. Melicope elleryana F. Muell.; Rutaceae; cultivated only
2589. Melicope glabra (Blume) T.G. Hartley; Rutaceae; vulnerable
2590. Melicope hookeri T.G. Hartley; Rutaceae; critically endangered
2591. Melicope lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) T.G. Hartley; Rutaceae; critically endangered
2592. Melinis nerviglumis (Franch.) Zizka; Poaceae; cultivated only
2593. Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka; Poaceae; naturalised
2594. Meliosma lanceolata Blume; Sabiaceae; critically endangered
2595. Meliosma pinnata (Roxb.) Maxim. ssp. ridleyi (King) Beus.; Sabiaceae; extinct
2596. Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp. ssp. fruticosa (Blume) Beus.; Sabiaceae; critically
endangered
2597. Melissa officinalis L.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
2598. Melochia corchorifolia L.; Malvaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2599. Melodinus orientalis Blume; Apocynaceae; extinct
2600. Memecylon acuminatum Sm. var. acuminatum; Melastomataceae; extinct
2601. Memecylon amplexicaule Roxb.; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
2602. Memecylon caeruleum Jack; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
2603. Memecylon campanulatum C.B. Clarke; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
2604. Memecylon cantleyi Ridl.; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
2605. Memecylon cinereum King; Melastomataceae; extinct
2606. Memecylon corticosum Ridl.; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
2607. Memecylon dichotomum (C.B. Clarke) King; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
2608. Memecylon edule Roxb.; Melastomataceae; endangered
2609. Memecylon excelsum Blume; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
2610. Memecylon floridum Ridl.; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
2611. Memecylon fruticosum King; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
2612. Memecylon garcinioides Blume; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
2613. Memecylon globosum Bakh. f.; Melastomataceae; extinct
2614. Memecylon intermedium Blume; Melastomataceae; extinct
2615. Memecylon lancifolium Ridl.; Melastomataceae; extinct
2616. Memecylon lilacinum Z. & M.; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
2617. Memecylon megacarpum Furtado; Melastomataceae; endangered
2618. Memecylon minutiflorum Miq.; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
2619. Memecylon oleifolium Blume; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
2620. Memecylon paniculatum Jack; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
2621. Memecylon pauciflorum Blume; Melastomataceae; extinct
2622. Memecylon pubescens (Cl.) King; Melastomataceae; extinct
2623. Mentha arvensis L.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
2624. Merope angulata (Willd.) Swingle; Rutaceae; critically endangered
2625. Merremia hederacea (Burm. f.) Hallier f.; Convolvulaceae; common
2626. Merremia hirta (L.) Merr.; Convolvulaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2627. Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f.; Convolvulaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2628. Mesophlebion chylamydophorum (Rosenst.) Holttum; Thelypteridaceae; vulnerable
2629. Mesophlebion motleyanum (Hook.) Holttum; Thelypteridaceae; vulnerable
2630. Mesua elegans (King) Kosterm.; Clusiaceae; critically endangered
60
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2631. Mesua ferrea L.; Clusiaceae; cultivated only
2632. Mesua ferruginea (Pierre) Kosterm.; Clusiaceae; cultivated only
2633. Metathelypteris dayi (Bedd.) Holttum; Thelypteridaceae; extinct
2634. Metroxylon sagu Rottb.; Arecaceae; naturalised
2635. Metroxylon salomonense (Warb.) Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2636. Mezzettia parviflora Becc.; Annonaceae; critically endangered
2637. Miconia calvescens DC.; Melastomataceae; cultivated only
2638. Miconia macrophylla Triana; Melastomataceae; cultivated only
2639. Micranthemum micranthemoides (Nutt.) Wettst.; Plantaginaceae; cultivated only
2640. Micrechites serpyllifolius (Blume) P.I. Forster; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
2641. Microcarpaea minima (Koen. ex Retz.) Merr.; Plantaginaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2642. Micrococca mercurialis (L.) Benth.; Euphorbiaceae; common
2643. Microcos blattaefolia (Corner) Rao; Malvaceae; endangered
2644. Microcos globulifera (Mast.) Burret; Malvaceae; extinct
2645. Microcos hirsutus (Korth.) Burret; Malvaceae; critically endangered
2646. Microdesmis caseariifolia Planch. ex Hook; Pandaceae; common
2647. Microlepia speluncae (L.) T. Moore; Dennstaedtiaceae; common
2648. Micropera fuscolutea (Lindl.) Gary; Orchidaceae; extinct
2649. Microsaccus ampullaceus J.J. Sm.; Orchidaceae; extinct
2650. Microsaccus griffithii (Par. & Rchb. f.) Seidenfaden; Orchidaceae; extinct
2651. Microsaccus javensis Blume; Orchidaceae; extinct
2652. Microsaccus sumatranus J.J. Sm.; Orchidaceae; extinct
2653. Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel.; Polypodiaceae; common
2654. Microstachys chamaelea (L.) Müll. Arg.; Euphorbiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2655. Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) B.L. Rob.; Asteraceae; weed of uncertain origin
2656. Mikania micrantha Kunth; Asteraceae; naturalised
2657. Miliusa longipes King; Annonaceae; extinct
2658. Millettia leucantha Kurz; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2659. Millingtonia hortensis L. f.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
2660. Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze; Fabaceae; naturalised
2661. Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright; Fabaceae; naturalised
2662. Mimosa pigra L.; Fabaceae; naturalised
2663. Mimosa pudica L.; Fabaceae; naturalised
2664. Mimusops balata (Aubl.) C.F. Gaertn.; Sapotaceae; cultivated only
2665. Mimusops elengi L.; Sapotaceae; casual
2666. Mirabilis jalapa L.; Nyctaginaceae; cultivated only
2667. Mischocarpus grandissimus (F. Muell.) Radlk.; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
2668. Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb.) Radlk.; Sapindaceae; extinct
2669. Mischocarpus sundaicus Blume; Sapindaceae; vulnerable
2670. Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC.; Rubiaceae; naturalised
2671. Mitrella kentii (Blume) Miq.; Annonaceae; common
2672. Mitrephora maingayi Hook. f. & Thoms.; Annonaceae; common
2673. Mnesithea glandulosa (Trin) de Koning & Sosef; Poaceae; vulnerable
2674. Molineria capitulata (Lour.) Herb; Hypoxidaceae; critically endangered
2675. Molineria latifolia (Dryand. ex W. T. Aiton) Herb. ex Kurz var. latifolia; Hypoxidaceae;
vulnerable
2676. Mollugo pentaphylla L.; Molluginaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2677. Momordica charantia L.; Cucurbitaceae; casual
2678. Monocarpia marginalis (Scheff.) Sinclair; Annonaceae; vulnerable
2679. Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms; Pontederiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2680. Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) C. Presl ex Kunth; Pontederiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2681. Monocostus uniflorus (Poepp. ex Petersen) Maas; Costaceae; cultivated only
61
Chong et al.
2682. Monogramma dareicarpa Hook.; Vittariaceae; extinct
2683. Monstera deliciosa Liebm.; Araceae; casual
2684. Monstera obliqua Miq.; Araceae; cultivated only
2685. Montrichardia arborescens (L.) Schott; Araceae; cultivated only
2686. Morella esculenta (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) I.M. Turner; Myricaceae; common
2687. Morinda citrifolia L.; Rubiaceae; extinct
2688. Morinda ridleyi (King & Gamble) Ridl.; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
2689. Morinda rigida Miq.; Rubiaceae; extinct
2690. Morinda umbellata L.; Rubiaceae; common
2691. Moringa oleifera Lam.; Moringaceae; cultivated only
2692. Morus alba L.; Moraceae; cultivated only
2693. Mucuna acuminata Grah. ex Baker; Fabaceae; extinct
2694. Mucuna bennetti F. Muell.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2695. Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC.; Fabaceae; extinct
2696. Mundulea sericea (Willd.) A. Chev.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2697. Muntingia calabura L.; Malvaceae; naturalised
2698. Murdannia bracteata (C.B. Clarke) J.K. Morton ex D.Y. Hong; Commelinaceae; cultivated
only
2699. Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan; Commelinaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2700. Murdannia vaginata (L.) Brueckn.; Commelinaceae; common
2701. Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack; Rutaceae; cultivated only
2702. Musa acuminata Colla var. sumatrana; Musaceae; cultivated only
2703. Musa beccarii N.W. Simmons; Musaceae; cultivated only
2704. Musa ornata Roxb.; Musaceae; cultivated only
2705. Musa uranoscopos Lour.; Musaceae; cultivated only
2706. Musa velutina H. Wendl. & Drude; Musaceae; cultivated only
2707. Musella lasiocarpa (Franch.) C.Y. Wu ex H.W. Li; Musaceae; cultivated only
2708. Musgravea heterophylla L.S. Sm.; Proteaceae; cultivated only
2709. Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. & Thonn.; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
2710. Mussaenda frondosa L.; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
2711. Mussaenda glabra Vahl; Rubiaceae; endangered
2712. Mussaenda maingayi (Hook. f.) Hemsl. ex B.D. Jacks.; Rubiaceae; extinct
2713. Mussaenda philippica A. Rich.; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
2714. Mussaendopsis beccariana Baill.; Rubiaceae; endangered
2715. Mycaranthes obliqua Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
2716. Mycetia malayana (Wall. ex Ridl.) Craib; Rubiaceae; extinct
2717. Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) O. Berg; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
2718. Myrialepis paradoxa (Kurz) Dransfield; Arecaceae; critically endangered
2719. Myristica cinnamomea King; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
2720. Myristica crassa King; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
2721. Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thoms.; Myristicaceae; endangered
2722. Myristica esculenta Buch.-Ham.; Myristicaceae; common
2723. Myristica fragrans Houtt.; Myristicaceae; cultivated only
2724. Myristica guatteriifolia A. DC.; Myristicaceae; cultivated only
2725. Myristica iners Blume; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
2726. Myristica lowiana King; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
2727. Myristica maingayi Hook. f.; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
2728. Myristica maxima Warb.; Myristicaceae; critically endangered
2729. Myrmecodia tuberosa Jack; Rubiaceae; extinct
2730. Myrtus communis L.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
N
62
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2731. Nageia nagi (Thunb.) Kuntze; Podocarpaceae; cultivated only
2732. Nageia wallichiana (C. Presl) Kuntze; Podocarpaceae; critically endangered
2733. Najas indica (Willd.) Cham.; Hydrocharitaceae; vulnerable
2734. Najas malesiana Delile; Hydrocharitaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2735. Nauclea officinalis (Pierre ex Pitard) Merr. & Chun.; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
2736. Nauclea orientalis (L.) L.; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
2737. Nauclea subdita (Korth.) Steud.; Rubiaceae; extinct
2738. Nautilocalyx lynchei (Hook. f.) Sprague; Gesneriaceae; cultivated only
2739. Neesia altissima (Blume) Blume; Malvaceae; extinct
2740. Neesia malayana Bakh.; Malvaceae; extinct
2741. Neesia synandra Mast.; Malvaceae; vulnerable
2742. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.; Nelumbonaceae; cultivated only
2743. Nenga pumila (Mart.) H. Wendl. var. pachystachya (Blume) Fernando; Arecaceae; critically
endangered
2744. Neobalanocarpus heimii (King) P. S. Ashton; Dipterocarpaceae; extinct
2745. Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
2746. Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm.; Lauraceae; vulnerable
2747. Neolitsea dealbata (R. Br.) Merr.; Lauraceae; cultivated only
2748. Neomarica caerulea (Ker Gawl.) Sprague; Iridaceae; cultivated only
2749. Neomarica gracilis (Herb.) Sprague; Iridaceae; cultivated only
2750. Neomarica longifolia (Link & Otto) Sprague; Iridaceae; cultivated only
2751. Neonauclea pallida (Reinw. ex Havil.) Bakh.f. ssp. malaccensis (Gand.) Ridsdale; Rubiaceae;
extinct
2752. Neonauclea purpurea (Roxb.) Merr.; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
2753. Neoscortechinia kingii (Hook.f.) Pax & K. Hoffm.; Euphorbiaceae; critically endangered
2754. Nepenthes ampullaria Jack; Nepenthaceae; vulnerable
2755. Nepenthes gracilis Korth.; Nepenthaceae; common
2756. Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack ex Hook. f.; Nepenthaceae; vulnerable
2757. Nephelaphyllum pulchrum Blume; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
2758. Nephelium costatum Hiern; Sapindaceae; critically endangered
2759. Nephelium cuspidatum Blume var. eriopetalum (Miq.) Leenh.; Sapindaceae; endangered
2760. Nephelium lappaceum L.; Sapindaceae; critically endangered
2761. Nephelium laurinum Blume; Sapindaceae; extinct
2762. Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh.; Sapindaceae; extinct
2763. Nephrolepis acutifolia (Desv.) H. Christ.; Oleandraceae; endangered
2764. Nephrolepis auriculata (L.) Trimen; Oleandraceae; weed of uncertain origin
2765. Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl; Oleandraceae; cultivated only
2766. Nephrolepis duffii T. Moore; Oleandraceae; cultivated only
2767. Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott; Oleandraceae; cultivated only
2768. Nephrolepis falcata (Cav.) C. Chr.; Oleandraceae; common
2769. Nephrolepis hirsutula (G. Forst.) C. Presl; Oleandraceae; weed of uncertain origin
2770. Nephrolepis radicans (Burm.f.) Kuhn; Oleandraceae; common
2771. Nephrosperma vanhoutteanum (H. Wendl. ex Van Houtte) Balf. f.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2772. Neptunia oleracea Lour.; Fabaceae; naturalised
2773. Neptunia plena (L.) Benth.; Fabaceae; naturalised
2774. Nerium oleander L.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
2775. Nervilia punctata (Blume) Schltr.; Orchidaceae; extinct
2776. Neuropeltis racemosa Wall.; Convolvulaceae; critically endangered
2777. Neuwiedia griffithii Rchb. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
2778. Neuwiedia veratrifolia Blume; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
2779. Neuwiedia zollingeri Rchb.f. var. singapureana (Baker) de Vogel; Orchidaceae; extinct
2780. Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv.) Seem. ex Bureau; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
63
Chong et al.
2781. Nicotiana alata Link & Otto; Solanaceae; cultivated only
2782. Norantea guianensis Aubl.; Marcgraviaceae; cultivated only
2783. Normanbya normanbyi (W. Hill) L.H. Bailey; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2784. Norrisia maior Solered.; Loganiaceae; critically endangered
2785. Nothaphoebe coriacea Kosterm.; Lauraceae; extinct
2786. Nothaphoebe umbelliflora (Blume) Blume; Lauraceae; common
2787. Nothocissus spicifera (Griff.) Latiff; Vitaceae; critically endangered
2788. Nothocnide mollissima (Blume) Chew; Urticaceae; extinct
2789. Nuxia floribunda Benth.; Stilbaceae; cultivated only
2790. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.; Oleaceae; cultivated only
2791. Nymphaea rubra Roxb. ex Andrews; Nymphaeaceae; cultivated only
2792. Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze; Menyanthaceae; endangered
2793. Nypa fruticans Wurmb; Arecaceae; vulnerable
O
2794. Oberonia bertoldii King & Prantl; Orchidaceae; extinct
2795. Oberonia ciliolata Hook. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
2796. Oberonia dissitiflora Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
2797. Oberonia flabellifera Holtt.; Orchidaceae; extinct
2798. Oberonia lunata (Blume) Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
2799. Oberonia lycopodioides (K.D. Koenig) Ormerod.; Orchidaceae; extinct
2800. Oberonia miniata Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
2801. Oberonia stenophylla Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
2802. Ochanostachys amentacea Mast.; Olacaceae; vulnerable
2803. Ochna kirkii Oliv.; Ochnaceae; cultivated only
2804. Ochreinauclea maingayi (Hook. f.) Ridsdale; Rubiaceae; extinct
2805. Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam.) Urb.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
2806. Ochrosia oppositifolia (Lam.) K. Schum.; Apocynaceae; extinct
2807. Ochthocharis borneensis Blume; Melastomataceae; extinct
2808. Ochthocharis javanica Blume; Melastomataceae; extinct
2809. Ochthocharis paniculata Korth.; Melastomataceae; extinct
2810. Ocimum americanum L.; Lamiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2811. Ocimum basilicum L.; Lamiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2812. Ocimum tenuiflorum L.; Lamiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2813. Odontadenia macrantha (Roem. & Schult.) Markgr.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
2814. Odontonema cuspidatum (Nees) Kuntze; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
2815. Ohwia caudata (Thunb.) H. Ohashi; Fabaceae; naturalised
2816. Olax imbricata Roxb.; Olacaceae; extinct
2817. Oldenlandia affinis (Roem. & Schult.) DC. ssp. affinis; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
2818. Oldenlandia biflora L.; Rubiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2819. Oldenlandia corymbosa L.; Rubiaceae; naturalised
2820. Oldenlandia cristata (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) ined.; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
2821. Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb.; Rubiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2822. Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb.; Rubiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2823. Oldenlandia pumila (L. f.) DC.; Rubiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2824. Oldenlandia trinervia Retz.; Rubiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2825. Olea brachiata (Lour.) Merr.; Oleaceae; vulnerable
2826. Olea europaea L.; Oleaceae; cultivated only
2827. Oncoba spinosa Forssk.; Salicaceae; cultivated only
2828. Oncosperma horridum (Griff.) Scheff.; Arecaceae; vulnerable
2829. Oncosperma tigillaria (Jack) Ridl.; Arecaceae; vulnerable
2830. Ophioglossum nudicaule L. f.; Ophioglossaceae; common
64
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2831. Ophioglossum pendulum L.; Ophioglossaceae; critically endangered
2832. Ophioglossum reticulatum L.; Ophioglossaceae; common
2833. Ophiopogon intermedius D. Don; Ruscaceae; cultivated only
2834. Ophiopogon jaburan (Siebold) Lodd. et al.; Ruscaceae; cultivated only
2835. Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl.; Ruscaceae; cultivated only
2836. Ophiopogon planiscapus Nakai; Ruscaceae; cultivated only
2837. Ophiorrhiza singaporensis Ridl.; Rubiaceae; extinct
2838. Opuntia cochenillifer (L.) Mill.; Cactaceae; cultivated only
2839. Opuntia scheeri F.A.C. Weber; Cactaceae; cultivated only
2840. Orania palindan (Blanco) Merr.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2841. Orania sylvicola (Griff.) H.E. Moore; Arecaceae; critically endangered
2842. Orchidantha fimbriata Holtt.; Lowiaceae; cultivated only
2843. Orchidantha maxillarioides (Ridl.) K. Schum.; Lowiaceae; cultivated only
2844. Ormocarpum cochinchinense (Lour.) Merr.; Fabaceae; extinct
2845. Ormosia bancana (Miq.) Merr.; Fabaceae; endangered
2846. Ormosia macrodisca Baker; Fabaceae; critically endangered
2847. Ormosia pinnata (Lour.) Merr.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2848. Ormosia sumatrana (Miq.) Prain; Fabaceae; extinct
2849. Orophea hastata King; Annonaceae; extinct
2850. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
2851. Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
2852. Osmanthus fragrans Lour.; Oleaceae; cultivated only
2853. Osmelia maingayi King; Salicaceae; extinct
2854. Osmelia philippina (Turcz.) Benth.; Salicaceae; endangered
2855. Osmoxylon lineare (Merr.) Philipson; Araliaceae; cultivated only
2856. Otacanthus caeruleus Lindl.; Plantaginaceae; cultivated only
2857. Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers.; Hydrocharitaceae; cultivated only
2858. Ottochloa nodosa (Kunth) Dandy; Poaceae; common
2859. Oxalis barrelieri L.; Oxalidaceae; naturalised
2860. Oxalis corniculata L.; Oxalidaceae; naturalised
2861. Oxalis debilis Kunth var. corymbosa (DC.) Lourteig; Oxalidaceae; naturalised
2862. Oxalis regnelli Miq.; Oxalidaceae; cultivated only
2863. Oxyceros fragrantissimus (Ridl.) K.M. Wong; Rubiaceae; endangered
2864. Oxyceros longiflorus (Lam.) T. Yamazaki; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
2865. Oxyceros penangianus (King & Gamble) Tirveng.; Rubiaceae; extinct
2866. Oxyceros scandens (Blume) Tirveng.; Rubiaceae; extinct
2867. Oxystophyllum carnosum Blume; Orchidaceae; extinct
2868. Oxystophyllum excavatum Blume; Orchidaceae; extinct
2869. Oxystophyllum sinuatum (Lindl.) M.A. Clem.; Orchidaceae; extinct
P
2870. Pachira aquatica Aubl.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
2871. Pachira insignis (Sw.) Savigny; Malvaceae; cultivated only
2872. Pachycentria constricta (Blume) Blume; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
2873. Pachycentria maingayi (C.B. Clarke) Maxw.; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
2874. Pachypodium lamerei Drake; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
2875. Pachystachys coccinea (Aubl.) Nees; Acanthaceae; casual
2876. Pachystachys lutea Nees; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
2877. Pachystachys spicata (Ruiz & Pav.) Wassh.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
2878. Paederia foetida L.; Rubiaceae; common
2879. Paederia verticillata Blume; Rubiaceae; extinct
2880. Pajanelia longifolia (Willd.) K. Schum.; Bignoniaceae; extinct
65
Chong et al.
2881. Palaquium beccarianum (Pierre) P. Royen; Sapotaceae; cultivated only
2882. Palaquium galactoxylum H.J. Lam; Sapotaceae; cultivated only
2883. Palaquium gutta (Hook.) Baill.; Sapotaceae; critically endangered
2884. Palaquium hexandrum (Griff.) Baill.; Sapotaceae; critically endangered
2885. Palaquium leiocarpum Boerl.; Sapotaceae; cultivated only
2886. Palaquium microphyllum King & Gamble; Sapotaceae; critically endangered
2887. Palaquium obovatum (Griff.) Engl.; Sapotaceae; vulnerable
2888. Palaquium oxleyanum Pierre; Sapotaceae; extinct
2889. Palaquium ridleyi King & Gamble; Sapotaceae; extinct
2890. Palaquium rostratum (Miq.) Burck; Sapotaceae; critically endangered
2891. Palaquium xanthochymum (de Vr.) Pierre; Sapotaceae; critically endangered
2892. Palisota mannii C.B. Clarke; Commelinaceae; cultivated only
2893. Pancratium zeylanicum L.; Amaryllidaceae; cultivated only
2894. Pandanus affinis Kurz; Pandanaceae; extinct
2895. Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.; Pandanaceae; casual
2896. Pandanus atrocarpus Griff.; Pandanaceae; endangered
2897. Pandanus dubius Spreng. var. dubius; Pandanaceae; cultivated only
2898. Pandanus gemmiferus H. St. John; Pandanaceae; cultivated only
2899. Pandanus houlletii Carriere; Pandanaceae; critically endangered
2900. Pandanus monotheca Mart.; Pandanaceae; endangered
2901. Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze; Pandanaceae; common
2902. Pandanus parvus Ridl.; Pandanaceae; critically endangered
2903. Pandanus polycephalus Lam.; Pandanaceae; extinct
2904. Pandanus pygmaeus Thouars; Pandanaceae; cultivated only
2905. Pandanus rostratus Mart.; Pandanaceae; extinct
2906. Pandanus singaporensis Kaneh.; Pandanaceae; critically endangered
2907. Pandanus tectorius Parkinson; Pandanaceae; cultivated only
2908. Pandanus utilis Bory; Pandanaceae; cultivated only
2909. Pandanus yvanii Solms.; Pandanaceae; critically endangered
2910. Pandorea jasminoides (Lindl.) K. Schum.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
2911. Pangium edule Reinw.; Achariaceae; cultivated only
2912. Panicum auritum J. Presl ex Nees; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2913. Panicum luzonense Presl; Poaceae; common
2914. Panicum repens L.; Poaceae; common
2915. Panicum sarmentosum Roxb.; Poaceae; common
2916. Paracroton pendulus (Hassk.) Miq.; Euphorbiaceae; critically endangered
2917. Paramacrolobium coeruleum (Taub.) J. Léonard; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2918. Parameria laevigata (A.L. Juss.) Moldenke; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
2919. Parameria polyneura Hook. f.; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
2920. Paramignya scandens (Griff.) Craib var. ridleyi (Burkill) Swingle; Rutaceae; critically
endangered
2921. Paranephelium macrophyllum King; Sapindaceae; critically endangered
2922. Parartocarpus bracteatus (King) Becc.; Moraceae; critically endangered
2923. Parartocarpus venenosa (Zoll. & Moritzi) Becc. ssp. forbesii (King) Jarrett; Moraceae;
extinct
2924. Parashorea densiflora Sloot & Symington; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
2925. Parastemon spicatum Ridl.; Chrysobalanaceae; cultivated only
2926. Parastemon urophyllus (Wall. ex A. DC.) A. DC.; Chrysobalanaceae; endangered
2927. Parinari costata (Korth.) Blume; Chrysobalanaceae; critically endangered
2928. Parinari elmeri Merr.; Chrysobalanaceae; common
2929. Parinari oblongifolia Hook. f.; Chrysobalanaceae; critically endangered
2930. Parinari rigida Kosterm.; Chrysobalanaceae; extinct
66
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2931. Parishia insignis Hook. f.; Anacardiaceae; vulnerable
2932. Parishia maingayi Hook. f.; Anacardiaceae; vulnerable
2933. Parishia paucijuga Engl.; Anacardiaceae; endangered
2934. Parkia biglandulosa Wight & Arn.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2935. Parkia javanica (Lam.) Merr.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2936. Parkia speciosa Hassk.; Fabaceae; vulnerable
2937. Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2938. Parmentiera aculeata (Kunth) Seem.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
2939. Parmentiera cereifera Seem.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
2940. Paropsia vareciformis (Griff.) Mast.; Passifloraceae; common
2941. Parsonsia alboflavescens (Dennst.) Mabb.; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
2942. Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch.; Vitaceae; cultivated only
2943. Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius; Poaceae; naturalised
2944. Paspalum longifolium Roxb.; Poaceae; common
2945. Paspalum plicatulum Michx.; Poaceae; casual
2946. Paspalum scrobiculatum L.; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
2947. Paspalum vaginatum Sw.; Poaceae; common
2948. Passiflora amethystina J.C. Mikan; Passifloraceae; cultivated only
2949. Passiflora biflora Lam.; Passifloraceae; cultivated only
2950. Passiflora coccinea Aubl.; Passifloraceae; cultivated only
2951. Passiflora edulis Sims; Passifloraceae; cultivated only
2952. Passiflora foetida L.; Passifloraceae; naturalised
2953. Passiflora laurifolia L.; Passifloraceae; naturalised
2954. Passiflora palmata Lodd.; Passifloraceae; cultivated only
2955. Passiflora suberosa L.; Passifloraceae; naturalised
2956. Pavetta wallichiana Steud.; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
2957. Pavonia multiflora A. St.-Hill.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
2958. Payena lucida (G. Don) DC.; Sapotaceae; critically endangered
2959. Payena maingayi C.B. Clarke; Sapotaceae; critically endangered
2960. Payena obscura Burck; Sapotaceae; critically endangered
2961. Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit.; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
2962. Pelagodoxa henryana Becc. ex Bois; Arecaceae; cultivated only
2963. Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér.; Geraniaceae; cultivated only
2964. Peliosanthes teta Andr. ssp. humilis (Andr.) Jessp.; Ruscaceae; vulnerable
2965. Pellacalyx axillaris Korth.; Rhizophoraceae; endangered
2966. Pellacalyx saccardianus Scort.; Rhizophoraceae; endangered
2967. Pellaea rotundifolia (G. Forst.) Hook.; Adiantaceae; cultivated only
2968. Pellionia daveauana N.E. Br.; Urticaceae; cultivated only
2969. Peltophorum africanum Sond.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2970. Peltophorum dasyrrhachis (Miq.) Kurz; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2971. Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2972. Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K. Heyne; Fabaceae; critically endangered
2973. Pemphis acidula J.R. & G. Forst.; Lythraceae; critically endangered
2974. Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng.; Poaceae; cultivated only
2975. Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.; Poaceae; cultivated only
2976. Pennisetum macrostachys (Brongn.) Trin.; Poaceae; cultivated only
2977. Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult.; Poaceae; naturalised
2978. Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.; Poaceae; naturalised
2979. Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov.; Poaceae; cultivated only
2980. Pentace curtisii King; Malvaceae; cultivated only
2981. Pentace triptera Mast.; Malvaceae; endangered
2982. Pentaphragma ellipticum Poulsen var. ellipticum; Pentaphragmataceae; vulnerable
67
Chong et al.
2983. Pentas lanceolata (Forssk.) Deflers; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
2984. Pentaspadon motleyi Hook. f.; Anacardiaceae; cultivated only
2985. Pentaspadon velutinus Hook. f.; Anacardiaceae; cultivated only
2986. Peperomia argyreia (Miq.) E. Morren; Piperaceae; cultivated only
2987. Peperomia caperata Yunck.; Piperaceae; cultivated only
2988. Peperomia clusiifolia (Jacq.) Hook.; Piperaceae; cultivated only
2989. Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A. Dietr.; Piperaceae; cultivated only
2990. Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth; Piperaceae; naturalised
2991. Peperomia sarmentosa A. Dietr.; Piperaceae; cultivated only
2992. Peperomia scandens Ruiz & Pav.; Piperaceae; cultivated only
2993. Pereskia aculeata Mill.; Cactaceae; cultivated only
2994. Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC.; Cactaceae; cultivated only
2995. Pereskia corrugata Cutak; Cactaceae; cultivated only
2996. Pereskia grandifolia Haw.; Cactaceae; cultivated only
2997. Pericopsis mooniana (Thwaites) Thwaites; Fabaceae; cultivated only
2998. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
2999. Peristrophe acuminata Nees; Acanthaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3000. Peristrophe hyssopifolia (Burm. f.) Bremek.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3001. Peristrophe roxburghiana (Roem. & Schult.) Bremek.; Acanthaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3002. Peristylus lacertifer (Lindl.) J.J. Sm.; Orchidaceae; extinct
3003. Peristylus maingayi (King & Pantl.) J.J. Wood & Omerod; Orchidaceae; extinct
3004. Peronema canescens Jack; Lamiaceae; extinct
3005. Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze; Poaceae; common
3006. Persea americana Mill.; Lauraceae; cultivated only
3007. Persea declinata (Blume) Kosterm.; Lauraceae; critically endangered
3008. Persea thunbergii (Siebold & Zucc.) Kosterm.; Lauraceae; cultivated only
3009. Persicaria barbata (L.) H. Hara var. gracilis (Danser) H. Hara; Polygonaceae; weed of
uncertain origin
3010. Persicaria capitata (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) H. Gross; Polygonaceae; cultivated only
3011. Persicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross var. chinensis; Polygonaceae; naturalised
3012. Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre; Polygonaceae; casual
3013. Persicaria odorata (Lour.) Soják; Polygonaceae; cultivated only
3014. Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach; Polygonaceae; naturalised
3015. Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross; Polygonaceae; cultivated only
3016. Persoonia toru A. Cunn.; Proteaceae; cultivated only
3017. Pertusadina eurhyncha (Miq.) Ridsdale; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
3018. Petraeovitex wolfei J. Sinclair; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
3019. Petrea volubilis L.; Verbenaceae; cultivated only
3020. Phaeanthus ophthalmicus (Roxb. ex G. Don) J. Sinclair; Annonaceae; vulnerable
3021. Phaius tancarvilliae (Banks ex L'Hér.) Blume; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
3022. Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi (Breda) Blume & Rchb. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
3023. Phaleria capitata Jack; Thymelaeaceae; cultivated only
3024. Phaleria clerodendron F. Muell. ex Benth.; Thymelaeaceae; cultivated only
3025. Phenakospermum guyanense (Rich.) Endl. ex Miq.; Strelitziaceae; cultivated only
3026. Philodendron bipinnatifidum Schott ex Endl.; Araceae; cultivated only
3027. Philodendron erubescens K. Koch & Augustin; Araceae; cultivated only
3028. Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott; Araceae; casual
3029. Philodendron lacerum (Jacq.) Schott; Araceae; cultivated only
3030. Philodendron mamei André; Araceae; cultivated only
3031. Philodendron panduriforme (Kunth) Kunth; Araceae; cultivated only
3032. Philodendron undulatum Engl.; Araceae; cultivated only
3033. Philodendron wendlandii Schott; Araceae; cultivated only
68
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3034. Philodendron xanadu Croat, Mayo & J. Boos; Araceae; cultivated only
3035. Philydrum lanuginosum Gaertn.; Philydraceae; extinct
3036. Phoebe grandis (Nees) Merr.; Lauraceae; critically endangered
3037. Phoenicophorium borsigianum (K. Koch) Stuntz; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3038. Phoenix canariensis hort. ex Chabaud; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3039. Phoenix dactylifera L.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3040. Phoenix paludosa Roxb.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3041. Phoenix reclinata Jacq.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3042. Phoenix roebelenii O'Brien; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3043. Phoenix rupicola T. Anderson; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3044. Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3045. Pholidocarpus kingianus (Becc.) Ridl.; Arecaceae; extinct
3046. Phormium tenax J.R. Forst & G. Forst.; Hemerocallidaceae; cultivated only
3047. Phragmites vallatoria (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud.; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3048. Phreatia plantaginifolia (K. D. Koenig) Ormerod; Orchidaceae; extinct
3049. Phryganocydia corymbosa (Vent.) Bureau ex K. Schum.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
3050. Phrynium parvum (Ridl.) Holtt.; Marantaceae; endangered
3051. Phrynium villosulum Miq.; Marantaceae; extinct
3052. Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene; Verbenaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3053. Phyllagathis rotundifolia (Jack) Blume; Melastomataceae; cultivated only
3054. Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels; Phyllanthaceae; cultivated only
3055. Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.; Phyllanthaceae; naturalised
3056. Phyllanthus cochinchinensis Spreng.; Phyllanthaceae; cultivated only
3057. Phyllanthus cuscutiflorus S. Moore; Phyllanthaceae; cultivated only
3058. Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd.; Phyllanthaceae; naturalised
3059. Phyllanthus emblica L.; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
3060. Phyllanthus myrtifolius (Wight) Müll. Arg.; Phyllanthaceae; cultivated only
3061. Phyllanthus pulcher Wall. ex Müll. Arg.; Phyllanthaceae; cultivated only
3062. Phyllanthus urinaria L.; Phyllanthaceae; naturalised
3063. Phymatosorus longissimus (Blume) Pichi Serm.; Polypodiaceae; endangered
3064. Phymatosorus nigrescens (Blume) Pichi Serm.; Polypodiaceae; common
3065. Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm. f.) Pic. Serm.; Polypodiaceae; common
3066. Physalis minima L.; Solanaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3067. Phytocrene bracteata Wall.; Icacinaceae; vulnerable
3068. Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.; Phytolaccaceae; cultivated only
3069. Pigafetta elata (Mart.) Blume ex H. Wendl.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3070. Pigafetta filaris (Giseke) Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3071. Pilea cadierei Gagnep. & Guillaumin; Urticaceae; cultivated only
3072. Pilea involucrata Urb.; Urticaceae; cultivated only
3073. Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm.; Urticaceae; naturalised
3074. Pilea nummulariifolia (Sw.) Wedd.; Urticaceae; cultivated only
3075. Pilea serpyllacea (Kunth) Liebm.; Urticaceae; cultivated only
3076. Pimelodendron griffithianum (Müll.Arg.) Benth.; Euphorbiaceae; vulnerable
3077. Pinanga caesia Blume; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3078. Pinanga coronata (Blume ex Mart.) Blume; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3079. Pinanga densiflora Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3080. Pinanga dicksonii Blume; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3081. Pinanga disticha (Roxb.) Blume ex H. Wendl.; Arecaceae; extinct
3082. Pinanga kuhlii Blume; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3083. Pinanga ligulata Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3084. Pinanga limosa Ridl.; Arecaceae; extinct
3085. Pinanga malaiana (Mart.) Scheff.; Arecaceae; endangered
69
Chong et al.
3086. Pinanga patula Blume; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3087. Pinanga pectinata Becc.; Arecaceae; extinct
3088. Pinanga simplicifrons (Miq.) Becc.; Arecaceae; extinct
3089. Pinanga subruminata Becc.; Arecaceae; extinct
3090. Pinus caribaea Morelet; Pinaceae; cultivated only
3091. Pinus elliottii Engelm.; Pinaceae; cultivated only
3092. Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon; Pinaceae; cultivated only
3093. Pinus luchuensis Mayr; Pinaceae; cultivated only
3094. Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese; Pinaceae; cultivated only
3095. Piper aduncum L.; Piperaceae; naturalised
3096. Piper betle L.; Piperaceae; casual
3097. Piper caninum Blume; Piperaceae; common
3098. Piper chaba W. Hunter; Piperaceae; extinct
3099. Piper flavimarginatum C. DC.; Piperaceae; critically endangered
3100. Piper lanatum Roxb.; Piperaceae; extinct
3101. Piper macropiper Pennant; Piperaceae; critically endangered
3102. Piper maingayi Hook. f.; Piperaceae; extinct
3103. Piper muricatum Blume; Piperaceae; critically endangered
3104. Piper nigrum L.; Piperaceae; cultivated only
3105. Piper pachyphyllum Hook. f.; Piperaceae; extinct
3106. Piper pedicellosum Wall. ex C. DC.; Piperaceae; critically endangered
3107. Piper porphyrophyllum (Lindl.) N.E.Br.; Piperaceae; endangered
3108. Piper protractum C. DC.; Piperaceae; critically endangered
3109. Piper pseudolindenii C. DC.; Piperaceae; cultivated only
3110. Piper ribesioides Wall.; Piperaceae; extinct
3111. Piper sarmentosum Roxb.; Piperaceae; common
3112. Pipturus argenteus (G. Forst.) Wedd.; Urticaceae; naturalised
3113. Pisonia alba Span.; Nyctaginaceae; cultivated only
3114. Pisonia grandis R. Br.; Nyctaginaceae; cultivated only
3115. Pistia stratiotes L.; Araceae; naturalised
3116. Pitcairnia angustifolia Sol.; Bromeliaceae; cultivated only
3117. Pitcairnia bromeliifolia L'Hér.; Bromeliaceae; cultivated only
3118. Pitcairnia sanguinea (H.E. Luther) D.C. Taylor & H. Rob.; Bromeliaceae; cultivated only
3119. Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.; Fabaceae; casual
3120. Pittosporum ferrugineum W.T. Aiton; Pittosporaceae; vulnerable
3121. Pittosporum pentandrum (Blanco) Merr.; Pittosporaceae; cultivated only
3122. Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) W.T. Aiton; Pittosporaceae; cultivated only
3123. Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link; Adiantaceae; naturalised
3124. Placospermum coriaceum C.T. White & W.D. Francis; Proteaceae; cultivated only
3125. Plagiostachys lateralis (Ridl.) Ridl.; Zingiberaceae; extinct
3126. Plagiostachys mucida Holtt.; Zingiberaceae; extinct
3127. Planchonia grandis Ridl.; Lecythidaceae; extinct
3128. Plantago major L.; Plantaginaceae; naturalised
3129. Platea latifolia Blume; Icacinaceae; extinct
3130. Platycerium coronarium (J. Koenig ex O.F. Müll.) Desv.; Polypodiaceae; common
3131. Platycerium grande (Fée) Kunze; Polypodiaceae; cultivated only
3132. Platycerium ridleyi Christ.; Polypodiaceae; extinct
3133. Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco; Cupressaceae; cultivated only
3134. Plectocomia elongata Mart. ex Blume; Arecaceae; vulnerable
3135. Pleiocarpa mutica Benth.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
3136. Pleocnemia irregularis (C. Presl) Holttum; Dryopteridaceae; common
3137. Plethiandra sessiliflora (Cogn.) Burk.; Melastomataceae; extinct
70
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3138. Plocoglottis gigantea (Hook. f.) J.J. Sm.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
3139. Plocoglottis javanica Blume; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
3140. Plocoglottis lowii Rchb. f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
3141. Ploiarium alternifolium (Vahl) Melchior; Bonnetiaceae; common
3142. Pluchea indica (L.) Less.; Asteraceae; common
3143. Plumbago auriculata Lam.; Plumbaginaceae; cultivated only
3144. Plumbago indica L.; Plumbaginaceae; cultivated only
3145. Plumbago zeylanica L.; Plumbaginaceae; naturalised
3146. Plumeria alba L.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
3147. Plumeria obtusa L.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
3148. Plumeria pudica Jacq.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
3149. Plumeria rubra L.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
3150. Podocarpus elatus R. Br. ex Endl.; Podocarpaceae; cultivated only
3151. Podocarpus henkelii Stapf ex Dallim. & A.B. Jacks.; Podocarpaceae; cultivated only
3152. Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) Sweet; Podocarpaceae; cultivated only
3153. Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don; Podocarpaceae; cultivated only
3154. Podocarpus polystachyus R.Br. ex Endl.; Podocarpaceae; critically endangered
3155. Podocarpus rumphii Blume; Podocarpaceae; cultivated only
3156. Podochilus microphyllus Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
3157. Podranea ricasoliana (Tanfani) Sprague; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
3158. Pogonanthera pulverulenta (Jack) Blume; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
3159. Pogonatherum crinitum (Thunb.) Kunth; Poaceae; common
3160. Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack.; Poaceae; cultivated only
3161. Pogostemon auricularius (L.) Hassk.; Lamiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3162. Poikilospermum cordifolium (Barg.-Petr.) Merr.; Urticaceae; extinct
3163. Poikilospermum microstachys (Barg.-Petr.) Merr.; Urticaceae; extinct
3164. Poikilospermum suaveolens (Blume) Merr.; Urticaceae; vulnerable
3165. Polianthes tuberosa L.; Agavaceae; cultivated only
3166. Pollia secundiflora (Blume) Backer; Commelinaceae; extinct
3167. Polyalthia angustissima Ridl.; Annonaceae; vulnerable
3168. Polyalthia cauliflora Hook. f. & Thoms.; Annonaceae; vulnerable
3169. Polyalthia clavigera King; Annonaceae; extinct
3170. Polyalthia glauca (Hassk.) Muell.; Annonaceae; endangered
3171. Polyalthia hookeriana King; Annonaceae; critically endangered
3172. Polyalthia hypoleuca Hook. f. & Thoms.; Annonaceae; critically endangered
3173. Polyalthia jenkensii (H. & T.) Hook. f. & Thoms.; Annonaceae; critically endangered
3174. Polyalthia lateriflora (Blume) Kurz; Annonaceae; critically endangered
3175. Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites; Annonaceae; cultivated only
3176. Polyalthia macropoda King; Annonaceae; endangered
3177. Polyalthia rumphii Merr.; Annonaceae; critically endangered
3178. Polyalthia sclerophylla Hook. f. & Thoms.; Annonaceae; critically endangered
3179. Polyalthia stenopetala (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Finet & Gagnep.; Annonaceae; cultivated only
3180. Polyalthia sumatrana (Miq.) Kurz; Annonaceae; critically endangered
3181. Polygala glaucoides L.; Polygalaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3182. Polygala paniculata L.; Polygalaceae; naturalised
3183. Polyosma conocarpa Ridl.; Polyosmaceae; extinct
3184. Polyosma kingiana Schltr.; Polyosmaceae; critically endangered
3185. Polyosma ridleyi King; Polyosmaceae; extinct
3186. Polypodium polycarpon Cav.; Polypodiaceae; cultivated only
3187. Polypodium punctatum Thunb. ex Murray; Polypodiaceae; cultivated only
3188. Polyscias balfouriana (André) L.H. Bailey; Araliaceae; cultivated only
3189. Polyscias cumingiana (C. Presl) Fern.-Vill.; Araliaceae; cultivated only
71
Chong et al.
3190. Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms; Araliaceae; cultivated only
3191. Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem.; Araliaceae; cultivated only
3192. Polystachya concreta (Jacq.) Gary & Sweet; Orchidaceae; extinct
3193. Pomatocalpa diffusum Breda; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
3194. Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst & G. Forst.; Sapindaceae; endangered
3195. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre; Fabaceae; endangered
3196. Pontederia cordata L.; Pontederiaceae; cultivated only
3197. Popowia fusca King; Annonaceae; vulnerable
3198. Popowia pisocarpa (Blume) Endl.; Annonaceae; vulnerable
3199. Popowia tomentosa Maing. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.; Annonaceae; endangered
3200. Porana volubilis Burm. f.; Convolvulaceae; cultivated only
3201. Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass.; Asteraceae; naturalised
3202. Porterandia anisophylla (Jack ex Roxb.) Ridl.; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
3203. Portulaca grandiflora Hook.; Portulacaceae; cultivated only
3204. Portulaca oleracea L.; Portulacaceae; naturalised
3205. Portulaca pilosa L. ssp. pilosa; Portulacaceae; critically endangered
3206. Portulaca quadrifida L.; Portulacaceae; naturalised
3207. Portulacaria afra (L.) Jacq.; Portulacaceae; cultivated only
3208. Pothos lancifolius Hook. f.; Araceae; vulnerable
3209. Pourouma cecropiifolia Mart.; Urticaceae; cultivated only
3210. Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk.; Sapotaceae; cultivated only
3211. Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni; Sapotaceae; cultivated only
3212. Pouteria gardneriana (A. DC.) Radlk.; Sapotaceae; cultivated only
3213. Pouteria linggensis (Burck) Baehni; Sapotaceae; critically endangered
3214. Pouteria maingayi (C.B. Clarke) Baehni; Sapotaceae; endangered
3215. Pouteria malaccensis (C.B. Clarke) Baehni; Sapotaceae; vulnerable
3216. Pouteria obovata (R. Br.) Baehni; Sapotaceae; vulnerable
3217. Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn; Sapotaceae; cultivated only
3218. Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn.; Urticaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3219. Premna corymbosa Rottler & Willd.; Verbenaceae; cultivated only
3220. Premna foetida Reinw. ex Blume; Lamiaceae; common
3221. Premna parasitica Blume; Lamiaceae; extinct
3222. Premna punctulata C.B. Clarke; Lamiaceae; extinct
3223. Premna ridleyi King & Gamble; Lamiaceae; extinct
3224. Premna serratifolia L.; Lamiaceae; vulnerable
3225. Prismatomeris glabra (Korth.) Val.; Rubiaceae; endangered
3226. Prismatomeris tetrandra (Roxb.) K.Schum. ssp. malayana (Ridl.) Johansson; Rubiaceae;
endangered
3227. Pritchardia pacifica Seem. & H. Wendl.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3228. Pritchardia thurstonii F. Muell. & Drude; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3229. Proiphys amboinensis (L.) Herb.; Amaryllidaceae; cultivated only
3230. Pronephrium menisciicarpon (Blume) Holttum; Thelypteridaceae; endangered
3231. Pronephrium repandum (Fee) Holttum; Thelypteridaceae; common
3232. Pronephrium triphyllum (Sw.) Holttum; Thelypteridaceae; common
3233. Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3234. Prumnopitys amara (Blume) de Laub.; Podocarpaceae; cultivated only
3235. Prunus arborea (Blume) Kalkman; Rosaceae; critically endangered
3236. Prunus grisea (Blume ex Müll. Berol.) Kalkman var. tomentosa (Koord. & Valeton) Kalkman;
Rosaceae; critically endangered
3237. Prunus polystachya (Hook. f.) Kalkm.; Rosaceae; common
3238. Pseudarthria viscida Wight & Arn.; Fabaceae; naturalised
3239. Pseuderanthemum andersonii Lindau; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
72
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3240. Pseuderanthemum atropurpureum L.H. Bailey; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3241. Pseuderanthemum bicolor Radlk.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3242. Pseuderanthemum carruthersii (Seem.) Guillaumin; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3243. Pseuderanthemum graciliflorum Ridl.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3244. Pseuderanthemum kewense L.H. Bailey; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3245. Pseuderanthemum kingii (C.B. Clarke) Ridl.; Acanthaceae; extinct
3246. Pseuderanthemum laxiflorum Hubbard ex L.H. Bailey; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3247. Pseuderanthemum reticulatum hort. ex Hook.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3248. Pseudobombax ellipticum (Kunth) Dugand; Malvaceae; cultivated only
3249. Pseudoclausena chrysogyne (Miq.) T.P. Clark; Meliaceae; critically endangered
3250. Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides (Kunth) Cabrera; Asteraceae; cultivated only
3251. Pseudomussaenda flava Verdc.; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
3252. Pseudosindora palustris Symington; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3253. Psidium guajava L.; Myrtaceae; casual
3254. Psilotum complanatum Sw.; Psilotaceae; extinct
3255. Psilotum nudum (L.) P. Beauv.; Psilotaceae; common
3256. Psychotria angulata Korth.; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
3257. Psychotria cantleyi Ridl.; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
3258. Psychotria griffithii Hook. f.; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
3259. Psychotria helferiana Kurz; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
3260. Psychotria maingayi Hook. f.; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
3261. Psychotria malayana Jack; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
3262. Psychotria ovoidea Wall.; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
3263. Psychotria penangensis Hook. f.; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
3264. Psychotria ridleyi King & Gamble; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
3265. Psychotria rostrata Blume; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
3266. Psychotria sarmentosa Blume; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
3267. Psydrax maingayi (Hook. f.) Bridson; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
3268. Psydrax nitida (Craib) K.M. Wong; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
3269. Pteleocarpa lamponga (Miq.) Bakh. ex Heyne; Boraginaceae; extinct
3270. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. esculentum (G. Forst.) Kuhn; Dennstaedtiaceae;
vulnerable
3271. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kunh var. wightianum (J. Agargh) R.M. Tryon; Dennstaedtiaceae;
common
3272. Pteris ensiformis Burm. f.; Pteridaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3273. Pteris mertensioides Willd.; Pteridaceae; endangered
3274. Pteris multifida Poir.; Pteridaceae; common
3275. Pteris semipinnata L.; Pteridaceae; vulnerable
3276. Pteris tripartita Sw.; Pteridaceae; endangered
3277. Pteris vittata L.; Pteridaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3278. Pterisanthes cissoides Blume; Vitaceae; extinct
3279. Pterisanthes eriopoda (Miq.) Planch.; Vitaceae; critically endangered
3280. Pterisanthes polita (Miq.) Laws.; Vitaceae; critically endangered
3281. Pternandra coerulescens Jack; Melastomataceae; vulnerable
3282. Pternandra echinata Jack; Melastomataceae; vulnerable
3283. Pternandra tuberculata (Korth.) Nayar; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
3284. Pterocarpus indicus Willd.; Fabaceae; casual
3285. Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3286. Pterocarpus rohrii Vahl; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3287. Pteroceras pallidum (Blume) Holtt.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
3288. Pterococcus corniculatus Pax & K. Hoffm.; Euphorbiaceae; extinct
3289. Pterocymbium tubulatum (Mast.) Pierre; Malvaceae; critically endangered
73
Chong et al.
3290. Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
3291. Pterospermum diversifolium Blume; Malvaceae; extinct
3292. Pterospermum javanicum Jungh.; Malvaceae; critically endangered
3293. Pterospermum lancifolium Roxb.; Malvaceae; critically endangered
3294. Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Br.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
3295. Ptychopyxis caput-medusae (Hook.f.) Ridl.; Euphorbiaceae; critically endangered
3296. Ptychopyxis costata Miq. var. oblanceolata Airy Shaw; Euphorbiaceae; critically endangered
3297. Ptychosperma lineare (Burret) Burret; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3298. Ptychosperma macarthurii (H. Wendl. ex anon.) H. Wendl. ex Hook. f.; Arecaceae;
naturalised
3299. Ptychosperma sanderianum Ridl.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3300. Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth.; Fabaceae; naturalised
3301. Pullea stutzeri (F. Muell.) Gibbs; Cunoniaceae; cultivated only
3302. Punica granatum L.; Lythraceae; cultivated only
3303. Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) P. Beauv.; Cyperaceae; common
3304. Pycreus pumilus (L.) Nees; Cyperaceae; common
3305. Pycreus sanguinolentus (Vahl) Nees ssp. cyrtostachys (Miq.) Karth.; Cyperaceae; weed of
uncertain origin
3306. Pyramidanthe prismatica (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Merr.; Annonaceae; endangered
3307. Pyrenaria acuminata Planch.; Theaceae; endangered
3308. Pyrrosia angustata (L.) Farwell; Polypodiaceae; vulnerable
3309. Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farwell; Polypodiaceae; common
3310. Pyrrosia longifolia (Burm.) Morton; Polypodiaceae; common
3311. Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) M.G. Price; Polypodiaceae; common
Q
3312. Quassia amara L.; Simaroubaceae; cultivated only
3313. Quassia indica (Gaertn.) Nooteb.; Simaroubaceae; extinct
3314. Quercus acutissima Carruth.; Fagaceae; cultivated only
3315. Quercus argentata Korth.; Fagaceae; critically endangered
3316. Quisqualis indica L.; Combretaceae; casual
R
3317. Radermachera glandulosa Miq.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
3318. Radermachera pinnata (Blanco) Seem. ssp. acuminata (Steen.) Steen.; Bignoniaceae;
critically endangered
3319. Randia fitzalanii F. Muell. ex Benth.; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
3320. Rapanea porteriana Wall. ex A. DC.; Myrsinaceae; vulnerable
3321. Raphia australis Oberm. & Strey; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3322. Raphia farinifera (Gaertn.) Hyl.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3323. Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
3324. Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn.; Strelitziaceae; cultivated only
3325. Ravenea rivularis Jum. & H. Perrier; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3326. Ravenia spectabilis (Lindl.) Planch. ex Griseb.; Rutaceae; cultivated only
3327. Reevesia thyrsoidea Lindl.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
3328. Reineckea carnea (Andrews) Kunth; Ruscaceae; cultivated only
3329. Reinhardtia gracilis (H. Wendl.) Burret var. rostrata (Burret) H.E. Moore; Arecaceae;
cultivated only
3330. Reinwardtia indica Dumort.; Linaceae; cultivated only
3331. Reissantia indica (Willd.) Halle; Celastraceae; extinct
3332. Remirea maritima Aubl.; Cyperaceae; common
3333. Renanthera elongata (Blume) Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
74
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3334. Renanthera histrionica (Rchb. f.) Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
3335. Rhaphidophora korthalsii Schott; Araceae; vulnerable
3336. Rhaphidophora lobbii Schott; Araceae; vulnerable
3337. Rhaphidophora maingayi Hook. f.; Araceae; vulnerable
3338. Rhaphidophora minor Hook. f.; Araceae; vulnerable
3339. Rhaphidophora montana (Blume) Schott; Araceae; vulnerable
3340. Rhaphidophora sylvestris (Blume) Engl.; Araceae; critically endangered
3341. Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.) A. Henry ex Rehder; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3342. Rhapis humilis Blume; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3343. Rhapis multifida Buffet; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3344. Rhizophora apiculata Blume; Rhizophoraceae; common
3345. Rhizophora mucronata Lam.; Rhizophoraceae; common
3346. Rhizophora stylosa Griff.; Rhizophoraceae; vulnerable
3347. Rhodamnia cinerea Jack; Myrtaceae; common
3348. Rhododendron indicum (L.) Sweet; Ericaceae; cultivated only
3349. Rhododendron longiflorum Lindl.; Ericaceae; extinct
3350. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.; Myrtaceae; common
3351. Rhodosphaera rhodanthema (F. Muell.) Engl.; Anacardiaceae; cultivated only
3352. Rhopaloblaste augusta (Kurz) H.E. Moore; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3353. Rhopaloblaste ceramica (Miq.) Burret; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3354. Rhopaloblaste singaporensis (Becc.) Benth. & Hook. f.; Arecaceae; critically endangered
3355. Rhopalostylis sapida H. Wendl. & Drude; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3356. Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton; Cyperaceae; common
3357. Rhynchospora latifolia (Baldwin ex Elliott) W.W. Thomas; Cyperaceae; cultivated only
3358. Rhynchospora malasica C.B. Clarke; Cyperaceae; extinct
3359. Rhynchospora nervosa (Vahl) Boeck.; Cyperaceae; cultivated only
3360. Rhynchospora rubra (Lour.) Makino; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3361. Rhynchospora rugosa (Vahl) Gale ssp. brownii (Roem. & Schult.) T. Koyama; Cyperaceae;
common
3362. Rhynchostylis gigantea (Lindl.) Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
3363. Ricinus communis L.; Euphorbiaceae; naturalised
3364. Rinorea anguifera (Lour.) Kuntze; Violaceae; critically endangered
3365. Rinorea lanceolata (Wall.) Kuntze; Violaceae; extinct
3366. Rivina humilis L.; Phytolaccaceae; naturalised
3367. Robiquetia spathulata (Blume) J.J. Smith; Orchidaceae; extinct
3368. Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill.; Annonaceae; cultivated only
3369. Rondeletia leucophylla Kunth; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
3370. Rondeletia odorata Jacq.; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
3371. Rondeletia strigosa (Benth.) Hemsl.; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
3372. Rorippa heterophylla (Blume) Williams; Brassicaceae; naturalised
3373. Rotheca incisa (Klotzsch) Steane & Mabb.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
3374. Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
3375. Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
3376. Rothmannia macrophylla (R. Br. ex Hook. f.) Bremek.; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
3377. Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton; Poaceae; naturalised
3378. Rourea acutipetala Miq. ssp. acutipetala; Connaraceae; extinct
3379. Rourea asplenifolia (Schellenb.) Jongkind.; Connaraceae; critically endangered
3380. Rourea fulgens Planch.; Connaraceae; vulnerable
3381. Rourea mimosoides (Vahl) Planch.; Connaraceae; endangered
3382. Rourea minor (Gaertn.) Leenh.; Connaraceae; critically endangered
3383. Rourea rugosa Planch.; Connaraceae; extinct
3384. Roystonea oleracea (Jacq.) O.F. Cook; Arecaceae; cultivated only
75
Chong et al.
3385. Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F. Cook; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3386. Rubus moluccanus L. var. angulosus Kalkman; Rosaceae; extinct
3387. Rubus moluccanus L. var. moluccanus; Rosaceae; vulnerable
3388. Rudbeckia fulgida Aiton; Asteraceae; cultivated only
3389. Ruellia affinis (Schrad.) Lindau; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3390. Ruellia amoena Sessé & Moc.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3391. Ruellia ciliosa Pursh; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3392. Ruellia colorata Baill.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3393. Ruellia macrantha Mart. ex Nees; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3394. Ruellia malacosperma Greenm.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3395. Ruellia repens L.; Acanthaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3396. Ruellia rosea Hemsl.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3397. Ruellia simplex C. Wright; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3398. Ruellia tuberosa L.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3399. Ruellia tweediana Griseb.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3400. Ruspolia hypocrateriformis (Vahl) Milne-Redh.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3401. Ruspolia seticalyx (C.B. Clarke) Milne-Redh.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3402. Russelia equisetiformis Schltdl. & Cham.; Scrophulariaceae; cultivated only
3403. Russelia sarmentosa Jacq.; Scrophulariaceae; cultivated only
3404. Ruta graveolens L.; Scrophulariaceae; cultivated only
3405. Ruttya fruticosa Lindau; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3406. Ryparosa hullettii King; Achariaceae; extinct
3407. Ryparosa scortechinii King; Achariaceae; critically endangered
S
3408. Sabal causiarum (O.F. Cook) Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3409. Sabal mauritiiformis (H. Karst.) Griseb. & H. Wendl.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3410. Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3411. Sabal palmetto (Walter) Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult. f.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3412. Sabal yapa C. Wright ex Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3413. Sabia erratica van de Water; Sabiaceae; extinct
3414. Saccharum arundinaceum Retz.; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3415. Saccharum officinarum L.; Poaceae; casual
3416. Saccharum spontaneum L.; Poaceae; naturalised
3417. Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3418. Sacciolepis myosuroides (R. Br.) A. Camus; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3419. Sagittaria latifolia Willd.; Alismataceae; cultivated only
3420. Sagittaria sagittifolia L.; Alismataceae; cultivated only
3421. Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl.; Gesneriaceae; cultivated only
3422. Salacca affinis Griff.; Arecaceae; extinct
3423. Salacca magnifica Mogea; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3424. Salacia chinensis L.; Celastraceae; vulnerable
3425. Salacia exsculpta Korth.; Celastraceae; critically endangered
3426. Salacia grandiflora Kurz; Celastraceae; critically endangered
3427. Salacia korthalsiana Miq.; Celastraceae; critically endangered
3428. Salacia macrophylla Blume; Celastraceae; vulnerable
3429. Salacia maingayi Laws.; Celastraceae; extinct
3430. Salacia viminea Wall. ex Laws.; Celastraceae; critically endangered
3431. Salix babylonica L.; Salicaceae; cultivated only
3432. Salix tetrasperma Roxb.; Salicaceae; cultivated only
3433. Salomonia cantoniensis Lour.; Polygalaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3434. Salvia splendens Sellow ex Schult.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
76
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3435. Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitch.; Salviniaceae; naturalised
3436. Sanchezia speciosa Leonard; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3437. Sandoricum beccarianum Baill.; Meliaceae; critically endangered
3438. Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) Merr.; Meliaceae; endangered
3439. Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer; Ruscaceae; cultivated only
3440. Sansevieria trifasciata Prain; Ruscaceae; casual
3441. Santiria apiculata Benn.; Burseraceae; common
3442. Santiria conferta Benn.; Burseraceae; critically endangered
3443. Santiria griffithii (Hook. f.) Engl.; Burseraceae; common
3444. Santiria laevigata Blume; Burseraceae; vulnerable
3445. Santiria rubiginosa Blume; Burseraceae; vulnerable
3446. Santiria tomentosa Blume; Burseraceae; endangered
3447. Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong; Euphorbiaceae; cultivated only
3448. Saprosma glomerulatum King & Gamble; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
3449. Saraca declinata (Jack) Miq.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3450. Saraca indica L.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3451. Saraca thaipingensis Cantley ex Prain; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3452. Sarcolobus globosus Wall.; Apocynaceae; extinct
3453. Sarcopteryx martyana Radlk.; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
3454. Sarcosperma paniculatum (King) Stapf & King; Sapotaceae; extinct
3455. Sarcostoma javanica Blume; Orchidaceae; extinct
3456. Sarcotheca griffithii (Planch. ex Hook. f.) Hall. f.; Oxalidaceae; critically endangered
3457. Sarcotheca laxa (Ridl.) Kunth var. sericea (Ridl.) Veldk.; Oxalidaceae; critically endangered
3458. Sarcotoechia serrata S.T. Reynolds; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
3459. Saritaea magnifica (Sprague ex Steenis) Dugand; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
3460. Satakentia liukiuensis (Hatus.) H.E. Moore; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3461. Saurauia pentapetala (Jack) Hoogl.; Actinidiaceae; extinct
3462. Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.; Phyllanthaceae; common
3463. Sauropus bacciformis (L.) Airy Shaw; Phyllanthaceae; critically endangered
3464. Sauropus spatulifolius Beille; Phyllanthaceae; cultivated only
3465. Saxifraga stolonifera Curtis; Saxifragaceae; cultivated only
3466. Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf. ssp. multiflorus; Amaryllidaceae; cultivated only
3467. Scaevola albida (Sm.) Druce; Goodeniaceae; cultivated only
3468. Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb.; Goodeniaceae; common
3469. Scaphium linearicarpum (Mast.) Pierre; Malvaceae; critically endangered
3470. Scaphium macropodum (Miq.) Beumée ex K. Heyne; Malvaceae; endangered
3471. Scaphochlamys tenuis Holttum; Zingiberaceae; critically endangered
3472. Schaueria flavicoma N.E. Br.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3473. Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) Harms; Araliaceae; casual
3474. Schefflera arboricola (Hayata) Merr.; Araliaceae; cultivated only
3475. Schefflera cephalotes (C.B. Clarke) Harms; Araliaceae; extinct
3476. Schefflera elegantissima (hort. Veitch ex Mast.) Lowry & Frodin; Araliaceae; cultivated only
3477. Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms; Araliaceae; vulnerable
3478. Schefflera hullettii (King) Viguier; Araliaceae; critically endangered
3479. Schefflera lanceolata Ridl.; Araliaceae; extinct
3480. Schefflera oxyphylla (Miq.) Viguier; Araliaceae; extinct
3481. Schefflera ridleyi (King) Viguier; Araliaceae; extinct
3482. Schefflera versteegii Harms; Araliaceae; cultivated only
3483. Schima superba Gardner& Champ.; Theaceae; cultivated only
3484. Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi; Anacardiaceae; cultivated only
3485. Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Roxb.) Zoll. & Moritzi; Araceae; vulnerable
3486. Schismatoglottis wallichii (Roxb.) Hook. f.; Araceae; vulnerable
77
Chong et al.
3487. Schizachyrium sanguineum (Retz.) Alston; Poaceae; extinct
3488. Schizaea dichotoma (L.) Sm.; Schizaeaceae; endangered
3489. Schizaea digitata (L.) Wall. ex J. Sm.; Schizaeaceae; endangered
3490. Schizaea wagneri Selling; Schizaeaceae; extinct
3491. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) S.F. Blake; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3492. Schizostachyum brachycladum Kurz; Poaceae; casual
3493. Schizostachyum gracile (Munro) Holttum; Poaceae; extinct
3494. Schizostachyum jaculans Holttum; Poaceae; casual
3495. Schizostachyum latifolium Gamble; Poaceae; extinct
3496. Schizostachyum zolleringi Steud.; Poaceae; casual
3497. Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
3498. Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla ex A. Kern.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3499. Schoenorchis micrantha Blume; Orchidaceae; extinct
3500. Schoenorchis secundiflora (Ridl.) J.J. Smith; Orchidaceae; extinct
3501. Schoenus calostachyus (R. Br.) Poir; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3502. Schotia latifolia Jacq.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3503. Schoutenia accrescens (Mast.) Merr.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
3504. Schradera membranacea (King) Puff, R. Buchner & Greimler; Rubiaceae; critically
endangered
3505. Schradera morinda DC.; Rubiaceae; extinct
3506. Schumannianthus dichotomus (Roxb.) Gagnep.; Marantaceae; critically endangered
3507. Sciaphila maculata Miers; Triuridaceae; extinct
3508. Sciaphila tenella Blume; Triuridaceae; extinct
3509. Scindapsus hederaceus Schott; Araceae; common
3510. Scindapsus pictus Hassk.; Araceae; common
3511. Scirpodendron ghaeri (Gaertn.) Merr.; Cyperaceae; extinct
3512. Scleria biflora Roxb. ssp. biflora; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3513. Scleria ciliaris Nees; Cyperaceae; common
3514. Scleria corymbosa Roxb.; Cyperaceae; extinct
3515. Scleria levis Retz.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3516. Scleria oblata S.T. Blake; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3517. Scleria poiformis Retz.; Cyperaceae; common
3518. Scleria purpurascens Steud.; Cyperaceae; common
3519. Scleria rugosa R. Br.; Cyperaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3520. Scleria sumatrensis Retz.; Cyperaceae; vulnerable
3521. Scleria terrestris (L.) Fass.; Cyperaceae; endangered
3522. Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb.; Santalaceae; critically endangered
3523. Scolopia macrophylla (W. & A.) Clos; Salicaceae; extinct
3524. Scoparia dulcis L.; Scrophulariaceae; naturalised
3525. Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc.; Olacaceae; endangered
3526. Scrotochloa urceolata (Roxb.) Judz.; Poaceae; vulnerable
3527. Scurrula ferruginea (Roxb. ex Jack) Danser; Loranthaceae; common
3528. Scurrula parasitica L.; Loranthaceae; critically endangered
3529. Scyphiphora hydrophylacea C.F. Gaertn.; Rubiaceae; common
3530. Secamone elliptica R. Br.; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
3531. Sedum mexicanum Britt.; Crassulaceae; cultivated only
3532. Sedum nevii A. Gray; Crassulaceae; cultivated only
3533. Sedum rubrotinctum R.T. Clausen; Crassulaceae; cultivated only
3534. Sedum sarmentosum Bunge; Crassulaceae; cultivated only
3535. Sedum sexangulare L.; Crassulaceae; cultivated only
3536. Selaginella argentea (Wall.) Spring; Selaginellaceae; critically endangered
3537. Selaginella ciliaris (Retz.) Spring; Selaginellaceae; common
78
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3538. Selaginella cuspidata (Link) Link; Selaginellaceae; cultivated only
3539. Selaginella emmeliana F. Schmitz; Selaginellaceae; cultivated only
3540. Selaginella erythropus (Mart.) Spring; Selaginellaceae; cultivated only
3541. Selaginella intermedia (Bl.) Spring; Selaginellaceae; vulnerable
3542. Selaginella mayeri Hieron.; Selaginellaceae; endangered
3543. Selaginella roxburghii (Hk. & Grev.) Spring; Selaginellaceae; vulnerable
3544. Selaginella willdenowii (Desv.) Baker; Selaginellaceae; vulnerable
3545. Selliguea heterocarpa Blume; Polypodiaceae; critically endangered
3546. Senna alata (L.) Roxb.; Fabaceae; naturalised
3547. Senna fruticosa (Mill.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3548. Senna hirsuta (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; Fabaceae; naturalised
3549. Senna multijuga (Rich.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3550. Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; Fabaceae; naturalised
3551. Senna occidentalis (L.) Link; Fabaceae; naturalised
3552. Senna pallida (Vahl) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3553. Senna pendula (Willd.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3554. Senna polyphylla (Jacq.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3555. Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3556. Senna sinqueana (Delile) Lock; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3557. Senna spectabilis (DC.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby; Fabaceae; casual
3558. Senna sulfurea (Collad.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3559. Senna surattensis (Burm. f.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; Fabaceae; casual
3560. Senna tora (L.) Roxb.; Fabaceae; naturalised
3561. Serenoa repens (W. Bartram) Small; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3562. Serianthes grandiflora Benth.; Fabaceae; critically endangered
3563. Serissa japonica (Thunb.) Thunb.; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
3564. Sesamum indicum L.; Pedaliaceae; naturalised
3565. Sesamum radiatum Schumach. & Thonn.; Pedaliaceae; naturalised
3566. Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers.; Fabaceae; naturalised
3567. Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3568. Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3569. Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.; Aizoaceae; common
3570. Setaria barbata (Lam.) Kunth; Poaceae; naturalised
3571. Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen; Poaceae; common
3572. Severinia buxifolia (Poir.) Ten.; Rutaceae; cultivated only
3573. Shirakiopsis indica (Willd.) Esser; Euphorbiaceae; extinct
3574. Shorea acuminata Dyer; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
3575. Shorea bracteolata Dyer; Dipterocarpaceae; critically endangered
3576. Shorea ciliata King; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
3577. Shorea collina Ridl.; Dipterocarpaceae; extinct
3578. Shorea curtisii Dyer ex King ssp. curtisii; Dipterocarpaceae; vulnerable
3579. Shorea faquetiana Heim; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
3580. Shorea gibbosa Brandis; Dipterocarpaceae; critically endangered
3581. Shorea glauca King; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
3582. Shorea gratissima (Wall. ex Kurz) Dyer; Dipterocarpaceae; critically endangered
3583. Shorea laevis Ridl.; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
3584. Shorea leprosula Miq.; Dipterocarpaceae; vulnerable
3585. Shorea macrophylla (de Vriese) P.S. Ashton; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
3586. Shorea macroptera Dyer ssp. macroptera; Dipterocarpaceae; vulnerable
3587. Shorea materialis Ridl.; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
3588. Shorea maxima (King) Symington; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
3589. Shorea multiflora (Burck) Symington; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
79
Chong et al.
3590. Shorea ochrophloia Strugnell ex Symington; Dipterocarpaceae; critically endangered
3591. Shorea ovalis Blume ssp. ovalis; Dipterocarpaceae; critically endangered
3592. Shorea palembanica Miq.; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
3593. Shorea parvifolia Dyer; Dipterocarpaceae; endangered
3594. Shorea pauciflora King; Dipterocarpaceae; vulnerable
3595. Shorea platycarpa F. Heim; Dipterocarpaceae; critically endangered
3596. Shorea platyclados Slooten ex Endert; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
3597. Shorea roxburghii G. Don; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
3598. Shorea seminis Slooten; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
3599. Shorea smithiana Symington; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
3600. Shorea sumatrana (Sloot) Desch; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
3601. Shorea talura Roxb.; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
3602. Sida acuta Burm. f.; Malvaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3603. Sida cordifolia L.; Malvaceae; common
3604. Sida rhombifolia L.; Malvaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3605. Sigesbeckia orientalis L.; Asteraceae; weed of uncertain origin
3606. Sindora coriacea Maingay ex Prain; Fabaceae; critically endangered
3607. Sindora echinocalyx Prain; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3608. Sindora siamensis Miq.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3609. Sindora wallichii Benth.; Fabaceae; critically endangered
3610. Sinningia speciosa (Lodd. et al.) Hiern; Gesneriaceae; cultivated only
3611. Sloanea javanica Szysz. ex K.Schum.; Elaeocarpaceae; critically endangered
3612. Smilax calophylla Wall. ex A. DC.; Smilacaceae; endangered
3613. Smilax leucophylla Blume; Smilacaceae; endangered
3614. Smilax megacarpa A. DC. & C. DC.; Smilacaceae; extinct
3615. Smilax myosotiflora A. DC.; Smilacaceae; vulnerable
3616. Smilax setosa Miq.; Smilacaceae; common
3617. Smythea lanceata Summerh.; Rhamnaceae; critically endangered
3618. Soejatmia ridleyi (Gamble) K.M. Wong; Poaceae; critically endangered
3619. Solandra longiflora Tussac; Solanaceae; cultivated only
3620. Solanum americanum Miller; herb; exotic; naturalised
3621. Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal; Solanaceae; naturalised
3622. Solanum mammosum L.; Solanaceae; cultivated only
3623. Solanum melongena L.; Solanaceae; cultivated only
3624. Solanum sarmentosum Nees; Solanaceae; naturalised
3625. Solanum torvum Sw.; Solanaceae; naturalised
3626. Solanum wrightii Benth.; Solanaceae; cultivated only
3627. Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
3628. Sonerila heterostemon Naudin; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
3629. Sonerila moluccana Roxb.; Melastomataceae; critically endangered
3630. Sonneratia alba Sm.; Lythraceae; common
3631. Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl.; Lythraceae; critically endangered
3632. Sonneratia ovata Back.; Lythraceae; critically endangered
3633. Sophora tomentosa L.; Fabaceae; critically endangered
3634. Sorghum propinquum (Kunth) Hitchc.; Poaceae; naturalised
3635. Spathiphyllum cannifolium (Dryand.) Schott; Araceae; cultivated only
3636. Spathiphyllum wallisii Regel; Araceae; cultivated only
3637. Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.; Bignoniaceae; naturalised
3638. Spathoglottis gracilis Rolfe ex Hook. f.; Orchidaceae; cultivated only
3639. Spathoglottis kimballiana Hook. f.; Orchidaceae; cultivated only
3640. Spathoglottis plicata Blume; Orchidaceae; common
3641. Spathoglottis unguiculata (Labill.) Rchb. f.; Orchidaceae; casual
80
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3642. Spatholobus ferrugineus (Zoll. & Moritzi) Benth.; Fabaceae; common
3643. Spatholobus maingayi King; Fabaceae; extinct
3644. Spatholobus ridleyi King; Fabaceae; critically endangered
3645. Spermacoce articularis L. f.; Rubiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3646. Spermacoce assurgens Ruiz & Pav.; Rubiaceae; naturalised
3647. Spermacoce exilis (L.O. Williams) C.D. Adams; Rubiaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3648. Spermacoce laevis Lam.; Rubiaceae; naturalised
3649. Spermacoce latifolia Aubl.; Rubiaceae; naturalised
3650. Spermacoce ocymoides Burm. f.; Rubiaceae; naturalised
3651. Sphaeranthus africanus L.; Asteraceae; weed of uncertain origin
3652. Sphaerocaryum malaccense (Trin.) Pilger; Poaceae; extinct
3653. Sphaerostephanos heterocarpus (Blume) Holttum; Thelypteridaceae; common
3654. Sphaerostephanos polycarpus (Blume) Copel.; Thelypteridaceae; vulnerable
3655. Sphaerostephanos unitus (L.) Holttum; Thelypteridaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3656. Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski; Asteraceae; naturalised
3657. Sphenodesme pentandra Jack; Lamiaceae; extinct
3658. Spiraea japonica L. f.; Rosaceae; cultivated only
3659. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid.; Araceae; weed of uncertain origin
3660. Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson; Anacardiaceae; cultivated only
3661. Spondias pinnata (J. Koenig ex L. f.) Kurz; Anacardiaceae; cultivated only
3662. Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. flaccidus (Roem. & Schult.) Veldk.; Poaceae; common
3663. Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. major (Büse) Baaijens; Poaceae; common
3664. Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. pyramidalis (P. Beauv.) Veldk.; Poaceae; casual
3665. Sporobolus tenuissimus (Schrank) Kuntze; Poaceae; naturalised
3666. Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth; Poaceae; common
3667. Stachyphrynium latifolium (Blume) K. Schum.; Marantaceae; endangered
3668. Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl; Verbenaceae; naturalised
3669. Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl; Verbenaceae; naturalised
3670. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl; Verbenaceae; naturalised
3671. Stachytarpheta mutabilis (Jacq.) Vahl; Verbenaceae; naturalised
3672. Staurogyne griffithiana Kuntze; Acanthaceae; extinct
3673. Staurogyne kingiana C.B. Clarke; Acanthaceae; critically endangered
3674. Staurogyne setigera (Nees) Kuntze; Acanthaceae; critically endangered
3675. Steinchisma laxa (Sw.) Zuloaga; Poaceae; naturalised
3676. Stemodia verticillata (Mill.) Sprague; Plantaginaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3677. Stemonurus malaccensis (Mast.) Sleum.; Stemonuraceae; critically endangered
3678. Stemonurus scorpioides Becc.; Stemonuraceae; critically endangered
3679. Stenocarpus sinuatus Endl.; Proteaceae; cultivated only
3680. Stenochlaena palustris (Burm. f.) Bedd.; Blechnaceae; common
3681. Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze; Poaceae; naturalised
3682. Stephania capitata (Blume) Spreng.; Menispermaceae; critically endangered
3683. Stephania erecta Craib; Menispermaceae; cultivated only
3684. Stephanotis floribunda Brongn.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
3685. Stephanotis maingayi (Hook. f.) P.I. Forst.; Apocynaceae; extinct
3686. Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H. Karst.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
3687. Sterculia balanghas L.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
3688. Sterculia ceramica R. Br.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
3689. Sterculia cordata Blume; Malvaceae; critically endangered
3690. Sterculia foetida L.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
3691. Sterculia gilva Miq.; Malvaceae; critically endangered
3692. Sterculia hamiltonii (Kuntze) Adelb.; Malvaceae; vulnerable
3693. Sterculia lanceolata Blume var. coccinea (Jack) C. Phengklai; Malvaceae; cultivated only
81
Chong et al.
3694. Sterculia macrophylla Vent.; Malvaceae; critically endangered
3695. Sterculia monosperma Vent.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
3696. Sterculia nobilis Sm.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
3697. Sterculia oblongata R. Br.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
3698. Sterculia parvifolia Roxb.; Malvaceae; critically endangered
3699. Sterculia rubiginosa Vent.; Malvaceae; vulnerable
3700. Sterculia stipulata Korth.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
3701. Stereosandra javanica Blume; Orchidaceae; extinct
3702. Stereospermum colais (Buch.-Ham. ex Dillwyn) Mabb.; Bignoniaceae; critically endangered
3703. Stereospermum fimbriatum (Wall. ex G. Don) DC.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
3704. Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni; Asteraceae; cultivated only
3705. Stictocardia discolor Ootstr.; Convolvulaceae; cultivated only
3706. Stictocardia tiliifolia (Desr.) Hallier f.; Convolvulaceae; extinct
3707. Stigmaphyllon ciliatum (Lam.) A. Juss.; Malpighiaceae; cultivated only
3708. Streblus elongatus (Miq.) Corner; Moraceae; vulnerable
3709. Streblus ilicifolius (Vidal) Corner; Moraceae; cultivated only
3710. Strelitzia nicolai Regel & Körn.; Strelitziaceae; cultivated only
3711. Strelitzia reginae Aiton; Strelitziaceae; cultivated only
3712. Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze; Orobanchaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3713. Strobilanthes crispus Blume; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3714. Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) J.B. Imlay; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3715. Strobilanthes dyeriana Mast.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3716. Strobilanthes palawanensis Elm.; Acanthaceae; critically endangered
3717. Stromanthe sanguinea (Hook.) Sond.; Marantaceae; cultivated only
3718. Strombosia ceylanica Gardn.; Olacaceae; vulnerable
3719. Strombosia javanica Blume; Olacaceae; vulnerable
3720. Strongylodon macrobotrys A. Gray; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3721. Strophanthus caudatus (L.) Kurz; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
3722. Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
3723. Strophanthus preussii Engl. & Pax; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
3724. Strophanthus singaporianus (Wall. ex G.Don) Gilg; Apocynaceae; extinct
3725. Struchium sparganophorum (L.) C. Jeffrey; Asteraceae; naturalised
3726. Strychnos axillaris Colebr.; Loganiaceae; extinct
3727. Strychnos ignatii P.J. Bergius; Loganiaceae; vulnerable
3728. Strychnos maingayi C.B. Clarke; Loganiaceae; critically endangered
3729. Strychnos ridleyi King & Gamble; Loganiaceae; globally extinct
3730. Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw.; Fabaceae; naturalised
3731. Stylosanthes humilis Kunth; Fabaceae; naturalised
3732. Styphelia malayana (Jack) Spr.; Ericaceae; extinct
3733. Styrax benzoin Dryand. var. benzoin; Styracaceae; critically endangered
3734. Styrax crotonoides C.B. Clarke; Styracaceae; extinct
3735. Suregada multiflora (A. Juss.) Baill.; Euphorbiaceae; critically endangered
3736. Swartzia pinnata (Vahl) Willd.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3737. Swietenia macrophylla King; Meliaceae; casual
3738. Swietenia mahogani (L.) Jacq.; Meliaceae; cultivated only
3739. Swintonia floribunda Griff.; Anacardiaceae; cultivated only
3740. Swintonia schwenkii (T. & B.) T. & B.; Anacardiaceae; vulnerable
3741. Syagyrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3742. Syagyrus schizophylla (Mart.) Glassman; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3743. Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) G.L. Nesom; Asteraceae; cultivated only
3744. Symphyotrichum laeve (L.) A. Love & D. Love var. laeve; Asteraceae; cultivated only
3745. Symplocos adenophylla Wall. ex D.Don; Symplocaceae; endangered
82
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3746. Symplocos barringtonifolia Brand; Symplocaceae; extinct
3747. Symplocos celastrifolia Griff. ex C.B. Clarke; Symplocaceae; extinct
3748. Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore; Symplocaceae; critically endangered
3749. Symplocos fasciculata Zoll.; Symplocaceae; vulnerable
3750. Symplocos lucida (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc.; Symplocaceae; extinct
3751. Symplocos odoratissima (Blume) Choisy ex Zoll.; Symplocaceae; extinct
3752. Symplocos rubiginosa Wall. ex DC.; Symplocaceae; endangered
3753. Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn.; Asteraceae; naturalised
3754. Syngonium podophyllum Schott; Araceae; naturalised
3755. Syngramma alismifolia (C. Presl) J. Sm.; Adiantaceae; endangered
3756. Synima macrophylla S.T. Reynolds; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
3757. Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach. & Thonn.) Daniell; Sapotaceae; cultivated only
3758. Syringodium isoetifolium (Aschers.) Dandy; Cymodoceaceae; critically endangered
3759. Syzygium accuminatissimum (Blume) DC.; Myrtaceae; endangered
3760. Syzygium alliiligneum B. Hyland; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
3761. Syzygium angophoroides (F. Muell.) B. Hyland; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
3762. Syzygium antisepticum (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
3763. Syzygium aqueum (Burm. f.) Alston; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
3764. Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
3765. Syzygium attenuatum (Miq.) Merr. & L.M. Perry ssp. attenuatum var. attenuatum; Myrtaceae;
extinct
3766. Syzygium avene Miq.; Myrtaceae; extinct
3767. Syzygium borneense (Miq.) Miq.; Myrtaceae; common
3768. Syzygium campanulatum Korth.; Myrtaceae; extinct
3769. Syzygium chloranthum (Duthie) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Myrtaceae; critically endangered
3770. Syzygium cinereum (Kurz) Chantaran. & J. Parn.; Myrtaceae; critically endangered
3771. Syzygium claviflorum (Roxb.) Wall. ex A.M.Cowan & Cowan var. claviflorum; Myrtaceae;
critically endangered
3772. Syzygium conglomeratum (Duthie) I.M. Turner var. conglomerata; Myrtaceae; extinct
3773. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels; Myrtaceae; naturalised
3774. Syzygium duthieanum (King) Masam.; Myrtaceae; critically endangered
3775. Syzygium fibrosum (F.M. Bailey) T.G. Hartley & L.M. Perry; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
3776. Syzygium filiforme (Wall. ex Duthie) Chantaran. & J. Parn. var. filiforme; Myrtaceae;
endangered
3777. Syzygium flosculiferum (M.R. Hend.) Sreek.; Myrtaceae; extinct
3778. Syzygium forte (F. Muell.) B. Hyland ssp. forte; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
3779. Syzygium glabratum (DC.) Veldekamp; Myrtaceae; extinct
3780. Syzygium glaucum (King) P. Chantaranothai & J. Parn.; Myrtaceae; vulnerable
3781. Syzygium grande (Wight) Walp.; Myrtaceae; common
3782. Syzygium griffithii (Duthie) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Myrtaceae; extinct
3783. Syzygium hemilampra (F. Muell.) Craven & Biffin; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
3784. Syzygium incarnatum (Elmer) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Myrtaceae; endangered
3785. Syzygium inophyllum DC.; Myrtaceae; critically endangered
3786. Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston; Myrtaceae; casual
3787. Syzygium kunstleri (King) Bahadur & R.C. Gaur; Myrtaceae; extinct
3788. Syzygium leptostemon (Korth.) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Myrtaceae; extinct
3789. Syzygium leucoxylon Korth.; Myrtaceae; extinct
3790. Syzygium lineatum (DC.) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Myrtaceae; common
3791. Syzygium linocieroideum (King) I.M. Turner; Myrtaceae; critically endangered
3792. Syzygium maingayi Chantaran. & J. Parn; Myrtaceae; critically endangered
3793. Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry; Myrtaceae; casual
3794. Syzygium minutiflorum Miq.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
83
Chong et al.
3795. Syzygium muelleri (Miq.) Miq.; Myrtaceae; critically endangered
3796. Syzygium myrtifolium Walp.; Myrtaceae; extinct
3797. Syzygium nemestrinum (M.R. Hend.) I.M. Turner; Myrtaceae; endangered
3798. Syzygium nervosum DC.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
3799. Syzygium ngadimaniana (M.R. Hend.) I.M. Turner; Myrtaceae; endangered
3800. Syzygium nigricans (King) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Myrtaceae; endangered
3801. Syzygium oblatum (Roxb.) Wall. ex A.M. Cowan & Cowan var. oblatum; Myrtaceae;
critically endangered
3802. Syzygium pachyphyllum (Kurz) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Myrtaceae; critically endangered
3803. Syzygium palembanicum Miq.; Myrtaceae; vulnerable
3804. Syzygium papillosum (Duthie) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Myrtaceae; critically endangered
3805. Syzygium pauper (Ridl.) I.M. Turner; Myrtaceae; endangered
3806. Syzygium pendens (Duthie) I.M. Turner; Myrtaceae; critically endangered
3807. Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.; Myrtaceae; vulnerable
3808. Syzygium pseudocrenulatum (M.R. Hend.) I.M. Turner; Myrtaceae; extinct
3809. Syzygium pseudoformosum (King) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Myrtaceae; critically endangered
3810. Syzygium pustulatum (Duthie) Merr.; Myrtaceae; critically endangered
3811. Syzygium pycnanthum Merr. & L.M. Perry; Myrtaceae; critically endangered
3812. Syzygium pyrifolium (Blume) DC.; Myrtaceae; critically endangered
3813. Syzygium resa (B. Hyland) Craven & Biffin; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
3814. Syzygium ridleyi (King) P. Chantaranothai & J. Parn.; Myrtaceae; endangered
3815. Syzygium rugosum Korth. var. rugosum; Myrtaceae; critically endangered
3816. Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
3817. Syzygium scortechinii (King) P.Chantaranothai & J.Parn. var. scortechinii; Myrtaceae; extinct
3818. Syzygium singaporense (King) Airy Shaw; Myrtaceae; critically endangered
3819. Syzygium subdecussatum (Wall. ex Duthie) I.M. Turner var. subdecussatum; Myrtaceae;
critically endangered
3820. Syzygium syzygioides (Miq.) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Myrtaceae; vulnerable
3821. Syzygium unipunctatum (B. Hyland) Craven & Biffin; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
3822. Syzygium urophyllum Merr.; Myrtaceae; extinct
3823. Syzygium wilsonii (F. Muell.) B. Hyland; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
3824. Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC.; Myrtaceae; common
T
3825. Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. & Hook. f. ex S. Moore; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
3826. Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) G. Nicholson; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
3827. Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) Standl.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
3828. Tabebuia haemantha (Betero ex Spreng.) DC.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
3829. Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
3830. Tabebuia ochracea (Cham.) Standl.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
3831. Tabebuia pallida (Lindl.) Miers; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
3832. Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC.; Bignoniaceae; casual
3833. Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) G. Nicholson; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
3834. Tabernaemontana corymbosa Roxb. ex Wall.; Apocynaceae; endangered
3835. Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
3836. Tabernaemontana macrocarpa Jack; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
3837. Tabernaemontana pachysiphon Stapf.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
3838. Tabernaemontana pauciflora Blume; Apocynaceae; vulnerable
3839. Tacca chantrieri André; Dioscoreaceae; cultivated only
3840. Tacca integrifolia Ker Gawl.; Dioscoreaceae; vulnerable
3841. Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze; Dioscoreaceae; critically endangered
3842. Tacca plantaginea (Hance) Drenth; Dioscoreaceae; cultivated only
84
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3843. Taeniophyllum filiforme J.J. Smith; Orchidaceae; extinct
3844. Taeniophyllum pusillum (Willd.) Seidenf. & Ormerod; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
3845. Taenitis blechnoides (Willd.) Sw.; Pteridaceae; common
3846. Tagetes patula L.; Asteraceae; cultivated only
3847. Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss.; Portulacaceae; cultivated only
3848. Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn.; Portulacaceae; naturalised
3849. Talipariti tiliaceum (L.) Fryxell; Malvaceae; common
3850. Tamarindus indica L.; Fabaceae; casual
3851. Tapeinidium pinnatum (Cav.) C. Chr.; Dennstaedtiaceae; vulnerable
3852. Tapeinochilos ananassae (Hassk.) K. Schum.; Costaceae; cultivated only
3853. Tarenna adpressa (King) Merr.; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
3854. Tarenna costata (Miq.) Merr.; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
3855. Tarenna fragrans (Nees) K. & V.; Rubiaceae; endangered
3856. Tarenna mollis (Wall. ex Hook.f.) B.L. Robinson; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
3857. Tarenna odorata (Roxb.) B.L. Robinson; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
3858. Tarenna ridleyi (Pears. ex King) Ridl.; Rubiaceae; extinct
3859. Tarenna stellulata (Hook. f.) Ridl.; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
3860. Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser; Loranthaceae; critically endangered
3861. Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.; Taxodiaceae; cultivated only
3862. Tecoma capensis (Thunb.) Lindl.; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
3863. Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth; Bignoniaceae; cultivated only
3864. Tectaria angulata (Willd.) C. Chr.; Dryopteridaceae; endangered
3865. Tectaria barberi (Hook.) Copel.; Dryopteridaceae; common
3866. Tectaria grandidentata (Ces.) Holttum; Dryopteridaceae; endangered
3867. Tectaria griffithii (Baker) C.Chr. var. singaporeana Holttum; Dryopteridaceae; endangered
3868. Tectaria semipinnata (Roxb.) C.V.Morton; Dryopteridaceae; endangered
3869. Tectaria singaporeana (Hook. & Grev.) Copel.; Dryopteridaceae; common
3870. Tectaria vasta (Blume) Copel.; Dryopteridaceae; endangered
3871. Tectona grandis L. f.; Lamiaceae; cultivated only
3872. Teijsmanniodendron coriaceum (C. B. Clarke) Kosterm.; Lamiaceae; critically endangered
3873. Teijsmanniodendron pteropodum (Miq.) Bakh.; Lamiaceae; extinct
3874. Telosma cordata (Burm. f.) Merr.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
3875. Tephrosia grandiflora (Aiton) Pers.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3876. Tephrosia noctiflora Bojer ex Baker; Fabaceae; naturalised
3877. Teratophyllum aculeatum (Blume) Mett.; Lomariopsidaceae; critically endangered
3878. Teratophyllum ludens (Fee) Holttum; Lomariopsidaceae; critically endangered
3879. Teratophyllum rotundifoliatum (R. Bonap.) Holttum; Lomariopsidaceae; critically endangered
3880. Terminalia belliricia (Gaertn.) Roxb.; Combretaceae; critically endangered
3881. Terminalia brassii Exell; Combretaceae; cultivated only
3882. Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe; Combretaceae; cultivated only
3883. Terminalia catappa L.; Combretaceae; common
3884. Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev.; Combretaceae; cultivated only
3885. Terminalia kaernbachii Warb.; Combretaceae; cultivated only
3886. Terminalia muelleri Benth.; Combretaceae; cultivated only
3887. Terminalia phellocarpa King; Combretaceae; critically endangered
3888. Terminalia pyrifolia Kurz; Combretaceae; cultivated only
3889. Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC.; Combretaceae; cultivated only
3890. Terminalia subspathulata King; Combretaceae; critically endangered
3891. Ternstroemia bancana Miq.; Pentaphylacaceae; extinct
3892. Ternstroemia corneri H. Keng; Pentaphylacaceae; critically endangered
3893. Ternstroemia penangiana Choisy; Pentaphylacaceae; critically endangered
3894. Ternstroemia wallichiana (Griff.) Engl.; Pentaphylacaceae; extinct
85
Chong et al.
3895. Tetracera akara (Burm. f.) Merr.; Dilleniaceae; vulnerable
3896. Tetracera arborescens Jack; Dilleniaceae; endangered
3897. Tetracera fagifolia Blume; Dilleniaceae; vulnerable
3898. Tetracera indica (Christm. & Panz.) Merr.; Dilleniaceae; common
3899. Tetracera loureiri Pierre ex Craib; Dilleniaceae; cultivated only
3900. Tetracera macrophylla Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.; Dilleniaceae; vulnerable
3901. Tetramerista glabra Miq.; Tetrameristaceae; extinct
3902. Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub.; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3903. Tetrastigma curtisii (Ridl.) Seusseng.; Vitaceae; critically endangered
3904. Tetrastigma dichotomum Planch.; Vitaceae; cultivated only
3905. Tetrastigma lawsoni (King) Burk.; Vitaceae; critically endangered
3906. Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston ex Mabb.; Vitaceae; extinct
3907. Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Asch.; Hydrocharitaceae; critically endangered
3908. Thalia dealbata Fraser ex Roscoe; Marantaceae; cultivated only
3909. Thalia geniculata L.; Marantaceae; cultivated only
3910. Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benn.) Benth. ex B. D. Jacks.; Marantaceae; casual
3911. Thelasis carinata Blume; Orchidaceae; extinct
3912. Thelasis micrantha (Brongn.) J.J. Sm.; Orchidaceae; extinct
3913. Thelasis pygmaea (Griff.) Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
3914. Thelypteris truncata (Poir.) K. Iwats.; Thelypteridaceae; vulnerable
3915. Themeda arguens (L.) Hack.; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3916. Themeda villosa (Poir.) A. Camus; Poaceae; common
3917. Theobroma cacao L.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
3918. Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum.; Malvaceae; cultivated only
3919. Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corrêa; Malvaceae; common
3920. Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
3921. Thismia aseroe Becc.; Thismiaceae; extinct
3922. Thismia fumida Ridl.; Thismiaceae; extinct
3923. Thottea dependens (Planch.) Klotsch.; Aristolochiaceae; extinct
3924. Thottea grandiflora Rottb.; Aristolochiaceae; vulnerable
3925. Thrinax parviflora Sw.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3926. Thrinax radiata Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult. f.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3927. Thrixspermum acuminatissimum (Blume) Rchb.f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
3928. Thrixspermum amplexicaule (Blume) Rchb.f.; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
3929. Thrixspermum calceolus (Lindl.) Rchb.f.; Orchidaceae; extinct
3930. Thrixspermum centipeda Lour.; Orchidaceae; extinct
3931. Thrixspermum ridleyanum Schltr.; Orchidaceae; extinct
3932. Thrixspermum scopa (Rchb.f. ex Hook.f.) Holtt.; Orchidaceae; extinct
3933. Thrixspermum trichoglottis (Hook.f.) Kuntze; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
3934. Thuarea involuta (G. Forst) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult.; Poaceae; common
3935. Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims; Acanthaceae; naturalised
3936. Thunbergia battiscombei Turril; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3937. Thunbergia dasychlamys Bremek.; Acanthaceae; globally extinct
3938. Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T. Anderson; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3939. Thunbergia fragrans Roxb.; Acanthaceae; naturalised
3940. Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb.; Acanthaceae; casual
3941. Thunbergia kirkii Hook. f.; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
3942. Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl.; Acanthaceae; extinct
3943. Thymophylla tenuiloba DC.; Asteraceae; cultivated only
3944. Thyrsostachys siamensis Gamble; Poaceae; casual
3945. Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda; Poaceae; naturalised
86
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3946. Tibouchina semidecandra (Schrank & Mart. ex DC.) Cogn.; Melastomataceae; cultivated
only
3947. Tibouchina urvilleana (DC.) Cogn.; Melastomataceae; cultivated only
3948. Tillandsia cyanea Linden ex K. Koch; Bromeliaceae; cultivated only
3949. Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.; Bromeliaceae; cultivated only
3950. Timonius finlaysonianus (Wall. ex G. Don) Hook. f.; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
3951. Timonius flavescens (Jack) Baker; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
3952. Timonius wallichianus (Korth.) Valeton; Rubiaceae; common
3953. Timonius wrayi King & Gamble; Rubiaceae; extinct
3954. Tinomiscium petiolare Miers ex Hook.f. & Thoms.; Menispermaceae; endangered
3955. Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson; Menispermaceae; casual
3956. Tinospora macrocarpa Diels; Menispermaceae; critically endangered
3957. Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze; Fabaceae; cultivated only
3958. Tithonia diversifolia (Helms.) A. Gray; Asteraceae; cultivated only
3959. Toechima daemelianum Radlk.; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
3960. Toechima erythrocarpum Radlk.; Sapindaceae; cultivated only
3961. Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) M. Roem.; Meliaceae; cultivated only
3962. Torenia fournieri Linden ex E. Fourn.; Linderniaceae; cultivated only
3963. Torenia polygonoides Benth.; Linderniaceae; weed of uncertain origin
3964. Tournefortia tetrandra Blume; Boraginaceae; extinct
3965. Toxocarpus griffithii Decne.; Apocynaceae; extinct
3966. Trachelospermum asiaticum Nakai; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
3967. Trachycarpus takil Becc.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
3968. Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D. R. Hunt; Commelinaceae; cultivated only
3969. Tradescantia spathacea Sw.; Commelinaceae; cultivated only
3970. Tradescantia zebrina hort. ex Bosse; Commelinaceae; cultivated only
3971. Trapa natans L.; Lythraceae; cultivated only
3972. Treculia africana Decne. ex Trec.; Moraceae; cultivated only
3973. Trema angustifolia (Planch.) Blume; Cannabaceae; extinct
3974. Trema cannabina Lour.; Cannabaceae; common
3975. Trema tomentosa (Roxb.) H. Hara; Cannabaceae; common
3976. Trevesia burckii Boerl.; Araliaceae; critically endangered
3977. Triadica cochinchinensis Lour.; Euphorbiaceae; common
3978. Trichilia emetica Vahl; Meliaceae; cultivated only
3979. Trichomanes mindorense H. Christ; Hymenophyllaceae; endangered
3980. Trichomanes motleyi Bosch (Bosch); Hymenophyllaceae; endangered
3981. Trichomanes sublimbatum Mull. Berol.; Hymenophyllaceae; endangered
3982. Trichosanthes celebica Cogn.; Cucurbitaceae; vulnerable
3983. Trichosanthes wallichiana Wight; Cucurbitaceae; vulnerable
3984. Trichosanthes wawraei Cogn.; Cucurbitaceae; vulnerable
3985. Trichotosia gracilis (Hook.f.) Kraenzl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
3986. Trichotosia velutina (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Kraenzl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
3987. Trichotosia vestita (Lindl.) Kraenzl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
3988. Tridax procumbens L.; Asteraceae; naturalised
3989. Trigonachras acuta (Hiern) Radlk.; Sapindaceae; endangered
3990. Trigoniastrum hypoleucum Miq.; Trigoniaceae; extinct
3991. Trigonopleura malayana Hook. f.; Euphorbiaceae; critically endangered
3992. Trigonostemon heteranthus Baill.; Euphorbiaceae; critically endangered
3993. Trigonostemon malaccanus Müll. Arg.; Euphorbiaceae; common
3994. Trigonostemon villosus Hook. f.; Euphorbiaceae; critically endangered
3995. Trimezia martinicensis (Jacq.) Herb.; Iridaceae; naturalised
3996. Triomma malaccensis Hook. f.; Burseraceae; endangered
87
Chong et al.
3997. Triphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wilson; Rutaceae; cultivated only
3998. Triplaris americana L.; Polygonaceae; cultivated only
3999. Triplaris cumingiana Fisch. & C.A. Mey.; Polygonaceae; cultivated only
4000. Triplaris weigeltiana Kuntze; Polygonaceae; cultivated only
4001. Tripogandra multiflora (Sw.) Raf.; Commelinaceae; cultivated only
4002. Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.; Poaceae; cultivated only
4003. Tristaniopsis beccarii (Ridl.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
4004. Tristaniopsis exiliflora (F. Muell.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.; Myrtaceae; cultivated
only
4005. Tristaniopsis laurina (Sm.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
4006. Tristaniopsis merguensis (Griff.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.; Myrtaceae; endangered
4007. Tristaniopsis obovata (R. Br.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.; Myrtaceae; critically
endangered
4008. Tristaniopsis whiteana (Griff.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.; Myrtaceae; endangered
4009. Tristellateia australasiae A. Rich.; Malpighiaceae; endangered
4010. Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.; Malvaceae; naturalised
4011. Triumfetta tomentosa Bojer; Malvaceae; naturalised
4012. Trivalvaria macrophylla (Blume) Miq.; Annonaceae; extinct
4013. Trophis scandens Hook. & Arn.; Moraceae; cultivated only
4014. Tropidia curculigoides Lindl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
4015. Tulbaghia violacea Harv.; Alliaceae; cultivated only
4016. Turnera aurantiaca Benth.; Turneraceae; cultivated only
4017. Turnera subulata Sm.; Turneraceae; naturalised
4018. Turnera ulmifolia L.; Turneraceae; naturalised
4019. Turpinia sphaerocarpa Hassk.; Staphyleaceae; critically endangered
4020. Turraea breviflora Ridl.; Meliaceae; extinct
4021. Turraea obtusifolia Hochst.; Meliaceae; cultivated only
4022. Tylophora flexuosa R. Br.; Apocynaceae; common
4023. Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr.; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
4024. Tylophora squarrosa Ridl.; Apocynaceae; extinct
4025. Typha angustifolia L.; Typhaceae; naturalised
4026. Typha latifolia L.; Typhaceae; cultivated only
4027. Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume; Araceae; weed of uncertain origin
4028. Typhonium roxburghii Schott; Araceae; weed of uncertain origin
4029. Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott; Araceae; naturalised
4030. Typhonodorum lindleyanum Schott; Araceae; cultivated only
U
4031. Uncaria acida (Hunt.) Roxb. var. acida; Rubiaceae; extinct
4032. Uncaria attenuata Korth.; Rubiaceae; extinct
4033. Uncaria callophylla Blume ex Korth.; Rubiaceae; extinct
4034. Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr.; Rubiaceae; endangered
4035. Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxb.; Rubiaceae; naturalised
4036. Uncaria lanosa Wall. var. glabrata (Blume) Ridsdale; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
4037. Uncaria longiflora (Poir.) Merr. var. pteropoda (Miq.) Ridsdale; Rubiaceae; critically
endangered
4038. Uncaria roxburghiana Korth.; Rubiaceae; extinct
4039. Uncaria sinensis (Oliv.) Havil.; Rubiaceae; cultivated only
4040. Uraria crinita (L.) Desv. ex DC.; Fabaceae; naturalised
4041. Urceola brachysepala Hook. f.; Apocynaceae; endangered
4042. Urceola elastica Roxb.; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
4043. Urceola lucida (Wall. ex G. Don) Benth. ex Kurz; Apocynaceae; extinct
88
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
4044. Urceola torulosa Hook. f.; Apocynaceae; endangered
4045. Urena lobata L.; Malvaceae; weed of uncertain origin
4046. Urochloa glumaris (Trin.) Veldkamp; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
4047. Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) T.Q. Nguyen; Poaceae; naturalised
4048. Urochloa subquadrifida (Trin.) R.D. Webster; Poaceae; weed of uncertain origin
4049. Urophyllum arboreum (Reinw. ex Blume) Korth.; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
4050. Urophyllum blumeanum (Wight) Hook. f.; Rubiaceae; critically endangered
4051. Urophyllum griffithianum (Wight) Hook. f.; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
4052. Urophyllum hirsutum (Wight) Hook. f.; Rubiaceae; endangered
4053. Urophyllum macrophyllum Korth.; Rubiaceae; extinct
4054. Urophyllum streptopodium Wall. ex Hook.f.; Rubiaceae; vulnerable
4055. Urophyllum trifurcum Pears. ex King & Gamble; Rubiaceae; extinct
4056. Utricularia aurea Lour.; Lentibulariaceae; weed of uncertain origin
4057. Utricularia bifida L.; Lentibulariaceae; weed of uncertain origin
4058. Utricularia caerulea L.; Lentibulariaceae; weed of uncertain origin
4059. Utricularia gibba L.; Lentibulariaceae; weed of uncertain origin
4060. Utricularia minutissima Vahl; Lentibulariaceae; weed of uncertain origin
4061. Utricularia punctata Wall. ex A. DC.; Lentibulariaceae; extinct
4062. Utricularia uliginosa Vahl; Lentibulariaceae; extinct
4063. Uvaria cordata (Dunal) Alston; Annonaceae; common
4064. Uvaria curtisii King; Annonaceae; extinct
4065. Uvaria grandiflora (Lesch. ex DC.) Roxb.; Annonaceae; vulnerable
4066. Uvaria hirsuta Jack; Annonaceae; vulnerable
4067. Uvaria leptopoda (King) R.E. Fries; Annonaceae; critically endangered
4068. Uvaria lobbiana Hook. f. & Thoms.; Annonaceae; extinct
4069. Uvaria pauci-ovulata Hook. f. & Thoms.; Annonaceae; critically endangered
V
4070. Vaccinium acuminatissimum Miq.; Ericaceae; extinct
4071. Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb.; Ericaceae; extinct
4072. Vaccinium littoreum Miq.; Ericaceae; extinct
4073. Vaginularia trichoidea Fée; Vittariaceae; extinct
4074. Vallaris glabra (L.) Kuntze; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
4075. Vanilla griffithii Rchb. f.; Orchidaceae; vulnerable
4076. Vanilla planifolia Andrews; Orchidaceae; cultivated only
4077. Vatica heteroptera Symington; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
4078. Vatica maingayi Dyer; Dipterocarpaceae; critically endangered
4079. Vatica oblongifolia Hook. f.; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
4080. Vatica pauciflora Blume; Dipterocarpaceae; critically endangered
4081. Vatica rassak Blume; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
4082. Vatica ridleyana Brandis; Dipterocarpaceae; critically endangered
4083. Vatica umbonata Burck; Dipterocarpaceae; cultivated only
4084. Veitchia joannis H. Wendl.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
4085. Ventilago malaccensis Ridl.; Rhamnaceae; endangered
4086. Vernonia arborea (L.) Willd.; Asteraceae; vulnerable
4087. Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.; Asteraceae; weed of uncertain origin
4088. Vernonia elliptica DC.; Asteraceae; casual
4089. Vernonia patula (Aiton) Merr.; Asteraceae; weed of uncertain origin
4090. Verschaffeltia splendida H. Wendl.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
4091. Viburnum sambucinum Blume; Adoxaceae; extinct
4092. Victoria amazonica (Poepp.) J.C. Sowerby; Nymphaeaceae; cultivated only
4093. Victoria cruziana A.D. Orb.; Nymphaeaceae; cultivated only
89
Chong et al.
4094. Vigna marina (Burm.) Merr.; Fabaceae; common
4095. Vigna racemosa (G. Don) Hutch. & Dalziel; Fabaceae; cultivated only
4096. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.; Fabaceae; naturalised
4097. Vinca minor L.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
4098. Viscum articulatum Burm. f.; Santalaceae; common
4099. Viscum ovalifolium Wall. ex DC.; Santalaceae; common
4100. Vitex gamosepala Griff.; Lamiaceae; critically endangered
4101. Vitex negundo L.; Lamiaceae; critically endangered
4102. Vitex pinnata L.; Lamiaceae; common
4103. Vitex trifolia L.; Lamiaceae; casual
4104. Vitex vestita Wall. ex Schau.; Lamiaceae; critically endangered
4105. Vitis vinifera L.; Vitaceae; cultivated only
4106. Vittaria elongata Sw.; Vittariaceae; common
4107. Vittaria ensiformis Sw.; Vittariaceae; common
4108. Vriesea splendens (Brongn.) Lem.; Bromeliaceae; cultivated only
4109. Vrydagzynea albida (Blume) Blume; Orchidaceae; extinct
4110. Vrydagzynea lancifolia Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
4111. Vrydagzynea tristriata Ridl.; Orchidaceae; extinct
W
4112. Waltheria indica L.; Malvaceae; weed of uncertain origin
4113. Washingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) H. Wendl.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
4114. Washingtonia robusta H. Wendl.; Arecaceae; cultivated only
4115. Waterhousea floribunda (F. Muell.) B. Hyland; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
4116. Whitfieldia elongata (P. Beauv.) C.B. Clarke; Acanthaceae; cultivated only
4117. Wikstroemia indica C.A. Mey.; Thymelaeaceae; cultivated only
4118. Wikstroemia ridleyi Gamble; Thymelaeaceae; naturalised
4119. Willughbeia angustifolia (Miq.) Markgraf; Apocynaceae; extinct
4120. Willughbeia edulis Roxb.; Apocynaceae; extinct
4121. Willughbeia flavescens Dyer ex Hook. f.; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
4122. Willughbeia grandiflora Dyer ex Hook. f.; Apocynaceae; extinct
4123. Willughbeia tenuiflora Dyer ex Hook. f.; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
4124. Wodyetia bifurcata A.K. Irvine; Arecaceae; cultivated only
4125. Wolffia globosa (Roxb.) Hartog & Plas; Araceae; weed of uncertain origin
4126. Wrightia antidysenterica (L.) R. Br.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
4127. Wrightia dubia (Sims) Spreng.; Apocynaceae; cultivated only
4128. Wrightia laevis Hook. f.; Apocynaceae; critically endangered
4129. Wrightia religiosa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Benth. ex Hook. f.; Apocynaceae; casual
X
4130. Xanthium inaequilaterum DC.; Asteraceae; casual
4131. Xanthophyllum affine Korth.; Polygalaceae; endangered
4132. Xanthophyllum amoenum Chodat; Polygalaceae; critically endangered
4133. Xanthophyllum discolor Chodat; Polygalaceae; endangered
4134. Xanthophyllum ellipticum Korth.; Polygalaceae; critically endangered
4135. Xanthophyllum eurhynchum Miq.; Polygalaceae; vulnerable
4136. Xanthophyllum griffithii Hook.f. ex Benn. ssp. erectum Meijden; Polygalaceae; endangered
4137. Xanthophyllum obscurum Benn.; Polygalaceae; endangered
4138. Xanthophyllum rufum Benn.; Polygalaceae; common
4139. Xanthophyllum stipitatum Benn.; Polygalaceae; endangered
4140. Xanthophyllum vitellinum (Blume) Dietr.; Polygalaceae; vulnerable
4141. Xanthophyllum wrayi King; Polygalaceae; extinct
90
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
4142. Xanthorrhoea glauca D.J. Bedford; Xanthorrhoeaceae; cultivated only
4143. Xanthorrhoea preissii Endl.; Xanthorrhoeaceae; cultivated only
4144. Xanthostemon chrysanthus (F. Muell.) Benth.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
4145. Xanthostemon verticillatus (C.T. White & W.D. Francis) L.S. Sm.; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
4146. Xanthostemon youngii C.T. White & W.D. Francis; Myrtaceae; cultivated only
4147. Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D. F. Austin & Staples ssp. tridentata; Convolvulaceae; common
4148. Xerospermum laevigatum Radlk.; Sapindaceae; critically endangered
4149. Xerospermum noronhianum (Blume) Blume; Sapindaceae; critically endangered
4150. Ximenia americana L.; Olacaceae; common
4151. Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl.; Haemodoraceae; cultivated only
4152. Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub. var. xylocarpa; Fabaceae; cultivated only
4153. Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig; Meliaceae; common
4154. Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roem.; Meliaceae; endangered
4155. Xylocarpus rumphii (Kostel.) Mabb.; Meliaceae; critically endangered
4156. Xylopia caudata Hook. f. & Thoms.; Annonaceae; vulnerable
4157. Xylopia ferruginea (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Hook. f. & Thoms.; Annonaceae; common
4158. Xylopia fusca Maing. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.; Annonaceae; critically endangered
4159. Xylopia magna Maing. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.; Annonaceae; critically endangered
4160. Xylopia malayana Hook. f. & Thoms.; Annonaceae; common
4161. Xyris complanata R. Br.; Xyridaceae; weed of uncertain origin
4162. Xyris pauciflora Willd.; Xyridaceae; extinct
Y
4163. Youngia japonica (L.) DC.; Asteraceae; naturalised
4164. Yucca aloifolia L.; Agavaceae; cultivated only
4165. Yucca gloriosa L.; Agavaceae; cultivated only
Z
4166. Zamia fufuracea L. f.; Zamiaceae; cultivated only
4167. Zamia pumila L.; Zamiaceae; cultivated only
4168. Zamioculcas zamiifolia (Lodd. et al.) Engl.; Araceae; cultivated only
4169. Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC.; Rutaceae; common
4170. Zea mays L.; Poaceae; cultivated only
4171. Zephyranthes candida (Lindl.) Herb.; Amaryllidaceae; cultivated only
4172. Zephyranthes carinata Herb.; Amaryllidaceae; cultivated only
4173. Zephyranthes citrina Baker; Amaryllidaceae; cultivated only
4174. Zephyranthes rosea Lindl.; Amaryllidaceae; casual
4175. Zeuxine clandestina Blume; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
4176. Zeuxine gracilis (Breda) Blume; Orchidaceae; critically endangered
4177. Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schltr.; Orchidaceae; extinct
4178. Zingiber griffithii Baker; Zingiberaceae; endangered
4179. Zingiber officinale Roscoe; Zingiberaceae; cultivated only
4180. Zingiber puberulum Ridl. var. ovoideum Holttum; Zingiberaceae; endangered
4181. Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm.; Zingiberaceae; casual
4182. Ziziphus calophylla Wall. ex Hook.f.; Rhamnaceae; vulnerable
4183. Ziziphus elegans Wall.; Rhamnaceae; critically endangered
4184. Ziziphus horsfieldii Miq.; Rhamnaceae; endangered
4185. Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.; Rhamnaceae; cultivated only
4186. Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight & Arn.; Rhamnaceae; cultivated only
4187. Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill.; Rhamnaceae; extinct
4188. Zombia antillarum (Descourt. ex B.D. Jacks.) L.H. Bailey; Arecaceae; cultivated only
4189. Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers.; Fabaceae; naturalised
91
Chong et al.
4190. Zoysia japonica Steud.; Poaceae; cultivated only
4191. Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.; Poaceae; common
4192. Zoysia tenuifolia Willd. ex Thiele; Poaceae; cultivated only
PART 2
SPECIES LIST BY PHYLA AND FAMILIES
Each entry consists firstly of its phylum, family, species name, author name(s) and habit (life form)
based on information sources indicated under Reference Sources (pp. 3, 5) then status in Singapore
based on Table 2 (p. 4). The synonym(s) of the recent literature are provided for selected species.
LYCOPHYTA
Lycopodiaceae
1.
Huperzia carinata (Desv. ex Poir.) Trevis.; epiphyte; native; extinct
2.
Huperzia nummulariifolia (Blume) T. C. Chambers; epiphyte; native; extinct
3.
Huperzia phlegmaria (L.) Rothm.; epiphyte; native; endangered
4.
Huperzia phyllantha (Hook. f. & Arn.) Holub; epiphyte; native; extinct
5.
Huperzia squarrosa (G. Forst.) Trevis.; epiphyte; native; extinct
6.
Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic.-Serm.; herb; native; common
Selaginellaceae
7.
Selaginella argentea (Wall.) Spring; herb; native; critically endangered
8.
Selaginella ciliaris (Retz.) Spring; climber; native; common
9.
Selaginella cuspidata (Link) Link; herb; exotic; cultivated only
10. Selaginella emmeliana F. Schmitz; herb; exotic; cultivated only
11. Selaginella erythropus (Mart.) Spring; herb; exotic; cultivated only
12. Selaginella intermedia (Bl.) Spring; herb; native; vulnerable
13. Selaginella mayeri Hieron.; climber; native; endangered
14. Selaginella roxburghii (Hk. & Grev.) Spring; herb; native; vulnerable
15. Selaginella willdenowii (Desv.) Baker; climber; native; vulnerable
FILICINOPHYTA
Adiantaceae
16. Adiantum flabellulatum L.; herb; native; endangered
17. Adiantum fructuosum Spreng.; herb; exotic; naturalised
18. Adiantum hispidulum Sw.; herb; native; extinct; cultivated
19. Adiantum latifolium Lam.; herb; exotic; naturalised
20. Adiantum raddianum C. Presl; herb; exotic; cultivated only
21. Adiantum stenochlamys Baker; herb; native; extinct
22. Adiantum trapeziforme L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
23. Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm. f.) Sw.; herb; native; vulnerable
24. Pellaea rotundifolia (G. Forst.) Hook.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
25. Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link; herb; exotic; naturalised
26. Syngramma alismifolia (C. Presl) J. Sm.; climber; native; endangered
Aspleniaceae
27. Asplenium batuense Alderw.; climber; native; endangered
92
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
Asplenium longissimum Blume; epiphyte; native; common
Asplenium macrophyllum Sw.; epiphyte; native; extinct
Asplenium nidus L.; epiphyte; native; common; cultivated
Asplenium nitidum Sw.; epiphyte; native; extinct
Asplenium phyllitidis D. Don; epiphyte; native; endangered
Asplenium tenerum Forst.; epiphyte; native; vulnerable; cultivated
Asplenium thunbergii Kunze; epiphyte; exotic; cultivated only
Blechnaceae
35. Blechnum finlaysonianum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.; herb; native; vulnerable; cultivated
36. Blechnum gibbum (Lab.) Mett.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
37. Blechnum orientale L.; herb; native; common
38. Blechnum serrulatum A. Rich.; herb; native; vulnerable; =B. indicum auct. non Burm.f.
39. Stenochlaena palustris (Burm. f.) Bedd.; climber; native; common
Cyatheaceae
40. Cyathea cooperi (Hook. ex F. Muell.) Domin; tree; exotic; cultivated only
41. Cyathea glabra (Blume) Copel.; tree; native; extinct
42. Cyathea latebrosa (Wall.) Copel.; tree; native; vulnerable
43. Cyathea squamulata (Blume) Copel.; tree; native; endangered
Davalliaceae
44. Davallia angustata Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.; epiphyte; native; endangered
45. Davallia denticulata (Burm.) Mett.; epiphyte; native; common; cultivated
46. Davallia heterophylla J. Sm.; epiphyte; native; extinct
47. Davallia parvula Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.; epiphyte; native; extinct
48. Davallia pectinata Sm.; epiphyte; native; endangered
49. Davallia repens (L. f.) Kuhn; epiphyte; native; vulnerable
50. Davallia solida (G. Forst.) Sw.; epiphyte; native; vulnerable
51. Davallia triphylla Hook.; epiphyte; native; vulnerable
Dennstaedtiaceae
52. Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J. Sm.; climber; native; vulnerable
53. Lindsaea borneensis Hook. ex Baker; herb; native; extinct
54. Lindsaea cultrata (Willd.) Sw.; climber; native; endangered
55. Lindsaea divergens Hook. & Grev.; herb; native; extinct
56. Lindsaea doryphora K.U. Kramer; climber; native; endangered
57. Lindsaea ensifolia Sw.; herb; native; common
58. Lindsaea heterophylla Dryand.; herb; native; extinct
59. Lindsaea lucida Blume; herb; native; extinct
60. Lindsaea orbiculata (Lam.) Mett.; climber; native; extinct
61. Lindsaea ovata J. Sm.; climber; native; extinct
62. Lindsaea parallelogramma Alderw.; herb; native; extinct
63. Lindsaea parasitica (Roxb. Ex Griff.) Hieron.; epiphyte; native; vulnerable
64. Lindsaea repens (Bory) Thwaites var. pectinata (Blume) Mett.; epiphyte; native; extinct
65. Lindsaea walkerae Hook.; herb; native; extinct
66. Microlepia speluncae (L.) T. Moore; herb; native; common
67. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. esculentum (G. Forst.) Kuhn; herb; native; vulnerable; =
P. esculentum (G.Forst.) Cockayne
68. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kunh var. wightianum (J. Agargh) R.M. Tryon; climber; native;
common; = P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn
69. Tapeinidium pinnatum (Cav.) C. Chr.; climber; native; vulnerable
93
Chong et al.
Dipteridaceae
70. Dipteris conjugata Reinw.; climber; native; critically endangered; cultivated
Dryopteridaceae
71. Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw.) J. Sm.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
72. Heterogonium sagenioides (Mett.) Holttum; herb; native; endangered
73. Pleocnemia irregularis (C. Presl) Holttum; herb; native; common
74. Tectaria angulata (Willd.) C. Chr.; herb; native; endangered
75. Tectaria barberi (Hook.) Copel.; herb; native; common
76. Tectaria grandidentata (Ces.) Holttum; herb; native; endangered
77. Tectaria griffithii (Baker) C.Chr. var. singaporeana Holttum; herb; native; endangered
78. Tectaria semipinnata (Roxb.) C.V.Morton; herb; native; endangered
79. Tectaria singaporeana (Hook. & Grev.) Copel.; herb; native; common
80. Tectaria vasta (Blume) Copel.; herb; native; endangered
Equisetaceae
81. Equisetum hyemale L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
82. Equisetum scirpoides Michx.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Gleicheniaceae
83. Dicranopteris curranii Copel.; climber; native; common
84. Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. f.) Underw.; climber; native; common; cultivated
85. Gleichenia truncata (Willd.) Nakai; climber; native; vulnerable; =Sticherus truncatus (Willd.)
Nakai
Grammitidaceae
86. Ctenopteris blechnoides (Grev.) Wagner & Grether; epiphyte; native; extinct
Hymenophyllaceae
87. Cephalomanes javanicum (Blume) Bosch; epiphyte; native; endangered
88. Cephalomanes obscurum (Blume) K. Iwatsuki; herb; native; endangered
89. Cephalomanes singaporeanum Bosch; herb; native; vulnerable
90. Cephalomanes superbum (Backh. ex T. Moore) I.M. Turner; herb; native; extinct
91. Crepidomanes christii (Copel.) Copel.; epiphyte; native; extinct
92. Crepidomanes humile (G.Forst) Bosch; epiphyte; native; endangered
93. Crepidomanes minutum (Blume) K. Iwatsuki; epiphyte; native; extinct
94. Crepidomanes pallidum (Blume) K. Iwatsuki; epiphyte; native; extinct
95. Hymenophyllum acanthoides (Bosch) Rosenst.; epiphyte; native; endangered
96. Hymenophyllum denticulatum Sw.; epiphyte; native; endangered
97. Hymenophyllum holochilum (Bosch) C. Chr.; epiphyte; native; endangered
98. Hymenophyllum polyanthos Sw.; epiphyte; native; extinct
99. Hymenophyllum serrulatum (C. Presl) C. Chr.; epiphyte; native; endangered
100. Trichomanes mindorense H. Christ; epiphyte; native; endangered
101. Trichomanes motleyi Bosch (Bosch); epiphyte; native; endangered
102. Trichomanes sublimbatum Mull. Berol.; epiphyte; native; endangered
Lomariopsidaceae
103. Bolbitis appendiculata (Willd.) Iwatsuki; climber; native; endangered
104. Bolbitis heteroclita (C. Presl) Ching; climber; native; endangered
105. Bolbitis sinuata (C. Presl) Henn.; epiphyte; native; extinct
106. Elaphoglossum amblyphyllum P.R. Bell; epiphyte; native; extinct
107. Lomariopsis lineata (C. Presl) Holttum; climber; native; critically endangered
94
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
108. Teratophyllum aculeatum (Blume) Mett.; climber; native; critically endangered
109. Teratophyllum ludens (Fee) Holttum; climber; native; critically endangered
110. Teratophyllum rotundifoliatum (R. Bonap.) Holttum; climber; native; critically endangered
Marattiaceae
111. Angiopteris evecta (Forst.) Hoffm.; herb; native; vulnerable; cultivated
Oleandraceae
112. Nephrolepis acutifolia (Desv.) H. Christ.; epiphyte; native; endangered
113. Nephrolepis auriculata (L.) Trimen; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated; =N. biserrata
(Sw.) Schott
114. Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl; herb; exotic; cultivated only
115. Nephrolepis duffii T. Moore; herb; exotic; cultivated only
116. Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott; herb; exotic; cultivated only
117. Nephrolepis falcata (Cav.) C. Chr.; epiphyte; native; common; cultivated
118. Nephrolepis hirsutula (G. Forst.) C. Presl; herb; weed of uncertain origin
119. Nephrolepis radicans (Burm.f.) Kuhn; herb; native; common
Ophioglossaceae
120. Ophioglossum nudicaule L. f.; herb; native; common
121. Ophioglossum pendulum L.; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
122. Ophioglossum reticulatum L.; herb; native; common
Polypodiaceae
123. Aglaomorpha speciosa (Blume) Roos; epiphyte; native; extinct
124. Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm.; epiphyte; native; common; cultivated
125. Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) T. Moore; epiphyte; native; common
126. Goniophlebium percussum (Cav.) Wagner & Grether; epiphyte; native; vulnerable
127. Goniophlebium subauriculatum (Blume) C. Presl; epiphyte; native; vulnerable
128. Lecanopteris crustacea Copel.; epiphyte; native; vulnerable
129. Lecanopteris sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel.; epiphyte; native; common
130. Lepisorus longifolius (Blume) Holttum; epiphyte; native; endangered; =Paragramma
longifolia T. Moore
131. Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel.; epiphyte; native; common; cultivated
132. Phymatosorus longissimus (Blume) Pichi Serm.; climber; native; endangered
133. Phymatosorus nigrescens (Blume) Pichi Serm.; epiphyte; native; common
134. Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm. f.) Pic. Serm.; epiphyte; native; common
135. Platycerium coronarium (J. Koenig ex O.F. Müll.) Desv.; epiphyte; native; common;
cultivated
136. Platycerium grande (Fée) Kunze; epiphyte; exotic; cultivated only
137. Platycerium ridleyi Christ.; epiphyte; native; extinct
138. Polypodium polycarpon Cav.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
139. Polypodium punctatum Thunb. ex Murray; herb; exotic; cultivated only
140. Pyrrosia angustata (L.) Farwell; epiphyte; native; vulnerable
141. Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farwell; epiphyte; native; common
142. Pyrrosia longifolia (Burm.) Morton; epiphyte; native; common
143. Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) M.G. Price; epiphyte; native; common
144. Selliguea heterocarpa Blume; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
Psilotaceae
145. Psilotum complanatum Sw.; epiphyte; native; extinct
146. Psilotum nudum (L.) P. Beauv.; epiphyte; native; common
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Pteridaceae
147. Acrostichum aureum L.; herb; native; common
148. Acrostichum speciosum Willd.; herb; native; common
149. Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
150. Pteris ensiformis Burm. f.; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
151. Pteris mertensioides Willd.; herb; native; endangered
152. Pteris multifida Poir.; herb; native; common
153. Pteris semipinnata L.; herb; native; vulnerable
154. Pteris tripartita Sw.; herb; native; endangered
155. Pteris vittata L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
156. Taenitis blechnoides (Willd.) Sw.; climber; native; common; cultivated
Salviniaceae
157. Azolla pinnata R.Br. ssp. asiatica R.M.K. Saunders & K. Fowler; herb; exotic; naturalised;
=A. caroliniana Willd.
158. Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitch.; herb; exotic; naturalised
Schizaeaceae
159. Lygodium circinnatum (Burm. f.) Sw.; climber; native; vulnerable
160. Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw.; climber; native; common
161. Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw.; climber; exotic; naturalised
162. Lygodium longifolium (Willd.) Sw.; climber; native; vulnerable
163. Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br.; climber; native; common
164. Lygodium salicifolium C. Presl; climber; native; common
165. Schizaea dichotoma (L.) Sm.; herb; native; endangered
166. Schizaea digitata (L.) Wall. ex J. Sm.; herb; native; endangered
167. Schizaea wagneri Selling; epiphyte; native; extinct
Thelypteridaceae
168. Amphineuron opulentum (Kaulf.) Holttum; climber; native; endangered
169. Amphineuron terminans (Hook.) Holttum; climber; native; common
170. Christella arida (Don) Holttum; herb; native; common
171. Christella dentata (Forsk.) Brownsey & Jermy; herb; weed of uncertain origin
172. Christella parasitica (L.) Lev.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
173. Christella subpubescens (Blume) Holttum; herb; native; common
174. Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) H. Ito; herb; native; common
175. Mesophlebion chylamydophorum (Rosenst.) Holttum; herb; native; vulnerable
176. Mesophlebion motleyanum (Hook.) Holttum; herb; native; vulnerable
177. Metathelypteris dayi (Bedd.) Holttum; herb; native; extinct
178. Pronephrium menisciicarpon (Blume) Holttum; herb; native; endangered
179. Pronephrium repandum (Fee) Holttum; herb; native; common
180. Pronephrium triphyllum (Sw.) Holttum; herb; native; common
181. Sphaerostephanos heterocarpus (Blume) Holttum; herb; native; common
182. Sphaerostephanos polycarpus (Blume) Copel.; herb; native; vulnerable
183. Sphaerostephanos unitus (L.) Holttum; herb; weed of uncertain origin
184. Thelypteris truncata (Poir.) K. Iwats.; herb; native; vulnerable; =Pneumatopteris truncata
(Poir.) Holttum
Vittariaceae
185. Antrophyum callifolium Blume; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
186. Antrophyum parvulum Blume; epiphyte; native; extinct
187. Monogramma dareicarpa Hook.; epiphyte; native; extinct
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Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
188. Vaginularia trichoidea Fée; epiphyte; native; extinct
189. Vittaria elongata Sw.; epiphyte; native; common
190. Vittaria ensiformis Sw.; epiphyte; native; common
Woodsiaceae
191. Diplazium allantoideum M.G. Price; herb; native; common
192. Diplazium cordifolium Blume; herb; native; endangered
193. Diplazium crennatoserratum (Blume) Moore; herb; native; vulnerable
194. Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.; herb; native; vulnerable
195. Diplazium malaccense C. Presl; herb; native; endangered
196. Diplazium polypodiodes Blume; herb; native; endangered
197. Diplazium prescottianum (Wall. ex Hook.) T. Moore; herb; native; endangered
198. Diplazium riparium Holttum; herb; native; endangered
199. Diplazium sorzogonense C. Presl; herb; native; endangered
200. Diplazium tomentosum Blume; herb; native; vulnerable
CYCADOPHYTA
Cycadaceae
201. Cycas edentata de Laub.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated; =C. rumphii Miq.
202. Cycas pectinata Buch.-Ham; tree; exotic; cultivated only
203. Cycas revoluta Thunb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
204. Cycas siamensis (Miq.) de Laub.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Zamiaceae
205. Lepidozamia hopei (W. Hill) Regel; tree; exotic; cultivated only
206. Macrozamia moorei F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
207. Zamia fufuracea L. f.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
208. Zamia pumila L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
PINOPHYTA
Araucariaceae
209. Agathis borneensis Warb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
210. Agathis dammara (Lamb.) Rich.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
211. Agathis robusta (C. Moore ex F. Muell.) F. M. Bailey; tree; exotic; cultivated only
212. Araucaria bidwillii Hook.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
213. Araucaria columnaris (G. Forst.) Hook.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
214. Araucaria cunninghamiana Aiton ex A. Cunn.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
215. Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco; tree; exotic; cultivated only
216. Araucaria hunsteinii K. Schum.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Cupressaceae
217. Juniperus chinensis L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
218. Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Pinaceae
219. Pinus caribaea Morelet; tree; exotic; cultivated only
220. Pinus elliottii Engelm.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
221. Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon; tree; exotic; cultivated only
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222. Pinus luchuensis Mayr; tree; exotic; cultivated only
223. Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Podocarpaceae
224. Afrocarpus gracilior (Pilg.) C. N. Page; tree; exotic; cultivated only
225. Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
226. Nageia nagi (Thunb.) Kuntze; tree; exotic; cultivated only
227. Nageia wallichiana (C. Presl) Kuntze; tree; native; critically endangered
228. Podocarpus elatus R. Br. ex Endl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
229. Podocarpus henkelii Stapf ex Dallim. & A.B. Jacks.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
230. Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) Sweet; tree; exotic; cultivated only
231. Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don; tree; exotic; cultivated only
232. Podocarpus polystachyus R.Br. ex Endl.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
233. Podocarpus rumphii Blume; tree; exotic; cultivated only
234. Prumnopitys amara (Blume) de Laub.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Taxodiaceae
235. Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
GNETOPHYTA
Gnetaceae
236. Gnetum gnemon L. var. gnemon; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
237. Gnetum gnemonoides Brongn.; climber; native; critically endangered
238. Gnetum latifolium Blume; climber; native; critically endangered
239. Gnetum macrostachyum Hook. f.; climber; native; critically endangered
240. Gnetum microcarpum Blume; climber; native; critically endangered
MAGNOLIOPHYTA
Acanthaceae
241. Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl; shrub; native; vulnerable; cultivated
242. Acanthus ilicifolius L.; shrub; native; common; cultivated
243. Acanthus volubilis Wall.; shrub; native; vulnerable
244. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
245. Aphelandra sinclairiana Nees; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
246. Aphelandra squarrosa Nees; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
247. Asystasia chelonoides Nees; herb; exotic; cultivated only
248. Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson ssp. gangetica; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
249. Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson ssp. micrantha (Nees) Ensermu; herb; exotic;
naturalised; cultivated; =A. nemorum Nees; A. intrusa (Forssk.) Blume
250. Avicennia alba Blume; tree; native; common; cultivated
251. Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. ssp. marina; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
252. Avicennia officinalis L.; tree; native; common; cultivated
253. Avicennia rumphiana Hallier f.; tree; native; common; cultivated
254. Barleria cristata L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
255. Barleria lupulina Lindl.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
256. Barleria obtusa Nees; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
257. Barleria repens Nees; herb; exotic; cultivated only
258. Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
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Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
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260.
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Crossandra pungens Lindau; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Eranthemum nigrum Linden; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Eranthemum wattii (Bedd.) Stapf; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Fittonia albivensis (Lindl. ex hort. Veitch) Brummitt; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Hemigraphis alternata (Burm. f.) T. Anderson; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Hemigraphis confinis T. Anderson.; herb; exotic; naturalised
Hemigraphis primulifolia (Nees) Fern.-Vill.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
Hemigraphis repanda (L.) Hallier f.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Hygrophila auriculata (Buch.-Ham.) M. R. Almeida & S. M. Almeida; herb; exotic; casual;
cultivated; =H. spinosa T. Anders.; H. schulli (Buch.-Ham.) M.R. Almeida & S.M. Almeida
Hygrophila meianthos C.B. Clarke; herb; weed of uncertain origin
Hygrophila phlomoides Nees; herb; exotic; casual
Hygrophila ringens (L.) R. Br. ex Steud; herb; weed of uncertain origin
Justicia betonica L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Justicia brandegeeana Wassh. & L.B. Sm.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Justicia carnea Lindl.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only; =Jacobinia carnea (Lindl.) G.
Nicholson
Justicia gendarussa Burm. f.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Justicia guttata Wall.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Justicia procumbrens L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
Justicia quadrifaria (Nees) T. Anderson; herb; native; extinct
Justicia vasculosa Wall.; herb; native; critically endangered
Justicia vulgaris Bert. ex Schult.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Megaskepasma erythrochlamys Lindau; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Odontonema cuspidatum (Nees) Kuntze; herb; exotic; cultivated only; =O. strictum hort.
Pachystachys coccinea (Aubl.) Nees; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated; =Jacobinia coccinea
(Aubl.) Hiern
Pachystachys lutea Nees; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Pachystachys spicata (Ruiz & Pav.) Wassh.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Peristrophe acuminata Nees; herb; weed of uncertain origin
Peristrophe hyssopifolia (Burm. f.) Bremek.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Peristrophe roxburghiana (Roem. & Schult.) Bremek.; herb; weed of uncertain origin;
cultivated
Pseuderanthemum andersonii Lindau; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Pseuderanthemum atropurpureum L.H. Bailey; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Pseuderanthemum bicolor Radlk.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Pseuderanthemum carruthersii (Seem.) Guillaumin; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Pseuderanthemum graciliflorum Ridl.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Pseuderanthemum kewense L.H. Bailey; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Pseuderanthemum kingii (C.B. Clarke) Ridl.; herb; native; extinct
Pseuderanthemum laxiflorum Hubbard ex L.H. Bailey; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Pseuderanthemum reticulatum hort. ex Hook.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Ruellia affinis (Schrad.) Lindau; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Ruellia amoena Sessé & Moc.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Ruellia ciliosa Pursh; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Ruellia colorata Baill.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
Ruellia macrantha Mart. ex Nees; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Ruellia malacosperma Greenm.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Ruellia repens L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
Ruellia rosea Hemsl.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Ruellia simplex C. Wright; herb; exotic; cultivated only; =R. brittoniana Leonard
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Ruellia tuberosa L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Ruellia tweediana Griseb.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Ruspolia hypocrateriformis (Vahl) Milne-Redh.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Ruspolia seticalyx (C.B. Clarke) Milne-Redh.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Ruttya fruticosa Lindau; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Sanchezia speciosa Leonard; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Schaueria flavicoma N.E. Br.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Staurogyne griffithiana Kuntze; herb; native; extinct
Staurogyne kingiana C.B. Clarke; herb; native; critically endangered
Staurogyne setigera (Nees) Kuntze; herb; native; critically endangered
Strobilanthes crispus Blume; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) J.B. Imlay; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Strobilanthes dyeriana Mast.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Strobilanthes palawanensis Elm.; herb; native; critically endangered
Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims; climber; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
Thunbergia battiscombei Turril; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Thunbergia dasychlamys Bremek.; climber; native; globally extinct
Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T. Anderson; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Thunbergia fragrans Roxb.; climber; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb.; climber; exotic; casual; cultivated
Thunbergia kirkii Hook. f.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl.; climber; native; extinct; cultivated
Whitfieldia elongata (P. Beauv.) C.B. Clarke; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Achariaceae
330. Hydnocarpus anthelminthicus Pierre ex Laness.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
331. Hydnocarpus castaneus Hook. f. & Thomson; tree; exotic; cultivated only
332. Pangium edule Reinw.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
333. Ryparosa hullettii King; shrub; native; extinct
334. Ryparosa scortechinii King; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
Acoraceae
335. Acorus gramineus Sol.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Actinidiaceae
336. Saurauia pentapetala (Jack) Hoogl.; tree; native; extinct
Adoxaceae
337. Viburnum sambucinum Blume; tree; native; extinct
Agavaceae
338. Agave americana L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
339. Agave angustifolia Haw.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
340. Agave attenuata Salm-Dyck; herb; exotic; cultivated only
341. Agave tequilana F.A.C. Weber; herb; exotic; cultivated only
342. Chlorophytum capense (L.) Voss; herb; exotic; cultivated only
343. Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques; herb; exotic; cultivated only
344. Chlorophytum filipendulum Baker ssp. amaniense (Engl.) Nordal & A.D. Poulsen; herb;
exotic; cultivated only; =C. amaniense Engl.
345. Chlorophytum laxum R. Br.; herb; exotic; cultivated only; =C. bichetii Backer
346. Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw.; herb; exotic; cultivated only; =F. gigantea Vent.
347. Polianthes tuberosa L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
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Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
348. Yucca aloifolia L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
349. Yucca gloriosa L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Aizoaceae
350. Aptenia cordifolia (L. f.) Schwantes; herb; exotic; cultivated only
351. Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E. Br.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
352. Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.; herb; native; common; cultivated
Alismataceae
353. Echinodorus palaefolius (Nees & Mart.) J.F. Macbr.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
354. Sagittaria latifolia Willd.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
355. Sagittaria sagittifolia L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Alliaceae
356. Allium sativum L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
357. Tulbaghia violacea Harv.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Amaranthaceae
358. Achyranthes aspera L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
359. Allmania nodiflora R. Br. ex Wight; herb; native; common
360. Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel) G. Nicholson; herb; exotic; naturalised; =A. ficoidea (L.)
R.Br. Ex Roem. & Schult. var. bettzichiana (Regel) Backer
361. Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) P. Beauv.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only; =A. tenella Colla
362. Alternanthera paronychioides A. St.-Hil.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
363. Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb; herb; exotic; naturalised
364. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC.; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
365. Amaranthus blitum L. ssp. oleraceus (L.) Costea; herb; exotic; naturalised; =A. lividus L.
366. Amaranthus spinosus L.; herb; exotic; naturalised
367. Celosia argentea L.; herb; exotic; casual; cultivated
368. Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume; shrub; native; common; cultivated
369. Gomphrena globosa L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Amaryllidaceae
370. Crinum album Herb.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
371. Crinum asiaticum L.; herb; native; critically endangered; cultivated
372. Crinum jagus (J. Thomps.) Dandy; herb; exotic; cultivated only
373. Crinum moorei Hook. f.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
374. Crinum xanthophyllum Hannibal; herb; exotic; cultivated only
375. Eucrosia bicolor Ker Gawl.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
376. Habranthus gracilifolius Herb.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
377. Hippeastrum reticulatum (L'Hér.) Herb.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
378. Hymenocallis caribaea (L.) Herb.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
379. Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
380. Hymenocallis speciosa (L. f. ex Salisb.) Salisb.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
381. Pancratium zeylanicum L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
382. Proiphys amboinensis (L.) Herb.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
383. Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf. ssp. multiflorus; herb; exotic; cultivated only
384. Zephyranthes candida (Lindl.) Herb.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
385. Zephyranthes carinata Herb.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
386. Zephyranthes citrina Baker; herb; exotic; cultivated only
387. Zephyranthes rosea Lindl.; herb; exotic; casual; cultivated
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Anacardiaceae
388. Anacardium occidentale L.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
389. Bouea macrophylla Griff.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
390. Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.) Meisn.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
391. Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume; tree; native; common; cultivated
392. Buchanania lucida Blume; tree; exotic; cultivated only
393. Buchanania sessifolia Blume; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
394. Campnosperma auriculata Hook. f.; tree; native; common; cultivated
395. Campnosperma squamatum Ridl.; tree; native; common
396. Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B.L. Burtt. & A.W. Hill; tree; exotic; cultivated only
397. Cotinus coggygria Scop.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
398. Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe; tree; exotic; cultivated only
399. Dracontomelon duperreanum Pierre; tree; exotic; cultivated only
400. Gluta malayana (Corner) Ding Hou; tree; exotic; cultivated only
401. Gluta wallichii (Hook. f.) Ding Hou; tree; native; common
402. Lannea grandis (Dennst.) Engl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
403. Mangifera caesia Jack; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
404. Mangifera foetida Lour.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
405. Mangifera griffithii Hook. f.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
406. Mangifera indica L.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
407. Mangifera lagenifera Griff.; tree; native; critically endangered
408. Mangifera laurina Blume; tree; native; extinct
409. Mangifera macrocarpa Blume; tree; native; vulnerable
410. Mangifera magnifica Kochummen; tree; native; critically endangered
411. Mangifera odorata Griff.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
412. Mangifera paludosa Kosterm.; tree; native; extinct
413. Mangifera parvifolia Boerl. & Koord.; tree; native; extinct
414. Melanochyla auriculata Hook. f.; tree; native; vulnerable
415. Melanochyla bracteata King; tree; native; vulnerable
416. Melanochyla caesia (Blume) Ding Hou; tree; native; vulnerable
417. Parishia insignis Hook. f.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
418. Parishia maingayi Hook. f.; tree; native; vulnerable
419. Parishia paucijuga Engl.; tree; native; endangered
420. Pentaspadon motleyi Hook. f.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
421. Pentaspadon velutinus Hook. f.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
422. Rhodosphaera rhodanthema (F. Muell.) Engl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
423. Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi; tree; exotic; cultivated only
424. Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson; tree; exotic; cultivated only
425. Spondias pinnata (J. Koenig ex L. f.) Kurz; tree; exotic; cultivated only
426. Swintonia floribunda Griff.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
427. Swintonia schwenkii (T. & B.) T. & B.; tree; native; vulnerable
Ancistrocladaceae
428. Ancistrocladus tectorius (Lour.) Merr.; climber; native; critically endangered
Anisophyllaceae
429. Anisophyllea corneri Ding Hou; tree; exotic; cultivated only
430. Anisophyllea disticha (Jack) Baill.; shrub; native; common; cultivated
431. Anisophyllea griffithii Oliv.; tree; native; critically endangered
Annonaceae
432. Alphonsea maingayi Hook. f. & Thoms.; tree; native; critically endangered
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Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
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Anaxagorea javanica Blume; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
Annona cherimola Mill.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Annona muricata L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Annona reticulata L.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
Annona squamosa L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Artabotrys costatus King; climber; native; vulnerable; cultivated
Artabotrys crassifolius Hook. f. & Thoms.; climber; native; critically endangered
Artabotrys hexapetalus (L. f.) Bhandari; climber; exotic; cultivated only
Artabotrys maingayi Hook. f. & Thoms.; climber; native; critically endangered
Artabotrys suaveolens (Blume) Blume; climber; native; endangered
Artabotrys wrayi King; climber; native; endangered
Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Cyathocalyx ramuliflorus (Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thoms.) Scheff.; tree; native; common
Cyathocalyx ridleyi (King) Sinclair; tree; native; vulnerable
Cyathocalyx sumatranus Scheff.; tree; native; critically endangered
Cyathostemma hookeri King; climber; native; extinct
Cyathostemma viridiflorum Griff.; climber; native; vulnerable
Desmos dasymaschala (Blume) Safford; shrub; native; critically endangered
Desmos dumosus (Roxb.) Safford; climber; native; critically endangered
Ellipeia cuneifolia Hook. f. & Thoms.; climber; native; critically endangered
Fissistigma fulgens (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Merr.; climber; native; vulnerable
Fissistigma lanuginosum (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Merr.; climber; native; endangered
Fissistigma latifolium (Dunal) Merr. var. ovoideum (King) Sinclair; climber; native;
vulnerable
Fissistigma manubriatum (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Merr.; climber; native; vulnerable
Friesodielsia biglandulosa (Blume) Steenis; climber; native; vulnerable
Friesodielsia borneensis (Miq.) Steenis; climber; native; vulnerable
Friesodielsia excisa (Miq.) Steenis; climber; native; vulnerable
Friesodielsia glauca (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Steenis; climber; native; extinct
Friesodielsia latifolia (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Steenis; climber; native; common
Goniothalamus macrophyllus (Blume) Hook. f. & Thoms.; shrub; native; vulnerable
Goniothalamus malayanus Hook. f. & Thoms.; tree; native; vulnerable
Goniothalamus ridleyi King; tree; native; vulnerable
Goniothalamus tapis Miq.; tree; native; vulnerable
Goniothalamus tortilipetalus M.R. Hend.; tree; native; common
Meiogyne monosperma (Hook.f. & Thomson) Heusden; tree; native; common
Meiogyne virgata (Blume) Miq.; tree; native; critically endangered
Mezzettia parviflora Becc.; tree; native; critically endangered
Miliusa longipes King; tree; native; extinct
Mitrella kentii (Blume) Miq.; climber; native; common
Mitrephora maingayi Hook. f. & Thoms.; tree; native; common
Monocarpia marginalis (Scheff.) Sinclair; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
Orophea hastata King; tree; native; extinct
Phaeanthus ophthalmicus (Roxb. ex G. Don) J. Sinclair; shrub; native; vulnerable
Polyalthia angustissima Ridl.; tree; native; vulnerable
Polyalthia cauliflora Hook. f. & Thoms.; tree; native; vulnerable
Polyalthia clavigera King; tree; native; extinct
Polyalthia glauca (Hassk.) Muell.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
Polyalthia hookeriana King; tree; native; critically endangered
Polyalthia hypoleuca Hook. f. & Thoms.; tree; native; critically endangered
Polyalthia jenkensii (H. & T.) Hook. f. & Thoms.; tree; native; critically endangered
Polyalthia lateriflora (Blume) Kurz; tree; native; critically endangered
103
Chong et al.
484.
485.
486.
487.
488.
489.
490.
491.
492.
493.
494.
495.
496.
497.
498.
499.
500.
501.
502.
503.
504.
505.
506.
507.
Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Polyalthia macropoda King; tree; native; endangered
Polyalthia rumphii Merr.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
Polyalthia sclerophylla Hook. f. & Thoms.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
Polyalthia stenopetala (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Finet & Gagnep.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Polyalthia sumatrana (Miq.) Kurz; tree; native; critically endangered
Popowia fusca King; tree; native; vulnerable
Popowia pisocarpa (Blume) Endl.; tree; native; vulnerable
Popowia tomentosa Maing. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.; tree; native; endangered
Pyramidanthe prismatica (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Merr.; climber; native; endangered
Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Trivalvaria macrophylla (Blume) Miq.; tree; native; extinct
Uvaria cordata (Dunal) Alston; climber; native; common
Uvaria curtisii King; climber; native; extinct
Uvaria grandiflora (Lesch. ex DC.) Roxb.; climber; native; vulnerable; cultivated
Uvaria hirsuta Jack; climber; native; vulnerable; cultivated
Uvaria leptopoda (King) R.E. Fries; climber; native; critically endangered
Uvaria lobbiana Hook. f. & Thoms.; climber; native; extinct
Uvaria pauci-ovulata Hook. f. & Thoms.; climber; native; critically endangered
Xylopia caudata Hook. f. & Thoms.; tree; native; vulnerable
Xylopia ferruginea (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Hook. f. & Thoms.; tree; native; common; cultivated
Xylopia fusca Maing. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.; tree; native; critically endangered
Xylopia magna Maing. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.; tree; native; critically endangered
Xylopia malayana Hook. f. & Thoms.; tree; native; common; cultivated
Apiaceae
508. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.; herb; native; common; cultivated
509. Eryngium foetidum L.; herb; exotic; casual; cultivated
Apocynaceae
510. Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
511. Allamanda blanchetii A. DC.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
512. Allamanda cathartica L.; climber; exotic; casual; cultivated
513. Allamanda oenotherifolia Pohl; climber; exotic; cultivated only
514. Allamanda schottii Pohl; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
515. Alstonia angustifolia Wall. ex A. DC.; tree; native; common; cultivated
516. Alstonia angustiloba Miq.; tree; native; common; cultivated
517. Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G. DC.; tree; exotic; naturalised
518. Alstonia pneumatophora Back. ex L.G. den Berger; tree; native; critically endangered
519. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
520. Alstonia spathulata Blume; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
521. Alstonia spectabilis R. Br.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
522. Alyxia pilosa Miq.; climber; native; extinct
523. Alyxia reinwardtii Blume; climber; native; common
524. Amsonia tabernaemontana Walter; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
525. Anodendron candolleanum Wight; climber; native; critically endangered
526. Asclepias curassavica L.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
527. Asclepias syriaca L. var. kansana (Vail) E.J. Palmer & Steyerm.; shrub; exotic; cultivated
only
528. Beaumontia grandiflora (Roxb.) Wall.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
529. Beaumontia jerdoniana Wight; climber; exotic; cultivated only
530. Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T. Aiton; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
104
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
531.
532.
533.
534.
535.
536.
537.
538.
539.
540.
541.
542.
543.
544.
545.
546.
547.
548.
549.
550.
551.
552.
553.
554.
555.
556.
557.
558.
559.
560.
561.
562.
563.
564.
565.
566.
567.
568.
569.
570.
571.
572.
573.
574.
575.
576.
577.
578.
579.
Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A. DC.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don; shrub; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
Cerbera manghas L.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
Cerbera odollam Gaertn.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
Chilocarpus vernicosus Blume; climber; native; extinct
Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston; climber; native; critically endangered
Chonemorpha penangensis Ridl.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
Cynanchum ovalifolium Wight; climber; native; vulnerable
Dischidia albida Griff.; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
Dischidia albiflora Griff.; epiphyte; native; extinct
Dischidia bengalensis Colebr.; epiphyte; native; extinct
Dischidia cochleata Blume; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
Dischidia complex Griff.; epiphyte; native; extinct
Dischidia hirsuta (Blume) Decne.; epiphyte; native; extinct
Dischidia major (Vahl) Merr.; epiphyte; native; common
Dischidia nummularia R. Br.; epiphyte; native; common; cultivated
Dischidia pectenoides H.H.W. Pearsen; climber; exotic; cultivated only
Dischidia singaporensis Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
Dyera costulata (Miq.) Hook. f.; tree; native; common; cultivated
Epigynum ridleyi King & Gamble; climber; native; critically endangered; =E. forbesii King &
Gamble
Finlaysonia obovata Wall.; climber; native; critically endangered
Genianthus maingayi Hook. f.; climber; native; extinct
Gymnanthera nitida R. Br.; climber; native; common
Gymnanthera oblonga (Burm. f.) P.S. Green; climber; native; critically endangered
Hoya campanulata Blume; climber; native; extinct
Hoya carnosa (L. f.) R. Br.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
Hoya coriacea Blume; epiphyte; native; extinct
Hoya coronaria Blume; epiphyte; native; extinct
Hoya diversifolia Blume; epiphyte; native; critically endangered; cultivated
Hoya finlaysonii Wight; epiphyte; native; extinct
Hoya kerrii Craib; climber; exotic; cultivated only
Hoya lacunosa Blume; epiphyte; native; endangered
Hoya latifolia G. Don; epiphyte; native; endangered
Hoya multiflora Blume; climber; exotic; cultivated only
Hoya obtusifolia Wight; epiphyte; native; extinct
Hoya revoluta Wight; climber; native; extinct
Hoya scortechinii King & Gamble; climber; exotic; cultivated only
Hoya verticillata (Vahl) G. Don var. verticillata; epiphyte; native; common; cultivated
Kibatalia maingayi (Hook. f.) Woodson; tree; native; critically endangered
Kopsia arborea Blume; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Kopsia flavida Blume; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Kopsia fruticosa (Ker Gawl.) A. DC.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Kopsia singapurensis Ridl.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
Leuconotis griffithii Hook.f.; climber; native; vulnerable; =L. maingayi Dyer ex Hook.f.
Mandevilla sanderi (Hemsl.) Woodson; climber; exotic; cultivated only
Melodinus orientalis Blume; climber; native; extinct; =M. micranthus Hook.f.
Micrechites serpyllifolius (Blume) P.I. Forster; climber; native; critically endangered;
=Ichnocarpus serpyllifolius (Blume) P.I. Forst.
Nerium oleander L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
105
Chong et al.
580. Ochrosia oppositifolia (Lam.) K. Schum.; tree; native; extinct; cultivated; =Neisosperma
oppositifolium (Lamk.) Fosb. & Sach.
581. Odontadenia macrantha (Roem. & Schult.) Markgr.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
582. Pachypodium lamerei Drake; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
583. Parameria laevigata (A.L. Juss.) Moldenke; climber; native; critically endangered
584. Parameria polyneura Hook. f.; climber; native; critically endangered
585. Parsonsia alboflavescens (Dennst.) Mabb.; climber; native; critically endangered
586. Pleiocarpa mutica Benth.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
587. Plumeria alba L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
588. Plumeria obtusa L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
589. Plumeria pudica Jacq.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
590. Plumeria rubra L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
591. Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
592. Sarcolobus globosus Wall.; climber; native; extinct
593. Secamone elliptica R. Br.; climber; native; critically endangered
594. Stephanotis floribunda Brongn.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
595. Stephanotis maingayi (Hook. f.) P.I. Forst.; climber; native; extinct
596. Strophanthus caudatus (L.) Kurz; climber; native; critically endangered
597. Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
598. Strophanthus preussii Engl. & Pax; climber; exotic; cultivated only
599. Strophanthus singaporianus (Wall. ex G.Don) Gilg; climber; native; extinct
600. Tabernaemontana corymbosa Roxb. ex Wall.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
601. Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
602. Tabernaemontana macrocarpa Jack; tree; exotic; cultivated only
603. Tabernaemontana pachysiphon Stapf.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
604. Tabernaemontana pauciflora Blume; shrub; native; vulnerable
605. Telosma cordata (Burm. f.) Merr.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
606. Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
607. Toxocarpus griffithii Decne.; climber; native; extinct
608. Trachelospermum asiaticum Nakai; climber; exotic; cultivated only
609. Tylophora flexuosa R. Br.; climber; native; common
610. Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr.; climber; native; critically endangered
611. Tylophora squarrosa Ridl.; climber; native; extinct
612. Urceola brachysepala Hook. f.; climber; native; endangered; =U. maingayi D.J. Middleton
613. Urceola elastica Roxb.; climber; native; critically endangered
614. Urceola lucida (Wall. ex G. Don) Benth. ex Kurz; climber; native; extinct
615. Urceola torulosa Hook. f.; climber; native; endangered
616. Vallaris glabra (L.) Kuntze; climber; exotic; cultivated only
617. Vinca minor L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
618. Willughbeia angustifolia (Miq.) Markgraf; climber; native; extinct
619. Willughbeia edulis Roxb.; climber; native; extinct; cultivated
620. Willughbeia flavescens Dyer ex Hook. f.; climber; native; critically endangered
621. Willughbeia grandiflora Dyer ex Hook. f.; climber; native; extinct
622. Willughbeia tenuiflora Dyer ex Hook. f.; climber; native; critically endangered
623. Wrightia antidysenterica (L.) R. Br.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
624. Wrightia dubia (Sims) Spreng.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
625. Wrightia laevis Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered
626. Wrightia religiosa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Benth. ex Hook. f.; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
Aquifoliaceae
627. Ilex cymosa Blume; tree; native; common; cultivated
628. Ilex latifolia Thunb.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated; =I. macrophylla Blume
106
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
629. Ilex maingayi Hook. f.; tree; native; endangered
Araceae
630. Aglaodorum griffithii (Schott) Schott; climber; native; extinct
631. Aglaonema commutatum Schott; herb; exotic; casual; cultivated
632. Aglaonema costatum N.E. Br. f. costatum; herb; exotic; cultivated only; =A. costatum N.E. Br.
var. foxii Engl.
633. Aglaonema nebulosum N.E. Br.; herb; native; vulnerable
634. Aglaonema nitidum (Jack) Kunth; herb; native; vulnerable; cultivated
635. Aglaonema simplex Blume; herb; native; common
636. Aglaonema tenuipes Engl.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
637. Alocasia cucullata (Lour.) G. Don; herb; exotic; cultivated only
638. Alocasia longiloba Miq.; herb; native; common; cultivated; =A. denudata Engl. var. denudata;
A. denudata Engl. var. elongata Engl.
639. Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
640. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicholson; herb; exotic; cultivated only
641. Amorphophallus prainii Hook. f.; herb; native; critically endangered; cultivated
642. Amorphophallus variabilis Blume; herb; exotic; cultivated only
643. Amydrium medium (Z. & M.) Nicolson; climber; native; endangered
644. Anthurium andraeanum Linden ex Andre; herb; exotic; cultivated only
645. Anthurium crystallinum Linden & Andre; herb; exotic; cultivated only
646. Anthurium plowmanii Croat; herb; exotic; cultivated only
647. Anubias barteri Schott var. glabra N. E. Br.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
648. Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent; herb; exotic; cultivated only
649. Caladium humboldtii (Raf.) Schott; herb; exotic; cultivated only
650. Caladium lindenii (Andre) Madison; herb; exotic; cultivated only
651. Cercestis mirabilis (N.E. Br.) Bogner; herb; exotic; cultivated only; =Rhektophyllum mirabile
N.E. Br.
652. Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott; herb; exotic; casual; cultivated
653. Cryptocoryne ciliata (Roxb.) Fischer ex Wydler; herb; native; extinct
654. Cryptocoryne griffithii Schott; herb; native; critically endangered
655. Cyrtosperma merkusii (Hassk.) Schott; herb; native; vulnerable
656. Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott var. seguine; herb; exotic; casual; cultivated; =D.
maculata (Lodd.) Sweet; D. picta Schott
657. Epipremnum amplissimum (Schott) Engl.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
658. Epipremnum aureum (Linden ex André) Bunting; climber; exotic; casual; cultivated
659. Epipremnum giganteum (Roxb.) Schott; epiphyte; native; common
660. Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl.; climber; native; critically endangered; cultivated
661. Homalomena griffithii (Schott) Hook. f.; herb; native; vulnerable
662. Homalomena humilis (Jack) Hook. f.; herb; native; endangered
663. Homalomena pendula (Blume) Bakh. f.; herb; native; endangered
664. Homalomena rostrata Griff.; herb; native; endangered
665. Homalomena rubescens (Roxb.) Kunth; herb; exotic; cultivated only
666. Homalomena sagittifolia Jungh. ex Schott; herb; native; endangered
667. Homalomena wallichii Schott; herb; exotic; cultivated only
668. Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites; herb; native; vulnerable; cultivated
669. Lemna perpusilla Torr.; herb; exotic; naturalised
670. Lemna tenera Kerz; herb; native; common
671. Monstera deliciosa Liebm.; climber; exotic; casual
672. Monstera obliqua Miq.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
673. Montrichardia arborescens (L.) Schott; herb; exotic; cultivated only
107
Chong et al.
674. Philodendron bipinnatifidum Schott ex Endl.; climber; exotic; cultivated only; =P. selloum K.
Koch
675. Philodendron erubescens K. Koch & Augustin; climber; exotic; cultivated only
676. Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott; herb; exotic; casual; cultivated; =P. scandens
K.Koch & Sello
677. Philodendron lacerum (Jacq.) Schott; herb; exotic; cultivated only
678. Philodendron mamei André; climber; exotic; cultivated only
679. Philodendron panduriforme (Kunth) Kunth; climber; exotic; cultivated only
680. Philodendron undulatum Engl.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
681. Philodendron wendlandii Schott; herb; exotic; cultivated only
682. Philodendron xanadu Croat, Mayo & J. Boos; climber; exotic; cultivated only
683. Pistia stratiotes L.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
684. Pothos lancifolius Hook. f.; climber; native; vulnerable
685. Rhaphidophora korthalsii Schott; climber; native; vulnerable
686. Rhaphidophora lobbii Schott; climber; native; vulnerable
687. Rhaphidophora maingayi Hook. f.; climber; native; vulnerable
688. Rhaphidophora minor Hook. f.; climber; native; vulnerable
689. Rhaphidophora montana (Blume) Schott; climber; native; vulnerable; =Anadendrum
montanum (Blume) Schott
690. Rhaphidophora sylvestris (Blume) Engl.; climber; native; critically endangered
691. Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Roxb.) Zoll. & Moritzi; herb; native; vulnerable
692. Schismatoglottis wallichii (Roxb.) Hook. f.; herb; native; vulnerable; cultivated
693. Scindapsus hederaceus Schott; climber; native; common
694. Scindapsus pictus Hassk.; climber; native; common
695. Spathiphyllum cannifolium (Dryand.) Schott; herb; exotic; cultivated only
696. Spathiphyllum wallisii Regel; herb; exotic; cultivated only
697. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
698. Syngonium podophyllum Schott; climber; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
699. Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume; herb; weed of uncertain origin
700. Typhonium roxburghii Schott; herb; weed of uncertain origin
701. Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott; herb; exotic; naturalised
702. Typhonodorum lindleyanum Schott; herb; exotic; cultivated only
703. Wolffia globosa (Roxb.) Hartog & Plas; herb; weed of uncertain origin
704. Zamioculcas zamiifolia (Lodd. et al.) Engl.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Araliaceae
705. Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
706. Arthrophyllum diversifolium Blume; tree; native; common; cultivated
707. Eleutherococcus nodiflorus (Dunn) S.Y. Hu; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
708. Fatsia japonica (Thunb.) Decne. & Planch.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
709. Hedera helix L.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
710. Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
711. Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.; herb; native; common; cultivated
712. Hydrocotyle umbellata L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
713. Osmoxylon lineare (Merr.) Philipson; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
714. Polyscias balfouriana (André) L.H. Bailey; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
715. Polyscias cumingiana (C. Presl) Fern.-Vill.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
716. Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
717. Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
718. Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) Harms; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
719. Schefflera arboricola (Hayata) Merr.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
720. Schefflera cephalotes (C.B. Clarke) Harms; epiphyte; native; extinct
108
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
721. Schefflera elegantissima (hort. Veitch ex Mast.) Lowry & Frodin; shrub; exotic; cultivated
only; =Dizygotheca elegantissima (hort. Veitch ex Mast.) R. Vig. & Guillaumin
722. Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms; epiphyte; native; vulnerable
723. Schefflera hullettii (King) Viguier; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
724. Schefflera lanceolata Ridl.; climber; native; extinct
725. Schefflera oxyphylla (Miq.) Viguier; epiphyte; native; extinct
726. Schefflera ridleyi (King) Viguier; epiphyte; native; extinct
727. Schefflera versteegii Harms; tree; exotic; cultivated only
728. Trevesia burckii Boerl.; shrub; native; critically endangered
Arecaceae
729. Acoelorraphe wrightii (Griseb. & H. Wendl.) H. Wendl. ex Becc; shrub; exotic; cultivated
only
730. Actinorhytis calapparia (Blume) H. Wendl. & Drude; tree; exotic; cultivated only
731. Adonidia merrillii (Becc.) Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only; =Veitchia merrillii (Becc.)
H.E.Moore
732. Allagoptera campestris (Mart.) Kuntze; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
733. Archontophoenix alexandrae (F. Muell.) H. Wendl. & Drude; tree; exotic; cultivated only
734. Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (Wendl.) Wendl. & Drude; tree; exotic; cultivated only
735. Areca alicae W. Hill ex F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
736. Areca catechu L.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
737. Areca concinna Thwaites; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
738. Areca guppyana Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
739. Areca ipot Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
740. Areca macrocarpa Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
741. Areca triandra Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
742. Areca vestiaria Giseke; tree; exotic; cultivated only
743. Arenga brevipes Becc.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
744. Arenga hookeriana (Becc.) Whitmore; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
745. Arenga microcarpa Becc.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
746. Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
747. Arenga tremula (Blanco) Becc.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
748. Arenga undulatifolia Becc.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
749. Arenga westerhoutii Griff.; shrub; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
750. Asterogyne martiana H. Wendl. ex Drude; tree; exotic; cultivated only
751. Attalea cohune Mart.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
752. Attalea insignis (Mart.) Drude; tree; exotic; cultivated only
753. Bactris guineensis (L.) H. E. Moore; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
754. Beccariophoenix madagascariensis Jum. & H. Perrier; tree; exotic; cultivated only
755. Bentinckia nicobarica (Kurz) Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
756. Bismarckia nobilis Hildebrandt & H. Wendl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
757. Borassodendron machadonis Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
758. Borassus flabellifer L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
759. Brahea edulis H. Wendl. ex S. Watson; tree; exotic; cultivated only
760. Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
761. Calamus densiflorus Becc.; climber; native; extinct
762. Calamus diepenhorstii Miq.; climber; native; endangered
763. Calamus erinaceus (Becc.) J. Dransf.; climber; native; vulnerable
764. Calamus insignis Griff.; climber; native; critically endangered
765. Calamus javensis Blume; climber; native; extinct
766. Calamus laevigatus Mart.; climber; native; critically endangered
767. Calamus lobbianus Becc.; tree; native; critically endangered
109
Chong et al.
768.
769.
770.
771.
772.
773.
774.
775.
776.
777.
778.
779.
780.
781.
782.
783.
784.
785.
786.
787.
788.
789.
790.
791.
792.
793.
794.
795.
796.
797.
798.
799.
800.
801.
802.
803.
804.
805.
806.
807.
808.
809.
810.
811.
812.
813.
814.
815.
816.
817.
818.
819.
Calamus luridus Becc.; climber; native; extinct
Calamus ornatus Becc.; climber; native; extinct
Calamus oxleyanus Teijsm & Binnend.; climber; native; critically endangered
Calamus ridleyanus Becc.; climber; native; critically endangered
Calyptrocalyx micholitzii (Ridl.) Dowe & M.D. Ferrero; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Calyptronoma occidentalis (Sw.) H.E. Moore; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Carpentaria acuminata Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Caryota cumingii Lodd. ex Mart.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Caryota maxima Blume ex Mart.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Caryota mitis Lour.; tree; native; common; cultivated
Caryota no Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Caryota rumphiana Mart.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Caryota zebrina Hambali, Maturb., Heatubun & J.Dransf.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Ceratolobus subangulatus (Miq.) Becc.; climber; native; extinct
Chamaedorea cataractarum Mart.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Chamaedorea elegans Mart.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Chamaedorea metallica O.F. Cook ex H.E. Moore; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Chamaedorea microspadix Burret; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Chamaedorea seifrizii Burret; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Chamaerops humilis L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Chambeyronia macrocarpa (Brongn.) Vieill. ex Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Clinostigma samoense H. Wendl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Coccothrinax crinita (Griseb. & H. Wendl. ex Kerch.) Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Cocos nucifera L.; tree; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
Copernicia alba Morong; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Copernicia baileyana Léon; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Copernicia prunifera (Mill.) H.E. Moore; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Corypha umbraculifera L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Corypha utan Lam.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Cyrtostachys renda Blume; shrub; native; extinct; cultivated
Daemonorops angustifolia (Griff.) Mart.; climber; native; vulnerable
Daemonorops didymophylla Becc.; climber; native; vulnerable
Daemonorops geniculata (Griff.) Mart.; climber; native; endangered
Daemonorops grandis (Giff.) Griff. ex Mart.; climber; native; endangered
Daemonorops hirsuta Blume; climber; native; vulnerable; =D. hystrix (Griff.) Mart.
Daemonorops kunstleri Becc.; climber; native; critically endangered
Daemonorops leptopus (Griff.) Mart.; climber; native; critically endangered
Daemonorops lewisiana (Griff.) Mart.; climber; native; extinct
Daemonorops longipes (Griff.) Mart.; shrub; native; vulnerable
Daemonorops micracantha (Griff.) Becc.; climber; native; critically endangered
Daemonorops periacantha Miq.; climber; native; critically endangered
Daemonorops sabut Becc.; climber; native; critically endangered
Deckenia nobilis H. Wendl. ex Seem.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Dictyosperma album (Bory) H. Wendl. & Drude ex Scheff; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Drymophloeus oliviformis (Giseke) Mart.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Dypsis ambositrae Beentje; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Dypsis cabadae (H.E. Moore) Beentje & J. Dransf.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Dypsis decaryi (Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Dypsis hovomantsina Beentje; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Dypsis lastelliana (Baill.) Beentje & J. Dransf.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Dypsis leptocheilos (Hodel) Beentje & J. Dransf.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Dypsis lutescens (H. Wendl.) Beentje & J. Dransf.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
110
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
820.
821.
822.
823.
824.
825.
826.
827.
828.
829.
830.
831.
832.
833.
834.
835.
836.
837.
838.
839.
840.
841.
842.
843.
844.
845.
846.
847.
848.
849.
850.
851.
852.
853.
854.
855.
856.
857.
858.
859.
860.
861.
862.
863.
864.
865.
866.
867.
868.
869.
870.
Dypsis madagascariensis (Becc.) Beentje & J. Dransf.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Dypsis mcdonaldiana Beentje; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Dypsis nodifera Mart.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Dypsis paludosa J. Dransf.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Dypsis pinnatifrons Mart.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Dypsis rivularis (Jum. & H. Perrier) Beentje & J. Dransf.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Dypsis sanctaemariae J. Dransf.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Elaeis guineensis Jacq.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Eleiodoxa conferta (Griff.) Burret; shrub; native; vulnerable; cultivated
Euterpe edulis Mart.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Euterpe oleraceae Mart.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Heterospathe minor Burret; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Howea belmoreana (C. Moore & F. Muell.) Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Hydriastele beguinii (Burret) W.J. Baker & Loo; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Hydriastele costata F.M. Bailey; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Hyophorbe lagenicaulis (L.H. Bailey) H.E. Moore; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Hyophorbe vaughanii L.H. Bailey; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Hyophorbe verschaffeltii H. Wendl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Hyphaene coriacea Gaertn.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Iguanura wallichiana (Wall. ex Mart.) Hook. f. ssp. malaccensis (Becc.) Kiew var.
malaccensis; shrub; native; critically endangered; cultivated
Johannesteijsmannia altifrons (Rchb. & Zoll.) H.E. Moore; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Johannesteijsmannia lanceolata J. Dransf.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Kerriodoxa elegans J. Dransf.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Korthalsia echinometra Becc.; climber; native; critically endangered
Korthalsia flagellaris Miq.; climber; native; critically endangered
Korthalsia laciniosa (Griff.) Mart.; climber; native; extinct
Korthalsia rigida Blume; climber; native; critically endangered
Korthalsia rostrata Blume; climber; native; endangered
Korthalsia scortechinii Becc.; climber; native; extinct
Laccospadix australasica H. Wendl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Latania loddigesii Mart.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Latania lontaroides (Gaertn.) H.E. Moore; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Latania verschaffeltii Lem.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Licuala bintulensis Becc.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Licuala cordata Becc.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Licuala ferruginea Becc.; shrub; native; Endangered; cultivated
Licuala grandis (hort. ex W. Bull) H. Wendl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Licuala lauterbachii Dammer & K. Schum.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Licuala mattanensis Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Licuala orbicularis Becc.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Licuala paludosa Griff.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Licuala peltata Roxb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Licuala ramsayi (F. Muell.) Domin; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Licuala spinosa Thunb.; shrub; native; vulnerable; cultivated
Licuala triphylla Griff.; shrub; native; extinct
Livistona australis (R. Br.) Mart.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R. Br. ex Mart.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Livistona decipiens Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Livistona drudei F. Muell. ex Drude; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Livistona endauensis J. Dransf. & K.M. Wong; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Livistona humilis R. Br.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
111
Chong et al.
871.
872.
873.
874.
875.
876.
877.
878.
879.
880.
881.
882.
883.
884.
885.
886.
887.
888.
889.
890.
891.
892.
893.
894.
895.
896.
897.
898.
899.
900.
901.
902.
903.
904.
905.
906.
907.
908.
909.
910.
911.
912.
913.
914.
915.
916.
917.
918.
919.
920.
Livistona lorophylla Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Livistona mariae F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Livistona merrillii Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Livistona muelleri F.M. Bailey; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Livistona robinsoniana Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Livistona rotundifolia (Lam.) Mart.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Livistona saribus (Lour.) Merr. ex A. Chev.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Livistona tahanensis Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Lodoicea maldivica (J.F. Gmel.) Pers.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Lytocaryum weddellianum (H. Wendl.) Toledo; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Metroxylon sagu Rottb.; tree; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
Metroxylon salomonense (Warb.) Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Myrialepis paradoxa (Kurz) Dransfield; climber; native; critically endangered
Nenga pumila (Mart.) H. Wendl. var. pachystachya (Blume) Fernando; tree; native; critically
endangered; cultivated
Nephrosperma vanhoutteanum (H. Wendl. ex Van Houtte) Balf. f.; tree; exotic; cultivated
only
Normanbya normanbyi (W. Hill) L.H. Bailey; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Nypa fruticans Wurmb; shrub; native; vulnerable; cultivated
Oncosperma horridum (Griff.) Scheff.; shrub; native; vulnerable; cultivated
Oncosperma tigillaria (Jack) Ridl.; shrub; native; vulnerable; cultivated
Orania palindan (Blanco) Merr.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Orania sylvicola (Griff.) H.E. Moore; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
Pelagodoxa henryana Becc. ex Bois; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Phoenicophorium borsigianum (K. Koch) Stuntz; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Phoenix canariensis hort. ex Chabaud; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Phoenix dactylifera L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Phoenix paludosa Roxb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Phoenix reclinata Jacq.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Phoenix roebelenii O'Brien; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Phoenix rupicola T. Anderson; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Pholidocarpus kingianus (Becc.) Ridl.; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
Pigafetta elata (Mart.) Blume ex H. Wendl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Pigafetta filaris (Giseke) Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Pinanga caesia Blume; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Pinanga coronata (Blume ex Mart.) Blume; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Pinanga densiflora Becc.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Pinanga dicksonii Blume; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Pinanga disticha (Roxb.) Blume ex H. Wendl.; shrub; native; extinct; cultivated
Pinanga kuhlii Blume; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Pinanga ligulata Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Pinanga limosa Ridl.; shrub; native; extinct; cultivated
Pinanga malaiana (Mart.) Scheff.; shrub; native; Endangered; cultivated
Pinanga patula Blume; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Pinanga pectinata Becc.; shrub; native; extinct
Pinanga simplicifrons (Miq.) Becc.; shrub; native; extinct
Pinanga subruminata Becc.; shrub; native; extinct
Plectocomia elongata Mart. ex Blume; climber; native; vulnerable
Pritchardia pacifica Seem. & H. Wendl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Pritchardia thurstonii F. Muell. & Drude; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Ptychosperma lineare (Burret) Burret; tree; exotic; cultivated only
112
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
921. Ptychosperma macarthurii (H. Wendl. ex anon.) H. Wendl. ex Hook. f.; tree; exotic;
naturalised; cultivated
922. Ptychosperma sanderianum Ridl.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
923. Raphia australis Oberm. & Strey; tree; exotic; cultivated only
924. Raphia farinifera (Gaertn.) Hyl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
925. Ravenea rivularis Jum. & H. Perrier; tree; exotic; cultivated only
926. Reinhardtia gracilis (H. Wendl.) Burret var. rostrata (Burret) H.E. Moore; shrub; exotic;
cultivated only
927. Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.) A. Henry ex Rehder; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
928. Rhapis humilis Blume; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
929. Rhapis multifida Buffet; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
930. Rhopaloblaste augusta (Kurz) H.E. Moore; tree; exotic; cultivated only
931. Rhopaloblaste ceramica (Miq.) Burret; tree; exotic; cultivated only
932. Rhopaloblaste singaporensis (Becc.) Benth. & Hook. f.; shrub; native; critically endangered;
cultivated
933. Rhopalostylis sapida H. Wendl. & Drude; tree; exotic; cultivated only
934. Roystonea oleracea (Jacq.) O.F. Cook; tree; exotic; cultivated only
935. Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F. Cook; tree; exotic; cultivated only
936. Sabal causiarum (O.F. Cook) Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
937. Sabal mauritiiformis (H. Karst.) Griseb. & H. Wendl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
938. Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
939. Sabal palmetto (Walter) Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult. f.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
940. Sabal yapa C. Wright ex Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
941. Salacca affinis Griff.; shrub; native; extinct
942. Salacca magnifica Mogea; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
943. Satakentia liukiuensis (Hatus.) H.E. Moore; tree; exotic; cultivated only
944. Serenoa repens (W. Bartram) Small; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
945. Syagyrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman; tree; exotic; cultivated only
946. Syagyrus schizophylla (Mart.) Glassman; tree; exotic; cultivated only
947. Thrinax parviflora Sw.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
948. Thrinax radiata Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult. f.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
949. Trachycarpus takil Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
950. Veitchia joannis H. Wendl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
951. Verschaffeltia splendida H. Wendl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
952. Washingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) H. Wendl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
953. Washingtonia robusta H. Wendl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
954. Wodyetia bifurcata A.K. Irvine; tree; exotic; cultivated only
955. Zombia antillarum (Descourt. ex B.D. Jacks.) L.H. Bailey; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Aristolochiaceae
956. Aristolochia acuminata Lam.; climber; exotic; cultivated only; =A. tagala Cham.
957. Aristolochia elegans Mast.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
958. Aristolochia gigantea Mart. & Zucc.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
959. Aristolochia jackii Steud.; climber; native; extinct
960. Aristolochia labiata Willd.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
961. Aristolochia ringens Vahl; climber; exotic; cultivated only
962. Thottea dependens (Planch.) Klotsch.; shrub; native; extinct
963. Thottea grandiflora Rottb.; shrub; native; vulnerable; cultivated
Asparagaceae
964. Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop; herb; exotic; cultivated only
965. Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop; herb; exotic; cultivated only
113
Chong et al.
Asphodelaceae
966. Aloe variegata L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
967. Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
968. Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Asteraceae
969. Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze; herb; exotic; naturalised
970. Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass.; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
971. Adenostemma viscosum J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
972. Ageratum conyzoides L.; herb; exotic; naturalised
973. Artemisia lactiflora Wall. ex DC.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
974. Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
975. Artemisia vulgaris L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
976. Bidens alba (L.) DC.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
977. Bidens pilosa L.; herb; exotic; naturalised
978. Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson; herb; exotic; cultivated only
979. Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC.; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
980. Blumea junghuhniana (Miq.) Boerl.; herb; native; extinct
981. Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
982. Blumea membranacea DC.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
983. Blumea riparia (Blume) DC.; herb; native; common
984. Calocephalus brownii (Cass.) F. Muell.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
985. Centipeda minima (L.) A. Braun & Asch.; herb; exotic; casual
986. Centratherum punctatum Cass.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
987. Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.; herb; exotic; naturalised
988. Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist; herb; weed of uncertain origin
989. Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet; herb; exotic; cultivated only
990. Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
991. Cosmos sulphureus Cav.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
992. Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore; herb; exotic; naturalised
993. Crossostephium chinense (L.) Makino; herb; exotic; cultivated only
994. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.; herb; exotic; naturalised
995. Elephantopus scaber L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
996. Eleutheranthera ruderalis (Sw.) Sch. Bip.; herb; exotic; naturalised
997. Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC.; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
998. Enydra fluctuans Lour.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
999. Erechtites hieracifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC.; herb; exotic; naturalised
1000. Erechtites valerianifolius (Link ex Spreng.) DC.; herb; exotic; naturalised
1001. Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hook. f.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1002. Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch. Bip. ex Walp.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only;
=Vernonia amygdalina Delile
1003. Gynura aurantiaca (Blume) DC.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1004. Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.; climber; native; critically endangered
1005. Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1006. Gynura segetum Merr.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1007. Helianthus annuus L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1008. Melampodium leucanthum Torr. & A. Gray; herb; exotic; cultivated only; =M. paludosum
Kunth
1009. Melanthera biflora (L.) Wild; shrub; native; common; cultivated; =Wollastonia biflora (L.)
DC.; Wedelia biflora (L.) DC.
1010. Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) B.L. Rob.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1011. Mikania micrantha Kunth; climber; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
114
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1012. Pluchea indica (L.) Less.; shrub; native; common
1013. Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass.; herb; exotic; naturalised
1014. Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides (Kunth) Cabrera; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1015. Rudbeckia fulgida Aiton; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1016. Sigesbeckia orientalis L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1017. Sphaeranthus africanus L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1018. Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated; =Wedelia trilobata
(L.) Hitch.; Complaya trilobata (L.) Strother
1019. Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1020. Struchium sparganophorum (L.) C. Jeffrey; herb; exotic; naturalised; =Sparganophoros
vaillantii DC.; Sparganophorus sparganophora (L.) C. Jeffrey
1021. Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) G.L. Nesom; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1022. Symphyotrichum laeve (L.) A. Love & D. Love var. laeve; herb; exotic; cultivated only;
=Aster laevis L.
1023. Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn.; herb; exotic; naturalised
1024. Tagetes patula L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1025. Thymophylla tenuiloba DC.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1026. Tithonia diversifolia (Helms.) A. Gray; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1027. Tridax procumbens L.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1028. Vernonia arborea (L.) Willd.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
1029. Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1030. Vernonia elliptica DC.; climber; exotic; casual; cultivated
1031. Vernonia patula (Aiton) Merr.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1032. Xanthium inaequilaterum DC.; herb; exotic; casual
1033. Youngia japonica (L.) DC.; herb; exotic; naturalised
Balsaminaceae
1034. Hydrocera triflora (L.) Wight & Arn.; herb; exotic; naturalised
1035. Impatiens balsamina L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1036. Impatiens repens Moon; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1037. Impatiens walleriana Hook. f.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Basellaceae
1038. Basella alba L.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
Begoniaceae
1039. Begonia cucullata Willd. var. cucullata; herb; exotic; cultivated only; =B. semperflorens Link
& Otto
1040. Begonia masoniana Irmsch.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1041. Begonia rex Putz.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Bignoniaceae
1042. Anemopaegma chamberlaynii (Sims) Bureau & K. Schum.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1043. Arrabidaea corallina (Jacq.) Sandwith; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1044. Bignonia capreolata L.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1045. Bignonia violacea DC.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1046. Campsis radicans (L.) Seem ex Bureau; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1047. Catalpa ovata G. Don; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1048. Clytostoma callisgtegioides (Cham.) Bureau & Schum.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1049. Crescentia cujete L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1050. Deplanchea bancana (Scheff.) Steen.; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
1051. Deplanchea tetraphylla (R. Br.) F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
115
Chong et al.
1052. Dolichandrone spathacea (L. f.) K. Schum.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1053. Jacaranda acutifolia Bonpl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1054. Jacaranda cuspidifolia Mart.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1055. Jacaranda obtusifolia D. Don; tree; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1056. Jacaranda semiserrata Cham.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1057. Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1058. Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) A.H. Gentry; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1059. Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A.H. Gentry; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1060. Mansoa hymenaea (DC.) A.H. Gentry; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1061. Millingtonia hortensis L. f.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1062. Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv.) Seem. ex Bureau; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1063. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1064. Pajanelia longifolia (Willd.) K. Schum.; tree; native; extinct
1065. Pandorea jasminoides (Lindl.) K. Schum.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1066. Parmentiera aculeata (Kunth) Seem.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1067. Parmentiera cereifera Seem.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1068. Phryganocydia corymbosa (Vent.) Bureau ex K. Schum.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1069. Podranea ricasoliana (Tanfani) Sprague; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1070. Radermachera glandulosa Miq.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1071. Radermachera pinnata (Blanco) Seem. ssp. acuminata (Steen.) Steen.; tree; native; critically
endangered
1072. Saritaea magnifica (Sprague ex Steenis) Dugand; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1073. Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.; tree; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1074. Stereospermum colais (Buch.-Ham. ex Dillwyn) Mabb.; tree; native; critically endangered; =S.
personatum (Hassk.) Chatterjee
1075. Stereospermum fimbriatum (Wall. ex G. Don) DC.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1076. Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. & Hook. f. ex S. Moore; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1077. Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) G. Nicholson; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1078. Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) Standl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1079. Tabebuia haemantha (Betero ex Spreng.) DC.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1080. Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1081. Tabebuia ochracea (Cham.) Standl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1082. Tabebuia pallida (Lindl.) Miers; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1083. Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
1084. Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) G. Nicholson; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1085. Tecoma capensis (Thunb.) Lindl.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only; =Tecomaria capensis
(Thunb.) Spach
1086. Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Bixaceae
1087. Bixa orellana L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1088. Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1089. Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Spreng.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Bonnetiaceae
1090. Ploiarium alternifolium (Vahl) Melchior; shrub; native; common; cultivated
Boraginaceae
1091. Carmona retusa (Vahl) Masam.; shrub; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1092. Cordia caffra Sond.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1093. Cordia cylindristachya (Ruiz & Pav.) Roem. & Schult.; shrub; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1094. Cordia dichotoma G. Forst.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
116
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1095. Cordia sebestena L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1096. Cordia subcordata Lam.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1097. Cordia superba Cham.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1098. Heliotropium indicum L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1099. Pteleocarpa lamponga (Miq.) Bakh. ex Heyne; tree; native; extinct
1100. Tournefortia tetrandra Blume; climber; native; extinct
Brassicaceae
1101. Rorippa heterophylla (Blume) Williams; herb; exotic; naturalised
Bromeliaceae
1102. Aechmea chantinii (Carriere) Baker; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1103. Aechmea fasciata (Lindl.) Baker; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1104. Aechmea fulgens Brongn.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1105. Ananas bracteatus (Lindl.) Schult. & Schult. f. var. striatus M.B. Foster; herb; exotic;
cultivated only
1106. Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.; herb; exotic; casual; cultivated
1107. Ananas nanus (L. B. Sm.) L. B. Sm.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1108. Billbergia pyramidalis (Sims) Lindl.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1109. Cryptanthus bromelioides Otto & A. Dietr.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1110. Cryptanthus zonatus (Vis.) Beer; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1111. Guzmania dissitiflora L.B. Sm.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1112. Guzmania lingulata (L.) Mez; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1113. Pitcairnia angustifolia Sol.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1114. Pitcairnia bromeliifolia L'Hér.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1115. Pitcairnia sanguinea (H.E. Luther) D.C. Taylor & H. Rob.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1116. Tillandsia cyanea Linden ex K. Koch; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1117. Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1118. Vriesea splendens (Brongn.) Lem.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Burmanniaceae
1119. Burmannia championii Thw.; herb; native; critically endangered
1120. Burmannia coelestis D. Don; herb; native; common; cultivated
1121. Gymnosiphon aphyllus Blume; herb; native; extinct
Burseraceae
1122. Canarium grandifolium (Ridl.) Lam; tree; native; critically endangered
1123. Canarium indicum L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1124. Canarium littorale Blume; tree; native; common
1125. Canarium odontophyllum Miq.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1126. Canarium oleosum (Lam.) Engl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1127. Canarium patentinervium Miq.; tree; native; endangered
1128. Canarium pilosum Benn.; tree; native; endangered
1129. Canarium vulgare Leenh.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1130. Dacryodes costata (A.W. Benn.) H.J. Lam; tree; native; endangered
1131. Dacryodes laxa (Benn.) Lam; tree; native; endangered
1132. Dacryodes longifolia (King) Lam; tree; native; critically endangered
1133. Dacryodes rostrata (Blume) Lam; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
1134. Dacryodes rugosa (Blume) H.J. Lam; tree; native; critically endangered
1135. Garuga pinnata Roxb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1136. Santiria apiculata Benn.; tree; native; common
1137. Santiria conferta Benn.; tree; native; critically endangered
117
Chong et al.
1138. Santiria griffithii (Hook. f.) Engl.; tree; native; common
1139. Santiria laevigata Blume; tree; native; vulnerable
1140. Santiria rubiginosa Blume; tree; native; vulnerable
1141. Santiria tomentosa Blume; tree; native; endangered
1142. Triomma malaccensis Hook. f.; tree; native; endangered
Cactaceae
1143. Cereus hildmannianus K. Schum.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1144. Echinocactus grusonii Hildm.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1145. Epiphyllum oxypetalum (DC.) Haw.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1146. Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1147. Opuntia cochenillifer (L.) Mill.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1148. Opuntia scheeri F.A.C. Weber; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1149. Pereskia aculeata Mill.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1150. Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1151. Pereskia corrugata Cutak; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1152. Pereskia grandifolia Haw.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Campanulaceae
1153. Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G. Don; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated; =Laurentia
longiflora (L.) Peterm.
1154. Lobelia cardinalis L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1155. Lobelia chinensis Lour.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1156. Lobelia zeylanica L.; herb; native; common
Cannabaceae
1157. Celtis africana Burm. f.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1158. Gironniera hirta Ridl.; shrub; native; extinct
1159. Gironniera nervosa Planch.; tree; native; common; cultivated
1160. Gironniera parvifolia Planch.; tree; native; endangered
1161. Gironniera subaequalis Planch.; tree; native; endangered
1162. Trema angustifolia (Planch.) Blume; shrub; native; extinct
1163. Trema cannabina Lour.; shrub; native; common
1164. Trema tomentosa (Roxb.) H. Hara; shrub; native; common
Cannaceae
1165. Canna glauca L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1166. Canna indica L.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
Capparaceae
1167. Capparis micracantha DC.; climber; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1168. Crateva religiosa G. Forst.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Caprifoliaceae
1169. Lonicera japonica Thunb.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
Cardiopteridaceae
1170. Gonocaryum gracile Miq.; shrub; native; endangered
Caricaceae
1171. Carica papaya L.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
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Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
Caryophyllaceae
1172. Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schultes; herb; exotic; naturalised
Casuarinaceae
1173. Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1174. Casuarina equisetifolia L.; tree; native; common; cultivated
1175. Casuarina junghuhniana Miq.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1176. Casuarina nobilis Whitmore; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1177. Gymnostoma nobile (Whitmore) L.A.S. Johnson; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1178. Gymnostoma papuanum (S. Moore) L.A.S. Johnson; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1179. Gymnostoma rumphianum (Miq.) L.A.S. Johnson; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1180. Gymnostoma sumatranum (Jungh. ex de Vriese) L.A.S. Johnson; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Celastraceae
1181. Bhesa paniculata Arn.; tree; native; common; cultivated
1182. Bhesa robusta (Roxb.) Ding Hou; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
1183. Cassine viburnifolia (Juss.) Ding Hou; tree; native; critically endangered
1184. Euonymus javanicus Blume; tree; native; extinct
1185. Glyptopetalum quadrangulare Prain ex King; shrub; native; extinct
1186. Kokoona littoralis Laws.; tree; native; extinct
1187. Kokoona reflexa (Laws.) Ding Hou; tree; native; critically endangered
1188. Loeseneriella macrantha (Korth.) A.C. Smith; climber; native; extinct
1189. Loeseneriella pauciflora (DC.) A.C. Sm.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1190. Lophopetalum beccarianum Pierre; tree; native; critically endangered
1191. Lophopetalum multinervium Ridl.; tree; native; endangered
1192. Lophopetalum wightianum Arn.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
1193. Maytenus emarginata (Willd.) D. Hou; shrub; native; extinct
1194. Reissantia indica (Willd.) Halle; climber; native; extinct
1195. Salacia chinensis L.; climber; native; vulnerable
1196. Salacia exsculpta Korth.; climber; native; critically endangered
1197. Salacia grandiflora Kurz; climber; native; critically endangered
1198. Salacia korthalsiana Miq.; climber; native; critically endangered
1199. Salacia macrophylla Blume; climber; native; vulnerable
1200. Salacia maingayi Laws.; climber; native; extinct
1201. Salacia viminea Wall. ex Laws.; climber; native; critically endangered
Chloranthaceae
1202. Chloranthus erectus (Buch.-Ham.) Verdc.; shrub; native; critically endangered
Chrysobalanaceae
1203. Atuna racemosa Rafin.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1204. Chrysobalanus icaco L.; shrub; exotic; naturalised
1205. Licania splendens (Korth.) Prance; tree; native; common; cultivated
1206. Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1207. Maranthes corymbosa Blume; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
1208. Parastemon spicatum Ridl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1209. Parastemon urophyllus (Wall. ex A. DC.) A. DC.; tree; native; endangered
1210. Parinari costata (Korth.) Blume; tree; native; critically endangered
1211. Parinari elmeri Merr.; tree; native; common
1212. Parinari oblongifolia Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered
1213. Parinari rigida Kosterm.; tree; native; extinct
Cleomaceae
119
Chong et al.
1214. Cleome aculeata L.; herb; exotic; naturalised
1215. Cleome gynandra L.; herb; exotic; naturalised
1216. Cleome rutidosperma DC.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1217. Cleome viscosa L.; herb; exotic; naturalised
Clusiaceae
1218. Calophyllum biflorum Hend. & Wyatt-Smith; tree; native; extinct
1219. Calophyllum calaba L. var. bracteatum (Wight) P. F. Stevens; tree; native; extinct
1220. Calophyllum costulatum Hend. & Wyatt-Smith; tree; native; extinct
1221. Calophyllum dispar P.F. Stevens; tree; native; critically endangered
1222. Calophyllum ferrugineum Ridl.; tree; native; common
1223. Calophyllum inophyllum L.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1224. Calophyllum lanigerum Miq. var. austrocoriaceum (T. C. Whitmore) P. F. Stevens; tree;
native; endangered
1225. Calophyllum macrocarpum Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered
1226. Calophyllum pulcherrimum Wall. ex Choisy; tree; native; common; cultivated
1227. Calophyllum rigidum Miq.; tree; native; critically endangered
1228. Calophyllum rubiginosum Hend. & Wyatt-Smith; tree; native; endangered
1229. Calophyllum rufigemmatum Hend. & Wyatt-Smith; tree; native; endangered
1230. Calophyllum sil Lauterb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1231. Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1232. Calophyllum sundaicum P. F. Stevens; tree; native; critically endangered
1233. Calophyllum tetrapterum Miq.; tree; native; vulnerable
1234. Calophyllum teysmannii Miq.; tree; native; vulnerable
1235. Calophyllum wallichianum Planch. & Tr. var. incrassatum (Hend. & Wyatt-Smith) P. F.
Stevens; tree; native; vulnerable
1236. Calophyllum wallichianum Planch. & Tr. var. wallichianum; tree; native; critically
endangered; cultivated
1237. Clusia colombiana Pipoly; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1238. Clusia rosea Jacq.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1239. Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anderson; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1240. Garcinia bancana Miq.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1241. Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex DC.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1242. Garcinia cymosa (K. Schum.) I.M. Turner & P.F. Stevens; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1243. Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1244. Garcinia eugeniifolia Wall. ex T. Anderson; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
1245. Garcinia forbesii King; tree; native; critically endangered
1246. Garcinia griffithii T. Anderson; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
1247. Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) N. Robson; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1248. Garcinia hombroniana Pierre; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
1249. Garcinia macrophylla Mart.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1250. Garcinia maingayi Hook. f. var. stylosa King; tree; native; critically endangered
1251. Garcinia malaccensis Hook. f.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1252. Garcinia mangostana L.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
1253. Garcinia nervosa Miq.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1254. Garcinia nigrolineata Planch. ex T. Anderson; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1255. Garcinia nitida Pierre; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1256. Garcinia parvifolia Miq.; tree; native; common; cultivated
1257. Garcinia prainiana King; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1258. Garcinia pyrifera Ridl.; tree; native; extinct
1259. Garcinia rostrata (Hassk.) Miq.; tree; native; critically endangered
1260. Garcinia scortechinii King; tree; native; critically endangered
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Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1261. Garcinia subelliptica Merr.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1262. Garcinia xanthochymus Hook. f.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1263. Mesua elegans (King) Kosterm.; tree; native; critically endangered
1264. Mesua ferrea L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1265. Mesua ferruginea (Pierre) Kosterm.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Colchicaceae
1266. Disporum cantoniense (Lour.) Merr.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1267. Gloriosa superba L.; climber; exotic; casual; cultivated
Combretaceae
1268. Bucida buceras L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1269. Bucida molinetii (M. Gómez) Alwan & Stace; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1270. Combretum comosum G. Don; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1271. Combretum constrictum (Benth.) M. A. Lawson; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1272. Combretum erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1273. Combretum grandiflorum G. Don; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1274. Combretum sundaicum Miq.; climber; native; vulnerable
1275. Combretum tetralophum C.B. Clarke; climber; native; critically endangered
1276. Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
1277. Lumnitzera racemosa Willd.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
1278. Quisqualis indica L.; climber; exotic; casual; cultivated
1279. Terminalia belliricia (Gaertn.) Roxb.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1280. Terminalia brassii Exell; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1281. Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1282. Terminalia catappa L.; tree; native; common; cultivated
1283. Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1284. Terminalia kaernbachii Warb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1285. Terminalia muelleri Benth.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1286. Terminalia phellocarpa King; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1287. Terminalia pyrifolia Kurz; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1288. Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1289. Terminalia subspathulata King; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
Commelinaceae
1290. Amischotolype gracilis (Ridl.) I.M. Turner; herb; native; common
1291. Amischotolype mollissima Hassk.; climber; native; critically endangered; =A. marginata
Hassk.
1292. Callisia fragrans (Lindl.) Woodson; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1293. Callisia gentlei Matuda var. elegans (Alexander ex H. E. Moore) D. R. Hunt; herb; exotic;
cultivated only
1294. Callisia repens (Jacq.) L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1295. Commelina attenuata Koen.; climber; native; extinct
1296. Commelina benghalensis L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1297. Commelina diffusa Burm. f.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1298. Cyanotis cristata D. Don; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
1299. Dichorisandra thyrsiflora J.C. Mikan; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1300. Floscopa scandens Lour.; climber; native; common
1301. Geogenanthus poeppigii (Miq.) Faden; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1302. Murdannia bracteata (C.B. Clarke) J.K. Morton ex D.Y. Hong; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1303. Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1304. Murdannia vaginata (L.) Brueckn.; herb; native; common
121
Chong et al.
1305. Palisota mannii C.B. Clarke; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1306. Pollia secundiflora (Blume) Backer; herb; native; extinct
1307. Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D. R. Hunt; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1308. Tradescantia spathacea Sw.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1309. Tradescantia zebrina hort. ex Bosse; herb; exotic; cultivated only; =T. pendula (Schnizl.) D.R.
Hunt
1310. Tripogandra multiflora (Sw.) Raf.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Connaraceae
1311. Agelaea borneensis (Hook. f.) Merr.; climber; native; vulnerable
1312. Agelaea macrophylla (Zoll.) Leenh.; climber; native; critically endangered
1313. Cnestis palala (Lour.) Merr.; climber; native; common
1314. Connarus ferrugineus Jack; climber; native; critically endangered
1315. Connarus grandis Jack; climber; native; critically endangered
1316. Connarus monocarpus L.; climber; native; critically endangered
1317. Connarus planchonianus Schellenb.; climber; native; extinct
1318. Connarus semidecandrus Jack; climber; native; critically endangered
1319. Ellipanthus tomentosus Kurz; shrub; native; critically endangered
1320. Rourea acutipetala Miq. ssp. acutipetala; climber; native; extinct
1321. Rourea asplenifolia (Schellenb.) Jongkind.; climber; native; critically endangered
1322. Rourea fulgens Planch.; climber; native; vulnerable
1323. Rourea mimosoides (Vahl) Planch.; climber; native; endangered
1324. Rourea minor (Gaertn.) Leenh.; climber; native; critically endangered
1325. Rourea rugosa Planch.; climber; native; extinct
Convolvulaceae
1326. Aniseia martinicensis (Jacq.) Choisy; climber; exotic; naturalised
1327. Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1328. Argyreia ridleyi Prain. ex Oostr.; climber; native; critically endangered
1329. Bonamia semidigyna (Roxb.) Hall.f.; climber; weed of uncertain origin
1330. Cuscuta australis R. Br.; climber; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
1331. Dichondra repens J.R. Forst & G. Forst; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1332. Erycibe citriniflora Griff.; climber; native; extinct
1333. Erycibe festiva Prain; climber; native; extinct
1334. Erycibe griffithii C.B. Clarke; climber; native; critically endangered
1335. Erycibe leucoxyloides King ex Prain; climber; weed of uncertain origin
1336. Erycibe maingayi C.B. Clarke; climber; native; extinct
1337. Erycibe malaccensis C.B. Clarke; climber; native; critically endangered
1338. Erycibe tomentosa Blume; climber; native; common
1339. Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.; herb; native; common
1340. Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.; climber; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
1341. Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.; climber; exotic; casual; cultivated
1342. Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet; climber; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1343. Ipomoea carnea Jacq.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1344. Ipomoea littoralis (L.) Blume; climber; native; common
1345. Ipomoea marginata (Desr.) Verdc.; climber; native; common
1346. Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq.; climber; native; common; cultivated
1347. Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl.; climber; native; common
1348. Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br.; climber; native; common; cultivated
1349. Ipomoea pes-tigridis L.; climber; native; common
1350. Ipomoea quamoclit L.; climber; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1351. Ipomoea tricolor Cav.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
122
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1352. Ipomoea triloba L.; climber; exotic; naturalised
1353. Ipomoea violacea L.; climber; native; common; =I. tuba (Schltdl.) G.Don
1354. Merremia hederacea (Burm. f.) Hallier f.; climber; native; common
1355. Merremia hirta (L.) Merr.; climber; weed of uncertain origin
1356. Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f.; climber; weed of uncertain origin
1357. Neuropeltis racemosa Wall.; climber; native; critically endangered
1358. Porana volubilis Burm. f.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1359. Stictocardia discolor Ootstr.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1360. Stictocardia tiliifolia (Desr.) Hallier f.; climber; native; extinct; =Ipomoea campanulata L.
1361. Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D. F. Austin & Staples ssp. tridentata; climber; native; common
Cornaceae
1362. Alangium javanicum (Blume) Wangerin var. ebenaceum (C.B.Clarke) Berhaman; tree; native;
critically endangered; =A. ebecaceum (C.B. Clarke) Harms
1363. Alangium nobile (C.B. Clarke) Harms; tree; native; critically endangered
1364. Alangium ridleyi King; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
1365. Alangium salviifolium (L. f.) Wang.; climber; native; critically endangered
1366. Alangium uniloculare (Griff.) King; tree; native; critically endangered; =A. griffithii (C.B.
Clarke) Harms
Costaceae
1367. Cheilocostus globosus (Blume) C. Specht; herb; native; extinct; =Costus globosus Blume var.
ridleyi (K. Schum.) Holttum
1368. Costus amazonicus (Loes.) J.F. Macbr.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1369. Costus curvibracteatus Maas; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1370. Costus erythrophyllus Loes.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1371. Costus lucanusianus J. Braun & K. Sch.; herb; exotic; casual; cultivated
1372. Costus malortieanus H. Wendl.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1373. Costus productus Gleason ex Maas; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1374. Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith; herb; native; common; cultivated
1375. Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1376. Costus stenophyllus Standl. & L.O. Williams; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1377. Costus varzearum Maas; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1378. Costus woodsonii Maas; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1379. Monocostus uniflorus (Poepp. ex Petersen) Maas; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1380. Tapeinochilos ananassae (Hassk.) K. Schum.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Crassulaceae
1381. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1382. Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.; herb; exotic; casual; cultivated
1383. Sedum mexicanum Britt.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1384. Sedum nevii A. Gray; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1385. Sedum rubrotinctum R.T. Clausen; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1386. Sedum sarmentosum Bunge; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1387. Sedum sexangulare L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Crypteroniaceae
1388. Crypteronia griffithii C.B. Clarke; tree; native; critically endangered
Ctenolophonaceae
1389. Ctenolophon parvifolius Oliv.; tree; native; critically endangered
Cucurbitaceae
123
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1390. Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt; climber; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1391. Cucumis maderaspatanus L.; climber; exotic; naturalised; =Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.J.
Roem.
1392. Gymnopetalum chinense (Lour.) Merr.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1393. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1394. Momordica charantia L.; climber; exotic; casual; cultivated
1395. Trichosanthes celebica Cogn.; climber; native; vulnerable
1396. Trichosanthes wallichiana Wight; climber; native; vulnerable
1397. Trichosanthes wawraei Cogn.; climber; native; vulnerable; cultivated
Cunoniaceae
1398. Davidsonia pruriens F. Muell; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1399. Pullea stutzeri (F. Muell.) Gibbs; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Cyclanthaceae
1400. Carludovica palmata Ruiz. & Pav.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1401. Cyclanthus bipartitus Poit.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Cymodoceaceae
1402. Cymodocea rotundata Ehrenb. & Hemp. ex Aschers.; herb; native; critically endangered
1403. Cymodocea serrulata (R.Br.) Aschers. & Magnus; herb; native; extinct
1404. Halodule pinifolia (Miki) den Hartog; herb; native; extinct
1405. Halodule uninervis (Forsk.) Aschers.; herb; native; extinct
1406. Syringodium isoetifolium (Aschers.) Dandy; herb; native; critically endangered
Cyperaceae
1407. Actinoscirpus grossus (L. f.) Goetgh. & D. A. Simpson; herb; native; common
1408. Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) C. B. Clarke; herb; native; common
1409. Bulbostylis puberula (Poir.) C.B. Clarke; herb; native; common; cultivated
1410. Carex cryptostachys Brongn.; herb; native; critically endangered
1411. Cyperus alternifolius L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1412. Cyperus compactus Retz.; herb; native; common
1413. Cyperus compressus L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1414. Cyperus cuspidatus Kunth; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1415. Cyperus cyperinus (Retz.) J.V. Suringer; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1416. Cyperus cyperoides (L.) Kuntze.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1417. Cyperus difformis L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1418. Cyperus digitatus Roxb.; herb; native; common
1419. Cyperus distans L. f.; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin
1420. Cyperus dubius Rottb.; herb; native; common
1421. Cyperus elatus L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1422. Cyperus exaltatus Retz.; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin
1423. Cyperus haspan L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
1424. Cyperus imbricatus Retz.; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin
1425. Cyperus iria L.; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin
1426. Cyperus javanicus Houtt.; herb; native; common
1427. Cyperus laxus Vahl; herb; native; common; =C. diffusus Vahl
1428. Cyperus malaccensis Lam.; herb; native; common
1429. Cyperus papyrus L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1430. Cyperus pilosus Vahl; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin
1431. Cyperus procerus Rottb.; herb; native; common
1432. Cyperus radians Nees & Meyen; herb; native; common
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1433. Cyperus rotundus L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1434. Cyperus sphacelatus Rottb.; herb; exotic; naturalised
1435. Cyperus stoloniferus Retz.; herb; native; common
1436. Cyperus tenuiculmis Boeck.; herb; native; common
1437. Cyperus trialatus (Boeck.) Kern; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1438. Diplacrum caricinum R. Br.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1439. Eleocharis acutangula (Roxb.) Schult.; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin
1440. Eleocharis dulcis (Burm. f.) Trin. ex Hensch.; herb; native; common
1441. Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem. & Schult.; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin
1442. Eleocharis ochrostachys Steud.; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin
1443. Eleocharis retroflexa (Poir.) Urb.; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
1444. Eleocharis spiralis (Rottb.) Roem. & Schult.; herb; native; common
1445. Fimbristylis acuminata Vahl; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin
1446. Fimbristylis complanata (Retz.) Link; herb; native; common
1447. Fimbristylis cymosa R. Br. ssp. cymosa; herb; native; common; =Cyperus triceps (Rottb.)
Endl.
1448. Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl ssp. dichotoma; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin;
cultivated
1449. Fimbristylis dura (Zoll. & Mor.) Merr.; herb; native; critically endangered
1450. Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl; herb; native; common
1451. Fimbristylis fusca (Nees) C.B. Clarke; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1452. Fimbristylis griffithii Boeck.; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin
1453. Fimbristylis leptoclada Benth.; herb; native; common
1454. Fimbristylis littoralis Gaudich.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1455. Fimbristylis nutans (Retz.) Vahl; herb; native; extinct
1456. Fimbristylis obtusata (C.B. Clarke) Ridl.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1457. Fimbristylis ovata (Burm. f.) Kern; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1458. Fimbristylis pauciflora R. Br.; herb; native; critically endangered
1459. Fimbristylis polytrichoides (Retz.) R. Br.; herb; native; vulnerable
1460. Fimbristylis schoenoides (Retz.) Vahl; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1461. Fimbristylis tetragona R. Br.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1462. Fimbristylis tristachya R. Br.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1463. Fimbristylis umbellaris (L.) Vahl; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1464. Fuirena umbellata Rottb.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1465. Gahnia tristis Nees; herb; native; common
1466. Hypolytrum nemorum (Vahl) Spreng.; herb; native; common
1467. Isolepis cernua (Vahl) Roem. & Schult.; herb; exotic; cultivated only; =Scirpus cernuus Vahl
1468. Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1469. Kyllinga melanosperma Nees; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1470. Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel; herb; weed of
uncertain origin
1471. Kyllinga polyphylla Willd. ex Kunth; herb; exotic; naturalised; =Cyperus aromaticus (Ridl.)
Mattf. And Kük.
1472. Lepironia articulata (Retz.) Domin; herb; native; extinct; cultivated
1473. Lipocarpha chinensis (Osbeck) J. Kern; herb; native; common
1474. Lipocarpha microcephala (R. Br.) Kunth; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1475. Lipocarpha squarrosa (L.) Goetghebeur; herb; native; common
1476. Machaerina rubiginosa (Spreng.) Koyama; herb; native; extinct
1477. Mapania bancana (Miq.) Benth. & Hook. ex B.D. Jacks.; herb; native; critically endangered
1478. Mapania cuspidata (Miq.) Uittien; herb; native; vulnerable; cultivated
1479. Mapania enodis (Miq.) C.B. Clarke; herb; native; critically endangered
1480. Mapania kurzii C.B. Clarke; herb; native; endangered
125
Chong et al.
1481. Mapania longiflora C.B. Clarke; herb; native; extinct
1482. Mapania lorea Uittien; herb; native; extinct
1483. Mapania palustris (Hassk. ex Steud.) F.-Vill.; herb; native; endangered
1484. Mapania squamata (Kurz) Clark; herb; native; extinct
1485. Mapania wallichii C.B. Clarke; herb; native; extinct
1486. Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) P. Beauv.; herb; native; common
1487. Pycreus pumilus (L.) Nees; herb; native; common
1488. Pycreus sanguinolentus (Vahl) Nees ssp. cyrtostachys (Miq.) Karth.; herb; weed of uncertain
origin
1489. Remirea maritima Aubl.; herb; native; common
1490. Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin
1491. Rhynchospora latifolia (Baldwin ex Elliott) W.W. Thomas; herb; exotic; cultivated only;
=Dichromena latifolia Baldwin ex Elliott
1492. Rhynchospora malasica C.B. Clarke; herb; native; extinct
1493. Rhynchospora nervosa (Vahl) Boeck.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1494. Rhynchospora rubra (Lour.) Makino; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1495. Rhynchospora rugosa (Vahl) Gale ssp. brownii (Roem. & Schult.) T. Koyama; herb; native;
common
1496. Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla ex A. Kern.; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
1497. Schoenus calostachyus (R. Br.) Poir; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1498. Scirpodendron ghaeri (Gaertn.) Merr.; herb; native; extinct
1499. Scleria biflora Roxb. ssp. biflora; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1500. Scleria ciliaris Nees; herb; native; common
1501. Scleria corymbosa Roxb.; herb; native; extinct
1502. Scleria levis Retz.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1503. Scleria oblata S.T. Blake; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1504. Scleria poiformis Retz.; herb; native; common
1505. Scleria purpurascens Steud.; herb; native; common
1506. Scleria rugosa R. Br.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1507. Scleria sumatrensis Retz.; herb; native; vulnerable
1508. Scleria terrestris (L.) Fass.; herb; native; endangered
Daphniphyllaceae
1509. Daphniphyllum laurinum (Benth.) Baill.; tree; native; critically endangered
Dichapetalaceae
1510. Dichapetalum sordidum (Hook. f.) Leenh.; climber; native; extinct
Dilleniaceae
1511. Dillenia alata (R. Br. ex DC.) Martelli; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1512. Dillenia albiflos (Ridl.) Hoogl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1513. Dillenia excelsa (Jack) Gilg; tree; native; critically endangered
1514. Dillenia grandifolia Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
1515. Dillenia indica L.; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
1516. Dillenia ingens B.L. Burtt; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1517. Dillenia ovata Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thomson; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1518. Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1519. Dillenia pulchella (Jack) Gilg; tree; native; critically endangered
1520. Dillenia reticulata King; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1521. Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff. ex Hook. f. & Thomson) Martelli; shrub; native; common;
cultivated
1522. Tetracera akara (Burm. f.) Merr.; climber; native; vulnerable
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1523. Tetracera arborescens Jack; climber; native; endangered
1524. Tetracera fagifolia Blume; climber; native; vulnerable
1525. Tetracera indica (Christm. & Panz.) Merr.; climber; native; common; cultivated
1526. Tetracera loureiri Pierre ex Craib; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1527. Tetracera macrophylla Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.; climber; native; vulnerable
Dioscoreaceae
1528. Dioscorea bulbifera L.; climber; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
1529. Dioscorea glabra Roxb.; climber; native; critically endangered
1530. Dioscorea hispida Dennst.; climber; native; critically endangered
1531. Dioscorea laurifolia Wall. ex Hook. f.; climber; native; common
1532. Dioscorea polyclados Hook. f.; climber; native; critically endangered
1533. Dioscorea prainiana R. Knuth; climber; native; critically endangered
1534. Dioscorea pyrifolia Kunth; climber; native; common
1535. Dioscorea sansibarensis Pax; climber; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1536. Dioscorea stenomeriflora Prain & Burk.; climber; native; extinct
1537. Dioscorea tenuifolia Ridl.; climber; native; extinct
1538. Tacca chantrieri André; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1539. Tacca integrifolia Ker Gawl.; herb; native; vulnerable; cultivated
1540. Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze; herb; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1541. Tacca plantaginea (Hance) Drenth; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Dipterocarpaceae
1542. Anisoptera costata Korth.; tree; native; extinct
1543. Anisoptera curtisii Dyer ex King; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1544. Anisoptera laevis Ridl.; tree; native; critically endangered
1545. Anisoptera megistocarpa Slooten.; tree; native; critically endangered
1546. Anisoptera scaphula Pierre; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1547. Cotylelobium lanceolatum Craib; tree; native; critically endangered
1548. Dipterocarpus apterus Foxworthy; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1549. Dipterocarpus baudii Korth.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1550. Dipterocarpus caudatus Foxw. ssp. penangianus (Foxw.) Ashton; tree; native; critically
endangered; cultivated
1551. Dipterocarpus chartaceus Symington; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1552. Dipterocarpus cornutus Dyer; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1553. Dipterocarpus costatus C.F. Gaertn.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1554. Dipterocarpus costulatus Slooten; tree; native; vulnerable
1555. Dipterocarpus elongatus Korth.; tree; native; critically endangered
1556. Dipterocarpus grandiflorus (Blanco) Blanco; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
1557. Dipterocarpus kerrii King; tree; native; vulnerable
1558. Dipterocarpus kunstleri King; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1559. Dipterocarpus oblongifolius Blume; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1560. Dipterocarpus palembanicus Slooten; tree; native; critically endangered
1561. Dipterocarpus sublamellatus Foxw.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
1562. Dipterocarpus tempehes Slooten; tree; native; critically endangered
1563. Dryobalanops aromatica C.F. Gaertn.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1564. Dryobalanops oblongifolia Dyer; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1565. Hopea griffithii Kurz; tree; native; critically endangered
1566. Hopea helferi (Dyer) Brandis; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1567. Hopea mengarawan Miq.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
1568. Hopea nutans Ridl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1569. Hopea odorata Roxb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
127
Chong et al.
1570. Hopea pubescens Ridl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1571. Hopea sangal Korth.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1572. Hopea wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1573. Neobalanocarpus heimii (King) P. S. Ashton; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
1574. Parashorea densiflora Sloot & Symington; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1575. Shorea acuminata Dyer; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1576. Shorea bracteolata Dyer; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1577. Shorea ciliata King; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1578. Shorea collina Ridl.; tree; native; extinct
1579. Shorea curtisii Dyer ex King ssp. curtisii; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
1580. Shorea faquetiana Heim; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1581. Shorea gibbosa Brandis; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1582. Shorea glauca King; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1583. Shorea gratissima (Wall. ex Kurz) Dyer; tree; native; critically endangered
1584. Shorea laevis Ridl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1585. Shorea leprosula Miq.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
1586. Shorea macrophylla (de Vriese) P.S. Ashton; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1587. Shorea macroptera Dyer ssp. macroptera; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
1588. Shorea materialis Ridl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1589. Shorea maxima (King) Symington; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1590. Shorea multiflora (Burck) Symington; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1591. Shorea ochrophloia Strugnell ex Symington; tree; native; critically endangered
1592. Shorea ovalis Blume ssp. ovalis; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1593. Shorea palembanica Miq.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1594. Shorea parvifolia Dyer; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
1595. Shorea pauciflora King; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
1596. Shorea platycarpa F. Heim; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1597. Shorea platyclados Slooten ex Endert; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1598. Shorea roxburghii G. Don; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1599. Shorea seminis Slooten; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1600. Shorea smithiana Symington; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1601. Shorea sumatrana (Sloot) Desch; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1602. Shorea talura Roxb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1603. Vatica heteroptera Symington; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1604. Vatica maingayi Dyer; tree; native; critically endangered
1605. Vatica oblongifolia Hook. f.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1606. Vatica pauciflora Blume; tree; native; critically endangered
1607. Vatica rassak Blume; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1608. Vatica ridleyana Brandis; tree; native; critically endangered
1609. Vatica umbonata Burck; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Ebenaceae
1610. Diospyros apiculata Hiern; tree; native; extinct
1611. Diospyros argentea Griff.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
1612. Diospyros blancoi A. DC.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1613. Diospyros buxifolia (Blume) Hiern; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
1614. Diospyros clavigera C.B. Clarke; tree; native; critically endangered
1615. Diospyros confusa Bakh.; tree; native; critically endangered
1616. Diospyros coriacea Hiern; tree; native; critically endangered
1617. Diospyros diepenhorstii Miq.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1618. Diospyros discolor Willd.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1619. Diospyros durionoides Bakh.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
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Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1620. Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1621. Diospyros horsfieldii Hiern; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1622. Diospyros lanceaefolia Roxb.; tree; native; common
1623. Diospyros latisepala Ridl.; tree; native; extinct
1624. Diospyros maingayi (Hiern) Bakh.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1625. Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1626. Diospyros oblonga Wall. ex G. Don; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1627. Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco var. oblonga (Wall. ex G. Don) Ng; tree; native; vulnerable
1628. Diospyros siamang Bakh.; tree; native; extinct
1629. Diospyros styraciformis King & Gamble; tree; native; vulnerable
1630. Diospyros sumatrana Miq.; tree; native; critically endangered
1631. Diospyros tristis King & Gamble; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1632. Diospyros venosa Wall. ex A. DC.; tree; native; critically endangered
Elaeocarpaceae
1633. Elaeocarpus acmosepalus Ridl.; tree; native; critically endangered
1634. Elaeocarpus angustifolius Blume; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1635. Elaeocarpus apiculatus Mast.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1636. Elaeocarpus bancroftii F. Muell. & F.M. Bailey; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1637. Elaeocarpus dentatus (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Vahl; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1638. Elaeocarpus ferrugineus (Jack) Steud.; tree; native; common; cultivated
1639. Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
1640. Elaeocarpus grandiflorus Sm.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1641. Elaeocarpus griffithii (Wight) A.Gray; tree; native; extinct
1642. Elaeocarpus hainanensis Oliver; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1643. Elaeocarpus macrocerus (Turcz.) Merr.; tree; native; critically endangered
1644. Elaeocarpus mastersii King; tree; native; common; cultivated
1645. Elaeocarpus nitidus Jack; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
1646. Elaeocarpus palembanicus (Miq.) Corner; tree; native; critically endangered
1647. Elaeocarpus pedunculatus Wall. ex Mast.; tree; native; common; cultivated
1648. Elaeocarpus petiolatus (Jack) Wall; tree; native; common; cultivated
1649. Elaeocarpus polystachyus Wall. ex C. Muell.; tree; native; vulnerable
1650. Elaeocarpus rugosus Roxb.; tree; native; critically endangered
1651. Elaeocarpus stipularis Blume; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
1652. Sloanea javanica Szysz. ex K.Schum.; tree; native; critically endangered
Ericaceae
1653. Rhododendron indicum (L.) Sweet; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1654. Rhododendron longiflorum Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
1655. Styphelia malayana (Jack) Spr.; shrub; native; extinct
1656. Vaccinium acuminatissimum Miq.; epiphyte; native; extinct
1657. Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb.; shrub; native; extinct
1658. Vaccinium littoreum Miq.; epiphyte; native; extinct
Eriocaulaceae
1659. Eriocaulon oryzetorum Mart.; herb; native; extinct
1660. Eriocaulon truncatum Buch.-Ham. ex Mart; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1661. Eriocaulon wildenovianum Moldenke; herb; weed of uncertain origin
Erythroxylaceae
1662. Erythroxylum cuneatum (Miq.) Kurz; tree; native; common; cultivated
Euphorbiaceae
129
Chong et al.
1663. Acalypha amentacea ssp. wilkesiana (Müll.Arg.) Fosberg; shrub; exotic; cultivated only; =A.
godseffiana Mast.; A. wilkesiana Müll.Arg.
1664. Acalypha chamaedrifolia (Lam.) Müll. Arg.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only; =A. reptans Sw.
1665. Acalypha hispida Burm. f.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1666. Acalypha indica L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1667. Acalypha lanceolata Willd.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1668. Acalypha siamensis Oliv. ex Gage; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
1669. Acalypha variegata Rusby; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1670. Agrostistachys borneensis (Wight) Benth.; tree; native; common; cultivated; =A. longifolia
(Wight) Benth.
1671. Agrostistachys gaudichaudii Müll. Arg.; tree; native; extinct
1672. Alchornea rugosa (Lour.) Müll. Arg.; shrub; native; extinct
1673. Alchornea villosa (Benth.) Müll. Arg.; shrub; native; critically endangered
1674. Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
1675. Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) Kurz; tree; native; vulnerable
1676. Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated; =Euphorbia hirta L.
1677. Chamaesyce hypericifolia (L.) Millsp.; herb; exotic; naturalised; =Euphobia hypericifolia L.
1678. Chamaesyce thymifolia (L.) Millsp.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1679. Cheilosa montana Blume; tree; native; extinct
1680. Claoxylon indicum (Reinw. ex Blume) Hassk.; tree; native; common; cultivated
1681. Claoxylon longifolium (Blume) Endl. ex Hassk.; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
1682. Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. Juss.; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
1683. Croton argyratus Blume; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
1684. Croton bonplandianus Baill.; herb; exotic; naturalised; =C. sparsiflorus Morong
1685. Croton caudatus Geiseler; tree; native; common
1686. Croton heterocarpus Müll. Arg.; tree; native; critically endangered
1687. Croton hirtus L'Hér.; herb; exotic; naturalised
1688. Croton oblongus Burm. f.; tree; native; endangered; =C. laevifolius Blume
1689. Croton tiglium L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1690. Elateriospermum tapos Blume; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1691. Endospermum diadenum (Miq.) Airy Shaw; tree; native; vulnerable
1692. Euphorbia antiquorum L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1693. Euphorbia atoto Forst. f.; herb; native; vulnerable
1694. Euphorbia cotinifolia L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1695. Euphorbia heterophylla L.; herb; exotic; naturalised
1696. Euphorbia lactea Haw.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1697. Euphorbia milii Des Moul.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1698. Euphorbia neriifolia L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1699. Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1700. Euphorbia tirucalli L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1701. Excoecaria agallocha L.; tree; native; common; cultivated
1702. Excoecaria cochinchinensis Lour.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1703. Excoecaria indica (Willd.) Müll. Arg.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1704. Falconeria insignis Royle; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1705. Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Voigt; shrub; exotic; naturalised; =Securinega virosa
(Roxb. ex Wild.) Baill.
1706. Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg.; tree; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1707. Homalanthus novoguineensis (Warb.) K. Schum.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1708. Hura crepitans L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1709. Jatropha curcas L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1710. Jatropha gossypifolia L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1711. Jatropha integerrima Jacq.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only; =J. pandurifolia Andrews
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Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1712. Jatropha multifida L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1713. Jatropha podagrica Hook.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1714. Koilodepas longifolium Hook. f.; tree; native; vulnerable
1715. Macaranga bancana (Miq.) Mull. Arg.; tree; native; common; cultivated
1716. Macaranga caladiifolia Becc.; tree; native; extinct
1717. Macaranga conifera (Zoll.) Mull. Arg; tree; native; common; cultivated
1718. Macaranga gigantea (Rchb. f. & Zoll.) Mull. Arg.; tree; native; common; cultivated
1719. Macaranga griffithiana Müll.Arg.; tree; native; vulnerable; =M. motleyana (Müll.Arg.)
Müll.Arg. ssp. griffithiana (Müll.Arg.) Whitmore
1720. Macaranga heynei I.M. Johnst.; tree; native; common
1721. Macaranga hosei King ex Hook. f.; tree; native; extinct
1722. Macaranga hullettii King ex Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered
1723. Macaranga hypoleuca (Rchb. f. & Zoll.) Mull. Arg.; tree; native; common
1724. Macaranga lowii King ex Hook. f.; tree; native; vulnerable
1725. Macaranga pruinosa (Miq.) Müll.Arg.; tree; native; extinct
1726. Macaranga recurvata Gage; tree; native; critically endangered
1727. Macaranga tanarius (L.) Mull. Arg.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1728. Macaranga trichocarpa (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg.; shrub; native; endangered
1729. Macaranga triloba (Thunb.) Müll. Arg.; tree; native; common; cultivated
1730. Mallotus macrostachyus (Miq.) Müll. Arg.; tree; native; extinct
1731. Mallotus paniculatus (Lam.) Mull. Arg.; tree; native; common; cultivated
1732. Mallotus penangensis Müll. Arg.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1733. Manihot carthagenesis (Jack) Müll. Arg. ssp. glaziovii (Müll. Arg.) Allem; tree; exotic;
naturalised; cultivated; =M. glaziovii Müll.Arg.
1734. Manihot esculenta Crantz; shrub; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1735. Megistostigma glabratum (Kurz) Govaerts; climber; native; extinct
1736. Micrococca mercurialis (L.) Benth.; herb; native; common
1737. Microstachys chamaelea (L.) Müll. Arg.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1738. Neoscortechinia kingii (Hook.f.) Pax & K. Hoffm.; tree; native; critically endangered
1739. Paracroton pendulus (Hassk.) Miq.; tree; native; critically endangered
1740. Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1741. Pimelodendron griffithianum (Müll.Arg.) Benth.; tree; native; vulnerable
1742. Pterococcus corniculatus Pax & K. Hoffm.; climber; native; extinct
1743. Ptychopyxis caput-medusae (Hook.f.) Ridl.; tree; native; critically endangered
1744. Ptychopyxis costata Miq. var. oblanceolata Airy Shaw; tree; native; critically endangered
1745. Ricinus communis L.; shrub; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1746. Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1747. Shirakiopsis indica (Willd.) Esser; tree; native; extinct
1748. Suregada multiflora (A. Juss.) Baill.; shrub; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1749. Triadica cochinchinensis Lour.; tree; native; common; cultivated
1750. Trigonopleura malayana Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered
1751. Trigonostemon heteranthus Baill.; shrub; native; critically endangered; =T. longifolius Baill.
1752. Trigonostemon malaccanus Müll. Arg.; shrub; native; common
1753. Trigonostemon villosus Hook. f.; shrub; native; critically endangered
Fabaceae
1754. Abrus precatorius L.; climber; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1755. Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.; tree; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1756. Acacia cincinnata F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1757. Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC.; climber; native; extinct
1758. Acacia confusa Merr.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1759. Acacia holosericea A. Cunn. ex G. Don; tree; exotic; cultivated only
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Chong et al.
1760. Acacia kekapur I. Niels.; climber; native; extinct
1761. Acacia mangium Willd.; tree; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1762. Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1763. Adenanthera malayana Kosterm.; tree; native; vulnerable
1764. Adenanthera pavonina L.; tree; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1765. Aeschynomene americana L.; herb; exotic; naturalised
1766. Aeschynomene indica L.; herb; exotic; naturalised
1767. Afgekia sericea Craib; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1768. Afzelia quanzensis Welw.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1769. Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1770. Aganope heptaphylla (L.) Polhill; climber; native; critically endangered
1771. Aganope thyrsiflora (Benth.) Polhill; climber; native; vulnerable
1772. Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1773. Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1774. Albizia pedicellata Baker ex Benth.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1775. Albizia retusa Benth.; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
1776. Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated; =Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.
1777. Albizia splendens Miq.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
1778. Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1779. Amblygonocarpus andongensis (Welw. ex Oliv.) Exell & Torre; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1780. Amherstia nobilis Wall.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1781. Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex DC.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
1782. Arachis hypogaea L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1783. Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W. C. Greg.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1784. Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I. C. Nielsen; tree; native; critically endangered
1785. Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I. C. Nielsen; tree; native; common; cultivated
1786. Archidendron contortum (Mart.) Nielsen; tree; native; vulnerable
1787. Archidendron ellipticum (Blume) Nielsen; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
1788. Archidendron globosum (Blume) Nielsen; tree; native; critically endangered
1789. Archidendron jiringa (Jack) Nielsen; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
1790. Archidendron lucidum (Benth.) I. C. Nielsen; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1791. Archidendron lucyi F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1792. Archidendron microcarpum (Benth.) Nielsen; tree; native; endangered
1793. Archidendron ramiflorum (F. Muell.) Kosterm.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1794. Baikiaea insignis Benth.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1795. Baphia massaiensis Taub.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1796. Baphia nitida Lodd. et al.; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
1797. Bauhinia acuminata L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1798. Bauhinia bidentata Jack; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1799. Bauhinia divaricata L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1800. Bauhinia forficata Link; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1801. Bauhinia galpinii N. E. Br.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1802. Bauhinia hookeri F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1803. Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1804. Bauhinia kochiana Korth.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1805. Bauhinia monandra Kurz; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1806. Bauhinia purpurea L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1807. Bauhinia semibifida Roxb. var. semibifida; climber; native; vulnerable; cultivated
1808. Bauhinia tomentosa L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1809. Bauhinia variegata L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1810. Bolusanthus speciosus (Bolus) Harms; tree; exotic; cultivated only
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Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1811. Brownea coccinea Jacq. ssp. capitella (Jacq.) D. Velasquez & G. Agostini; tree; exotic;
cultivated only
1812. Brownea crawfordii W. Watson; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1813. Brownea grandiceps Jacq.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1814. Brownea rosa-de-monte Bergius; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1815. Burkea africana Hook.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1816. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1817. Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.; climber; native; critically endangered
1818. Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1819. Caesalpinia crista L.; climber; native; vulnerable
1820. Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex Tul.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1821. Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only; =C. pulcherrima (L.) Sw.
var. flava Bailey & Rehder
1822. Caesalpinia sappan L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1823. Caesalpinia sumatrana Roxb.; climber; native; critically endangered
1824. Caesalpinia tortuosa Roxb.; climber; native; extinct
1825. Callerya atropurpurea (Wall.) Schot; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated; =Millettia atropurpurea
(Wall.) Benth.
1826. Callerya dasyphylla (Miq.) Schot; climber; native; extinct
1827. Callerya eriantha (Benth.) Schot; climber; native; critically endangered
1828. Callerya reticulata (Benth.) Schot; shrub; exotic; cultivated only; =Millettia reticulata Benth.
1829. Calliandra haematocephala Hassk.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1830. Calliandra surinamensis Benth.; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
1831. Calliandra tergemina (L.) Benth. var. emarginata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Barneby; tree;
exotic; cultivated only; =C. emarginata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Wild.) Benth.
1832. Calopogonium mucunoides Desv.; climber; exotic; naturalised
1833. Calpurnia aurea (Aiton) Benth.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1834. Camoensia scandens (Welw.) J.B. Gillett; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1835. Canavalia cathartica Thouars; climber; native; common
1836. Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC.; climber; native; common
1837. Cassia artemisioides DC.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1838. Cassia bakeriana Craib; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1839. Cassia fistula L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1840. Cassia grandis L. f.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1841. Cassia javanica L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1842. Cassia renigera Benth.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1843. Cassia roxburghii DC.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1844. Castanospermum australe A. Cunn. & C. Fraser; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1845. Centrosema pubescens Benth.; climber; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1846. Chamaecrista leschenaultiana (DC.) Degener; shrub; exotic; naturalised; =C. nictinans (L.)
Moensch. ssp. patellaria (Collad.) Irwin & Barneby var. glabrata (Vogel) Irwin & Barneby
1847. Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene; shrub; exotic; naturalised; cultivated; =Cassia
mimosoides L.
1848. Christia vespertilionis (L. f.) Bakh. f.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
1849. Clianthus puniceus (G. Don) Lindl.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1850. Clitoria fairchildiana R.A. Howard; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1851. Clitoria laurifolia Poir.; shrub; exotic; naturalised
1852. Clitoria ternatea L.; climber; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1853. Colvillea racemosa Bojer; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1854. Copaifera officinalis (Jacq.) L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1855. Crotalaria alata Buch.-Ham ex G. Don; shrub; exotic; naturalised; =C. bialata Roxb.
1856. Crotalaria incana L.; shrub; exotic; naturalised
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1857. Crotalaria juncea L.; herb; exotic; naturalised
1858. Crotalaria pallida Aiton; shrub; exotic; naturalised; =C. mucronata Desv.
1859. Crotalaria quinquefolia L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1860. Crotalaria retusa L.; shrub; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
1861. Cynometra cauliflora L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1862. Cynometra malaccensis Meeuwen; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1863. Cynometra ramiflora L.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1864. Dalbergia candenatensis (Dennst.) Prain; climber; native; common
1865. Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1866. Dalbergia cultrata Benth.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1867. Dalbergia hullettii Prain; tree; native; extinct
1868. Dalbergia junghuhnii Benth.; climber; native; critically endangered
1869. Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1870. Dalbergia negrensis (Radlk.) Ducke; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1871. Dalbergia odorifera T.C. Chen; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1872. Dalbergia oliveri Prain; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1873. Dalbergia parviflora Roxb.; climber; native; extinct
1874. Dalbergia rostrata Hassk.; climber; native; common; cultivated; =D. pseudosissoo Miq.
1875. Dalbergia sissoo DC.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1876. Dalbergia velutina Benth.; climber; native; critically endangered
1877. Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1878. Dendrolobium umbellatum (L.) Benth.; tree; native; common
1879. Derris amoena Benth. var. maingayana (Baker) Prain; climber; native; vulnerable
1880. Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth.; climber; native; critically endangered
1881. Derris trifoliata Lour.; climber; native; common
1882. Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.; shrub; exotic; naturalised
1883. Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC.; shrub; weed of uncertain origin
1884. Desmodium heterophyllum (Willd.) DC.; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
1885. Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
1886. Dialium cochinchinense Pierre; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1887. Dialium indum L. var. indum; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1888. Dialium platysepalum Baker; tree; native; critically endangered
1889. Dialium schlechteri Harms.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1890. Dioclea hexandra (Ralph) Mabberley var. javanica (Benth.) den Hengst; climber; weed of
uncertain origin
1891. Ebenopsis ebano (Berland.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1892. Entada rheedei Spreng.; climber; native; critically endangered
1893. Entada spiralis Ridl.; climber; native; common; cultivated
1894. Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1895. Erythrina caffra Thunb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1896. Erythrina crista-galli L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1897. Erythrina fusca Lour.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1898. Erythrina humeana Spreng.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1899. Erythrina latissima E. Mey; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1900. Erythrina lysistemon Hutch.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1901. Erythrina speciosa Andrews; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1902. Erythrina variegata L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1903. Erythrina vespertilio Benth.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1904. Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan; tree; exotic; cultivated only; =E.
guineense G.Don
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1905. Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes; tree; exotic; naturalised; cultivated;
=Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosberg; Albizia moluccana Miq.; Paraserianthes falcataria (L.)
I.C.Nielsen
1906. Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T. Aiton; shrub; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
1907. Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
1908. Hymenaea courbaril L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1909. Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1910. Indigofera hirsuta L.; shrub; exotic; naturalised
1911. Indigofera spicata Forssk.; herb; exotic; naturalised
1912. Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.; shrub; exotic; naturalised
1913. Indigofera tinctoria L.; shrub; exotic; naturalised
1914. Indigofera zollingeriana Miq.; tree; native; critically endangered
1915. Inga jinicuil G. Don; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1916. Inga velutina Willd.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1917. Inocarpus fagifer (Parkinson) Fosberg; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1918. Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1919. Intsia palembanica Miq.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1920. Koompassia excelsa (Becc.) Taub.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1921. Koompassia malaccensis Maingay ex Benth.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
1922. Kunstleria ridleyi Prain; climber; native; endangered
1923. Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1924. Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit; tree; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1925. Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urb.; climber; exotic; naturalised
1926. Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb.; climber; exotic; naturalised
1927. Maniltoa browneoides Harms; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1928. Maniltoa lenticellata C.T. White; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1929. Maniltoa polyandra (Roxb.) Harms; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1930. Millettia leucantha Kurz; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1931. Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze; tree; exotic; naturalised; =M. sepiaria Benth.
1932. Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright; shrub; exotic; naturalised; cultivated; =M. invisa Mart.
1933. Mimosa pigra L.; shrub; exotic; naturalised
1934. Mimosa pudica L.; shrub; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1935. Mucuna acuminata Grah. ex Baker; climber; native; extinct
1936. Mucuna bennetti F. Muell.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1937. Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC.; climber; native; extinct
1938. Mundulea sericea (Willd.) A. Chev.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1939. Neptunia oleracea Lour.; herb; exotic; naturalised; =N. natans (L.f.) Pruce
1940. Neptunia plena (L.) Benth.; shrub; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
1941. Ohwia caudata (Thunb.) H. Ohashi; shrub; exotic; naturalised; cultivated; =Desmodium
laburnifolium (Poir.) DC.; Desmodium caudatum (Thunb. ex Murr.) DC.
1942. Ormocarpum cochinchinense (Lour.) Merr.; tree; native; extinct
1943. Ormosia bancana (Miq.) Merr.; tree; native; endangered
1944. Ormosia macrodisca Baker; tree; native; critically endangered
1945. Ormosia pinnata (Lour.) Merr.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1946. Ormosia sumatrana (Miq.) Prain; tree; native; extinct
1947. Paramacrolobium coeruleum (Taub.) J. Léonard; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1948. Parkia biglandulosa Wight & Arn.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1949. Parkia javanica (Lam.) Merr.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1950. Parkia speciosa Hassk.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
1951. Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1952. Peltophorum africanum Sond.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1953. Peltophorum dasyrrhachis (Miq.) Kurz; tree; exotic; cultivated only
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1954. Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1955. Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K. Heyne; tree; native; critically endangered;
cultivated
1956. Pericopsis mooniana (Thwaites) Thwaites; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1957. Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
1958. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated; =Millettia pinnata (L.)
Panigrahi
1959. Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1960. Pseudarthria viscida Wight & Arn.; herb; exotic; naturalised
1961. Pseudosindora palustris Symington; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1962. Pterocarpus indicus Willd.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
1963. Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1964. Pterocarpus rohrii Vahl; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1965. Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth.; climber; exotic; naturalised
1966. Saraca declinata (Jack) Miq.; tree; exotic; cultivated only; =S. cauliflora Baker.
1967. Saraca indica L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1968. Saraca thaipingensis Cantley ex Prain; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1969. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) S.F. Blake; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1970. Schotia latifolia Jacq.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1971. Senna alata (L.) Roxb.; tree; exotic; naturalised; cultivated; =Cassia alata L.
1972. Senna fruticosa (Mill.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1973. Senna hirsuta (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; shrub; exotic; naturalised; =Cassia hirsuta L.
1974. Senna multijuga (Rich.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1975. Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; shrub; exotic; naturalised; =Cassia obtusifolia L.
1976. Senna occidentalis (L.) Link; shrub; exotic; naturalised; =Cassia occidentalis L.
1977. Senna pallida (Vahl) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1978. Senna pendula (Willd.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1979. Senna polyphylla (Jacq.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1980. Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1981. Senna sinqueana (Delile) Lock; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1982. Senna spectabilis (DC.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
1983. Senna sulfurea (Collad.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
1984. Senna surattensis (Burm. f.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; tree; exotic; casual
1985. Senna tora (L.) Roxb.; shrub; exotic; naturalised; =Cassia tora L.
1986. Serianthes grandiflora Benth.; tree; native; critically endangered
1987. Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers.; shrub; exotic; naturalised
1988. Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1989. Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1990. Sindora coriacea Maingay ex Prain; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1991. Sindora echinocalyx Prain; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1992. Sindora siamensis Miq.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
1993. Sindora wallichii Benth.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
1994. Sophora tomentosa L.; tree; native; critically endangered
1995. Spatholobus ferrugineus (Zoll. & Moritzi) Benth.; climber; native; common
1996. Spatholobus maingayi King; climber; native; extinct
1997. Spatholobus ridleyi King; climber; native; critically endangered
1998. Strongylodon macrobotrys A. Gray; climber; exotic; cultivated only
1999. Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw.; herb; exotic; naturalised
2000. Stylosanthes humilis Kunth; herb; exotic; naturalised
2001. Swartzia pinnata (Vahl) Willd.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2002. Tamarindus indica L.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
2003. Tephrosia grandiflora (Aiton) Pers.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
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2004. Tephrosia noctiflora Bojer ex Baker; shrub; exotic; naturalised
2005. Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2006. Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2007. Uraria crinita (L.) Desv. ex DC.; shrub; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
2008. Vigna marina (Burm.) Merr.; climber; native; common
2009. Vigna racemosa (G. Don) Hutch. & Dalziel; climber; exotic; cultivated only; =Clitoria
racemosa G. Don
2010. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.; herb; exotic; naturalised
2011. Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub. var. xylocarpa; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2012. Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers.; herb; exotic; naturalised
Fagaceae
2013. Castanopsis inermis (Lindl. ex Wall.) Benth. & Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered;
cultivated
2014. Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A. DC.; tree; native; extinct
2015. Castanopsis lucida (Nees) Soepadmo; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2016. Castanopsis malaccensis Gamble; tree; native; critically endangered
2017. Castanopsis megacarpa Gamble; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2018. Castanopsis nephelioides King ex Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered
2019. Castanopsis schefferiana Hance; tree; native; critically endangered
2020. Castanopsis wallichii King ex Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2021. Lithocarpus bennettii (Miq.) Rehder; tree; native; critically endangered
2022. Lithocarpus cantleyanus (King ex Hook. f.) Rehd.; tree; native; critically endangered;
cultivated
2023. Lithocarpus conocarpus (Oudem.) Rehd.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2024. Lithocarpus cyclophorus (Endl.) A. Camus; tree; native; extinct
2025. Lithocarpus elegans (Blume) Hatus. ex Soepadmo; tree; native; critically endangered;
cultivated
2026. Lithocarpus encleisocarpus (Korth.) A. Camus; tree; native; critically endangered
2027. Lithocarpus ewyckii (Korth.) Rehd.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2028. Lithocarpus gracilis (Korth.) Soepadmo; tree; native; extinct
2029. Lithocarpus hystrix (Korth.) Rehd.; tree; native; critically endangered
2030. Lithocarpus lucidus (Roxb.) Rehd.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2031. Lithocarpus rassa (Miq.) Rehder; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2032. Lithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2033. Lithocarpus wallichianus (Lindl. ex Hance) Rehder; tree; native; critically endangered;
cultivated
2034. Quercus acutissima Carruth.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2035. Quercus argentata Korth.; tree; native; critically endangered
Flagellariaceae
2036. Flagellaria indica L.; climber; native; common; cultivated
Gentianaceae
2037. Fagraea acuminatissima Merr.; epiphyte; native; extinct; cultivated
2038. Fagraea auriculata Jack; climber; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2039. Fagraea ceilanica Thunb.; tree; native; extinct; cultivated; =F. splendens Blume
2040. Fagraea crenulata Maingay ex C.B. Clarke; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2041. Fagraea fragrans Roxb.; tree; native; common; cultivated
2042. Fagraea gigantea Ridl.; tree; native; extinct
2043. Fagraea racemosa Jack ex Wall.; climber; native; Endangered; cultivated
2044. Fagraea ridleyi King & Gamble; climber; native; extinct
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Geraniaceae
2045. Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Gesneriaceae
2046. Aeschynanthus albidus (Blume) Steud; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
2047. Aeschynanthus parvifolius R. Br.; epiphyte; native; extinct; cultivated; =A. lobbianus Hook.
2048. Aeschynanthus radicans Jack; epiphyte; native; extinct
2049. Aeschynanthus speciosus Hook.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
2050. Aeschynanthus wallichii Benn.; climber; native; critically endangered
2051. Chrysothemis pulchella Decne.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2052. Columnea tulae Urb. var. flava Urb.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
2053. Cyrtandra pendula Blume; climber; native; critically endangered
2054. Didymocarpus platypus C.B. Clarke; shrub; native; critically endangered
2055. Didymocarpus puncticulatus Ridl.; herb; native; extinct
2056. Episcia cupreata (Hook.) Hanst.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2057. Nautilocalyx lynchei (Hook. f.) Sprague; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2058. Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2059. Sinningia speciosa (Lodd. et al.) Hiern; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Goodeniaceae
2060. Scaevola albida (Sm.) Druce; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2061. Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb.; shrub; native; common; cultivated
Haemodoraceae
2062. Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Haloragaceae
2063. Gonocarpus chinensis (Lour.) Orchard; herb; weed of uncertain origin
Hamamelidaceae
2064. Distylium racemosum Siebold & Zucc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2065. Loropetalum chinense (R. Br.) Oliv. var. rubrum Yieh; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Hanguanaceae
2066. Hanguana malayana (Jack) Merr.; herb; native; vulnerable; cultivated
Heliconiaceae
2067. Heliconia bihai (L.) L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2068. Heliconia bourgaeana Petersen; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2069. Heliconia caribaea Lam.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2070. Heliconia chartacea Lane ex Barreiros; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2071. Heliconia danielsiana W.J. Kress; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2072. Heliconia densiflora Verl.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2073. Heliconia dielsiana Loes.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2074. Heliconia episcopalis Vell.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2075. Heliconia indica Lam.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2076. Heliconia lankesteri Standl.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2077. Heliconia latispatha Benth.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2078. Heliconia lingulata Ruiz & Pav.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2079. Heliconia marginata (Griggs) Pitier; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2080. Heliconia mariae Hook. f.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2081. Heliconia mathiasiae G.S. Daniels & F.G. Stiles; herb; exotic; cultivated only
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Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2082. Heliconia psittacorum L. f.; herb; exotic; casual; cultivated
2083. Heliconia rostrata Ruiz & Pav.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2084. Heliconia stricta Huber; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2085. Heliconia vellerigera Poepp.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2086. Heliconia wagneriana Petersen; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Hemerocallidaceae
2087. Dianella caerulea Sims; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2088. Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC.; herb; native; common; cultivated
2089. Phormium tenax J.R. Forst & G. Forst.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Hernandiaceae
2090. Hernandia nymphaeifolia (C. Presl) Kubitzki; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
2091. Illigera trifoliata (Griff.) Dunn.; climber; native; extinct
Hyacinthaceae
2092. Ledebouria botryoides (Baker) J.C. Manning & Goldblatt; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Hydrangeaceae
2093. Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Hydrocharitaceae
2094. Blyxa aubertii Rich. var. aubertii; herb; weed of uncertain origin
2095. Blyxa japonica (Miq.) Maxim. var. alternifolia (Miq.) C.D.K. Cook & Luond; herb; weed of
uncertain origin; =B. alternifolia (Miq.) Hartog
2096. Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle; herb; native; critically endangered
2097. Halophila beccarii Aschers.; herb; native; endangered
2098. Halophila minor (Zoll.) Hartog; herb; native; critically endangered
2099. Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook. f.; herb; native; critically endangered
2100. Halophila spinulosa (R. Br.) Aschers.; herb; native; critically endangered
2101. Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle; herb; weed of uncertain origin
2102. Najas indica (Willd.) Cham.; herb; native; vulnerable
2103. Najas malesiana Delile; herb; weed of uncertain origin
2104. Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2105. Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Asch.; herb; native; critically endangered
Hydrophyllaceae
2106. Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) Vahl; herb; weed of uncertain origin
Hypericaceae
2107. Cratoxylum arborescens (Vahl) Blume; tree; native; vulnerable
2108. Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour.) Blume; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2109. Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2110. Cratoxylum glaucum Korth; tree; native; common
2111. Cratoxylum maingayi Dyer; tree; native; critically endangered
2112. Hypericum japonicum Thunb.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
Hypoxidaceae
2113. Molineria capitulata (Lour.) Herb; herb; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2114. Molineria latifolia (Dryand. ex W. T. Aiton) Herb. ex Kurz var. latifolia; herb; native;
vulnerable; cultivated
139
Chong et al.
Icacinaceae
2115. Iodes cirrhosa Turcz.; climber; native; critically endangered
2116. Iodes ovalis Blume; climber; native; endangered
2117. Iodes velutina King; climber; native; common
2118. Phytocrene bracteata Wall.; climber; native; vulnerable
2119. Platea latifolia Blume; tree; native; extinct
Iridaceae
2120. Dietes bicolor (Steud.) Sweet ex Klatt; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2121. Iris domestica Goldblatt & Mabb.; herb; exotic; cultivated only; =Belamcanda chinensis (L.)
DC.
2122. Iris laevigata Fisch.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2123. Iris pseudacorus L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2124. Neomarica caerulea (Ker Gawl.) Sprague; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2125. Neomarica gracilis (Herb.) Sprague; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2126. Neomarica longifolia (Link & Otto) Sprague; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2127. Trimezia martinicensis (Jacq.) Herb.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
Irvingiaceae
2128. Irvingia malayana Oliv. ex A. W. Benn.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
Ixonanthaceae
2129. Ixonanthes icosandra Jack; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
2130. Ixonanthes reticulata Jack; tree; native; common; cultivated
Juglandaceae
2131. Engelhardtia serrata Blume; tree; native; extinct
Lamiaceae
2132. Ajuga reptans L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2133. Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
2134. Callicarpa longifolia Lamk.; shrub; native; endangered
2135. Callicarpa maingayi King & Gamble; tree; native; extinct
2136. Callicarpa pedunculata R. Br.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2137. Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2138. Clerodendrum buchananii (Roxb.) Walp.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2139. Clerodendrum bungei Steud.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2140. Clerodendrum calamitosum L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2141. Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabb.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2142. Clerodendrum deflexum Wall.; shrub; native; vulnerable; cultivated
2143. Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2144. Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn.; climber; native; common; cultivated
2145. Clerodendrum laevifolium Blume; tree; native; common; cultivated
2146. Clerodendrum paniculatum L.; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
2147. Clerodendrum phyllomega Steud. var. myrmecophilum (Ridl.) Moldenke; shrub; native;
extinct
2148. Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2149. Clerodendrum splendens G. Don; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2150. Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf.; climber; exotic; casual; cultivated
2151. Clerodendrum villosum Blume; shrub; native; vulnerable; cultivated
2152. Clerodendrum wallichii Merr.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2153. Congea tomentosa Roxb.; climber; exotic; casual; cultivated
140
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2154. Congea velutina Wight; climber; exotic; casual; cultivated
2155. Gmelina arborea Roxb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2156. Gmelina asiatica L.; shrub; native; common
2157. Gmelina elliptica Sm.; shrub; native; Endangered; cultivated
2158. Gmelina macrophylla (R. Br.) Benth.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2159. Gmelina philippensis Cham.; climber; native; extinct; cultivated
2160. Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
2161. Hosea lobbiana Ridl.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
2162. Hyptis brevipes Poit.; herb; exotic; naturalised
2163. Hyptis capitata Jacq.; herb; exotic; naturalised
2164. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.; herb; exotic; naturalised
2165. Karomia tettensis (Klotzsch) R. Fern.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2166. Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br.; herb; exotic; naturalised
2167. Leonurus japonicus Houtt. f. var. albiflorus (Migo) Y.C. Zhu; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2168. Leonurus sibiricus L.; herb; exotic; naturalised
2169. Leucas lavandulifolia Sm.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
2170. Leucas zeylanica (L.) R. Br.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
2171. Melissa officinalis L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2172. Mentha arvensis L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2173. Ocimum americanum L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
2174. Ocimum basilicum L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
2175. Ocimum tenuiflorum L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
2176. Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2177. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2178. Peronema canescens Jack; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
2179. Petraeovitex wolfei J. Sinclair; climber; exotic; cultivated only
2180. Pogostemon auricularius (L.) Hassk.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
2181. Premna foetida Reinw. ex Blume; shrub; native; common; cultivated
2182. Premna parasitica Blume; climber; native; extinct
2183. Premna punctulata C.B. Clarke; climber; native; extinct
2184. Premna ridleyi King & Gamble; climber; native; extinct
2185. Premna serratifolia L.; climber; native; vulnerable
2186. Rotheca incisa (Klotzsch) Steane & Mabb.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only; =Clerodendrum
macrosiphon Hook. f.; Clerodendrum incisum Klotzsch
2187. Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2188. Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2189. Salvia splendens Sellow ex Schult.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2190. Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2191. Sphenodesme pentandra Jack; climber; native; extinct
2192. Tectona grandis L. f.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2193. Teijsmanniodendron coriaceum (C. B. Clarke) Kosterm.; tree; native; critically endangered
2194. Teijsmanniodendron pteropodum (Miq.) Bakh.; tree; native; extinct
2195. Vitex gamosepala Griff.; tree; native; critically endangered
2196. Vitex negundo L.; shrub; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2197. Vitex pinnata L.; tree; native; common; cultivated
2198. Vitex trifolia L.; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
2199. Vitex vestita Wall. ex Schau.; tree; native; critically endangered
Lauraceae
2200. Actinodaphne glomerata (Blume) Nees; tree; native; critically endangered
2201. Actinodaphne macrophylla (Blume) Nees; tree; native; extinct
2202. Actinodaphne malaccensis Hook. f.; tree; native; endangered
141
Chong et al.
2203. Actinodaphne pruinosa Nees; tree; native; endangered
2204. Alseodaphne bancana Miq.; tree; native; critically endangered
2205. Alseodaphne intermedia Kostermans; tree; native; critically endangered
2206. Alseodaphne nigrescens (Gamble) Kostermans; tree; native; extinct
2207. Beilschmiedia kunstleri Gamble; tree; native; critically endangered
2208. Beilschmiedia madang Blume; tree; native; endangered
2209. Beilschmiedia tonkinensis (Lecomte) Ridl.; tree; native; critically endangered
2210. Cassytha filiformis L.; climber; native; common; cultivated
2211. Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2212. Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees and T. Nees) Blume; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2213. Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2214. Cinnamomum iners Reinw.; tree; native; common; cultivated
2215. Cinnamomum javanicum Blume; tree; native; critically endangered
2216. Cinnamomum sintoc Blume; tree; native; critically endangered
2217. Cinnamomum subavenium Miq.; tree; native; extinct
2218. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2219. Cryptocarya caesia Blume; tree; native; extinct
2220. Cryptocarya ferrea Blume; tree; native; critically endangered
2221. Cryptocarya griffithiana Wight; tree; native; critically endangered
2222. Cryptocarya impressa Miq.; tree; native; critically endangered
2223. Cryptocarya kurzii Hook. f.; tree; native; extinct
2224. Cryptocarya rugulosa Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered
2225. Dehaasia incrassata (Jack) Kosterm.; tree; native; critically endangered
2226. Endiandra impressicosta C.K. Allen; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2227. Endiandra longipedicellata C.T. White & W.D. Francis; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2228. Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2229. Lindera lucida (Blume) Boerl.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
2230. Litsea accedens (Blume) Boerl.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2231. Litsea bindoniana F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2232. Litsea castanea Hook. f.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2233. Litsea cordata Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered
2234. Litsea costalis (Blume) Kosterm.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2235. Litsea costata (Blume) Boerl.; tree; native; critically endangered
2236. Litsea elliptica Blume; tree; native; common; cultivated
2237. Litsea erectinervia Kosterm.; tree; native; critically endangered
2238. Litsea ferruginea Blume; tree; native; critically endangered
2239. Litsea firma Hook. f.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
2240. Litsea garciae S. Vidal; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2241. Litsea gracilipes Hook. f.; tree; native; extinct
2242. Litsea grandis Hook. f.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2243. Litsea lanceolata (Blume) Kosterm.; shrub; native; extinct
2244. Litsea lancifolia (Roxb.) Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered
2245. Litsea machilifolia Gamble; tree; native; critically endangered
2246. Litsea myristicifolia (Wall. ex Nees) Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2247. Litsea ridleyi Gamble; tree; native; endangered
2248. Litsea robusta Blume; tree; native; critically endangered
2249. Litsea umbellata (Lour.) Merr.; shrub; native; vulnerable; cultivated
2250. Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm.; shrub; native; vulnerable; cultivated; =N. zeylanica (Nees)
Merr.
2251. Neolitsea dealbata (R. Br.) Merr.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2252. Nothaphoebe coriacea Kosterm.; tree; native; extinct
2253. Nothaphoebe umbelliflora (Blume) Blume; tree; native; common; cultivated
142
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2254. Persea americana Mill.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2255. Persea declinata (Blume) Kosterm.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2256. Persea thunbergii (Siebold & Zucc.) Kosterm.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2257. Phoebe grandis (Nees) Merr.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
Laxmanniaceae
2258. Cordyline australis (G. Forst.) Endl.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2259. Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev.; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
Lecythidaceae
2260. Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2261. Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2262. Barringtonia calyptrata R. Br. ex Benth.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2263. Barringtonia conoidea Griff.; tree; native; extinct
2264. Barringtonia edulis Seem.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2265. Barringtonia macrostachya (Jack) Kurz; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2266. Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2267. Barringtonia reticulata (Blume) Miq.; shrub; native; critically endangered
2268. Barringtonia scortechinii King; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2269. Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2270. Couroupita guianensis Aubl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2271. Gustavia augusta L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2272. Gustavia gracillima Miers; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2273. Gustavia superba O. Berg; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2274. Lecythis ollaria Loefl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2275. Planchonia grandis Ridl.; tree; native; extinct
Lentibulariaceae
2276. Utricularia aurea Lour.; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin
2277. Utricularia bifida L.; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin
2278. Utricularia caerulea L.; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin
2279. Utricularia gibba L.; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin
2280. Utricularia minutissima Vahl; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin
2281. Utricularia punctata Wall. ex A. DC.; herb; native; extinct
2282. Utricularia uliginosa Vahl; herb; native; extinct
Limnocharitaceae
2283. Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
Linaceae
2284. Indorouchera griffithiana (Planch.) Hallier f.; climber; native; common; cultivated
2285. Reinwardtia indica Dumort.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
Linderniaceae
2286. Lindernia anagallis (Burm. f.) Pennell; herb; native; common
2287. Lindernia antipoda (L.) Alston; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin
2288. Lindernia caespitosa (Blume) Panigrahi; herb; native; extinct
2289. Lindernia ciliata (Colsm.) Pennell; herb; weed of uncertain origin
2290. Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
2291. Lindernia elata (Benth.) Wettst.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
2292. Lindernia nummulariifolia (D. Don) Wettst.; herb; exotic; naturalised; =L. sessiliflora (Benth.)
Wettst.
143
Chong et al.
2293. Lindernia ruellioides (Colsm.) Pennell; herb; weed of uncertain origin
2294. Lindernia viscosa (Hornem.) Bold.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
2295. Torenia fournieri Linden ex E. Fourn.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2296. Torenia polygonoides Benth.; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
Loganiaceae
2297. Norrisia maior Solered.; tree; native; critically endangered
2298. Strychnos axillaris Colebr.; climber; native; extinct
2299. Strychnos ignatii P.J. Bergius; climber; native; vulnerable
2300. Strychnos maingayi C.B. Clarke; climber; native; critically endangered
2301. Strychnos ridleyi King & Gamble; epiphyte; native; globally extinct
Loranthaceae
2302. Amylotheca duthieana (King) Danser; epiphyte; native; extinct
2303. Baratranthus axanthus (Korth.) Miq.; epiphyte; native; extinct
2304. Dendrophthoe falcata (L. f.) Ettingsh.; epiphyte; native; extinct
2305. Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq.; epiphyte; native; common
2306. Elytranthe albida (Blume) Blume; epiphyte; native; extinct
2307. Elytranthe arnottiana (Korth.) Miq.; epiphyte; native; extinct
2308. Helixanthera coccinea (Jack) Danser; epiphyte; native; extinct
2309. Helixanthera parasitica Lour.; epiphyte; native; extinct
2310. Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour.) Tiegh.; epiphyte; native; common
2311. Macrosolen papillosus (Gamble) Danser; epiphyte; native; extinct
2312. Macrosolen retusus (Jack) Miq.; epiphyte; native; common
2313. Scurrula ferruginea (Roxb. ex Jack) Danser; epiphyte; native; common
2314. Scurrula parasitica L.; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
2315. Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
Lowiaceae
2316. Orchidantha fimbriata Holtt.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2317. Orchidantha maxillarioides (Ridl.) K. Schum.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Lythraceae
2318. Ammannia baccifera L.; herb; exotic; naturalised
2319. Cuphea carthagenesis (Jacq.) J.F. Macbr.; herb; exotic; naturalised
2320. Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2321. Cuphea ignea A. DC.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2322. Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walp.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2323. Lagerstroemia archeriana F.M. Bailey; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2324. Lagerstroemia duperreana Pierre ex Gagnep.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2325. Lagerstroemia floribunda Jack; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2326. Lagerstroemia indica L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2327. Lagerstroemia langkawiensis Furtado & Montien; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2328. Lagerstroemia loudonii Teijsm. & Binn.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2329. Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2330. Lagerstroemia tomentosa C. Presl; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2331. Lawsonia inermis L.; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
2332. Pemphis acidula J.R. & G. Forst.; shrub; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2333. Punica granatum L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2334. Sonneratia alba Sm.; tree; native; common; cultivated
2335. Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2336. Sonneratia ovata Back.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
144
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2337. Trapa natans L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Maesaceae
2338. Maesa ramentacea Wall. ex Roxb.; shrub; native; common
Magnoliaceae
2339. Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre; tree; exotic; cultivated only; =Michelia champaca L.
2340. Magnolia elegans (Blume) H. Keng; tree; native; critically endangered
2341. Magnolia figo (Lour.) DC.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only; =Michelia figo (Lour.) Spreng.
2342. Magnolia liliifera L. var. liliifera; tree; exotic; cultivated only; =M. pumila Andrews
2343. Magnolia maingayi King; tree; native; extinct
2344. Magnolia singapurensis (Ridl) H. Keng; tree; native; endangered; =M. liliifera (L.) Baill. var.
singapurensis (Ridl.) Govaerts; M. candollei (Blume) J. Keng var. singapurensis (Ridl.) Noot.
2345. Magnolia villosa (Miq.) H. Keng; tree; native; critically endangered
Malpighiaceae
2346. Aspidopterys concava (Wall.) Juss.; climber; native; endangered
2347. Bunchosia armeniaca (Cav.) DC.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2348. Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2349. Galphimia glauca Cav.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2350. Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz; climber; exotic; cultivated only
2351. Hiptage sericea Hook.f.; climber; native; critically endangered
2352. Lophanthera lactescens Ducke; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2353. Malpighia coccigera L.; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
2354. Malpighia glabra L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2355. Stigmaphyllon ciliatum (Lam.) A. Juss.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
2356. Tristellateia australasiae A. Rich.; climber; native; Endangered; cultivated
Malvaceae
2357. Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2358. Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.; herb; exotic; casual; cultivated
2359. Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet; shrub; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
2360. Abutilon pictum (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Walp.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2361. Adansonia digitata L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2362. Bombax ceiba L. var. leiocarpum; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2363. Bombax oleagineum (Decne.) A. Robyns; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2364. Brachychiton acerifolius (A. Cunn. ex G. Don) Macarthur; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2365. Brachychiton discolor F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2366. Brachychiton rupestris (T. Mitch. ex Lindl.) K. Schum.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2367. Brownlowia argentata Kurz; shrub; native; extinct
2368. Brownlowia tersa (L.) Kosterm.; shrub; native; endangered
2369. Byttneria maingayi Mast.; climber; native; critically endangered
2370. Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
2371. Ceiba speciosa (A. St.-Hil.) Ravenna; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2372. Clappertonia ficifolia (Willd.) Decne.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2373. Coelostegia griffithii Benth.; tree; native; critically endangered
2374. Cola gigantea A. Chev.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2375. Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2376. Commersonia bartramia (L.) Merr.; tree; native; common
2377. Corchorus aestuans L.; herb; exotic; naturalised
2378. Durio graveolens Becc.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2379. Durio griffithii (Mast.) Bakh.; tree; native; endangered
145
Chong et al.
2380. Durio singaporensis Ridl.; tree; native; vulnerable
2381. Durio zibethinus L.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
2382. Firmiana malayana Kosterm.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2383. Franciscodendron laurifolia (F. Muell.) Steenis & B. Hyland; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2384. Grewia laevigata Vahl; climber; native; vulnerable; cultivated
2385. Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2386. Heritiera borneensis (Merr.) Kosterm.; tree; native; critically endangered
2387. Heritiera elata Ridl.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2388. Heritiera javanica (Blume) Kosterm.; tree; native; critically endangered
2389. Heritiera littoralis Aiton; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2390. Heritiera peralata (Bailey) Kosterm.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2391. Heritiera simplicifolia (Mast.) Kosterm.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2392. Heritiera sumatrana (Miq.) Kosterm.; tree; native; critically endangered
2393. Hibiscus acetosella Welw. ex Hiern; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2394. Hibiscus mutabilis L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2395. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
2396. Hibiscus sabdariffa L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2397. Hibiscus schizopetalus (Mast.) Hook. f.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2398. Hibiscus surattensis L.; shrub; weed of uncertain origin
2399. Hibiscus syriacus L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2400. Hibiscus tricolor Dehnh.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2401. Kleinhovia hospita L.; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
2402. Malvaviscus arboreus Cav.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2403. Malvaviscus conzattii Greenm.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2404. Matisia cordata Bonpl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2405. Melochia corchorifolia L.; shrub; weed of uncertain origin
2406. Microcos blattaefolia (Corner) Rao; tree; native; endangered
2407. Microcos globulifera (Mast.) Burret; tree; native; extinct
2408. Microcos hirsutus (Korth.) Burret; tree; native; critically endangered
2409. Muntingia calabura L.; tree; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
2410. Neesia altissima (Blume) Blume; tree; native; extinct
2411. Neesia malayana Bakh.; tree; native; extinct
2412. Neesia synandra Mast.; tree; native; vulnerable
2413. Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam.) Urb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2414. Pachira aquatica Aubl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2415. Pachira insignis (Sw.) Savigny; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2416. Pavonia multiflora A. St.-Hill.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2417. Pentace curtisii King; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2418. Pentace triptera Mast.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2419. Pseudobombax ellipticum (Kunth) Dugand; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2420. Pterocymbium tubulatum (Mast.) Pierre; tree; native; critically endangered
2421. Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2422. Pterospermum diversifolium Blume; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
2423. Pterospermum javanicum Jungh.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2424. Pterospermum lancifolium Roxb.; tree; native; critically endangered
2425. Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Br.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2426. Reevesia thyrsoidea Lindl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2427. Scaphium linearicarpum (Mast.) Pierre; tree; native; critically endangered
2428. Scaphium macropodum (Miq.) Beumée ex K. Heyne; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2429. Schoutenia accrescens (Mast.) Merr.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2430. Sida acuta Burm. f.; shrub; weed of uncertain origin
2431. Sida cordifolia L.; herb; native; common
146
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2432. Sida rhombifolia L.; shrub; weed of uncertain origin
2433. Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H. Karst.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2434. Sterculia balanghas L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2435. Sterculia ceramica R. Br.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2436. Sterculia cordata Blume; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2437. Sterculia foetida L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2438. Sterculia gilva Miq.; tree; native; critically endangered
2439. Sterculia hamiltonii (Kuntze) Adelb.; shrub; native; vulnerable; cultivated; =S. coccinea Jack
2440. Sterculia lanceolata Blume var. coccinea (Jack) C. Phengklai; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2441. Sterculia macrophylla Vent.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2442. Sterculia monosperma Vent.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2443. Sterculia nobilis Sm.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2444. Sterculia oblongata R. Br.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2445. Sterculia parvifolia Roxb.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2446. Sterculia rubiginosa Vent.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
2447. Sterculia stipulata Korth.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2448. Talipariti tiliaceum (L.) Fryxell; tree; native; common; cultivated; =Hibiscus tiliaceus L.
2449. Theobroma cacao L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2450. Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2451. Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corrêa; tree; native; common; cultivated
2452. Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.; shrub; exotic; naturalised
2453. Triumfetta tomentosa Bojer; shrub; exotic; naturalised
2454. Urena lobata L.; shrub; weed of uncertain origin
2455. Waltheria indica L.; shrub; weed of uncertain origin
Marantaceae
2456. Calathea bella (W. Bull) Regel; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2457. Calathea crocata E. Morren & Joriss.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2458. Calathea crotalifera S. Watson; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2459. Calathea insignis Petersen; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2460. Calathea leopardina Regel; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2461. Calathea loeseneri J.F. Macbr.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2462. Calathea lutea (Aubl.) Schult.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2463. Calathea majestica (Linden) H.A. Kenn.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2464. Calathea makoyana E. Morren.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2465. Calathea orbifolia (Linden) H.A. Kenn.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2466. Calathea ornata (Linden ex Lem.) Korn.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2467. Calathea picturata (Linden) K. Koch & Linden; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2468. Calathea roseopicta (Linden) Regel; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2469. Calathea rotundifolia (Koch.) Koern. var. fasciata Petersen; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2470. Calathea rufibarba Fenzl; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2471. Calathea veitchiana Veitch ex Hook. f.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2472. Calathea warscewiczii (L. Mathieu) Planch. & Linden; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2473. Calathea zebrina (Sims) Lindl.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2474. Ctenanthe lubbersiana (E. Morren) Eichler ex Petersen; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2475. Ctenanthe oppenheimiana (E. Morren.) K. Schum.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2476. Ctenanthe setosa (Roscoe) Eichl.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2477. Donax canniformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum.; herb; native; Endangered; cultivated; =D. grandis
(Miq.) Ridl.
2478. Maranta arundinacea L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2479. Maranta leuconeura E. Morren; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2480. Phrynium parvum (Ridl.) Holtt.; herb; native; endangered
147
Chong et al.
2481. Phrynium villosulum Miq.; herb; native; extinct
2482. Schumannianthus dichotomus (Roxb.) Gagnep.; herb; native; critically endangered
2483. Stachyphrynium latifolium (Blume) K. Schum.; herb; native; Endangered; cultivated; =S.
griffithii (Baker) K. Schum.
2484. Stromanthe sanguinea (Hook.) Sond.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2485. Thalia dealbata Fraser ex Roscoe; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2486. Thalia geniculata L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2487. Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benn.) Benth. ex B. D. Jacks.; herb; exotic; casual; cultivated
Marcgraviaceae
2488. Norantea guianensis Aubl.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
Melastomataceae
2489. Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don; shrub; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
2490. Diplectria divaricata (Willd.) Kuntze; climber; native; critically endangered
2491. Diplectria stipularis (Blume) Kuntze; climber; native; extinct
2492. Diplectria viminalis (Jack) Kuntze; climber; native; critically endangered
2493. Dissochaeta annulata Hook. f. ex Triana; climber; native; extinct
2494. Dissochaeta celebica Blume; climber; native; vulnerable
2495. Dissochaeta gracilis (Jack) Blume; climber; native; vulnerable
2496. Dissochaeta intermedia Blume; climber; native; extinct
2497. Dissochaeta pallida (Jack) Blume; climber; native; endangered
2498. Dissochaeta punctulata Hook. f. ex Triana; climber; native; vulnerable
2499. Dissotis rotundifolia (Sm.) Triana; climber; exotic; cultivated only
2500. Lijndenia laurina Zoll. & Moritzi; tree; native; critically endangered
2501. Macrolenes echinulata (Naudin) Bakh. f.; climber; native; critically endangered
2502. Macrolenes nemorosa (Jack) Bakh.f.; climber; native; extinct
2503. Medinilla astronioides Triana; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2504. Medinilla crassifolia (Reinw. ex Blume) Blume; epiphyte; native; extinct
2505. Medinilla cummingii Naudin; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2506. Medinilla magnifica Lindl.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2507. Medinilla radicans (Blume) Blume; shrub; native; extinct
2508. Melastoma malabathricum L.; shrub; native; common; cultivated
2509. Memecylon acuminatum Sm. var. acuminatum; tree; native; extinct
2510. Memecylon amplexicaule Roxb.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2511. Memecylon caeruleum Jack; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2512. Memecylon campanulatum C.B. Clarke; tree; native; critically endangered
2513. Memecylon cantleyi Ridl.; shrub; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2514. Memecylon cinereum King; shrub; native; extinct
2515. Memecylon corticosum Ridl.; shrub; native; critically endangered
2516. Memecylon dichotomum (C.B. Clarke) King; tree; native; critically endangered
2517. Memecylon edule Roxb.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2518. Memecylon excelsum Blume; tree; native; critically endangered
2519. Memecylon floridum Ridl.; tree; native; critically endangered
2520. Memecylon fruticosum King; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
2521. Memecylon garcinioides Blume; shrub; native; critically endangered
2522. Memecylon globosum Bakh. f.; shrub; native; extinct
2523. Memecylon intermedium Blume; tree; native; extinct
2524. Memecylon lancifolium Ridl.; tree; native; extinct
2525. Memecylon lilacinum Z. & M.; tree; native; critically endangered
2526. Memecylon megacarpum Furtado; tree; native; endangered
2527. Memecylon minutiflorum Miq.; tree; native; critically endangered
148
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2528. Memecylon oleifolium Blume; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2529. Memecylon paniculatum Jack; tree; native; critically endangered
2530. Memecylon pauciflorum Blume; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
2531. Memecylon pubescens (Cl.) King; tree; native; extinct
2532. Miconia calvescens DC.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2533. Miconia macrophylla Triana; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2534. Ochthocharis borneensis Blume; shrub; native; extinct
2535. Ochthocharis javanica Blume; shrub; native; extinct
2536. Ochthocharis paniculata Korth.; shrub; native; extinct
2537. Pachycentria constricta (Blume) Blume; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
2538. Pachycentria maingayi (C.B. Clarke) Maxw.; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
2539. Phyllagathis rotundifolia (Jack) Blume; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2540. Plethiandra sessiliflora (Cogn.) Burk.; epiphyte; native; extinct
2541. Pogonanthera pulverulenta (Jack) Blume; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
2542. Pternandra coerulescens Jack; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
2543. Pternandra echinata Jack; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
2544. Pternandra tuberculata (Korth.) Nayar; tree; native; critically endangered
2545. Sonerila heterostemon Naudin; herb; native; critically endangered
2546. Sonerila moluccana Roxb.; herb; native; critically endangered
2547. Tibouchina semidecandra (Schrank & Mart. ex DC.) Cogn.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2548. Tibouchina urvilleana (DC.) Cogn.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Meliaceae
2549. Aglaia cucullata (Roxb.) Pellegrin; tree; native; critically endangered
2550. Aglaia duperreana Pierre; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2551. Aglaia elliptica Blume; tree; native; extinct
2552. Aglaia exstipulata (Griff.) W. Theob.; tree; native; critically endangered
2553. Aglaia formosana Hayata; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2554. Aglaia leptantha Miq.; tree; native; critically endangered
2555. Aglaia leucophylla King; tree; native; critically endangered
2556. Aglaia macrocarpa (Miq.) Pannell; tree; native; extinct
2557. Aglaia malaccensis (Ridl.) Pannell; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2558. Aglaia multinervis Pannell; tree; native; extinct
2559. Aglaia odorata Lour.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2560. Aglaia odoratissima Blume; tree; native; critically endangered
2561. Aglaia oligophylla Miq.; tree; native; extinct
2562. Aglaia palembanica Miq.; tree; native; extinct
2563. Aglaia rubiginosa (Hiern) Pannell; tree; native; critically endangered
2564. Aglaia rufinervis (Blume) Bentv.; tree; native; critically endangered
2565. Aglaia sexipetala Griff.; tree; native; critically endangered
2566. Aglaia simplicifolia (Bedd.) Harms; tree; native; critically endangered
2567. Aglaia spectabilis (Miq.) S. S. Jain & Bennet; tree; native; critically endangered
2568. Aglaia tenuicaulis Hiern; tree; native; extinct
2569. Aglaia tomentosa Teijsm. & Binn.; tree; native; extinct
2570. Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Parker; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2571. Aphanamixis sumatrana (Miq.) Ridl.; tree; native; extinct
2572. Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) M. Jacobs; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2573. Azadirachta indica A. Juss.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
2574. Carapa guianensis Aubl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2575. Chisocheton erythrocarpus Hiern; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2576. Chisocheton longistipitatus (Bailey) L.S. Sm.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2577. Chisocheton macrophyllus King; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
149
Chong et al.
2578. Chisocheton patens Blume; tree; native; critically endangered
2579. Chisocheton pauciflorus King; tree; native; extinct
2580. Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. paucijugus (Miq.) Mabb.; tree; native; critically
endangered
2581. Chisocheton sarawakanus (C. DC.) Harms; tree; native; critically endangered
2582. Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2583. Dysoxylum acutangulum Miq.; tree; native; extinct
2584. Dysoxylum alliaceum (Blume) Blume; tree; native; extinct
2585. Dysoxylum carolinae Mabb.; tree; native; extinct
2586. Dysoxylum cauliflorum Hiern; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
2587. Dysoxylum cyrtobotryum Miq.; tree; native; extinct
2588. Dysoxylum densiflorum (Blume) Miq.; tree; native; critically endangered
2589. Dysoxylum excelsum Blume; tree; native; critically endangered
2590. Dysoxylum flavescens Hiern; tree; native; critically endangered
2591. Dysoxylum pettigrewianum F.M. Bailey; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2592. Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C. DC.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2593. Khaya grandifoliola C. DC.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2594. Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2595. Lansium domesticum Corrêa; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2596. Melia indica Brand; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2597. Pseudoclausena chrysogyne (Miq.) T.P. Clark; tree; native; critically endangered
2598. Sandoricum beccarianum Baill.; tree; native; critically endangered
2599. Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) Merr.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2600. Swietenia macrophylla King; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
2601. Swietenia mahogani (L.) Jacq.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2602. Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) M. Roem.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2603. Trichilia emetica Vahl; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2604. Turraea breviflora Ridl.; shrub; native; extinct
2605. Turraea obtusifolia Hochst.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2606. Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig; tree; native; common; cultivated
2607. Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roem.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2608. Xylocarpus rumphii (Kostel.) Mabb.; tree; native; critically endangered
Menispermaceae
2609. Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC.; climber; native; extinct
2610. Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr.; climber; native; endangered
2611. Cyclea laxiflora Miers; climber; native; critically endangered
2612. Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.; climber; native; common; cultivated
2613. Hypserpa nitida Miers; climber; native; extinct
2614. Limacia oblonga Hook. f. & Thoms.; climber; native; endangered
2615. Limacia scandens Lour.; climber; native; vulnerable
2616. Stephania capitata (Blume) Spreng.; climber; native; critically endangered
2617. Stephania erecta Craib; climber; exotic; cultivated only
2618. Tinomiscium petiolare Miers ex Hook.f. & Thoms.; climber; native; endangered
2619. Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson; climber; exotic; casual; cultivated
2620. Tinospora macrocarpa Diels; climber; native; critically endangered
Menyanthaceae
2621. Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze; herb; native; Endangered; cultivated
Molluginaceae
2622. Mollugo pentaphylla L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
150
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
Monimiaceae
2623. Kibara coriacea (Blume) Tulasne; shrub; native; critically endangered
2624. Matthaea sancta Blume; shrub; native; endangered
Moraceae
2625. Antiaris toxicaria Lesch.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2626. Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
2627. Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2628. Artocarpus camansi Blanco; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2629. Artocarpus dadah Miq.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2630. Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume; tree; native; common; cultivated; =A. scortechinii
King
2631. Artocarpus fulvicortex Jarrett; tree; native; critically endangered
2632. Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trec.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2633. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
2634. Artocarpus hispidus Jarrett; tree; native; critically endangered
2635. Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
2636. Artocarpus kemando Miq.; tree; native; endangered
2637. Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxb.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2638. Artocarpus lowii King; tree; native; critically endangered
2639. Artocarpus maingayi King; tree; native; extinct
2640. Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. griffithii (King) Jarrett; tree; native; critically endangered;
cultivated
2641. Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2642. Artocarpus rigidus Blume; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
2643. Castilla elastica Sessé; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
2644. Dorstenia contrajerva L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2645. Ficus albipila (Miq.) King; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
2646. Ficus annulata Blume; strangler; native; extinct
2647. Ficus apiocarpa Miq.; climber; native; endangered
2648. Ficus aurantiaca Griff. var. aurantiaca; climber; native; common; cultivated
2649. Ficus aurata Miq. var. aurata; tree; native; vulnerable
2650. Ficus auriculata Lour.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2651. Ficus barteri Sprague; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2652. Ficus benghalensis L.; strangler; exotic; casual; cultivated
2653. Ficus benjamina L.; strangler; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
2654. Ficus binnendykii Miq.; strangler; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2655. Ficus botryocarpa Miq.; tree; native; extinct
2656. Ficus bracteata Wall. ex Miq.; strangler; native; critically endangered
2657. Ficus buxifolia De Wild.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2658. Ficus caulocarpa (Miq.) Miq.; strangler; native; common; cultivated
2659. Ficus celebensis Corner; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2660. Ficus chartacea Wall. ex King; shrub; native; vulnerable
2661. Ficus consociata Blume; strangler; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2662. Ficus crassipes F.M. Bailey; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2663. Ficus crassiramea Miq.; strangler; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2664. Ficus delosyce Corner; strangler; native; extinct
2665. Ficus deltoidea Jack; epiphyte; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2666. Ficus destruens F. Muell. ex C.T. White; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2667. Ficus dubia Wall. ex King; strangler; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2668. Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem.; strangler; exotic; casual; cultivated
2669. Ficus excavata King; climber; native; extinct
151
Chong et al.
2670. Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume; tree; native; common; cultivated
2671. Ficus francisci H. Winkler; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2672. Ficus glandulifera (Wall. ex Miq.) King; tree; native; critically endangered
2673. Ficus globosa Blume; shrub; native; Endangered; cultivated
2674. Ficus grossularioides Burm. f. var. grossularioides; tree; native; common; cultivated
2675. Ficus heteropleura Blume; climber; native; common
2676. Ficus irregularis Miq.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2677. Ficus kerkhovenii Valeton; strangler; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2678. Ficus kurzii King; strangler; exotic; cultivated only
2679. Ficus laevis Blume; climber; native; critically endangered
2680. Ficus lamponga Miq.; tree; native; critically endangered
2681. Ficus lyrata Warb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2682. Ficus microcarpa L. f.; strangler; native; common; cultivated
2683. Ficus microsyce Ridl.; strangler; native; critically endangered
2684. Ficus natalensis Hochst. ssp. leprieurii (Miq.) C. C. Berg; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2685. Ficus obscura Blume var. borneensis (Miq.) Corner; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
2686. Ficus pellucidopunctata Griff.; strangler; native; extinct
2687. Ficus pisocarpa Blume; strangler; native; critically endangered
2688. Ficus pleurocarpa F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2689. Ficus pumila L.; climber; exotic; casual; cultivated
2690. Ficus punctata Lam.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
2691. Ficus racemosa L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2692. Ficus radicans Roxb.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2693. Ficus recurva Blume var. ribesoides King; climber; native; critically endangered
2694. Ficus religiosa L.; strangler; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
2695. Ficus retusa L.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2696. Ficus ruginervia L.; climber; native; extinct
2697. Ficus sagittata Vahl; climber; native; critically endangered
2698. Ficus scortechinii King; tree; native; critically endangered
2699. Ficus sinuata Thunb.; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
2700. Ficus stricta (Miq.) Miq.; strangler; exotic; cultivated only
2701. Ficus subgelderi Corner var. rigida (Miq.) Corner; strangler; native; critically endangered
2702. Ficus subgelderi Corner var. subgelderi; strangler; native; extinct
2703. Ficus sundaica Blume var. sundaica; strangler; native; critically endangered
2704. Ficus superba Miq.; strangler; native; Endangered; cultivated
2705. Ficus trichocarpa Blume; climber; native; critically endangered
2706. Ficus vaccinioides Hemsl. & King ex King; climber; exotic; cultivated only
2707. Ficus variegata Blume; tree; native; common; cultivated
2708. Ficus vasculosa Wall. ex Miq.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2709. Ficus villosa Blume; climber; native; critically endangered
2710. Ficus virens Aiton; strangler; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2711. Ficus xylophylla Wall. ex Miq.; strangler; native; critically endangered
2712. Morus alba L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2713. Parartocarpus bracteatus (King) Becc.; tree; native; critically endangered
2714. Parartocarpus venenosa (Zoll. & Moritzi) Becc. ssp. forbesii (King) Jarrett; tree; native;
extinct
2715. Streblus elongatus (Miq.) Corner; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
2716. Streblus ilicifolius (Vidal) Corner; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2717. Treculia africana Decne. ex Trec.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2718. Trophis scandens Hook. & Arn.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
152
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
Moringaceae
2719. Moringa oleifera Lam.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Musaceae
2720. Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2721. Musa acuminata Colla var. sumatrana; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2722. Musa beccarii N.W. Simmons; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2723. Musa ornata Roxb.; herb; exotic; cultivated only; =M. rosacea hort.
2724. Musa uranoscopos Lour.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2725. Musa velutina H. Wendl. & Drude; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2726. Musella lasiocarpa (Franch.) C.Y. Wu ex H.W. Li; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Myricaceae
2727. Morella esculenta (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) I.M. Turner; tree; native; common; cultivated;
=Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham.
Myristicaceae
2728. Endocomia canarioides (King) de Wilde; tree; native; extinct
2729. Gymnacranthera bancana (Miq.) Sinclair; tree; native; critically endangered
2730. Gymnacranthera farquhariana (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Warb. var. eugeniifolia (A. DC.) R.T.A.
Schouten; tree; native; critically endangered
2731. Gymnacranthera farquhariana (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Warb. var. farquhariana; tree; native;
critically endangered
2732. Gymnacranthera farquhariana (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Warb. var. zippeliana (Miq.)
R.T.A.Schouten; tree; native; critically endangered
2733. Gymnacranthera forbesii (King) Warb.; tree; native; critically endangered
2734. Horsfieldia brachiata (King) Warb.; tree; native; critically endangered
2735. Horsfieldia crassifolia (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Warb.; tree; native; critically endangered;
cultivated
2736. Horsfieldia grandis (Hook. f.) Warb.; tree; native; critically endangered
2737. Horsfieldia irya (Gaertn.) Warb.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2738. Horsfieldia parviflora (Roxb.) J. Sinclair; tree; exotic; naturalised
2739. Horsfieldia polyspherula (Hook. f. emend. King) J. Sinclair; tree; native; vulnerable
2740. Horsfieldia punctatifolia J. Sinclair; tree; native; critically endangered
2741. Horsfieldia sparsa W.J. de Wilde; tree; native; extinct
2742. Horsfieldia sucosa (King) Warb.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2743. Horsfieldia superba (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Warb.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2744. Horsfieldia tomentosa Warb.; tree; native; critically endangered
2745. Horsfieldia wallichii (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Warb.; tree; native; critically endangered
2746. Knema cinerea (Poir.) Warb.; tree; native; critically endangered
2747. Knema communis J. Sinclair; tree; native; endangered
2748. Knema conferta (King) Warb.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2749. Knema curtisii (King) Warb. var. paludosa J. Sinclair; tree; native; endangered
2750. Knema furfuracea (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Warb.; tree; native; critically endangered
2751. Knema glaucescens Jack; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
2752. Knema globularia (Lam.) Warb.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2753. Knema hookeriana (Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.) Warb.; tree; native; critically endangered
2754. Knema intermedia (Blume) Warb.; tree; native; endangered
2755. Knema latericia Elm. ssp. ridleyi (Gandoger) de Willde; tree; native; endangered
2756. Knema laurina (Blume) Warb.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2757. Knema malayana Warb.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2758. Knema patentinervia (J. Sinclair) W.J. de Wilde; tree; native; critically endangered
153
Chong et al.
2759. Knema rubens (Sinclair) W.J. de Wilde; tree; native; extinct
2760. Myristica cinnamomea King; tree; native; critically endangered
2761. Myristica crassa King; tree; native; critically endangered
2762. Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thoms.; tree; native; endangered
2763. Myristica esculenta Buch.-Ham.; tree; native; common
2764. Myristica fragrans Houtt.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2765. Myristica guatteriifolia A. DC.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2766. Myristica iners Blume; tree; native; critically endangered
2767. Myristica lowiana King; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2768. Myristica maingayi Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered
2769. Myristica maxima Warb.; tree; native; critically endangered
Myrsinaceae
2770. Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco; tree; native; endangered
2771. Ardisia colorata Roxb.; shrub; native; common
2772. Ardisia comosa (de Wit) Taton; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2773. Ardisia crassa C. B. Clarke; shrub; native; extinct
2774. Ardisia crenata Sims; shrub; native; critically endangered
2775. Ardisia elliptica Thunb.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2776. Ardisia humilis Vahl; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2777. Ardisia lanceolata Roxb.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2778. Ardisia miqueliana Scheff.; shrub; native; critically endangered
2779. Ardisia ridleyi King & Gamble; shrub; native; extinct
2780. Ardisia sessilis Scheff.; shrub; native; extinct
2781. Ardisia singaporensis Ridl.; shrub; native; extinct
2782. Ardisia teysmanniana Scheff.; shrub; native; endangered
2783. Ardisia tuberculata Wall. ex A. D. C.; shrub; native; critically endangered
2784. Ardisia villosa Roxb.; shrub; native; critically endangered
2785. Ardisia wallichii A. DC.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2786. Embelia canescens Jack; climber; native; endangered
2787. Embelia coriacea Wall. ex A. DC.; climber; native; critically endangered
2788. Embelia dasythyrsa Miq.; climber; native; extinct
2789. Embelia lampani Scheff.; climber; native; common
2790. Embelia ribes Burm. f.; climber; native; common
2791. Grenacheria amentacea (C.B. Clarke) Mez; climber; native; extinct
2792. Grenacheria fulva (Mez) Airy Shaw; climber; native; extinct
2793. Grenacheria lampani (Scheff.) Mez; climber; native; endangered
2794. Labisia pumila (Blume) F.-Vill.; herb; native; vulnerable; cultivated
2795. Lysimachia procumbens Baudo; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2796. Rapanea porteriana Wall. ex A. DC.; shrub; native; vulnerable; cultivated
Myrtaceae
2797. Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa (F. Muell.) Craven; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2798. Baeckea frutescens L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2799. Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2800. Callistemon pallidus (Bonpl.) DC.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2801. Callistemon sieberi DC.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2802. Callistemon viminalis (Sol. ex Gaertn.) G. Don; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2803. Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2804. Corymbia papuana (F. Muell.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2805. Corymbia polycarpa (F. Muell.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2806. Corymbia ptychocarpa (F. Muell.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson; tree; exotic; cultivated only
154
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2807. Corymbia torelliana (F. Muell.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2808. Decaspermum fruticosum J.R. & G. Forst.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
2809. Eucalyptus alba Reinw. ex Blume; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2810. Eucalyptus apodophylla Blakely & Jacobs; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2811. Eucalyptus botryoides Sm.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2812. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2813. Eucalyptus deglupta Blume; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2814. Eucalyptus exserta F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2815. Eucalyptus globulus Labill.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2816. Eucalyptus herbertiana Maiden; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2817. Eucalyptus microcorys F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2818. Eucalyptus moluccana Roxb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2819. Eucalyptus pachyphylla F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2820. Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2821. Eucalyptus pilularis Sm.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2822. Eucalyptus platyphylla F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2823. Eucalyptus robusta Sm.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2824. Eucalyptus umbrawarrensis Maiden; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2825. Eugenia brasiliensis Lam.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2826. Eugenia reinwardtiana (Blume) DC.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2827. Eugenia stipitata McVaugh; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2828. Eugenia uniflora L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2829. Leptospermum brachyandrum (F. Muell.) Druce; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2830. Leptospermum liversidgei R.T. Baker & H.G. Sm.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2831. Leptospermum petersonii F.M. Bailey; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2832. Leptospermum polgalifolium Salisb.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2833. Lophostemon confertus (R. Br.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2834. Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2835. Melaleuca armillaris (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Sm.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2836. Melaleuca bracteata F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2837. Melaleuca cajuputi Powell; shrub; native; extinct; cultivated
2838. Melaleuca dealbata S.T. Blake; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2839. Melaleuca decora (Salisb.) Britten; tree; exotic; cultivated only; =M. gensitifolia Sm.
2840. Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2841. Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2842. Melaleuca saligna Schauer; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2843. Melaleuca styphelioides Sm.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2844. Melaleuca viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertn.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2845. Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) O. Berg; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2846. Myrtus communis L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2847. Psidium guajava L.; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
2848. Rhodamnia cinerea Jack; tree; native; common; cultivated
2849. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.; shrub; native; common; cultivated
2850. Syzygium accuminatissimum (Blume) DC.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated; =Acmena
acciminatissima (Blume) Merr. & L.M.Perry
2851. Syzygium alliiligneum B. Hyland; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2852. Syzygium angophoroides (F. Muell.) B. Hyland; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2853. Syzygium antisepticum (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2854. Syzygium aqueum (Burm. f.) Alston; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2855. Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2856. Syzygium attenuatum (Miq.) Merr. & L.M. Perry ssp. attenuatum var. attenuatum; tree; native;
extinct
155
Chong et al.
2857. Syzygium avene Miq.; tree; native; extinct
2858. Syzygium borneense (Miq.) Miq.; tree; native; common; cultivated
2859. Syzygium campanulatum Korth.; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
2860. Syzygium chloranthum (Duthie) Merr. & L.M. Perry; tree; native; critically endangered;
cultivated
2861. Syzygium cinereum (Kurz) Chantaran. & J. Parn.; tree; native; critically endangered
2862. Syzygium claviflorum (Roxb.) Wall. ex A.M.Cowan & Cowan var. claviflorum; tree; native;
critically endangered
2863. Syzygium conglomeratum (Duthie) I.M. Turner var. conglomerata; tree; native; extinct
2864. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels; tree; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
2865. Syzygium duthieanum (King) Masam.; tree; native; critically endangered
2866. Syzygium fibrosum (F.M. Bailey) T.G. Hartley & L.M. Perry; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2867. Syzygium filiforme (Wall. ex Duthie) Chantaran. & J. Parn. var. filiforme; tree; native;
endangered; =S. filiforme (Wall. ex Duthie) P. Chantaranothai & J. Parn. var. clavimyrtus
(Koord. & Valeton) I.M. Turner
2868. Syzygium flosculiferum (M.R. Hend.) Sreek.; tree; native; extinct
2869. Syzygium forte (F. Muell.) B. Hyland ssp. forte; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2870. Syzygium glabratum (DC.) Veldekamp; tree; native; extinct; =S. gracile (Korth.) Amsh.
2871. Syzygium glaucum (King) P. Chantaranothai & J. Parn.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
2872. Syzygium grande (Wight) Walp.; tree; native; common; cultivated; =Eugenia grandis Wight
2873. Syzygium griffithii (Duthie) Merr. & L.M. Perry; tree; native; extinct
2874. Syzygium hemilampra (F. Muell.) Craven & Biffin; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2875. Syzygium incarnatum (Elmer) Merr. & L.M. Perry; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated; =S.
cerinum (M.R. Hend.) I.M. Turner
2876. Syzygium inophyllum DC.; tree; native; critically endangered; =S. inophyllum DC. var.
bernardii (King) I.M. Turner
2877. Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
2878. Syzygium kunstleri (King) Bahadur & R.C. Gaur; tree; native; extinct
2879. Syzygium leptostemon (Korth.) Merr. & L.M. Perry; tree; native; extinct
2880. Syzygium leucoxylon Korth.; tree; native; extinct
2881. Syzygium lineatum (DC.) Merr. & L.M. Perry; tree; native; common; cultivated
2882. Syzygium linocieroideum (King) I.M. Turner; tree; native; critically endangered
2883. Syzygium maingayi Chantaran. & J. Parn; tree; native; critically endangered
2884. Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
2885. Syzygium minutiflorum Miq.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2886. Syzygium muelleri (Miq.) Miq.; tree; native; critically endangered
2887. Syzygium myrtifolium Walp.; tree; native; extinct
2888. Syzygium nemestrinum (M.R. Hend.) I.M. Turner; tree; native; endangered
2889. Syzygium nervosum DC.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2890. Syzygium ngadimaniana (M.R. Hend.) I.M. Turner; tree; native; endangered
2891. Syzygium nigricans (King) Merr. & L.M. Perry; tree; native; endangered
2892. Syzygium oblatum (Roxb.) Wall. ex A.M. Cowan & Cowan var. oblatum; tree; native;
critically endangered
2893. Syzygium pachyphyllum (Kurz) Merr. & L.M. Perry; tree; native; critically endangered
2894. Syzygium palembanicum Miq.; tree; native; vulnerable
2895. Syzygium papillosum (Duthie) Merr. & L.M. Perry; tree; native; critically endangered
2896. Syzygium pauper (Ridl.) I.M. Turner; tree; native; endangered
2897. Syzygium pendens (Duthie) I.M. Turner; tree; native; critically endangered
2898. Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
2899. Syzygium pseudocrenulatum (M.R. Hend.) I.M. Turner; tree; native; extinct
2900. Syzygium pseudoformosum (King) Merr. & L.M. Perry; tree; native; critically endangered
2901. Syzygium pustulatum (Duthie) Merr.; tree; native; critically endangered
156
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2902. Syzygium pycnanthum Merr. & L.M. Perry; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
2903. Syzygium pyrifolium (Blume) DC.; tree; native; critically endangered
2904. Syzygium resa (B. Hyland) Craven & Biffin; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2905. Syzygium ridleyi (King) P. Chantaranothai & J. Parn.; tree; native; endangered
2906. Syzygium rugosum Korth. var. rugosum; tree; native; critically endangered
2907. Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2908. Syzygium scortechinii (King) P.Chantaranothai & J.Parn. var. scortechinii; tree; native;
extinct
2909. Syzygium singaporense (King) Airy Shaw; tree; native; critically endangered
2910. Syzygium subdecussatum (Wall. ex Duthie) I.M. Turner var. subdecussatum; tree; native;
critically endangered
2911. Syzygium syzygioides (Miq.) Merr. & L.M. Perry; tree; native; vulnerable
2912. Syzygium unipunctatum (B. Hyland) Craven & Biffin; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2913. Syzygium urophyllum Merr.; shrub; native; extinct
2914. Syzygium wilsonii (F. Muell.) B. Hyland; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2915. Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC.; shrub; native; common; cultivated
2916. Tristaniopsis beccarii (Ridl.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2917. Tristaniopsis exiliflora (F. Muell.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.; tree; exotic; cultivated
only
2918. Tristaniopsis laurina (Sm.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2919. Tristaniopsis merguensis (Griff.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.; tree; native; Endangered;
cultivated
2920. Tristaniopsis obovata (R. Br.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.; tree; native; critically
endangered; cultivated
2921. Tristaniopsis whiteana (Griff.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.; tree; native; Endangered;
cultivated
2922. Waterhousea floribunda (F. Muell.) B. Hyland; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2923. Xanthostemon chrysanthus (F. Muell.) Benth.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2924. Xanthostemon verticillatus (C.T. White & W.D. Francis) L.S. Sm.; tree; exotic; cultivated
only
2925. Xanthostemon youngii C.T. White & W.D. Francis; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Nelumbonaceae
2926. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Nepenthaceae
2927. Nepenthes ampullaria Jack; climber; native; vulnerable
2928. Nepenthes gracilis Korth.; climber; native; common; cultivated
2929. Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack ex Hook. f.; climber; native; vulnerable; cultivated
Nyctaginaceae
2930. Boerhavia diffusa L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
2931. Bougainvillea glabra Choisy; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2932. Mirabilis jalapa L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2933. Pisonia alba Span.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2934. Pisonia grandis R. Br.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Nymphaeaceae
2935. Barclaya motleyi Hook. f.; herb; native; critically endangered
2936. Nymphaea rubra Roxb. ex Andrews; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2937. Victoria amazonica (Poepp.) J.C. Sowerby; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2938. Victoria cruziana A.D. Orb.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
157
Chong et al.
Nyssaceae
2939. Mastixia pentandra Blume ssp. scortechinii (King) K.M. Matthew; tree; native; critically
endangered
2940. Mastixia trichotoma Blume var. maingayi (C.B. Clarke) Danser; tree; native; critically
endangered
Ochnaceae
2941. Brackenridgea hookeri (Planch.) A. Gray; tree; native; endangered
2942. Brackenridgea palustris Bartell.; tree; native; critically endangered
2943. Campylospermum serratum (Gaertn.) Bittrich & M.C.E. Amaral; tree; native; common
2944. Euthemis leucocarpa Jack; shrub; native; extinct
2945. Euthemis minor Jack; shrub; native; extinct
2946. Ochna kirkii Oliv.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Olacaceae
2947. Anacolosa frutescens (Blume) Blume; tree; native; extinct
2948. Erythropalum scandens Blume; climber; native; vulnerable
2949. Ochanostachys amentacea Mast.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
2950. Olax imbricata Roxb.; climber; native; extinct
2951. Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
2952. Strombosia ceylanica Gardn.; tree; native; vulnerable
2953. Strombosia javanica Blume; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
2954. Ximenia americana L.; shrub; native; common; cultivated
Oleaceae
2955. Chionanthus macrocarpus Blume; tree; native; extinct
2956. Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxb.; tree; native; critically endangered
2957. Jasminum azoricum L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2958. Jasminum elongatum (P.J. Bergius) Willd.; climber; native; endangered
2959. Jasminum grandiflorum L.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
2960. Jasminum griffithii C.B. Clarke; climber; native; extinct
2961. Jasminum humile L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2962. Jasminum laurifolium Roxb.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
2963. Jasminum longipetalum King & Gamble; climber; native; extinct
2964. Jasminum mesnyi Hance; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2965. Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andrews; climber; exotic; cultivated only
2966. Jasminum rex Dunn; climber; exotic; cultivated only
2967. Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton; climber; exotic; cultivated only
2968. Ligustrum sinense Lour.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
2969. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2970. Olea brachiata (Lour.) Merr.; tree; native; vulnerable
2971. Olea europaea L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
2972. Osmanthus fragrans Lour.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Onagraceae
2973. Fuchsia hybrida hort. ex Sieb. & Voss; herb; exotic; cultivated only
2974. Ludwigia adscendens (L.) H. Hara; herb; weed of uncertain origin
2975. Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell; herb; weed of uncertain origin
2976. Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H. Raven; herb; weed of uncertain origin
2977. Ludwigia peruviana (L.) H. Hara; shrub; exotic; naturalised
2978. Ludwigia prostrata Roxb.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
2979. Ludwigia sedioides (Humb. & Bonpl.) H. Hara; herb; exotic; cultivated only
158
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
Opiliaceae
2980. Cansjera rheedii J.F. Gmelin; climber; native; vulnerable; cultivated
2981. Champereia manillana (Blume) Merr.; tree; native; common; cultivated
2982. Lepionurus sylvestris Blume; shrub; native; critically endangered
Orchidaceae
2983. Acriopsis liliifolia (J. Konig) Retz.; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
2984. Acriopsis ridleyi Hook. f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
2985. Adenoncos major Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
2986. Adenoncos sumatrana J.J. Sm.; epiphyte; native; extinct
2987. Agrostophyllum majus Hook. f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
2988. Agrostophyllum stipulatum (Griff.) Schltr.; epiphyte; native; extinct
2989. Agrostophyllum stipulatum (Griff.) Schltr. ssp. bicuspidatum (J.J.Sm.) Schuit.; epiphyte;
native; extinct; =A. bicuspidatum J.J. Sm.
2990. Anathallis acuminata (Kunth) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase; epiphyte; native; extinct;
=Dendrobium acuminatum Kunth
2991. Anoectochilus geniculatus Ridl.; herb; native; extinct
2992. Aphyllorchis pallida Blume; herb; native; extinct
2993. Apostasia nuda R. Br.; herb; native; critically endangered
2994. Appendicula anceps Blume; epiphyte; native; extinct
2995. Appendicula cornuta Blume; epiphyte; native; extinct
2996. Appendicula lucida Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
2997. Appendicula uncata Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
2998. Arachnis hookeriana (Hook. f.) Schltr.; climber; native; critically endangered
2999. Arundina graminifolia (Don) Hochr.; herb; native; common; cultivated
3000. Biermannia laciniata (Carr) Gary; herb; native; extinct
3001. Bromheadia alticola Ridl.; herb; native; extinct
3002. Bromheadia aporoides Rchb. f.; herb; native; extinct
3003. Bromheadia borneensis J. J. Sm; herb; native; extinct
3004. Bromheadia finlaysoniana (Lindl.) Miq.; herb; native; common
3005. Bromheadia scirpoidea Ridl.; herb; native; extinct
3006. Bromheadia truncata Seidenf.; herb; native; extinct
3007. Bryobium hyacinthoides (Blume) Y. P. Ng & P. J. Cribb; epiphyte; native; extinct; =Eria
hyacinthoides (Blume) Lindl.
3008. Bryobium pudicum (Ridl.) Y. P. Ng & P. J. Cribb; epiphyte; native; extinct; =Eria pudica Ridl.
3009. Bulbophyllum aberrans Schltr.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3010. Bulbophyllum acuminatum (Ridl.) Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3011. Bulbophyllum apodum Hook. f.; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
3012. Bulbophyllum blumei (Lindl.) J. J. Sm.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3013. Bulbophyllum botryophorum Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3014. Bulbophyllum caudatisepalum Ames & Schweinf.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3015. Bulbophyllum clandestinum Lindl.; epiphyte; native; critically endangered; =B. sessile (Koen.)
J.J. Sm.
3016. Bulbophyllum cleistogamum Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3017. Bulbophyllum concinnum Hook. f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3018. Bulbophyllum flabellum-veneris (J. Konig) Aver.; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
3019. Bulbophyllum flavescens (Blume) Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3020. Bulbophyllum gracillimum (Rolfe) Rolfe; epiphyte; native; extinct
3021. Bulbophyllum gusdorfii J.J. Sm.; epiphyte; native; critically endangered; =Cirrhopetalum
gusdorfii (J.J. Sm.) Garay et al. var. johorense (Holttum) Garay et al.
3022. Bulbophyllum lasianthum Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3023. Bulbophyllum limbatum Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
159
Chong et al.
3024. Bulbophyllum lobbii Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3025. Bulbophyllum macranthum Lindl.; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
3026. Bulbophyllum macrochilum Rolfe; epiphyte; native; extinct
3027. Bulbophyllum makoyanum (Rchb. f.) Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct; =Cirrhopetalum
makoyanum Rchb.f.
3028. Bulbophyllum medusae (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3029. Bulbophyllum membranaceum Teijsm & Binnend.; epiphyte; native; critically endangered;
cultivated
3030. Bulbophyllum nigropurpureum Carr; epiphyte; native; extinct
3031. Bulbophyllum ovalifolium (Blume) Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3032. Bulbophyllum patens King ex Hook. f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3033. Bulbophyllum pileatum Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3034. Bulbophyllum pulchellum Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct; =Cirrhopetalum concinnum Hook.f.
3035. Bulbophyllum purpurascens Teijsm & Binnend.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3036. Bulbophyllum restrepia Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3037. Bulbophyllum ruficaudatum Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3038. Bulbophyllum rugosum Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3039. Bulbophyllum singaporeanum Schltr.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3040. Bulbophyllum striatellum Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3041. Bulbophyllum tenuifolium (Blume) Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3042. Bulbophyllum trifolium Ridl.; epiphyte; native; vulnerable
3043. Bulbophyllum uniflorum (Blume) Hassk.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3044. Bulbophyllum vaginatum (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; epiphyte; native; Endangered; cultivated
3045. Bulbophyllum vermiculare Hook. f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3046. Bulbophyllum vesiculosum J.J. Sm; epiphyte; native; extinct
3047. Calanthe pulchra (Blume) Lindl.; herb; native; critically endangered
3048. Ceratostylis subulata Blume; epiphyte; native; extinct
3049. Claderia viridiflora Hook. f.; herb; native; critically endangered
3050. Cleisostoma halophilum (Ridl.) Garay; epiphyte; native; extinct
3051. Cleisostoma scortechinii (Hook. f.) Gary; epiphyte; native; extinct
3052. Cleisostoma subulatum Blume; epiphyte; native; extinct
3053. Coelogyne cumingii Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3054. Coelogyne foerstermannii Rchb. f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3055. Coelogyne mayeriana Rchb. f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3056. Coelogyne rochussenii de Vr.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3057. Coelogyne septemcostata J.J. Sm.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3058. Coelogyne testacea Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3059. Coelogyne tomentosa Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3060. Cordiglottis filiformis (Hook. f.) Gary; herb; native; extinct
3061. Corymborkis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Blume; herb; native; extinct
3062. Cryptostylis arachnites (Blume) Hassk.; herb; native; extinct
3063. Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. ssp. pubescens (Lindl.) Du Pay & Cribb; epiphyte; native; critically
endangered
3064. Cymbidium finlaysonianum Lindl.; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
3065. Cystorchis javanica (Blume) Blume; herb; native; critically endangered
3066. Cystorchis variegata Blume; herb; native; extinct
3067. Dendrobium acerosum Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3068. Dendrobium aciculare Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3069. Dendrobium aloifolium (Blume) Rchb.f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3070. Dendrobium bifarium Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3071. Dendrobium crocatum Hook. f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3072. Dendrobium crumenatum Sw.; epiphyte; native; common; cultivated
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Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3073. Dendrobium flexile Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3074. Dendrobium grande Hook. f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3075. Dendrobium hendersonii Hawkes & Heller; epiphyte; native; extinct
3076. Dendrobium hercoglossum Rchb. f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3077. Dendrobium indivisum (Blume) Miq.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3078. Dendrobium indragiriense Schltr.; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
3079. Dendrobium lamellatum (Blume) Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3080. Dendrobium leonis (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3081. Dendrobium lobatum (Blume) Miq.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3082. Dendrobium lobbii Teijsm. & Binnend.; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
3083. Dendrobium microglaphys Rchb.f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3084. Dendrobium pachyphyllum (Kuntze.) Bakh. f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3085. Dendrobium pandaneti Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3086. Dendrobium pensile Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3087. Dendrobium planibulbe Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3088. Dendrobium prostratum Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3089. Dendrobium pulchellum Roxb. ex Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3090. Dendrobium revolutum Lindl.; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
3091. Dendrobium salaccense (Blume) Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3092. Dendrobium secundum (Blume) Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3093. Dendrobium setifolium Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3094. Dendrobium singaporense Hawkes & Heller; epiphyte; native; extinct
3095. Dendrobium spurium (Blume) J.J. Sm.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3096. Dendrobium stuposum Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct; =D. sphegidoglossum Rchb.f.; D.
flavidulum Ridl. ex Hook.f.
3097. Dendrobium subulatum (Blume) Lindl.; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
3098. Dendrobium villosulum Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3099. Dendrochilum longifolium Rchb. f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3100. Dendrochilum pallidiflavens Blume var. pallidiflavens; epiphyte; native; extinct; =D.
ellipticum Ridl.
3101. Didymoplexiella ornata (Ridl.) Garay; herb; native; extinct
3102. Didymoplexis pallens Griff.; herb; native; critically endangered
3103. Dienia ophrydis (J. Konig) Seidenf.; herb; native; extinct; =Malaxis latifolia J.E. Sm.
3104. Dilochia wallichii Lindl.; herb; native; extinct
3105. Diplocaulobium longicolle (Lindl.) Kraenzl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3106. Dipodium paludosum (Griff.) Rchb.f.; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
3107. Dipodium pictum (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3108. Dipodium scandens (Blume) J. J. Sm.; climber; native; extinct
3109. Epidendrum ibaguense Kunth; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3110. Eria bractescens Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3111. Eria floribunda Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3112. Eria javanica (Sw.) Blume; epiphyte; native; extinct
3113. Eria longirepens Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3114. Eria neglecta Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3115. Eria nutans Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3116. Eria pannea Lindl.; herb; native; extinct
3117. Eria pellipes Hook. f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3118. Eria pulchella Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3119. Eria robusta (Blume) Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3120. Eria tenuiflora Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3121. Erythorchis altissima (Blume) Blume; climber; native; extinct
3122. Eulophia graminea Lindl.; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
161
Chong et al.
3123. Eulophia spectabilis (Dennst.) Suresh.; herb; native; critically endangered; cultivated
3124. Flickingeria angustifolia (Blume) Hawkes; epiphyte; native; extinct
3125. Flickingeria bancana (J.J. Sm.) Hawkes; epiphyte; native; extinct
3126. Flickingeria comata (Blume) Hawkes; epiphyte; native; extinct
3127. Flickingeria fimbriata (Blume) A.D. Hawkes; epiphyte; native; extinct
3128. Flickingeria fugax (Rchb. f.) Seidenf.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3129. Flickingeria laciniosa (Ridl.) Hawkes; epiphyte; native; globally extinct
3130. Flickingeria xantholeuca (Rchb. f.) Hawkes; epiphyte; native; extinct
3131. Galeola nudifolia Lour.; climber; native; critically endangered
3132. Gastrodia javanica (Blume) Lindl.; herb; native; critically endangered
3133. Grammatophyllum scriptum (L.) Blume; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3134. Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume; epiphyte; native; extinct; cultivated
3135. Habenaria singapurensis Ridl.; herb; native; extinct
3136. Hetaeria nitida Ridl.; herb; native; extinct
3137. Hetaeria obliqua Blume; herb; native; extinct
3138. Hylophila mollis Lindl.; herb; native; critically endangered
3139. Lecanorchis malaccensis Ridl.; herb; native; critically endangered
3140. Liparis elegans Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3141. Liparis ferruginea Lindl.; epiphyte; native; critically endangered; cultivated
3142. Liparis gibbosa Finet; epiphyte; native; extinct
3143. Liparis tricallosa Rchb. f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3144. Liparis wrayi Hook. f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3145. Ludisia discolor (Ker Gawl.) A. Rich.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3146. Macodes petola (Blume) Lindl.; herb; native; extinct
3147. Malaxis micrantha (Hook. f.) Kuntze; herb; native; extinct
3148. Micropera fuscolutea (Lindl.) Gary; epiphyte; native; extinct
3149. Microsaccus ampullaceus J.J. Sm.; herb; native; extinct
3150. Microsaccus griffithii (Par. & Rchb. f.) Seidenfaden; herb; native; extinct
3151. Microsaccus javensis Blume; epiphyte; native; extinct
3152. Microsaccus sumatranus J.J. Sm.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3153. Mycaranthes obliqua Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct; =Eria obliqua (Lindl.) Lindl.
3154. Nephelaphyllum pulchrum Blume; herb; native; critically endangered; cultivated
3155. Nervilia punctata (Blume) Schltr.; herb; native; extinct
3156. Neuwiedia griffithii Rchb. f.; herb; native; extinct
3157. Neuwiedia veratrifolia Blume; herb; native; critically endangered; cultivated
3158. Neuwiedia zollingeri Rchb.f. var. singapureana (Baker) de Vogel; herb; native; extinct
3159. Oberonia bertoldii King & Prantl; epiphyte; native; extinct
3160. Oberonia ciliolata Hook. f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3161. Oberonia dissitiflora Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3162. Oberonia flabellifera Holtt.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3163. Oberonia lunata (Blume) Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3164. Oberonia lycopodioides (K.D. Koenig) Ormerod.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3165. Oberonia miniata Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3166. Oberonia stenophylla Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3167. Oxystophyllum carnosum Blume; epiphyte; native; extinct; =Dendrobium concinnum Miq.
3168. Oxystophyllum excavatum Blume; epiphyte; native; extinct; =Dendrobium excavatum (Blume)
Miq.
3169. Oxystophyllum sinuatum (Lindl.) M.A. Clem.; epiphyte; native; extinct; =Dendrobium
sinuatum (Lindl.) Linl. ex Rchb.f.
3170. Peristylus lacertifer (Lindl.) J.J. Sm.; herb; native; extinct
3171. Peristylus maingayi (King & Pantl.) J.J. Wood & Omerod; herb; native; extinct; =P. candidus
J.J. Sm.
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Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3172. Phaius tancarvilliae (Banks ex L'Hér.) Blume; herb; native; critically endangered
3173. Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi (Breda) Blume & Rchb. f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3174. Phreatia plantaginifolia (K. D. Koenig) Ormerod; epiphyte; native; extinct; =P. secunda
(Blume) Lindl.
3175. Plocoglottis gigantea (Hook. f.) J.J. Sm.; herb; native; critically endangered
3176. Plocoglottis javanica Blume; herb; native; critically endangered
3177. Plocoglottis lowii Rchb. f.; herb; native; extinct
3178. Podochilus microphyllus Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3179. Polystachya concreta (Jacq.) Gary & Sweet; epiphyte; native; extinct
3180. Pomatocalpa diffusum Breda; epiphyte; native; critically endangered; =P. latifolia (Lindl.)
J.J.Sm.
3181. Pteroceras pallidum (Blume) Holtt.; herb; native; critically endangered
3182. Renanthera elongata (Blume) Lindl.; herb; native; extinct
3183. Renanthera histrionica (Rchb. f.) Ridl.; herb; native; extinct; =R. histrionica (Rchb.f.) Ridl.
3184. Rhynchostylis gigantea (Lindl.) Ridl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3185. Robiquetia spathulata (Blume) J.J. Smith; epiphyte; native; extinct
3186. Sarcostoma javanica Blume; epiphyte; native; extinct
3187. Schoenorchis micrantha Blume; epiphyte; native; extinct
3188. Schoenorchis secundiflora (Ridl.) J.J. Smith; epiphyte; native; extinct
3189. Spathoglottis gracilis Rolfe ex Hook. f.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3190. Spathoglottis kimballiana Hook. f.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3191. Spathoglottis plicata Blume; herb; native; common; cultivated
3192. Spathoglottis unguiculata (Labill.) Rchb. f.; herb; exotic; casual; cultivated
3193. Stereosandra javanica Blume; herb; native; extinct
3194. Taeniophyllum filiforme J.J. Smith; epiphyte; native; extinct
3195. Taeniophyllum pusillum (Willd.) Seidenf. & Ormerod; epiphyte; native; critically endangered;
=T. obtusum Blume
3196. Thelasis carinata Blume; epiphyte; native; extinct
3197. Thelasis micrantha (Brongn.) J.J. Sm.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3198. Thelasis pygmaea (Griff.) Lindl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3199. Thrixspermum acuminatissimum (Blume) Rchb.f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3200. Thrixspermum amplexicaule (Blume) Rchb.f.; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
3201. Thrixspermum calceolus (Lindl.) Rchb.f.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3202. Thrixspermum centipeda Lour.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3203. Thrixspermum ridleyanum Schltr.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3204. Thrixspermum scopa (Rchb.f. ex Hook.f.) Holtt.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3205. Thrixspermum trichoglottis (Hook.f.) Kuntze; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
3206. Trichotosia gracilis (Hook.f.) Kraenzl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3207. Trichotosia velutina (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Kraenzl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3208. Trichotosia vestita (Lindl.) Kraenzl.; epiphyte; native; extinct
3209. Tropidia curculigoides Lindl.; herb; native; extinct
3210. Vanilla griffithii Rchb. f.; climber; native; vulnerable; cultivated
3211. Vanilla planifolia Andrews; climber; exotic; cultivated only
3212. Vrydagzynea albida (Blume) Blume; herb; native; extinct
3213. Vrydagzynea lancifolia Ridl.; herb; native; extinct
3214. Vrydagzynea tristriata Ridl.; herb; native; extinct
3215. Zeuxine clandestina Blume; herb; native; critically endangered
3216. Zeuxine gracilis (Breda) Blume; herb; native; critically endangered
3217. Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schltr.; herb; native; extinct
Orobanchaceae
3218. Centranthera tranquebarica (Spreng.) Merr.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
163
Chong et al.
3219. Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze; herb; weed of uncertain origin
Oxalidaceae
3220. Averrhoa bilimbi L.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
3221. Averrhoa carambola L.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
3222. Dapania racemosa Korth.; climber; native; extinct
3223. Oxalis barrelieri L.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
3224. Oxalis corniculata L.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
3225. Oxalis debilis Kunth var. corymbosa (DC.) Lourteig; herb; exotic; naturalised; =O.
corymbosa DC.
3226. Oxalis regnelli Miq.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3227. Sarcotheca griffithii (Planch. ex Hook. f.) Hall. f.; tree; native; critically endangered
3228. Sarcotheca laxa (Ridl.) Kunth var. sericea (Ridl.) Veldk.; shrub; native; critically endangered
Pandaceae
3229. Galearia fulva (Tul.) Miq.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
3230. Galearia maingayi Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered
3231. Microdesmis caseariifolia Planch. ex Hook; shrub; native; common; cultivated
Pandanaceae
3232. Freycinetia angustifolia Blume; climber; native; critically endangered
3233. Freycinetia confusa Ridl.; climber; native; extinct
3234. Freycinetia corneri B.C. Stone; climber; native; extinct
3235. Freycinetia javanica Blume; climber; native; extinct
3236. Freycinetia multiflora Merr.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
3237. Freycinetia sumatrana Hemsley var. sumatrana; climber; native; common
3238. Pandanus affinis Kurz; shrub; native; extinct
3239. Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
3240. Pandanus atrocarpus Griff.; tree; native; endangered
3241. Pandanus dubius Spreng. var. dubius; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3242. Pandanus gemmiferus H. St. John; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3243. Pandanus houlletii Carriere; shrub; native; critically endangered
3244. Pandanus monotheca Mart.; shrub; native; endangered
3245. Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze; shrub; native; common; cultivated; =P. odoratissimus
L.f.
3246. Pandanus parvus Ridl.; shrub; native; critically endangered; cultivated
3247. Pandanus polycephalus Lam.; tree; native; extinct
3248. Pandanus pygmaeus Thouars; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3249. Pandanus rostratus Mart.; shrub; native; extinct
3250. Pandanus singaporensis Kaneh.; shrub; native; critically endangered; =P. tetrodon Ridl.
3251. Pandanus tectorius Parkinson; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3252. Pandanus utilis Bory; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3253. Pandanus yvanii Solms.; shrub; native; critically endangered
Passifloraceae
3254. Adenia macrophylla (Blume) Koord. var. singaporeana (Wall. ex G. Don) de Wilde; climber;
native; vulnerable; cultivated
3255. Paropsia vareciformis (Griff.) Mast.; tree; native; common
3256. Passiflora amethystina J.C. Mikan; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3257. Passiflora biflora Lam.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
3258. Passiflora coccinea Aubl.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
3259. Passiflora edulis Sims; climber; exotic; cultivated only
164
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3260. Passiflora foetida L.; climber; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
3261. Passiflora laurifolia L.; climber; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
3262. Passiflora palmata Lodd.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
3263. Passiflora suberosa L.; climber; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
Pedaliaceae
3264. Sesamum indicum L.; herb; exotic; naturalised; =S. orientale L.
3265. Sesamum radiatum Schumach. & Thonn.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
Pentaphragmataceae
3266. Pentaphragma ellipticum Poulsen var. ellipticum; herb; native; vulnerable; cultivated
Pentaphylacaceae
3267. Adinandra acuminata Korth.; tree; native; critically endangered
3268. Adinandra dumosa Jack; tree; native; common; cultivated
3269. Adinandra integerrima T. Anders. ex Dyer; tree; native; extinct
3270. Eurya acuminata DC.; shrub; native; common
3271. Ternstroemia bancana Miq.; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
3272. Ternstroemia corneri H. Keng; tree; native; critically endangered
3273. Ternstroemia penangiana Choisy; tree; native; critically endangered
3274. Ternstroemia wallichiana (Griff.) Engl.; tree; native; extinct
Philydraceae
3275. Philydrum lanuginosum Gaertn.; herb; native; extinct
Phyllanthaceae
3276. Actephila excelsa (Dalz.) Müll. Arg. var. javanica (Miq.) P. & H.; shrub; native; vulnerable
3277. Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
3278. Antidesma coriaceum Tul.; tree; native; vulnerable
3279. Antidesma cuspidatum Müll. Arg.; tree; native; common; cultivated
3280. Antidesma neurocarpum Miq.; tree; native; endangered
3281. Antidesma velutinosum Blume; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
3282. Aporosa benthamiana Hook. f.; tree; native; vulnerable
3283. Aporosa confusa Gage; tree; native; critically endangered
3284. Aporosa falcifera Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered
3285. Aporosa frutescens Blume; tree; native; common; cultivated
3286. Aporosa lucida (Miq.) Airy Shaw var. lucida; tree; native; critically endangered; =A.
miqueliana Müll.Arg.
3287. Aporosa lunata (Miq.) Kurz; tree; native; critically endangered
3288. Aporosa microstachya (Tul.) Müll. Arg.; tree; native; endangered
3289. Aporosa nervosa Hook. f.; tree; native; vulnerable
3290. Aporosa nigricans Hook. f.; tree; native; endangered
3291. Aporosa penangensis (Ridl.) Airy Shaw; tree; native; extinct
3292. Aporosa prainiana King ex Gage; tree; native; vulnerable
3293. Aporosa subcaudata Merr.; tree; native; endangered; =A. bracteosa Pax & K. Hoffm.
3294. Aporosa symplocoides (Hook. f.) Gage; tree; native; common
3295. Baccaurea bracteata Müll. Arg.; tree; native; critically endangered
3296. Baccaurea brevipes Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered
3297. Baccaurea hookeri Gage; tree; native; critically endangered
3298. Baccaurea kunstleri King ex Gage; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
3299. Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Müll. Arg.; tree; native; extinct
165
Chong et al.
3300. Baccaurea macrocarpa (Miq.) Müll. Arg.; tree; native; critically endangered; =B. griffithii
Hook. f.
3301. Baccaurea macrophylla (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg.; tree; native; extinct
3302. Baccaurea maingayi Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered
3303. Baccaurea minor Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered
3304. Baccaurea motleyana (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
3305. Baccaurea parviflora (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg.; tree; native; common; cultivated
3306. Baccaurea polyneura Hook. f.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated; =B. hookeri Gage; B.
kunstleri King ex Gage
3307. Baccaurea pubera (Miq.) Müll. Arg.; tree; native; extinct; =B. latifolia King ex Hook. f.
3308. Baccaurea pyriformis Gage; tree; native; extinct
3309. Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw.) Müll. Arg.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
3310. Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3311. Baccaurea reticulata Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered
3312. Baccaurea sumatrana (Miq.) Müll. Arg.; tree; native; vulnerable
3313. Bischofia javanica Blume; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3314. Breynia coronata Hook. f.; tree; native; endangered
3315. Breynia discigera Müll. Arg.; tree; native; critically endangered
3316. Breynia disticha J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only; =B. nivosa (W. Bull)
Small
3317. Breynia racemosa (Blume) Mull. Arg.; climber; native; common
3318. Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C. Fisch.; shrub; native; common
3319. Bridelia cinnamomea Hook. f.; climber; native; extinct; =B. griffithii Hook.f.
3320. Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3321. Bridelia pustulata Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered
3322. Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume; shrub; native; vulnerable
3323. Bridelia tomentosa Blume; tree; native; common; cultivated
3324. Cleistanthus hirsutulus Hook. f.; tree; native; extinct
3325. Cleistanthus macrophyllus Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered
3326. Cleistanthus malaccensis Hook. f.; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
3327. Cleistanthus oblongifolius (Roxb.) Mull. Arg; tree; native; critically endangered; =C.
myrianthus (Hassk.) Kurz
3328. Cleistanthus schlechteri Hutch.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3329. Cleistanthus sumatranus (Miq.) Müll. Arg.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
3330. Glochidion borneense (Müll. Arg.) Boerl.; tree; native; critically endangered
3331. Glochidion ferdinandi (Müll. Arg.) Pax & K. Hoffm.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3332. Glochidion glomerulatum (Miq.) Boerl.; tree; native; extinct
3333. Glochidion kunstlerianum Gage; shrub; native; extinct
3334. Glochidion littorale Blume; shrub; native; Endangered; cultivated
3335. Glochidion lutescens Blume; shrub; native; critically endangered; cultivated; =G. hypoleucum
(Miq.) Boerl.
3336. Glochidion rubrum Blume; shrub; native; critically endangered
3337. Glochidion sericeum Hook. f.; shrub; native; critically endangered
3338. Glochidion singaporense Gage; shrub; native; critically endangered
3339. Glochidion superbum Baill.; tree; native; common; cultivated
3340. Glochidion varians Miq.; tree; native; extinct; =G. fuscum (Müll.Arg.) Boerl.
3341. Glochidion wallichianum Müll. Arg.; tree; native; extinct
3342. Glochidion zeylanicum Blume var. arborescens (Blume) Chakrab. & M.Gangop.; tree; native;
critically endangered; =G. arborescens Blume
3343. Glochidion zeylanicum Blume var. zeylanicum; tree; native; vulnerable; =G. brunneum
Hook.f.; G. perakense (Müll.Arg.) Airy Shaw
3344. Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels; tree; exotic; cultivated only
166
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3345. Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.; herb; exotic; naturalised
3346. Phyllanthus cochinchinensis Spreng.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3347. Phyllanthus cuscutiflorus S. Moore; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3348. Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd.; herb; exotic; naturalised
3349. Phyllanthus emblica L.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
3350. Phyllanthus myrtifolius (Wight) Müll. Arg.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3351. Phyllanthus pulcher Wall. ex Müll. Arg.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3352. Phyllanthus urinaria L.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
3353. Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.; shrub; native; common; cultivated
3354. Sauropus bacciformis (L.) Airy Shaw; herb; native; critically endangered
3355. Sauropus spatulifolius Beille; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
Phytolaccaceae
3356. Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3357. Rivina humilis L.; herb; exotic; naturalised
Picrodendraceae
3358. Austrobuxus nitidus Miq.; tree; native; extinct
Piperaceae
3359. Peperomia argyreia (Miq.) E. Morren; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3360. Peperomia caperata Yunck.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3361. Peperomia clusiifolia (Jacq.) Hook.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3362. Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A. Dietr.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3363. Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth; herb; exotic; naturalised
3364. Peperomia sarmentosa A. Dietr.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3365. Peperomia scandens Ruiz & Pav.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3366. Piper aduncum L.; tree; exotic; naturalised
3367. Piper betle L.; climber; exotic; casual; cultivated
3368. Piper caninum Blume; climber; native; common; cultivated
3369. Piper chaba W. Hunter; climber; native; extinct
3370. Piper flavimarginatum C. DC.; climber; native; critically endangered
3371. Piper lanatum Roxb.; climber; native; extinct
3372. Piper macropiper Pennant; climber; native; critically endangered
3373. Piper maingayi Hook. f.; climber; native; extinct
3374. Piper muricatum Blume; herb; native; critically endangered
3375. Piper nigrum L.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
3376. Piper pachyphyllum Hook. f.; climber; native; extinct
3377. Piper pedicellosum Wall. ex C. DC.; climber; native; critically endangered
3378. Piper porphyrophyllum (Lindl.) N.E.Br.; climber; native; endangered
3379. Piper protractum C. DC.; shrub; native; critically endangered
3380. Piper pseudolindenii C. DC.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only; =P. magnificum (C. DC.) Trel.
3381. Piper ribesioides Wall.; climber; native; extinct
3382. Piper sarmentosum Roxb.; climber; native; common; cultivated
Pittosporaceae
3383. Billardiera heterophylla (Lindl.) L. W. Cayzer & Crisp; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3384. Hymenosporum flavum (Hook.) F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3385. Pittosporum ferrugineum W.T. Aiton; shrub; native; vulnerable; cultivated
3386. Pittosporum pentandrum (Blanco) Merr.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3387. Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) W.T. Aiton; tree; exotic; cultivated only
167
Chong et al.
Plantaginaceae
3388. Adenosma indicum (Lour.) Merr.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3389. Adenosma inopinatum Prain; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3390. Adenosma javanicum (Blume) Koord.; herb; native; common
3391. Angelonia biflora Benth.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3392. Angelonia salicariifolia Bonpl.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3393. Bacopa caroliniana (Walter) B. L. Rob.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3394. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell; herb; exotic; naturalised
3395. Limnophila chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. ssp. aromatica (Lam.) T. Yamaz.; herb; weed of
uncertain origin
3396. Limnophila laxa Benth.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3397. Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3398. Limnophila villosa Blume; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3399. Micranthemum micranthemoides (Nutt.) Wettst.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3400. Microcarpaea minima (Koen. ex Retz.) Merr.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3401. Otacanthus caeruleus Lindl.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3402. Plantago major L.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
3403. Stemodia verticillata (Mill.) Sprague; herb; weed of uncertain origin
Plumbaginaceae
3404. Plumbago auriculata Lam.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3405. Plumbago indica L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3406. Plumbago zeylanica L.; shrub; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
Poaceae
3407. Acroceras munroanum (Balansa) Henr.; herb; exotic; casual
3408. Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3409. Arundinaria variegata (Siebold ex. Miq.) Makino; shrub; exotic; cultivated only; =Bambusa
variegata Siebold ex Miq.
3410. Arundo donax L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3411. Axonopus compressus (Sw.) Beauv.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
3412. Axonopus fissifolius (Raddi) Kulm.; herb; exotic; naturalised; =A. affinis Chase
3413. Bambusa heterostachya (Munro) Holtt.; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
3414. Bambusa lako Widjaja; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3415. Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Raeusch. ex Schult & Schult. f.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3416. Bambusa tuldoides Munro; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3417. Bambusa ventricosa McClure; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3418. Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J. C. Wendl.; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
3419. Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S. T. Blake; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3420. Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.; herb; exotic; naturalised; =C. echinatus auct. non L.
3421. Cenchrus echinatus L.; herb; exotic; naturalised
3422. Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv.; herb; native; critically endangered; cultivated
3423. Centotheca longilamina Ohwi; herb; native; common
3424. Chloris barbata Sw.; herb; exotic; naturalised
3425. Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin.; herb; native; common; cultivated
3426. Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3427. Coix lacryma-jobi L.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
3428. Cymbopogon calcicola C.E. Hubb.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3429. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3430. Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) J.F. Watson; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3431. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.; herb; native; common; cultivated
3432. Cyrtococcum accrescens (Trin.) Stapf; herb; native; critically endangered
168
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3433. Cyrtococcum patens (L.) A. Camus; herb; native; critically endangered
3434. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd.; herb; native; common
3435. Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.) Backer ex Heyne; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
3436. Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf; herb; exotic; naturalised
3437. Dichanthium caricosum (L.) A. Camus; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3438. Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem. & Schult.; herb; native; common
3439. Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3440. Digitaria didactyla Willd.; herb; exotic; naturalised
3441. Digitaria fuscescens (J. Presl) Henrard; herb; native; common
3442. Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Pers.; herb; native; common
3443. Digitaria mollicoma (Kunth) Henr.; herb; native; common
3444. Digitaria nuda Schumach.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3445. Digitaria radicosa (C. Presl) Miq.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3446. Digitaria setigera Roem. & Schult. var. calliblepharata (Henrard) Veldk.; herb; weed of
uncertain origin
3447. Digitaria setigera Roem. & Schult. var. setigera; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3448. Digitaria violascens Link; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3449. Dimeria ornithopoda Trin.; herb; native; common
3450. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3451. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3452. Echinochloa picta (J. Koenig) P.W. Michael; herb; native; extinct; =E. stagnina auct. non
(Retz.) P. Beauv.
3453. Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3454. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.; herb; exotic; naturalised
3455. Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight & Arn. ex Nees; herb; weed of uncertain origin; =E. viscosa
(Retz.) Trin.
3456. Eragrostis atrovirens (Desf.) Trin. ex Steud.; herb; native; common
3457. Eragrostis brownii (Kunth) Nees; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3458. Eragrostis montana Balansa; herb; native; common
3459. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3460. Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud.; herb; native; common
3461. Eriachne pallescens R. Br.; herb; native; vulnerable
3462. Eriochloa procera (Retz.) C.E. Hubb.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3463. Eustachys tenera (Presl) A.Camus; herb; native; extinct
3464. Gigantochloa hasskarliana (Kurz) Backer ex Heyne; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3465. Gigantochloa ligulata Gamble; shrub; native; critically endangered
3466. Gigantochloa thoii K.M. Wong; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
3467. Gigantochloa wrayi Gamble; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
3468. Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.; herb; native; common
3469. Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Steud.) Gilliland; herb; native; common; =H. acutigluma (Steud.)
Gilliland
3470. Imperata conferta (J.Presl) Ohwi; herb; native; common
3471. Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv.; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
3472. Isachne globosa (Thunb.) Kuntze; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3473. Isachne kunthiana (Wight & Arn.) Miq.; herb; native; common
3474. Isachne minutula (Gaudich.) Kunstl.; herb; native; common
3475. Isachne pulchella Roth ex Roem. & Schult.; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin
3476. Ischaemum barbatum R. Br.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3477. Ischaemum ciliare Retz.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3478. Ischaemum magnum Rendle; herb; native; common
3479. Ischaemum muticum L.; herb; native; common; cultivated
3480. Ischaemum rugosum Salisb.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
169
Chong et al.
3481. Ischaemum timorense Kunth; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3482. Leersia hexandra Sw.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3483. Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3484. Lepturus repens R. Br.; herb; native; common
3485. Lophatherum gracile Brongn.; herb; native; common
3486. Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K. Simon & S.W.L. Jacobs; herb; exotic; naturalised;
=Panicum maximum Jacq.
3487. Melinis nerviglumis (Franch.) Zizka; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3488. Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka; herb; exotic; naturalised; =Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E.
Hubb.
3489. Mnesithea glandulosa (Trin) de Koning & Sosef; herb; native; vulnerable
3490. Ottochloa nodosa (Kunth) Dandy; herb; native; common
3491. Panicum auritum J. Presl ex Nees; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin
3492. Panicum luzonense Presl; herb; native; common
3493. Panicum repens L.; herb; native; common
3494. Panicum sarmentosum Roxb.; herb; native; common
3495. Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius; herb; exotic; naturalised
3496. Paspalum longifolium Roxb.; herb; native; common
3497. Paspalum plicatulum Michx.; herb; exotic; casual
3498. Paspalum scrobiculatum L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3499. Paspalum vaginatum Sw.; herb; native; common
3500. Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3501. Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3502. Pennisetum macrostachys (Brongn.) Trin.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3503. Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult.; herb; exotic; naturalised
3504. Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.; herb; exotic; naturalised
3505. Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3506. Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze; herb; native; common
3507. Phragmites vallatoria (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud.; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated; =P.
karka (Retz.) Steud.
3508. Pogonatherum crinitum (Thunb.) Kunth; herb; native; common; cultivated
3509. Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3510. Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton; herb; exotic; naturalised
3511. Saccharum arundinaceum Retz.; herb; native; weed of uncertain origin
3512. Saccharum officinarum L.; herb; exotic; casual; cultivated
3513. Saccharum spontaneum L.; herb; exotic; naturalised
3514. Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3515. Sacciolepis myosuroides (R. Br.) A. Camus; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3516. Schizachyrium sanguineum (Retz.) Alston; herb; native; extinct
3517. Schizostachyum brachycladum Kurz; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
3518. Schizostachyum gracile (Munro) Holttum; shrub; native; extinct
3519. Schizostachyum jaculans Holttum; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
3520. Schizostachyum latifolium Gamble; shrub; native; extinct
3521. Schizostachyum zolleringi Steud.; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
3522. Scrotochloa urceolata (Roxb.) Judz.; herb; native; vulnerable
3523. Setaria barbata (Lam.) Kunth; herb; exotic; naturalised
3524. Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen; herb; native; common
3525. Soejatmia ridleyi (Gamble) K.M. Wong; climber; native; critically endangered
3526. Sorghum propinquum (Kunth) Hitchc.; herb; exotic; naturalised
3527. Sphaerocaryum malaccense (Trin.) Pilger; herb; native; extinct
3528. Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. flaccidus (Roem. & Schult.) Veldk.; herb; native; common
3529. Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. major (Büse) Baaijens; herb; native; common
170
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3530. Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. pyramidalis (P. Beauv.) Veldk.; herb; exotic; casual
3531. Sporobolus tenuissimus (Schrank) Kuntze; herb; exotic; naturalised
3532. Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth; herb; native; common
3533. Steinchisma laxa (Sw.) Zuloaga; herb; exotic; naturalised; =Panicum laxum Sw.
3534. Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze; herb; exotic; naturalised; =S. dimidiatum auct.
non (L.) Brongn.
3535. Themeda arguens (L.) Hack.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3536. Themeda villosa (Poir.) A. Camus; herb; native; common
3537. Thuarea involuta (G. Forst) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult.; herb; native; common
3538. Thyrsostachys siamensis Gamble; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
3539. Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
3540. Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3541. Urochloa glumaris (Trin.) Veldkamp; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3542. Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) T.Q. Nguyen; herb; exotic; naturalised
3543. Urochloa subquadrifida (Trin.) R.D. Webster; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3544. Zea mays L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3545. Zoysia japonica Steud.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3546. Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.; herb; native; common
3547. Zoysia tenuifolia Willd. ex Thiele; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Polygalaceae
3548. Polygala glaucoides L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3549. Polygala paniculata L.; herb; exotic; naturalised
3550. Salomonia cantoniensis Lour.; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
3551. Xanthophyllum affine Korth.; tree; native; endangered
3552. Xanthophyllum amoenum Chodat; tree; native; critically endangered
3553. Xanthophyllum discolor Chodat; tree; native; endangered
3554. Xanthophyllum ellipticum Korth.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
3555. Xanthophyllum eurhynchum Miq.; shrub; native; vulnerable
3556. Xanthophyllum griffithii Hook.f. ex Benn. ssp. erectum Meijden; tree; native; endangered
3557. Xanthophyllum obscurum Benn.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
3558. Xanthophyllum rufum Benn.; tree; native; common
3559. Xanthophyllum stipitatum Benn.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
3560. Xanthophyllum vitellinum (Blume) Dietr.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
3561. Xanthophyllum wrayi King; shrub; native; extinct
Polygonaceae
3562. Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn.; climber; exotic; casual; cultivated
3563. Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3564. Homalocladium platyclados (F. Muell.) L.H. Bailey; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3565. Persicaria barbata (L.) H. Hara var. gracilis (Danser) H. Hara; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3566. Persicaria capitata (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) H. Gross; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3567. Persicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross var. chinensis; herb; exotic; naturalised
3568. Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre; herb; exotic; casual; cultivated
3569. Persicaria odorata (Lour.) Soják; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3570. Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach; herb; exotic; naturalised
3571. Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3572. Triplaris americana L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3573. Triplaris cumingiana Fisch. & C.A. Mey.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3574. Triplaris weigeltiana Kuntze; tree; exotic; cultivated only
171
Chong et al.
Polyosmaceae
3575. Polyosma conocarpa Ridl.; tree; native; extinct
3576. Polyosma kingiana Schltr.; tree; native; critically endangered
3577. Polyosma ridleyi King; tree; native; extinct
Pontederiaceae
3578. Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3579. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
3580. Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
3581. Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) C. Presl ex Kunth; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3582. Pontederia cordata L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Portulacaceae
3583. Portulaca grandiflora Hook.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3584. Portulaca oleracea L.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
3585. Portulaca pilosa L. ssp. pilosa; herb; native; critically endangered
3586. Portulaca quadrifida L.; herb; exotic; naturalised
3587. Portulacaria afra (L.) Jacq.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3588. Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3589. Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn.; shrub; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
Proteaceae
3590. Alloxylon flammeum P. H. Weston & Crisp; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3591. Athertonia diversifolia (C. T. White) L. A. S. Johnson & B. G. Briggs; tree; exotic; cultivated
only
3592. Cardwellia sublimis F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3593. Darlingia ferruginea J.F. Bailey; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3594. Grevillea baileyana McGill.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3595. Grevillea banskii R. Br.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3596. Grevillea dryandri R. Br.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3597. Grevillea pteridifolia Knight; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3598. Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3599. Helicia excelsa (Roxb.) Blume; tree; native; extinct
3600. Helicia petiolaris Benn.; shrub; native; critically endangered
3601. Helicia robusta (Roxb.) R. Br. ex Wall.; tree; native; extinct
3602. Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3603. Musgravea heterophylla L.S. Sm.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3604. Persoonia toru A. Cunn.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3605. Placospermum coriaceum C.T. White & W.D. Francis; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3606. Stenocarpus sinuatus Endl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Putranjavaceae
3607. Drypetes curtisii (Hook. f.) Pax & K. Hoffm.; tree; native; common
3608. Drypetes laevis (Miq.) Pax & K. Hoffm.; tree; native; critically endangered
3609. Drypetes longifolia (Blume) Pax & Hoffm.; tree; native; critically endangered
3610. Drypetes pendula Ridl.; tree; native; critically endangered
Ranunculaceae
3611. Clematis aristata Ker Gawl.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
3612. Clematis heynei M.A. Rau; climber; exotic; cultivated only
172
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
Rhamnaceae
3613. Berchemia discolor (Klotzsch) Hemsl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3614. Colubrina asiatica (L.) Brongn.; shrub; native; common; cultivated
3615. Maesopsis eminii Engl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3616. Smythea lanceata Summerh.; climber; native; critically endangered
3617. Ventilago malaccensis Ridl.; climber; native; endangered
3618. Ziziphus calophylla Wall. ex Hook.f.; climber; native; vulnerable
3619. Ziziphus elegans Wall.; climber; native; critically endangered
3620. Ziziphus horsfieldii Miq.; climber; native; endangered
3621. Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3622. Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight & Arn.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3623. Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill.; climber; native; extinct
Rhizophoraceae
3624. Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Blume; tree; native; common; cultivated
3625. Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lamk.; tree; native; common; cultivated
3626. Bruguiera hainesii C.G. Rogers; tree; native; critically endangered
3627. Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) W. & A. ex Griff.; tree; native; endangered
3628. Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
3629. Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
3630. Carallia suffruticosa Ridl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3631. Ceriops tagal (Pers.) C.B. Robins; tree; native; vulnerable
3632. Ceriops zippeliana Blume; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated; =C. decandra (Griff.) Ding
Hou; C. roxburghiana Arn.
3633. Gynotroches axillaris Blume; tree; native; common; cultivated
3634. Kandelia candel (L.) Druce; shrub; native; critically endangered
3635. Pellacalyx axillaris Korth.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
3636. Pellacalyx saccardianus Scort.; tree; native; endangered
3637. Rhizophora apiculata Blume; tree; native; common; cultivated
3638. Rhizophora mucronata Lam.; tree; native; common; cultivated
3639. Rhizophora stylosa Griff.; tree; native; vulnerable
Rosaceae
3640. Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke; climber; exotic; naturalised; cultivated; =Potentilla
indica (Andr.) Wolf
3641. Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3642. Prunus arborea (Blume) Kalkman; tree; native; critically endangered
3643. Prunus grisea (Blume ex Müll. Berol.) Kalkman var. tomentosa (Koord. & Valeton) Kalkman;
tree; native; critically endangered
3644. Prunus polystachya (Hook. f.) Kalkm.; tree; native; common; cultivated
3645. Rubus moluccanus L. var. angulosus Kalkman; climber; native; extinct
3646. Rubus moluccanus L. var. moluccanus; climber; native; vulnerable; cultivated
3647. Spiraea japonica L. f.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Rubiaceae
3648. Aidia auriculata (Wall.) Ridsdale; climber; native; critically endangered
3649. Aidia cochinchinensis Lour.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3650. Aidia densiflora (Wall.) Masam.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
3651. Atractocarpus benthamianus (F. Muell.) Puttock; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3652. Caelospermum truncatum (Wall.) Baill. ex K. Schum.; climber; native; critically endangered
3653. Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Schum.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3654. Canthium confertum Korth.; tree; native; endangered
173
Chong et al.
3655. Canthium glabrum Blume; tree; native; endangered
3656. Canthium horridum Blume; shrub; native; endangered
3657. Canthium molle King & Gamble; climber; native; extinct
3658. Carphalea kirondron Baill.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3659. Chassalia chartacea Craib; shrub; native; vulnerable
3660. Chassalia curviflora (Wall.) Thw.; shrub; native; endangered
3661. Chassalia pubescens Ridl.; shrub; native; extinct
3662. Chassalia singapurensis (Ridl.) A.P. Davis; shrub; native; critically endangered; =Psychotria
singapurensis (Ridl.) I.M.Turner
3663. Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3664. Coffea liberica W. Bull ex Hiern; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3665. Coprosma australis Robinson; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3666. Coprosma rugosa Cheeseman; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3667. Coptosapelta flavescens (Blume) Val. ex K. Heyne; climber; native; extinct; =C. tomentosa
Valeton ex K. Heyne
3668. Coptosapelta griffithii Hook. f.; climber; native; extinct
3669. Coptosapelta parviflora Ridl.; climber; native; extinct
3670. Dentella repens J.R. Forst & G. Forst; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3671. Diodia ocymifolia (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Bremek.; herb; exotic; naturalised
3672. Diodia sarmentosa Sw.; herb; exotic; naturalised
3673. Diplospora malaccensis Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered
3674. Euclinia longiflora Salisb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3675. Gaertnera grisea Hook. f. ex C.B. Clarke; shrub; native; vulnerable
3676. Gaertnera obesa Hook. f. ex C.B. Clarke; shrub; native; Endangered; cultivated
3677. Gaertnera vaginans (DC.) Merr. ssp. junghuhnii (Miq.) van Beusekom; shrub; native; extinct
3678. Gaertnera viminea Hook. f. ex C.B.Clarke; shrub; native; critically endangered
3679. Gardenia carinata Wall.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3680. Gardenia gjellerupii Valeton; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3681. Gardenia griffithii Hook. f.; tree; native; extinct
3682. Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3683. Gardenia ovularis F.M. Bailey; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3684. Gardenia scabrella Puttock; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3685. Gardenia tubifera Wall. var. subcarinata Corner; tree; native; critically endangered;
cultivated
3686. Gardeniopsis longifolia Miq.; shrub; native; extinct
3687. Geophila pilosa Pears.; climber; native; extinct
3688. Geophila repens (L.) I.M. Johnst. var. asiatica (Cham. & Schltdl.) Fosberg; shrub; native;
Endangered; cultivated
3689. Guettarda speciosa L.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
3690. Gynochthodes coriacea Blume; climber; native; vulnerable
3691. Gynochthodes sublanceolata Miq.; climber; native; common
3692. Hamelia patens Jacq.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3693. Hedyotis auricularia L.; herb; native; common
3694. Hedyotis capitellata Wall. ex G.Don; herb; native; critically endangered
3695. Hedyotis pinifolia Wall. ex G. Don; herb; native; vulnerable
3696. Hedyotis verticillata (L.) Lam; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3697. Hoffmannia discolor (Lem.) Hemsl.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only; =H. bullata L.O. Williams
3698. Hydnophytum formicarum Jack; epiphyte; native; critically endangered
3699. Hypobathrum coniferum (Ridl.) Bakh. f.; shrub; native; extinct
3700. Ixora chinensis Lam.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3701. Ixora concinna Hook. f.; shrub; native; extinct; cultivated
3702. Ixora congesta Roxb.; shrub; native; common; cultivated
174
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3703. Ixora finlaysoniana Wall. ex G. Don; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3704. Ixora grandifolia Zoll. & Moritzi var. grandifolia; shrub; native; extinct; cultivated
3705. Ixora javanica (Blume) DC.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3706. Ixora lobbii King & Gamble; shrub; native; endangered
3707. Ixora pendula Jack var. pendula; shrub; native; Endangered; cultivated
3708. Ixora umbellata Valeton ex Koord. & Valeton; shrub; native; extinct
3709. Jackiopsis ornata (Wall.) Ridsdale; tree; native; critically endangered
3710. Lasianthus appressus Hook. f.; shrub; native; vulnerable
3711. Lasianthus attenuatus Jack; shrub; native; vulnerable; =L. densifolius Miq.
3712. Lasianthus constrictus Wight; shrub; native; endangered
3713. Lasianthus cyanocarpus Jack; shrub; native; critically endangered
3714. Lasianthus ellipticus Wight; shrub; native; critically endangered
3715. Lasianthus glaber Ridl.; shrub; native; extinct
3716. Lasianthus griffithii Wight; shrub; native; critically endangered
3717. Lasianthus maingayi Hook. f.; shrub; native; extinct
3718. Lasianthus perakensis King & Gamble; shrub; native; vulnerable
3719. Lasianthus pterospermus Wight; shrub; native; extinct
3720. Lasianthus ridleyi King & Gamble; shrub; native; vulnerable
3721. Lasianthus scabridus King & Gamble; shrub; native; critically endangered
3722. Lasianthus stipularis Blume; shrub; native; extinct
3723. Lasianthus tomentosus Blume; shrub; native; critically endangered; cultivated
3724. Lecananthus erubescens Jack; climber; native; extinct
3725. Luculia grandiflora Ghose; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3726. Maschalocorymbus corymbosus (Blume) Bremek; shrub; native; extinct; =Urophyllum
corymbosum (Blume) Korth.
3727. Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC.; herb; exotic; naturalised
3728. Morinda citrifolia L.; tree; native; extinct; cultivated; =M. tomentosa Heyne
3729. Morinda ridleyi (King & Gamble) Ridl.; climber; native; critically endangered
3730. Morinda rigida Miq.; climber; native; extinct
3731. Morinda umbellata L.; climber; native; common; cultivated
3732. Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. & Thonn.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
3733. Mussaenda frondosa L.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
3734. Mussaenda glabra Vahl; climber; native; Endangered; cultivated
3735. Mussaenda maingayi (Hook. f.) Hemsl. ex B.D. Jacks.; climber; native; extinct; =M.
mutabilis Hook.f.
3736. Mussaenda philippica A. Rich.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3737. Mussaendopsis beccariana Baill.; tree; native; endangered
3738. Mycetia malayana (Wall. ex Ridl.) Craib; shrub; native; extinct
3739. Myrmecodia tuberosa Jack; herb; native; extinct; cultivated
3740. Nauclea officinalis (Pierre ex Pitard) Merr. & Chun.; tree; native; critically endangered
3741. Nauclea orientalis (L.) L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3742. Nauclea subdita (Korth.) Steud.; tree; native; extinct
3743. Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3744. Neonauclea pallida (Reinw. ex Havil.) Bakh.f. ssp. malaccensis (Gand.) Ridsdale; shrub;
native; extinct
3745. Neonauclea purpurea (Roxb.) Merr.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3746. Ochreinauclea maingayi (Hook. f.) Ridsdale; tree; native; extinct
3747. Oldenlandia affinis (Roem. & Schult.) DC. ssp. affinis; herb; native; vulnerable; =Hedyotis
dichotoma Koen. ex Roth
3748. Oldenlandia biflora L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3749. Oldenlandia corymbosa L.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated; =Hedyotis corymbosa (L.)
Lam.
175
Chong et al.
3750. Oldenlandia cristata (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) ined.; herb; native; vulnerable; =Hedyotis
congesta R.Br. ex G. Don; Hedyotis philippinensis (Wild. ex Spreng.) Merr. ex C.B. Rob.
3751. Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb.; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
3752. Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb.; herb; weed of uncertain origin; =Hedyotis herbacea L.
3753. Oldenlandia pumila (L. f.) DC.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3754. Oldenlandia trinervia Retz.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3755. Ophiorrhiza singaporensis Ridl.; herb; native; extinct
3756. Oxyceros fragrantissimus (Ridl.) K.M. Wong; climber; native; endangered
3757. Oxyceros longiflorus (Lam.) T. Yamazaki; climber; native; vulnerable
3758. Oxyceros penangianus (King & Gamble) Tirveng.; climber; native; extinct
3759. Oxyceros scandens (Blume) Tirveng.; climber; native; extinct
3760. Paederia foetida L.; climber; native; common; cultivated
3761. Paederia verticillata Blume; climber; native; extinct
3762. Pavetta wallichiana Steud.; shrub; native; vulnerable
3763. Pentas lanceolata (Forssk.) Deflers; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3764. Pertusadina eurhyncha (Miq.) Ridsdale; tree; native; vulnerable
3765. Porterandia anisophylla (Jack ex Roxb.) Ridl.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
3766. Prismatomeris glabra (Korth.) Val.; shrub; native; endangered
3767. Prismatomeris tetrandra (Roxb.) K.Schum. ssp. malayana (Ridl.) Johansson; shrub; native;
endangered
3768. Pseudomussaenda flava Verdc.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3769. Psychotria angulata Korth.; shrub; native; critically endangered
3770. Psychotria cantleyi Ridl.; climber; native; critically endangered
3771. Psychotria griffithii Hook. f.; shrub; native; critically endangered
3772. Psychotria helferiana Kurz; shrub; native; critically endangered
3773. Psychotria maingayi Hook. f.; climber; native; critically endangered
3774. Psychotria malayana Jack; shrub; native; critically endangered
3775. Psychotria ovoidea Wall.; climber; native; vulnerable
3776. Psychotria penangensis Hook. f.; climber; native; vulnerable
3777. Psychotria ridleyi King & Gamble; climber; native; critically endangered
3778. Psychotria rostrata Blume; shrub; native; critically endangered
3779. Psychotria sarmentosa Blume; climber; native; critically endangered; =P. obovata Wall.
3780. Psydrax maingayi (Hook. f.) Bridson; tree; native; critically endangered
3781. Psydrax nitida (Craib) K.M. Wong; tree; native; vulnerable
3782. Randia fitzalanii F. Muell. ex Benth.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3783. Rondeletia leucophylla Kunth; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3784. Rondeletia odorata Jacq.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3785. Rondeletia strigosa (Benth.) Hemsl.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3786. Rothmannia macrophylla (R. Br. ex Hook. f.) Bremek.; shrub; native; vulnerable; cultivated
3787. Saprosma glomerulatum King & Gamble; shrub; native; critically endangered
3788. Schradera membranacea (King) Puff, R. Buchner & Greimler; climber; native; critically
endangered; =Lucinaea membranacea King
3789. Schradera morinda DC.; climber; native; extinct; =Lucinaea morinda DC.
3790. Scyphiphora hydrophylacea C.F. Gaertn.; tree; native; common; cultivated
3791. Serissa japonica (Thunb.) Thunb.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only; =S. foetida (L. f.) Lam.
3792. Spermacoce articularis L. f.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
3793. Spermacoce assurgens Ruiz & Pav.; herb; exotic; naturalised
3794. Spermacoce exilis (L.O. Williams) C.D. Adams; herb; weed of uncertain origin Borreria
exilis L.O. Williams; Borreria setidens (Miq.) Bold.;; =Borreria repens DC.
3795. Spermacoce laevis Lam.; herb; exotic; naturalised; =Borreria laevis (Lam.) Griseb.
3796. Spermacoce latifolia Aubl.; herb; exotic; naturalised; =Borreria alata (Aubl.) DC.; Borreria
latifolia (Aubl.) K.Schum.
176
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3797. Spermacoce ocymoides Burm. f.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated; =Borreria ocymoides
(Burm. f.) DC.
3798. Tarenna adpressa (King) Merr.; shrub; native; critically endangered
3799. Tarenna costata (Miq.) Merr.; tree; native; critically endangered
3800. Tarenna fragrans (Nees) K. & V.; shrub; native; endangered
3801. Tarenna mollis (Wall. ex Hook.f.) B.L. Robinson; shrub; native; critically endangered
3802. Tarenna odorata (Roxb.) B.L. Robinson; shrub; native; critically endangered; cultivated
3803. Tarenna ridleyi (Pears. ex King) Ridl.; shrub; native; extinct
3804. Tarenna stellulata (Hook. f.) Ridl.; shrub; native; critically endangered
3805. Timonius finlaysonianus (Wall. ex G. Don) Hook. f.; shrub; native; critically endangered; =T.
compressicaulis (Miq.) Boerl.
3806. Timonius flavescens (Jack) Baker; tree; native; critically endangered
3807. Timonius wallichianus (Korth.) Valeton; tree; native; common; cultivated
3808. Timonius wrayi King & Gamble; tree; native; extinct
3809. Uncaria acida (Hunt.) Roxb. var. acida; climber; native; extinct
3810. Uncaria attenuata Korth.; climber; native; extinct
3811. Uncaria callophylla Blume ex Korth.; climber; native; extinct
3812. Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr.; climber; native; endangered
3813. Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxb.; climber; exotic; naturalised
3814. Uncaria lanosa Wall. var. glabrata (Blume) Ridsdale; climber; native; critically endangered
3815. Uncaria longiflora (Poir.) Merr. var. pteropoda (Miq.) Ridsdale; climber; native; critically
endangered
3816. Uncaria roxburghiana Korth.; climber; native; extinct
3817. Uncaria sinensis (Oliv.) Havil.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3818. Urophyllum arboreum (Reinw. ex Blume) Korth.; shrub; native; vulnerable; cultivated; =U.
glabrum Wall.
3819. Urophyllum blumeanum (Wight) Hook. f.; shrub; native; critically endangered
3820. Urophyllum griffithianum (Wight) Hook. f.; shrub; native; vulnerable
3821. Urophyllum hirsutum (Wight) Hook. f.; shrub; native; endangered
3822. Urophyllum macrophyllum Korth.; shrub; native; extinct
3823. Urophyllum streptopodium Wall. ex Hook.f.; shrub; native; vulnerable
3824. Urophyllum trifurcum Pears. ex King & Gamble; shrub; native; extinct
Ruscaceae
3825. Aspidistra elatior Blume; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3826. Aspidistra lurida Ker Gawl.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3827. Beaucarnea recurvata Lem.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3828. Dracaena angustifolia Roxb. var. honoriae F.M. Bailey; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3829. Dracaena aubryana Brongn. ex E. Morren; shrub; exotic; cultivated only; =D. thalioides
Makoy ex Regel
3830. Dracaena brachystachys Hook. f.; shrub; native; extinct
3831. Dracaena cantleyi Baker; shrub; native; vulnerable
3832. Dracaena compacta hort. ex Baker; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3833. Dracaena elliptica Thunb.; shrub; native; critically endangered
3834. Dracaena fragrans (L.) Ker Gawl.; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated
3835. Dracaena goldieana hort. ex W. Bull; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3836. Dracaena granulata Hook. f.; tree; native; vulnerable
3837. Dracaena loureiroi Gagnep; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3838. Dracaena maingayi Hook. f.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
3839. Dracaena marginata Lam.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3840. Dracaena porteri Baker; shrub; native; common
3841. Dracaena reflexa Lam.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
177
Chong et al.
3842. Dracaena sanderiana hort. Sander ex Mast.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3843. Dracaena singapurensis Ridl.; shrub; native; extinct
3844. Dracaena surculosa Lindl.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3845. Dracaena umbratica Ridl.; shrub; native; vulnerable
3846. Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H. Bailey; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3847. Ophiopogon intermedius D. Don; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3848. Ophiopogon jaburan (Siebold) Lodd. et al.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3849. Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3850. Ophiopogon planiscapus Nakai; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3851. Peliosanthes teta Andr. ssp. humilis (Andr.) Jessp.; herb; native; vulnerable
3852. Reineckea carnea (Andrews) Kunth; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3853. Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer; herb; exotic; cultivated only
3854. Sansevieria trifasciata Prain; herb; exotic; casual; cultivated
Rutaceae
3855. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3856. Bergera koenigii L.; shrub; exotic; casual; cultivated; =Murraya koenegii (L.) Spreng.
3857. Calodendrum capense Thunb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3858. Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3859. Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
3860. Citrus madurensis Lour.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3861. Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3862. Citrus paradasi Macfad.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3863. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3864. Clausena brevistyla Oliv.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3865. Clausena excavata Burm. f.; shrub; native; common
3866. Evodiella muelleri (Engl.) B.L. Linden; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3867. Flindersia brayleyana F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3868. Flindersia ifflaiana F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3869. Flindersia pimenteliana F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3870. Glycosmis chlorosperma (Blume) Spreng. var. chlorosperma; shrub; native; vulnerable
3871. Glycosmis perakensis V. Naray.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3872. Glycosmis trifoliata (Blume) Spreng.; tree; native; extinct; =G. lanceolata Spreng.
3873. Luvunga crassifolia Tanaka; climber; native; critically endangered
3874. Maclurodendron porteri (Hook. f.) T.G. Hartley; tree; native; vulnerable
3875. Melicope denhamii (Seem.) T.G. Hartley; shrub; exotic; cultivated only; =Euodia ridleyi
Hochr.
3876. Melicope elleryana F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3877. Melicope glabra (Blume) T.G. Hartley; tree; native; vulnerable
3878. Melicope hookeri T.G. Hartley; tree; native; critically endangered
3879. Melicope lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) T.G. Hartley; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
3880. Merope angulata (Willd.) Swingle; shrub; native; critically endangered
3881. Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3882. Paramignya scandens (Griff.) Craib var. ridleyi (Burkill) Swingle; climber; native; critically
endangered
3883. Ravenia spectabilis (Lindl.) Planch. ex Griseb.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3884. Severinia buxifolia (Poir.) Ten.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3885. Triphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wilson; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3886. Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC.; climber; native; common
Sabiaceae
3887. Meliosma lanceolata Blume; tree; native; critically endangered
178
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3888. Meliosma pinnata (Roxb.) Maxim. ssp. ridleyi (King) Beus.; tree; native; extinct
3889. Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp. ssp. fruticosa (Blume) Beus.; shrub; native; critically
endangered
3890. Sabia erratica van de Water; climber; native; extinct
Salicaceae
3891. Casearia capitellata Blume; shrub; native; critically endangered; cultivated
3892. Casearia clarkei King var. clarkei; tree; native; extinct
3893. Casearia lobbiana Turcz.; shrub; native; critically endangered
3894. Casearia tuberculata Blume; tree; native; extinct
3895. Dovyalis caffra (Hook. f. & Harv.) Warb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3896. Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardner) Warb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3897. Flacourtia inermis Roxb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3898. Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch.; tree; exotic; naturalised
3899. Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
3900. Homalium circumpinnatum F.M. Bailey; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3901. Homalium grandiflorum Benth.; tree; native; critically endangered
3902. Oncoba spinosa Forssk.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
3903. Osmelia maingayi King; tree; native; extinct
3904. Osmelia philippina (Turcz.) Benth.; tree; native; endangered
3905. Salix babylonica L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3906. Salix tetrasperma Roxb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3907. Scolopia macrophylla (W. & A.) Clos; tree; native; extinct
Santalaceae
3908. Dendrotrophe buxifolia (Blume) Miq.; epiphyte; native; vulnerable
3909. Dendrotrophe varians (Blume) Miq.; epiphyte; native; vulnerable
3910. Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb.; tree; native; critically endangered
3911. Viscum articulatum Burm. f.; epiphyte; native; common
3912. Viscum ovalifolium Wall. ex DC.; epiphyte; native; common
Sapindaceae
3913. Acer palmatum Thunb.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3914. Allophylus cobbe (L.) Reausch.; shrub; native; common; cultivated
3915. Amesiodendron chinense (Merr.) Hu; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3916. Arfeuillea arborescens Pierre; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3917. Arytera divaricata F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3918. Arytera littoralis Blume; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
3919. Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3920. Cardiospermum halicacabum L.; climber; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
3921. Castanospora alphandii (F. Muell.) F. Muell.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3922. Cupaniopsis curvidentata (Bailey) Radlk.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3923. Cupaniopsis foveolata (F. Muell.) Radlk.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3924. Dimocarpus longan Lour.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
3925. Diploglottis berniana S.T. Reynolds; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3926. Diploglottis bracteata Leenh.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3927. Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.; shrub; native; extinct; cultivated
3928. Filicium decipiens (Wight & Arn.) Thwaites ex Hook. f.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3929. Guioa bijuga (Hiern) Radlk.; tree; native; critically endangered
3930. Guioa lasioneura Radlk.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3931. Guioa pleuropteris (Blume) Radlk.; tree; native; vulnerable
3932. Guioa pubescens (Z. & M.) Radlk.; tree; native; vulnerable
179
Chong et al.
3933. Harpullia zanquebarica (J. Kirk) Radlk.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3934. Lepisanthes alata (Blume) Leenh.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3935. Lepisanthes amoena (Hassk.) Leenh.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3936. Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh.; tree; native; common; cultivated
3937. Lepisanthes senegalensis (Juss. ex Poir.) Leenh.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
3938. Litchi chinensis Sonn.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3939. Majidea zanguebarica J. Kirk; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3940. Mischocarpus grandissimus (F. Muell.) Radlk.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3941. Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb.) Radlk.; tree; native; extinct
3942. Mischocarpus sundaicus Blume; tree; native; vulnerable
3943. Nephelium costatum Hiern; tree; native; critically endangered
3944. Nephelium cuspidatum Blume var. eriopetalum (Miq.) Leenh.; tree; native; endangered
3945. Nephelium lappaceum L.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
3946. Nephelium laurinum Blume; tree; native; extinct
3947. Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh.; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
3948. Paranephelium macrophyllum King; tree; native; critically endangered
3949. Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst & G. Forst.; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
3950. Sarcopteryx martyana Radlk.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3951. Sarcotoechia serrata S.T. Reynolds; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3952. Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3953. Synima macrophylla S.T. Reynolds; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3954. Toechima daemelianum Radlk.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3955. Toechima erythrocarpum Radlk.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3956. Trigonachras acuta (Hiern) Radlk.; tree; native; endangered
3957. Xerospermum laevigatum Radlk.; tree; native; critically endangered
3958. Xerospermum noronhianum (Blume) Blume; tree; native; critically endangered
Sapotaceae
3959. Chrysophyllum cainito L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3960. Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. ssp. oliviforme; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3961. Chrysophyllum roxburghii G. Don; tree; native; critically endangered
3962. Madhuca decipiens Sinclair; tree; native; extinct
3963. Madhuca kingiana (Brace ex King & Gamble) H.J. Lam; tree; native; endangered
3964. Madhuca longifolia (L.) J.F. Macbr.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3965. Madhuca malaccensis (C.B. Clarke) H.J. Lam; tree; native; critically endangered
3966. Madhuca motleyana (de Vriese) J.F. Macbr.; tree; native; critically endangered
3967. Madhuca sericea (Miq.) H.J. Lam; tree; native; critically endangered
3968. Madhuca sessilis (King & Gamble) Baehni; tree; native; extinct
3969. Manilkara kauki (L.) Dubard; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3970. Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3971. Mimusops balata (Aubl.) C.F. Gaertn.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3972. Mimusops elengi L.; tree; exotic; casual; cultivated
3973. Palaquium beccarianum (Pierre) P. Royen; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3974. Palaquium galactoxylum H.J. Lam; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3975. Palaquium gutta (Hook.) Baill.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
3976. Palaquium hexandrum (Griff.) Baill.; tree; native; critically endangered
3977. Palaquium leiocarpum Boerl.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3978. Palaquium microphyllum King & Gamble; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
3979. Palaquium obovatum (Griff.) Engl.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
3980. Palaquium oxleyanum Pierre; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
3981. Palaquium ridleyi King & Gamble; tree; native; extinct
3982. Palaquium rostratum (Miq.) Burck; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
180
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3983. Palaquium xanthochymum (de Vr.) Pierre; tree; native; critically endangered
3984. Payena lucida (G. Don) DC.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
3985. Payena maingayi C.B. Clarke; tree; native; critically endangered
3986. Payena obscura Burck; tree; native; critically endangered
3987. Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3988. Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3989. Pouteria gardneriana (A. DC.) Radlk.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3990. Pouteria linggensis (Burck) Baehni; tree; native; critically endangered
3991. Pouteria maingayi (C.B. Clarke) Baehni; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
3992. Pouteria malaccensis (C.B. Clarke) Baehni; tree; native; vulnerable
3993. Pouteria obovata (R. Br.) Baehni; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
3994. Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn; tree; exotic; cultivated only
3995. Sarcosperma paniculatum (King) Stapf & King; tree; native; extinct
3996. Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach. & Thonn.) Daniell; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Saururaceae
3997. Houttuynia cordata Thunb.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
Saxifragaceae
3998. Saxifraga stolonifera Curtis; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Schisandraceae
3999. Kadsura scandens Blume; climber; native; critically endangered
Scrophulariaceae
4000. Buddleja asiatica Lour.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
4001. Buddleja davidii Franch.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4002. Leucophyllum frutescens (Berland.) I.M. Johnst.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
4003. Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) Steenis; herb; weed of uncertain origin
4004. Russelia equisetiformis Schltdl. & Cham.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4005. Russelia sarmentosa Jacq.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
4006. Ruta graveolens L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
4007. Scoparia dulcis L.; herb; exotic; naturalised
Simaroubaceae
4008. Ailanthus integrifolia Lam.; tree; native; critically endangered
4009. Brucea javanica (L.) Merr.; shrub; native; vulnerable
4010. Eurycoma longifolia Jack; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
4011. Quassia amara L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
4012. Quassia indica (Gaertn.) Nooteb.; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
Smilacaceae
4013. Heterosmilax borneensis A. DC.; climber; native; extinct; =H. indica auct. non A. DC.
4014. Smilax calophylla Wall. ex A. DC.; climber; native; endangered
4015. Smilax leucophylla Blume; climber; native; endangered
4016. Smilax megacarpa A. DC. & C. DC.; climber; native; extinct
4017. Smilax myosotiflora A. DC.; climber; native; vulnerable
4018. Smilax setosa Miq.; climber; native; common
Solanaceae
4019. Brunfelsia americana L.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
181
Chong et al.
4020. Brunfelsia pauciflora (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only; =B. calycina
Benth.
4021. Capsicum annuum L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
4022. Capsicum frutescens L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
4023. Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
4024. Cestrum diurnum L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
4025. Cestrum elegans (Brongn. ex Neumann) Schltdl.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
4026. Cestrum nocturnum L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
4027. Datura metel L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
4028. Nicotiana alata Link & Otto; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
4029. Physalis minima L.; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
4030. Solandra longiflora Tussac; climber; exotic; cultivated only
4031. Solanum americanum Miller; herb; exotic; naturalised
4032. Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal; shrub; exotic; naturalised; =S. ferox L.
4033. Solanum mammosum L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4034. Solanum melongena L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4035. Solanum sarmentosum Nees; shrub; exotic; naturalised
4036. Solanum torvum Sw.; shrub; exotic; naturalised
4037. Solanum wrightii Benth.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Staphyleaceae
4038. Turpinia sphaerocarpa Hassk.; tree; native; critically endangered
Stemonuraceae
4039. Cantleya corniculata (Becc.) Howard; tree; native; extinct
4040. Gomphandra quadrifida (Blume) Sleum.; shrub; native; vulnerable
4041. Stemonurus malaccensis (Mast.) Sleum.; tree; native; critically endangered
4042. Stemonurus scorpioides Becc.; tree; native; critically endangered
Stilbaceae
4043. Nuxia floribunda Benth.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Strelitziaceae
4044. Phenakospermum guyanense (Rich.) Endl. ex Miq.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4045. Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
4046. Strelitzia nicolai Regel & Körn.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
4047. Strelitzia reginae Aiton; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Styracaceae
4048. Styrax benzoin Dryand. var. benzoin; tree; native; critically endangered
4049. Styrax crotonoides C.B. Clarke; tree; native; extinct
Symplocaceae
4050. Symplocos adenophylla Wall. ex D.Don; shrub; native; endangered
4051. Symplocos barringtonifolia Brand; tree; native; extinct
4052. Symplocos celastrifolia Griff. ex C.B. Clarke; tree; native; extinct
4053. Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore; tree; native; critically endangered
4054. Symplocos fasciculata Zoll.; tree; native; vulnerable
4055. Symplocos lucida (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc.; shrub; native; extinct
4056. Symplocos odoratissima (Blume) Choisy ex Zoll.; tree; native; extinct
4057. Symplocos rubiginosa Wall. ex DC.; tree; native; endangered
182
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
Tetrameristaceae
4058. Tetramerista glabra Miq.; tree; native; extinct
Theaceae
4059. Gordonia multinervis King; tree; native; endangered
4060. Gordonia penangensis Ridl.; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
4061. Gordonia singaporiana Wall. ex Ridl.; tree; native; endangered
4062. Pyrenaria acuminata Planch.; tree; native; endangered
4063. Schima superba Gardner& Champ.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
Thismiaceae
4064. Thismia aseroe Becc.; herb; native; extinct
4065. Thismia fumida Ridl.; herb; native; extinct
Thymelaeaceae
4066. Aquilaria hirta Ridl.; tree; native; extinct
4067. Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.; tree; native; vulnerable; cultivated
4068. Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.; tree; native; critically endangered
4069. Enkleia malaccensis Griff.; climber; native; critically endangered
4070. Gonystylus confusus Airy Shaw; tree; native; Endangered; cultivated
4071. Gonystylus maingayi Hook. f.; tree; native; critically endangered
4072. Linostoma pauciflorum Griff.; climber; native; endangered
4073. Phaleria capitata Jack; tree; exotic; cultivated only
4074. Phaleria clerodendron F. Muell. ex Benth.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
4075. Wikstroemia indica C.A. Mey.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
4076. Wikstroemia ridleyi Gamble; shrub; exotic; naturalised
Torricelliaceae
4077. Aralidium pinnatifidum (Jungh. & de Vr.) Miq.; tree; native; extinct; cultivated
Trigoniaceae
4078. Trigoniastrum hypoleucum Miq.; tree; native; extinct
Triuridaceae
4079. Sciaphila maculata Miers; herb; native; extinct
4080. Sciaphila tenella Blume; herb; native; extinct
Turneraceae
4081. Turnera aurantiaca Benth.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4082. Turnera subulata Sm.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
4083. Turnera ulmifolia L.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
Typhaceae
4084. Typha angustifolia L.; herb; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
4085. Typha latifolia L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Urticaceae
4086. Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich.; shrub; exotic; naturalised
4087. Cecropia peltata L.; tree; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
4088. Cecropia pachystachya Trécul; tree; exotic; naturalised
4089. Elatostema repens (Lour.) Hallier. f. var. pulchrum (N. E. Br.) H. Schröt.; climber; native;
extinct; cultivated
183
Chong et al.
4090. Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew; herb; weed of uncertain origin
4091. Nothocnide mollissima (Blume) Chew; climber; native; extinct
4092. Pellionia daveauana N.E. Br.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
4093. Pilea cadierei Gagnep. & Guillaumin; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4094. Pilea involucrata Urb.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4095. Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm.; climber; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
4096. Pilea nummulariifolia (Sw.) Wedd.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
4097. Pilea serpyllacea (Kunth) Liebm.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
4098. Pipturus argenteus (G. Forst.) Wedd.; shrub; exotic; naturalised
4099. Poikilospermum cordifolium (Barg.-Petr.) Merr.; epiphyte; native; extinct
4100. Poikilospermum microstachys (Barg.-Petr.) Merr.; epiphyte; native; extinct
4101. Poikilospermum suaveolens (Blume) Merr.; epiphyte; native; vulnerable
4102. Pourouma cecropiifolia Mart.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
4103. Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
Verbenaceae
4104. Citharexylum spinosum L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
4105. Duranta erecta L.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only; =D. repens L.
4106. Glandularia tenera (Spreng.) Cabrera; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
4107. Lantana camara L.; shrub; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
4108. Lantana indica Roxb.; shrub; exotic; naturalised
4109. Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq.; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
4110. Petrea volubilis L.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
4111. Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene; herb; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
4112. Premna corymbosa Rottler & Willd.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
4113. Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl; herb; exotic; naturalised
4114. Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl; shrub; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
4115. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl; shrub; exotic; naturalised
4116. Stachytarpheta mutabilis (Jacq.) Vahl; shrub; exotic; naturalised; cultivated
Violaceae
4117. Rinorea anguifera (Lour.) Kuntze; tree; native; critically endangered; cultivated
4118. Rinorea lanceolata (Wall.) Kuntze; shrub; native; extinct
Vitaceae
4119. Ampelocissus ascendiflora Latiff; climber; native; extinct
4120. Ampelocissus cinnamomea (Wall.) Planch.; climber; native; extinct
4121. Ampelocissus elegans (Kurz) Gegnep.; climber; native; endangered
4122. Ampelocissus gracilis (Wall.) Planch.; climber; native; endangered
4123. Ampelocissus polystachya (Wall.) Planch.; climber; native; critically endangered
4124. Ampelocissus thyrsiflora (Blume) Planch.; climber; native; extinct
4125. Cayratia mollissima (Wall.) Gagnep.; climber; native; Endangered; cultivated
4126. Cayratia novemfolia (Wall. ex Laws.) Burk.; climber; native; critically endangered
4127. Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin; climber; native; vulnerable
4128. Cissus hastata Miq.; climber; weed of uncertain origin; cultivated
4129. Cissus nodosa Blume; climber; native; critically endangered; cultivated
4130. Cissus repens Lam.; climber; native; critically endangered; cultivated
4131. Cissus rostrata (Miq.) Planch.; climber; native; critically endangered
4132. Leea aequata L.; shrub; native; extinct
4133. Leea angulata Korth. ex Miq.; tree; native; critically endangered
4134. Leea guineensis G. Don; shrub; exotic; cultivated only
4135. Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr.; tree; native; common; cultivated
184
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
4136. Leea rubra Blume ex Spreng.; shrub; native; extinct; cultivated
4137. Nothocissus spicifera (Griff.) Latiff; climber; native; critically endangered
4138. Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4139. Pterisanthes cissoides Blume; climber; native; extinct
4140. Pterisanthes eriopoda (Miq.) Planch.; climber; native; critically endangered; cultivated
4141. Pterisanthes polita (Miq.) Laws.; climber; native; critically endangered
4142. Tetrastigma curtisii (Ridl.) Seusseng.; climber; native; critically endangered
4143. Tetrastigma dichotomum Planch.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
4144. Tetrastigma lawsoni (King) Burk.; climber; native; critically endangered
4145. Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston ex Mabb.; climber; native; extinct
4146. Vitis vinifera L.; climber; exotic; cultivated only
Xanthorrhoeaceae
4147. Haworthia fasciata (Willd.) Haw.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4148. Xanthorrhoea glauca D.J. Bedford; tree; exotic; cultivated only
4149. Xanthorrhoea preissii Endl.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
Xyridaceae
4150. Xyris complanata R. Br.; herb; weed of uncertain origin
4151. Xyris pauciflora Willd.; herb; native; extinct
Zingiberaceae
4152. Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe; herb; native; critically endangered
4153. Alpinia conchigera Griff.; herb; native; extinct
4154. Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw.; herb; exotic; casual; cultivated
4155. Alpinia mutica Roxb.; herb; native; extinct
4156. Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4157. Alpinia rafflesiana Wall. in Baker; herb; native; extinct
4158. Alpinia vittata W. Bull; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4159. Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B. L. Burtt & R. M. Sm.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4160. Amomum hastilabium Ridl.; herb; native; extinct
4161. Amomum xanthophlebium Baker; herb; native; critically endangered
4162. Cornukaempferia aurantiflora J. Mood & K. Larsen; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4163. Curcuma longa L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4164. Curcuma parviflora Wall.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4165. Curcuma rhabdota P. Sirirugsa & M.F. Newman; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4166. Curcuma rubrobracteata Škorničk., M. Sabu &. Prasanthk.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4167. Elettariopsis curtisii Baker; herb; native; critically endangered
4168. Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4169. Etlingera littoralis (J. Koenig ex Retz.) Giseke; herb; native; extinct
4170. Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M. Sm.; herb; native; critically endangered
4171. Globba atrosanguinea Teijsm. & Binn.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4172. Globba leucantha Miq. var. peninsularis Holttum; herb; native; critically endangered
4173. Globba pendula Roxb. ssp. pendula var. pendula; herb; native; extinct; cultivated
4174. Globba variabilis Ridl. ssp. pusilla S.N. Lim; herb; native; extinct
4175. Globba winitii C.H. Wright; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4176. Hedychium coccineum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4177. Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4178. Hornstedtia conica Ridl.; herb; native; critically endangered
4179. Hornstedtia leonurus (J. König) Retz.; herb; native; critically endangered; cultivated
4180. Hornstedtia scyphifera (J. König) Steud var. scyphifera; herb; native; vulnerable; cultivated
4181. Kaempferia elegans (Wall.) Baker; herb; exotic; cultivated only
185
Chong et al.
4182. Kaempferia galanga L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4183. Kaempferia gilbertii W. Bull; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4184. Kaempferia rotunda L.; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4185. Plagiostachys lateralis (Ridl.) Ridl.; herb; native; extinct
4186. Plagiostachys mucida Holtt.; herb; native; extinct
4187. Scaphochlamys tenuis Holttum; herb; native; critically endangered
4188. Zingiber griffithii Baker; herb; native; endangered
4189. Zingiber officinale Roscoe; herb; exotic; cultivated only
4190. Zingiber puberulum Ridl. var. ovoideum Holttum; herb; native; Endangered; cultivated
4191. Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm.; herb; exotic; casual; cultivated
Zygophyllaceae
4192. Guaiacum officinale L.; tree; exotic; cultivated only
PART 3
SPECIES LIST BY STATUS
Each entry consists firstly its status in Singapore based on Table 2 (p. 4), the species name, author
name(s), phylum, family, and habit (life form) based on the information sources indicated under
Reference Sources (pp. 3, 5). The synonym(s) of the recent literature are provided for selected
species. The status categories are arranged as follows:
1.
2.
3.
NATIVE SPECIES
a.
Globally Extinct
b.
Extinct
c.
Critically Endangered
d.
Endangered
e.
Common
EXOTIC SPECIES
a.
Cultivated Only
b.
Casual
c.
Naturalised
WEED OF UNCERTAIN ORIGIN
NATIVE SPECIES
Globally Extinct
1.
Flickingeria laciniosa (Ridl.) Hawkes; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
2.
Strychnos ridleyi King & Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Loganiaceae; epiphyte
3.
Thunbergia dasychlamys Bremek.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; climber
Extinct
4.
Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
5.
Acacia kekapur I. Niels.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
6.
Acriopsis ridleyi Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
7.
Actinodaphne macrophylla (Blume) Nees; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
8.
Adenoncos major Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
9.
Adenoncos sumatrana J.J. Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
10. Adiantum hispidulum Sw.; Filicinophyta: Adiantaceae; herb; cultivated
11. Adiantum stenochlamys Baker; Filicinophyta: Adiantaceae; herb
186
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
Adinandra integerrima T. Anders. ex Dyer; Magnoliophyta: Pentaphylacaceae; tree
Aeschynanthus parvifolius R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Gesneriaceae; epiphyte; cultivated; =A.
lobbianus Hook.
Aeschynanthus radicans Jack; Magnoliophyta: Gesneriaceae; epiphyte
Aglaia elliptica Blume; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
Aglaia macrocarpa (Miq.) Pannell; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
Aglaia multinervis Pannell; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
Aglaia oligophylla Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
Aglaia palembanica Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
Aglaia tenuicaulis Hiern; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
Aglaia tomentosa Teijsm. & Binn.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
Aglaodorum griffithii (Schott) Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; climber
Aglaomorpha speciosa (Blume) Roos; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae; epiphyte
Agrostistachys gaudichaudii Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
Agrostophyllum majus Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Agrostophyllum stipulatum (Griff.) Schltr.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Agrostophyllum stipulatum (Griff.) Schltr. ssp. bicuspidatum (J.J.Sm.) Schuit.;
Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte; =A. bicuspidatum J.J. Sm.
Alangium ridleyi King; Magnoliophyta: Cornaceae; tree; cultivated
Albizia retusa Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
Alchornea rugosa (Lour.) Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub
Alpinia conchigera Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
Alpinia mutica Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
Alpinia rafflesiana Wall. in Baker; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
Alseodaphne nigrescens (Gamble) Kostermans; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
Alyxia pilosa Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
Amomum hastilabium Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
Ampelocissus ascendiflora Latiff; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber
Ampelocissus cinnamomea (Wall.) Planch.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber
Ampelocissus thyrsiflora (Blume) Planch.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber
Amylotheca duthieana (King) Danser; Magnoliophyta: Loranthaceae; epiphyte
Anacolosa frutescens (Blume) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Olacaceae; tree
Anathallis acuminata (Kunth) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae;
epiphyte; =Dendrobium acuminatum Kunth
Anisoptera costata Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
Anoectochilus geniculatus Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Antrophyum parvulum Blume; Filicinophyta: Vittariaceae; epiphyte
Aphanamixis sumatrana (Miq.) Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
Aphyllorchis pallida Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Aporosa penangensis (Ridl.) Airy Shaw; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
Appendicula anceps Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Appendicula cornuta Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Appendicula lucida Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Appendicula uncata Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Aquilaria hirta Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Thymelaeaceae; tree
Aralidium pinnatifidum (Jungh. & de Vr.) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Torricelliaceae; tree;
cultivated
Ardisia crassa C. B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; shrub
Ardisia ridleyi King & Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; shrub
Ardisia sessilis Scheff.; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; shrub
Ardisia singaporensis Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; shrub
Aristolochia jackii Steud.; Magnoliophyta: Aristolochiaceae; climber
187
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61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
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69.
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97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
Artocarpus maingayi King; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
Asplenium macrophyllum Sw.; Filicinophyta: Aspleniaceae; epiphyte
Asplenium nitidum Sw.; Filicinophyta: Aspleniaceae; epiphyte
Austrobuxus nitidus Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Picrodendraceae; tree
Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
Baccaurea macrophylla (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
Baccaurea pubera (Miq.) Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree; =B. latifolia King
ex Hook. f.
Baccaurea pyriformis Gage; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
Baratranthus axanthus (Korth.) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Loranthaceae; epiphyte
Barringtonia conoidea Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Lecythidaceae; tree
Biermannia laciniata (Carr) Gary; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Blumea junghuhniana (Miq.) Boerl.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
Bolbitis sinuata (C. Presl) Henn.; Filicinophyta: Lomariopsidaceae; epiphyte
Bridelia cinnamomea Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; climber; =B. griffithii Hook.f.
Bromheadia alticola Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Bromheadia aporoides Rchb. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Bromheadia borneensis J. J. Sm; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Bromheadia scirpoidea Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Bromheadia truncata Seidenf.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Brownlowia argentata Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
Bryobium hyacinthoides (Blume) Y. P. Ng & P. J. Cribb; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae;
epiphyte; =Eria hyacinthoides (Blume) Lindl.
Bryobium pudicum (Ridl.) Y. P. Ng & P. J. Cribb; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte;
=Eria pudica Ridl.
Bulbophyllum aberrans Schltr.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum acuminatum (Ridl.) Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum blumei (Lindl.) J. J. Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum botryophorum Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum caudatisepalum Ames & Schweinf.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum cleistogamum Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum concinnum Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum flavescens (Blume) Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum gracillimum (Rolfe) Rolfe; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum lasianthum Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum limbatum Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum lobbii Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum macrochilum Rolfe; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum makoyanum (Rchb. f.) Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte;
=Cirrhopetalum makoyanum Rchb.f.
Bulbophyllum medusae (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum nigropurpureum Carr; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum ovalifolium (Blume) Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum patens King ex Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum pileatum Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum pulchellum Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte; =Cirrhopetalum
concinnum Hook.f.
Bulbophyllum purpurascens Teijsm & Binnend.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum restrepia Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum ruficaudatum Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum rugosum Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum singaporeanum Schltr.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
188
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
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109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
Bulbophyllum striatellum Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum tenuifolium (Blume) Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum uniflorum (Blume) Hassk.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum vermiculare Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum vesiculosum J.J. Sm; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Caesalpinia tortuosa Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
Calamus densiflorus Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
Calamus javensis Blume; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
Calamus luridus Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
Calamus ornatus Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
Callerya dasyphylla (Miq.) Schot; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
Callicarpa maingayi King & Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; tree
Calophyllum biflorum Hend. & Wyatt-Smith; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
Calophyllum calaba L. var. bracteatum (Wight) P. F. Stevens; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae;
tree
Calophyllum costulatum Hend. & Wyatt-Smith; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
Canthium molle King & Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
Cantleya corniculata (Becc.) Howard; Magnoliophyta: Stemonuraceae; tree
Casearia clarkei King var. clarkei; Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae; tree
Casearia tuberculata Blume; Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae; tree
Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree
Cephalomanes superbum (Backh. ex T. Moore) I.M. Turner; Filicinophyta:
Hymenophyllaceae; herb
Ceratolobus subangulatus (Miq.) Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
Ceratostylis subulata Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Chassalia pubescens Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
Cheilocostus globosus (Blume) C. Specht; Magnoliophyta: Costaceae; herb; =Costus
globosus Blume var. ridleyi (K. Schum.) Holttum
Cheilosa montana Blume; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
Chilocarpus vernicosus Blume; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
Chionanthus macrocarpus Blume; Magnoliophyta: Oleaceae; tree
Chisocheton macrophyllus King; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree; cultivated
Chisocheton pauciflorus King; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
Cinnamomum subavenium Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
Claoxylon longifolium (Blume) Endl. ex Hassk.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree;
cultivated
Cleisostoma halophilum (Ridl.) Garay; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Cleisostoma scortechinii (Hook. f.) Gary; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Cleisostoma subulatum Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Cleistanthus hirsutulus Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
Cleistanthus malaccensis Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree; cultivated
Clerodendrum phyllomega Steud. var. myrmecophilum (Ridl.) Moldenke; Magnoliophyta:
Lamiaceae; shrub
Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Menispermaceae; climber
Coelogyne cumingii Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Coelogyne foerstermannii Rchb. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Coelogyne mayeriana Rchb. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Coelogyne rochussenii de Vr.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Coelogyne septemcostata J.J. Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Coelogyne testacea Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Coelogyne tomentosa Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Commelina attenuata Koen.; Magnoliophyta: Commelinaceae; climber
189
Chong et al.
154. Connarus planchonianus Schellenb.; Magnoliophyta: Connaraceae; climber
155. Coptosapelta flavescens (Blume) Val. ex K. Heyne; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber; =C.
tomentosa Valeton ex K. Heyne
156. Coptosapelta griffithii Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
157. Coptosapelta parviflora Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
158. Cordiglottis filiformis (Hook. f.) Gary; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
159. Corymborkis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
160. Crepidomanes christii (Copel.) Copel.; Filicinophyta: Hymenophyllaceae; epiphyte
161. Crepidomanes minutum (Blume) K. Iwatsuki; Filicinophyta: Hymenophyllaceae; epiphyte
162. Crepidomanes pallidum (Blume) K. Iwatsuki; Filicinophyta: Hymenophyllaceae; epiphyte
163. Croton argyratus Blume; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree; cultivated
164. Cryptocarya caesia Blume; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
165. Cryptocarya kurzii Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
166. Cryptocoryne ciliata (Roxb.) Fischer ex Wydler; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
167. Cryptostylis arachnites (Blume) Hassk.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
168. Ctenopteris blechnoides (Grev.) Wagner & Grether; Filicinophyta: Grammitidaceae; epiphyte
169. Cyathea glabra (Blume) Copel.; Filicinophyta: Cyatheaceae; tree
170. Cyathostemma hookeri King; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
171. Cymodocea serrulata (R.Br.) Aschers. & Magnus; Magnoliophyta: Cymodoceaceae; herb
172. Cyrtostachys renda Blume; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub; cultivated
173. Cystorchis variegata Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
174. Daemonorops lewisiana (Griff.) Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
175. Dalbergia hullettii Prain; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
176. Dalbergia parviflora Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
177. Dapania racemosa Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Oxalidaceae; climber
178. Davallia heterophylla J. Sm.; Filicinophyta: Davalliaceae; epiphyte
179. Davallia parvula Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.; Filicinophyta: Davalliaceae; epiphyte
180. Dendrobium acerosum Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
181. Dendrobium aciculare Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
182. Dendrobium aloifolium (Blume) Rchb.f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
183. Dendrobium bifarium Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
184. Dendrobium crocatum Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
185. Dendrobium flexile Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
186. Dendrobium grande Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
187. Dendrobium hendersonii Hawkes & Heller; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
188. Dendrobium hercoglossum Rchb. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
189. Dendrobium indivisum (Blume) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
190. Dendrobium lamellatum (Blume) Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
191. Dendrobium leonis (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
192. Dendrobium lobatum (Blume) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
193. Dendrobium microglaphys Rchb.f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
194. Dendrobium pachyphyllum (Kuntze.) Bakh. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
195. Dendrobium pandaneti Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
196. Dendrobium pensile Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
197. Dendrobium planibulbe Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
198. Dendrobium prostratum Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
199. Dendrobium pulchellum Roxb. ex Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
200. Dendrobium salaccense (Blume) Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
201. Dendrobium secundum (Blume) Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
202. Dendrobium setifolium Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
203. Dendrobium singaporense Hawkes & Heller; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
204. Dendrobium spurium (Blume) J.J. Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
190
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
205. Dendrobium stuposum Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte; =D. sphegidoglossum
Rchb.f.; D. flavidulum Ridl. ex Hook.f.
206. Dendrobium villosulum Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
207. Dendrochilum longifolium Rchb. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
208. Dendrochilum pallidiflavens Blume var. pallidiflavens; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae;
epiphyte; =D. ellipticum Ridl.
209. Dendrophthoe falcata (L. f.) Ettingsh.; Magnoliophyta: Loranthaceae; epiphyte
210. Deplanchea bancana (Scheff.) Steen.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree; cultivated
211. Dichapetalum sordidum (Hook. f.) Leenh.; Magnoliophyta: Dichapetalaceae; climber
212. Didymocarpus puncticulatus Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Gesneriaceae; herb
213. Didymoplexiella ornata (Ridl.) Garay; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
214. Dienia ophrydis (J. Konig) Seidenf.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb; =Malaxis latifolia
J.E. Sm.
215. Dillenia indica L.; Magnoliophyta: Dilleniaceae; tree; cultivated
216. Dilochia wallichii Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
217. Dioscorea stenomeriflora Prain & Burk.; Magnoliophyta: Dioscoreaceae; climber
218. Dioscorea tenuifolia Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Dioscoreaceae; climber
219. Diospyros apiculata Hiern; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree
220. Diospyros latisepala Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree
221. Diospyros siamang Bakh.; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree
222. Diplectria stipularis (Blume) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; climber
223. Diplocaulobium longicolle (Lindl.) Kraenzl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
224. Dipodium pictum (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
225. Dipodium scandens (Blume) J. J. Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; climber
226. Dischidia albiflora Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; epiphyte
227. Dischidia bengalensis Colebr.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; epiphyte
228. Dischidia complex Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; epiphyte
229. Dischidia hirsuta (Blume) Decne.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; epiphyte
230. Dischidia singaporensis Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; epiphyte
231. Dissochaeta annulata Hook. f. ex Triana; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; climber
232. Dissochaeta intermedia Blume; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; climber
233. Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; shrub; cultivated
234. Dracaena brachystachys Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; shrub
235. Dracaena singapurensis Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; shrub
236. Dysoxylum acutangulum Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
237. Dysoxylum alliaceum (Blume) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
238. Dysoxylum carolinae Mabb.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
239. Dysoxylum cyrtobotryum Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
240. Echinochloa picta (J. Koenig) P.W. Michael; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb; =E. stagnina
auct. non (Retz.) P. Beauv.
241. Elaeocarpus griffithii (Wight) A.Gray; Magnoliophyta: Elaeocarpaceae; tree
242. Elaphoglossum amblyphyllum P.R. Bell; Filicinophyta: Lomariopsidaceae; epiphyte
243. Elatostema repens (Lour.) Hallier. f. var. pulchrum (N. E. Br.) H. Schröt.; Magnoliophyta:
Urticaceae; climber; cultivated
244. Elytranthe albida (Blume) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Loranthaceae; epiphyte
245. Elytranthe arnottiana (Korth.) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Loranthaceae; epiphyte
246. Embelia dasythyrsa Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; climber
247. Endocomia canarioides (King) de Wilde; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
248. Engelhardtia serrata Blume; Magnoliophyta: Juglandaceae; tree
249. Eria bractescens Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
250. Eria floribunda Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
251. Eria javanica (Sw.) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
191
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253.
254.
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258.
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260.
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297.
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Eria longirepens Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Eria neglecta Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Eria nutans Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Eria pannea Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Eria pellipes Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Eria pulchella Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Eria robusta (Blume) Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Eria tenuiflora Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Eriocaulon oryzetorum Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Eriocaulaceae; herb
Erycibe citriniflora Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
Erycibe festiva Prain; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
Erycibe maingayi C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
Erythorchis altissima (Blume) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; climber
Etlingera littoralis (J. Koenig ex Retz.) Giseke; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
Euonymus javanicus Blume; Magnoliophyta: Celastraceae; tree
Eustachys tenera (Presl) A.Camus; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
Euthemis leucocarpa Jack; Magnoliophyta: Ochnaceae; shrub
Euthemis minor Jack; Magnoliophyta: Ochnaceae; shrub
Fagraea acuminatissima Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Gentianaceae; epiphyte; cultivated
Fagraea ceilanica Thunb.; Magnoliophyta: Gentianaceae; tree; cultivated; =F. splendens
Blume
Fagraea gigantea Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Gentianaceae; tree
Fagraea ridleyi King & Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Gentianaceae; climber
Ficus albipila (Miq.) King; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree; cultivated
Ficus annulata Blume; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler
Ficus botryocarpa Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
Ficus delosyce Corner; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler
Ficus excavata King; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; climber
Ficus pellucidopunctata Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler
Ficus ruginervia L.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; climber
Ficus subgelderi Corner var. subgelderi; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler
Fimbristylis nutans (Retz.) Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
Flickingeria angustifolia (Blume) Hawkes; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Flickingeria bancana (J.J. Sm.) Hawkes; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Flickingeria comata (Blume) Hawkes; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Flickingeria fimbriata (Blume) A.D. Hawkes; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Flickingeria fugax (Rchb. f.) Seidenf.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Flickingeria xantholeuca (Rchb. f.) Hawkes; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Freycinetia confusa Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; climber
Freycinetia corneri B.C. Stone; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; climber
Freycinetia javanica Blume; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; climber
Friesodielsia glauca (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Steenis; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
Gaertnera vaginans (DC.) Merr. ssp. junghuhnii (Miq.) van Beusekom; Magnoliophyta:
Rubiaceae; shrub
Garcinia pyrifera Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
Gardenia griffithii Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
Gardeniopsis longifolia Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
Genianthus maingayi Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
Geophila pilosa Pears.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
Gironniera hirta Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Cannabaceae; shrub
Globba pendula Roxb. ssp. pendula var. pendula; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb;
cultivated
192
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
301.
302.
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304.
305.
306.
307.
308.
309.
310.
311.
312.
313.
314.
315.
316.
317.
318.
319.
320.
321.
322.
323.
324.
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326.
327.
328.
329.
330.
331.
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342.
343.
344.
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346.
347.
348.
349.
350.
Globba variabilis Ridl. ssp. pusilla S.N. Lim; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
Glochidion glomerulatum (Miq.) Boerl.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
Glochidion kunstlerianum Gage; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; shrub
Glochidion varians Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree; =G. fuscum (Müll.Arg.) Boerl.
Glochidion wallichianum Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
Glycosmis trifoliata (Blume) Spreng.; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree; =G. lanceolata Spreng.
Glyptopetalum quadrangulare Prain ex King; Magnoliophyta: Celastraceae; shrub
Gmelina philippensis Cham.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; climber; cultivated
Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte; cultivated
Grenacheria amentacea (C.B. Clarke) Mez; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; climber
Grenacheria fulva (Mez) Airy Shaw; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; climber
Gymnosiphon aphyllus Blume; Magnoliophyta: Burmanniaceae; herb
Habenaria singapurensis Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Halodule pinifolia (Miki) den Hartog; Magnoliophyta: Cymodoceaceae; herb
Halodule uninervis (Forsk.) Aschers.; Magnoliophyta: Cymodoceaceae; herb
Helicia excelsa (Roxb.) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Proteaceae; tree
Helicia robusta (Roxb.) R. Br. ex Wall.; Magnoliophyta: Proteaceae; tree
Helixanthera coccinea (Jack) Danser; Magnoliophyta: Loranthaceae; epiphyte
Helixanthera parasitica Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Loranthaceae; epiphyte
Hernandia nymphaeifolia (C. Presl) Kubitzki; Magnoliophyta: Hernandiaceae; tree; cultivated
Hetaeria nitida Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Hetaeria obliqua Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Heterosmilax borneensis A. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Smilacaceae; climber; =H. indica auct. non
A. DC.
Horsfieldia sparsa W.J. de Wilde; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
Hoya campanulata Blume; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
Hoya coriacea Blume; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; epiphyte
Hoya coronaria Blume; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; epiphyte
Hoya finlaysonii Wight; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; epiphyte
Hoya obtusifolia Wight; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; epiphyte
Hoya revoluta Wight; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
Huperzia carinata (Desv. ex Poir.) Trevis.; Lycophyta: Lypopodiaceae; epiphyte
Huperzia nummulariifolia (Blume) T. C. Chambers; Lycophyta: Lypopodiaceae; epiphyte
Huperzia phyllantha (Hook. f. & Arn.) Holub; Lycophyta: Lypopodiaceae; epiphyte
Huperzia squarrosa (G. Forst.) Trevis.; Lycophyta: Lypopodiaceae; epiphyte
Hymenophyllum polyanthos Sw.; Filicinophyta: Hymenophyllaceae; epiphyte
Hypobathrum coniferum (Ridl.) Bakh. f.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
Hypserpa nitida Miers; Magnoliophyta: Menispermaceae; climber
Illigera trifoliata (Griff.) Dunn.; Magnoliophyta: Hernandiaceae; climber
Ixora concinna Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub; cultivated
Ixora grandifolia Zoll. & Moritzi var. grandifolia; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub;
cultivated
Ixora umbellata Valeton ex Koord. & Valeton; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
Jasminum griffithii C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Oleaceae; climber
Jasminum longipetalum King & Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Oleaceae; climber
Justicia quadrifaria (Nees) T. Anderson; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
Kleinhovia hospita L.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree; cultivated
Knema glaucescens Jack; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree; cultivated
Knema rubens (Sinclair) W.J. de Wilde; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
Kokoona littoralis Laws.; Magnoliophyta: Celastraceae; tree
Korthalsia laciniosa (Griff.) Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
Korthalsia scortechinii Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
193
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387.
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389.
390.
391.
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393.
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399.
400.
Lasianthus glaber Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
Lasianthus maingayi Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
Lasianthus pterospermus Wight; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
Lasianthus stipularis Blume; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
Lecananthus erubescens Jack; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
Leea aequata L.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; shrub
Leea rubra Blume ex Spreng.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; shrub; cultivated
Lepironia articulata (Retz.) Domin; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb; cultivated
Licuala triphylla Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
Lindernia caespitosa (Blume) Panigrahi; Magnoliophyta: Linderniaceae; herb
Lindsaea borneensis Hook. ex Baker; Filicinophyta: Dennstaedtiaceae; herb
Lindsaea divergens Hook. & Grev.; Filicinophyta: Dennstaedtiaceae; herb
Lindsaea heterophylla Dryand.; Filicinophyta: Dennstaedtiaceae; herb
Lindsaea lucida Blume; Filicinophyta: Dennstaedtiaceae; herb
Lindsaea orbiculata (Lam.) Mett.; Filicinophyta: Dennstaedtiaceae; climber
Lindsaea ovata J. Sm.; Filicinophyta: Dennstaedtiaceae; climber
Lindsaea parallelogramma Alderw.; Filicinophyta: Dennstaedtiaceae; herb
Lindsaea repens (Bory) Thwaites var. pectinata (Blume) Mett.; Filicinophyta:
Dennstaedtiaceae; epiphyte
Lindsaea walkerae Hook.; Filicinophyta: Dennstaedtiaceae; herb
Liparis elegans Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Liparis gibbosa Finet; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Liparis tricallosa Rchb. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Liparis wrayi Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Lithocarpus cyclophorus (Endl.) A. Camus; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree
Lithocarpus gracilis (Korth.) Soepadmo; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree
Litsea gracilipes Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
Litsea lanceolata (Blume) Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; shrub
Loeseneriella macrantha (Korth.) A.C. Smith; Magnoliophyta: Celastraceae; climber
Macaranga caladiifolia Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
Macaranga hosei King ex Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
Macaranga pruinosa (Miq.) Müll.Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
Machaerina rubiginosa (Spreng.) Koyama; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
Macodes petola (Blume) Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Macrolenes nemorosa (Jack) Bakh.f.; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; climber
Macrosolen papillosus (Gamble) Danser; Magnoliophyta: Loranthaceae; epiphyte
Madhuca decipiens Sinclair; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
Madhuca sessilis (King & Gamble) Baehni; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
Magnolia maingayi King; Magnoliophyta: Magnoliaceae; tree
Malaxis micrantha (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Mallotus macrostachyus (Miq.) Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
Mangifera laurina Blume; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
Mangifera paludosa Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
Mangifera parvifolia Boerl. & Koord.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
Mapania longiflora C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
Mapania lorea Uittien; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
Mapania squamata (Kurz) Clark; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
Mapania wallichii C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
Maschalocorymbus corymbosus (Blume) Bremek; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub;
=Urophyllum corymbosum (Blume) Korth.
Maytenus emarginata (Willd.) D. Hou; Magnoliophyta: Celastraceae; shrub
Medinilla crassifolia (Reinw. ex Blume) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; epiphyte
194
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
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402.
403.
404.
405.
406.
407.
408.
409.
410.
411.
412.
413.
414.
415.
416.
417.
418.
419.
420.
421.
422.
423.
424.
425.
426.
427.
428.
429.
430.
431.
432.
433.
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435.
436.
437.
438.
439.
440.
441.
442.
443.
444.
445.
446.
447.
Medinilla radicans (Blume) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; shrub
Megistostigma glabratum (Kurz) Govaerts; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; climber
Melaleuca cajuputi Powell; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; shrub; cultivated
Meliosma pinnata (Roxb.) Maxim. ssp. ridleyi (King) Beus.; Magnoliophyta: Sabiaceae; tree
Melodinus orientalis Blume; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber; =M. micranthus Hook.f.
Memecylon acuminatum Sm. var. acuminatum; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; tree
Memecylon cinereum King; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; shrub
Memecylon globosum Bakh. f.; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; shrub
Memecylon intermedium Blume; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; tree
Memecylon lancifolium Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; tree
Memecylon pauciflorum Blume; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; tree; cultivated
Memecylon pubescens (Cl.) King; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; tree
Metathelypteris dayi (Bedd.) Holttum; Filicinophyta: Thelypteridaceae; herb
Microcos globulifera (Mast.) Burret; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
Micropera fuscolutea (Lindl.) Gary; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Microsaccus ampullaceus J.J. Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Microsaccus griffithii (Par. & Rchb. f.) Seidenfaden; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Microsaccus javensis Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Microsaccus sumatranus J.J. Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Miliusa longipes King; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb.) Radlk.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
Monogramma dareicarpa Hook.; Filicinophyta: Vittariaceae; epiphyte
Morinda citrifolia L.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree; cultivated; =M. tomentosa Heyne
Morinda rigida Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
Mucuna acuminata Grah. ex Baker; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
Mussaenda maingayi (Hook. f.) Hemsl. ex B.D. Jacks.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber;
=M. mutabilis Hook.f.
Mycaranthes obliqua Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte; =Eria obliqua (Lindl.)
Lindl.
Mycetia malayana (Wall. ex Ridl.) Craib; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
Myrmecodia tuberosa Jack; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb; cultivated
Nauclea subdita (Korth.) Steud.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
Neesia altissima (Blume) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
Neesia malayana Bakh.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
Neobalanocarpus heimii (King) P. S. Ashton; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree;
cultivated
Neonauclea pallida (Reinw. ex Havil.) Bakh.f. ssp. malaccensis (Gand.) Ridsdale;
Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
Nephelium laurinum Blume; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree; cultivated
Nervilia punctata (Blume) Schltr.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Neuwiedia griffithii Rchb. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Neuwiedia zollingeri Rchb.f. var. singapureana (Baker) de Vogel; Magnoliophyta:
Orchidaceae; herb
Nothaphoebe coriacea Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
Nothocnide mollissima (Blume) Chew; Magnoliophyta: Urticaceae; climber
Oberonia bertoldii King & Prantl; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Oberonia ciliolata Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Oberonia dissitiflora Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Oberonia flabellifera Holtt.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Oberonia lunata (Blume) Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
195
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452.
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455.
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465.
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472.
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474.
475.
476.
477.
478.
479.
480.
481.
482.
483.
484.
485.
486.
487.
488.
489.
490.
491.
492.
Oberonia lycopodioides (K.D. Koenig) Ormerod.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Oberonia miniata Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Oberonia stenophylla Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Ochreinauclea maingayi (Hook. f.) Ridsdale; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
Ochrosia oppositifolia (Lam.) K. Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree; cultivated;
=Neisosperma oppositifolium (Lamk.) Fosb. & Sach.
Ochthocharis borneensis Blume; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; shrub
Ochthocharis javanica Blume; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; shrub
Ochthocharis paniculata Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; shrub
Olax imbricata Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Olacaceae; climber
Ophiorrhiza singaporensis Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb
Ormocarpum cochinchinense (Lour.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
Ormosia sumatrana (Miq.) Prain; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
Orophea hastata King; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
Osmelia maingayi King; Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae; tree
Oxyceros penangianus (King & Gamble) Tirveng.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
Oxyceros scandens (Blume) Tirveng.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
Oxystophyllum carnosum Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte; =Dendrobium
concinnum Miq.
Oxystophyllum excavatum Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte; =Dendrobium
excavatum (Blume) Miq.
Oxystophyllum sinuatum (Lindl.) M.A. Clem.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte;
=Dendrobium sinuatum (Lindl.) Linl. ex Rchb.f.
Paederia verticillata Blume; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
Pajanelia longifolia (Willd.) K. Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree
Palaquium oxleyanum Pierre; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree; cultivated
Palaquium ridleyi King & Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
Pandanus affinis Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; shrub
Pandanus polycephalus Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; tree
Pandanus rostratus Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; shrub
Parartocarpus venenosa (Zoll. & Moritzi) Becc. ssp. forbesii (King) Jarrett; Magnoliophyta:
Moraceae; tree
Parinari rigida Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Chrysobalanaceae; tree
Peristylus lacertifer (Lindl.) J.J. Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Peristylus maingayi (King & Pantl.) J.J. Wood & Omerod; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb;
=P. candidus J.J. Sm.
Peronema canescens Jack; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; tree; cultivated
Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi (Breda) Blume & Rchb. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Philydrum lanuginosum Gaertn.; Magnoliophyta: Philydraceae; herb
Pholidocarpus kingianus (Becc.) Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree; cultivated
Phreatia plantaginifolia (K. D. Koenig) Ormerod; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte; =P.
secunda (Blume) Lindl.
Phrynium villosulum Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
Pinanga disticha (Roxb.) Blume ex H. Wendl.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub; cultivated
Pinanga limosa Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub; cultivated
Pinanga pectinata Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
Pinanga simplicifrons (Miq.) Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
Pinanga subruminata Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
Piper chaba W. Hunter; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; climber
Piper lanatum Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; climber
Piper maingayi Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; climber
Piper pachyphyllum Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; climber
196
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
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520.
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528.
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531.
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536.
537.
538.
539.
540.
541.
542.
543.
Piper ribesioides Wall.; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; climber
Plagiostachys lateralis (Ridl.) Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
Plagiostachys mucida Holtt.; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
Planchonia grandis Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Lecythidaceae; tree
Platea latifolia Blume; Magnoliophyta: Icacinaceae; tree
Platycerium ridleyi Christ.; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae; epiphyte
Plethiandra sessiliflora (Cogn.) Burk.; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; epiphyte
Plocoglottis lowii Rchb. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Podochilus microphyllus Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Poikilospermum cordifolium (Barg.-Petr.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Urticaceae; epiphyte
Poikilospermum microstachys (Barg.-Petr.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Urticaceae; epiphyte
Pollia secundiflora (Blume) Backer; Magnoliophyta: Commelinaceae; herb
Polyalthia clavigera King; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
Polyosma conocarpa Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Polyosmaceae; tree
Polyosma ridleyi King; Magnoliophyta: Polyosmaceae; tree
Polystachya concreta (Jacq.) Gary & Sweet; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Premna parasitica Blume; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; climber
Premna punctulata C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; climber
Premna ridleyi King & Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; climber
Pseuderanthemum kingii (C.B. Clarke) Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
Psilotum complanatum Sw.; Filicinophyta: Psilotaceae; epiphyte
Pteleocarpa lamponga (Miq.) Bakh. ex Heyne; Magnoliophyta: Boraginaceae; tree
Pterisanthes cissoides Blume; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber
Pterococcus corniculatus Pax & K. Hoffm.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; climber
Pterospermum diversifolium Blume; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree; cultivated
Quassia indica (Gaertn.) Nooteb.; Magnoliophyta: Simaroubaceae; tree; cultivated
Reissantia indica (Willd.) Halle; Magnoliophyta: Celastraceae; climber
Renanthera elongata (Blume) Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Renanthera histrionica (Rchb. f.) Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb; =R. histrionica
(Rchb.f.) Ridl.
Rhododendron longiflorum Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Ericaceae; epiphyte
Rhynchospora malasica C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
Rhynchostylis gigantea (Lindl.) Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Rinorea lanceolata (Wall.) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Violaceae; shrub
Robiquetia spathulata (Blume) J.J. Smith; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Rourea acutipetala Miq. ssp. acutipetala; Magnoliophyta: Connaraceae; climber
Rourea rugosa Planch.; Magnoliophyta: Connaraceae; climber
Rubus moluccanus L. var. angulosus Kalkman; Magnoliophyta: Rosaceae; climber
Ryparosa hullettii King; Magnoliophyta: Achariaceae; shrub
Sabia erratica van de Water; Magnoliophyta: Sabiaceae; climber
Salacca affinis Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
Salacia maingayi Laws.; Magnoliophyta: Celastraceae; climber
Sarcolobus globosus Wall.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
Sarcosperma paniculatum (King) Stapf & King; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
Sarcostoma javanica Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Saurauia pentapetala (Jack) Hoogl.; Magnoliophyta: Actinidiaceae; tree
Schefflera cephalotes (C.B. Clarke) Harms; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; epiphyte
Schefflera lanceolata Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; climber
Schefflera oxyphylla (Miq.) Viguier; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; epiphyte
Schefflera ridleyi (King) Viguier; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; epiphyte
Schizachyrium sanguineum (Retz.) Alston; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
Schizaea wagneri Selling; Filicinophyta: Schizaeaceae; epiphyte
197
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560.
561.
562.
563.
564.
565.
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568.
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570.
571.
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573.
574.
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576.
577.
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579.
580.
581.
582.
583.
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586.
587.
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589.
590.
Schizostachyum gracile (Munro) Holttum; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; shrub
Schizostachyum latifolium Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; shrub
Schoenorchis micrantha Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Schoenorchis secundiflora (Ridl.) J.J. Smith; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Schradera morinda DC.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber; =Lucinaea morinda DC.
Sciaphila maculata Miers; Magnoliophyta: Triuridaceae; herb
Sciaphila tenella Blume; Magnoliophyta: Triuridaceae; herb
Scirpodendron ghaeri (Gaertn.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
Scleria corymbosa Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
Scolopia macrophylla (W. & A.) Clos; Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae; tree
Shirakiopsis indica (Willd.) Esser; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
Shorea collina Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
Smilax megacarpa A. DC. & C. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Smilacaceae; climber
Spatholobus maingayi King; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
Sphaerocaryum malaccense (Trin.) Pilger; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
Sphenodesme pentandra Jack; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; climber
Staurogyne griffithiana Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
Stephanotis maingayi (Hook. f.) P.I. Forst.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
Stereosandra javanica Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Stictocardia tiliifolia (Desr.) Hallier f.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber; =Ipomoea
campanulata L.
Strophanthus singaporianus (Wall. ex G.Don) Gilg; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
Strychnos axillaris Colebr.; Magnoliophyta: Loganiaceae; climber
Styphelia malayana (Jack) Spr.; Magnoliophyta: Ericaceae; shrub
Styrax crotonoides C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Styracaceae; tree
Symplocos barringtonifolia Brand; Magnoliophyta: Symplocaceae; tree
Symplocos celastrifolia Griff. ex C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Symplocaceae; tree
Symplocos lucida (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc.; Magnoliophyta: Symplocaceae; shrub
Symplocos odoratissima (Blume) Choisy ex Zoll.; Magnoliophyta: Symplocaceae; tree
Syzygium attenuatum (Miq.) Merr. & L.M. Perry ssp. attenuatum var. attenuatum;
Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
Syzygium avene Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
Syzygium campanulatum Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree; cultivated
Syzygium conglomeratum (Duthie) I.M. Turner var. conglomerata; Magnoliophyta:
Myrtaceae; tree
Syzygium flosculiferum (M.R. Hend.) Sreek.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
Syzygium glabratum (DC.) Veldekamp; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree; =S. gracile (Korth.)
Amsh.
Syzygium griffithii (Duthie) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
Syzygium kunstleri (King) Bahadur & R.C. Gaur; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
Syzygium leptostemon (Korth.) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
Syzygium leucoxylon Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
Syzygium myrtifolium Walp.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
Syzygium pseudocrenulatum (M.R. Hend.) I.M. Turner; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
Syzygium scortechinii (King) P.Chantaranothai & J.Parn. var. scortechinii; Magnoliophyta:
Myrtaceae; tree
Syzygium urophyllum Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; shrub
Taeniophyllum filiforme J.J. Smith; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Tarenna ridleyi (Pears. ex King) Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
Teijsmanniodendron pteropodum (Miq.) Bakh.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; tree
Ternstroemia bancana Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Pentaphylacaceae; tree; cultivated
Ternstroemia wallichiana (Griff.) Engl.; Magnoliophyta: Pentaphylacaceae; tree
198
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
591.
592.
593.
594.
595.
596.
597.
598.
599.
600.
601.
602.
603.
604.
605.
606.
607.
608.
609.
610.
611.
612.
613.
614.
615.
616.
617.
618.
619.
620.
621.
622.
623.
624.
625.
626.
627.
628.
629.
630.
631.
632.
633.
634.
635.
636.
637.
638.
639.
640.
641.
642.
Tetramerista glabra Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Tetrameristaceae; tree
Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston ex Mabb.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber
Thelasis carinata Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Thelasis micrantha (Brongn.) J.J. Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Thelasis pygmaea (Griff.) Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Thismia aseroe Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Thismiaceae; herb
Thismia fumida Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Thismiaceae; herb
Thottea dependens (Planch.) Klotsch.; Magnoliophyta: Aristolochiaceae; shrub
Thrixspermum acuminatissimum (Blume) Rchb.f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Thrixspermum calceolus (Lindl.) Rchb.f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Thrixspermum centipeda Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Thrixspermum ridleyanum Schltr.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Thrixspermum scopa (Rchb.f. ex Hook.f.) Holtt.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; climber; cultivated
Timonius wrayi King & Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
Tournefortia tetrandra Blume; Magnoliophyta: Boraginaceae; climber
Toxocarpus griffithii Decne.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
Trema angustifolia (Planch.) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Cannabaceae; shrub
Trichotosia gracilis (Hook.f.) Kraenzl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Trichotosia velutina (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Kraenzl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Trichotosia vestita (Lindl.) Kraenzl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Trigoniastrum hypoleucum Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Trigoniaceae; tree
Trivalvaria macrophylla (Blume) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
Tropidia curculigoides Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Turraea breviflora Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; shrub
Tylophora squarrosa Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
Uncaria acida (Hunt.) Roxb. var. acida; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
Uncaria attenuata Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
Uncaria callophylla Blume ex Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
Uncaria roxburghiana Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
Urceola lucida (Wall. ex G. Don) Benth. ex Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
Urophyllum macrophyllum Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
Urophyllum trifurcum Pears. ex King & Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
Utricularia punctata Wall. ex A. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Lentibulariaceae; herb
Utricularia uliginosa Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Lentibulariaceae; herb
Uvaria curtisii King; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
Uvaria lobbiana Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
Vaccinium acuminatissimum Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Ericaceae; epiphyte
Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb.; Magnoliophyta: Ericaceae; shrub
Vaccinium littoreum Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Ericaceae; epiphyte
Vaginularia trichoidea Fée; Filicinophyta: Vittariaceae; epiphyte
Viburnum sambucinum Blume; Magnoliophyta: Adoxaceae; tree
Vrydagzynea albida (Blume) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Vrydagzynea lancifolia Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Vrydagzynea tristriata Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Willughbeia angustifolia (Miq.) Markgraf; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
Willughbeia edulis Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber; cultivated
Willughbeia grandiflora Dyer ex Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
Xanthophyllum wrayi King; Magnoliophyta: Polygalaceae; shrub
Xyris pauciflora Willd.; Magnoliophyta: Xyridaceae; herb
Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schltr.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill.; Magnoliophyta: Rhamnaceae; climber
199
Chong et al.
Critically Endangered
643. Acriopsis liliifolia (J. Konig) Retz.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
644. Actinodaphne glomerata (Blume) Nees; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
645. Adinandra acuminata Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Pentaphylacaceae; tree
646. Aeschynanthus albidus (Blume) Steud; Magnoliophyta: Gesneriaceae; epiphyte
647. Aeschynanthus wallichii Benn.; Magnoliophyta: Gesneriaceae; climber
648. Aganope heptaphylla (L.) Polhill; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
649. Agelaea macrophylla (Zoll.) Leenh.; Magnoliophyta: Connaraceae; climber
650. Aglaia cucullata (Roxb.) Pellegrin; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
651. Aglaia exstipulata (Griff.) W. Theob.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
652. Aglaia leptantha Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
653. Aglaia leucophylla King; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
654. Aglaia malaccensis (Ridl.) Pannell; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree; cultivated
655. Aglaia odoratissima Blume; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
656. Aglaia rubiginosa (Hiern) Pannell; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
657. Aglaia rufinervis (Blume) Bentv.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
658. Aglaia sexipetala Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
659. Aglaia simplicifolia (Bedd.) Harms; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
660. Aglaia spectabilis (Miq.) S. S. Jain & Bennet; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
661. Aidia auriculata (Wall.) Ridsdale; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
662. Ailanthus integrifolia Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Simaroubaceae; tree
663. Alangium javanicum (Blume) Wangerin var. ebenaceum (C.B.Clarke) Berhaman;
Magnoliophyta: Cornaceae; tree; =A. ebecaceum (C.B. Clarke) Harms
664. Alangium nobile (C.B. Clarke) Harms; Magnoliophyta: Cornaceae; tree
665. Alangium salviifolium (L. f.) Wang.; Magnoliophyta: Cornaceae; climber
666. Alangium uniloculare (Griff.) King; Magnoliophyta: Cornaceae; tree; =A. griffithii (C.B.
Clarke) Harms
667. Albizia pedicellata Baker ex Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
668. Alchornea villosa (Benth.) Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub
669. Alphonsea maingayi Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
670. Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
671. Alseodaphne bancana Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
672. Alseodaphne intermedia Kostermans; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
673. Alstonia pneumatophora Back. ex L.G. den Berger; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree
674. Amischotolype mollissima Hassk.; Magnoliophyta: Commelinaceae; climber; =A. marginata
Hassk.
675. Amomum xanthophlebium Baker; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
676. Amorphophallus prainii Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb; cultivated
677. Ampelocissus polystachya (Wall.) Planch.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber
678. Anaxagorea javanica Blume; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree; cultivated
679. Ancistrocladus tectorius (Lour.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Ancistrocladaceae; climber
680. Anisophyllea griffithii Oliv.; Magnoliophyta: Anisophyllaceae; tree
681. Anisoptera laevis Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
682. Anisoptera megistocarpa Slooten.; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
683. Anodendron candolleanum Wight; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
684. Antiaris toxicaria Lesch.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree; cultivated
685. Antrophyum callifolium Blume; Filicinophyta: Vittariaceae; epiphyte
686. Aporosa confusa Gage; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
687. Aporosa falcifera Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
688. Aporosa lucida (Miq.) Airy Shaw var. lucida; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree; =A.
miqueliana Müll.Arg.
689. Aporosa lunata (Miq.) Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
200
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
690.
691.
692.
693.
694.
695.
696.
697.
698.
699.
700.
701.
702.
703.
704.
705.
706.
707.
708.
709.
710.
711.
712.
713.
714.
715.
716.
717.
718.
719.
720.
721.
722.
723.
724.
725.
726.
727.
728.
729.
730.
731.
732.
733.
734.
735.
736.
Apostasia nuda R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.; Magnoliophyta: Thymelaeaceae; tree
Arachnis hookeriana (Hook. f.) Schltr.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; climber
Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I. C. Nielsen; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
Archidendron globosum (Blume) Nielsen; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
Ardisia crenata Sims; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; shrub
Ardisia lanceolata Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; tree; cultivated
Ardisia miqueliana Scheff.; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; shrub
Ardisia tuberculata Wall. ex A. D. C.; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; shrub
Ardisia villosa Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; shrub
Argyreia ridleyi Prain. ex Oostr.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
Artabotrys crassifolius Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
Artabotrys maingayi Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
Artocarpus fulvicortex Jarrett; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trec.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree; cultivated
Artocarpus hispidus Jarrett; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree; cultivated
Artocarpus lowii King; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. griffithii (King) Jarrett; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree;
cultivated
Arytera littoralis Blume; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree; cultivated
Atuna racemosa Rafin.; Magnoliophyta: Chrysobalanaceae; tree; cultivated
Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. ssp. marina; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; tree; cultivated
Baccaurea bracteata Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
Baccaurea brevipes Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
Baccaurea hookeri Gage; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
Baccaurea macrocarpa (Miq.) Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree; =B. griffithii
Hook. f.
Baccaurea maingayi Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
Baccaurea minor Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
Baccaurea motleyana (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree;
cultivated
Baccaurea reticulata Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
Barclaya motleyi Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Nymphaeaceae; herb
Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Lecythidaceae; tree; cultivated
Barringtonia macrostachya (Jack) Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Lecythidaceae; tree; cultivated
Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng.; Magnoliophyta: Lecythidaceae; tree; cultivated
Barringtonia reticulata (Blume) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Lecythidaceae; shrub
Beilschmiedia kunstleri Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
Beilschmiedia tonkinensis (Lecomte) Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
Bouea macrophylla Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree; cultivated
Brackenridgea palustris Bartell.; Magnoliophyta: Ochnaceae; tree
Breynia discigera Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
Bridelia pustulata Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
Bruguiera hainesii C.G. Rogers; Magnoliophyta: Rhizophoraceae; tree
Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir.; Magnoliophyta: Rhizophoraceae; tree; cultivated
Bulbophyllum apodum Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum clandestinum Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte; =B. sessile
(Koen.) J.J. Sm.
Bulbophyllum flabellum-veneris (J. Konig) Aver.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Bulbophyllum gusdorfii J.J. Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte; =Cirrhopetalum
gusdorfii (J.J. Sm.) Garay et al. var. johorense (Holttum) Garay et al.
201
Chong et al.
737. Bulbophyllum macranthum Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
738. Bulbophyllum membranaceum Teijsm & Binnend.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte;
cultivated
739. Burmannia championii Thw.; Magnoliophyta: Burmanniaceae; herb
740. Byttneria maingayi Mast.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; climber
741. Caelospermum truncatum (Wall.) Baill. ex K. Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
742. Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
743. Caesalpinia sumatrana Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
744. Calamus insignis Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
745. Calamus laevigatus Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
746. Calamus lobbianus Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
747. Calamus oxleyanus Teijsm & Binnend.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
748. Calamus ridleyanus Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
749. Calanthe pulchra (Blume) Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
750. Callerya eriantha (Benth.) Schot; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
751. Calophyllum dispar P.F. Stevens; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
752. Calophyllum inophyllum L.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree; cultivated
753. Calophyllum macrocarpum Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
754. Calophyllum rigidum Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
755. Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree; cultivated
756. Calophyllum sundaicum P. F. Stevens; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
757. Calophyllum wallichianum Planch. & Tr. var. wallichianum; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree;
cultivated
758. Canarium grandifolium (Ridl.) Lam; Magnoliophyta: Burseraceae; tree
759. Capparis micracantha DC.; Magnoliophyta: Capparaceae; climber; cultivated
760. Carex cryptostachys Brongn.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
761. Casearia capitellata Blume; Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae; shrub; cultivated
762. Casearia lobbiana Turcz.; Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae; shrub
763. Cassine viburnifolia (Juss.) Ding Hou; Magnoliophyta: Celastraceae; tree
764. Castanopsis inermis (Lindl. ex Wall.) Benth. & Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree;
cultivated
765. Castanopsis lucida (Nees) Soepadmo; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree; cultivated
766. Castanopsis malaccensis Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree
767. Castanopsis megacarpa Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree; cultivated
768. Castanopsis nephelioides King ex Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree
769. Castanopsis schefferiana Hance; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree
770. Castanopsis wallichii King ex Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree; cultivated
771. Cayratia novemfolia (Wall. ex Laws.) Burk.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber
772. Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb; cultivated
773. Cerbera manghas L.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree; cultivated
774. Chassalia singapurensis (Ridl.) A.P. Davis; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub; =Psychotria
singapurensis (Ridl.) I.M.Turner
775. Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Oleaceae; tree
776. Chisocheton erythrocarpus Hiern; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree; cultivated
777. Chisocheton patens Blume; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
778. Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. paucijugus (Miq.) Mabb.; Magnoliophyta:
Meliaceae; tree
779. Chisocheton sarawakanus (C. DC.) Harms; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
780. Chloranthus erectus (Buch.-Ham.) Verdc.; Magnoliophyta: Chloranthaceae; shrub
781. Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
782. Chrysophyllum roxburghii G. Don; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
783. Cinnamomum javanicum Blume; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
202
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
784.
785.
786.
787.
788.
789.
790.
791.
792.
793.
794.
795.
796.
797.
798.
799.
800.
801.
802.
803.
804.
805.
806.
807.
808.
809.
810.
811.
812.
813.
814.
815.
816.
817.
818.
819.
820.
821.
822.
823.
824.
825.
826.
827.
828.
829.
830.
831.
832.
833.
Cinnamomum sintoc Blume; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
Cissus nodosa Blume; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber; cultivated
Cissus repens Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber; cultivated
Cissus rostrata (Miq.) Planch.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber
Claderia viridiflora Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Cleistanthus macrophyllus Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
Cleistanthus oblongifolius (Roxb.) Mull. Arg; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree; =C.
myrianthus (Hassk.) Kurz
Coelostegia griffithii Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
Combretum tetralophum C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; climber
Connarus ferrugineus Jack; Magnoliophyta: Connaraceae; climber
Connarus grandis Jack; Magnoliophyta: Connaraceae; climber
Connarus monocarpus L.; Magnoliophyta: Connaraceae; climber
Connarus semidecandrus Jack; Magnoliophyta: Connaraceae; climber
Cordia dichotoma G. Forst.; Magnoliophyta: Boraginaceae; tree; cultivated
Cordia subcordata Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Boraginaceae; tree; cultivated
Cotylelobium lanceolatum Craib; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
Cratoxylum maingayi Dyer; Magnoliophyta: Hypericaceae; tree
Crinum asiaticum L.; Magnoliophyta: Amaryllidaceae; herb; cultivated
Croton heterocarpus Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
Crypteronia griffithii C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Crypteroniaceae; tree
Cryptocarya ferrea Blume; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
Cryptocarya griffithiana Wight; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
Cryptocarya impressa Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
Cryptocarya rugulosa Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
Cryptocoryne griffithii Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
Ctenolophon parvifolius Oliv.; Magnoliophyta: Ctenolophonaceae; tree
Cyathocalyx sumatranus Scheff.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
Cycas edentata de Laub.; Cycadophyta: Cycadaceae; tree; cultivated; =C. rumphii Miq.
Cyclea laxiflora Miers; Magnoliophyta: Menispermaceae; climber
Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. ssp. pubescens (Lindl.) Du Pay & Cribb; Magnoliophyta:
Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Cymbidium finlaysonianum Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Cymodocea rotundata Ehrenb. & Hemp. ex Aschers.; Magnoliophyta: Cymodoceaceae; herb
Cynometra ramiflora L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
Cyrtandra pendula Blume; Magnoliophyta: Gesneriaceae; climber
Cyrtococcum accrescens (Trin.) Stapf; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
Cyrtococcum patens (L.) A. Camus; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
Cystorchis javanica (Blume) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Dacryodes longifolia (King) Lam; Magnoliophyta: Burseraceae; tree
Dacryodes rugosa (Blume) H.J. Lam; Magnoliophyta: Burseraceae; tree
Daemonorops kunstleri Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
Daemonorops leptopus (Griff.) Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
Daemonorops micracantha (Griff.) Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
Daemonorops periacantha Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
Daemonorops sabut Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
Dalbergia junghuhnii Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
Dalbergia velutina Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
Daphniphyllum laurinum (Benth.) Baill.; Magnoliophyta: Daphniphyllaceae; tree
Dehaasia incrassata (Jack) Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
Dendrobium indragiriense Schltr.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Dendrobium lobbii Teijsm. & Binnend.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
203
Chong et al.
834.
835.
836.
837.
838.
839.
840.
841.
842.
843.
844.
845.
846.
847.
848.
849.
850.
851.
852.
853.
854.
855.
856.
857.
858.
859.
860.
861.
862.
863.
864.
865.
866.
867.
868.
869.
870.
871.
872.
873.
874.
875.
876.
877.
878.
879.
880.
881.
882.
883.
884.
Dendrobium revolutum Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Dendrobium subulatum (Blume) Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
Desmos dasymaschala (Blume) Safford; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; shrub
Desmos dumosus (Roxb.) Safford; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
Dialium indum L. var. indum; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
Dialium platysepalum Baker; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
Didymocarpus platypus C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Gesneriaceae; shrub
Didymoplexis pallens Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Dillenia excelsa (Jack) Gilg; Magnoliophyta: Dilleniaceae; tree
Dillenia pulchella (Jack) Gilg; Magnoliophyta: Dilleniaceae; tree
Dillenia reticulata King; Magnoliophyta: Dilleniaceae; tree; cultivated
Dioscorea glabra Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Dioscoreaceae; climber
Dioscorea hispida Dennst.; Magnoliophyta: Dioscoreaceae; climber
Dioscorea polyclados Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Dioscoreaceae; climber
Dioscorea prainiana R. Knuth; Magnoliophyta: Dioscoreaceae; climber
Diospyros clavigera C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree
Diospyros confusa Bakh.; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree
Diospyros coriacea Hiern; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree
Diospyros diepenhorstii Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree; cultivated
Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh.; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree; cultivated
Diospyros maingayi (Hiern) Bakh.; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree; cultivated
Diospyros sumatrana Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree
Diospyros venosa Wall. ex A. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree
Diplectria divaricata (Willd.) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; climber
Diplectria viminalis (Jack) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; climber
Diplospora malaccensis Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
Dipodium paludosum (Griff.) Rchb.f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
Dipteris conjugata Reinw.; Filicinophyta: Dipteridaceae; climber; cultivated
Dipterocarpus caudatus Foxw. ssp. penangianus (Foxw.) Ashton; Magnoliophyta:
Dipterocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
Dipterocarpus cornutus Dyer; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
Dipterocarpus elongatus Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
Dipterocarpus kunstleri King; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
Dipterocarpus palembanicus Slooten; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
Dipterocarpus tempehes Slooten; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
Dischidia albida Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; epiphyte
Dischidia cochleata Blume; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; epiphyte
Dolichandrone spathacea (L. f.) K. Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree; cultivated
Dracaena elliptica Thunb.; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; shrub
Drypetes laevis (Miq.) Pax & K. Hoffm.; Magnoliophyta: Putranjavaceae; tree
Drypetes longifolia (Blume) Pax & Hoffm.; Magnoliophyta: Putranjavaceae; tree
Drypetes pendula Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Putranjavaceae; tree
Dysoxylum densiflorum (Blume) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
Dysoxylum excelsum Blume; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
Dysoxylum flavescens Hiern; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
Elaeocarpus acmosepalus Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Elaeocarpaceae; tree
Elaeocarpus macrocerus (Turcz.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Elaeocarpaceae; tree
Elaeocarpus palembanicus (Miq.) Corner; Magnoliophyta: Elaeocarpaceae; tree
Elaeocarpus rugosus Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Elaeocarpaceae; tree
Elettariopsis curtisii Baker; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
Ellipanthus tomentosus Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Connaraceae; shrub
204
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
885.
886.
887.
888.
889.
890.
891.
892.
893.
894.
895.
896.
897.
898.
899.
900.
901.
902.
903.
904.
905.
906.
907.
908.
909.
910.
911.
912.
913.
914.
915.
916.
917.
918.
919.
920.
921.
922.
923.
924.
925.
926.
927.
928.
929.
930.
931.
932.
933.
934.
935.
Ellipeia cuneifolia Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
Embelia coriacea Wall. ex A. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; climber
Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle; Magnoliophyta: Hydrocharitaceae; herb
Enkleia malaccensis Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Thymelaeaceae; climber
Entada rheedei Spreng.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
Epigynum ridleyi King & Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber; =E. forbesii King
& Gamble
Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; climber; cultivated
Erycibe griffithii C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
Erycibe malaccensis C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M. Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
Eulophia spectabilis (Dennst.) Suresh.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb; cultivated
Eurycoma longifolia Jack; Magnoliophyta: Simaroubaceae; tree; cultivated
Fagraea auriculata Jack; Magnoliophyta: Gentianaceae; climber; cultivated
Ficus binnendykii Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler; cultivated
Ficus bracteata Wall. ex Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler
Ficus consociata Blume; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler; cultivated
Ficus crassiramea Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler; cultivated
Ficus deltoidea Jack; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; epiphyte; cultivated
Ficus dubia Wall. ex King; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler; cultivated
Ficus glandulifera (Wall. ex Miq.) King; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
Ficus kerkhovenii Valeton; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler; cultivated
Ficus laevis Blume; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; climber
Ficus lamponga Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
Ficus microsyce Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler
Ficus obscura Blume var. borneensis (Miq.) Corner; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; epiphyte
Ficus pisocarpa Blume; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler
Ficus recurva Blume var. ribesoides King; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; climber
Ficus retusa L.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree; cultivated
Ficus sagittata Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; climber
Ficus scortechinii King; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
Ficus sinuata Thunb.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; epiphyte
Ficus subgelderi Corner var. rigida (Miq.) Corner; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler
Ficus sundaica Blume var. sundaica; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler
Ficus trichocarpa Blume; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; climber
Ficus villosa Blume; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; climber
Ficus virens Aiton; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler; cultivated
Ficus xylophylla Wall. ex Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler
Fimbristylis dura (Zoll. & Mor.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
Fimbristylis pauciflora R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
Finlaysonia obovata Wall.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
Freycinetia angustifolia Blume; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; climber
Gaertnera viminea Hook. f. ex C.B.Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
Galearia maingayi Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Pandaceae; tree
Galeola nudifolia Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; climber
Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anderson; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree; cultivated
Garcinia bancana Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree; cultivated
Garcinia forbesii King; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
Garcinia maingayi Hook. f. var. stylosa King; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
Garcinia nervosa Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree; cultivated
Garcinia nigrolineata Planch. ex T. Anderson; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree; cultivated
Garcinia rostrata (Hassk.) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
205
Chong et al.
936.
937.
938.
939.
940.
941.
942.
943.
944.
945.
946.
947.
948.
949.
950.
951.
952.
953.
954.
955.
956.
957.
958.
959.
960.
961.
962.
963.
964.
965.
966.
967.
968.
969.
970.
971.
972.
973.
974.
975.
976.
977.
978.
979.
980.
Garcinia scortechinii King; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
Gardenia tubifera Wall. var. subcarinata Corner; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree; cultivated
Gastrodia javanica (Blume) Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
Gigantochloa ligulata Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; shrub
Globba leucantha Miq. var. peninsularis Holttum; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
Glochidion borneense (Müll. Arg.) Boerl.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
Glochidion lutescens Blume; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; shrub; cultivated; =G.
hypoleucum (Miq.) Boerl.
Glochidion rubrum Blume; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; shrub
Glochidion sericeum Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; shrub
Glochidion singaporense Gage; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; shrub
Glochidion zeylanicum Blume var. arborescens (Blume) Chakrab. & M.Gangop.;
Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree; =G. arborescens Blume
Gnetum gnemon L. var. gnemon; Gnetophyta: Gnetaceae; tree; cultivated
Gnetum gnemonoides Brongn.; Gnetophyta: Gnetaceae; climber
Gnetum latifolium Blume; Gnetophyta: Gnetaceae; climber
Gnetum macrostachyum Hook. f.; Gnetophyta: Gnetaceae; climber
Gnetum microcarpum Blume; Gnetophyta: Gnetaceae; climber
Gonystylus maingayi Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Thymelaeaceae; tree
Gordonia penangensis Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Theaceae; tree; cultivated
Guioa bijuga (Hiern) Radlk.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
Gymnacranthera bancana (Miq.) Sinclair; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
Gymnacranthera farquhariana (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Warb. var. eugeniifolia (A. DC.) R.T.A.
Schouten; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
Gymnacranthera farquhariana (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Warb. var. farquhariana; Magnoliophyta:
Myristicaceae; tree
Gymnacranthera farquhariana (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Warb. var. zippeliana (Miq.)
R.T.A.Schouten; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
Gymnacranthera forbesii (King) Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
Gymnanthera oblonga (Burm. f.) P.S. Green; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; climber
Halophila minor (Zoll.) Hartog; Magnoliophyta: Hydrocharitaceae; herb
Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Hydrocharitaceae; herb
Halophila spinulosa (R. Br.) Aschers.; Magnoliophyta: Hydrocharitaceae; herb
Hedyotis capitellata Wall. ex G.Don; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb
Helicia petiolaris Benn.; Magnoliophyta: Proteaceae; shrub
Heritiera borneensis (Merr.) Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
Heritiera javanica (Blume) Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
Heritiera sumatrana (Miq.) Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
Hiptage sericea Hook.f.; Magnoliophyta: Malpighiaceae; climber
Homalium grandiflorum Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae; tree
Hopea griffithii Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
Hopea sangal Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
Hornstedtia conica Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
Hornstedtia leonurus (J. König) Retz.; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb; cultivated
Horsfieldia brachiata (King) Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
Horsfieldia crassifolia (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree;
cultivated
Horsfieldia grandis (Hook. f.) Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
Horsfieldia irya (Gaertn.) Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree; cultivated
Horsfieldia punctatifolia J. Sinclair; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
206
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
981. Horsfieldia superba (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree;
cultivated
982. Horsfieldia tomentosa Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
983. Horsfieldia wallichii (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
984. Hoya diversifolia Blume; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; epiphyte; cultivated
985. Hydnophytum formicarum Jack; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; epiphyte
986. Hylophila mollis Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
987. Iguanura wallichiana (Wall. ex Mart.) Hook. f. ssp. malaccensis (Becc.) Kiew var.
malaccensis; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub; cultivated
988. Indigofera zollingeriana Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
989. Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
990. Intsia palembanica Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
991. Iodes cirrhosa Turcz.; Magnoliophyta: Icacinaceae; climber
992. Irvingia malayana Oliv. ex A. W. Benn.; Magnoliophyta: Irvingiaceae; tree; cultivated
993. Jackiopsis ornata (Wall.) Ridsdale; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
994. Justicia vasculosa Wall.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
995. Kadsura scandens Blume; Magnoliophyta: Schisandraceae; climber
996. Kandelia candel (L.) Druce; Magnoliophyta: Rhizophoraceae; shrub
997. Kibara coriacea (Blume) Tulasne; Magnoliophyta: Monimiaceae; shrub
998. Kibatalia maingayi (Hook. f.) Woodson; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree
999. Knema cinerea (Poir.) Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
1000. Knema furfuracea (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
1001. Knema globularia (Lam.) Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree; cultivated
1002. Knema hookeriana (Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.) Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
1003. Knema patentinervia (J. Sinclair) W.J. de Wilde; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
1004. Kokoona reflexa (Laws.) Ding Hou; Magnoliophyta: Celastraceae; tree
1005. Kopsia singapurensis Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree; cultivated
1006. Korthalsia echinometra Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
1007. Korthalsia flagellaris Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
1008. Korthalsia rigida Blume; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
1009. Lasianthus cyanocarpus Jack; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1010. Lasianthus ellipticus Wight; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1011. Lasianthus griffithii Wight; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1012. Lasianthus scabridus King & Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1013. Lasianthus tomentosus Blume; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub; cultivated
1014. Lecanorchis malaccensis Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
1015. Leea angulata Korth. ex Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; tree
1016. Lepionurus sylvestris Blume; Magnoliophyta: Opiliaceae; shrub
1017. Lepisanthes senegalensis (Juss. ex Poir.) Leenh.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree;
cultivated
1018. Lijndenia laurina Zoll. & Moritzi; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; tree
1019. Liparis ferruginea Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte; cultivated
1020. Lithocarpus bennettii (Miq.) Rehder; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree
1021. Lithocarpus cantleyanus (King ex Hook. f.) Rehd.; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree; cultivated
1022. Lithocarpus conocarpus (Oudem.) Rehd.; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree; cultivated
1023. Lithocarpus elegans (Blume) Hatus. ex Soepadmo; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree; cultivated
1024. Lithocarpus encleisocarpus (Korth.) A. Camus; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree
1025. Lithocarpus hystrix (Korth.) Rehd.; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree
1026. Lithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree; cultivated
1027. Lithocarpus wallichianus (Lindl. ex Hance) Rehder; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree;
cultivated
1028. Litsea cordata Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
207
Chong et al.
1029. Litsea costalis (Blume) Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree; cultivated
1030. Litsea costata (Blume) Boerl.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
1031. Litsea erectinervia Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
1032. Litsea ferruginea Blume; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
1033. Litsea lancifolia (Roxb.) Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
1034. Litsea machilifolia Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
1035. Litsea myristicifolia (Wall. ex Nees) Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree; cultivated
1036. Litsea robusta Blume; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
1037. Lomariopsis lineata (C. Presl) Holttum; Filicinophyta: Lomariopsidaceae; climber
1038. Lophopetalum beccarianum Pierre; Magnoliophyta: Celastraceae; tree
1039. Luvunga crassifolia Tanaka; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; climber
1040. Macaranga hullettii King ex Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
1041. Macaranga recurvata Gage; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
1042. Macrolenes echinulata (Naudin) Bakh. f.; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; climber
1043. Madhuca malaccensis (C.B. Clarke) H.J. Lam; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
1044. Madhuca motleyana (de Vriese) J.F. Macbr.; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
1045. Madhuca sericea (Miq.) H.J. Lam; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
1046. Magnolia elegans (Blume) H. Keng; Magnoliophyta: Magnoliaceae; tree
1047. Magnolia villosa (Miq.) H. Keng; Magnoliophyta: Magnoliaceae; tree
1048. Mallotus penangensis Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree; cultivated
1049. Mangifera caesia Jack; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree; cultivated
1050. Mangifera lagenifera Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
1051. Mangifera magnifica Kochummen; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
1052. Mapania bancana (Miq.) Benth. & Hook. ex B.D. Jacks.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1053. Mapania enodis (Miq.) C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1054. Mastixia pentandra Blume ssp. scortechinii (King) K.M. Matthew; Magnoliophyta:
Nyssaceae; tree
1055. Mastixia trichotoma Blume var. maingayi (C.B. Clarke) Danser; Magnoliophyta: Nyssaceae;
tree
1056. Meiogyne virgata (Blume) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
1057. Melicope hookeri T.G. Hartley; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree
1058. Melicope lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) T.G. Hartley; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree; cultivated
1059. Meliosma lanceolata Blume; Magnoliophyta: Sabiaceae; tree
1060. Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp. ssp. fruticosa (Blume) Beus.; Magnoliophyta:
Sabiaceae; shrub
1061. Memecylon amplexicaule Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; tree; cultivated
1062. Memecylon caeruleum Jack; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; tree; cultivated
1063. Memecylon campanulatum C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; tree
1064. Memecylon cantleyi Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; shrub; cultivated
1065. Memecylon corticosum Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; shrub
1066. Memecylon dichotomum (C.B. Clarke) King; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; tree
1067. Memecylon excelsum Blume; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; tree
1068. Memecylon floridum Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; tree
1069. Memecylon fruticosum King; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; epiphyte
1070. Memecylon garcinioides Blume; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; shrub
1071. Memecylon lilacinum Z. & M.; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; tree
1072. Memecylon minutiflorum Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; tree
1073. Memecylon oleifolium Blume; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; tree; cultivated
1074. Memecylon paniculatum Jack; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; tree
1075. Merope angulata (Willd.) Swingle; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; shrub
1076. Mesua elegans (King) Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
1077. Mezzettia parviflora Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
208
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1078. Micrechites serpyllifolius (Blume) P.I. Forster; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber;
=Ichnocarpus serpyllifolius (Blume) P.I. Forst.
1079. Microcos hirsutus (Korth.) Burret; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
1080. Molineria capitulata (Lour.) Herb; Magnoliophyta: Hypoxidaceae; herb; cultivated
1081. Morinda ridleyi (King & Gamble) Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
1082. Myrialepis paradoxa (Kurz) Dransfield; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
1083. Myristica cinnamomea King; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
1084. Myristica crassa King; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
1085. Myristica iners Blume; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
1086. Myristica lowiana King; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree; cultivated
1087. Myristica maingayi Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
1088. Myristica maxima Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
1089. Nageia wallichiana (C. Presl) Kuntze; Pinophyta: Podocarpaceae; tree
1090. Nauclea officinalis (Pierre ex Pitard) Merr. & Chun.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
1091. Nenga pumila (Mart.) H. Wendl. var. pachystachya (Blume) Fernando; Magnoliophyta:
Arecaceae; tree; cultivated
1092. Neoscortechinia kingii (Hook.f.) Pax & K. Hoffm.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
1093. Nephelaphyllum pulchrum Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb; cultivated
1094. Nephelium costatum Hiern; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
1095. Nephelium lappaceum L.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree; cultivated
1096. Neuropeltis racemosa Wall.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
1097. Neuwiedia veratrifolia Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb; cultivated
1098. Norrisia maior Solered.; Magnoliophyta: Loganiaceae; tree
1099. Nothocissus spicifera (Griff.) Latiff; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber
1100. Ophioglossum pendulum L.; Filicinophyta: Ophioglossaceae; epiphyte
1101. Orania sylvicola (Griff.) H.E. Moore; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree; cultivated
1102. Ormosia macrodisca Baker; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
1103. Pachycentria constricta (Blume) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; epiphyte
1104. Pachycentria maingayi (C.B. Clarke) Maxw.; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; epiphyte
1105. Palaquium gutta (Hook.) Baill.; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree; cultivated
1106. Palaquium hexandrum (Griff.) Baill.; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
1107. Palaquium microphyllum King & Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree; cultivated
1108. Palaquium rostratum (Miq.) Burck; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree; cultivated
1109. Palaquium xanthochymum (de Vr.) Pierre; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
1110. Pandanus houlletii Carriere; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; shrub
1111. Pandanus parvus Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; shrub; cultivated
1112. Pandanus singaporensis Kaneh.; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; shrub; =P. tetrodon Ridl.
1113. Pandanus yvanii Solms.; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; shrub
1114. Paracroton pendulus (Hassk.) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
1115. Parameria laevigata (A.L. Juss.) Moldenke; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
1116. Parameria polyneura Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
1117. Paramignya scandens (Griff.) Craib var. ridleyi (Burkill) Swingle; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae;
climber
1118. Paranephelium macrophyllum King; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
1119. Parartocarpus bracteatus (King) Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
1120. Parinari costata (Korth.) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Chrysobalanaceae; tree
1121. Parinari oblongifolia Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Chrysobalanaceae; tree
1122. Parsonsia alboflavescens (Dennst.) Mabb.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
1123. Payena lucida (G. Don) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree; cultivated
1124. Payena maingayi C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
1125. Payena obscura Burck; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
209
Chong et al.
1126. Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K. Heyne; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree;
cultivated
1127. Pemphis acidula J.R. & G. Forst.; Magnoliophyta: Lythraceae; shrub; cultivated
1128. Persea declinata (Blume) Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree; cultivated
1129. Phaius tancarvilliae (Banks ex L'Hér.) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
1130. Phoebe grandis (Nees) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree; cultivated
1131. Phyllanthus emblica L.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree; cultivated
1132. Piper flavimarginatum C. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; climber
1133. Piper macropiper Pennant; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; climber
1134. Piper muricatum Blume; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; herb
1135. Piper pedicellosum Wall. ex C. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; climber
1136. Piper protractum C. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; shrub
1137. Plocoglottis gigantea (Hook. f.) J.J. Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
1138. Plocoglottis javanica Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
1139. Podocarpus polystachyus R.Br. ex Endl.; Pinophyta: Podocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
1140. Pogonanthera pulverulenta (Jack) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; epiphyte
1141. Polyalthia hookeriana King; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
1142. Polyalthia hypoleuca Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
1143. Polyalthia jenkensii (H. & T.) Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
1144. Polyalthia lateriflora (Blume) Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
1145. Polyalthia rumphii Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree; cultivated
1146. Polyalthia sclerophylla Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree; cultivated
1147. Polyalthia sumatrana (Miq.) Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
1148. Polyosma kingiana Schltr.; Magnoliophyta: Polyosmaceae; tree
1149. Pomatocalpa diffusum Breda; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte; =P. latifolia (Lindl.)
J.J.Sm.
1150. Portulaca pilosa L. ssp. pilosa; Magnoliophyta: Portulacaceae; herb
1151. Pouteria linggensis (Burck) Baehni; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
1152. Prunus arborea (Blume) Kalkman; Magnoliophyta: Rosaceae; tree
1153. Prunus grisea (Blume ex Müll. Berol.) Kalkman var. tomentosa (Koord. & Valeton) Kalkman;
Magnoliophyta: Rosaceae; tree
1154. Pseudoclausena chrysogyne (Miq.) T.P. Clark; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
1155. Psychotria angulata Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1156. Psychotria cantleyi Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
1157. Psychotria griffithii Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1158. Psychotria helferiana Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1159. Psychotria maingayi Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
1160. Psychotria malayana Jack; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1161. Psychotria ridleyi King & Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
1162. Psychotria rostrata Blume; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1163. Psychotria sarmentosa Blume; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber; =P. obovata Wall.
1164. Psydrax maingayi (Hook. f.) Bridson; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
1165. Pterisanthes eriopoda (Miq.) Planch.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber; cultivated
1166. Pterisanthes polita (Miq.) Laws.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber
1167. Pternandra tuberculata (Korth.) Nayar; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; tree
1168. Pteroceras pallidum (Blume) Holtt.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
1169. Pterocymbium tubulatum (Mast.) Pierre; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
1170. Pterospermum javanicum Jungh.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree; cultivated
1171. Pterospermum lancifolium Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
1172. Ptychopyxis caput-medusae (Hook.f.) Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
1173. Ptychopyxis costata Miq. var. oblanceolata Airy Shaw; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
1174. Quercus argentata Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree
210
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1175. Radermachera pinnata (Blanco) Seem. ssp. acuminata (Steen.) Steen.; Magnoliophyta:
Bignoniaceae; tree
1176. Rhaphidophora sylvestris (Blume) Engl.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; climber
1177. Rhopaloblaste singaporensis (Becc.) Benth. & Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub;
cultivated
1178. Rinorea anguifera (Lour.) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Violaceae; tree; cultivated
1179. Rourea asplenifolia (Schellenb.) Jongkind.; Magnoliophyta: Connaraceae; climber
1180. Rourea minor (Gaertn.) Leenh.; Magnoliophyta: Connaraceae; climber
1181. Ryparosa scortechinii King; Magnoliophyta: Achariaceae; tree; cultivated
1182. Salacia exsculpta Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Celastraceae; climber
1183. Salacia grandiflora Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Celastraceae; climber
1184. Salacia korthalsiana Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Celastraceae; climber
1185. Salacia viminea Wall. ex Laws.; Magnoliophyta: Celastraceae; climber
1186. Sandoricum beccarianum Baill.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
1187. Santiria conferta Benn.; Magnoliophyta: Burseraceae; tree
1188. Saprosma glomerulatum King & Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1189. Sarcotheca griffithii (Planch. ex Hook. f.) Hall. f.; Magnoliophyta: Oxalidaceae; tree
1190. Sarcotheca laxa (Ridl.) Kunth var. sericea (Ridl.) Veldk.; Magnoliophyta: Oxalidaceae; shrub
1191. Sauropus bacciformis (L.) Airy Shaw; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; herb
1192. Scaphium linearicarpum (Mast.) Pierre; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
1193. Scaphochlamys tenuis Holttum; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
1194. Schefflera hullettii (King) Viguier; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; epiphyte
1195. Schradera membranacea (King) Puff, R. Buchner & Greimler; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae;
climber; =Lucinaea membranacea King
1196. Schumannianthus dichotomus (Roxb.) Gagnep.; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
1197. Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb.; Magnoliophyta: Santalaceae; tree
1198. Scurrula parasitica L.; Magnoliophyta: Loranthaceae; epiphyte
1199. Secamone elliptica R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
1200. Selaginella argentea (Wall.) Spring; Lycophyta: Selaginellaceae; herb
1201. Selliguea heterocarpa Blume; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae; epiphyte
1202. Serianthes grandiflora Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
1203. Shorea bracteolata Dyer; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
1204. Shorea gibbosa Brandis; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
1205. Shorea gratissima (Wall. ex Kurz) Dyer; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
1206. Shorea ochrophloia Strugnell ex Symington; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
1207. Shorea ovalis Blume ssp. ovalis; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
1208. Shorea platycarpa F. Heim; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
1209. Sindora coriacea Maingay ex Prain; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
1210. Sindora wallichii Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
1211. Sloanea javanica Szysz. ex K.Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Elaeocarpaceae; tree
1212. Smythea lanceata Summerh.; Magnoliophyta: Rhamnaceae; climber
1213. Soejatmia ridleyi (Gamble) K.M. Wong; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; climber
1214. Sonerila heterostemon Naudin; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; herb
1215. Sonerila moluccana Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; herb
1216. Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl.; Magnoliophyta: Lythraceae; tree; cultivated
1217. Sonneratia ovata Back.; Magnoliophyta: Lythraceae; tree; cultivated
1218. Sophora tomentosa L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
1219. Spatholobus ridleyi King; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
1220. Staurogyne kingiana C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
1221. Staurogyne setigera (Nees) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
1222. Stemonurus malaccensis (Mast.) Sleum.; Magnoliophyta: Stemonuraceae; tree
1223. Stemonurus scorpioides Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Stemonuraceae; tree
211
Chong et al.
1224. Stephania capitata (Blume) Spreng.; Magnoliophyta: Menispermaceae; climber
1225. Sterculia cordata Blume; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree; cultivated
1226. Sterculia gilva Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
1227. Sterculia macrophylla Vent.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree; cultivated
1228. Sterculia parvifolia Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree; cultivated
1229. Stereospermum colais (Buch.-Ham. ex Dillwyn) Mabb.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree;
=S. personatum (Hassk.) Chatterjee
1230. Strobilanthes palawanensis Elm.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
1231. Strophanthus caudatus (L.) Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
1232. Strychnos maingayi C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Loganiaceae; climber
1233. Styrax benzoin Dryand. var. benzoin; Magnoliophyta: Styracaceae; tree
1234. Suregada multiflora (A. Juss.) Baill.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub; cultivated
1235. Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore; Magnoliophyta: Symplocaceae; tree
1236. Syringodium isoetifolium (Aschers.) Dandy; Magnoliophyta: Cymodoceaceae; herb
1237. Syzygium chloranthum (Duthie) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree;
cultivated
1238. Syzygium cinereum (Kurz) Chantaran. & J. Parn.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
1239. Syzygium claviflorum (Roxb.) Wall. ex A.M.Cowan & Cowan var. claviflorum;
Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
1240. Syzygium duthieanum (King) Masam.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
1241. Syzygium inophyllum DC.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree; =S. inophyllum DC. var.
bernardii (King) I.M. Turner
1242. Syzygium linocieroideum (King) I.M. Turner; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
1243. Syzygium maingayi Chantaran. & J. Parn; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
1244. Syzygium muelleri (Miq.) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
1245. Syzygium oblatum (Roxb.) Wall. ex A.M. Cowan & Cowan var. oblatum; Magnoliophyta:
Myrtaceae; tree
1246. Syzygium pachyphyllum (Kurz) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
1247. Syzygium papillosum (Duthie) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
1248. Syzygium pendens (Duthie) I.M. Turner; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
1249. Syzygium pseudoformosum (King) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
1250. Syzygium pustulatum (Duthie) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
1251. Syzygium pycnanthum Merr. & L.M. Perry; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree; cultivated
1252. Syzygium pyrifolium (Blume) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
1253. Syzygium rugosum Korth. var. rugosum; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
1254. Syzygium singaporense (King) Airy Shaw; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
1255. Syzygium subdecussatum (Wall. ex Duthie) I.M. Turner var. subdecussatum; Magnoliophyta:
Myrtaceae; tree
1256. Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Dioscoreaceae; herb; cultivated
1257. Taeniophyllum pusillum (Willd.) Seidenf. & Ormerod; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte;
=T. obtusum Blume
1258. Tarenna adpressa (King) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1259. Tarenna costata (Miq.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
1260. Tarenna mollis (Wall. ex Hook.f.) B.L. Robinson; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1261. Tarenna odorata (Roxb.) B.L. Robinson; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub; cultivated
1262. Tarenna stellulata (Hook. f.) Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1263. Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser; Magnoliophyta: Loranthaceae; epiphyte
1264. Teijsmanniodendron coriaceum (C. B. Clarke) Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; tree
1265. Teratophyllum aculeatum (Blume) Mett.; Filicinophyta: Lomariopsidaceae; climber
1266. Teratophyllum ludens (Fee) Holttum; Filicinophyta: Lomariopsidaceae; climber
1267. Teratophyllum rotundifoliatum (R. Bonap.) Holttum; Filicinophyta: Lomariopsidaceae;
climber
212
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1268. Terminalia belliricia (Gaertn.) Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; tree; cultivated
1269. Terminalia phellocarpa King; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; tree; cultivated
1270. Terminalia subspathulata King; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; tree; cultivated
1271. Ternstroemia corneri H. Keng; Magnoliophyta: Pentaphylacaceae; tree
1272. Ternstroemia penangiana Choisy; Magnoliophyta: Pentaphylacaceae; tree
1273. Tetrastigma curtisii (Ridl.) Seusseng.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber
1274. Tetrastigma lawsoni (King) Burk.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber
1275. Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Asch.; Magnoliophyta: Hydrocharitaceae; herb
1276. Thrixspermum amplexicaule (Blume) Rchb.f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
1277. Thrixspermum trichoglottis (Hook.f.) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
1278. Timonius finlaysonianus (Wall. ex G. Don) Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub; =T.
compressicaulis (Miq.) Boerl.
1279. Timonius flavescens (Jack) Baker; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
1280. Tinospora macrocarpa Diels; Magnoliophyta: Menispermaceae; climber
1281. Trevesia burckii Boerl.; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; shrub
1282. Trigonopleura malayana Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
1283. Trigonostemon heteranthus Baill.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub; =T. longifolius
Baill.
1284. Trigonostemon villosus Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub
1285. Tristaniopsis obovata (R. Br.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae;
tree; cultivated
1286. Turpinia sphaerocarpa Hassk.; Magnoliophyta: Staphyleaceae; tree
1287. Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
1288. Uncaria lanosa Wall. var. glabrata (Blume) Ridsdale; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
1289. Uncaria longiflora (Poir.) Merr. var. pteropoda (Miq.) Ridsdale; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae;
climber
1290. Urceola elastica Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
1291. Urophyllum blumeanum (Wight) Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1292. Uvaria leptopoda (King) R.E. Fries; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
1293. Uvaria pauci-ovulata Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
1294. Vatica maingayi Dyer; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
1295. Vatica pauciflora Blume; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
1296. Vatica ridleyana Brandis; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
1297. Vitex gamosepala Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; tree
1298. Vitex negundo L.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub; cultivated
1299. Vitex vestita Wall. ex Schau.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; tree
1300. Willughbeia flavescens Dyer ex Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
1301. Willughbeia tenuiflora Dyer ex Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
1302. Wrightia laevis Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree
1303. Xanthophyllum amoenum Chodat; Magnoliophyta: Polygalaceae; tree
1304. Xanthophyllum ellipticum Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Polygalaceae; tree; cultivated
1305. Xerospermum laevigatum Radlk.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
1306. Xerospermum noronhianum (Blume) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
1307. Xylocarpus rumphii (Kostel.) Mabb.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
1308. Xylopia fusca Maing. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
1309. Xylopia magna Maing. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
1310. Zeuxine clandestina Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
1311. Zeuxine gracilis (Breda) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
1312. Ziziphus elegans Wall.; Magnoliophyta: Rhamnaceae; climber
Endangered
1313. Actinodaphne malaccensis Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
213
Chong et al.
1314. Actinodaphne pruinosa Nees; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
1315. Adiantum flabellulatum L.; Filicinophyta: Adiantaceae; herb
1316. Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; tree
1317. Albizia splendens Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
1318. Ampelocissus elegans (Kurz) Gegnep.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber
1319. Ampelocissus gracilis (Wall.) Planch.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber
1320. Amphineuron opulentum (Kaulf.) Holttum; Filicinophyta: Thelypteridaceae; climber
1321. Amydrium medium (Z. & M.) Nicolson; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; climber
1322. Antidesma neurocarpum Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
1323. Antidesma velutinosum Blume; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree; cultivated
1324. Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Parker; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree; cultivated
1325. Aporosa microstachya (Tul.) Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
1326. Aporosa nigricans Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
1327. Aporosa subcaudata Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree; =A. bracteosa Pax & K.
Hoffm.
1328. Archidendron microcarpum (Benth.) Nielsen; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
1329. Ardisia elliptica Thunb.; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; tree; cultivated
1330. Ardisia teysmanniana Scheff.; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; shrub
1331. Artabotrys suaveolens (Blume) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
1332. Artabotrys wrayi King; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
1333. Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree; cultivated
1334. Artocarpus dadah Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree; cultivated
1335. Artocarpus kemando Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
1336. Aspidopterys concava (Wall.) Juss.; Magnoliophyta: Malpighiaceae; climber
1337. Asplenium batuense Alderw.; Filicinophyta: Aspleniaceae; climber
1338. Asplenium phyllitidis D. Don; Filicinophyta: Aspleniaceae; epiphyte
1339. Baccaurea kunstleri King ex Gage; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree; cultivated
1340. Baccaurea polyneura Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree; cultivated; =B. hookeri
Gage; B. kunstleri King ex Gage
1341. Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw.) Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree; cultivated
1342. Beilschmiedia madang Blume; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
1343. Bolbitis appendiculata (Willd.) Iwatsuki; Filicinophyta: Lomariopsidaceae; climber
1344. Bolbitis heteroclita (C. Presl) Ching; Filicinophyta: Lomariopsidaceae; climber
1345. Brackenridgea hookeri (Planch.) A. Gray; Magnoliophyta: Ochnaceae; tree
1346. Breynia coronata Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
1347. Brownlowia tersa (L.) Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
1348. Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) W. & A. ex Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Rhizophoraceae; tree
1349. Bulbophyllum vaginatum (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte; cultivated
1350. Calamus diepenhorstii Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
1351. Callicarpa longifolia Lamk.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub
1352. Calophyllum lanigerum Miq. var. austrocoriaceum (T. C. Whitmore) P. F. Stevens;
Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
1353. Calophyllum rubiginosum Hend. & Wyatt-Smith; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
1354. Calophyllum rufigemmatum Hend. & Wyatt-Smith; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
1355. Canarium patentinervium Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Burseraceae; tree
1356. Canarium pilosum Benn.; Magnoliophyta: Burseraceae; tree
1357. Canthium confertum Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
1358. Canthium glabrum Blume; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
1359. Canthium horridum Blume; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1360. Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Rhizophoraceae; tree; cultivated
1361. Cayratia mollissima (Wall.) Gagnep.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber; cultivated
1362. Cephalomanes javanicum (Blume) Bosch; Filicinophyta: Hymenophyllaceae; epiphyte
214
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1363. Cephalomanes obscurum (Blume) K. Iwatsuki; Filicinophyta: Hymenophyllaceae; herb
1364. Ceriops zippeliana Blume; Magnoliophyta: Rhizophoraceae; tree; cultivated; =C. decandra
(Griff.) Ding Hou; C. roxburghiana Arn.
1365. Chassalia curviflora (Wall.) Thw.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1366. Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr.; Magnoliophyta: Menispermaceae; climber
1367. Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour.) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Hypericaceae; tree; cultivated
1368. Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer; Magnoliophyta: Hypericaceae; tree; cultivated
1369. Crepidomanes humile (G.Forst) Bosch; Filicinophyta: Hymenophyllaceae; epiphyte
1370. Croton oblongus Burm. f.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree; =C. laevifolius Blume
1371. Cyathea squamulata (Blume) Copel.; Filicinophyta: Cyatheaceae; tree
1372. Dacryodes costata (A.W. Benn.) H.J. Lam; Magnoliophyta: Burseraceae; tree
1373. Dacryodes laxa (Benn.) Lam; Magnoliophyta: Burseraceae; tree
1374. Daemonorops geniculata (Griff.) Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
1375. Daemonorops grandis (Giff.) Griff. ex Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
1376. Davallia angustata Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.; Filicinophyta: Davalliaceae; epiphyte
1377. Davallia pectinata Sm.; Filicinophyta: Davalliaceae; epiphyte
1378. Dillenia grandifolia Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Dilleniaceae; tree;
cultivated
1379. Diospyros argentea Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree; cultivated
1380. Diplazium cordifolium Blume; Filicinophyta: Woodsiaceae; herb
1381. Diplazium malaccense C. Presl; Filicinophyta: Woodsiaceae; herb
1382. Diplazium polypodiodes Blume; Filicinophyta: Woodsiaceae; herb
1383. Diplazium prescottianum (Wall. ex Hook.) T. Moore; Filicinophyta: Woodsiaceae; herb
1384. Diplazium riparium Holttum; Filicinophyta: Woodsiaceae; herb
1385. Diplazium sorzogonense C. Presl; Filicinophyta: Woodsiaceae; herb
1386. Dissochaeta pallida (Jack) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; climber
1387. Donax canniformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb; cultivated; =D.
grandis (Miq.) Ridl.
1388. Durio griffithii (Mast.) Bakh.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
1389. Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume; Magnoliophyta: Elaeocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
1390. Embelia canescens Jack; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; climber
1391. Fagraea racemosa Jack ex Wall.; Magnoliophyta: Gentianaceae; climber; cultivated
1392. Ficus apiocarpa Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; climber
1393. Ficus globosa Blume; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; shrub; cultivated
1394. Ficus superba Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler; cultivated
1395. Ficus vasculosa Wall. ex Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree; cultivated
1396. Fissistigma lanuginosum (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
1397. Gaertnera obesa Hook. f. ex C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub; cultivated
1398. Garcinia griffithii T. Anderson; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree; cultivated
1399. Garcinia hombroniana Pierre; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree; cultivated
1400. Geophila repens (L.) I.M. Johnst. var. asiatica (Cham. & Schltdl.) Fosberg; Magnoliophyta:
Rubiaceae; shrub; cultivated
1401. Gironniera parvifolia Planch.; Magnoliophyta: Cannabaceae; tree
1402. Gironniera subaequalis Planch.; Magnoliophyta: Cannabaceae; tree
1403. Glochidion littorale Blume; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; shrub; cultivated
1404. Gmelina elliptica Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub; cultivated
1405. Gonocaryum gracile Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Cardiopteridaceae; shrub
1406. Gonystylus confusus Airy Shaw; Magnoliophyta: Thymelaeaceae; tree; cultivated
1407. Gordonia multinervis King; Magnoliophyta: Theaceae; tree
1408. Gordonia singaporiana Wall. ex Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Theaceae; tree
1409. Grenacheria lampani (Scheff.) Mez; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; climber
1410. Guettarda speciosa L.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree; cultivated
215
Chong et al.
1411. Halophila beccarii Aschers.; Magnoliophyta: Hydrocharitaceae; herb
1412. Heritiera elata Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree; cultivated
1413. Heritiera littoralis Aiton; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree; cultivated
1414. Heritiera simplicifolia (Mast.) Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree; cultivated
1415. Heterogonium sagenioides (Mett.) Holttum; Filicinophyta: Dryopteridaceae; herb
1416. Homalomena humilis (Jack) Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
1417. Homalomena pendula (Blume) Bakh. f.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
1418. Homalomena rostrata Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
1419. Homalomena sagittifolia Jungh. ex Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
1420. Hopea mengarawan Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
1421. Horsfieldia sucosa (King) Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree; cultivated
1422. Hoya lacunosa Blume; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; epiphyte
1423. Hoya latifolia G. Don; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; epiphyte
1424. Huperzia phlegmaria (L.) Rothm.; Lycophyta: Lypopodiaceae; epiphyte
1425. Hymenophyllum acanthoides (Bosch) Rosenst.; Filicinophyta: Hymenophyllaceae; epiphyte
1426. Hymenophyllum denticulatum Sw.; Filicinophyta: Hymenophyllaceae; epiphyte
1427. Hymenophyllum holochilum (Bosch) C. Chr.; Filicinophyta: Hymenophyllaceae; epiphyte
1428. Hymenophyllum serrulatum (C. Presl) C. Chr.; Filicinophyta: Hymenophyllaceae; epiphyte
1429. Ilex maingayi Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Aquifoliaceae; tree
1430. Iodes ovalis Blume; Magnoliophyta: Icacinaceae; climber
1431. Ixora lobbii King & Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1432. Ixora pendula Jack var. pendula; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub; cultivated
1433. Jasminum elongatum (P.J. Bergius) Willd.; Magnoliophyta: Oleaceae; climber
1434. Knema communis J. Sinclair; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
1435. Knema conferta (King) Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree; cultivated
1436. Knema curtisii (King) Warb. var. paludosa J. Sinclair; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
1437. Knema intermedia (Blume) Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
1438. Knema latericia Elm. ssp. ridleyi (Gandoger) de Willde; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
1439. Knema laurina (Blume) Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree; cultivated
1440. Knema malayana Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree; cultivated
1441. Koompassia malaccensis Maingay ex Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
1442. Korthalsia rostrata Blume; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
1443. Kunstleria ridleyi Prain; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
1444. Lasianthus constrictus Wight; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1445. Lepisorus longifolius (Blume) Holttum; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae; epiphyte;
=Paragramma longifolia T. Moore
1446. Licuala ferruginea Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub; cultivated
1447. Limacia oblonga Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Menispermaceae; climber
1448. Lindsaea cultrata (Willd.) Sw.; Filicinophyta: Dennstaedtiaceae; climber
1449. Lindsaea doryphora K.U. Kramer; Filicinophyta: Dennstaedtiaceae; climber
1450. Linostoma pauciflorum Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Thymelaeaceae; climber
1451. Lithocarpus ewyckii (Korth.) Rehd.; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree; cultivated
1452. Lithocarpus lucidus (Roxb.) Rehd.; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree; cultivated
1453. Litsea accedens (Blume) Boerl.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree; cultivated
1454. Litsea castanea Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree; cultivated
1455. Litsea grandis Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree; cultivated
1456. Litsea ridleyi Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
1457. Lophopetalum multinervium Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Celastraceae; tree
1458. Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; tree; cultivated
1459. Lumnitzera racemosa Willd.; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; tree; cultivated
1460. Macaranga trichocarpa (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub
1461. Madhuca kingiana (Brace ex King & Gamble) H.J. Lam; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
216
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1462. Magnolia singapurensis (Ridl) H. Keng; Magnoliophyta: Magnoliaceae; tree; =M. liliifera (L.)
Baill. var. singapurensis (Ridl.) Govaerts; M. candollei (Blume) J. Keng var. singapurensis
(Ridl.) Noot.
1463. Mangifera griffithii Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree; cultivated
1464. Mapania kurzii C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1465. Mapania palustris (Hassk. ex Steud.) F.-Vill.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1466. Maranthes corymbosa Blume; Magnoliophyta: Chrysobalanaceae; tree; cultivated
1467. Matthaea sancta Blume; Magnoliophyta: Monimiaceae; shrub
1468. Memecylon edule Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; tree; cultivated
1469. Memecylon megacarpum Furtado; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; tree
1470. Microcos blattaefolia (Corner) Rao; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
1471. Mussaenda glabra Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber; cultivated
1472. Mussaendopsis beccariana Baill.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
1473. Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
1474. Nephelium cuspidatum Blume var. eriopetalum (Miq.) Leenh.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae;
tree
1475. Nephrolepis acutifolia (Desv.) H. Christ.; Filicinophyta: Oleandraceae; epiphyte
1476. Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Menyanthaceae; herb; cultivated
1477. Ormosia bancana (Miq.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
1478. Osmelia philippina (Turcz.) Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae; tree
1479. Oxyceros fragrantissimus (Ridl.) K.M. Wong; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
1480. Pandanus atrocarpus Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; tree
1481. Pandanus monotheca Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; shrub
1482. Parastemon urophyllus (Wall. ex A. DC.) A. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Chrysobalanaceae; tree
1483. Parishia paucijuga Engl.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
1484. Pellacalyx axillaris Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Rhizophoraceae; tree; cultivated
1485. Pellacalyx saccardianus Scort.; Magnoliophyta: Rhizophoraceae; tree
1486. Pentace triptera Mast.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree; cultivated
1487. Phrynium parvum (Ridl.) Holtt.; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
1488. Phymatosorus longissimus (Blume) Pichi Serm.; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae; climber
1489. Pinanga malaiana (Mart.) Scheff.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub; cultivated
1490. Piper porphyrophyllum (Lindl.) N.E.Br.; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; climber
1491. Polyalthia glauca (Hassk.) Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree; cultivated
1492. Polyalthia macropoda King; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
1493. Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst & G. Forst.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree; cultivated
1494. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated; =Millettia pinnata
(L.) Panigrahi
1495. Popowia tomentosa Maing. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
1496. Pouteria maingayi (C.B. Clarke) Baehni; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree; cultivated
1497. Prismatomeris glabra (Korth.) Val.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1498. Prismatomeris tetrandra (Roxb.) K.Schum. ssp. malayana (Ridl.) Johansson; Magnoliophyta:
Rubiaceae; shrub
1499. Pronephrium menisciicarpon (Blume) Holttum; Filicinophyta: Thelypteridaceae; herb
1500. Pteris mertensioides Willd.; Filicinophyta: Pteridaceae; herb
1501. Pteris tripartita Sw.; Filicinophyta: Pteridaceae; herb
1502. Pyramidanthe prismatica (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
1503. Pyrenaria acuminata Planch.; Magnoliophyta: Theaceae; tree
1504. Rourea mimosoides (Vahl) Planch.; Magnoliophyta: Connaraceae; climber
1505. Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree; cultivated
1506. Santiria tomentosa Blume; Magnoliophyta: Burseraceae; tree
1507. Scaphium macropodum (Miq.) Beumée ex K. Heyne; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree;
cultivated
217
Chong et al.
1508. Schizaea dichotoma (L.) Sm.; Filicinophyta: Schizaeaceae; herb
1509. Schizaea digitata (L.) Wall. ex J. Sm.; Filicinophyta: Schizaeaceae; herb
1510. Scleria terrestris (L.) Fass.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1511. Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Olacaceae; tree; cultivated
1512. Selaginella mayeri Hieron.; Lycophyta: Selaginellaceae; climber
1513. Shorea parvifolia Dyer; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
1514. Smilax calophylla Wall. ex A. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Smilacaceae; climber
1515. Smilax leucophylla Blume; Magnoliophyta: Smilacaceae; climber
1516. Stachyphrynium latifolium (Blume) K. Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb;
cultivated; =S. griffithii (Baker) K. Schum.
1517. Symplocos adenophylla Wall. ex D.Don; Magnoliophyta: Symplocaceae; shrub
1518. Symplocos rubiginosa Wall. ex DC.; Magnoliophyta: Symplocaceae; tree
1519. Syngramma alismifolia (C. Presl) J. Sm.; Filicinophyta: Adiantaceae; climber
1520. Syzygium accuminatissimum (Blume) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree; cultivated;
=Acmena acciminatissima (Blume) Merr. & L.M.Perry
1521. Syzygium filiforme (Wall. ex Duthie) Chantaran. & J. Parn. var. filiforme; Magnoliophyta:
Myrtaceae; tree; =S. filiforme (Wall. ex Duthie) P. Chantaranothai & J. Parn. var. clavimyrtus
(Koord. & Valeton) I.M. Turner
1522. Syzygium incarnatum (Elmer) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree;
cultivated; =S. cerinum (M.R. Hend.) I.M. Turner
1523. Syzygium nemestrinum (M.R. Hend.) I.M. Turner; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
1524. Syzygium ngadimaniana (M.R. Hend.) I.M. Turner; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
1525. Syzygium nigricans (King) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
1526. Syzygium pauper (Ridl.) I.M. Turner; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
1527. Syzygium ridleyi (King) P. Chantaranothai & J. Parn.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
1528. Tabernaemontana corymbosa Roxb. ex Wall.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree; cultivated
1529. Tarenna fragrans (Nees) K. & V.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1530. Tectaria angulata (Willd.) C. Chr.; Filicinophyta: Dryopteridaceae; herb
1531. Tectaria grandidentata (Ces.) Holttum; Filicinophyta: Dryopteridaceae; herb
1532. Tectaria griffithii (Baker) C.Chr. var. singaporeana Holttum; Filicinophyta: Dryopteridaceae;
herb
1533. Tectaria semipinnata (Roxb.) C.V.Morton; Filicinophyta: Dryopteridaceae; herb
1534. Tectaria vasta (Blume) Copel.; Filicinophyta: Dryopteridaceae; herb
1535. Tetracera arborescens Jack; Magnoliophyta: Dilleniaceae; climber
1536. Tinomiscium petiolare Miers ex Hook.f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Menispermaceae;
climber
1537. Trichomanes mindorense H. Christ; Filicinophyta: Hymenophyllaceae; epiphyte
1538. Trichomanes motleyi Bosch (Bosch); Filicinophyta: Hymenophyllaceae; epiphyte
1539. Trichomanes sublimbatum Mull. Berol.; Filicinophyta: Hymenophyllaceae; epiphyte
1540. Trigonachras acuta (Hiern) Radlk.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
1541. Triomma malaccensis Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Burseraceae; tree
1542. Tristaniopsis merguensis (Griff.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae;
tree; cultivated
1543. Tristaniopsis whiteana (Griff.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae;
tree; cultivated
1544. Tristellateia australasiae A. Rich.; Magnoliophyta: Malpighiaceae; climber; cultivated
1545. Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
1546. Urceola brachysepala Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber; =U. maingayi D.J.
Middleton
1547. Urceola torulosa Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
1548. Urophyllum hirsutum (Wight) Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1549. Ventilago malaccensis Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Rhamnaceae; climber
218
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1550. Xanthophyllum affine Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Polygalaceae; tree
1551. Xanthophyllum discolor Chodat; Magnoliophyta: Polygalaceae; tree
1552. Xanthophyllum griffithii Hook.f. ex Benn. ssp. erectum Meijden; Magnoliophyta:
Polygalaceae; tree
1553. Xanthophyllum obscurum Benn.; Magnoliophyta: Polygalaceae; tree; cultivated
1554. Xanthophyllum stipitatum Benn.; Magnoliophyta: Polygalaceae; tree; cultivated
1555. Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roem.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree; cultivated
1556. Zingiber griffithii Baker; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
1557. Zingiber puberulum Ridl. var. ovoideum Holttum; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb;
cultivated
1558. Ziziphus horsfieldii Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Rhamnaceae; climber
Vulnerable
1559. Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub; cultivated
1560. Acanthus volubilis Wall.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
1561. Actephila excelsa (Dalz.) Müll. Arg. var. javanica (Miq.) P. & H.; Magnoliophyta:
Phyllanthaceae; shrub
1562. Adenanthera malayana Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
1563. Adenia macrophylla (Blume) Koord. var. singaporeana (Wall. ex G. Don) de Wilde;
Magnoliophyta: Passifloraceae; climber; cultivated
1564. Aganope thyrsiflora (Benth.) Polhill; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
1565. Agelaea borneensis (Hook. f.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Connaraceae; climber
1566. Aglaonema nebulosum N.E. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
1567. Aglaonema nitidum (Jack) Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb; cultivated
1568. Aidia densiflora (Wall.) Masam.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree; cultivated
1569. Alstonia spathulata Blume; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree; cultivated
1570. Angiopteris evecta (Forst.) Hoffm.; Filicinophyta: Marattiaceae; herb; cultivated
1571. Antidesma coriaceum Tul.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
1572. Aporosa benthamiana Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
1573. Aporosa nervosa Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
1574. Aporosa prainiana King ex Gage; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
1575. Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.; Magnoliophyta: Thymelaeaceae; tree; cultivated
1576. Archidendron contortum (Mart.) Nielsen; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
1577. Archidendron ellipticum (Blume) Nielsen; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
1578. Archidendron jiringa (Jack) Nielsen; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
1579. Artabotrys costatus King; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber; cultivated
1580. Artocarpus rigidus Blume; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree; cultivated
1581. Asplenium tenerum Forst.; Filicinophyta: Aspleniaceae; epiphyte; cultivated
1582. Baccaurea sumatrana (Miq.) Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
1583. Bauhinia semibifida Roxb. var. semibifida; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber; cultivated
1584. Bhesa robusta (Roxb.) Ding Hou; Magnoliophyta: Celastraceae; tree; cultivated
1585. Blechnum finlaysonianum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.; Filicinophyta: Blechnaceae; herb;
cultivated
1586. Blechnum serrulatum A. Rich.; Filicinophyta: Blechnaceae; herb; =B. indicum auct. non
Burm.f.
1587. Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
1588. Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.) Meisn.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree; cultivated
1589. Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; shrub
1590. Brucea javanica (L.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Simaroubaceae; shrub
1591. Buchanania sessifolia Blume; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree; cultivated
1592. Bulbophyllum trifolium Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte
1593. Caesalpinia crista L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
219
Chong et al.
1594. Calamus erinaceus (Becc.) J. Dransf.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
1595. Calophyllum tetrapterum Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
1596. Calophyllum teysmannii Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
1597. Calophyllum wallichianum Planch. & Tr. var. incrassatum (Hend. & Wyatt-Smith) P. F.
Stevens; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
1598. Cansjera rheedii J.F. Gmelin; Magnoliophyta: Opiliaceae; climber; cultivated
1599. Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber
1600. Cephalomanes singaporeanum Bosch; Filicinophyta: Hymenophyllaceae; herb
1601. Cerbera odollam Gaertn.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree; cultivated
1602. Ceriops tagal (Pers.) C.B. Robins; Magnoliophyta: Rhizophoraceae; tree
1603. Chassalia chartacea Craib; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1604. Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm. f.) Sw.; Filicinophyta: Adiantaceae; herb
1605. Cleistanthus sumatranus (Miq.) Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree; cultivated
1606. Clerodendrum deflexum Wall.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub; cultivated
1607. Clerodendrum villosum Blume; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub; cultivated
1608. Combretum sundaicum Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; climber
1609. Cratoxylum arborescens (Vahl) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Hypericaceae; tree
1610. Cyathea latebrosa (Wall.) Copel.; Filicinophyta: Cyatheaceae; tree
1611. Cyathocalyx ridleyi (King) Sinclair; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
1612. Cyathostemma viridiflorum Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
1613. Cynanchum ovalifolium Wight; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
1614. Cyrtosperma merkusii (Hassk.) Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
1615. Dacryodes rostrata (Blume) Lam; Magnoliophyta: Burseraceae; tree; cultivated
1616. Daemonorops angustifolia (Griff.) Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
1617. Daemonorops didymophylla Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
1618. Daemonorops hirsuta Blume; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber; =D. hystrix (Griff.) Mart.
1619. Daemonorops longipes (Griff.) Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
1620. Davallia repens (L. f.) Kuhn; Filicinophyta: Davalliaceae; epiphyte
1621. Davallia solida (G. Forst.) Sw.; Filicinophyta: Davalliaceae; epiphyte
1622. Davallia triphylla Hook.; Filicinophyta: Davalliaceae; epiphyte
1623. Decaspermum fruticosum J.R. & G. Forst.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree; cultivated
1624. Dendrotrophe buxifolia (Blume) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Santalaceae; epiphyte
1625. Dendrotrophe varians (Blume) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Santalaceae; epiphyte
1626. Derris amoena Benth. var. maingayana (Baker) Prain; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
1627. Diospyros buxifolia (Blume) Hiern; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree; cultivated
1628. Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco var. oblonga (Wall. ex G. Don) Ng; Magnoliophyta:
Ebenaceae; tree
1629. Diospyros styraciformis King & Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree
1630. Diplazium crennatoserratum (Blume) Moore; Filicinophyta: Woodsiaceae; herb
1631. Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.; Filicinophyta: Woodsiaceae; herb
1632. Diplazium tomentosum Blume; Filicinophyta: Woodsiaceae; herb
1633. Dipterocarpus costulatus Slooten; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
1634. Dipterocarpus grandiflorus (Blanco) Blanco; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree;
cultivated
1635. Dipterocarpus kerrii King; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
1636. Dipterocarpus sublamellatus Foxw.; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
1637. Dissochaeta celebica Blume; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; climber
1638. Dissochaeta gracilis (Jack) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; climber
1639. Dissochaeta punctulata Hook. f. ex Triana; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; climber
1640. Dracaena cantleyi Baker; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; shrub
1641. Dracaena granulata Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; tree
1642. Dracaena maingayi Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; tree; cultivated
220
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1643. Dracaena umbratica Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; shrub
1644. Durio singaporensis Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
1645. Dysoxylum cauliflorum Hiern; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree; cultivated
1646. Elaeocarpus nitidus Jack; Magnoliophyta: Elaeocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
1647. Elaeocarpus polystachyus Wall. ex C. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Elaeocarpaceae; tree
1648. Elaeocarpus stipularis Blume; Magnoliophyta: Elaeocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
1649. Eleiodoxa conferta (Griff.) Burret; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub; cultivated
1650. Endospermum diadenum (Miq.) Airy Shaw; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
1651. Eriachne pallescens R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
1652. Erythropalum scandens Blume; Magnoliophyta: Olacaceae; climber
1653. Euphorbia atoto Forst. f.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; herb
1654. Ficus aurata Miq. var. aurata; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
1655. Ficus chartacea Wall. ex King; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; shrub
1656. Fimbristylis polytrichoides (Retz.) R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1657. Fissistigma fulgens (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
1658. Fissistigma latifolium (Dunal) Merr. var. ovoideum (King) Sinclair; Magnoliophyta:
Annonaceae; climber
1659. Fissistigma manubriatum (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
1660. Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi; Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae; tree; cultivated
1661. Friesodielsia biglandulosa (Blume) Steenis; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
1662. Friesodielsia borneensis (Miq.) Steenis; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
1663. Friesodielsia excisa (Miq.) Steenis; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
1664. Gaertnera grisea Hook. f. ex C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1665. Galearia fulva (Tul.) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Pandaceae; tree; cultivated
1666. Garcinia eugeniifolia Wall. ex T. Anderson; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree; cultivated
1667. Gleichenia truncata (Willd.) Nakai; Filicinophyta: Gleicheniaceae; climber; =Sticherus
truncatus (Willd.) Nakai
1668. Glochidion zeylanicum Blume var. zeylanicum; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree; =G.
brunneum Hook.f.; G. perakense (Müll.Arg.) Airy Shaw
1669. Glycosmis chlorosperma (Blume) Spreng. var. chlorosperma; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae;
shrub
1670. Gomphandra quadrifida (Blume) Sleum.; Magnoliophyta: Stemonuraceae; shrub
1671. Goniophlebium percussum (Cav.) Wagner & Grether; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae; epiphyte
1672. Goniophlebium subauriculatum (Blume) C. Presl; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae; epiphyte
1673. Goniothalamus macrophyllus (Blume) Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae;
shrub
1674. Goniothalamus malayanus Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
1675. Goniothalamus ridleyi King; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
1676. Goniothalamus tapis Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
1677. Grewia laevigata Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; climber; cultivated
1678. Guioa pleuropteris (Blume) Radlk.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
1679. Guioa pubescens (Z. & M.) Radlk.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
1680. Gynochthodes coriacea Blume; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
1681. Hanguana malayana (Jack) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Hanguanaceae; herb; cultivated
1682. Hedyotis pinifolia Wall. ex G. Don; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb
1683. Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J. Sm.; Filicinophyta: Dennstaedtiaceae; climber
1684. Homalomena griffithii (Schott) Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
1685. Hornstedtia scyphifera (J. König) Steud var. scyphifera; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb;
cultivated
1686. Horsfieldia polyspherula (Hook. f. emend. King) J. Sinclair; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae;
tree
1687. Ilex latifolia Thunb.; Magnoliophyta: Aquifoliaceae; tree; cultivated; =I. macrophylla Blume
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1688. Ixonanthes icosandra Jack; Magnoliophyta: Ixonanthaceae; tree; cultivated
1689. Koilodepas longifolium Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
1690. Labisia pumila (Blume) F.-Vill.; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; herb; cultivated
1691. Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb; cultivated
1692. Lasianthus appressus Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1693. Lasianthus attenuatus Jack; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub; =L. densifolius Miq.
1694. Lasianthus perakensis King & Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1695. Lasianthus ridleyi King & Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1696. Lecanopteris crustacea Copel.; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae; epiphyte
1697. Leuconotis griffithii Hook.f.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber; =L. maingayi Dyer ex
Hook.f.
1698. Licuala spinosa Thunb.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub; cultivated
1699. Limacia scandens Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Menispermaceae; climber
1700. Lindera lucida (Blume) Boerl.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree; cultivated
1701. Lindsaea parasitica (Roxb. Ex Griff.) Hieron.; Filicinophyta: Dennstaedtiaceae; epiphyte
1702. Litsea firma Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree; cultivated
1703. Litsea umbellata (Lour.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; shrub; cultivated
1704. Lophopetalum wightianum Arn.; Magnoliophyta: Celastraceae; tree; cultivated
1705. Lygodium circinnatum (Burm. f.) Sw.; Filicinophyta: Schizaeaceae; climber
1706. Lygodium longifolium (Willd.) Sw.; Filicinophyta: Schizaeaceae; climber
1707. Macaranga griffithiana Müll.Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree; =M. motleyana
(Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. ssp. griffithiana (Müll.Arg.) Whitmore
1708. Macaranga lowii King ex Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
1709. Maclurodendron porteri (Hook. f.) T.G. Hartley; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree
1710. Mangifera foetida Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree; cultivated
1711. Mangifera macrocarpa Blume; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
1712. Mangifera odorata Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree; cultivated
1713. Mapania cuspidata (Miq.) Uittien; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb; cultivated
1714. Melanochyla auriculata Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
1715. Melanochyla bracteata King; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
1716. Melanochyla caesia (Blume) Ding Hou; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
1717. Melicope glabra (Blume) T.G. Hartley; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree
1718. Mesophlebion chylamydophorum (Rosenst.) Holttum; Filicinophyta: Thelypteridaceae; herb
1719. Mesophlebion motleyanum (Hook.) Holttum; Filicinophyta: Thelypteridaceae; herb
1720. Mischocarpus sundaicus Blume; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
1721. Mnesithea glandulosa (Trin) de Koning & Sosef; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
1722. Molineria latifolia (Dryand. ex W. T. Aiton) Herb ex Kurz var. latifolia; Magnoliophyta:
Hypoxidaceae; herb; cultivated
1723. Monocarpia marginalis (Scheff.) Sinclair; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree; cultivated
1724. Najas indica (Willd.) Cham.; Magnoliophyta: Hydrocharitaceae; herb
1725. Neesia synandra Mast.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
1726. Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; shrub; cultivated; =N. zeylanica
(Nees) Merr.
1727. Nepenthes ampullaria Jack; Magnoliophyta: Nepenthaceae; climber
1728. Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack ex Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Nepenthaceae; climber; cultivated
1729. Nypa fruticans Wurmb; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub; cultivated
1730. Ochanostachys amentacea Mast.; Magnoliophyta: Olacaceae; tree; cultivated
1731. Oldenlandia affinis (Roem. & Schult.) DC. ssp. affinis; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb;
=Hedyotis dichotoma Koen. ex Roth
1732. Oldenlandia cristata (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) ined.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb;
=Hedyotis congesta R.Br. ex G. Don; Hedyotis philippinensis (Wild. ex Spreng.) Merr. ex
C.B. Rob.
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1733. Olea brachiata (Lour.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Oleaceae; tree
1734. Oncosperma horridum (Griff.) Scheff.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub; cultivated
1735. Oncosperma tigillaria (Jack) Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub; cultivated
1736. Oxyceros longiflorus (Lam.) T. Yamazaki; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
1737. Palaquium obovatum (Griff.) Engl.; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree; cultivated
1738. Parishia insignis Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree; cultivated
1739. Parishia maingayi Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
1740. Parkia speciosa Hassk.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
1741. Pavetta wallichiana Steud.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1742. Peliosanthes teta Andr. ssp. humilis (Andr.) Jessp.; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; herb
1743. Pentaphragma ellipticum Poulsen var. ellipticum; Magnoliophyta: Pentaphragmataceae; herb;
cultivated
1744. Pertusadina eurhyncha (Miq.) Ridsdale; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
1745. Phaeanthus ophthalmicus (Roxb. ex G. Don) J. Sinclair; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; shrub
1746. Phytocrene bracteata Wall.; Magnoliophyta: Icacinaceae; climber
1747. Pimelodendron griffithianum (Müll.Arg.) Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
1748. Pittosporum ferrugineum W.T. Aiton; Magnoliophyta: Pittosporaceae; shrub; cultivated
1749. Plectocomia elongata Mart. ex Blume; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; climber
1750. Poikilospermum suaveolens (Blume) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Urticaceae; epiphyte
1751. Polyalthia angustissima Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
1752. Polyalthia cauliflora Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
1753. Popowia fusca King; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
1754. Popowia pisocarpa (Blume) Endl.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
1755. Porterandia anisophylla (Jack ex Roxb.) Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree; cultivated
1756. Pothos lancifolius Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; climber
1757. Pouteria malaccensis (C.B. Clarke) Baehni; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
1758. Pouteria obovata (R. Br.) Baehni; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree; cultivated
1759. Premna serratifolia L.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; climber
1760. Psychotria ovoidea Wall.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
1761. Psychotria penangensis Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
1762. Psydrax nitida (Craib) K.M. Wong; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
1763. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. esculentum (G. Forst.) Kuhn; Filicinophyta:
Dennstaedtiaceae; herb; =P. esculentum (G.Forst.) Cockayne
1764. Pteris semipinnata L.; Filicinophyta: Pteridaceae; herb
1765. Pternandra coerulescens Jack; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; tree; cultivated
1766. Pternandra echinata Jack; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; tree; cultivated
1767. Pyrrosia angustata (L.) Farwell; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae; epiphyte
1768. Rapanea porteriana Wall. ex A. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; shrub; cultivated
1769. Rhaphidophora korthalsii Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; climber
1770. Rhaphidophora lobbii Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; climber
1771. Rhaphidophora maingayi Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; climber
1772. Rhaphidophora minor Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; climber
1773. Rhaphidophora montana (Blume) Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; climber; =Anadendrum
montanum (Blume) Schott
1774. Rhizophora stylosa Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Rhizophoraceae; tree
1775. Rothmannia macrophylla (R. Br. ex Hook. f.) Bremek.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub;
cultivated
1776. Rourea fulgens Planch.; Magnoliophyta: Connaraceae; climber
1777. Rubus moluccanus L. var. moluccanus; Magnoliophyta: Rosaceae; climber; cultivated
1778. Salacia chinensis L.; Magnoliophyta: Celastraceae; climber
1779. Salacia macrophylla Blume; Magnoliophyta: Celastraceae; climber
1780. Santiria laevigata Blume; Magnoliophyta: Burseraceae; tree
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1781. Santiria rubiginosa Blume; Magnoliophyta: Burseraceae; tree
1782. Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; epiphyte
1783. Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Roxb.) Zoll. & Moritzi; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
1784. Schismatoglottis wallichii (Roxb.) Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb; cultivated
1785. Scleria sumatrensis Retz.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1786. Scrotochloa urceolata (Roxb.) Judz.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
1787. Selaginella intermedia (Bl.) Spring; Lycophyta: Selaginellaceae; herb
1788. Selaginella roxburghii (Hk. & Grev.) Spring; Lycophyta: Selaginellaceae; herb
1789. Selaginella willdenowii (Desv.) Baker; Lycophyta: Selaginellaceae; climber
1790. Shorea curtisii Dyer ex King ssp. curtisii; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
1791. Shorea leprosula Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
1792. Shorea macroptera Dyer ssp. macroptera; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
1793. Shorea pauciflora King; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
1794. Smilax myosotiflora A. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Smilacaceae; climber
1795. Sphaerostephanos polycarpus (Blume) Copel.; Filicinophyta: Thelypteridaceae; herb
1796. Sterculia hamiltonii (Kuntze) Adelb.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub; cultivated; =S.
coccinea Jack
1797. Sterculia rubiginosa Vent.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree; cultivated
1798. Streblus elongatus (Miq.) Corner; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree; cultivated
1799. Strombosia ceylanica Gardn.; Magnoliophyta: Olacaceae; tree
1800. Strombosia javanica Blume; Magnoliophyta: Olacaceae; tree; cultivated
1801. Strychnos ignatii P.J. Bergius; Magnoliophyta: Loganiaceae; climber
1802. Swintonia schwenkii (T. & B.) T. & B.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
1803. Symplocos fasciculata Zoll.; Magnoliophyta: Symplocaceae; tree
1804. Syzygium glaucum (King) P. Chantaranothai & J. Parn.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree;
cultivated
1805. Syzygium palembanicum Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
1806. Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree; cultivated
1807. Syzygium syzygioides (Miq.) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
1808. Tabernaemontana pauciflora Blume; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; shrub
1809. Tacca integrifolia Ker Gawl.; Magnoliophyta: Dioscoreaceae; herb; cultivated
1810. Tapeinidium pinnatum (Cav.) C. Chr.; Filicinophyta: Dennstaedtiaceae; climber
1811. Tetracera akara (Burm. f.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Dilleniaceae; climber
1812. Tetracera fagifolia Blume; Magnoliophyta: Dilleniaceae; climber
1813. Tetracera macrophylla Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Dilleniaceae; climber
1814. Thelypteris truncata (Poir.) K. Iwats.; Filicinophyta: Thelypteridaceae; herb;
=Pneumatopteris truncata (Poir.) Holttum
1815. Thottea grandiflora Rottb.; Magnoliophyta: Aristolochiaceae; shrub; cultivated
1816. Trichosanthes celebica Cogn.; Magnoliophyta: Cucurbitaceae; climber
1817. Trichosanthes wallichiana Wight; Magnoliophyta: Cucurbitaceae; climber
1818. Trichosanthes wawraei Cogn.; Magnoliophyta: Cucurbitaceae; climber; cultivated
1819. Urophyllum arboreum (Reinw. ex Blume) Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub;
cultivated; =U. glabrum Wall.
1820. Urophyllum griffithianum (Wight) Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1821. Urophyllum streptopodium Wall. ex Hook.f.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
1822. Uvaria grandiflora (Lesch. ex DC.) Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber; cultivated
1823. Uvaria hirsuta Jack; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber; cultivated
1824. Vanilla griffithii Rchb. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; climber; cultivated
1825. Vernonia arborea (L.) Willd.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; tree; cultivated
1826. Xanthophyllum eurhynchum Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Polygalaceae; shrub
1827. Xanthophyllum vitellinum (Blume) Dietr.; Magnoliophyta: Polygalaceae; tree; cultivated
1828. Xylopia caudata Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
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1829. Ziziphus calophylla Wall. ex Hook.f.; Magnoliophyta: Rhamnaceae; climber
Common
1830. Acanthus ilicifolius L.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub; cultivated
1831. Acrostichum aureum L.; Filicinophyta: Pteridaceae; herb
1832. Acrostichum speciosum Willd.; Filicinophyta: Pteridaceae; herb
1833. Actinoscirpus grossus (L. f.) Goetgh. & D. A. Simpson; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1834. Adenosma javanicum (Blume) Koord.; Magnoliophyta: Plantaginaceae; herb
1835. Adinandra dumosa Jack; Magnoliophyta: Pentaphylacaceae; tree; cultivated
1836. Aglaonema simplex Blume; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
1837. Agrostistachys borneensis (Wight) Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree; cultivated;
=A. longifolia (Wight) Benth.
1838. Allmania nodiflora R. Br. ex Wight; Magnoliophyta: Amaranthaceae; herb
1839. Allophylus cobbe (L.) Reausch.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; shrub; cultivated
1840. Alocasia longiloba Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb; cultivated; =A. denudata Engl. var.
denudata; A. denudata Engl. var. elongata Engl.
1841. Alstonia angustifolia Wall. ex A. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree; cultivated
1842. Alstonia angustiloba Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree; cultivated
1843. Alyxia reinwardtii Blume; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
1844. Amischotolype gracilis (Ridl.) I.M. Turner; Magnoliophyta: Commelinaceae; herb
1845. Amphineuron terminans (Hook.) Holttum; Filicinophyta: Thelypteridaceae; climber
1846. Anisophyllea disticha (Jack) Baill.; Magnoliophyta: Anisophyllaceae; shrub; cultivated
1847. Antidesma cuspidatum Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree; cultivated
1848. Aporosa frutescens Blume; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree; cultivated
1849. Aporosa symplocoides (Hook. f.) Gage; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
1850. Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I. C. Nielsen; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
1851. Ardisia colorata Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; shrub
1852. Arthrophyllum diversifolium Blume; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; tree; cultivated
1853. Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree; cultivated; =A.
scortechinii King
1854. Arundina graminifolia (Don) Hochr.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb; cultivated
1855. Asplenium longissimum Blume; Filicinophyta: Aspleniaceae; epiphyte
1856. Asplenium nidus L.; Filicinophyta: Aspleniaceae; epiphyte; cultivated
1857. Avicennia alba Blume; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; tree; cultivated
1858. Avicennia officinalis L.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; tree; cultivated
1859. Avicennia rumphiana Hallier f.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; tree; cultivated
1860. Baccaurea parviflora (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree;
cultivated
1861. Bhesa paniculata Arn.; Magnoliophyta: Celastraceae; tree; cultivated
1862. Blechnum orientale L.; Filicinophyta: Blechnaceae; herb
1863. Blumea riparia (Blume) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
1864. Breynia racemosa (Blume) Mull. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; climber
1865. Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C. Fisch.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; shrub
1866. Bridelia tomentosa Blume; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree; cultivated
1867. Bromheadia finlaysoniana (Lindl.) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
1868. Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Rhizophoraceae; tree; cultivated
1869. Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lamk.; Magnoliophyta: Rhizophoraceae; tree; cultivated
1870. Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree; cultivated
1871. Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) C. B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1872. Bulbostylis puberula (Poir.) C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb; cultivated
1873. Burmannia coelestis D. Don; Magnoliophyta: Burmanniaceae; herb; cultivated
1874. Calophyllum ferrugineum Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
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1875. Calophyllum pulcherrimum Wall. ex Choisy; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree; cultivated
1876. Campnosperma auriculata Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree; cultivated
1877. Campnosperma squamatum Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
1878. Campylospermum serratum (Gaertn.) Bittrich & M.C.E. Amaral; Magnoliophyta: Ochnaceae;
tree
1879. Canarium littorale Blume; Magnoliophyta: Burseraceae; tree
1880. Canavalia cathartica Thouars; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
1881. Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
1882. Caryota mitis Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree; cultivated
1883. Cassytha filiformis L.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; climber; cultivated
1884. Casuarina equisetifolia L.; Magnoliophyta: Casuarinaceae; tree; cultivated
1885. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.; Magnoliophyta: Apiaceae; herb; cultivated
1886. Centotheca longilamina Ohwi; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
1887. Champereia manillana (Blume) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Opiliaceae; tree; cultivated
1888. Christella arida (Don) Holttum; Filicinophyta: Thelypteridaceae; herb
1889. Christella subpubescens (Blume) Holttum; Filicinophyta: Thelypteridaceae; herb
1890. Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb; cultivated
1891. Cinnamomum iners Reinw.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree; cultivated
1892. Claoxylon indicum (Reinw. ex Blume) Hassk.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree;
cultivated
1893. Clausena excavata Burm. f.; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; shrub
1894. Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; climber; cultivated
1895. Clerodendrum laevifolium Blume; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; tree; cultivated
1896. Cnestis palala (Lour.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Connaraceae; climber
1897. Colubrina asiatica (L.) Brongn.; Magnoliophyta: Rhamnaceae; shrub; cultivated
1898. Commersonia bartramia (L.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
1899. Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith; Magnoliophyta: Costaceae; herb; cultivated
1900. Cratoxylum glaucum Korth; Magnoliophyta: Hypericaceae; tree
1901. Croton caudatus Geiseler; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
1902. Cyathocalyx ramuliflorus (Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thoms.) Scheff.; Magnoliophyta:
Annonaceae; tree
1903. Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Amaranthaceae; shrub; cultivated
1904. Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) H. Ito; Filicinophyta: Thelypteridaceae; herb
1905. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb; cultivated
1906. Cyperus compactus Retz.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1907. Cyperus digitatus Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1908. Cyperus dubius Rottb.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1909. Cyperus javanicus Houtt.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1910. Cyperus laxus Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb; =C. diffusus Vahl
1911. Cyperus malaccensis Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1912. Cyperus procerus Rottb.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1913. Cyperus radians Nees & Meyen; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1914. Cyperus stoloniferus Retz.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1915. Cyperus tenuiculmis Boeck.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1916. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
1917. Dalbergia candenatensis (Dennst.) Prain; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
1918. Dalbergia rostrata Hassk.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber; cultivated; =D. pseudosissoo
Miq.
1919. Davallia denticulata (Burm.) Mett.; Filicinophyta: Davalliaceae; epiphyte; cultivated
1920. Dendrobium crumenatum Sw.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; epiphyte; cultivated
1921. Dendrolobium umbellatum (L.) Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
1922. Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Loranthaceae; epiphyte
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Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
1923. Derris trifoliata Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
1924. Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Hemerocallidaceae; herb; cultivated
1925. Dicranopteris curranii Copel.; Filicinophyta: Gleicheniaceae; climber
1926. Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. f.) Underw.; Filicinophyta: Gleicheniaceae; climber; cultivated
1927. Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem. & Schult.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
1928. Digitaria fuscescens (J. Presl) Henrard; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
1929. Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Pers.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
1930. Digitaria mollicoma (Kunth) Henr.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
1931. Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff. ex Hook. f. & Thomson) Martelli; Magnoliophyta: Dilleniaceae;
shrub; cultivated
1932. Dimeria ornithopoda Trin.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
1933. Dioscorea laurifolia Wall. ex Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Dioscoreaceae; climber
1934. Dioscorea pyrifolia Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Dioscoreaceae; climber
1935. Diospyros lanceaefolia Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree
1936. Diplazium allantoideum M.G. Price; Filicinophyta: Woodsiaceae; herb
1937. Dischidia major (Vahl) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; epiphyte
1938. Dischidia nummularia R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; epiphyte; cultivated
1939. Dracaena porteri Baker; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; shrub
1940. Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm.; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae; epiphyte; cultivated
1941. Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) T. Moore; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae; epiphyte
1942. Drypetes curtisii (Hook. f.) Pax & K. Hoffm.; Magnoliophyta: Putranjavaceae; tree
1943. Dyera costulata (Miq.) Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree; cultivated
1944. Elaeocarpus ferrugineus (Jack) Steud.; Magnoliophyta: Elaeocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
1945. Elaeocarpus mastersii King; Magnoliophyta: Elaeocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
1946. Elaeocarpus pedunculatus Wall. ex Mast.; Magnoliophyta: Elaeocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
1947. Elaeocarpus petiolatus (Jack) Wall; Magnoliophyta: Elaeocarpaceae; tree; cultivated
1948. Eleocharis dulcis (Burm. f.) Trin. ex Hensch.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1949. Eleocharis spiralis (Rottb.) Roem. & Schult.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1950. Embelia lampani Scheff.; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; climber
1951. Embelia ribes Burm. f.; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; climber
1952. Entada spiralis Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber; cultivated
1953. Epipremnum giganteum (Roxb.) Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; epiphyte
1954. Eragrostis atrovirens (Desf.) Trin. ex Steud.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
1955. Eragrostis montana Balansa; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
1956. Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
1957. Erycibe tomentosa Blume; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
1958. Erythroxylum cuneatum (Miq.) Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Erythroxylaceae; tree; cultivated
1959. Eurya acuminata DC.; Magnoliophyta: Pentaphylacaceae; shrub
1960. Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; herb
1961. Excoecaria agallocha L.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree; cultivated
1962. Fagraea fragrans Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Gentianaceae; tree; cultivated
1963. Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Menispermaceae; climber; cultivated
1964. Ficus aurantiaca Griff. var. aurantiaca; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; climber; cultivated
1965. Ficus caulocarpa (Miq.) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler; cultivated
1966. Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree; cultivated
1967. Ficus grossularioides Burm. f. var. grossularioides; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree;
cultivated
1968. Ficus heteropleura Blume; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; climber
1969. Ficus microcarpa L. f.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler; cultivated
1970. Ficus variegata Blume; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree; cultivated
1971. Fimbristylis complanata (Retz.) Link; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
227
Chong et al.
1972. Fimbristylis cymosa R. Br. ssp. cymosa; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb; =Cyperus triceps
(Rottb.) Endl.
1973. Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1974. Fimbristylis leptoclada Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1975. Flagellaria indica L.; Magnoliophyta: Flagellariaceae; climber; cultivated
1976. Floscopa scandens Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Commelinaceae; climber
1977. Freycinetia sumatrana Hemsley var. sumatrana; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; climber
1978. Friesodielsia latifolia (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Steenis; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
1979. Gahnia tristis Nees; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1980. Garcinia parvifolia Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree; cultivated
1981. Gironniera nervosa Planch.; Magnoliophyta: Cannabaceae; tree; cultivated
1982. Glochidion superbum Baill.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree; cultivated
1983. Gluta wallichii (Hook. f.) Ding Hou; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
1984. Gmelina asiatica L.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub
1985. Goniothalamus tortilipetalus M.R. Hend.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
1986. Gymnanthera nitida R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
1987. Gynochthodes sublanceolata Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
1988. Gynotroches axillaris Blume; Magnoliophyta: Rhizophoraceae; tree; cultivated
1989. Hedyotis auricularia L.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb
1990. Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
1991. Hoya verticillata (Vahl) G. Don var. verticillata; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; epiphyte;
cultivated
1992. Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; herb; cultivated
1993. Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Steud.) Gilliland; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb; =H.
acutigluma (Steud.) Gilliland
1994. Hypolytrum nemorum (Vahl) Spreng.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
1995. Ilex cymosa Blume; Magnoliophyta: Aquifoliaceae; tree; cultivated
1996. Imperata conferta (J.Presl) Ohwi; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
1997. Indorouchera griffithiana (Planch.) Hallier f.; Magnoliophyta: Linaceae; climber; cultivated
1998. Iodes velutina King; Magnoliophyta: Icacinaceae; climber
1999. Ipomoea littoralis (L.) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
2000. Ipomoea marginata (Desr.) Verdc.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
2001. Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber; cultivated
2002. Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
2003. Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber; cultivated
2004. Ipomoea pes-tigridis L.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
2005. Ipomoea violacea L.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber; =I. tuba (Schltdl.) G.Don
2006. Isachne kunthiana (Wight & Arn.) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
2007. Isachne minutula (Gaudich.) Kunstl.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
2008. Ischaemum magnum Rendle; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
2009. Ischaemum muticum L.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb; cultivated
2010. Ixonanthes reticulata Jack; Magnoliophyta: Ixonanthaceae; tree; cultivated
2011. Ixora congesta Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub; cultivated
2012. Lecanopteris sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel.; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae; epiphyte
2013. Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; tree; cultivated
2014. Lemna tenera Kerz; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
2015. Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree; cultivated
2016. Lepturus repens R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
2017. Licania splendens (Korth.) Prance; Magnoliophyta: Chrysobalanaceae; tree; cultivated
2018. Lindernia anagallis (Burm. f.) Pennell; Magnoliophyta: Linderniaceae; herb
2019. Lindsaea ensifolia Sw.; Filicinophyta: Dennstaedtiaceae; herb
2020. Lipocarpha chinensis (Osbeck) J. Kern; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
228
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2021. Lipocarpha squarrosa (L.) Goetghebeur; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
2022. Litsea elliptica Blume; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree; cultivated
2023. Lobelia zeylanica L.; Magnoliophyta: Campanulaceae; herb
2024. Lophatherum gracile Brongn.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
2025. Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic.-Serm.; Lycophyta: Lycopodiaceae; herb
2026. Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw.; Filicinophyta: Schizaeaceae; climber
2027. Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br.; Filicinophyta: Schizaeaceae; climber
2028. Lygodium salicifolium C. Presl; Filicinophyta: Schizaeaceae; climber
2029. Macaranga bancana (Miq.) Mull. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree; cultivated
2030. Macaranga conifera (Zoll.) Mull. Arg; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree; cultivated
2031. Macaranga gigantea (Rchb. f. & Zoll.) Mull. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree;
cultivated
2032. Macaranga heynei I.M. Johnst.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
2033. Macaranga hypoleuca (Rchb. f. & Zoll.) Mull. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
2034. Macaranga triloba (Thunb.) Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree; cultivated
2035. Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour.) Tiegh.; Magnoliophyta: Loranthaceae; epiphyte
2036. Macrosolen retusus (Jack) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Loranthaceae; epiphyte
2037. Maesa ramentacea Wall. ex Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Maesaceae; shrub
2038. Mallotus paniculatus (Lam.) Mull. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree; cultivated
2039. Meiogyne monosperma (Hook.f. & Thomson) Heusden; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
2040. Melanthera biflora (L.) Wild; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; shrub; cultivated; =Wollastonia
biflora (L.) DC.; Wedelia biflora (L.) DC.
2041. Melastoma malabathricum L.; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; shrub; cultivated
2042. Merremia hederacea (Burm. f.) Hallier f.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
2043. Micrococca mercurialis (L.) Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; herb
2044. Microdesmis caseariifolia Planch. ex Hook; Magnoliophyta: Pandaceae; shrub; cultivated
2045. Microlepia speluncae (L.) T. Moore; Filicinophyta: Dennstaedtiaceae; herb
2046. Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel.; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae; epiphyte; cultivated
2047. Mitrella kentii (Blume) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
2048. Mitrephora maingayi Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
2049. Morella esculenta (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) I.M. Turner; Magnoliophyta: Myricaceae; tree;
cultivated; =Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham.
2050. Morinda umbellata L.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber; cultivated
2051. Murdannia vaginata (L.) Brueckn.; Magnoliophyta: Commelinaceae; herb
2052. Myristica esculenta Buch.-Ham.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
2053. Nepenthes gracilis Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Nepenthaceae; climber; cultivated
2054. Nephrolepis falcata (Cav.) C. Chr.; Filicinophyta: Oleandraceae; epiphyte; cultivated
2055. Nephrolepis radicans (Burm.f.) Kuhn; Filicinophyta: Oleandraceae; herb
2056. Nothaphoebe umbelliflora (Blume) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree; cultivated
2057. Ophioglossum nudicaule L. f.; Filicinophyta: Ophioglossaceae; herb
2058. Ophioglossum reticulatum L.; Filicinophyta: Ophioglossaceae; herb
2059. Ottochloa nodosa (Kunth) Dandy; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
2060. Paederia foetida L.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber; cultivated
2061. Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; shrub; cultivated; =P.
odoratissimus L.f.
2062. Panicum luzonense Presl; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
2063. Panicum repens L.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
2064. Panicum sarmentosum Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
2065. Parinari elmeri Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Chrysobalanaceae; tree
2066. Paropsia vareciformis (Griff.) Mast.; Magnoliophyta: Passifloraceae; tree
2067. Paspalum longifolium Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
2068. Paspalum vaginatum Sw.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
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Chong et al.
2069. Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
2070. Phymatosorus nigrescens (Blume) Pichi Serm.; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae; epiphyte
2071. Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm. f.) Pic. Serm.; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae; epiphyte
2072. Piper caninum Blume; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; climber; cultivated
2073. Piper sarmentosum Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; climber; cultivated
2074. Platycerium coronarium (J. Koenig ex O.F. Müll.) Desv.; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae;
epiphyte; cultivated
2075. Pleocnemia irregularis (C. Presl) Holttum; Filicinophyta: Dryopteridaceae; herb
2076. Ploiarium alternifolium (Vahl) Melchior; Magnoliophyta: Bonnetiaceae; shrub; cultivated
2077. Pluchea indica (L.) Less.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; shrub
2078. Pogonatherum crinitum (Thunb.) Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb; cultivated
2079. Premna foetida Reinw. ex Blume; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub; cultivated
2080. Pronephrium repandum (Fee) Holttum; Filicinophyta: Thelypteridaceae; herb
2081. Pronephrium triphyllum (Sw.) Holttum; Filicinophyta: Thelypteridaceae; herb
2082. Prunus polystachya (Hook. f.) Kalkm.; Magnoliophyta: Rosaceae; tree; cultivated
2083. Psilotum nudum (L.) P. Beauv.; Filicinophyta: Psilotaceae; epiphyte
2084. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kunh var. wightianum (J. Agargh) R.M. Tryon; Filicinophyta:
Dennstaedtiaceae; climber; =P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn
2085. Pteris multifida Poir.; Filicinophyta: Pteridaceae; herb
2086. Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) P. Beauv.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
2087. Pycreus pumilus (L.) Nees; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
2088. Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farwell; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae; epiphyte
2089. Pyrrosia longifolia (Burm.) Morton; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae; epiphyte
2090. Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) M.G. Price; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae; epiphyte
2091. Remirea maritima Aubl.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
2092. Rhizophora apiculata Blume; Magnoliophyta: Rhizophoraceae; tree; cultivated
2093. Rhizophora mucronata Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Rhizophoraceae; tree; cultivated
2094. Rhodamnia cinerea Jack; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree; cultivated
2095. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; shrub; cultivated
2096. Rhynchospora rugosa (Vahl) Gale ssp. brownii (Roem. & Schult.) T. Koyama;
Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
2097. Santiria apiculata Benn.; Magnoliophyta: Burseraceae; tree
2098. Santiria griffithii (Hook. f.) Engl.; Magnoliophyta: Burseraceae; tree
2099. Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; shrub; cultivated
2100. Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Goodeniaceae; shrub; cultivated
2101. Scindapsus hederaceus Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; climber
2102. Scindapsus pictus Hassk.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; climber
2103. Scleria ciliaris Nees; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
2104. Scleria poiformis Retz.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
2105. Scleria purpurascens Steud.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
2106. Scurrula ferruginea (Roxb. ex Jack) Danser; Magnoliophyta: Loranthaceae; epiphyte
2107. Scyphiphora hydrophylacea C.F. Gaertn.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree; cultivated
2108. Selaginella ciliaris (Retz.) Spring; Lycophyta: Selaginellaceae; climber
2109. Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.; Magnoliophyta: Aizoaceae; herb; cultivated
2110. Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
2111. Sida cordifolia L.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; herb
2112. Smilax setosa Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Smilacaceae; climber
2113. Sonneratia alba Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Lythraceae; tree; cultivated
2114. Spathoglottis plicata Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb; cultivated
2115. Spatholobus ferrugineus (Zoll. & Moritzi) Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
2116. Sphaerostephanos heterocarpus (Blume) Holttum; Filicinophyta: Thelypteridaceae; herb
230
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2117. Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. flaccidus (Roem. & Schult.) Veldk.; Magnoliophyta:
Poaceae; herb
2118. Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. major (Büse) Baaijens; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
2119. Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
2120. Stenochlaena palustris (Burm. f.) Bedd.; Filicinophyta: Blechnaceae; climber
2121. Syzygium borneense (Miq.) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree; cultivated
2122. Syzygium grande (Wight) Walp.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree; cultivated; =Eugenia
grandis Wight
2123. Syzygium lineatum (DC.) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree; cultivated
2124. Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; shrub; cultivated
2125. Taenitis blechnoides (Willd.) Sw.; Filicinophyta: Pteridaceae; climber; cultivated
2126. Talipariti tiliaceum (L.) Fryxell; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree; cultivated; =Hibiscus
tiliaceus L.
2127. Tectaria barberi (Hook.) Copel.; Filicinophyta: Dryopteridaceae; herb
2128. Tectaria singaporeana (Hook. & Grev.) Copel.; Filicinophyta: Dryopteridaceae; herb
2129. Terminalia catappa L.; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; tree; cultivated
2130. Tetracera indica (Christm. & Panz.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Dilleniaceae; climber; cultivated
2131. Themeda villosa (Poir.) A. Camus; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
2132. Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corrêa; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree; cultivated
2133. Thuarea involuta (G. Forst) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
2134. Timonius wallichianus (Korth.) Valeton; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree; cultivated
2135. Trema cannabina Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Cannabaceae; shrub
2136. Trema tomentosa (Roxb.) H. Hara; Magnoliophyta: Cannabaceae; shrub
2137. Triadica cochinchinensis Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree; cultivated
2138. Trigonostemon malaccanus Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub
2139. Tylophora flexuosa R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
2140. Uvaria cordata (Dunal) Alston; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
2141. Vigna marina (Burm.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
2142. Viscum articulatum Burm. f.; Magnoliophyta: Santalaceae; epiphyte
2143. Viscum ovalifolium Wall. ex DC.; Magnoliophyta: Santalaceae; epiphyte
2144. Vitex pinnata L.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; tree; cultivated
2145. Vittaria elongata Sw.; Filicinophyta: Vittariaceae; epiphyte
2146. Vittaria ensiformis Sw.; Filicinophyta: Vittariaceae; epiphyte
2147. Xanthophyllum rufum Benn.; Magnoliophyta: Polygalaceae; tree
2148. Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D. F. Austin & Staples ssp. tridentata; Magnoliophyta:
Convolvulaceae; climber
2149. Ximenia americana L.; Magnoliophyta: Olacaceae; shrub; cultivated
2150. Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree; cultivated
2151. Xylopia ferruginea (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae;
tree; cultivated
2152. Xylopia malayana Hook. f. & Thoms.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree; cultivated
2153. Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; climber
2154. Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
EXOTIC SPECIES
Cultivated Only
2155. Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
2156. Abutilon pictum (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Walp.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
2157. Acacia cincinnata F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2158. Acacia confusa Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
231
Chong et al.
2159. Acacia holosericea A. Cunn. ex G. Don; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2160. Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2161. Acalypha amentacea ssp. wilkesiana (Müll.Arg.) Fosberg; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae;
shrub; =A. godseffiana Mast.; A. wilkesiana Müll.Arg.
2162. Acalypha chamaedrifolia (Lam.) Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub; =A.
reptans Sw.
2163. Acalypha hispida Burm. f.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub
2164. Acalypha variegata Rusby; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub
2165. Acer palmatum Thunb.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
2166. Acoelorraphe wrightii (Griseb. & H. Wendl.) H. Wendl. ex Becc; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae;
shrub
2167. Acorus gramineus Sol.; Magnoliophyta: Acoraceae; herb
2168. Actinorhytis calapparia (Blume) H. Wendl. & Drude; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2169. Adansonia digitata L.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
2170. Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; shrub
2171. Adiantum raddianum C. Presl; Filicinophyta: Adiantaceae; herb
2172. Adiantum trapeziforme L.; Filicinophyta: Adiantaceae; herb
2173. Adonidia merrillii (Becc.) Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree; =Veitchia merrillii (Becc.)
H.E.Moore
2174. Aechmea chantinii (Carriere) Baker; Magnoliophyta: Bromeliaceae; shrub
2175. Aechmea fasciata (Lindl.) Baker; Magnoliophyta: Bromeliaceae; shrub
2176. Aechmea fulgens Brongn.; Magnoliophyta: Bromeliaceae; shrub
2177. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree
2178. Aeschynanthus speciosus Hook.; Magnoliophyta: Gesneriaceae; climber
2179. Afgekia sericea Craib; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
2180. Afrocarpus gracilior (Pilg.) C. N. Page; Pinophyta: Podocarpaceae; tree
2181. Afzelia quanzensis Welw.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2182. Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2183. Agathis borneensis Warb.; Pinophyta: Araucariaceae; tree
2184. Agathis dammara (Lamb.) Rich.; Pinophyta: Araucariaceae; tree
2185. Agathis robusta (C. Moore ex F. Muell.) F. M. Bailey; Pinophyta: Araucariaceae; tree
2186. Agave americana L.; Magnoliophyta: Agavaceae; herb
2187. Agave angustifolia Haw.; Magnoliophyta: Agavaceae; herb
2188. Agave attenuata Salm-Dyck; Magnoliophyta: Agavaceae; herb
2189. Agave tequilana F.A.C. Weber; Magnoliophyta: Agavaceae; herb
2190. Aglaia duperreana Pierre; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; shrub
2191. Aglaia formosana Hayata; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
2192. Aglaia odorata Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; shrub
2193. Aglaonema costatum N.E. Br. f. costatum; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb; =A. costatum N.E.
Br. var. foxii Engl.
2194. Aglaonema tenuipes Engl.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
2195. Aidia cochinchinensis Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
2196. Ajuga reptans L.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; herb
2197. Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2198. Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2199. Allagoptera campestris (Mart.) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
2200. Allamanda blanchetii A. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
2201. Allamanda oenotherifolia Pohl; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
2202. Allamanda schottii Pohl; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; shrub
2203. Allium sativum L.; Magnoliophyta: Alliaceae; herb
2204. Alloxylon flammeum P. H. Weston & Crisp; Magnoliophyta: Proteaceae; tree
2205. Alocasia cucullata (Lour.) G. Don; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
232
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2206. Aloe variegata L.; Magnoliophyta: Asphodelaceae; shrub
2207. Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.; Magnoliophyta: Asphodelaceae; shrub
2208. Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
2209. Alpinia vittata W. Bull; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
2210. Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B. L. Burtt & R. M. Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
2211. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree
2212. Alstonia spectabilis R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree
2213. Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) P. Beauv.; Magnoliophyta: Amaranthaceae; shrub; =A. tenella
Colla
2214. Alternanthera paronychioides A. St.-Hil.; Magnoliophyta: Amaranthaceae; shrub
2215. Amblygonocarpus andongensis (Welw. ex Oliv.) Exell & Torre; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae;
tree
2216. Amesiodendron chinense (Merr.) Hu; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
2217. Amherstia nobilis Wall.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2218. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicholson; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
2219. Amorphophallus variabilis Blume; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
2220. Amsonia tabernaemontana Walter; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; shrub
2221. Ananas bracteatus (Lindl.) Schult. & Schult. f. var. striatus M.B. Foster; Magnoliophyta:
Bromeliaceae; herb
2222. Ananas nanus (L. B. Sm.) L. B. Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Bromeliaceae; herb
2223. Anemopaegma chamberlaynii (Sims) Bureau & K. Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae;
climber
2224. Angelonia biflora Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Plantaginaceae; herb
2225. Angelonia salicariifolia Bonpl.; Magnoliophyta: Plantaginaceae; herb
2226. Anisophyllea corneri Ding Hou; Magnoliophyta: Anisophyllaceae; tree
2227. Anisoptera curtisii Dyer ex King; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
2228. Anisoptera scaphula Pierre; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
2229. Annona cherimola Mill.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
2230. Annona muricata L.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
2231. Annona squamosa L.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
2232. Anthurium andraeanum Linden ex Andre; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
2233. Anthurium crystallinum Linden & Andre; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
2234. Anthurium plowmanii Croat; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
2235. Anubias barteri Schott var. glabra N. E. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
2236. Aphelandra sinclairiana Nees; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
2237. Aphelandra squarrosa Nees; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
2238. Aptenia cordifolia (L. f.) Schwantes; Magnoliophyta: Aizoaceae; herb
2239. Arachis hypogaea L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; herb
2240. Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W. C. Greg.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; herb
2241. Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem.; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; shrub
2242. Araucaria bidwillii Hook.; Pinophyta: Araucariaceae; tree
2243. Araucaria columnaris (G. Forst.) Hook.; Pinophyta: Araucariaceae; tree
2244. Araucaria cunninghamiana Aiton ex A. Cunn.; Pinophyta: Araucariaceae; tree
2245. Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco; Pinophyta: Araucariaceae; tree
2246. Araucaria hunsteinii K. Schum.; Pinophyta: Araucariaceae; tree
2247. Archidendron lucidum (Benth.) I. C. Nielsen; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2248. Archidendron lucyi F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2249. Archidendron ramiflorum (F. Muell.) Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2250. Archontophoenix alexandrae (F. Muell.) H. Wendl. & Drude; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae;
tree
2251. Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (Wendl.) Wendl. & Drude; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae;
tree
233
Chong et al.
2252. Ardisia comosa (de Wit) Taton; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; shrub
2253. Ardisia humilis Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; tree
2254. Ardisia wallichii A. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; tree
2255. Areca alicae W. Hill ex F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2256. Areca concinna Thwaites; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
2257. Areca guppyana Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2258. Areca ipot Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2259. Areca macrocarpa Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2260. Areca triandra Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2261. Areca vestiaria Giseke; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2262. Arenga brevipes Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
2263. Arenga hookeriana (Becc.) Whitmore; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
2264. Arenga microcarpa Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
2265. Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2266. Arenga tremula (Blanco) Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
2267. Arenga undulatifolia Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
2268. Arfeuillea arborescens Pierre; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
2269. Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
2270. Aristolochia acuminata Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Aristolochiaceae; climber; =A. tagala Cham.
2271. Aristolochia elegans Mast.; Magnoliophyta: Aristolochiaceae; climber
2272. Aristolochia gigantea Mart. & Zucc.; Magnoliophyta: Aristolochiaceae; climber
2273. Aristolochia labiata Willd.; Magnoliophyta: Aristolochiaceae; climber
2274. Aristolochia ringens Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Aristolochiaceae; climber
2275. Arrabidaea corallina (Jacq.) Sandwith; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; climber
2276. Artabotrys hexapetalus (L. f.) Bhandari; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; climber
2277. Artemisia lactiflora Wall. ex DC.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
2278. Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
2279. Artemisia vulgaris L.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
2280. Artocarpus camansi Blanco; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
2281. Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
2282. Arundinaria variegata (Siebold ex. Miq.) Makino; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; shrub;
=Bambusa variegata Siebold ex Miq.
2283. Arundo donax L.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
2284. Arytera divaricata F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
2285. Asclepias syriaca L. var. kansana (Vail) E.J. Palmer & Steyerm.; Magnoliophyta:
Apocynaceae; shrub
2286. Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop; Magnoliophyta: Asparagaceae; herb
2287. Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop; Magnoliophyta: Asparagaceae; herb
2288. Aspidistra elatior Blume; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; herb
2289. Aspidistra lurida Ker Gawl.; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; herb
2290. Asplenium thunbergii Kunze; Filicinophyta: Aspleniaceae; epiphyte
2291. Asterogyne martiana H. Wendl. ex Drude; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2292. Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa (F. Muell.) Craven; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2293. Asystasia chelonoides Nees; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
2294. Athertonia diversifolia (C. T. White) L. A. S. Johnson & B. G. Briggs; Magnoliophyta:
Proteaceae; tree
2295. Atractocarpus benthamianus (F. Muell.) Puttock; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
2296. Attalea cohune Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2297. Attalea insignis (Mart.) Drude; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2298. Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) M. Jacobs; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
2299. Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
2300. Bacopa caroliniana (Walter) B. L. Rob.; Magnoliophyta: Plantaginaceae; herb
234
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2301. Bactris guineensis (L.) H. E. Moore; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
2302. Baeckea frutescens L.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2303. Baikiaea insignis Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2304. Bambusa lako Widjaja; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; shrub
2305. Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Raeusch. ex Schult & Schult. f.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; shrub
2306. Bambusa tuldoides Munro; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; shrub
2307. Bambusa ventricosa McClure; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; shrub
2308. Baphia massaiensis Taub.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2309. Barleria cristata L.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
2310. Barleria lupulina Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
2311. Barleria obtusa Nees; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
2312. Barleria repens Nees; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
2313. Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn.; Magnoliophyta: Lecythidaceae; tree
2314. Barringtonia calyptrata R. Br. ex Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Lecythidaceae; tree
2315. Barringtonia edulis Seem.; Magnoliophyta: Lecythidaceae; tree
2316. Barringtonia scortechinii King; Magnoliophyta: Lecythidaceae; tree
2317. Basella alba L.; Magnoliophyta: Basellaceae; climber
2318. Bauhinia acuminata L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2319. Bauhinia bidentata Jack; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
2320. Bauhinia divaricata L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2321. Bauhinia forficata Link; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub
2322. Bauhinia galpinii N. E. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub
2323. Bauhinia hookeri F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2324. Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
2325. Bauhinia kochiana Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
2326. Bauhinia monandra Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2327. Bauhinia purpurea L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2328. Bauhinia tomentosa L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2329. Bauhinia variegata L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2330. Beaucarnea recurvata Lem.; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; shrub
2331. Beaumontia grandiflora (Roxb.) Wall.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
2332. Beaumontia jerdoniana Wight; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
2333. Beccariophoenix madagascariensis Jum. & H. Perrier; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2334. Begonia cucullata Willd. var. cucullata; Magnoliophyta: Begoniaceae; herb; =B.
semperflorens Link & Otto
2335. Begonia masoniana Irmsch.; Magnoliophyta: Begoniaceae; shrub
2336. Begonia rex Putz.; Magnoliophyta: Begoniaceae; herb
2337. Bentinckia nicobarica (Kurz) Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2338. Berchemia discolor (Klotzsch) Hemsl.; Magnoliophyta: Rhamnaceae; tree
2339. Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.; Magnoliophyta: Lecythidaceae; tree
2340. Bidens alba (L.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
2341. Bignonia capreolata L.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; climber
2342. Bignonia violacea DC.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; climber
2343. Billardiera heterophylla (Lindl.) L. W. Cayzer & Crisp; Magnoliophyta: Pittosporaceae; tree
2344. Billbergia pyramidalis (Sims) Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Bromeliaceae; herb
2345. Bischofia javanica Blume; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
2346. Bismarckia nobilis Hildebrandt & H. Wendl.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2347. Bixa orellana L.; Magnoliophyta: Bixaceae; shrub
2348. Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
2349. Blechnum gibbum (Lab.) Mett.; Filicinophyta: Blechnaceae; herb
2350. Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
2351. Bolusanthus speciosus (Bolus) Harms; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
235
Chong et al.
2352. Bombax ceiba L. var. leiocarpum; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
2353. Bombax oleagineum (Decne.) A. Robyns; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
2354. Borassodendron machadonis Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2355. Borassus flabellifer L.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2356. Bougainvillea glabra Choisy; Magnoliophyta: Nyctaginaceae; shrub
2357. Brachychiton acerifolius (A. Cunn. ex G. Don) Macarthur; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
2358. Brachychiton discolor F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
2359. Brachychiton rupestris (T. Mitch. ex Lindl.) K. Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
2360. Brahea edulis H. Wendl. ex S. Watson; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2361. Breynia disticha J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; shrub; =B. nivosa
(W. Bull) Small
2362. Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
2363. Brownea coccinea Jacq. ssp. capitella (Jacq.) D. Velasquez & G. Agostini; Magnoliophyta:
Fabaceae; tree
2364. Brownea crawfordii W. Watson; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2365. Brownea grandiceps Jacq.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2366. Brownea rosa-de-monte Bergius; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2367. Brunfelsia americana L.; Magnoliophyta: Solanaceae; climber
2368. Brunfelsia pauciflora (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Solanaceae; shrub; =B.
calycina Benth.
2369. Buchanania lucida Blume; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
2370. Bucida buceras L.; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; tree
2371. Bucida molinetii (M. Gómez) Alwan & Stace; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; tree
2372. Buddleja asiatica Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Scrophulariaceae; shrub
2373. Buddleja davidii Franch.; Magnoliophyta: Scrophulariaceae; herb
2374. Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd.; Magnoliophyta: Asphodelaceae; herb
2375. Bunchosia armeniaca (Cav.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Malpighiaceae; tree
2376. Burkea africana Hook.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2377. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2378. Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2379. Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Malpighiaceae; shrub
2380. Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2381. Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex Tul.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2382. Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub; =C. pulcherrima (L.) Sw.
var. flava Bailey & Rehder
2383. Caesalpinia sappan L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2384. Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
2385. Caladium humboldtii (Raf.) Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
2386. Caladium lindenii (Andre) Madison; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
2387. Calathea bella (W. Bull) Regel; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
2388. Calathea crocata E. Morren & Joriss.; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
2389. Calathea crotalifera S. Watson; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
2390. Calathea insignis Petersen; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
2391. Calathea leopardina Regel; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; shrub
2392. Calathea loeseneri J.F. Macbr.; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
2393. Calathea lutea (Aubl.) Schult.; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
2394. Calathea majestica (Linden) H.A. Kenn.; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; shrub
2395. Calathea makoyana E. Morren.; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
2396. Calathea orbifolia (Linden) H.A. Kenn.; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
2397. Calathea ornata (Linden ex Lem.) Korn.; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; shrub
2398. Calathea picturata (Linden) K. Koch & Linden; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
2399. Calathea roseopicta (Linden) Regel; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; shrub
236
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2400. Calathea rotundifolia (Koch.) Koern. var. fasciata Petersen; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae;
shrub
2401. Calathea rufibarba Fenzl; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
2402. Calathea veitchiana Veitch ex Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
2403. Calathea warscewiczii (L. Mathieu) Planch. & Linden; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
2404. Calathea zebrina (Sims) Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
2405. Callerya reticulata (Benth.) Schot; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub; =Millettia reticulata
Benth.
2406. Calliandra haematocephala Hassk.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub
2407. Calliandra tergemina (L.) Benth. var. emarginata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Barneby;
Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; =C. emarginata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Wild.) Benth.
2408. Callicarpa pedunculata R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub
2409. Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) L.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub
2410. Callisia fragrans (Lindl.) Woodson; Magnoliophyta: Commelinaceae; herb
2411. Callisia gentlei Matuda var. elegans (Alexander ex H. E. Moore) D. R. Hunt; Magnoliophyta:
Commelinaceae; herb
2412. Callisia repens (Jacq.) L.; Magnoliophyta: Commelinaceae; herb
2413. Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2414. Callistemon pallidus (Bonpl.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2415. Callistemon sieberi DC.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2416. Callistemon viminalis (Sol. ex Gaertn.) G. Don; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2417. Calocephalus brownii (Cass.) F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; shrub
2418. Calodendrum capense Thunb.; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree
2419. Calophyllum sil Lauterb.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
2420. Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T. Aiton; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; shrub
2421. Calpurnia aurea (Aiton) Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2422. Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
2423. Calyptrocalyx micholitzii (Ridl.) Dowe & M.D. Ferrero; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2424. Calyptronoma occidentalis (Sw.) H.E. Moore; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2425. Camoensia scandens (Welw.) J.B. Gillett; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
2426. Campsis radicans (L.) Seem ex Bureau; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; climber
2427. Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
2428. Canarium indicum L.; Magnoliophyta: Burseraceae; tree
2429. Canarium odontophyllum Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Burseraceae; tree
2430. Canarium oleosum (Lam.) Engl.; Magnoliophyta: Burseraceae; tree
2431. Canarium vulgare Leenh.; Magnoliophyta: Burseraceae; tree
2432. Canna glauca L.; Magnoliophyta: Cannaceae; herb
2433. Capsicum annuum L.; Magnoliophyta: Solanaceae; shrub
2434. Capsicum frutescens L.; Magnoliophyta: Solanaceae; shrub
2435. Carallia suffruticosa Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Rhizophoraceae; tree
2436. Carapa guianensis Aubl.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
2437. Cardwellia sublimis F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Proteaceae; tree
2438. Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; shrub
2439. Carludovica palmata Ruiz. & Pav.; Magnoliophyta: Cyclanthaceae; shrub
2440. Carpentaria acuminata Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2441. Carphalea kirondron Baill.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
2442. Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Aizoaceae; herb
2443. Caryota cumingii Lodd. ex Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2444. Caryota maxima Blume ex Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2445. Caryota no Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2446. Caryota rumphiana Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2447. Caryota zebrina Hambali, Maturb., Heatubun & J.Dransf.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
237
Chong et al.
2448. Cassia artemisioides DC.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub
2449. Cassia bakeriana Craib; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2450. Cassia fistula L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2451. Cassia grandis L. f.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2452. Cassia javanica L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2453. Cassia renigera Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2454. Cassia roxburghii DC.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2455. Castanospermum australe A. Cunn. & C. Fraser; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2456. Castanospora alphandii (F. Muell.) F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
2457. Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Casuarinaceae; tree
2458. Casuarina junghuhniana Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Casuarinaceae; tree
2459. Casuarina nobilis Whitmore; Magnoliophyta: Casuarinaceae; tree
2460. Catalpa ovata G. Don; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree
2461. Ceiba speciosa (A. St.-Hil.) Ravenna; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
2462. Celtis africana Burm. f.; Magnoliophyta: Cannabaceae; tree
2463. Centratherum punctatum Cass.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
2464. Cercestis mirabilis (N.E. Br.) Bogner; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb; =Rhektophyllum
mirabile N.E. Br.
2465. Cereus hildmannianus K. Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Cactaceae; herb
2466. Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Solanaceae; shrub
2467. Cestrum diurnum L.; Magnoliophyta: Solanaceae; shrub
2468. Cestrum elegans (Brongn. ex Neumann) Schltdl.; Magnoliophyta: Solanaceae; shrub
2469. Cestrum nocturnum L.; Magnoliophyta: Solanaceae; shrub
2470. Chamaedorea cataractarum Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
2471. Chamaedorea elegans Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2472. Chamaedorea metallica O.F. Cook ex H.E. Moore; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2473. Chamaedorea microspadix Burret; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2474. Chamaedorea seifrizii Burret; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
2475. Chamaerops humilis L.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
2476. Chambeyronia macrocarpa (Brongn.) Vieill. ex Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2477. Chisocheton longistipitatus (Bailey) L.S. Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
2478. Chlorophytum capense (L.) Voss; Magnoliophyta: Agavaceae; herb
2479. Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques; Magnoliophyta: Agavaceae; herb
2480. Chlorophytum filipendulum Baker ssp. amaniense (Engl.) Nordal & A.D. Poulsen;
Magnoliophyta: Agavaceae; herb; =C. amaniense Engl.
2481. Chlorophytum laxum R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Agavaceae; herb; =C. bichetii Backer
2482. Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B.L. Burtt. & A.W. Hill; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae;
tree
2483. Chonemorpha penangensis Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
2484. Christia vespertilionis (L. f.) Bakh. f.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; herb
2485. Chrysophyllum cainito L.; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
2486. Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. ssp. oliviforme; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
2487. Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
2488. Chrysothemis pulchella Decne.; Magnoliophyta: Gesneriaceae; herb
2489. Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
2490. Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
2491. Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees and T. Nees) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
2492. Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
2493. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
2494. Citharexylum spinosum L.; Magnoliophyta: Verbenaceae; tree
2495. Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree
2496. Citrus madurensis Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree
238
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2497. Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree
2498. Citrus paradasi Macfad.; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree
2499. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree
2500. Clappertonia ficifolia (Willd.) Decne.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
2501. Clausena brevistyla Oliv.; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree
2502. Cleistanthus schlechteri Hutch.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
2503. Clematis aristata Ker Gawl.; Magnoliophyta: Ranunculaceae; climber
2504. Clematis heynei M.A. Rau; Magnoliophyta: Ranunculaceae; climber
2505. Clerodendrum buchananii (Roxb.) Walp.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub
2506. Clerodendrum bungei Steud.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub
2507. Clerodendrum calamitosum L.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub
2508. Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabb.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub
2509. Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub
2510. Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub
2511. Clerodendrum splendens G. Don; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub
2512. Clerodendrum wallichii Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub
2513. Clianthus puniceus (G. Don) Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub
2514. Clinostigma samoense H. Wendl.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2515. Clitoria fairchildiana R.A. Howard; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2516. Clusia colombiana Pipoly; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
2517. Clusia rosea Jacq.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
2518. Clytostoma callisgtegioides (Cham.) Bureau & Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae;
climber
2519. Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L.; Magnoliophyta: Polygonaceae; tree
2520. Coccothrinax crinita (Griseb. & H. Wendl. ex Kerch.) Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2521. Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston; Magnoliophyta: Bixaceae; tree
2522. Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Spreng.; Magnoliophyta: Bixaceae; tree
2523. Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
2524. Coffea liberica W. Bull ex Hiern; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
2525. Cola gigantea A. Chev.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
2526. Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
2527. Columnea tulae Urb. var. flava Urb.; Magnoliophyta: Gesneriaceae; climber
2528. Colvillea racemosa Bojer; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2529. Combretum comosum G. Don; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; climber
2530. Combretum constrictum (Benth.) M. A. Lawson; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; shrub
2531. Combretum erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond.; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; shrub
2532. Combretum grandiflorum G. Don; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; climber
2533. Copaifera officinalis (Jacq.) L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2534. Copernicia alba Morong; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2535. Copernicia baileyana Léon; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2536. Copernicia prunifera (Mill.) H.E. Moore; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2537. Coprosma australis Robinson; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
2538. Coprosma rugosa Cheeseman; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
2539. Cordia caffra Sond.; Magnoliophyta: Boraginaceae; tree
2540. Cordia sebestena L.; Magnoliophyta: Boraginaceae; tree
2541. Cordia superba Cham.; Magnoliophyta: Boraginaceae; tree
2542. Cordyline australis (G. Forst.) Endl.; Magnoliophyta: Laxmanniaceae; shrub
2543. Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
2544. Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
2545. Cornukaempferia aurantiflora J. Mood & K. Larsen; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
2546. Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2547. Corymbia papuana (F. Muell.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
239
Chong et al.
2548. Corymbia polycarpa (F. Muell.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae;
tree
2549. Corymbia ptychocarpa (F. Muell.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae;
tree
2550. Corymbia torelliana (F. Muell.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2551. Corypha umbraculifera L.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2552. Corypha utan Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2553. Cosmos sulphureus Cav.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
2554. Costus amazonicus (Loes.) J.F. Macbr.; Magnoliophyta: Costaceae; herb
2555. Costus curvibracteatus Maas; Magnoliophyta: Costaceae; herb
2556. Costus erythrophyllus Loes.; Magnoliophyta: Costaceae; herb
2557. Costus malortieanus H. Wendl.; Magnoliophyta: Costaceae; herb
2558. Costus productus Gleason ex Maas; Magnoliophyta: Costaceae; herb
2559. Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw.; Magnoliophyta: Costaceae; herb
2560. Costus stenophyllus Standl. & L.O. Williams; Magnoliophyta: Costaceae; herb
2561. Costus varzearum Maas; Magnoliophyta: Costaceae; herb
2562. Costus woodsonii Maas; Magnoliophyta: Costaceae; herb
2563. Cotinus coggygria Scop.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; shrub
2564. Couroupita guianensis Aubl.; Magnoliophyta: Lecythidaceae; tree
2565. Crateva religiosa G. Forst.; Magnoliophyta: Capparaceae; tree
2566. Crescentia cujete L.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree
2567. Crinum album Herb; Magnoliophyta: Amaryllidaceae; herb
2568. Crinum jagus (J. Thomps.) Dandy; Magnoliophyta: Amaryllidaceae; herb
2569. Crinum moorei Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Amaryllidaceae; herb
2570. Crinum xanthophyllum Hannibal; Magnoliophyta: Amaryllidaceae; herb
2571. Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
2572. Crossandra pungens Lindau; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
2573. Crossostephium chinense (L.) Makino; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
2574. Croton tiglium L.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
2575. Cryptanthus bromelioides Otto & A. Dietr.; Magnoliophyta: Bromeliaceae; herb
2576. Cryptanthus zonatus (Vis.) Beer; Magnoliophyta: Bromeliaceae; herb
2577. Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
2578. Ctenanthe lubbersiana (E. Morren) Eichler ex Petersen; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
2579. Ctenanthe oppenheimiana (E. Morren.) K. Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
2580. Ctenanthe setosa (Roscoe) Eichl.; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
2581. Cupaniopsis curvidentata (Bailey) Radlk.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
2582. Cupaniopsis foveolata (F. Muell.) Radlk.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
2583. Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Lythraceae; shrub
2584. Cuphea ignea A. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Lythraceae; shrub
2585. Curcuma longa L.; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
2586. Curcuma parviflora Wall.; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
2587. Curcuma rhabdota P. Sirirugsa & M.F. Newman; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
2588. Curcuma rubrobracteata Škorničk., M. Sabu &. Prasanthk.; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae;
herb
2589. Cyathea cooperi (Hook. ex F. Muell.) Domin; Filicinophyta: Cyatheaceae; tree
2590. Cycas pectinata Buch.-Ham; Cycadophyta: Cycadaceae; tree
2591. Cycas revoluta Thunb.; Cycadophyta: Cycadaceae; tree
2592. Cycas siamensis (Miq.) de Laub.; Cycadophyta: Cycadaceae; tree
2593. Cyclanthus bipartitus Poit.; Magnoliophyta: Cyclanthaceae; herb
2594. Cymbopogon calcicola C.E. Hubb.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
2595. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
2596. Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) J.F. Watson; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
240
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2597. Cynometra cauliflora L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2598. Cynometra malaccensis Meeuwen; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2599. Cyperus alternifolius L.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
2600. Cyperus papyrus L.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
2601. Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub.; Pinophyta: Podocarpaceae; tree
2602. Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2603. Dalbergia cultrata Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2604. Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2605. Dalbergia negrensis (Radlk.) Ducke; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
2606. Dalbergia odorifera T.C. Chen; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2607. Dalbergia oliveri Prain; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2608. Dalbergia sissoo DC.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2609. Darlingia ferruginea J.F. Bailey; Magnoliophyta: Proteaceae; tree
2610. Datura metel L.; Magnoliophyta: Solanaceae; shrub
2611. Davidsonia pruriens F. Muell; Magnoliophyta: Cunoniaceae; tree
2612. Deckenia nobilis H. Wendl. ex Seem.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2613. Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2614. Deplanchea tetraphylla (R. Br.) F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree
2615. Dialium cochinchinense Pierre; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2616. Dialium schlechteri Harms.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2617. Dianella caerulea Sims; Magnoliophyta: Hemerocallidaceae; herb
2618. Dichondra repens J.R. Forst & G. Forst; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; herb
2619. Dichorisandra thyrsiflora J.C. Mikan; Magnoliophyta: Commelinaceae; herb
2620. Dictyosperma album (Bory) H. Wendl. & Drude ex Scheff; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2621. Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw.) J. Sm.; Filicinophyta: Dryopteridaceae; shrub
2622. Dietes bicolor (Steud.) Sweet ex Klatt; Magnoliophyta: Iridaceae; herb
2623. Dillenia alata (R. Br. ex DC.) Martelli; Magnoliophyta: Dilleniaceae; tree
2624. Dillenia albiflos (Ridl.) Hoogl.; Magnoliophyta: Dilleniaceae; tree
2625. Dillenia ingens B.L. Burtt; Magnoliophyta: Dilleniaceae; tree
2626. Dillenia ovata Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thomson; Magnoliophyta: Dilleniaceae; tree
2627. Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe; Magnoliophyta: Dilleniaceae; tree
2628. Diospyros blancoi A. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree
2629. Diospyros discolor Willd.; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree
2630. Diospyros durionoides Bakh.; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree
2631. Diospyros horsfieldii Hiern; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree
2632. Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel.; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree
2633. Diospyros oblonga Wall. ex G. Don; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree
2634. Diospyros tristis King & Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Ebenaceae; tree
2635. Diploglottis berniana S.T. Reynolds; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
2636. Diploglottis bracteata Leenh.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
2637. Dipterocarpus apterus Foxworthy; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
2638. Dipterocarpus baudii Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
2639. Dipterocarpus chartaceus Symington; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
2640. Dipterocarpus costatus C.F. Gaertn.; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
2641. Dipterocarpus oblongifolius Blume; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
2642. Dischidia pectenoides H.H.W. Pearsen; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
2643. Disporum cantoniense (Lour.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Colchicaceae; shrub
2644. Dissotis rotundifolia (Sm.) Triana; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; climber
2645. Distylium racemosum Siebold & Zucc.; Magnoliophyta: Hamamelidaceae; tree
2646. Dorstenia contrajerva L.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; shrub
2647. Dovyalis caffra (Hook. f. & Harv.) Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae; tree
2648. Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardner) Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae; tree
241
Chong et al.
2649. Dracaena angustifolia Roxb. var. honoriae F.M. Bailey; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; shrub
2650. Dracaena aubryana Brongn. ex E. Morren; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; shrub; =D. thalioides
Makoy ex Regel
2651. Dracaena compacta hort. ex Baker; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; shrub
2652. Dracaena goldieana hort. ex W. Bull; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; shrub
2653. Dracaena loureiroi Gagnep; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; shrub
2654. Dracaena marginata Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; shrub
2655. Dracaena reflexa Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; shrub
2656. Dracaena sanderiana hort. Sander ex Mast.; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; shrub
2657. Dracaena surculosa Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; shrub
2658. Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
2659. Dracontomelon duperreanum Pierre; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
2660. Drymophloeus oliviformis (Giseke) Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2661. Dryobalanops aromatica C.F. Gaertn.; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
2662. Dryobalanops oblongifolia Dyer; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
2663. Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walp.; Magnoliophyta: Lythraceae; tree
2664. Duranta erecta L.; Magnoliophyta: Verbenaceae; shrub; =D. repens L.
2665. Durio graveolens Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
2666. Dypsis ambositrae Beentje; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2667. Dypsis cabadae (H.E. Moore) Beentje & J. Dransf.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2668. Dypsis decaryi (Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2669. Dypsis hovomantsina Beentje; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2670. Dypsis lastelliana (Baill.) Beentje & J. Dransf.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2671. Dypsis leptocheilos (Hodel) Beentje & J. Dransf.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2672. Dypsis lutescens (H. Wendl.) Beentje & J. Dransf.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
2673. Dypsis madagascariensis (Becc.) Beentje & J. Dransf.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
2674. Dypsis mcdonaldiana Beentje; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2675. Dypsis nodifera Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2676. Dypsis paludosa J. Dransf.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2677. Dypsis pinnatifrons Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2678. Dypsis rivularis (Jum. & H. Perrier) Beentje & J. Dransf.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2679. Dypsis sanctaemariae J. Dransf.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2680. Dysoxylum pettigrewianum F.M. Bailey; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
2681. Ebenopsis ebano (Berland.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2682. Echinocactus grusonii Hildm.; Magnoliophyta: Cactaceae; herb
2683. Echinodorus palaefolius (Nees & Mart.) J.F. Macbr.; Magnoliophyta: Alismataceae; herb
2684. Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Pontederiaceae; herb
2685. Elaeis guineensis Jacq.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2686. Elaeocarpus angustifolius Blume; Magnoliophyta: Elaeocarpaceae; tree
2687. Elaeocarpus apiculatus Mast.; Magnoliophyta: Elaeocarpaceae; tree
2688. Elaeocarpus bancroftii F. Muell. & F.M. Bailey; Magnoliophyta: Elaeocarpaceae; tree
2689. Elaeocarpus dentatus (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Elaeocarpaceae; tree
2690. Elaeocarpus grandiflorus Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Elaeocarpaceae; tree
2691. Elaeocarpus hainanensis Oliver; Magnoliophyta: Elaeocarpaceae; tree
2692. Elateriospermum tapos Blume; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
2693. Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
2694. Eleutherococcus nodiflorus (Dunn) S.Y. Hu; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; shrub
2695. Endiandra impressicosta C.K. Allen; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
2696. Endiandra longipedicellata C.T. White & W.D. Francis; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
2697. Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman; Magnoliophyta: Musaceae; tree
2698. Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2699. Epidendrum ibaguense Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
242
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2700. Epiphyllum oxypetalum (DC.) Haw.; Magnoliophyta: Cactaceae; herb
2701. Epipremnum amplissimum (Schott) Engl.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
2702. Episcia cupreata (Hook.) Hanst.; Magnoliophyta: Gesneriaceae; herb
2703. Equisetum hyemale L.; Equisetophyta: Equisetaceae; herb
2704. Equisetum scirpoides Michx.; Equisetophyta: Equisetaceae; herb
2705. Eranthemum nigrum Linden; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
2706. Eranthemum wattii (Bedd.) Stapf; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
2707. Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Rosaceae; tree
2708. Erythrina caffra Thunb.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2709. Erythrina crista-galli L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2710. Erythrina fusca Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2711. Erythrina humeana Spreng.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2712. Erythrina latissima E. Mey; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2713. Erythrina lysistemon Hutch.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2714. Erythrina speciosa Andrews; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2715. Erythrina variegata L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2716. Erythrina vespertilio Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2717. Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; =E.
guineense G.Don
2718. Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
2719. Eucalyptus alba Reinw. ex Blume; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2720. Eucalyptus apodophylla Blakely & Jacobs; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2721. Eucalyptus botryoides Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2722. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2723. Eucalyptus deglupta Blume; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2724. Eucalyptus exserta F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2725. Eucalyptus globulus Labill.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2726. Eucalyptus herbertiana Maiden; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2727. Eucalyptus microcorys F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2728. Eucalyptus moluccana Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2729. Eucalyptus pachyphylla F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2730. Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2731. Eucalyptus pilularis Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2732. Eucalyptus platyphylla F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2733. Eucalyptus robusta Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2734. Eucalyptus umbrawarrensis Maiden; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2735. Euclinia longiflora Salisb.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
2736. Eucrosia bicolor Ker Gawl.; Magnoliophyta: Amaryllidaceae; herb
2737. Eugenia brasiliensis Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2738. Eugenia reinwardtiana (Blume) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2739. Eugenia stipitata McVaugh; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; shrub
2740. Eugenia uniflora L.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; shrub
2741. Euphorbia antiquorum L.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
2742. Euphorbia cotinifolia L.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub
2743. Euphorbia lactea Haw.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub
2744. Euphorbia milii Des Moul.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub
2745. Euphorbia neriifolia L.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub
2746. Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub
2747. Euphorbia tirucalli L.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; herb
2748. Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
2749. Euterpe edulis Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2750. Euterpe oleraceae Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
243
Chong et al.
2751. Evodiella muelleri (Engl.) B.L. Linden; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree
2752. Excoecaria cochinchinensis Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub
2753. Excoecaria indica (Willd.) Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
2754. Fagraea crenulata Maingay ex C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Gentianaceae; tree
2755. Falconeria insignis Royle; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
2756. Fatsia japonica (Thunb.) Decne. & Planch.; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; shrub
2757. Ficus auriculata Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
2758. Ficus barteri Sprague; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
2759. Ficus buxifolia De Wild.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
2760. Ficus celebensis Corner; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
2761. Ficus crassipes F.M. Bailey; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
2762. Ficus destruens F. Muell. ex C.T. White; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
2763. Ficus francisci H. Winkler; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
2764. Ficus irregularis Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
2765. Ficus kurzii King; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler
2766. Ficus lyrata Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
2767. Ficus natalensis Hochst. ssp. leprieurii (Miq.) C. C. Berg; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
2768. Ficus pleurocarpa F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
2769. Ficus punctata Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; climber
2770. Ficus racemosa L.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
2771. Ficus radicans Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; herb
2772. Ficus stricta (Miq.) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler
2773. Ficus vaccinioides Hemsl. & King ex King; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; climber
2774. Filicium decipiens (Wight & Arn.) Thwaites ex Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
2775. Firmiana malayana Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
2776. Fittonia albivensis (Lindl. ex hort. Veitch) Brummitt; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
2777. Flacourtia inermis Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae; tree
2778. Flindersia brayleyana F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree
2779. Flindersia ifflaiana F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree
2780. Flindersia pimenteliana F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree
2781. Franciscodendron laurifolia (F. Muell.) Steenis & B. Hyland; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae;
tree
2782. Freycinetia multiflora Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; climber
2783. Fuchsia hybrida hort. ex Sieb. & Voss; Magnoliophyta: Onagraceae; herb
2784. Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw.; Magnoliophyta: Agavaceae; herb; =F. gigantea Vent.
2785. Galphimia glauca Cav.; Magnoliophyta: Malpighiaceae; shrub
2786. Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex DC.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
2787. Garcinia cymosa (K. Schum.) I.M. Turner & P.F. Stevens; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
2788. Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
2789. Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) N. Robson; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
2790. Garcinia macrophylla Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
2791. Garcinia malaccensis Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
2792. Garcinia nitida Pierre; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
2793. Garcinia prainiana King; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
2794. Garcinia subelliptica Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
2795. Garcinia xanthochymus Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
2796. Gardenia carinata Wall.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
2797. Gardenia gjellerupii Valeton; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
2798. Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
2799. Gardenia ovularis F.M. Bailey; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
2800. Gardenia scabrella Puttock; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
2801. Garuga pinnata Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Burseraceae; tree
244
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2802. Geogenanthus poeppigii (Miq.) Faden; Magnoliophyta: Commelinaceae; herb
2803. Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
2804. Gigantochloa hasskarliana (Kurz) Backer ex Heyne; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; shrub
2805. Glandularia tenera (Spreng.) Cabrera; Magnoliophyta: Verbenaceae; shrub
2806. Globba atrosanguinea Teijsm. & Binn.; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
2807. Globba winitii C.H. Wright; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
2808. Glochidion ferdinandi (Müll. Arg.) Pax & K. Hoffm.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
2809. Gluta malayana (Corner) Ding Hou; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
2810. Glycosmis perakensis V. Naray.; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree
2811. Gmelina arborea Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; tree
2812. Gmelina macrophylla (R. Br.) Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; tree
2813. Gomphrena globosa L.; Magnoliophyta: Amaranthaceae; herb
2814. Grammatophyllum scriptum (L.) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
2815. Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
2816. Grevillea baileyana McGill.; Magnoliophyta: Proteaceae; tree
2817. Grevillea banskii R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Proteaceae; shrub
2818. Grevillea dryandri R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Proteaceae; tree
2819. Grevillea pteridifolia Knight; Magnoliophyta: Proteaceae; tree
2820. Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Proteaceae; tree
2821. Guaiacum officinale L.; Magnoliophyta: Zygophyllaceae; tree
2822. Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
2823. Guioa lasioneura Radlk.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
2824. Gustavia augusta L.; Magnoliophyta: Lecythidaceae; tree
2825. Gustavia gracillima Miers; Magnoliophyta: Lecythidaceae; shrub
2826. Gustavia superba O. Berg; Magnoliophyta: Lecythidaceae; tree
2827. Guzmania dissitiflora L.B. Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Bromeliaceae; herb
2828. Guzmania lingulata (L.) Mez; Magnoliophyta: Bromeliaceae; herb
2829. Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch. Bip. ex Walp.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae;
shrub; =Vernonia amygdalina Delile
2830. Gymnostoma nobile (Whitmore) L.A.S. Johnson; Magnoliophyta: Casuarinaceae; tree
2831. Gymnostoma papuanum (S. Moore) L.A.S. Johnson; Magnoliophyta: Casuarinaceae; tree
2832. Gymnostoma rumphianum (Miq.) L.A.S. Johnson; Magnoliophyta: Casuarinaceae; tree
2833. Gymnostoma sumatranum (Jungh. ex de Vriese) L.A.S. Johnson; Magnoliophyta:
Casuarinaceae; tree
2834. Gynura aurantiaca (Blume) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
2835. Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
2836. Gynura segetum Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
2837. Habranthus gracilifolius Herb; Magnoliophyta: Amaryllidaceae; herb
2838. Hamelia patens Jacq.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
2839. Harpullia zanquebarica (J. Kirk) Radlk.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
2840. Haworthia fasciata (Willd.) Haw.; Magnoliophyta: Xanthorrhoeaceae; herb
2841. Hedera helix L.; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; climber
2842. Hedychium coccineum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
2843. Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
2844. Helianthus annuus L.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
2845. Heliconia bihai (L.) L.; Magnoliophyta: Heliconiaceae; herb
2846. Heliconia bourgaeana Petersen; Magnoliophyta: Heliconiaceae; herb
2847. Heliconia caribaea Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Heliconiaceae; herb
2848. Heliconia chartacea Lane ex Barreiros; Magnoliophyta: Heliconiaceae; herb
2849. Heliconia danielsiana W.J. Kress; Magnoliophyta: Heliconiaceae; herb
2850. Heliconia densiflora Verl.; Magnoliophyta: Heliconiaceae; herb
2851. Heliconia dielsiana Loes.; Magnoliophyta: Heliconiaceae; herb
245
Chong et al.
2852. Heliconia episcopalis Vell.; Magnoliophyta: Heliconiaceae; herb
2853. Heliconia indica Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Heliconiaceae; herb
2854. Heliconia lankesteri Standl.; Magnoliophyta: Heliconiaceae; herb
2855. Heliconia latispatha Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Heliconiaceae; herb
2856. Heliconia lingulata Ruiz & Pav.; Magnoliophyta: Heliconiaceae; herb
2857. Heliconia marginata (Griggs) Pitier; Magnoliophyta: Heliconiaceae; herb
2858. Heliconia mariae Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Heliconiaceae; herb
2859. Heliconia mathiasiae G.S. Daniels & F.G. Stiles; Magnoliophyta: Heliconiaceae; herb
2860. Heliconia rostrata Ruiz & Pav.; Magnoliophyta: Heliconiaceae; herb
2861. Heliconia stricta Huber; Magnoliophyta: Heliconiaceae; herb
2862. Heliconia vellerigera Poepp.; Magnoliophyta: Heliconiaceae; herb
2863. Heliconia wagneriana Petersen; Magnoliophyta: Heliconiaceae; herb
2864. Hemigraphis alternata (Burm. f.) T. Anderson; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
2865. Hemigraphis repanda (L.) Hallier f.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
2866. Heritiera peralata (Bailey) Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
2867. Heterospathe minor Burret; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2868. Hibiscus acetosella Welw. ex Hiern; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
2869. Hibiscus mutabilis L.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
2870. Hibiscus sabdariffa L.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
2871. Hibiscus schizopetalus (Mast.) Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
2872. Hibiscus syriacus L.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
2873. Hibiscus tricolor Dehnh.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
2874. Hippeastrum reticulatum (L'Hér.) Herb; Magnoliophyta: Amaryllidaceae; herb
2875. Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Malpighiaceae; climber
2876. Hoffmannia discolor (Lem.) Hemsl.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub; =H. bullata L.O.
Williams
2877. Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; climber
2878. Homalanthus novoguineensis (Warb.) K. Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
2879. Homalium circumpinnatum F.M. Bailey; Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae; tree
2880. Homalocladium platyclados (F. Muell.) L.H. Bailey; Magnoliophyta: Polygonaceae; herb
2881. Homalomena rubescens (Roxb.) Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
2882. Homalomena wallichii Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
2883. Hopea helferi (Dyer) Brandis; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
2884. Hopea nutans Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
2885. Hopea odorata Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
2886. Hopea pubescens Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
2887. Hopea wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn.; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
2888. Hosea lobbiana Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; climber
2889. Houttuynia cordata Thunb.; Magnoliophyta: Saururaceae; climber
2890. Howea belmoreana (C. Moore & F. Muell.) Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2891. Hoya carnosa (L. f.) R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
2892. Hoya kerrii Craib; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
2893. Hoya multiflora Blume; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
2894. Hoya scortechinii King & Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
2895. Hura crepitans L.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
2896. Hydnocarpus anthelminthicus Pierre ex Laness.; Magnoliophyta: Achariaceae; tree
2897. Hydnocarpus castaneus Hook. f. & Thomson; Magnoliophyta: Achariaceae; tree
2898. Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser.; Magnoliophyta: Hydrangeaceae; shrub
2899. Hydriastele beguinii (Burret) W.J. Baker & Loo; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2900. Hydriastele costata F.M. Bailey; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2901. Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; herb
2902. Hydrocotyle umbellata L.; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; herb
246
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
2903. Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose; Magnoliophyta: Cactaceae; climber
2904. Hymenaea courbaril L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2905. Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2906. Hymenocallis caribaea (L.) Herb; Magnoliophyta: Amaryllidaceae; herb
2907. Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb.; Magnoliophyta: Amaryllidaceae; herb
2908. Hymenocallis speciosa (L. f. ex Salisb.) Salisb.; Magnoliophyta: Amaryllidaceae; herb
2909. Hymenosporum flavum (Hook.) F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Pittosporaceae; tree
2910. Hyophorbe lagenicaulis (L.H. Bailey) H.E. Moore; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2911. Hyophorbe vaughanii L.H. Bailey; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2912. Hyophorbe verschaffeltii H. Wendl.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2913. Hyphaene coriacea Gaertn.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2914. Impatiens balsamina L.; Magnoliophyta: Balsaminaceae; herb
2915. Impatiens repens Moon; Magnoliophyta: Balsaminaceae; climber
2916. Impatiens walleriana Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Balsaminaceae; herb
2917. Inga jinicuil G. Don; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2918. Inga velutina Willd.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2919. Inocarpus fagifer (Parkinson) Fosberg; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2920. Ipomoea carnea Jacq.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
2921. Ipomoea tricolor Cav.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
2922. Iris domestica Goldblatt & Mabb.; Magnoliophyta: Iridaceae; herb; =Belamcanda chinensis
(L.) DC.
2923. Iris laevigata Fisch.; Magnoliophyta: Iridaceae; shrub
2924. Iris pseudacorus L.; Magnoliophyta: Iridaceae; shrub
2925. Isolepis cernua (Vahl) Roem. & Schult.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb; =Scirpus cernuus
Vahl
2926. Ixora chinensis Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
2927. Ixora finlaysoniana Wall. ex G. Don; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
2928. Ixora javanica (Blume) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
2929. Jacaranda acutifolia Bonpl.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree
2930. Jacaranda cuspidifolia Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree
2931. Jacaranda semiserrata Cham.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree
2932. Jasminum azoricum L.; Magnoliophyta: Oleaceae; shrub
2933. Jasminum grandiflorum L.; Magnoliophyta: Oleaceae; climber
2934. Jasminum humile L.; Magnoliophyta: Oleaceae; shrub
2935. Jasminum laurifolium Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Oleaceae; climber
2936. Jasminum mesnyi Hance; Magnoliophyta: Oleaceae; shrub
2937. Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andrews; Magnoliophyta: Oleaceae; climber
2938. Jasminum rex Dunn; Magnoliophyta: Oleaceae; climber
2939. Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton; Magnoliophyta: Oleaceae; climber
2940. Jatropha curcas L.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub
2941. Jatropha gossypifolia L.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
2942. Jatropha integerrima Jacq.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub; =J. pandurifolia Andrews
2943. Jatropha multifida L.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub
2944. Jatropha podagrica Hook.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub
2945. Johannesteijsmannia altifrons (Rchb. & Zoll.) H.E. Moore; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
2946. Johannesteijsmannia lanceolata J. Dransf.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2947. Juniperus chinensis L.; Pinophyta: Cupressaceae; tree
2948. Justicia betonica L.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
2949. Justicia brandegeeana Wassh. & L.B. Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
2950. Justicia carnea Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub; =Jacobinia carnea (Lindl.) G.
Nicholson
2951. Justicia gendarussa Burm. f.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
247
Chong et al.
2952. Justicia guttata Wall.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
2953. Justicia vulgaris Bert. ex Schult.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
2954. Kaempferia elegans (Wall.) Baker; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
2955. Kaempferia galanga L.; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
2956. Kaempferia gilbertii W. Bull; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
2957. Kaempferia rotunda L.; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
2958. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln.; Magnoliophyta: Crassulaceae; herb
2959. Karomia tettensis (Klotzsch) R. Fern.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub
2960. Kerriodoxa elegans J. Dransf.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
2961. Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
2962. Khaya grandifoliola C. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
2963. Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
2964. Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree
2965. Koompassia excelsa (Becc.) Taub.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
2966. Kopsia arborea Blume; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree
2967. Kopsia flavida Blume; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree
2968. Kopsia fruticosa (Ker Gawl.) A. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree
2969. Laccospadix australasica H. Wendl.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2970. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.; Magnoliophyta: Cucurbitaceae; climber
2971. Lagerstroemia archeriana F.M. Bailey; Magnoliophyta: Lythraceae; tree
2972. Lagerstroemia duperreana Pierre ex Gagnep.; Magnoliophyta: Lythraceae; tree
2973. Lagerstroemia floribunda Jack; Magnoliophyta: Lythraceae; tree
2974. Lagerstroemia indica L.; Magnoliophyta: Lythraceae; tree
2975. Lagerstroemia langkawiensis Furtado & Montien; Magnoliophyta: Lythraceae; tree
2976. Lagerstroemia loudonii Teijsm. & Binn.; Magnoliophyta: Lythraceae; tree
2977. Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.; Magnoliophyta: Lythraceae; tree
2978. Lagerstroemia tomentosa C. Presl; Magnoliophyta: Lythraceae; tree
2979. Lannea grandis (Dennst.) Engl.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
2980. Lansium domesticum Corrêa; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
2981. Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq.; Magnoliophyta: Verbenaceae; shrub
2982. Latania loddigesii Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2983. Latania lontaroides (Gaertn.) H.E. Moore; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2984. Latania verschaffeltii Lem.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
2985. Lecythis ollaria Loefl.; Magnoliophyta: Lecythidaceae; tree
2986. Ledebouria botryoides (Baker) J.C. Manning & Goldblatt; Magnoliophyta: Hyacinthaceae;
herb
2987. Leea guineensis G. Don; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; shrub
2988. Leonurus japonicus Houtt. f. var. albiflorus (Migo) Y.C. Zhu; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae;
herb
2989. Lepidozamia hopei (W. Hill) Regel; Pinophyta: Zamiaceae; tree
2990. Lepisanthes alata (Blume) Leenh.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
2991. Lepisanthes amoena (Hassk.) Leenh.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
2992. Leptospermum brachyandrum (F. Muell.) Druce; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2993. Leptospermum liversidgei R.T. Baker & H.G. Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; shrub
2994. Leptospermum petersonii F.M. Bailey; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
2995. Leptospermum polgalifolium Salisb.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; shrub
2996. Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub
2997. Leucophyllum frutescens (Berland.) I.M. Johnst.; Magnoliophyta: Scrophulariaceae; shrub
2998. Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch; Magnoliophyta: Chrysobalanaceae; tree
2999. Licuala bintulensis Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
3000. Licuala cordata Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
3001. Licuala grandis (hort. ex W. Bull) H. Wendl.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
248
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3002. Licuala lauterbachii Dammer & K. Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
3003. Licuala mattanensis Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3004. Licuala orbicularis Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
3005. Licuala paludosa Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3006. Licuala peltata Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3007. Licuala ramsayi (F. Muell.) Domin; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3008. Ligustrum sinense Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Oleaceae; shrub
3009. Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H. Bailey; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; herb
3010. Litchi chinensis Sonn.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
3011. Lithocarpus rassa (Miq.) Rehder; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree
3012. Litsea bindoniana F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
3013. Litsea garciae S. Vidal; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
3014. Livistona australis (R. Br.) Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3015. Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R. Br. ex Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3016. Livistona decipiens Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3017. Livistona drudei F. Muell. ex Drude; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3018. Livistona endauensis J. Dransf. & K.M. Wong; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3019. Livistona humilis R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3020. Livistona lorophylla Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3021. Livistona mariae F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3022. Livistona merrillii Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3023. Livistona muelleri F.M. Bailey; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3024. Livistona robinsoniana Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3025. Livistona rotundifolia (Lam.) Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3026. Livistona saribus (Lour.) Merr. ex A. Chev.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3027. Livistona tahanensis Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3028. Lobelia cardinalis L.; Magnoliophyta: Campanulaceae; shrub
3029. Lodoicea maldivica (J.F. Gmel.) Pers.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3030. Loeseneriella pauciflora (DC.) A.C. Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Celastraceae; tree
3031. Lonicera japonica Thunb.; Magnoliophyta: Caprifoliaceae; climber
3032. Lophanthera lactescens Ducke; Magnoliophyta: Malpighiaceae; tree
3033. Lophostemon confertus (R. Br.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae;
tree
3034. Loropetalum chinense (R. Br.) Oliv. var. rubrum Yieh; Magnoliophyta: Hamamelidaceae;
shrub
3035. Luculia grandiflora Ghose; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
3036. Ludisia discolor (Ker Gawl.) A. Rich.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
3037. Ludwigia sedioides (Humb. & Bonpl.) H. Hara; Magnoliophyta: Onagraceae; herb
3038. Lysimachia procumbens Baudo; Magnoliophyta: Myrsinaceae; herb
3039. Lytocaryum weddellianum (H. Wendl.) Toledo; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3040. Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche; Magnoliophyta: Proteaceae; tree
3041. Macaranga tanarius (L.) Mull. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
3042. Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) A.H. Gentry; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; climber
3043. Macrozamia moorei F. Muell.; Pinophyta: Zamiaceae; tree
3044. Madhuca longifolia (L.) J.F. Macbr.; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
3045. Maesopsis eminii Engl.; Magnoliophyta: Rhamnaceae; tree
3046. Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre; Magnoliophyta: Magnoliaceae; tree; =Michelia
champaca L.
3047. Magnolia figo (Lour.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Magnoliaceae; shrub; =Michelia figo (Lour.)
Spreng.
3048. Magnolia liliifera L. var. liliifera; Magnoliophyta: Magnoliaceae; tree; =M. pumila Andrews
3049. Majidea zanguebarica J. Kirk; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
249
Chong et al.
3050. Malpighia glabra L.; Magnoliophyta: Malpighiaceae; shrub
3051. Malvaviscus arboreus Cav.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
3052. Malvaviscus conzattii Greenm.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
3053. Mandevilla sanderi (Hemsl.) Woodson; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
3054. Manilkara kauki (L.) Dubard; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
3055. Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
3056. Maniltoa browneoides Harms; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3057. Maniltoa lenticellata C.T. White; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3058. Maniltoa polyandra (Roxb.) Harms; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3059. Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A.H. Gentry; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; climber
3060. Mansoa hymenaea (DC.) A.H. Gentry; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; climber
3061. Maranta arundinacea L.; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; shrub
3062. Maranta leuconeura E. Morren; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
3063. Matisia cordata Bonpl.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
3064. Medinilla astronioides Triana; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; shrub
3065. Medinilla cummingii Naudin; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; shrub
3066. Medinilla magnifica Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; shrub
3067. Megaskepasma erythrochlamys Lindau; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3068. Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3069. Melaleuca armillaris (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3070. Melaleuca bracteata F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3071. Melaleuca dealbata S.T. Blake; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3072. Melaleuca decora (Salisb.) Britten; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree; =M. gensitifolia Sm.
3073. Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3074. Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3075. Melaleuca saligna Schauer; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3076. Melaleuca styphelioides Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3077. Melaleuca viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertn.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3078. Melampodium leucanthum Torr. & A. Gray; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb; =M.
paludosum Kunth
3079. Melia indica Brand; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
3080. Melicope denhamii (Seem.) T.G. Hartley; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; shrub; =Euodia ridleyi
Hochr.
3081. Melicope elleryana F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree
3082. Melinis nerviglumis (Franch.) Zizka; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3083. Melissa officinalis L.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub
3084. Mentha arvensis L.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub
3085. Mesua ferrea L.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
3086. Mesua ferruginea (Pierre) Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree
3087. Metroxylon salomonense (Warb.) Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3088. Miconia calvescens DC.; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; shrub
3089. Miconia macrophylla Triana; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; shrub
3090. Micranthemum micranthemoides (Nutt.) Wettst.; Magnoliophyta: Plantaginaceae; shrub
3091. Millettia leucantha Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3092. Millingtonia hortensis L. f.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree
3093. Mimusops balata (Aubl.) C.F. Gaertn.; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
3094. Mirabilis jalapa L.; Magnoliophyta: Nyctaginaceae; herb
3095. Mischocarpus grandissimus (F. Muell.) Radlk.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
3096. Monocostus uniflorus (Poepp. ex Petersen) Maas; Magnoliophyta: Costaceae; herb
3097. Monstera obliqua Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; climber
3098. Montrichardia arborescens (L.) Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
3099. Moringa oleifera Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Moringaceae; tree
250
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3100. Morus alba L.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
3101. Mucuna bennetti F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
3102. Mundulea sericea (Willd.) A. Chev.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3103. Murdannia bracteata (C.B. Clarke) J.K. Morton ex D.Y. Hong; Magnoliophyta:
Commelinaceae; herb
3104. Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; shrub
3105. Musa acuminata Colla var. sumatrana; Magnoliophyta: Musaceae; herb
3106. Musa beccarii N.W. Simmons; Magnoliophyta: Musaceae; herb
3107. Musa ornata Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Musaceae; herb; =M. rosacea hort.
3108. Musa uranoscopos Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Musaceae; herb
3109. Musa velutina H. Wendl. & Drude; Magnoliophyta: Musaceae; herb
3110. Musella lasiocarpa (Franch.) C.Y. Wu ex H.W. Li; Magnoliophyta: Musaceae; herb
3111. Musgravea heterophylla L.S. Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Proteaceae; tree
3112. Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. & Thonn.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
3113. Mussaenda frondosa L.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
3114. Mussaenda philippica A. Rich.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
3115. Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) O. Berg; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3116. Myristica fragrans Houtt.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
3117. Myristica guatteriifolia A. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
3118. Myrtus communis L.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; shrub
3119. Nageia nagi (Thunb.) Kuntze; Pinophyta: Podocarpaceae; tree
3120. Nauclea orientalis (L.) L.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
3121. Nautilocalyx lynchei (Hook. f.) Sprague; Magnoliophyta: Gesneriaceae; shrub
3122. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.; Magnoliophyta: Nelumbonaceae; herb
3123. Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
3124. Neolitsea dealbata (R. Br.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
3125. Neomarica caerulea (Ker Gawl.) Sprague; Magnoliophyta: Iridaceae; herb
3126. Neomarica gracilis (Herb) Sprague; Magnoliophyta: Iridaceae; herb
3127. Neomarica longifolia (Link & Otto) Sprague; Magnoliophyta: Iridaceae; herb
3128. Neonauclea purpurea (Roxb.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
3129. Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl; Filicinophyta: Oleandraceae; herb
3130. Nephrolepis duffii T. Moore; Filicinophyta: Oleandraceae; herb
3131. Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott; Filicinophyta: Oleandraceae; herb
3132. Nephrosperma vanhoutteanum (H. Wendl. ex Van Houtte) Balf. f.; Magnoliophyta:
Arecaceae; tree
3133. Nerium oleander L.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; shrub
3134. Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv.) Seem. ex Bureau; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; shrub
3135. Nicotiana alata Link & Otto; Magnoliophyta: Solanaceae; shrub
3136. Norantea guianensis Aubl.; Magnoliophyta: Marcgraviaceae; climber
3137. Normanbya normanbyi (W. Hill) L.H. Bailey; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3138. Nuxia floribunda Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Stilbaceae; tree
3139. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.; Magnoliophyta: Oleaceae; herb
3140. Nymphaea rubra Roxb. ex Andrews; Magnoliophyta: Nymphaeaceae; herb
3141. Ochna kirkii Oliv.; Magnoliophyta: Ochnaceae; shrub
3142. Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam.) Urb.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
3143. Odontadenia macrantha (Roem. & Schult.) Markgr.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
3144. Odontonema cuspidatum (Nees) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb; =O. strictum
hort.
3145. Olea europaea L.; Magnoliophyta: Oleaceae; tree
3146. Oncoba spinosa Forssk.; Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae; shrub
3147. Ophiopogon intermedius D. Don; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; shrub
3148. Ophiopogon jaburan (Siebold) Lodd. et al.; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; herb
251
Chong et al.
3149. Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl.; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; herb
3150. Ophiopogon planiscapus Nakai; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; shrub
3151. Opuntia cochenillifer (L.) Mill.; Magnoliophyta: Cactaceae; herb
3152. Opuntia scheeri F.A.C. Weber; Magnoliophyta: Cactaceae; herb
3153. Orania palindan (Blanco) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3154. Orchidantha fimbriata Holtt.; Magnoliophyta: Lowiaceae; herb
3155. Orchidantha maxillarioides (Ridl.) K. Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Lowiaceae; herb
3156. Ormosia pinnata (Lour.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3157. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree
3158. Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; herb
3159. Osmanthus fragrans Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Oleaceae; shrub
3160. Osmoxylon lineare (Merr.) Philipson; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; shrub
3161. Otacanthus caeruleus Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Plantaginaceae; herb
3162. Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers.; Magnoliophyta: Hydrocharitaceae; herb
3163. Oxalis regnelli Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Oxalidaceae; herb
3164. Pachira aquatica Aubl.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
3165. Pachira insignis (Sw.) Savigny; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
3166. Pachypodium lamerei Drake; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; shrub
3167. Pachystachys lutea Nees; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3168. Pachystachys spicata (Ruiz & Pav.) Wassh.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3169. Palaquium beccarianum (Pierre) P. Royen; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
3170. Palaquium galactoxylum H.J. Lam; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
3171. Palaquium leiocarpum Boerl.; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
3172. Palisota mannii C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Commelinaceae; shrub
3173. Pancratium zeylanicum L.; Magnoliophyta: Amaryllidaceae; herb
3174. Pandanus dubius Spreng. var. dubius; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; tree
3175. Pandanus gemmiferus H. St. John; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; shrub
3176. Pandanus pygmaeus Thouars; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; shrub
3177. Pandanus tectorius Parkinson; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; shrub
3178. Pandanus utilis Bory; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; shrub
3179. Pandorea jasminoides (Lindl.) K. Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; climber
3180. Pangium edule Reinw.; Magnoliophyta: Achariaceae; tree
3181. Paramacrolobium coeruleum (Taub.) J. Léonard; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3182. Parashorea densiflora Sloot & Symington; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
3183. Parastemon spicatum Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Chrysobalanaceae; tree
3184. Parkia biglandulosa Wight & Arn.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3185. Parkia javanica (Lam.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3186. Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3187. Parmentiera aculeata (Kunth) Seem.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree
3188. Parmentiera cereifera Seem.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree
3189. Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; herb
3190. Passiflora amethystina J.C. Mikan; Magnoliophyta: Passifloraceae; herb
3191. Passiflora biflora Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Passifloraceae; climber
3192. Passiflora coccinea Aubl.; Magnoliophyta: Passifloraceae; climber
3193. Passiflora edulis Sims; Magnoliophyta: Passifloraceae; climber
3194. Passiflora palmata Lodd.; Magnoliophyta: Passifloraceae; climber
3195. Pavonia multiflora A. St.-Hill.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
3196. Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; herb
3197. Pelagodoxa henryana Becc. ex Bois; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3198. Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér.; Magnoliophyta: Geraniaceae; herb
3199. Pellaea rotundifolia (G. Forst.) Hook.; Filicinophyta: Adiantaceae; herb
3200. Pellionia daveauana N.E. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Urticaceae; shrub
252
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3201. Peltophorum africanum Sond.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3202. Peltophorum dasyrrhachis (Miq.) Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3203. Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3204. Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3205. Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3206. Pennisetum macrostachys (Brongn.) Trin.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3207. Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3208. Pentace curtisii King; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
3209. Pentas lanceolata (Forssk.) Deflers; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
3210. Pentaspadon motleyi Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
3211. Pentaspadon velutinus Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
3212. Peperomia argyreia (Miq.) E. Morren; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; herb
3213. Peperomia caperata Yunck.; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; herb
3214. Peperomia clusiifolia (Jacq.) Hook.; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; herb
3215. Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A. Dietr.; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; herb
3216. Peperomia sarmentosa A. Dietr.; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; herb
3217. Peperomia scandens Ruiz & Pav.; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; herb
3218. Pereskia aculeata Mill.; Magnoliophyta: Cactaceae; herb
3219. Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Cactaceae; shrub
3220. Pereskia corrugata Cutak; Magnoliophyta: Cactaceae; herb
3221. Pereskia grandifolia Haw.; Magnoliophyta: Cactaceae; shrub
3222. Pericopsis mooniana (Thwaites) Thwaites; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3223. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; herb
3224. Peristrophe hyssopifolia (Burm. f.) Bremek.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
3225. Persea americana Mill.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
3226. Persea thunbergii (Siebold & Zucc.) Kosterm.; Magnoliophyta: Lauraceae; tree
3227. Persicaria capitata (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) H. Gross; Magnoliophyta: Polygonaceae; herb
3228. Persicaria odorata (Lour.) Soják; Magnoliophyta: Polygonaceae; shrub
3229. Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross; Magnoliophyta: Polygonaceae; herb
3230. Persoonia toru A. Cunn.; Magnoliophyta: Proteaceae; shrub
3231. Petraeovitex wolfei J. Sinclair; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; climber
3232. Petrea volubilis L.; Magnoliophyta: Verbenaceae; climber
3233. Phaleria capitata Jack; Magnoliophyta: Thymelaeaceae; tree
3234. Phaleria clerodendron F. Muell. ex Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Thymelaeaceae; tree
3235. Phenakospermum guyanense (Rich.) Endl. ex Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Strelitziaceae; herb
3236. Philodendron bipinnatifidum Schott ex Endl.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; climber; =P. selloum
K. Koch
3237. Philodendron erubescens K. Koch & Augustin; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; climber
3238. Philodendron lacerum (Jacq.) Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
3239. Philodendron mamei André; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; climber
3240. Philodendron panduriforme (Kunth) Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; climber
3241. Philodendron undulatum Engl.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
3242. Philodendron wendlandii Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
3243. Philodendron xanadu Croat, Mayo & J. Boos; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; climber
3244. Phoenicophorium borsigianum (K. Koch) Stuntz; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3245. Phoenix canariensis hort. ex Chabaud; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3246. Phoenix dactylifera L.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3247. Phoenix paludosa Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3248. Phoenix reclinata Jacq.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
3249. Phoenix roebelenii O'Brien; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3250. Phoenix rupicola T. Anderson; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3251. Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
253
Chong et al.
3252. Phormium tenax J.R. Forst & G. Forst.; Magnoliophyta: Hemerocallidaceae; shrub
3253. Phryganocydia corymbosa (Vent.) Bureau ex K. Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae;
climber
3254. Phyllagathis rotundifolia (Jack) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; herb
3255. Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree
3256. Phyllanthus cochinchinensis Spreng.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; shrub
3257. Phyllanthus cuscutiflorus S. Moore; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; shrub
3258. Phyllanthus myrtifolius (Wight) Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; shrub
3259. Phyllanthus pulcher Wall. ex Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; shrub
3260. Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Phytolaccaceae; herb
3261. Pigafetta elata (Mart.) Blume ex H. Wendl.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3262. Pigafetta filaris (Giseke) Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3263. Pilea cadierei Gagnep. & Guillaumin; Magnoliophyta: Urticaceae; herb
3264. Pilea involucrata Urb.; Magnoliophyta: Urticaceae; herb
3265. Pilea nummulariifolia (Sw.) Wedd.; Magnoliophyta: Urticaceae; climber
3266. Pilea serpyllacea (Kunth) Liebm.; Magnoliophyta: Urticaceae; shrub
3267. Pinanga caesia Blume; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3268. Pinanga coronata (Blume ex Mart.) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
3269. Pinanga densiflora Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
3270. Pinanga dicksonii Blume; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
3271. Pinanga kuhlii Blume; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
3272. Pinanga ligulata Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3273. Pinanga patula Blume; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
3274. Pinus caribaea Morelet; Pinophyta: Pinaceae; tree
3275. Pinus elliottii Engelm.; Pinophyta: Pinaceae; tree
3276. Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon; Pinophyta: Pinaceae; tree
3277. Pinus luchuensis Mayr; Pinophyta: Pinaceae; tree
3278. Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese; Pinophyta: Pinaceae; tree
3279. Piper nigrum L.; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; climber
3280. Piper pseudolindenii C. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; shrub; =P. magnificum (C. DC.)
Trel.
3281. Pisonia alba Span.; Magnoliophyta: Nyctaginaceae; shrub
3282. Pisonia grandis R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Nyctaginaceae; tree
3283. Pitcairnia angustifolia Sol.; Magnoliophyta: Bromeliaceae; herb
3284. Pitcairnia bromeliifolia L'Hér.; Magnoliophyta: Bromeliaceae; herb
3285. Pitcairnia sanguinea (H.E. Luther) D.C. Taylor & H. Rob.; Magnoliophyta: Bromeliaceae;
herb
3286. Pittosporum pentandrum (Blanco) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Pittosporaceae; tree
3287. Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) W.T. Aiton; Magnoliophyta: Pittosporaceae; tree
3288. Placospermum coriaceum C.T. White & W.D. Francis; Magnoliophyta: Proteaceae; tree
3289. Platycerium grande (Fée) Kunze; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae; epiphyte
3290. Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco; Pinophyta: Cupressaceae; tree
3291. Pleiocarpa mutica Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree
3292. Plumbago auriculata Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Plumbaginaceae; shrub
3293. Plumbago indica L.; Magnoliophyta: Plumbaginaceae; shrub
3294. Plumeria alba L.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree
3295. Plumeria obtusa L.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree
3296. Plumeria pudica Jacq.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree
3297. Plumeria rubra L.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree
3298. Podocarpus elatus R. Br. ex Endl.; Pinophyta: Podocarpaceae; tree
3299. Podocarpus henkelii Stapf ex Dallim. & A.B. Jacks.; Pinophyta: Podocarpaceae; tree
3300. Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) Sweet; Pinophyta: Podocarpaceae; tree
254
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3301. Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don; Pinophyta: Podocarpaceae; tree
3302. Podocarpus rumphii Blume; Pinophyta: Podocarpaceae; tree
3303. Podranea ricasoliana (Tanfani) Sprague; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; climber
3304. Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3305. Polianthes tuberosa L.; Magnoliophyta: Agavaceae; herb
3306. Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
3307. Polyalthia stenopetala (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Finet & Gagnep.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae;
tree
3308. Polypodium polycarpon Cav.; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae; herb
3309. Polypodium punctatum Thunb. ex Murray; Filicinophyta: Polypodiaceae; herb
3310. Polyscias balfouriana (André) L.H. Bailey; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; shrub
3311. Polyscias cumingiana (C. Presl) Fern.-Vill.; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; shrub
3312. Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; shrub
3313. Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem.; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; tree
3314. Pontederia cordata L.; Magnoliophyta: Pontederiaceae; herb
3315. Porana volubilis Burm. f.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
3316. Portulaca grandiflora Hook.; Magnoliophyta: Portulacaceae; herb
3317. Portulacaria afra (L.) Jacq.; Magnoliophyta: Portulacaceae; herb
3318. Pourouma cecropiifolia Mart.; Magnoliophyta: Urticaceae; tree
3319. Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk.; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
3320. Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
3321. Pouteria gardneriana (A. DC.) Radlk.; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
3322. Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
3323. Premna corymbosa Rottler & Willd.; Magnoliophyta: Verbenaceae; tree
3324. Pritchardia pacifica Seem. & H. Wendl.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3325. Pritchardia thurstonii F. Muell. & Drude; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3326. Proiphys amboinensis (L.) Herb; Magnoliophyta: Amaryllidaceae; herb
3327. Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3328. Prumnopitys amara (Blume) de Laub.; Pinophyta: Podocarpaceae; tree
3329. Pseuderanthemum andersonii Lindau; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3330. Pseuderanthemum atropurpureum L.H. Bailey; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3331. Pseuderanthemum bicolor Radlk.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3332. Pseuderanthemum carruthersii (Seem.) Guillaumin; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3333. Pseuderanthemum graciliflorum Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3334. Pseuderanthemum kewense L.H. Bailey; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3335. Pseuderanthemum laxiflorum Hubbard ex L.H. Bailey; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3336. Pseuderanthemum reticulatum hort. ex Hook.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3337. Pseudobombax ellipticum (Kunth) Dugand; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
3338. Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides (Kunth) Cabrera; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; climber
3339. Pseudomussaenda flava Verdc.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
3340. Pseudosindora palustris Symington; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3341. Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3342. Pterocarpus rohrii Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3343. Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
3344. Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
3345. Ptychosperma lineare (Burret) Burret; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3346. Ptychosperma sanderianum Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
3347. Pullea stutzeri (F. Muell.) Gibbs; Magnoliophyta: Cunoniaceae; tree
3348. Punica granatum L.; Magnoliophyta: Lythraceae; shrub
3349. Quassia amara L.; Magnoliophyta: Simaroubaceae; shrub
3350. Quercus acutissima Carruth.; Magnoliophyta: Fagaceae; tree
3351. Radermachera glandulosa Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree
255
Chong et al.
3352. Randia fitzalanii F. Muell. ex Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
3353. Raphia australis Oberm. & Strey; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3354. Raphia farinifera (Gaertn.) Hyl.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3355. Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; shrub
3356. Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn.; Magnoliophyta: Strelitziaceae; tree
3357. Ravenea rivularis Jum. & H. Perrier; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3358. Ravenia spectabilis (Lindl.) Planch. ex Griseb.; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; shrub
3359. Reevesia thyrsoidea Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
3360. Reineckea carnea (Andrews) Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; herb
3361. Reinhardtia gracilis (H. Wendl.) Burret var. rostrata (Burret) H.E. Moore; Magnoliophyta:
Arecaceae; shrub
3362. Reinwardtia indica Dumort.; Magnoliophyta: Linaceae; climber
3363. Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.) A. Henry ex Rehder; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
3364. Rhapis humilis Blume; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
3365. Rhapis multifida Buffet; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
3366. Rhododendron indicum (L.) Sweet; Magnoliophyta: Ericaceae; shrub
3367. Rhodosphaera rhodanthema (F. Muell.) Engl.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
3368. Rhopaloblaste augusta (Kurz) H.E. Moore; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3369. Rhopaloblaste ceramica (Miq.) Burret; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3370. Rhopalostylis sapida H. Wendl. & Drude; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3371. Rhynchospora latifolia (Baldwin ex Elliott) W.W. Thomas; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb;
=Dichromena latifolia Baldwin ex Elliott
3372. Rhynchospora nervosa (Vahl) Boeck.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
3373. Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree
3374. Rondeletia leucophylla Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
3375. Rondeletia odorata Jacq.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
3376. Rondeletia strigosa (Benth.) Hemsl.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub
3377. Rotheca incisa (Klotzsch) Steane & Mabb.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub;
=Clerodendrum macrosiphon Hook. f.; Clerodendrum incisum Klotzsch
3378. Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub
3379. Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub
3380. Roystonea oleracea (Jacq.) O.F. Cook; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3381. Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F. Cook; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3382. Rudbeckia fulgida Aiton; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3383. Ruellia affinis (Schrad.) Lindau; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3384. Ruellia amoena Sessé & Moc.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3385. Ruellia ciliosa Pursh; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3386. Ruellia colorata Baill.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; climber
3387. Ruellia macrantha Mart. ex Nees; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3388. Ruellia malacosperma Greenm.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3389. Ruellia rosea Hemsl.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3390. Ruellia simplex C. Wright; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb; =R. brittoniana Leonard
3391. Ruellia tuberosa L.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3392. Ruellia tweediana Griseb.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3393. Ruspolia hypocrateriformis (Vahl) Milne-Redh.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3394. Ruspolia seticalyx (C.B. Clarke) Milne-Redh.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
3395. Russelia equisetiformis Schltdl. & Cham.; Magnoliophyta: Scrophulariaceae; herb
3396. Russelia sarmentosa Jacq.; Magnoliophyta: Scrophulariaceae; shrub
3397. Ruta graveolens L.; Magnoliophyta: Scrophulariaceae; shrub
3398. Ruttya fruticosa Lindau; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3399. Sabal causiarum (O.F. Cook) Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3400. Sabal mauritiiformis (H. Karst.) Griseb. & H. Wendl.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
256
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3401. Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3402. Sabal palmetto (Walter) Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult. f.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3403. Sabal yapa C. Wright ex Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3404. Sagittaria latifolia Willd.; Magnoliophyta: Alismataceae; herb
3405. Sagittaria sagittifolia L.; Magnoliophyta: Alismataceae; herb
3406. Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl.; Magnoliophyta: Gesneriaceae; herb
3407. Salacca magnifica Mogea; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
3408. Salix babylonica L.; Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae; tree
3409. Salix tetrasperma Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae; tree
3410. Salvia splendens Sellow ex Schult.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; herb
3411. Sanchezia speciosa Leonard; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
3412. Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; herb
3413. Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree
3414. Saraca declinata (Jack) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; =S. cauliflora Baker.
3415. Saraca indica L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3416. Saraca thaipingensis Cantley ex Prain; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3417. Sarcopteryx martyana Radlk.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
3418. Sarcotoechia serrata S.T. Reynolds; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
3419. Saritaea magnifica (Sprague ex Steenis) Dugand; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; climber
3420. Satakentia liukiuensis (Hatus.) H.E. Moore; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3421. Sauropus spatulifolius Beille; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; shrub
3422. Saxifraga stolonifera Curtis; Magnoliophyta: Saxifragaceae; herb
3423. Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf. ssp. multiflorus; Magnoliophyta: Amaryllidaceae; herb
3424. Scaevola albida (Sm.) Druce; Magnoliophyta: Goodeniaceae; shrub
3425. Schaueria flavicoma N.E. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
3426. Schefflera arboricola (Hayata) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; shrub
3427. Schefflera elegantissima (hort. Veitch ex Mast.) Lowry & Frodin; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae;
shrub; =Dizygotheca elegantissima (hort. Veitch ex Mast.) R. Vig. & Guillaumin
3428. Schefflera versteegii Harms; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; tree
3429. Schima superba Gardner& Champ.; Magnoliophyta: Theaceae; tree
3430. Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
3431. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) S.F. Blake; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3432. Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
3433. Schotia latifolia Jacq.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3434. Schoutenia accrescens (Mast.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
3435. Sedum mexicanum Britt.; Magnoliophyta: Crassulaceae; herb
3436. Sedum nevii A. Gray; Magnoliophyta: Crassulaceae; herb
3437. Sedum rubrotinctum R.T. Clausen; Magnoliophyta: Crassulaceae; herb
3438. Sedum sarmentosum Bunge; Magnoliophyta: Crassulaceae; herb
3439. Sedum sexangulare L.; Magnoliophyta: Crassulaceae; herb
3440. Selaginella cuspidata (Link) Link; Lycophyta: Selaginellaceae; shrub
3441. Selaginella emmeliana F. Schmitz; Lycophyta: Selaginellaceae; shrub
3442. Selaginella erythropus (Mart.) Spring; Lycophyta: Selaginellaceae; herb
3443. Senna fruticosa (Mill.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3444. Senna multijuga (Rich.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3445. Senna pallida (Vahl) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub
3446. Senna pendula (Willd.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub
3447. Senna polyphylla (Jacq.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub
3448. Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3449. Senna sinqueana (Delile) Lock; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3450. Senna sulfurea (Collad.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub
3451. Serenoa repens (W. Bartram) Small; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub
257
Chong et al.
3452. Serissa japonica (Thunb.) Thunb.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; shrub; =S. foetida (L. f.) Lam.
3453. Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3454. Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3455. Severinia buxifolia (Poir.) Ten.; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree
3456. Shorea acuminata Dyer; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
3457. Shorea ciliata King; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
3458. Shorea faquetiana Heim; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
3459. Shorea glauca King; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
3460. Shorea laevis Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
3461. Shorea macrophylla (de Vriese) P.S. Ashton; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
3462. Shorea materialis Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
3463. Shorea maxima (King) Symington; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
3464. Shorea multiflora (Burck) Symington; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
3465. Shorea palembanica Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
3466. Shorea platyclados Slooten ex Endert; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
3467. Shorea roxburghii G. Don; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
3468. Shorea seminis Slooten; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
3469. Shorea smithiana Symington; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
3470. Shorea sumatrana (Sloot) Desch; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
3471. Shorea talura Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
3472. Sindora echinocalyx Prain; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3473. Sindora siamensis Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3474. Sinningia speciosa (Lodd. et al.) Hiern; Magnoliophyta: Gesneriaceae; herb
3475. Solandra longiflora Tussac; Magnoliophyta: Solanaceae; climber
3476. Solanum mammosum L.; Magnoliophyta: Solanaceae; herb
3477. Solanum melongena L.; Magnoliophyta: Solanaceae; herb
3478. Solanum wrightii Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Solanaceae; tree
3479. Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; herb
3480. Spathiphyllum cannifolium (Dryand.) Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
3481. Spathiphyllum wallisii Regel; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
3482. Spathoglottis gracilis Rolfe ex Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
3483. Spathoglottis kimballiana Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb
3484. Spiraea japonica L. f.; Magnoliophyta: Rosaceae; herb
3485. Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
3486. Spondias pinnata (J. Koenig ex L. f.) Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
3487. Stenocarpus sinuatus Endl.; Magnoliophyta: Proteaceae; tree
3488. Stephania erecta Craib; Magnoliophyta: Menispermaceae; climber
3489. Stephanotis floribunda Brongn.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
3490. Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H. Karst.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
3491. Sterculia balanghas L.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
3492. Sterculia ceramica R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
3493. Sterculia foetida L.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
3494. Sterculia lanceolata Blume var. coccinea (Jack) C. Phengklai; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae;
tree
3495. Sterculia monosperma Vent.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
3496. Sterculia nobilis Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
3497. Sterculia oblongata R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
3498. Sterculia stipulata Korth.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
3499. Stereospermum fimbriatum (Wall. ex G. Don) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree
3500. Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3501. Stictocardia discolor Ootstr.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
3502. Stigmaphyllon ciliatum (Lam.) A. Juss.; Magnoliophyta: Malpighiaceae; climber
258
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3503. Streblus ilicifolius (Vidal) Corner; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
3504. Strelitzia nicolai Regel & Körn.; Magnoliophyta: Strelitziaceae; tree
3505. Strelitzia reginae Aiton; Magnoliophyta: Strelitziaceae; herb
3506. Strobilanthes crispus Blume; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
3507. Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) J.B. Imlay; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
3508. Strobilanthes dyeriana Mast.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
3509. Stromanthe sanguinea (Hook.) Sond.; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
3510. Strongylodon macrobotrys A. Gray; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
3511. Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; shrub
3512. Strophanthus preussii Engl. & Pax; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
3513. Swartzia pinnata (Vahl) Willd.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3514. Swietenia mahogani (L.) Jacq.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
3515. Swintonia floribunda Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree
3516. Syagyrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3517. Syagyrus schizophylla (Mart.) Glassman; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3518. Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) G.L. Nesom; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3519. Symphyotrichum laeve (L.) A. Love & D. Love var. laeve; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb;
=Aster laevis L.
3520. Synima macrophylla S.T. Reynolds; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
3521. Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach. & Thonn.) Daniell; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree
3522. Syzygium alliiligneum B. Hyland; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3523. Syzygium angophoroides (F. Muell.) B. Hyland; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3524. Syzygium antisepticum (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3525. Syzygium aqueum (Burm. f.) Alston; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3526. Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3527. Syzygium fibrosum (F.M. Bailey) T.G. Hartley & L.M. Perry; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae;
tree
3528. Syzygium forte (F. Muell.) B. Hyland ssp. forte; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3529. Syzygium hemilampra (F. Muell.) Craven & Biffin; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3530. Syzygium minutiflorum Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3531. Syzygium nervosum DC.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3532. Syzygium resa (B. Hyland) Craven & Biffin; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3533. Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3534. Syzygium unipunctatum (B. Hyland) Craven & Biffin; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3535. Syzygium wilsonii (F. Muell.) B. Hyland; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3536. Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. & Hook. f. ex S. Moore; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae;
tree
3537. Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) G. Nicholson; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree
3538. Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) Standl.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree
3539. Tabebuia haemantha (Betero ex Spreng.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; shrub
3540. Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree
3541. Tabebuia ochracea (Cham.) Standl.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree
3542. Tabebuia pallida (Lindl.) Miers; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree
3543. Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) G. Nicholson; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree
3544. Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae;
shrub
3545. Tabernaemontana macrocarpa Jack; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree
3546. Tabernaemontana pachysiphon Stapf.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree
3547. Tacca chantrieri André; Magnoliophyta: Dioscoreaceae; herb
3548. Tacca plantaginea (Hance) Drenth; Magnoliophyta: Dioscoreaceae; herb
3549. Tagetes patula L.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3550. Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss.; Magnoliophyta: Portulacaceae; herb
259
Chong et al.
3551. Tapeinochilos ananassae (Hassk.) K. Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Costaceae; herb
3552. Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.; Pinophyta: Taxodiaceae; tree
3553. Tecoma capensis (Thunb.) Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; shrub; =Tecomaria
capensis (Thunb.) Spach
3554. Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree
3555. Tectona grandis L. f.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; tree
3556. Telosma cordata (Burm. f.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
3557. Tephrosia grandiflora (Aiton) Pers.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub
3558. Terminalia brassii Exell; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; tree
3559. Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; tree
3560. Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev.; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; tree
3561. Terminalia kaernbachii Warb.; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; tree
3562. Terminalia muelleri Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; tree
3563. Terminalia pyrifolia Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; tree
3564. Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC.; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; tree
3565. Tetracera loureiri Pierre ex Craib; Magnoliophyta: Dilleniaceae; climber
3566. Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3567. Tetrastigma dichotomum Planch.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber
3568. Thalia dealbata Fraser ex Roscoe; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
3569. Thalia geniculata L.; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb
3570. Theobroma cacao L.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
3571. Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree
3572. Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; shrub
3573. Thrinax parviflora Sw.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3574. Thrinax radiata Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult. f.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3575. Thunbergia battiscombei Turril; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3576. Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T. Anderson; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3577. Thunbergia kirkii Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3578. Thymophylla tenuiloba DC.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3579. Tibouchina semidecandra (Schrank & Mart. ex DC.) Cogn.; Magnoliophyta:
Melastomataceae; tree
3580. Tibouchina urvilleana (DC.) Cogn.; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; shrub
3581. Tillandsia cyanea Linden ex K. Koch; Magnoliophyta: Bromeliaceae; herb
3582. Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.; Magnoliophyta: Bromeliaceae; herb
3583. Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3584. Tithonia diversifolia (Helms.) A. Gray; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3585. Toechima daemelianum Radlk.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
3586. Toechima erythrocarpum Radlk.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree
3587. Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) M. Roem.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
3588. Torenia fournieri Linden ex E. Fourn.; Magnoliophyta: Linderniaceae; herb
3589. Trachelospermum asiaticum Nakai; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
3590. Trachycarpus takil Becc.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3591. Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D. R. Hunt; Magnoliophyta: Commelinaceae; herb
3592. Tradescantia spathacea Sw.; Magnoliophyta: Commelinaceae; herb
3593. Tradescantia zebrina hort. ex Bosse; Magnoliophyta: Commelinaceae; herb; =T. pendula
(Schnizl.) D.R. Hunt
3594. Trapa natans L.; Magnoliophyta: Lythraceae; herb
3595. Treculia africana Decne. ex Trec.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree
3596. Trichilia emetica Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree
3597. Triphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wilson; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree
3598. Triplaris americana L.; Magnoliophyta: Polygonaceae; tree
3599. Triplaris cumingiana Fisch. & C.A. Mey.; Magnoliophyta: Polygonaceae; tree
260
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3600. Triplaris weigeltiana Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Polygonaceae; tree
3601. Tripogandra multiflora (Sw.) Raf.; Magnoliophyta: Commelinaceae; herb
3602. Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3603. Tristaniopsis beccarii (Ridl.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae;
tree
3604. Tristaniopsis exiliflora (F. Muell.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.; Magnoliophyta:
Myrtaceae; tree
3605. Tristaniopsis laurina (Sm.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3606. Trophis scandens Hook. & Arn.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; climber
3607. Tulbaghia violacea Harv.; Magnoliophyta: Alliaceae; herb
3608. Turnera aurantiaca Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Turneraceae; herb
3609. Turraea obtusifolia Hochst.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; shrub
3610. Typha latifolia L.; Magnoliophyta: Typhaceae; herb
3611. Typhonodorum lindleyanum Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
3612. Uncaria sinensis (Oliv.) Havil.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; tree
3613. Vallaris glabra (L.) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber
3614. Vanilla planifolia Andrews; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; climber
3615. Vatica heteroptera Symington; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
3616. Vatica oblongifolia Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
3617. Vatica rassak Blume; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
3618. Vatica umbonata Burck; Magnoliophyta: Dipterocarpaceae; tree
3619. Veitchia joannis H. Wendl.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3620. Verschaffeltia splendida H. Wendl.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3621. Victoria amazonica (Poepp.) J.C. Sowerby; Magnoliophyta: Nymphaeaceae; herb
3622. Victoria cruziana A.D. Orb.; Magnoliophyta: Nymphaeaceae; herb
3623. Vigna racemosa (G. Don) Hutch. & Dalziel; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber; =Clitoria
racemosa G. Don
3624. Vinca minor L.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; herb
3625. Vitis vinifera L.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber
3626. Vriesea splendens (Brongn.) Lem.; Magnoliophyta: Bromeliaceae; herb
3627. Washingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) H. Wendl.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3628. Washingtonia robusta H. Wendl.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3629. Waterhousea floribunda (F. Muell.) B. Hyland; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3630. Whitfieldia elongata (P. Beauv.) C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub
3631. Wikstroemia indica C.A. Mey.; Magnoliophyta: Thymelaeaceae; shrub
3632. Wodyetia bifurcata A.K. Irvine; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3633. Wrightia antidysenterica (L.) R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; shrub
3634. Wrightia dubia (Sims) Spreng.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; shrub
3635. Xanthorrhoea glauca D.J. Bedford; Magnoliophyta: Xanthorrhoeaceae; tree
3636. Xanthorrhoea preissii Endl.; Magnoliophyta: Xanthorrhoeaceae; herb
3637. Xanthostemon chrysanthus (F. Muell.) Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree
3638. Xanthostemon verticillatus (C.T. White & W.D. Francis) L.S. Sm.; Magnoliophyta:
Myrtaceae; tree
3639. Xanthostemon youngii C.T. White & W.D. Francis; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; herb
3640. Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl.; Magnoliophyta: Haemodoraceae; herb
3641. Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub. var. xylocarpa; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3642. Yucca aloifolia L.; Magnoliophyta: Agavaceae; herb
3643. Yucca gloriosa L.; Magnoliophyta: Agavaceae; herb
3644. Zamia fufuracea L. f.; Pinophyta: Zamiaceae; tree
3645. Zamia pumila L.; Pinophyta: Zamiaceae; tree
3646. Zamioculcas zamiifolia (Lodd. et al.) Engl.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
3647. Zea mays L.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
261
Chong et al.
3648. Zephyranthes candida (Lindl.) Herb; Magnoliophyta: Amaryllidaceae; herb
3649. Zephyranthes carinata Herb; Magnoliophyta: Amaryllidaceae; herb
3650. Zephyranthes citrina Baker; Magnoliophyta: Amaryllidaceae; herb
3651. Zingiber officinale Roscoe; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb
3652. Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Rhamnaceae; tree
3653. Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight & Arn.; Magnoliophyta: Rhamnaceae; tree
3654. Zombia antillarum (Descourt. ex B.D. Jacks.) L.H. Bailey; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree
3655. Zoysia japonica Steud.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3656. Zoysia tenuifolia Willd. ex Thiele; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
Casual
3657. Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; herb; cultivated
3658. Acalypha siamensis Oliv. ex Gage; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub; cultivated
3659. Acroceras munroanum (Balansa) Henr.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3660. Aglaonema commutatum Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb; cultivated
3661. Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated; =Samanea saman
(Jacq.) Merr.
3662. Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree; cultivated
3663. Allamanda cathartica L.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; climber; cultivated
3664. Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw.; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb; cultivated
3665. Anacardium occidentale L.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree; cultivated
3666. Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Bromeliaceae; herb; cultivated
3667. Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex DC.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
3668. Annona reticulata L.; Magnoliophyta: Annonaceae; tree; cultivated
3669. Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; tree; cultivated
3670. Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn.; Magnoliophyta: Polygonaceae; climber; cultivated
3671. Areca catechu L.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree; cultivated
3672. Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree; cultivated
3673. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree; cultivated
3674. Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree; cultivated
3675. Averrhoa bilimbi L.; Magnoliophyta: Oxalidaceae; tree; cultivated
3676. Averrhoa carambola L.; Magnoliophyta: Oxalidaceae; tree; cultivated
3677. Azadirachta indica A. Juss.; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree; cultivated
3678. Bambusa heterostachya (Munro) Holtt.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; shrub; cultivated
3679. Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J. C. Wendl.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; shrub; cultivated
3680. Baphia nitida Lodd. et al.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub; cultivated
3681. Bergera koenigii L.; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; shrub; cultivated; =Murraya koenegii (L.)
Spreng.
3682. Callerya atropurpurea (Wall.) Schot; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated; =Millettia
atropurpurea (Wall.) Benth.
3683. Calliandra surinamensis Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub; cultivated
3684. Carica papaya L.; Magnoliophyta: Caricaceae; tree; cultivated
3685. Castilla elastica Sessé; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; tree; cultivated
3686. Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree; cultivated
3687. Celosia argentea L.; Magnoliophyta: Amaranthaceae; herb; cultivated
3688. Centipeda minima (L.) A. Braun & Asch.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3689. Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f.; Magnoliophyta: Rutaceae; tree; cultivated
3690. Clerodendrum paniculatum L.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub; cultivated
3691. Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; climber; cultivated
3692. Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. Juss.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub; cultivated
3693. Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb; cultivated
3694. Congea tomentosa Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; climber; cultivated
262
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3695. Congea velutina Wight; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; climber; cultivated
3696. Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev.; Magnoliophyta: Laxmanniaceae; shrub; cultivated
3697. Costus lucanusianus J. Braun & K. Sch.; Magnoliophyta: Costaceae; herb; cultivated
3698. Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.) Backer ex Heyne; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; shrub; cultivated
3699. Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott var. seguine; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb; cultivated;
=D. maculata (Lodd.) Sweet; D. picta Schott
3700. Dimocarpus longan Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; tree; cultivated
3701. Dracaena fragrans (L.) Ker Gawl.; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; shrub; cultivated
3702. Durio zibethinus L.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree; cultivated
3703. Epipremnum aureum (Linden ex André) Bunting; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; climber;
cultivated
3704. Eryngium foetidum L.; Magnoliophyta: Apiaceae; herb; cultivated
3705. Ficus benghalensis L.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler; cultivated
3706. Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler; cultivated
3707. Ficus pumila L.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; climber; cultivated
3708. Garcinia mangostana L.; Magnoliophyta: Clusiaceae; tree; cultivated
3709. Gigantochloa thoii K.M. Wong; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; shrub; cultivated
3710. Gigantochloa wrayi Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; shrub; cultivated
3711. Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
3712. Gloriosa superba L.; Magnoliophyta: Colchicaceae; climber; cultivated
3713. Heliconia psittacorum L. f.; Magnoliophyta: Heliconiaceae; herb; cultivated
3714. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub; cultivated
3715. Hygrophila auriculata (Buch.-Ham.) M. R. Almeida & S. M. Almeida; Magnoliophyta:
Acanthaceae; herb; cultivated; =H. spinosa T. Anders.; H. schulli (Buch.-Ham.) M.R.
Almeida & S.M. Almeida
3716. Hygrophila phlomoides Nees; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
3717. Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber; cultivated
3718. Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.; Magnoliophyta: Crassulaceae; herb; cultivated
3719. Lawsonia inermis L.; Magnoliophyta: Lythraceae; shrub; cultivated
3720. Malpighia coccigera L.; Magnoliophyta: Malpighiaceae; shrub; cultivated
3721. Mangifera indica L.; Magnoliophyta: Anacardiaceae; tree; cultivated
3722. Mimusops elengi L.; Magnoliophyta: Sapotaceae; tree; cultivated
3723. Momordica charantia L.; Magnoliophyta: Cucurbitaceae; climber; cultivated
3724. Monstera deliciosa Liebm.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; climber
3725. Pachystachys coccinea (Aubl.) Nees; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; shrub; cultivated;
=Jacobinia coccinea (Aubl.) Hiern
3726. Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Pandanaceae; shrub; cultivated
3727. Paspalum plicatulum Michx.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3728. Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre; Magnoliophyta: Polygonaceae; herb; cultivated
3729. Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb; cultivated; =P.
scandens K.Koch & Sello
3730. Piper betle L.; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; climber; cultivated
3731. Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
3732. Psidium guajava L.; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; shrub; cultivated
3733. Pterocarpus indicus Willd.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
3734. Quisqualis indica L.; Magnoliophyta: Combretaceae; climber; cultivated
3735. Saccharum officinarum L.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb; cultivated
3736. Sansevieria trifasciata Prain; Magnoliophyta: Ruscaceae; herb; cultivated
3737. Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) Harms; Magnoliophyta: Araliaceae; tree; cultivated
3738. Schizostachyum brachycladum Kurz; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; shrub; cultivated
3739. Schizostachyum jaculans Holttum; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; shrub; cultivated
3740. Schizostachyum zolleringi Steud.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; shrub; cultivated
263
Chong et al.
3741. Senna spectabilis (DC.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
3742. Senna surattensis (Burm. f.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree
3743. Spathoglottis unguiculata (Labill.) Rchb. f.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb; cultivated
3744. Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. pyramidalis (P. Beauv.) Veldk.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae;
herb
3745. Swietenia macrophylla King; Magnoliophyta: Meliaceae; tree; cultivated
3746. Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree; cultivated
3747. Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree; cultivated
3748. Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree; cultivated
3749. Tamarindus indica L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
3750. Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benn.) Benth. ex B. D. Jacks.; Magnoliophyta: Marantaceae; herb;
cultivated
3751. Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; climber; cultivated
3752. Thyrsostachys siamensis Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; shrub; cultivated
3753. Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson; Magnoliophyta: Menispermaceae; climber;
cultivated
3754. Vernonia elliptica DC.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; climber; cultivated
3755. Vitex trifolia L.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; shrub; cultivated
3756. Wrightia religiosa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Benth. ex Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; shrub;
cultivated
3757. Xanthium inaequilaterum DC.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3758. Zephyranthes rosea Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Amaryllidaceae; herb; cultivated
3759. Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Zingiberaceae; herb; cultivated
Naturalised
3760. Abrus precatorius L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber; cultivated
3761. Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
3762. Acacia mangium Willd.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
3763. Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3764. Adenanthera pavonina L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
3765. Adiantum fructuosum Spreng.; Filicinophyta: Adiantaceae; herb
3766. Adiantum latifolium Lam.; Filicinophyta: Adiantaceae; herb
3767. Aeschynomene americana L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; herb
3768. Aeschynomene indica L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; herb
3769. Ageratum conyzoides L.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3770. Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb; cultivated
3771. Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G. DC.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; tree
3772. Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel) G. Nicholson; Magnoliophyta: Amaranthaceae; herb; =A.
ficoidea (L.) R.Br. Ex Roem. & Schult. var. bettzichiana (Regel) Backer
3773. Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb; Magnoliophyta: Amaranthaceae; herb
3774. Amaranthus blitum L. ssp. oleraceus (L.) Costea; Magnoliophyta: Amaranthaceae; herb; =A.
lividus L.
3775. Amaranthus spinosus L.; Magnoliophyta: Amaranthaceae; herb
3776. Ammannia baccifera L.; Magnoliophyta: Lythraceae; herb
3777. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb;
cultivated
3778. Aniseia martinicensis (Jacq.) Choisy; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
3779. Arenga westerhoutii Griff.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; shrub; cultivated
3780. Asclepias curassavica L.; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; herb; cultivated
3781. Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson ssp. gangetica; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb;
cultivated
264
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3782. Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson ssp. micrantha (Nees) Ensermu; Magnoliophyta:
Acanthaceae; herb; cultivated; =A. nemorum Nees; A. intrusa (Forssk.) Blume
3783. Axonopus compressus (Sw.) Beauv.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb; cultivated
3784. Axonopus fissifolius (Raddi) Kulm.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb; =A. affinis Chase
3785. Azolla pinnata R.Br. ssp. asiatica R.M.K. Saunders & K. Fowler; Filicinophyta: Salviniaceae;
herb; =A. caroliniana Willd.
3786. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell; Magnoliophyta: Plantaginaceae; herb
3787. Bidens pilosa L.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3788. Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich.; Magnoliophyta: Urticaceae; shrub
3789. Calopogonium mucunoides Desv.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
3790. Canna indica L.; Magnoliophyta: Cannaceae; herb; cultivated
3791. Cardiospermum halicacabum L.; Magnoliophyta: Sapindaceae; climber; cultivated
3792. Carmona retusa (Vahl) Masam.; Magnoliophyta: Boraginaceae; shrub; cultivated
3793. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don; Magnoliophyta: Apocynaceae; shrub; cultivated
3794. Cecropia peltata L.; Magnoliophyta: Urticaceae; tree; cultivated
3795. Cecropia pachystachya Trécul; Magnoliophyta: Urticaceae; tree
3796. Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb; =C. echinatus auct. non
L.
3797. Cenchrus echinatus L.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3798. Centrosema pubescens Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber; cultivated
3799. Chamaecrista leschenaultiana (DC.) Degener; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub; =C.
nictinans (L.) Moensch. ssp. patellaria (Collad.) Irwin & Barneby var. glabrata (Vogel) Irwin
& Barneby
3800. Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub; cultivated; =Cassia
mimosoides L.
3801. Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; herb; cultivated; =Euphorbia
hirta L.
3802. Chamaesyce hypericifolia (L.) Millsp.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; herb; =Euphobia
hypericifolia L.
3803. Chloris barbata Sw.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3804. Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3805. Chrysobalanus icaco L.; Magnoliophyta: Chrysobalanaceae; shrub
3806. Cleome aculeata L.; Magnoliophyta: Cleomaceae; herb
3807. Cleome gynandra L.; Magnoliophyta: Cleomaceae; herb
3808. Cleome rutidosperma DC.; Magnoliophyta: Cleomaceae; herb; cultivated
3809. Cleome viscosa L.; Magnoliophyta: Cleomaceae; herb
3810. Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don; Magnoliophyta: Melastomataceae; shrub; cultivated
3811. Clitoria laurifolia Poir.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub
3812. Clitoria ternatea L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber; cultivated
3813. Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt; Magnoliophyta: Cucurbitaceae; climber; cultivated
3814. Cocos nucifera L.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree; cultivated
3815. Coix lacryma-jobi L.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb; cultivated
3816. Corchorus aestuans L.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; herb
3817. Cordia cylindristachya (Ruiz & Pav.) Roem. & Schult.; Magnoliophyta: Boraginaceae; shrub;
cultivated
3818. Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3819. Crotalaria alata Buch.-Ham ex G. Don; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub; =C. bialata Roxb.
3820. Crotalaria incana L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub
3821. Crotalaria juncea L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; herb
3822. Crotalaria pallida Aiton; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub; =C. mucronata Desv.
3823. Croton bonplandianus Baill.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; herb; =C. sparsiflorus Morong
3824. Croton hirtus L'Hér.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; herb
265
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3825. Cucumis maderaspatanus L.; Magnoliophyta: Cucurbitaceae; climber; =Mukia
maderaspatana (L.) M.J. Roem.
3826. Cuphea carthagenesis (Jacq.) J.F. Macbr.; Magnoliophyta: Lythraceae; herb
3827. Cyperus sphacelatus Rottb.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
3828. Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub
3829. Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3830. Digitaria didactyla Willd.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3831. Diodia ocymifolia (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Bremek.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb
3832. Diodia sarmentosa Sw.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb
3833. Dioscorea sansibarensis Pax; Magnoliophyta: Dioscoreaceae; climber; cultivated
3834. Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schultes; Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllaceae; herb
3835. Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke; Magnoliophyta: Rosaceae; climber; cultivated;
=Potentilla indica (Andr.) Wolf
3836. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3837. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms; Magnoliophyta: Pontederiaceae; herb; cultivated
3838. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3839. Eleutheranthera ruderalis (Sw.) Sch. Bip.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3840. Erechtites hieracifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3841. Erechtites valerianifolius (Link ex Spreng.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3842. Euphorbia heterophylla L.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; herb
3843. Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree;
cultivated; =Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosberg; Albizia moluccana Miq.; Paraserianthes
falcataria (L.) I.C.Nielsen
3844. Ficus religiosa L.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler; cultivated
3845. Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch.; Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae; tree
3846. Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Voigt; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub;
=Securinega virosa (Roxb. ex Wild.) Baill.
3847. Hemigraphis confinis T. Anderson.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
3848. Hemigraphis primulifolia (Nees) Fern.-Vill.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb; cultivated
3849. Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; tree;
cultivated
3850. Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G. Don; Magnoliophyta: Campanulaceae; herb; cultivated;
=Laurentia longiflora (L.) Peterm.
3851. Horsfieldia parviflora (Roxb.) J. Sinclair; Magnoliophyta: Myristicaceae; tree
3852. Hydrocera triflora (L.) Wight & Arn.; Magnoliophyta: Balsaminaceae; herb
3853. Hyptis brevipes Poit.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; herb
3854. Hyptis capitata Jacq.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; herb
3855. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; herb
3856. Indigofera hirsuta L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub
3857. Indigofera spicata Forssk.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; herb
3858. Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub
3859. Indigofera tinctoria L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub
3860. Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber; cultivated
3861. Ipomoea quamoclit L.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber; cultivated
3862. Ipomoea triloba L.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
3863. Jacaranda obtusifolia D. Don; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree; cultivated
3864. Kyllinga polyphylla Willd. ex Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb; =Cyperus
aromaticus (Ridl.) Mattf. And Kük.
3865. Lantana camara L.; Magnoliophyta: Verbenaceae; shrub; cultivated
3866. Lantana indica Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Verbenaceae; shrub
3867. Lemna perpusilla Torr.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
3868. Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; herb
266
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3869. Leonurus sibiricus L.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; herb
3870. Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated
3871. Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau; Magnoliophyta: Limnocharitaceae; herb; cultivated
3872. Lindernia nummulariifolia (D. Don) Wettst.; Magnoliophyta: Linderniaceae; herb; =L.
sessiliflora (Benth.) Wettst.
3873. Lobelia chinensis Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Campanulaceae; herb; cultivated
3874. Ludwigia peruviana (L.) H. Hara; Magnoliophyta: Onagraceae; shrub
3875. Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw.; Filicinophyta: Schizaeaceae; climber
3876. Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urb.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
3877. Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
3878. Manihot carthagenesis (Jack) Müll. Arg. ssp. glaziovii (Müll. Arg.) Allem; Magnoliophyta:
Euphorbiaceae; tree; cultivated; =M. glaziovii Müll.Arg.
3879. Manihot esculenta Crantz; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub; cultivated
3880. Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K. Simon & S.W.L. Jacobs; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb;
=Panicum maximum Jacq.
3881. Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb; =Rhynchelytrum repens
(Willd.) C.E. Hubb.
3882. Metroxylon sagu Rottb.; Magnoliophyta: Arecaceae; tree; cultivated
3883. Mikania micrantha Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; climber; cultivated
3884. Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; =M. sepiaria Benth.
3885. Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub; cultivated; =M. invisa Mart.
3886. Mimosa pigra L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub
3887. Mimosa pudica L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub; cultivated
3888. Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb
3889. Muntingia calabura L.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; tree; cultivated
3890. Neptunia oleracea Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; herb; =N. natans (L.f.) Pruce
3891. Neptunia plena (L.) Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub; cultivated
3892. Ohwia caudata (Thunb.) H. Ohashi; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub; cultivated;
=Desmodium laburnifolium (Poir.) DC.; Desmodium caudatum (Thunb. ex Murr.) DC.
3893. Oldenlandia corymbosa L.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb; cultivated; =Hedyotis
corymbosa (L.) Lam.
3894. Oxalis barrelieri L.; Magnoliophyta: Oxalidaceae; herb; cultivated
3895. Oxalis corniculata L.; Magnoliophyta: Oxalidaceae; herb; cultivated
3896. Oxalis debilis Kunth var. corymbosa (DC.) Lourteig; Magnoliophyta: Oxalidaceae; herb; =O.
corymbosa DC.
3897. Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3898. Passiflora foetida L.; Magnoliophyta: Passifloraceae; climber; cultivated
3899. Passiflora laurifolia L.; Magnoliophyta: Passifloraceae; climber; cultivated
3900. Passiflora suberosa L.; Magnoliophyta: Passifloraceae; climber; cultivated
3901. Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3902. Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3903. Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; herb
3904. Persicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross var. chinensis; Magnoliophyta: Polygonaceae; herb
3905. Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach; Magnoliophyta: Polygonaceae; herb
3906. Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; herb
3907. Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; herb
3908. Phyllanthus urinaria L.; Magnoliophyta: Phyllanthaceae; herb; cultivated
3909. Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm.; Magnoliophyta: Urticaceae; climber; cultivated
3910. Piper aduncum L.; Magnoliophyta: Piperaceae; tree
3911. Pipturus argenteus (G. Forst.) Wedd.; Magnoliophyta: Urticaceae; shrub
3912. Pistia stratiotes L.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb; cultivated
3913. Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link; Filicinophyta: Adiantaceae; herb
267
Chong et al.
3914. Plantago major L.; Magnoliophyta: Plantaginaceae; herb; cultivated
3915. Plumbago zeylanica L.; Magnoliophyta: Plumbaginaceae; shrub; cultivated
3916. Polygala paniculata L.; Magnoliophyta: Polygalaceae; herb
3917. Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3918. Portulaca oleracea L.; Magnoliophyta: Portulacaceae; herb; cultivated
3919. Portulaca quadrifida L.; Magnoliophyta: Portulacaceae; herb
3920. Pseudarthria viscida Wight & Arn.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; herb
3921. Ptychosperma macarthurii (H. Wendl. ex anon.) H. Wendl. ex Hook. f.; Magnoliophyta:
Arecaceae; tree; cultivated
3922. Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; climber
3923. Ricinus communis L.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; shrub; cultivated
3924. Rivina humilis L.; Magnoliophyta: Phytolaccaceae; herb
3925. Rorippa heterophylla (Blume) Williams; Magnoliophyta: Brassicaceae; herb
3926. Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3927. Saccharum spontaneum L.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3928. Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitch.; Filicinophyta: Salviniaceae; herb
3929. Scoparia dulcis L.; Magnoliophyta: Scrophulariaceae; herb
3930. Senna alata (L.) Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; tree; cultivated; =Cassia alata L.
3931. Senna hirsuta (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub; =Cassia hirsuta
L.
3932. Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub; =Cassia
obtusifolia L.
3933. Senna occidentalis (L.) Link; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub; =Cassia occidentalis L.
3934. Senna tora (L.) Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub; =Cassia tora L.
3935. Sesamum indicum L.; Magnoliophyta: Pedaliaceae; herb; =S. orientale L.
3936. Sesamum radiatum Schumach. & Thonn.; Magnoliophyta: Pedaliaceae; herb; cultivated
3937. Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub
3938. Setaria barbata (Lam.) Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3939. Solanum americanum Miller; Magnoliophyta: Solanaceae; herb
3940. Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal; Magnoliophyta: Solanaceae; shrub; =S. ferox L.
3941. Solanum sarmentosum Nees; Magnoliophyta: Solanaceae; shrub
3942. Solanum torvum Sw.; Magnoliophyta: Solanaceae; shrub
3943. Sorghum propinquum (Kunth) Hitchc.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3944. Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.; Magnoliophyta: Bignoniaceae; tree; cultivated
3945. Spermacoce assurgens Ruiz & Pav.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb
3946. Spermacoce laevis Lam.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb; =Borreria laevis (Lam.) Griseb.
3947. Spermacoce latifolia Aubl.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb; =Borreria alata (Aubl.) DC.;
Borreria latifolia (Aubl.) K.Schum.
3948. Spermacoce ocymoides Burm. f.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb; cultivated; =Borreria
ocymoides (Burm. f.) DC.
3949. Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb; cultivated; =Wedelia
trilobata (L.) Hitch.; Complaya trilobata (L.) Strother
3950. Sporobolus tenuissimus (Schrank) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3951. Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Verbenaceae; herb
3952. Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Verbenaceae; shrub; cultivated
3953. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Verbenaceae; shrub
3954. Stachytarpheta mutabilis (Jacq.) Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Verbenaceae; shrub; cultivated
3955. Steinchisma laxa (Sw.) Zuloaga; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb; =Panicum laxum Sw.
3956. Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb; =S. dimidiatum
auct. non (L.) Brongn.
3957. Struchium sparganophorum (L.) C. Jeffrey; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb;
=Sparganophoros vaillantii DC.; Sparganophorus sparganophora (L.) C. Jeffrey
268
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
3958. Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; herb
3959. Stylosanthes humilis Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; herb
3960. Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3961. Syngonium podophyllum Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; climber; cultivated
3962. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels; Magnoliophyta: Myrtaceae; tree; cultivated
3963. Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn.; Magnoliophyta: Portulacaceae; shrub; cultivated
3964. Tephrosia noctiflora Bojer ex Baker; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub
3965. Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; climber; cultivated
3966. Thunbergia fragrans Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; climber; cultivated
3967. Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb; cultivated
3968. Tridax procumbens L.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb; cultivated
3969. Trimezia martinicensis (Jacq.) Herb; Magnoliophyta: Iridaceae; herb; cultivated
3970. Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
3971. Triumfetta tomentosa Bojer; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
3972. Turnera subulata Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Turneraceae; herb; cultivated
3973. Turnera ulmifolia L.; Magnoliophyta: Turneraceae; herb; cultivated
3974. Typha angustifolia L.; Magnoliophyta: Typhaceae; herb; cultivated
3975. Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
3976. Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; climber
3977. Uraria crinita (L.) Desv. ex DC.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub; cultivated
3978. Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) T.Q. Nguyen; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3979. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; herb
3980. Wikstroemia ridleyi Gamble; Magnoliophyta: Thymelaeaceae; shrub
3981. Youngia japonica (L.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3982. Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; herb
WEED OF UNCERTAIN ORIGIN
3983. Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub; cultivated
3984. Acalypha indica L.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; herb
3985. Acalypha lanceolata Willd.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; herb
3986. Achyranthes aspera L.; Magnoliophyta: Amaranthaceae; herb
3987. Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb; cultivated
3988. Adenosma indicum (Lour.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Plantaginaceae; herb
3989. Adenosma inopinatum Prain; Magnoliophyta: Plantaginaceae; herb
3990. Adenostemma viscosum J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3991. Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
3992. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC.; Magnoliophyta: Amaranthaceae; herb; cultivated
3993. Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; herb
3994. Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; herb; cultivated
3995. Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb; cultivated
3996. Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3997. Blumea membranacea DC.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
3998. Blyxa aubertii Rich. var. aubertii; Magnoliophyta: Hydrocharitaceae; herb
3999. Blyxa japonica (Miq.) Maxim. var. alternifolia (Miq.) C.D.K. Cook & Luond; Magnoliophyta:
Hydrocharitaceae; herb; =B. alternifolia (Miq.) Hartog
4000. Boerhavia diffusa L.; Magnoliophyta: Nyctaginaceae; herb
4001. Bonamia semidigyna (Roxb.) Hall.f.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
4002. Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S. T. Blake; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4003. Centranthera tranquebarica (Spreng.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Orobanchaceae; herb
4004. Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn.; Filicinophyta: Pteridaceae; herb
269
Chong et al.
4005. Chamaesyce thymifolia (L.) Millsp.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; herb
4006. Christella dentata (Forsk.) Brownsey & Jermy; Filicinophyta: Thelypteridaceae; herb
4007. Christella parasitica (L.) Lev.; Filicinophyta: Thelypteridaceae; herb
4008. Cissus hastata Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae; climber; cultivated
4009. Commelina benghalensis L.; Magnoliophyta: Commelinaceae; herb
4010. Commelina diffusa Burm. f.; Magnoliophyta: Commelinaceae; herb
4011. Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
4012. Crotalaria quinquefolia L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; herb
4013. Crotalaria retusa L.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub; cultivated
4014. Cuscuta australis R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber; cultivated
4015. Cyanotis cristata D. Don; Magnoliophyta: Commelinaceae; herb; cultivated
4016. Cyperus compressus L.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4017. Cyperus cuspidatus Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4018. Cyperus cyperinus (Retz.) J.V. Suringer; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4019. Cyperus cyperoides (L.) Kuntze.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4020. Cyperus difformis L.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4021. Cyperus distans L. f.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4022. Cyperus elatus L.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4023. Cyperus exaltatus Retz.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4024. Cyperus haspan L.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb; cultivated
4025. Cyperus imbricatus Retz.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4026. Cyperus iria L.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4027. Cyperus pilosus Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4028. Cyperus rotundus L.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4029. Cyperus trialatus (Boeck.) Kern; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4030. Dentella repens J.R. Forst & G. Forst; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb
4031. Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub
4032. Desmodium heterophyllum (Willd.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; herb; cultivated
4033. Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; herb
4034. Dichanthium caricosum (L.) A. Camus; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4035. Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4036. Digitaria nuda Schumach.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4037. Digitaria radicosa (C. Presl) Miq.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4038. Digitaria setigera Roem. & Schult. var. calliblepharata (Henrard) Veldk.; Magnoliophyta:
Poaceae; herb
4039. Digitaria setigera Roem. & Schult. var. setigera; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4040. Digitaria violascens Link; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4041. Dioclea hexandra (Ralph) Mabberley var. javanica (Benth.) den Hengst; Magnoliophyta:
Fabaceae; climber
4042. Dioscorea bulbifera L.; Magnoliophyta: Dioscoreaceae; climber; cultivated
4043. Diplacrum caricinum R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4044. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4045. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4046. Eleocharis acutangula (Roxb.) Schult.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4047. Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem. & Schult.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4048. Eleocharis ochrostachys Steud.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4049. Eleocharis retroflexa (Poir.) Urb.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb; cultivated
4050. Elephantopus scaber L.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb; cultivated
4051. Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb; cultivated
4052. Enydra fluctuans Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
4053. Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight & Arn. ex Nees; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb; =E. viscosa
(Retz.) Trin.
270
Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
4054. Eragrostis brownii (Kunth) Nees; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4055. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4056. Eriocaulon truncatum Buch.-Ham. ex Mart; Magnoliophyta: Eriocaulaceae; herb
4057. Eriocaulon wildenovianum Moldenke; Magnoliophyta: Eriocaulaceae; herb
4058. Eriochloa procera (Retz.) C.E. Hubb.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4059. Erycibe leucoxyloides King ex Prain; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
4060. Eulophia graminea Lindl.; Magnoliophyta: Orchidaceae; herb; cultivated
4061. Ficus benjamina L.; Magnoliophyta: Moraceae; strangler; cultivated
4062. Fimbristylis acuminata Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4063. Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl ssp. dichotoma; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb;
cultivated
4064. Fimbristylis fusca (Nees) C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4065. Fimbristylis griffithii Boeck.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4066. Fimbristylis littoralis Gaudich.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4067. Fimbristylis obtusata (C.B. Clarke) Ridl.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4068. Fimbristylis ovata (Burm. f.) Kern; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4069. Fimbristylis schoenoides (Retz.) Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4070. Fimbristylis tetragona R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4071. Fimbristylis tristachya R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4072. Fimbristylis umbellaris (L.) Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4073. Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T. Aiton; Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae; shrub; cultivated
4074. Fuirena umbellata Rottb.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4075. Gonocarpus chinensis (Lour.) Orchard; Magnoliophyta: Haloragaceae; herb
4076. Gymnopetalum chinense (Lour.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Cucurbitaceae; herb
4077. Hedyotis verticillata (L.) Lam; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb
4078. Heliotropium indicum L.; Magnoliophyta: Boraginaceae; herb
4079. Hibiscus surattensis L.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
4080. Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle; Magnoliophyta: Hydrocharitaceae; herb
4081. Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Hydrophyllaceae; herb
4082. Hygrophila meianthos C.B. Clarke; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
4083. Hygrophila ringens (L.) R. Br. ex Steud; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
4084. Hypericum japonicum Thunb.; Magnoliophyta: Hypericaceae; herb
4085. Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb; cultivated
4086. Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber; cultivated
4087. Isachne globosa (Thunb.) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4088. Isachne pulchella Roth ex Roem. & Schult.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4089. Ischaemum barbatum R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4090. Ischaemum ciliare Retz.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4091. Ischaemum rugosum Salisb.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4092. Ischaemum timorense Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4093. Justicia procumbrens L.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb; cultivated
4094. Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4095. Kyllinga melanosperma Nees; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4096. Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel; Magnoliophyta:
Cyperaceae; herb
4097. Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew; Magnoliophyta: Urticaceae; herb
4098. Leersia hexandra Sw.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4099. Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4100. Leucas lavandulifolia Sm.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; herb
4101. Leucas zeylanica (L.) R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; herb
4102. Limnophila chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. ssp. aromatica (Lam.) T. Yamaz.; Magnoliophyta:
Plantaginaceae; herb
271
Chong et al.
4103. Limnophila laxa Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Plantaginaceae; herb
4104. Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Plantaginaceae; herb
4105. Limnophila villosa Blume; Magnoliophyta: Plantaginaceae; herb
4106. Lindernia antipoda (L.) Alston; Magnoliophyta: Linderniaceae; herb
4107. Lindernia ciliata (Colsm.) Pennell; Magnoliophyta: Linderniaceae; herb
4108. Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell.; Magnoliophyta: Linderniaceae; herb
4109. Lindernia elata (Benth.) Wettst.; Magnoliophyta: Linderniaceae; herb
4110. Lindernia ruellioides (Colsm.) Pennell; Magnoliophyta: Linderniaceae; herb
4111. Lindernia viscosa (Hornem.) Bold.; Magnoliophyta: Linderniaceae; herb
4112. Lipocarpha microcephala (R. Br.) Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4113. Ludwigia adscendens (L.) H. Hara; Magnoliophyta: Onagraceae; herb
4114. Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell; Magnoliophyta: Onagraceae; herb
4115. Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H. Raven; Magnoliophyta: Onagraceae; herb
4116. Ludwigia prostrata Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Onagraceae; herb
4117. Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) Steenis; Magnoliophyta: Scrophulariaceae; herb
4118. Melochia corchorifolia L.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
4119. Merremia hirta (L.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
4120. Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f.; Magnoliophyta: Convolvulaceae; climber
4121. Microcarpaea minima (Koen. ex Retz.) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Plantaginaceae; herb
4122. Microstachys chamaelea (L.) Müll. Arg.; Magnoliophyta: Euphorbiaceae; herb
4123. Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) B.L. Rob.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
4124. Mollugo pentaphylla L.; Magnoliophyta: Molluginaceae; herb
4125. Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms; Magnoliophyta: Pontederiaceae; herb; cultivated
4126. Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) C. Presl ex Kunth; Magnoliophyta: Pontederiaceae; herb
4127. Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan; Magnoliophyta: Commelinaceae; herb
4128. Najas malesiana Delile; Magnoliophyta: Hydrocharitaceae; herb
4129. Nephrolepis auriculata (L.) Trimen; Filicinophyta: Oleandraceae; herb; cultivated; =N.
biserrata (Sw.) Schott
4130. Nephrolepis hirsutula (G. Forst.) C. Presl; Filicinophyta: Oleandraceae; herb
4131. Ocimum americanum L.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; herb
4132. Ocimum basilicum L.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; herb; cultivated
4133. Ocimum tenuiflorum L.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; herb; cultivated
4134. Oldenlandia biflora L.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb
4135. Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb; cultivated
4136. Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb; =Hedyotis herbacea L.
4137. Oldenlandia pumila (L. f.) DC.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb
4138. Oldenlandia trinervia Retz.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb
4139. Panicum auritum J. Presl ex Nees; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4140. Paspalum scrobiculatum L.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4141. Peristrophe acuminata Nees; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
4142. Peristrophe roxburghiana (Roem. & Schult.) Bremek.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb;
cultivated
4143. Persicaria barbata (L.) H. Hara var. gracilis (Danser) H. Hara; Magnoliophyta:
Polygonaceae; herb
4144. Phragmites vallatoria (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb; cultivated; =P.
karka (Retz.) Steud.
4145. Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene; Magnoliophyta: Verbenaceae; herb; cultivated
4146. Physalis minima L.; Magnoliophyta: Solanaceae; herb; cultivated
4147. Pogostemon auricularius (L.) Hassk.; Magnoliophyta: Lamiaceae; herb
4148. Polygala glaucoides L.; Magnoliophyta: Polygalaceae; herb
4149. Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn.; Magnoliophyta: Urticaceae; herb
4150. Pteris ensiformis Burm. f.; Filicinophyta: Pteridaceae; herb; cultivated
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Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore
4151. Pteris vittata L.; Filicinophyta: Pteridaceae; herb
4152. Pycreus sanguinolentus (Vahl) Nees ssp. cyrtostachys (Miq.) Karth.; Magnoliophyta:
Cyperaceae; herb
4153. Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4154. Rhynchospora rubra (Lour.) Makino; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4155. Ruellia repens L.; Magnoliophyta: Acanthaceae; herb
4156. Saccharum arundinaceum Retz.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4157. Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4158. Sacciolepis myosuroides (R. Br.) A. Camus; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4159. Salomonia cantoniensis Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Polygalaceae; herb; cultivated
4160. Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla ex A. Kern.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb;
cultivated
4161. Schoenus calostachyus (R. Br.) Poir; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4162. Scleria biflora Roxb. ssp. biflora; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4163. Scleria levis Retz.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4164. Scleria oblata S.T. Blake; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4165. Scleria rugosa R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Cyperaceae; herb
4166. Sida acuta Burm. f.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
4167. Sida rhombifolia L.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
4168. Sigesbeckia orientalis L.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
4169. Spermacoce articularis L. f.; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb
4170. Spermacoce exilis (L.O. Williams) C.D. Adams; Magnoliophyta: Rubiaceae; herb; =Borreria
exilis L.O. Williams; Borreria setidens (Miq.) Bold.; Borreria repens DC.
4171. Sphaeranthus africanus L.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
4172. Sphaerostephanos unitus (L.) Holttum; Filicinophyta: Thelypteridaceae; herb
4173. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid.; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
4174. Stemodia verticillata (Mill.) Sprague; Magnoliophyta: Plantaginaceae; herb
4175. Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze; Magnoliophyta: Orobanchaceae; herb
4176. Themeda arguens (L.) Hack.; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4177. Torenia polygonoides Benth.; Magnoliophyta: Linderniaceae; herb; cultivated
4178. Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
4179. Typhonium roxburghii Schott; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
4180. Urena lobata L.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
4181. Urochloa glumaris (Trin.) Veldkamp; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4182. Urochloa subquadrifida (Trin.) R.D. Webster; Magnoliophyta: Poaceae; herb
4183. Utricularia aurea Lour.; Magnoliophyta: Lentibulariaceae; herb
4184. Utricularia bifida L.; Magnoliophyta: Lentibulariaceae; herb
4185. Utricularia caerulea L.; Magnoliophyta: Lentibulariaceae; herb
4186. Utricularia gibba L.; Magnoliophyta: Lentibulariaceae; herb
4187. Utricularia minutissima Vahl; Magnoliophyta: Lentibulariaceae; herb
4188. Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
4189. Vernonia patula (Aiton) Merr.; Magnoliophyta: Asteraceae; herb
4190. Waltheria indica L.; Magnoliophyta: Malvaceae; shrub
4191. Wolffia globosa (Roxb.) Hartog & Plas; Magnoliophyta: Araceae; herb
4192. Xyris complanata R. Br.; Magnoliophyta: Xyridaceae; herb
273