Ann. Bot. Fennici 44: 128–134
Helsinki 26 April 2007
ISSN 0003-3847
© Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2007
Tubulicrinopsis gen. nov. (Basidiomycota,
Aphyllophorales) and notes on Amauromyces pallidus
Heikki Kotiranta¹, Kurt Hjortstam², Otto Miettinen³ & Matti Kulju4
1)
2)
3)
4)
Finnish Environment Institute, Research Department. P.O. Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
(e-mail: heikki.kotiranta@ymparisto.fi)
Målaregatan 12, SE-44135 Alingsås, Sweden (e-mail: k.hjortstam@tele2.se)
Finnish Museum of Natural History, Botanical Museum, P.O. Box 7, FI-00014 University of
Helsinki, Finland (e-mail: otto.miettinen@helsinki.fi)
Onnelantie 8 D, FI-90230 Oulu, Finland (e-mail: m.kulju@kolumbus.fi)
Received 15 Mar. 2006, revised version received 15 May 2006, accepted 17 May 2006
Kotiranta, H., Hjortstam, K., Miettinen, O. & Kulju, M. 2007: Tubulicrinopsis gen. nov. (Basidiomycota, Aphyllophorales) and notes on Amauromyces pallidus. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 44: 128–134.
The genus Tubulicrinopsis Hjortstam & Kotir. is described with three new species, T.
ellipsospora Kotir., Hjortstam & Kulju, T. granulosa Hjortstam, Miettinen & Kotir.
and T. cystidiata Kotir. & Miettinen, and the new combination T. farinacea (Boid.,
Lanq. & Gilles) Kotir. & Hjortstam is proposed. Tubulicrinopsis ellipsospora, T.
granulosa and T. cystidiata were collected in north European forests and T. farinacea
has hitherto been reported from Réunion, Argentina and Taiwan as Amauromyces
farinaceus. The species of Tubulicrinopsis are somewhat similar to the species of the
genera Tubulicrinis and Sistotremastrum in having thick-walled basidial bases. The
type of Amauromyces pallidus Jülich was studied. The species are described and illustrated, and a key to the genus Tubulicrinopsis is given. Botryobasidium ellipsosporum
Holubová-Jechová is reported from Finland for the irst time.
Key words: Amauromyces, Aphyllophorales, Botryobasidium ellipsosporum, Sistotremastrum, taxonomy, Tubulicrinopsis, Tubulicrinis
Two species have been described in the genus
Amauromyces: A. pallidus Jülich (Jülich 1978)
from Australia and A. farinaceus Boid., Lanq. &
Gilles from Réunion (Boidin et al. 1993). Five
specimens of corticioid fungi were collected in
Finland and Norway, and initially determined
either as A. pallidus or A. farinaceus. These ive
specimens clearly belong to the same genus. We
studied the type materials of A. pallidus and A.
farinaceus, and it became clear that A. pallidus,
the type of Amauromyces, has little to do with A.
farinaceus. The Nordic specimens are close to
A. farinaceus, but represent three new species,
which are described here. We describe the new
genus Tubulicrinopsis to accommodate A. farinaceus and these new species.
For comparison we also describe and illustrate Amauromyces pallidus.
Material and methods
The material studied is preserved in the herbaria
GB, H, JOE, K, L, LY and OULU and/or in the
ANN. BOT. FeNNIcI Vol. 44 •
Tubulicrinopsis gen. nov. and notes on Amauromyces pallidus
129
Fig. 1. Tubulicrinopsis ellipsospora (A–C from Junninen 2998d, holotype; D from Kulju 85b/01). — A: Section
through basidiocarp in KOH showing thin-walled hyphae and basidia. — B: Basidia and hyphae in cB showing
thick-walled hyphae and basidia. — C and D: Spores.
reference herbarium of Heikki Kotiranta (H.K.).
Thirty spores per specimen were measured,
and the measurements were made in Cotton Blue
(CB). In addition, Melzer’s reagent (IKI) and
5% potassium hydroxide (KOH) were used as
mounting media.
The following abbreviations are used: L* =
mean spore length, W* = mean spore width, Q =
range of the variation in L/W ratio, Q* = quotient
of the mean spore length and width (L*/W*). None
of the measurements derive from spore print.
Biological provinces and collecting sites in
Finland are indicated according to the Finnish
national uniform grid system (27°E), as applied
to biological material by Heikinheimo and Raatikainen (1981).
Tubulicrinopsis Hjortstam & Kotir., gen.
nov.
Fructiicatio resupinata, effusa, farinosa, subgrandinoidea vel poroso-reticulata. Systema
hyphale monomiticum, hyphis et basidiis basaliter crassitunicatis, ibulatis. Basidia 10–17
¥ 3.5–4 µm. Cystidia nulla vel crassitunicata,
basaliter cum ibula. Sporae ellipsoideae, vel
cylindriceae, 3–5 ¥ 1.5–2.5 µm, leves, non
amyloideae.
ETYMOLOGY: Reminding Tubulicrinis.
TYpE spECIEs: Tubulicrinopsis ellipsospora Kotir., Hjortstam & Kulju.
Tubulicrinopsis ellipsospora Kotir.,
Hjortstam & Kulju, sp. nova (Fig. 1)
Species Tubulicrinopsis farinaceae similis sed
basidia membranis minus crassis et sporae ellipsoideae 3 ¥ 2–2.4 µm.
HOLOTYpE: Finland. pohjois-Karjala: Lieksa, Karjula,
poor 30–40 years old pine forest, on decorticated Pinus sylvestris, with Pseudomerulius sp., Sistotremastrum suecicum
and Trechispora farinacea, 63°23´N, 30°08´E, 22.VIII.2002
Junninen 2998d (H; isotype GB).
130
Kotiranta et al.
•
ANN. BOT. FeNNIcI Vol. 44
AddITIONAL spECIMENs (paratypes). — Finland. Kainuu:
Vaala, Rokua National park, fairly poor pine dominated
heath forest site type, on decorticated, strongly decayed
Pinus sylvestris 18 cm in diam., together with Pseudomerulius sp., 64°33´N, 26°21´E (Grid 27°E 7161808:477180),
16.VIII.2005 Kulju 21/05 (H, OULU); Oulun pohjanmaa: Oulu, pikkarala, Asemakylä, on Pinus sylvestris;
also Pseudomerulius sp., 64°54´N, 25°46´E (Grid 27°E
7202038:441280), 2.IX.2001 Kulju 85b/01 (GB, OULU,
H.K).
Tubulicrinopsis farinacea (Boid., Lanq. &
Gilles) Kotir. & Hjortstam, comb. nova (Fig. 2)
Fig. 2. Tubulicrinopsis farinacea (from Boidin LY 14195,
holotype). Basidia and spores.
Basidiocarp relatively small, 2–5 cm along
the wood, resupinate, thin, farinose or tufted,
pale cream-coloured or slightly greenish. subiculum almost lacking; the tufts are joined together
with very narrow hyphal strings leaving the substrate visible.
Hyphal system monomitic, all hyphae
clamped. The few subicular hyphae relatively
thin-walled (in CB, IKI, KOH), 3–4 µm in diameter, fairly long-celled, giving rise to broom- or
tree-like structures (tufts) with unequally thickwalled (in CB, IKI), 2–2.5 µm wide, richly
branched hyphae, which are very thin-walled in
KOH. Cystidia none. Basidia clavate, subclavate
or subcylindrical, sometimes sinuous, basally
thick-walled in CB and IKI, thin-walled in KOH,
basally clamped, 10–15(–17) ¥ 3.5–4 µm, with
four, up to 4 µm long, very thin sterigmata, which
bend inwards after the sporulation. spores ellipsoid or lacrymoid, (2.6–)3–3.5 ¥ 1.9–2.2(–2.4)
µm, thin- or very thin-walled, CB–, IKI–, with
a prominent apiculus [3–3.5 ¥ 2–2.4 µm, L* =
3.2 µm, W* = 2.2 µm, Q = 1.3–1.6, Q* = 1.5
(Junninen 2998d), 2.6–3.4 ¥ 1.9–2.2(–2.4) µm,
L* = 3 µm, W* = 2.1 µm, Q = 1.2–1.7, Q* = 1.4
(Kulju 21/05), (2.6–)2.8–3.1 ¥ 1.9–2.3 µm, L* =
3 µm, W* = 2.1 µm, Q = 1.3–1.6, Q* =1.5 (Kulju
85b/01)].
All the collections derive from poor Pinus
sylvestris-dominated heath forest site types,
where they grew on decorticated, small pines
in advanced stages of decay together with an
unnamed Pseudomerulius species.
BAsIONYM: Amauromyces farinaceus Boid., Lanq. &
Gilles, Bull. soc. Mycol. France 109: 93. 1993.
The species was well described by Boidin et
al. (1993). Tubulicrinopsis farinacea is externally
very similar to T. ellipsospora. Microscopically
it differs from T. ellipsospora in having basidia
which in ripe conditions are very thick-walled,
(1.3–)1.5–1.8(–2) µm thick. Also the microstructure is tougher, and the typical broom-like growing habit is more dificult to discern. The clearest
difference is in the spores, which are cylindrical
(not ellipsoid or lacrymoid), sometimes slightly
bent, (3.6–)4–4.5(–4.8) ¥ (1.6–)1.8–2.1 µm, L*
= 4.1 µm, W* = 1.9 µm, Q = 1.9–2.6, Q* = 2.2,
very thin-walled, CB–, IKI–, with a very small
apiculus (Boidin, LY 14195, holotype). Tubulicrinopsis granulosa comes very close; see its
description for differences.
Tubulicrinopsis farinacea is reported also
from Argentina (Greslebin 2002) and Taiwan
(Chen & Oberwinkler 2004).
spECIMEN EXAMINEd: Réunion. Bébour, I-90, on decorticated Cryptomeria japonica, 21.III.1990 Boidin (LY 14195,
holotype).
Tubulicrinopsis granulosa Hjortst.,
Miettinen & Kotir., sp. nova (Fig. 3)
Species Tubulicrinopsis farinaceae similis sed
basidia membranis minus crassis et asymmetrice
incrassates.
HOLOTYpE: Norway. Hedmark: Løten, sortåa, on decorticated Pinus sylvestris, 1 sep. 1984 Høgholen 115/84 (K
109875!).
ANN. BOT. FeNNIcI Vol. 44 •
Tubulicrinopsis gen. nov. and notes on Amauromyces pallidus
131
Fig. 3. Tubulicrinopsis granulosa (from Høgholen K 109875, holotype). — A: Details from the basidiocarp in cB,
showing asymmetrically thick-walled hyphae and basidia. — B: Section through basidiocarp in KOH. — C: Spores.
Basidiocarp resupinate, relatively thin,
grandinioid or granulose, yellowish, margin not
differentiated, distinct. Hyphal system monomitic, all hyphae clamped. subicular hyphae
relatively straight, asymmetrically thickened
(walls 1–1.5 µm, seldom up to 2 µm thick), 3–
4 µm wide giving rise to a broom- or tree-like
structures (tufts) where the basidia are born.
Tramal hyphae 3–3.5 µm wide, asymmetrically
thick-walled. All hyphae CB–, IKI–, walls dissolving partly or totally in KOH. Cystidia
none. Basidia cylindrical, basally clamped,
asymmetrically thick-walled (walls 1 µm
thick), (8–)10–11.5 ¥ (3.5–)4 µm, with four,
very thin, up to 3 µm long sterigmata. spores
cylindrical, often apically blunt, (3.5–)3.7–4.6
¥ (1.6–)1.8–2.1 µm, L* = 4 µm, W* = 1.9 µm,
Q = 1.8–2.4, Q* = 2.1, with a relatively large
apiculus, thin-walled, CB–, IKI– (Høgholen, K
109875, holotype).
Tubulicrinopsis granulosa resembles very
much T. farinacea. However, the tree-like structure in T. granulosa is better visible, the thickenings of the hyphae and basidia are predominantly
asymmetrical so that only one side of the hyphae
or basidia are thick-walled, and also the walls
are thinner in T. granulosa. The size and shape
of the spores are also very close to those of T.
farinacea, but in the latter species the spores are
often slightly curved and the apiculus is very
small.
Tubulicrinopsis cystidiata Kotir. &
Miettinen, sp. nova (Fig. 4)
Fructiicatio resupinata, effusa. Systema hyphale
monomiticum, hyphis et basidia basaliter crassitunicatis, ibulatis. Basidia 11–16.5 ¥ 3.5–4 µm.
Cystidia crassitunicata, ibulata. Sporae ellipsoideae, 3.5–4 ¥ 2.2–2.8 µm, leves, non amyloideae.
HOLOTYpE: Finland. Etelä-Häme: Lammi, pappilankylä,
Biol. station N, luxuriant mixed forest, on decorticated,
strongly decayed Picea abies under Botryobasidium ellipsosporum; with B. subcoronatum, Gloiothele citrina and
Phlebiella pseudotsugae, 61°03´N, 25°01´E (Grid 27°E
6773300:395027), 6.VII.2003 Miettinen 7164d (H).
Basidiocarp resupinate, thin, porose-reticulate, white or ochre-coloured, margin not differentiated, distinct. Hyphal system monomitic, all
hyphae clamped. subicular hyphae thick-walled
(walls up to 0.5 µm), 3–5 µm wide, giving rise
to the main stem of the tree- or broom-like tuft,
which divides into smaller branches bearing the
basidia. subhymenial hyphae richly branched,
thin- or more often thick-walled, 3–3.5 µm in
diam. Cystidia originate from subhymenium, in
some parts common, thick-walled (walls up to
1 µm thick) except from the apical part, 1–6
celled, with very small clamps, (26–)53–75 ¥
5–6 µm, very faintly cyanophilous, IKI–, KOH–.
Basidia cylindrical or subcylindrical, basally
thick-walled and clamped, 11–15(–16.5) ¥ 3.5–4
132
Kotiranta et al.
•
ANN. BOT. FeNNIcI Vol. 44
Fig. 4. Tubulicrinopsis cystidiata (from Miettinen 7164d, holotype). — A: Thick-walled cystidia. — B: Sections
through basidiocarp showing thick-walled hyphae, basidia and cystidia. — C: Spores.
µm, with four, thin, up to 4 µm long sterigmata.
spores ellipsoid or broadly ellipsoid, 3.4–4(–4.2)
¥ 2.2–2.8(–2.9) µm, L* = 3.7 µm, W* = 2.6 µm,
Q = 1.3–1.7, Q* = 1.5, with a very small apiculus, very thin-walled, CB–, IKI–.
The Finnish specimen grew intermixed with
Botryobasidium ellipsosporum, which has not
been found from Finland before. The structure of
the basidiocarp of the Tubulicrinopsis is dificult
to observe due to the Botryobasidium.
Key to the genus Tubulicrinopsis
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
Cystidia present ........................................... T. cystidiata
Cystidia absent ............................................................. 2
spores ellipsoid, Q < 2 ........................... T. ellipsospora
spores cylindrical, Q ≥ 2 ............................................. 3
Basidial wall very thick, 1.5–2 µm; southern species .....
..................................................................... T. farinacea
3.
Basidial wall thick, 1 µm, asymmetric; northern species
.................................................................... T. granulosa
Amauromyces Jül.
Jülich (1978) introduced the genus Amauromyces
with the type species A. pallidus from Australia.
The genus is characterized by a pale coloured,
resupinate, ceraceous basidiocarp, monomitic
hyphal system, very wide (5–10 µm) clamped
tramal (= subicular) hyphae which swell and
partly dissolve in KOH, thick-walled, smooth
and clamped cystidia, clavate to lexuose-cylindrical basidia which are about 10–20 µm long,
and hyaline, thin-walled, inamyloid, small,
smooth, ellipsoid spores.
The description of A. pallidus is basically
the same as the description of the genus, but
ANN. BOT. FeNNIcI Vol. 44 •
Tubulicrinopsis gen. nov. and notes on Amauromyces pallidus
133
Fig. 5. Amauromyces pallidus (from Maas Geesteranus 15550, holotype). — A: Wide subicular hyphae (in IKI).
— B: Thick-walled cystidia (irst ive ones in IKI, rest in KOH). — C: A cystidium together with basidioles, pseudoparenchymatous subhymenium and spores (in IKI). — D: Basidioles and a young basidium (in IKI). — E: Spores (in
IKI).
gives more details and adds the sizes of cystidia
(40–80 ¥ 10–12–16 µm), basidia (10–20 ¥ 4.6–
5.0 µm) and broadly ellipsoid spores (3.5–4 ¥
2.2–2.4 µm). Moreover, the basidia are often
basally somewhat thick-walled, which was also
illustrated by Jülich (1978).
Amauromyces pallidus Jülich (Fig. 5)
Basidiocarp resupinate, smooth, ceraceous and
hard when dry, pale grayish brown, minutely
hispid due to the protruding cystidia (¥25),
margin not differentiated, thinning out.
Hyphal system monomitic, all hyphae
clamped. subicular hyphae wide, 8–10 µm in
diam., thick-walled (up to 1 µm), slightly swelling in KOH, CB–, IKI yellowish, mostly very
dificult to discern due to some kind of gelatinous
matter. subhymenium consisting of relatively
thin-walled, 2 µm wide hyphae, even if most
of the subhymenium seems to be composed of
pseudoparenchymatous tissue where individual
hyphae are extremely dificult to see. Cystidia
abundant, robust, 1–3 celled (mostly 2-celled),
(38–)45–65(–75) ¥ (5–)8–11(–14) µm, thickwalled (up to 3 µm), CB–, IKI–, KOH–, clamped
(also basally), smooth, or rarely encrusted (in
IKI), projecting up to 60 µm over the basidia. No
entire ripe basidia seen, basidioles ovoid, basally
clamped, very thin-walled, with four sterigmata.
spores cylindrical, 4–5.5.(–6.6) ¥ 2–2.6(–2.3)
µm, L* = 4.9 µm, W* = 2.3 µm, Q = 1.7–2.5, Q*
= 2.1, with a very small apiculus, seldom glued
in pairs, very thin-walled, CB–, IKI–.
spECIMEN EXAMINEd: Australia. Victoria, Mt Bride, s of
Warburton, on wood of fallen decorticated Eucalyptus, 3 Oct.
1977 R. A. Maas Geesteranus 15550 (L 0053255, holotype).
Discussion
The species of the genus Tubulicrinopsis have
a very characteristic way of growing as form-
134
ing broom- or tree-like structures. At least their
basidial bases are clearly thick-walled. similar
basidia, though not so thick-walled, are familiar
for the genera Tubulicrinis and Sistotremastrum.
The sterigmata often bend inwards after the
sporulation in the same way as in Sistotremastrum. However, the basidial walls of Sistotremastrum do not swell or dissolve in KOH and
they normally bear six sterigmata. The cystidia
of Tubulicrinopsis cystidiata bear very small
clamps, like the cystidia of Suillosporium cystidiatum. However, the cystidia of the latter are
thin-walled, and the basidia and spores are quite
different. We do not have any clear idea of the
closest relatives of Tubulicrinopsis. The microscopical features point towards Tubulicrinis, but
the dolipore septa with discontinuous (perforate) parenthesomes in Tubulicrinopsis farinacea
(Chen & Oberwinkler 2004) seem to rule it out
from the heterochaetoid clade in which Tubulicrinis belongs (Larsson et al. 2004).
Acknowledgements
We are very grateful to Karl-Henrik Larsson (Gothenburg)
for all kinds of advice and the hint of the identity of our
specimens. The curators of the herbaria of Lyon (LY), Leiden
Kotiranta et al.
•
ANN. BOT. FeNNIcI Vol. 44
(L) and Kew (K) are warmly thanked for the loans. Kaisa
Junninen (Joensuu) brought us a huge and interesting material, which unearthed interesting specimens. Teuvo Ahti and
Tuomo Niemelä (Helsinki) made many valuable suggestions
and corrections and helped us with the Latin diagnoses.
This study is a part of a Biodiversity Research programme
(MOSSE), which is inanced by the Ministry of Environment, grant YM131/5512/2002.
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