ISSN 2320-5407
International Journal of Advanced Research (2016), Volume 4, Issue 2, 912-925
Journal homepage: http://www.journalijar.com
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
OF ADVANCED RESEARCH
RESEARCH ARTICLE
DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF MACRO-LICHEN IN KUMAUN HIMALAYA, UTTARAKHAND.
Gaurav K. Mishra & Dalip K. Upreti.
Lichenology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow- 226001.
Manuscript Info
Abstract
Manuscript History:
The paper enumerates 246 species of lichens belonging to 45 genera and 13
families from the Kumaun Himalaya Uttarakhand. The study is based on the
collection recently made during different field trips in the region. Out of the
different districts, Pithoragarh and Bagehswar districts comprised of most of
the localities falls under temperate and alpine regions and bears the
maximum diversity of foliose lichens. Lichen family Parmeliaceae and
Physciaceae are the dominant families in the region.
Received: 14 December 2015
Final Accepted: 19 January 2016
Published Online: February 2016
Key words:
Lichens,Biodiversity,
Taxonomy,Kumaun
Himalaya, Uttarakhand.
*Corresponding Author
Gaurav K. Mishra.
Copy Right, IJAR, 2016,. All rights reserved.
Introduction:-
Lichens are widely distributed in all the geographical region of the world. The word ‘Lichen’ has a Greek origin,
which denotes that superficial growth on the bark of olive trees ‘Theophrastus’ the father of botany, introduced the
term Lichen. Lichen is a symbiotic association between two different organisms; one is the alga (Photobiont)
another is fungus (Mycobiont). De-Berry (1879) the term ‘Symbiosis’ to first time explain. The relationship of these
two symbionts where in the components benefited through not necessarily to an equal degree. The dual nature of
lichens first time discover by the Schwender (1869).
Morphologically lichens are three major growth forms, crustose (crust like and closely attached to the substratum),
foliose (leaf like and loosely attached to the substratum) and fruticose (shrubs like hanging or erect growing on
substratum). Awasthi (1988; 1991; 2007) lichens are categories in to two groups, one is microlichens (crustose and
squamulose) and macrolichens (Dimorphic, foliose and fruticose) growth forms of lichens. Based on the substratum
lichens divided in corticolous (growing on bark), saxicolous (growing on rock and boulders), terricolous when
growing on soil, musicolous (on mosses), ramicolous (on twigs), foliicolous gows on leaves, lingnicolous (on dead
wood), humicolous (on humus) and calcicolous (on lime or cement plaster).
A total 20,000 lichen species are reported from the world, while India is a very rich diversity of plants species with a
total 3039 million hectare, lichens represented by more than 2305 species (Singh and Sinha 2010) from India. This
is total 12% of 20,000 lichen species known from the world. The lichens are luxuriantly grows on moist and humid
areas, for macrolichens, suitable temperature for lichen growth is 20-25oC. In India maximum richness and diversity
of lichens occurred in Himalayan region.
Himalayas (Sanskrit for ‘Abode of Snow’) is an intercontinental and the world`s highest mountainous chain
covering part of Bhutan, China, India, Pakistan and the whole of Nepal. Indian Himalayas 27 o51'-30o06' N latitude
and 72o30'-97o25' E longitudes (Rodgers and Ranwar 1988). Stretching from Jammu and Kashmir in the North West
to Arunachal Pradesh in the East includes parts of Trans, North West, Central, and East Himalayas (Rodgers and
Ranwar 1988). It is covers approximately an area of 4, 19,873 sq km. The Indian Himalayas extends from the
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eastern border of Afghanistan in the West and forms the northern part of the country. In India two mightiest rivers of
is one of Ganga and other is Yamuna take birth in the Glaciers of Uttarakhand.
Uttarakhand has a total geographical area is 51, 125 sq km, out of which 93% is mountainous and 64% is covered by
forest (Map 1). The Uttarakhand region represented a very significant part of the India sub-continent. The state
exhibits much variation in its altitudes and topography. The state is bounded in the north Tibet, Nepal on the east
and South of the Uttar Pradesh, Haryana to western Himachal Pradesh to North West. The state a large altitudinal
range (300-8000 m) with a rich diversity of species, population, communities and ecosystems. Uttarakhand consist
of two main regions, they Garhwal and Kumaun region.
Kumaun (lying between 28o44'-31o25ꞌ N latitude and 78o45'-81o01' E longitudes), It is in the northern side of
Uttarakhand (Map 1). The temperate zone has a large number of lakes. The Kumaun region, lying between the Kali
River in the east and Sutlej in the West. The total area covered is approximately 31, 035 sq km, and altitudes various
greatly between 300 and 7436 m subtropical to alpine region. The three rocks type i.e. Sedimentary, Metasedimentary and igneous occur in the Kumaun region and three major tectonic plates or thrust are observed: (A)
main boundary thrust, (B) South Almora thrust and (C) Ramagarh thrust.
The Kumaun Himalaya vegetation ranges from subtropical dry deciduous forest to alpine. According to Saxena and
Singh (1982) the forest Basel cover and density reported for the forest occurring in Kumaun Himalaya ranged from
3042.2 to 8377.6 cm2/ 100m2 and from 4.2 to 13.0 trees/100 m respectively. In the higher altitude en route to Pindari
Glacier in Kumaun the forest cover ranged from 2597 to 18012 cm2/100m2 and density 5.0 to 10.6 trees/100 m
reported by Kalakoti et al. (1986). Inner hill range of Kumaun, the forest basal cover ranged between 1790 to 12250
cm2/100m2 and density between 2.7 to 6.1 trees/100 m reported by Bankoti et al. (1992). Osmaston (1926)
broughout his ‘A forest flora for Kumaun’.
Earlier Upreti (1997; 2001) explored the lichens from Indian Himalayas. In higher altitudes area of the region
Pindari and Milam Glacier region explored of lichens carried out by Joshi (2010). In Kumaun Himalaya the major
localities were exhaustively explored for lichen collections. Based on the altitudinal variations, Kumaun Himalaya
lichens can be divided into subtropical, temperate and alpine region.
The temperate and alpine regions exhibit luxuriance and rich diversity of foliose lichens. The temperate region
shows diversity of different phorophytes which provides suitable condition for a large number lichens genera to
grow colonize epiphytically on them. The trees provide varied niches for the lichens to grow as at the base which is
laden with soil and mosses, upper trunk with rough bark higher trunk with smooth bark branches and twigs with
varied pH and texture. The alpine region exhibit luxuriance of lichens grows on soil and rock. Both moist habitats
along the rivers and dry exposed areas provided varied climatic conditions for foliose and other lichen taxa on rock
and soil. Earlier Upreti and Chatterjee (1999a,b) studied the distribution of epiphytic lichen in Kumaun Himalaya
and reported 64 lichen species of lichen on Quercus trees. Similarly in the year 1975 Awasthi studied Pindari
Glacier lichen flora and recorded 122 species belonging to 38 genera and 18 families. Furthermore in the Kumaun
region floristic and revisionary studies of lichen from India carried out by various workers (Divarkar & Upreti 2005,
Nayaka 2005, Joshi 2010, Kumar et al. 2011, Mishra et al. 2010, Kholia et al. 2012, Mishra et al. 2011 & Mishra
2012). But so far not a single foliose floristic account of Kumaun Himalayas is available. Thus the present study is
carried out with an aim to list the foliose lichen from Kumaun Himalaya together with their distribution pattern in
different district.
Material and methods:Based on the published literature and preserved lichen specimens in National Botanical Research Institute (LWG),
and recent collections made from the subtropical, temperate and alpine regions of Kumaun Himalaya (Plate 1). The
dried samples were packed on hard card sheets inside a lichen herbarium packet (17cm X 13 cm) with details of the
locality, date of collection, substratum and are preserved at the lichen herbarium of National Botanical Research
Institute, Lucknow (LWG). The study is based on the lichen material collected from the region and the specimens
collected earlier and preserved in the lichen herbarium of National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (LWG),
lichen herbarium of Lucknow University, Lucknow (LWU) and personal herbarium of Dr. D.D. Awasthi (AWAS).
The specimens were identified by studying their morphology, anatomy and chemistry. The morphology of the taxa
was studied under stereo-zoom binocular microscope. The details of thallus anatomy and fruiting bodies were
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studied by compound microscope. The colour test were carried out on cortex and medulla with usual chemical
regents such as aqueous potassium hydroxide (K), Steiner`s stable paraphenylene diamine (PD) and aqueous
calcium hypochlorite (C).Thin layer chromatography was performed for identification of the lichen substances in
solvent system A (Toluene 180: 1-4 Dioxane 60: Acetic acid 8) following the techniques of Walker & James (1980)
and Orange et al., (2001).
For authentic identification of different lichen taxa literature of Awasthi (1988, 1991, 2000 and 2007), Divakar and
Upreti (2005), Nayaka (2004) and Joshi (2008) were consulted for the identification of specimens up to species
level.
Result and Discussion:According to recent classification, a total of 246 species of lichen belonging to 45 genera and 13 families reported
form different district of Kumaun Himalaya (Map 1 & Table 1). The member of lichen family Parmeliaceae 23
genera and 92 species followed by Physciaceae with 6 genera and 60 species exhibit dominance in the region.
Among the different lichen genera, Heterodermia with 27 species and Leptogium, Collema with 19 species each
showed the maximum diversity in the Kumaun. Various habitats of lichens the Crticolus dominates 186 species
followed by 92 species of saxicolous and 56 species of terricolous lichens. Based on the altitude forest vegetation
the foliose lichen flora of districts clearly shows three major types (Fig. 1 & 2).
1. Subtropical region districts lichens:- The tropical area of Kumaun Himalaya is started from Udham Singh
Nagar district in region. The district is being situated in terai region of Kumaun and less forest area in the district.
Due to fast pace of urbanization, industrialization and removed forest area for agriculture cultivation resulted in few
scattered deciduous forest in the district. Among the different phorophytes Ficus bengalensis, Dalbergia sisso and
Shorea robusta trees are dominted in the area. A total of 10 foliose lichens are reported from the district, foliose
lichen genera Pyxine and Parmotrema are dominated with 3 species in each genus. Shorea robusta tree is excellent
substrate for foliose lichen diversity and 7 species are reported on them. The foothill area of the Kumaun has a
tropical Climate not conducive for higher diversity and luxuriant grows of foliose lichens. Further, fast pace of
urbanization, deforestation and anthropogenic activities causes of less lichen diversity in Udham Singh Nagar and
some part of the Champawat and Nianital districts.
(B). Temperate region districts lichens:- The foliose lichen flora exhibit great diversity in the temperate
region due to diverse climatic conditions and diversity of phorophytes. All the districts within the temperate region
have more or less similar tree vegetation and climatic condition and show more or less similar lichen flora. The
different district exhibit slight variation in their lichen flora due to variation in microclimate and topography of the
area as following.
(I). Almora district: - The district shows occurrence of 60 species of foliose lichens. The lichen family
Parmeliaceae dominates the district represented by 11 genera and 36 species followed by Physciaceae with 6 genera
and 25 species. Heterodermia and Parmotrema are the dominant genera of the district with 13 and 10 species in each
genus respectively.
(II). Bageshwar district: - A total of 150 species of foliose lichens reported form the district. The family
Parmeliaceae with 22 genera and 78 species and Physciaceae with 8 genera and 39 species are the dominant in the
area. The rich diversity of phorophytes and different altitudinal gradients support luxuriant growth of corticolous
lichens represented by 235 species followed by 114 and 65 saxicolous and terricolous lichens respectively. The
lichen genera Collema and Leptogium grow on boulders on rock species. The Song and Kapkote show poor lichen
diversity with 5 and 14 species respectively. The reasons for poor lichen diversity in the localities may be due to the
high anthropogenic activities in the area as the localities are situated near the villages.
(III). Champawat district: - The district is represented by the occurrence of 60 foliose species reported from the
district. The member of lichen family Parmeliaceae dominates with 35 species followed by 18 and 15 species of
Physciaceae respectively. The lichen genera Heterodermia, Caloplaca and Parmotrema are the dominant genera of
the district. The corticolous lichen genera with 129 species exhibit their dominance over saxicolous and terricolous
lichens represented by 19 and 12 species respectively.
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(IV). Nainital district:-A total of 47 species from the district are reported. The members of lichen family
Parmeliaceae with 26 species under 11 genera followed by Physciaceae with 8 genera and 20 species exhibit their
dominance in the area. Among the different lichen genera, Heterodermia with 8 species showed the maximum
diversity. The Kilbury, Snow View and Thirty six Sheeri localities showed the maximum diversity of lichens, while
D.S.B. campus and Ayarpatta showed poor to scarce growth of lichen species. The scare growth of lichens in the
sites near city centre may be probably due to the fact that both these localities experience heavy tourist pressure
throughout the year. The tourist trekking and other human activities lead to the destruction of lichens growing on
soil and rocks, resulted loss of lichen diversity in such localities.
(V). Pithoragarh district:- The district shows occurrences of 173 species reported from the region. The lichen
family Parmeliaceae dominates the district with 19 genera followed by Physciaceae with 11 genera. Heterodermia
with 18 species are dominant genera in the district.
The localities in and around Munsyari and Gori-Ganga are the ‘lichen rich sites’ of the district. The Askot
and Sandev Botanical Hot Spot also exhibit rich diversity of lichens represented by 203 species belonging to 67
genera and 32 families Pant (2002).
(C). Alpine lichens:- The Pindari glacier in Bageshwar district and the localities of Milam glacier area of
Pithoragarh district falls under the alpine zone of the Kumaun Himalaya. The alpine zone usually devoid of trees and
only shrubs such as Rhododendron, Juniperus and Berberis grow in open grasslands and provide excellent substrate
to many lichens species. The boulders, rock and soil in moist shady area are excellent substrate for saxicolous and
terricolous lichen genera such as Rhzoplaca, Xanthoria, Dermatocarpon and Umbilicaria species. Both the alpine
regions of Milam and Pindari shows occurrence of 394 species belonging to 94 genera and 41 families (S.
Joshi,2010).The Zero Point area and Milam village near the glacier snout exhibit poor growth of lichens due to the
heavy tourist activities in these area.
The tropical zone exhibit luxuriant growth of Pinus, Shora robusta together with cultivated trees of Prunus, Celtis,
Grewia and Rubina sp. The Rubina and Populus trees cultivated along road side bear luxuriant growth of Candelaria
concolor (Dicks.) Stein together with Physcia dilatata Nyl. foliose lichen. The smooth thick bark of Celtis trees bears
excellent growth of Phaeophysia hispidula (Ach.) Moberg., from its base upto the their branches. The species of
lichen family Parmeliaceae together with Physciaceae are dominant on both the cultivated and other trees.
Bulbothrix meizospora (Nyl.) Hale, Canoparmelia ecaperata (Müll. Arg.) Elix & Hale, Flavoparmelia caperata (L.)
Hale and Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) Choisy, are the common Parmelioid lichens found growing on Pinus and
Shorea robusta trees on its thick rough bark. The member of lichen family Physciaceae also grow luxuriantly on
Shorea robusta tree and other substrate in the tropical areas of the district. The common foliose lichens on Shora
robusta are Dirinaria applanata (Fée) D. Awasthi, Heterodermia diademata (Taylar) D. Awasthi, Pyxine subcinerea
Stirton.
The temperate region of Kumaun Himalaya up to an altitude of 2000 m exhibit luxuriant growth of Quercus
leucotricophora together with Rhododendron and Alnus nepalensis trees. The Quercus leucotricophora trees on its
trunk and twigs bear luxuriant growth of Parmelioid lichens such as Everniastrum cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale, Parmelaria
thomsonii (Stirton) D. Awasthi, and Parmotrema nilgherrense (Nyl.) Hale, together with the Flavoparmelia caperata
(L.) Hale and Heterodermia diademata (Taylar) D. Awasthi grow luxuriantly on the bark of Rhododendron trees.
The higher altitude of temperate region up to an altitude of 3000 m of Kumaun region exhibit the luxuriant growth
of Quercus semecarpifolia either forming pure patches or mixed together with coniferous trees Cedrus deodar, Pinus
wallichiana, Taxus baccata and Abies pindrow. The Quercus semecarpifolia trees provide an excellent habitat for
foliose lichen genera to colonize on its trunk, branches and twigs. Bulbothrix meizospora (Nyl.) Hale, Everniastrum
cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale, Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale, Heterodermia leucomela (L.) Poelt, Leptogium askotense D.
Awasthi in D. Awashti & Akhtar, Lobaria retigera (Bory) Trevisan, Myelochroa xantholepis (Mont. & v.d. Bosh)
Elix & Hale, Nephromopsis pallescens (Schaerer in Moritzi) Park., Parmotrema austrosinensise (Zahlbr.) Hale,
Parmotrema dilatatum ( Vainio) Hale, Umbilicaria indica Frey, are commonly occurring lichen species on Quercus
semecarpifolia trees.
The area above an altitude of 3000 m belongs to the alpine zone. This zone is devoid of trees and has small bushes
and large exposed grassland. Due to the non availability of trees the lichen in the alpine region mostly grows on
rocks, soil and branches of small shrubs. The common saxicolous lichen species of alpine region are Dermatocarpon
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miniatum (L.) Mann. Umbilicaria indica Frey. And Xanthoria elegans (Links) Th. Fr. grows extensively on the
exposed rocks in alpine region. On soil species of Heterodermia grows near the boulders together with Peltigera
rufescens (Weis.) Humb.. The small shrubs bear luxuriant growth of Heterodermia incana (Stert.) D. Awasthi
species and Parmalioid lichens (Plate 2).
The present diversity of foliose lichens from different districts of the Kumaun Himalaya will act as base line record
of the lichens to study the effect of environmental changes and biomonitoring studies in the area in future.
UTTARAKHAND
All zones comes under the
district (Milam Glacier)
Temperate and alpine zone
(Pindari Glacier)
173
Species
150
Species
60
Species
47
Species
10
Species
KUMAUN
HIMALAYA
60
Species
Heavy
anthropogenic
activities
(remove the
Industries and hot temperature
INCREASE ALTITUDES AND FOLIOSE LICHEN
SPECIES
INDIA
KUMAUN
HIMALAYA
GARHWAL
HIMALAYA
Map 1. Different districts of Kumaun Himalaya surveyed for lichen collection
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PLATE 2
Common alpine region macro-lichens in Kumaun Himalaya:-
Umbilicaria sp.
Xanthoria sp.
Rhizoplaca sp.
Common temperate region macro-lichens in Kumaun Himalaya:-
Everniastrum sp.
Parmotrema sp.
Heterodermia sp.
Common tropical region macro-lichens in Kumaun Himalaya:-
Dirinaria sp.
Pyxine sp.
Hyperphyscia sp.
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PLATE 1
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Table 1: Distribution of various macro-lichens in different districts of Kumaun Himalaya and their
substratum:S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
LICHEN TAXA
CANDELARIACEAE
Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Stein
Candelaria indica (Hue) Vain.
Candelariella aurella (Hoffm.) Zahlbr.
Candelariella vitellina (Ehrh.) Müll. Arg.
COCCOCARPIACEAE
Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Swinscow & Krog
Coccocarpia palmicola (Spreng.) Arv. & D.J. Galloway
Coccocarpia pellita (Ach.) Müll. Arg. em. R. Sant.
COLLEMATACEAE
Collema auriculiforme (With.) Coppins & J.R. Laundon
Collema coccophorum Tuck.
Collema crispum (huds) G.H.Web.
Collema cristatum (L.) Weber ex Wigg:
Collema furfuraceum (Arn.) Du Rietz
Collema fuscovirens (With.) J.R. Laundon
Collema japonicum (Müll. Arg.) Hue
Collema kauaiene H. Magn.
Collema leptaleum var. biliosum (Mont.) Degel.
Collema leptaleum var. leptaleum Tuck.
Collema nigrescens (Huds.) DC.
Collema polycarpon Hoffm.
Collema pulcellum Ach.
Collema pulcellum Ach. var. subnigrescens (Müll. Arg.) Degel.
Collema shiroumanum Yasuda
Collema subconveniens Nyl.
Collema subflaccidum Degel.
Collema subnigrescens Degel.
Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach. Champawat
Leptogium arisanense Asahina
Leptogium asiaticum P.M. Jørg.
Leptogium askotense D. D. Awasthi
Leptogium austroamericanum (Malme) C.W. Dodge
Leptogium azureum (Sw. ex Ach.) Mont.
Leptogium burgessii (L.) Mont.
Leptogium burnetiae C.W. Dodge
Leptogium chloromelum (Sw.) Nyl.
Leptogium cyanescens (Rabenh.) Körb.
Leptogium delavayi Hue
Leptogium denticulatum Nyl.
Leptogium furfuraceum (Harm.) Sierk
Leptogium javanicum Mont.
Leptogium pedicellatum P.M. Jørg.
Leptogium phyllocarpum (Pers.) Mont.
Leptogium pseudopapillosum P.M. Jørg.
Leptogium resupinans Nyl.
Leptogium saturninum (Dicks.) Nyl.
Leptogium trichophorum Müll. Arg.
Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca (Sm.) Zopf
LECANOROMYCETES
Leprocaulon arbuscula (Nyl.) Nyl.
Leprocaulon pseudoarbuscula (Asah.) Lamb & Ward.
1
2
3
4
5
6
SUB
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
C,S
C
S
S,T
-
+
+
+
-
+
+
-
-
S,T
C
C,T
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
C,T
S,T
S,T
S,T
C,T
S,T
C,S,T
C
C
C
C
S,T
C,S,T
C,S,T
C
C,S,T
C
C
C,S,T
C
C
C,S
C,S
C
C,S,T
C,S,T
C
C,S,T
C,S,T
C
C
C
C,S,T
C,S
C,T
T
C,S,T
C,S,T
S
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
C
C
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International Journal of Advanced Research (2016), Volume 4, Issue 2, 912-925
71
72
73
74
LOBARIACEAE
Lobaria discolor (Bory) Hue
Lobaria fuscotomentosa Yoshim.
Lobaria himalayensis Upreti & Divakar
Lobaria isidiosa (Müll. Arg.) Vain.
Lobaria japonica (Zahlbr.) Asahina
Lobaria kurokawae Yoshim.
Lobaria meridionalis Vain.
Lobaria pindarensis Räsänen
Lobaria pseudopulmonaria Gyeln.
Lobaria quercizans Michx.
Lobaria retigera (Bory) Trev.
Sticta damaecornis (Sw.) Ach.
Sticta henryana Müll. Arg.
Sticta indica D.D. Awasthi & Upreti
Sticta limbata (Sm.) Ach.
Sticta nylanderiana Zahlbr.
Sticta orbicularis (R. Br.) Hue
Sticta platyphylloides Nyl.
Sticta praetextata (Räsänen) D.D. Awasthi
Sticta weigelii (Ach.) Vain
NEPHROMATACEAE
Nephroma helveticum Ach.
Nephroma isidiosum (Nyl.) Gyeln.
PARMELIACEAE
Allocetraria oakesiana (Tuck) A. Ahti
Allocetraria stracheyi (C. Bab.) Kurok. & M.J.Lai
Bulbothrix bulbochaeta (Hale) Hale
Bulbothrix isidiza (Nyl.) Hale
75
Bulbothrix meizospora (Nyl.) Hale
+
Bulbothrix sensibilis (J. Steiner & Zahlbr.) Hale
-
+
-
-
+
-
C,S
Bulbothrix setschwanensis (Zahlbr.) Hale
+
+
+
+
+
-
C,S
Canoparmelia aptata (Kremp.) Elix & Hale
+
+
+
+
+
-
C
Canoparmelia ecaperata (Müll. Arg.) Elix & Hale
+
-
+
-
+
-
C
Canoparmelia eruptens (Kurok.) Elix & Hale
-
-
-
+
-
-
C
Canoparmelia texana (Tuck.) Elix & Hale
+
-
+
+
+
-
C
Cetraria islandicasubsp. islandica (L.) Ach.
-
+
-
-
-
-
T
Cetraria nigricans Nyl.
-
+
-
-
-
-
T
84
Cetrelia braunsiana (Müll. Arg.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
-
-
+
+
+
-
C,T
85
Cetrelia cetrarioides (Del. ex Duby) W. Culb. & C. Culb.
-
+
-
-
+
-
C
86
Cetrelia collata (Nyl.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
-
+
-
-
-
-
C
87
Cetrelia olivetorum (Nyl.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
-
+
-
-
+
-
C
88
-
-
+
-
-
-
C
89
Cetrelia pseudolivetorum (Asahina) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
Cetreliopsis rhytidocarpa subsp. rhytidocarpa (Mont. & v.d. Bosch) M.
J. Lai
-
+
-
-
+
-
90
Everniastrum cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale ex Sipman
+
+
+
+
+
-
C
Everniastrum nepalense (Taylor) Hale ex Sipman
+
+
-
+
+
-
C
Flavocetraria cucullata (Bell.) Kärnefelt & Thell
-
+
-
-
-
-
T
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
91
92
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
T
S
C
C
C,T
C,T
C
C
C,S
T
C,S,T
C,S
C
C
C,S
C
C,S
C,S
C,S
C,S
+
-
+
+
-
-
+
-
-
C,S
C
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
C
T
C
C,S
C,S
C
920
ISSN 2320-5407
International Journal of Advanced Research (2016), Volume 4, Issue 2, 912-925
Flavocetrariella leucostigma (Lév.) D. D. Awasthi
-
+
-
+
-
-
T
94
Flavocetrariella melaloma (Nyl.) D. D. Awasthi
-
+
-
-
-
-
S,T
95
Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale
-
+
+
+
+
-
C,S
96
Flavopunctelia flaventior (Stirt.) Hale
-
-
-
-
+
-
C,S
97
Hypotrachyna adducta (Nyl.) Hale
-
+
-
-
-
-
C
98
Hypotrachyna awasthii Hale & Patw.
-
+
-
-
-
-
C
99
Hypotrachyna crenata (Kurok.) Hale
-
-
-
-
+
-
C,S
100
Hypotrachyna exsecta (Taylor) Hale
-
-
-
-
+
-
C
101
Hypotrachyna flexilis (Kurok.) Hale
-
-
+
+
+
-
C
Hypotrachyna imbricatula (Zahlbr.) Hale
-
-
-
-
+
-
C
Hypotrachyna immaculata (Kurok.) Hale
+
-
-
-
-
-
C
Hypotrachyna infirma (Kurok.) Hale
-
+
-
-
+
-
C
Hypotrachyna osseoalba (Vain.) Y.S. Park and Hale
-
+
-
-
+
-
C
106
Hypotrachyna physcioides (Nyl.) Hale
-
+
-
-
+
-
C
107
Hypotrachyna pindarensis (D.D. Awasthi & S.R. Singh) D.D. Awasthi
-
+
-
-
-
-
S
108
Hypotrachyna pluriformis (Nyl.) Hale
-
+
-
-
+
-
C,S
109
Hypotrachyna radiculata (Kurok.) Elix
-
+
-
-
-
-
C
110
Hypotrachyna scytophylla (Kurok.) Hale
-
+
-
-
+
-
S
111
Melanelia tominii (Oksner) Essl.
-
-
-
-
+
-
S
112
Menegazzia terebrata (Hoffm.) A. Massal
-
+
-
-
-
-
S
Myelochroa aurulenta (Tuck.) Elix & Hale
+
+
+
+
+
-
C
Myelochroa entotheiochroa (Hue) Elix & Hale
-
+
+
-
-
-
C
Myelochroa macrogalbinica Divakar & al
-
+
-
-
+
-
C
Myelochroa metarevoluta (Ach.) Elix & Hale
-
+
-
-
+
-
C
117
Myelochroa perisidians (Nyl.) Elix & Hale
-
-
-
+
-
-
C
118
Myelochroa subaurulenta (Nyl.) Elix & Hale
-
+
-
+
+
-
C,S
119
Myelochroa upretii Divakar & Elix
-
+
-
-
+
-
C
120
Myelochroa xantholepis (Mont. & Bosch) Elix & Hale
-
-
+
-
+
-
C,T
121
Nephromopsis ahtii (Randlane & Saag) Randlane & Saag
-
+
-
-
-
-
C
122
Nephromopsis laii (A. Thell & Randlane) Saag & A.Thell
-
-
-
-
+
-
C
123
Nephromopsis nephromoides (Nyl.) Ahti & Randl.
-
+
-
-
+
-
C
124
Nephromopsis pallescens (Schaer.) Park
-
+
-
-
+
-
C
Nephromopsis stracheyi (C. Bab.) Müll. Arg.
-
+
-
-
+
-
C
Parmelaria subthomsonii D.D. Awasthi
+
+
+
-
+
-
C,S
Parmelaria thomsonii (Stirt.) D.D. Awasthi
-
+
+
+
+
-
C
Parmelia marmariza Nyl.
-
+
-
-
-
-
C
129
Parmelia masonii Essl. & Poelt
-
+
-
-
-
-
S
130
131
Parmelia meiophora Nyl.
Parmelinella simplicior (Hale) Elix & Hale
Parmelinella wallichiana (Taylor) Elix & Hale
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
C
S
132
+
133
Parmotrema austrosinense (Zahlbr.) Hale
+
-
-
+
+
-
C,S
93
102
103
104
105
113
114
115
116
125
126
127
128
C,S
921
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International Journal of Advanced Research (2016), Volume 4, Issue 2, 912-925
134
Parmotrema cooperi (J. Steiner & Zahlbr.) Sërus.
-
-
-
-
+
-
C
135
Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.) M. Choisy
-
-
+
-
-
-
C
136
Parmotrema direagens (Hale) Hale
-
+
-
-
-
-
C
137
Parmotrema eunetum (Stirt.) Hale
-
+
-
-
-
-
C
Parmotrema grayanum (Hue) Hale
+
+
-
-
+
-
S
Parmotrema hababianum (Gyeln.) Hale
+
+
+
-
+
-
C
Parmotrema indicum Hale
-
+
-
-
+
-
C
Parmotrema mesotropum (Müll. Arg.) Hale
-
-
-
-
+
+
C
142
Parmotrema nilgherrense (Nyl.) Hale
+
+
+
+
+
-
C,S
143
Parmotrema praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale
+
+
+
+
+
+
C
144
Parmotrema pseudocrinitum (Abbayes) Hale
-
-
-
-
+
-
C,S
145
Parmotrema rampoddense (Nyl.) Hale
+
-
-
-
-
-
C
146
Parmotrema ravum (Krog & Swinscow) Sérus.
-
-
-
-
+
-
C
147
Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M. Choisy
+
+
+
+
+
-
C
148
Parmotrema sancti-angelii (Lynge ) Hale
+
+
+
-
+
-
C
Parmotrema subtinctorium (Zahlbr.) Hale
+
-
+
-
+
-
C
Parmotrema tinctorum (Despr. ex Nyl.) Hale
+
+
+
+
+
+
C
Platismatia erosa W.L. Culb.& C.F. Culb.
-
+
-
-
-
-
C
Punctelia borreri (Sm.) Krog
+
-
+
-
+
-
C
153
Punctelia neutralis (Hale) Krog
-
-
+
-
-
-
C
154
Punctelia rudecta (Ach.) Krog
+
+
+
+
+
-
C
155
Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog
+
-
+
+
+
-
C
156
Xanthoparmelia antleriformis (Elix) Elix & J. Johnst.
-
-
-
-
+
-
S
157
Xanthoparmelia australasica D.J. Galloway
+
-
-
-
-
-
S
158
Xanthoparmelia conspersa (Ach.) Hale
+
-
-
-
-
-
S
159
Xanthoparmelia coreana (Gyeln.) Hale
-
-
-
-
+
-
S
160
Xanthoparmelia mexicana (Gyeln.) Hale
-
-
-
-
+
-
S
Xanthoparmelia stenophylla (Ach.) Ahti & D. Hawksw.
-
-
-
-
+
-
S
Xanthoparmelia tinctina (Maheu & A. Gillet) Hale
-
-
-
-
+
-
S
Peltigera canina (L.) Willd.
-
+
-
-
+
-
T
164
Peltigera didactyla (With.) J.R. Laundon
-
+
-
-
-
-
T
165
Peltigera dolichorrhiza (Nyl.) Nyl.
+
+
-
-
+
-
T
166
Peltigera elisabethae Gyeln.
-
-
-
-
+
-
T
167
Peltigera horizontalis (Huds.) Baung.
-
-
-
-
+
-
T
168
Peltigera leucophlebia (Nyl.) Gyeln.
-
+
-
-
-
-
T
169
Peltigera membranacea (Ach.) Nyl.
-
+
-
-
+
-
T
170
Peltigera pindarensis D.D. Awasthi & M. Joshi
-
+
-
-
-
-
T
Peltigera polydactylon (Neck.) Hoffm.
+
+
+
-
+
-
T
Peltigera praetextata (Flörke) Zopf
+
+
-
+
+
-
T
Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb.
+
+
-
+
+
-
T
138
139
140
141
149
150
151
152
161
162
PELTIGERACEAE
163
171
172
173
922
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International Journal of Advanced Research (2016), Volume 4, Issue 2, 912-925
Solorina simensis Hochst. in Flot.
-
+
-
-
-
-
T
PHYSCIACEAE
175
Dirinaria aegialita (Afzel.) Moore
-
-
+
-
+
-
C
176
Dirinaria applanata (Fée) D. Awasthi & M.R. Agarwal,
-
-
+
+
+
+
C
177
Dirinaria confluens (Fr.) D.D. Awasthi
-
+
+
-
-
+
C
178
Dirinaria consimilis (Stirt.) D.D. Awasthi & M.R. Agarwal
-
-
+
-
+
-
C
179
Dirinaria picta (Sw.) Clem. & Shaer
+
-
-
-
-
-
C
180
Heterodermia albidiflava (Kuork.) D. D. Awasthi
-
+
-
-
+
-
C,S
181
Heterodermia angustiloba (Müll. Arg.) D.D. Awasthi
-
+
-
-
+
-
C,S
Heterodermia boryi (Fée) Kr.P. Singh & S.R. Singh
-
+
-
+
+
-
C
Heterodermia comosa (Eschw.) Follmann & Redón
+
-
+
-
+
-
C,S
Heterodermia dactyliza (Nyl.) Swinsc. & Krog
-
+
-
-
+
-
C,S
Heterodermia diademata (Taylar) D. D. Awasthi
+
+
+
+
+
-
C,S
186
Heterodermia dissecta (Kurok.) D.D. Awasthi
+
+
-
+
+
-
C,S
187
Heterodermia dissecta var. koyana (Kurok.) J.C. Wei
-
+
-
-
+
-
C,S
188
189
Heterodermia firmula (Nyl.) Trevis.
Heterodermia flabellata (Fée) D.D. Awasthi
Heterodermia himalayensis (D.D. Awasthi) D.D. Awasthi
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
C,S
C
190
+
+
191
Heterodermia hypocaesia (Yasuda) D.D. Awasthi
+
+
-
-
+
-
C,S
192
Heterodermia incana (Stirt.) D. D. Awasthi
+
+
+
+
+
-
C,S
193
Heterodermia indica (H. Magn.) D.D. Awasthi
-
-
-
+
-
-
C
Heterodermia isidiophora (Nyl.) D.D. Awasthi
+
-
-
-
-
-
C
Heterodermia japonica (M. Satô) Swinscow & Krog
+
+
-
+
+
-
C,S
Heterodermia leucomelos (L.) Poelt
+
+
-
-
+
-
C,T
Heterodermia microphylla (Kurok.) Skorepa
-
+
-
+
+
-
C,T
198
Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trevisan
-
+
+
-
-
-
C
199
Heterodermia pellucida (D.D. Awasthi) D.D. Awasthi
-
-
-
+
-
-
C
200
Heterodermia podocarpa (Bél.) D.D. Awasthi
-
-
+
-
+
-
C
201
Heterodermia pseudospeciosa (Kurok.) W.L. Culb.
-
+
-
-
+
-
C,T
202
Heterodermia punctifera (Kurok.) D.D. Awasthi
+
-
-
-
-
-
C
203
Heterodermia rubescens (Räsänen) D.D. Awasthi
+
+
-
-
+
-
C,S
204
Heterodermia rubricosa (Stirt.) Poelt
-
-
-
-
+
-
T
205
Heterodermia speciosa (Wulf.) Trevis.
+
+
-
+
+
-
C,T
Heterodermia tremulans (Müll. Arg.) W. Culb.
-
+
-
-
-
-
S,T
Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Flörke) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
-
-
+
-
+
+
C
Hyperphyscia syncolla (Tuck. ex Nyl.) Kalb.
-
+
+
-
+
-
C
Phaeophyscia ciliata (Hoffm.) Moberg
-
+
-
-
+
-
C
210
Phaeophyscia constipata (Norrl. & Nyl.) Moberg
-
+
-
-
+
-
C
211
Phaeophyscia endococcina (Körb.) Moberg
-
+
-
+
+
-
C
212
Phaeophyscia hispidula (Ach.) Moberg
+
+
+
+
+
+
C
213
Phaeophyscia nepalensis (Poelt) D.D. Awasthi
-
+
-
-
-
-
C
182
183
184
185
194
195
196
197
206
207
208
209
C,S
923
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Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg
-
+
-
-
-
-
C
215
Phaeophyscia primaria (Poelt) Trass
+
+
-
-
-
-
C
216
Phaeophyscia pyrrhophora (Poelt) D.D. Awasthi & M. Joshi
+
+
-
-
+
-
C
217
Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Fürnr.
+
-
-
-
-
-
C
218
Physcia caesia (Hoffm.) Fürnr.
-
+
-
-
-
-
S
219
Physcia dilatata Nyl.
+
+
-
+
+
-
C
220
Physcia dimidiata (Arn.) Nyl.
-
-
-
-
+
-
C
221
Physcia phaea (Tuck.) J.W. Thomson
-
+
-
-
+
-
C
222
Physcia tribacoides Nyl.
+
-
-
-
-
-
C
Physconia enteroxantha (Nyl.) Poelt
+
-
-
-
+
-
C,T
Pyxine berteriana (Fée) Imshaug
+
-
-
+
+
-
C
Pyxine berteriana var. himalaica D.D. Awasthi
+
-
-
+
-
-
C
Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl.
-
-
+
-
+
+
C
227
Pyxine himalayensis D.D. Awasthi
-
+
+
-
+
-
C
228
Pyxine meissnerina Nyl.
-
-
+
-
+
-
C
229
Pyxine minuta Vain.
-
+
-
-
+
-
C,S
230
Pyxine petricola Nyl. in Cromb.
-
-
-
-
+
-
C
231
Pyxine philippina Vain.
-
+
-
-
+
-
C
232
Pyxine reticulata (Vain.) Vain.
-
-
-
-
-
+
C
233
Pyxine sorediata (Ach.) Mont.
+
+
+
-
+
+
C
234
Pyxine subcinerea Stirt.
TELOSCHISTACEAE
-
+
-
+
+
-
C
235
Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr.
-
+
-
-
+
-
S
Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr.
-
-
-
-
+
-
S
Xanthoria sorediata (Vain.) Poelt
-
+
-
-
-
-
S
214
223
224
225
226
236
237
UMBILICARIACEAE
238
Umbilicaria badia Frey
-
-
-
-
+
-
S
239
Umbilicaria indica Frey
-
+
-
-
+
-
S
240
241
242
243
Umbilicaria indica var. nana Frey em. Poelt
Umbilicaria vellea (L.) Ach.
Umbilicaria virginis Schaer.
Umbilicaria yunnana (Nyl.) Hue
VERRUCARIACEAE
Dermatocarpon meiophyllizum Vain.
-
+
+
-
-
-
+
+
-
S
S
S
S
244
- + - - S
- + - + - S
245 Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) W. Mann.
246 Dermatocarpon vellereum Zschacke
+ + + - + - S
Abbreviations: Sub.- Substrate, + Present, - Absent, S- Saxicolous, C- Corticolous, T- Terricolous. 1- Almora, 2Bageshwar, 3- Champawat, 4- Nainital, 5- Pithoragarh and 6- Udham Singh Nagar districts.
Acknowledgment:The authors are thankful to the Director of the CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow for providing
laboratory facilities. One of the authors (GKM) is grateful to the Department of Science and Technology (DSTSERB), New Delhi (SB/FT/LS-258/2012) for the award of Young Scientist fellowship.
924
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International Journal of Advanced Research (2016), Volume 4, Issue 2, 912-925
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