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Ecological features of Tricholoma anatolicum in
Turkey
Article in AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY · October 2011
DOI: 10.5897/AJB11.1001
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African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 10(59), pp. 12626-12668, 3 October, 2011
Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB
DOI: 10.5897/AJB11.1001
ISSN 1684–5315 © 2011 Academic Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Ecological features of Tricholoma anatolicum in Turkey
Hasan Hüseyin Doğan1* and Ilgaz Akata2
1
Selçuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Campus, 42031 Konya, Turkey.
2
Ankara University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 06100, Ankara Turkey.
Accepted 18 August, 2011
Tricholoma anatolicum H.H. Doğan & Intini was first published as a new species in 2003, and it is known
as “Katran Mantarı” in Turkey. It has great importance in trading and is also exported to Japan.
However, there is no extensive information on its ecological status. To reveal its features of ecological
status, we studied eight different places in Turkey in the years of 2005 and 2009. According to our
results, this species makes an ectomycorrhizal association with Cedrus libani trees. The distribution
area of the species is Taurus Mountain between 1,400 and 1,700 m elevations from the Mediterranean
region. The morphological features of the species are closer to Tricholoma magnivelare (Peck) Redhead
than the other members of Matsutake group. Its characteristic features are white to cream-coloured
fruiting body, a special odour like tar, different aroma and cyanophilic spores. In general, it grows on
well-drained and infertile sandy soil in C. libani forests, which are more than 25 years old. The fruiting
period is from October to November and also grows in Mediterranean climate type.
Key words: Ectomycorrhizal fungi, Matsutake group, Mediterranean region, Tricholoma anatolicum, Turkey.
INTRODUCTION
Some ectomycorrhizal fungi have edible fruiting bodies,
which are harvested and sold on a considerably large
market in the world. This trading is especially important in
the northern hemisphere countries in Asia, the USA,
Canada and Japan. The volume of this trade in these
countries is higher than 3 billion US$ per year (Yun et al.,
1997).
Tricholoma genus is an important ectomycorrhizal
edible fungal genera of large economic value, and some
important taxa in that respect are as follows: T.
matsutake (S. Ito et Imai) Sing. (hong or true matsutake)
from Japan, China and Korea; T. magnivelare (Peck)
Redhead (white matsutake) in Canada, Mexico and the
USA; T. caligatum (Viv.) Ricken, which mainly occurs in
Europe and North Africa, particularly in Algeria, Morocco
and the USA; T. bakamatsutake Hongo (false
matsutake); T. quercicola M. Zang; T. dulciolens Kytöv.;
T. fulvocastaneum Hongo, T. robustum (Alb. & Schwein.)
Ricken, T. focale (Fr.) Ricken and T. zelleri (D.; T.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: hhuseyindogan@yahoo.com.
Tel: +90535 8835145.
robustum (Alb. & Schwein E. Stuntz & A. H. Sm.)
Ovrebo & Tylutki in all northern hemisphere countries
(Zeller and Togashi, 1934; Redhead, 1984; Arora, 1986;
Kytövuori, 1988; Bon, 1991; Hosford et al., 1997; Wang
et al., 1997; Intini, 1999; Intini et al., 2003; Kranabetter et
al., 2002; Bidartondo & Bruns, 2002 Galli, 2003).
T. matsutake produces the most valued mushroom
(matsutake) in association with pines, including Pinus
densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. in the Far East and Pinus
sylvestris L. in Scandinavia, and with both pines and oaks
in the foothills of Tibet. Other matsutake mushrooms,
such as T. anatolicum in Turkey and T. magnivelare from
the North Pacific Coast area of Canada and North
America as well as Mexico, respectively produce fruit
bodies morphologically similar to matsutake in
association with other Pinaceae plants in their natural
habitats. T. bakamatsutake and T. fulvocastaneum from
Asia are solely associated with Fagaceae. None of these
matsutake mushrooms has been cultivated yet, and the
mechanisms involved in their symbioses remain
inadequately studied; neither has the systematics of
these apparently related mushroom species been
definitively established (Yamada et al., 2010). The bestknown species between them are T. matsutake and T.
Doğan and Akata
12627
Figure 1. Distribution map of Tricholoma anatolicum in Turkey.
magnivelare, which are known as matsutake. The
popularity and high economic value of these two species
are due to their special aroma and taste (Intini, 1999;
Intini et al., 2003). Harvesting and sales (domestic and/or
international) of T. anatolicum is a major trade in Turkey.
Its habitat, morphological characteristics, odour and
flavour are different from T. matsutake and T.
magnivelare (Viviani, 1834; Ito and Imai, 1925; Zeller and
Togashi, 1934; Bon, 1984; Riva, 1988a, b, 1998;
Kytövuori, 1988; Hosford et al., 1997; Yun et al., 1997;
Mankel et al., 1998; Berguis and Danell, 2000;
Kranabetter et al., 2002).
(2009). The soil temperatures were measured by a digital
thermometer. The pH of the soil was also measured by a digital pH
meter. The chemical features of the soil were determined according
to Doğan et al. (2006). The soils were measured by a ruler at the
different depth to find the mycelial growth and mycorrhizal roots.
Thin layer sections of the roots were prepared to reveal the
mycorrhizal position of the species and their pictures were taken.
Microscopical features were examined with an optical microscope
at different magnifications. Spores, basidia and hyphae were
examined and measured with an ocular micrometer. Plant species
were identified by Muhittin Dinç (Biology Department, Selçuk
University, Literature Faculty, Konya).
Collected specimens are kept at Mushroom Application and
Research Centre, Selcuk University, Konya/Turkey.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
The material of the present study was collected in eight different
localities from Karaman-Başyayla; Adana-Kozan, Göller; AdanaKozan, Görbiyes; Adana-Feke; Adana-Aladağ; Antalya-Gazipaşa,
Karatepe; Antalya-Gazipaşa, Asarbaşı; Kahramanmaraş-Andırın,
Elmadağ (Figure 1). Ecological observations of the studied localities
were performed in 2005 and 2009. The last decade climatic
features were obtained from the Meteorology Station, and the
climatic features of the studied areas were determined according to
Emberger (Akman, 1999). The tree age, height, site and stand
characteristics in the forest were observed according to Oner et al.
Morphological description
Tricholoma anatolicum H.H. Doğan & Intini
Pileus: 4 to 20 cm in diameter at first hemispherical, then
convex to plane (Figure 2); surface: weakly viscid when
moist, shining and silky when dry, smooth and whitish to
pale cream in the centre, white to pale cream when
12628
Afr. J. Biotechnol.
Figure 2. A mature fruit body with completely opened pileus.
young, light brownish to brown-ochreous with age by the
soil remnants, radial fibrillose, often adpressed scales;
margin: rolled in and with whitish fibrils, attached to the
stipe by a cortinate like veil when young; cortinate
like veil: persistent and very variable, but it exists all the
time; lamellae: white to whitish when young, light
yellowish with age, narrow, slightly notched-adnexed,
edges smooth; stipe: 4 to 10 (15) cm long, 1 to 3 (5) cm
diameter, cylindric to conic, tapered to the base, stiff and
very hard; annulus: superior, patent or slightly hanging,
persistent annulus white, fibrillose-membranous; flesh: 2
to 5 cm thick, white, very solid; odour: fragrant, very
distinct and similar to the cedar of Lebanon (known as
Katran = Tar); taste: very mild and pleasant; spores:
broadly elliptic, smooth, hyaline with oil drops,
cyanophilic, 6 to 7.5 (8.5) × 4 to 5 (5.5) µm (Figure 3a).
Basidia: 35 to 42 (48) × 7.5 to 8.5 (9) µm, clavate, 4spored, cystidia sparse (Figure 3b); pileal surface: formed
by more or less flat hyphae 7 to 28 µm wide, hyaline to
light brownish-brown in Melzer‟s reagent (Figure 4).
species was also identified in the following localities:
Adana-Kozan, Göller, Çamboğazı, in A. cilicica subsp.
cilicica-C. libani forest, under C. libani, 1,515 m,
26.10.2008, HD3929; Adana-Kozan, Görbiyes, Ahır
kuyusu, in A. cilicica subsp. cilicica-C. libani forest, under
C. libani, 1,500 m, 27.10.2008, HD4054; Adana-Feke,
Aytepesi, in C. libani forest, 1,600 m, 28.10.2008,
HD4147; Adana-Aladağ, Katran çukuru, in C. libani
forest, 1,400 m, 24.11.2007, HD3043; Antalya-Gazipaşa,
Karatepe, in C. libani-A. cilicica subsp. isaurica forest,
under C. libani, 1,450 m, 09.10.2006, HD2533; AntalyaGazipaşa, Asarbaşı, in A. cilicica subsp. isaurica-C. libani
and J. excelsa, under C. libani, 1,520 m, 18.10.2009,
HD3709; Kahramanmaraş-Andırın, Elmadağ, in A. cilicica
subsp.cilicica-C. libani forest, under C. libani, 07.11.2008,
HD4257 (Figure 1). It was also found from
Kahramanmaraş-Göksun, Soğukpınar (Kaya et al.,
2009), Adana-Feke, Hıdıruşağı village; Muğla-Fethiye,
Arpacık village, Yaylakoru and Gedre; Muğla-Fethiye,
Babadağ, Antalya-Kaş, Sütleğen village, OsmaniyeKaypak, Yarpuz and Çulhalı villages (Solak, 2009).
Species examined
Turkey; Karaman-Başyayla, Katranlı plateau, elevation
1,400 to 1,700m in A. cilicica subsp.cilicica-C. libani
forest, where the type species was collected. This
Habitat and fruiting body formation
T. anatolicum primarily grows under C. libani in the
Mediterranean region, particularly in Taurus Mountain.
Doğan and Akata
12629
Figure 3. (a) Spores; (b) basidia and cystidia (scale bar = 10 µm).
The elevation of the forest is between 1,400 to 1,700 m.
The soil features are sandy and well-drained. It can also
overgrow with bushes of Astragalus
microcephalus
Willd. in C. libani fores t in October to November. C.
libani forest can con-stitute pure stands to mixed with
Abies cilicica (Ant. & Kotschy) Carr. subsp. isaurica
Coode & Cullen., A. cilicica (Ant. & Kotschy) Carr. subsp.
cilicica and rarely Juniperus excels M. Bieb.
Nevertheless, T. anatolicum always occurs in pure stands
of C. libani or mixed with herb layers of A. microcephalus,
which is considered an indicator plant for the growth
areas of T. anatolicum. C. libani and A. microcephalus
may also grow in stony places, but it is impossible to find
T. anatolicum in such areas.
T. anatolicum has distinctive fungal colonies in the soil
and produces a dense mycelial mass; the Japanese have
termed such compact mass of mycelia as „shiro‟, which
are formed between host trees or occasionally around
them (Yun et al., 1997). It is white to pale and consists of
a compact mycelial mass that colonises everything in the
12630
Afr. J. Biotechnol.
Figure 4. Hyphae of the pileus (scale bar = 10 µm)
soil including plant roots, soil granules and rocks, and
gaps between soil granules. The surface of the mycelial
mass is just below the litter layer, and in deep soils it can
be 10 to 15 cm from top to bottom. Typically, the mycelial
mass of T. anatolicum develops mainly in soils under C.
libani and A. microcephalus. Mycelial mass usually
develops when forest trees are about 20 to 30 years old.
However, the best-developed phase can be found with
trees more than 30 years old. The mycelial mass and
fruiting body of T. anatolicum is smaller with young trees
(under 20 years) because these forests are not welldeveloped and it is not a pure stand; therefore the soil is
not of good quality for T. anatolicum in such places.
The fungus normally begins to grow when trees are
about 30 years old and more than 10 m in height.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi are abundant, and, generally, the
shrub and herb layers are poorly developed. Production
reaches the maximum in a 50 to 100-year-old forests. T.
anatolicum production is the greatest when the forest is
pure and old, with its habitat sandy soil. C. libani can also
grow on stony and calcareous spots in the same localities
but it is impossible to find T. anatolicum on such spots.
Some fungi and plant species accompany to T.
anatolicum in the same area. More than 50 species of
higher fungi were determined in C. libani and other
stands on soil, some of them being the following:
Agaricus langei (F. H. Møller & Jul. Schäff.) Maire,
Boletopsis leucomelaena (Pers.) Fayod, Cortinarius
bulliardii (Pers.) Fr., C. elegantissimus Rob. Henry, C.
europaeus (M. M. Moser) Bidaud, Moënne-Locc. &
Reumaux, C. latus (Pers.) Fr., C. odorifer Britzelm., C.
splendens Rob. Henry ssp. meinhardii (Bon) Brandrud &
Melot, C. venetus (Fr.) Fr. var. montanus, Geastrum
fimbriatum Fr., G. rufescens Pers., G. triplex Jungh.,
Geopora arenicola (Lèv.) Kers, Gomphus clavatus (Pers.)
Gray, Hebeloma mesophaeum (Pers.) Fr., Hygrophorus
marzuolus (Fr.) Bres., Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke,
Lycoperdon perlatum Pers., Lyophyllum infumatum
(Bres.) Kühn., L. semitale (Fr.) Kühn., Macrolepiota
excoriata (Schaeff.) M. M. Moser, Melanoleuca cognata
(Fr.) Konrad & Maubl. var. cognata Kühner, M. exscissa
(Fr.) Singer, M. humilis (Pers.) Pat., M. paedida (Fr.)
Kühner & Maire, M. polioleuca (Fr.) G.Moreno, M. stridula
(Fr.) Singer, M. substrictipes Kühner, Ramaria flava
(Schaeff.) Quél., Russula ochroleuca (Pers.) Fr., R.
pallidospora J.Blum ex Romagn., Sarcodon glaucopus
Maas Geest. & Nannf., S. imbricatus (L.) P. Karst.,
Tricholoma album (Schaeff.) P.Kumm., T. apium J.
Schff., T. equestre (L.) P. Kumm., T. orirubens Quél., T.
pardalotum Herink & Kotl., T. portentosum (Fr.) Quél., T.
cedretorum (Bon) A.Riva var. cedretorum, T.
scalpturatum (Fr.) Quél., T. stans (Fr.) Sacc., T. virgatum
(Fr.) P. Kumm. and Tulostoma fimbriatum (Fr).
Distinct plants growing in C. libani forest are as follows:
Achillae spp., Alyssum spp., Ballota spp., Barbarea spp.,
Carthamus spp., Cotoneaster nummularia Fisch. & Mey.,
Doğan and Akata
Craetagus spp., Crocus spp., Dianthus zonatus Fenzl.,
Euphorbia spp., Marrubium spp., Phlomis spp., Pilosella
hoppeana (Schultes) C.H. & F.W.Schultz, Poa bulbosa
L., Polygonum spp. and Silene italica (L.) Pers.
Soil features
The soil is generally sandy and moist but not very wet,
and the litter layer is about 3 cm in depth. T. anatolicum
is most likely to be found in stands that appear to be in
rich condition for needle litter of C. libani and A.
microcephalus stands. T. anatolicum was found in welldrained, sandy loams with rich soils for organic
substance including litter layers situated in the northwest
part and with 20 to 45% slope. The litter layer varies in
thickness from 0.5 to 3 cm. Generally, the most
productive soils are acidic to neutral, well-drained, and
infertile. The soil features are as follows: pH 5 to 7,
0.03% salt, 1.5 to 3% CaCO3 and organic matter is about
3%.
Climatic features
The climate types of the areas were determined
according to Emberger (Akman, 1999). Climatic data
from the studied areas were used for climatic analysis
(Figure 5).
The climatic results are as follows: Adana is under the
influence of rather rainy-mild Mediterranean climate and
the ombrothermic diagram shows that the arid period
starts from May until September; Akseki is under the
influence of rainy-cold Mediterranean climate and the
ombrothermic diagram shows that the arid period starts
from June until September; Gazipaşa is under the
influence of rainy Mediterranean climate and the
ombrothermic diagram shows that the arid period starts
from April until September; Göksun is under the influence
of semi arid-upper glacial Mediterranean climate and the
ombrothermic diagram shows that the arid period starts
from May until September; Kahramanmaraş is under the
influence of semi arid and upper cool Mediterranean
climate and the ombrothermic diagram shows that the
arid period starts from May until September; Karaman is
under the influence of arid upper and very cold
Mediterranean climate and the ombrothermic diagram
shows that the arid period starts from May until
September; Kozan is under the influence of rather rainy
Mediterranean climate and the ombrothermic diagram
shows that the arid period starts from May until
September.
T. anatolicum fruits between October and November
(mainly during October), though yields are closely tied to
the climate. Like many other macrofungi, primordia begin
to form when temperatures drop after summer and soil
12631
moisture rises. The average temperatures and precipitations for the month of October are 21.9°C and 43.1
mm for Adana, 15.6°C and 17.9 mm for Akseki, 10.5°C
and 40.1 mm for Göksun, 19.6°C and 32.6 mm for
Kahramanmaraş, 13°C and 19.2 mm for Karaman and
22.3°C and 49 mm for Kozan. The average temperatures
and precipitations for the month of November are
15.10°C and 59.5 mm for Adana, 9.6°C and 152.7 mm for
Akseki, 3.9°C and 66.4 mm for Göksun, 11.9°C and 84.5
mm for Kahramanmaraş, 6.4°C and 35.1 mm for
Karaman and 16.2°C and 66.2 mm for Kozan. The best
month for the yield of T. Anatolicum is October. In this
month, the temperature is neither very high nor low; it is
usually between 10 to 20°C and days under 0°C are
much rarer than in November. In November, the
temperature is between 5 to 18°C, lower than that in
October. There are also more days under 0°C in
November than in October.
The optimum soil temperature for primordial formation
is between 10 to 20°C. However, expansion of the
primordia can occur at much lower soil temperatures. T.
anatolicum can be picked until lower temperatures occur;
it can be found when night air temperature is around 0 to
10°C, and soil temperatures decrease below 0°C. Fruiting
bodies can be found in November when the soil
temperature is close to 0°C. It was collected many times
in frozen soil but if this situation persists for a long time,
the yields will suddenly decrease and T. anatolicum
season will finish. Overall, T. anatolicum yields are
highest when there is plenty of rain in spring, a relatively
mild summer, and a moist, warm autumn. Primordia
usually begin to form in October when the soil temperature between 5 to 10 cm is approximately 15 to 20°C,
and there has been about 30 to 40 mm of mild
precipitation. From then on, 4 to 10 mm of rain every
week is enough to ensure further growth of fruiting
bodies. Nevertheless, there can be much fewer rainy
days in some years or much more. If the rainy days are
more and plentiful, the production will be greater.
However, if the soil temperature climbs higher than 20 or
drops below 15°C, primordia will abort. Good harvesting
time is between 15 and 20°C and 50 to 100 mm of rainfall
in 10 to 15 showers between November and until mid
October.
Morphology and anatomy
mycorrhizal colonisation
of
T.
anatolicum
T. anatolicum makes an ectomycorrhizal colonisation with
C. libani roots. There is an outer zone at the “mycorrhizal
colonisation” where only mycelia are found which
advances 5 to 10 cm per year. This is followed by a zone
of maximum mycelial growth and mycorrhizal colonisations on the roots where the soil is extremely
hydrophilic, a zone where fruiting bodies are produced
12632
Afr. J. Biotechnol.
Figure 5. The Ombrothermic diagrams of the localities.
Doğan and Akata
12633
Figure 6. Hartig net covers on root. The arrow shows the mycelia.
about 5 cm under the topsoil, a powdery mycelial zone
where the roots have begun to collapse, one where the
soil is beginning to recover its normal state and structure,
and the oldest zone (10 to 15 cm) from the mycorrhizal
colonisation where the soil has returned to normal. There
is also a mantle and well developed Hartig net. White
thick layer of hyphae covers the lateral and main roots
(Figure 6). Sometimes labyrinthine hyphal systems occur
between cortical cells similar to those formed by typical
ectomycorrhizal fungi. From this, hyphae penetrate
between the outer layers of cells of rootlets and short
and long lateral roots (Figure 7).
Harvesting and grading
T. anatolicum fruiting bodies begin to open when they
break through the soil surface. Before this period, it is
impossible or very difficult to see them outside due to the
fact that the litter layer completely covers them. Therefore, considerable expertise is required to recognize the
cracks and bulges of the soil, which indicates that a
fruiting body is just below the soil surface. To find these
highly-valued fruiting bodies, collectors often use rakes,
sticks, or small adzes to remove the litter layer, dig
through the topsoil, and expose the immature fruiting
bodies. This process causes considerable damage not
only to the mycelial mass but also to other young
primordia and to the soil structure. There is no advice
available to collectors on the best ways of collection with
minimal disturbance to the ecosystem or any penalty to
prevent this collection method. The collectors pick the
mushrooms without following any rules and by applying
very ordinary methods. It must be prevented as soon as
possible to stop the ecological damage. Thereafter,
individual collectors, who are villagers from the mountain
places, sell to wholesalers who set up purchase points in
the villages. T. anatolicum are then taken overnight to the
special collection centre. After enough quantity is taken,
they are cleaned from the soil remnants and put into
plastic bags without use of any process and are then
exported to Japan by airplane. Prices are largely
determined by supply and demand. Shape and colour are
important attributes as well as its smell, taste, and flavour
for the value of T. anatolicum for collectors.
One specimen of T. anatolicum can grow up to 20 cm
in diameter, but they do not reach as high a price,
apparently due to an unsatisfactory texture. Once the
mushroom begins to open, it is downgraded to second
quality. The lowest grading is being awarded to fullyopened mushrooms, badly affected by insect larvae and
worms. Lower prices are paid for the lower grades
despite first quality T. anatolicum having the best taste.
Normally, T. anatolicum is white with light cream to dirty
cream or light brown patches but both handling and
storage cause discoloration, turn it to brown, and reduces
its value. Its surface can also be dirty and turn to light
brown by the soil texture if the soil is wet or damp. The
grading system for T. anatolicum is not exactly clear and
it is very ordinary in Turkey. Nevertheless, there are
12634
Afr. J. Biotechnol.
Figure 7. The lateral section of root. The arrow shows the mycelia.
mainly 4 grades for first quality (Figure 8); it is very
important to have unopened caps for the grading system.
Grade 1 is unopened caps about 8 to10 cm diameter,
grade 2 is 6 to 8 cm, grade 3 is 4 to 6 cm and grade 4 is
about 4 cm or just started to open (Figure 9). The second
quality is out of grade, which are half partly or fully
opened, broken, attacked by insects or very smallunopened caps or opened and more than 10 cm
diameter. Out of grade is not bought by the wholesalers;
they primarily prefer grades 1 and 2 categories.
Prices and production of T. anatolicum
Exportation of T. anatolicum to Japan commenced in late
1990. The current production and exportation values are
scarcely known because there is not any official control
system for their export. Certain special collectors manage
the collection and exportation and they do not want to
explain how many kilos of T. anatolicum are collected
and exported per year. Nevertheless, approximately more
than 50 tonnes are exported to Japan per year. There is
no orderly production, but amount depends on the
climatic conditions in the collection season. Some years
the climatic conditions can be rainless and dry, while
other years can be very wet and rainy. During the
rainless season, T. anatolicum can grow without any rain
by using the root system of the host plant but the yield
decreases and the mushroom quality is very low, while
when the rainy season is good enough, mushroom
quality will be exceptional and yield increases steadily.
More also, collectors often receive a relatively low price
than mushroom wholesalers since the entire mushroom
must be sold as fresh and exported as soon as possible.
Doğan and Akata
12635
Figure 8. The first quality grading.
While the average wholesale price is 100 $ per one kilo,
which is the price for exportation from Turkey to Japan,
local collectors can gain about 10 $ for one kilos of T.
anatolicum. These prices however vary during the
season or depend on its abundance or scarcity.
DISCUSSION
T. anatolicum grows in C. libani forest and makes an
ectomycorrhizal association with this tree‟s roots. This
fungus prefers sandy and rich soil for organic matter in
the forest. The fruiting time is from October until late
November. There are some mycorrhizal species growing
in the same habitat and they play an indicator role to find
T. anatolicum in the Cedrus forest. These species are as
follows: Boletopsis leucomelaena, Cortinarius spp.,
Russula spp. and T. cedretorum var. cedretorum. It is
sometimes possible to confuse T. anatolicum with T.
cedretorum var. cedretorum, but there are some
differences between them. First, T. cedretorum has a
white colour when young, which changes white to pink
when old, and secondly, it has no cortinate-like velar
remnant.
Kytövuori (1989), Wang et al. (1997), Kranabetter et al.
(2002) and Hosford et al. (1997) provided the habitat and
the morphological features of T. caligatum, T.
nauseosum, T. matsutake and T. magnivelare. Features
of T. anatolicum and similar species are given in (Table
1). Bergius and Danell (2000) reported that T. matsutake
and T. nauseosum should be treated as the same
species. The oldest is T. nauseosum, but they suggested
that the name of T. matsutake should be retained. For
this reason, T. nauseosum and T. matsutake are given in
the same column. T. anatolicum has been known
erroneously as T. caligatum somewhere in Turkey. The
taste of T. caligatum is bitter, strong, and repellent.
Additionally, the brown scales and fibres on T. caligatum
tend to be darker, which is more similar to chestnut
brown and more prominent. T. caligatum is mycorrhizal
with hardwoods or pine trees as opposed to the coniferloving matsutake group. In contrast, T. anatolicum has a
mild and pleasant taste and special smell that comes
from Cedrus libani’s extract (Katran = Tar). Therefore, its
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Afr. J. Biotechnol.
Figure 9. A fruit body that just started opening.
local name is “Katran-Sedir Mantarı”. The meaning of
„Katran‟ is a special extract taken from C. libani (Tar),
and the meaning of „Mantarı‟ is Mushroom. T. anatolicum
is also different from T. caligatum by its special habitat,
which is C. libani and A. microcephalus. It is very difficult
to find T. caligatum in C. libani forest. T. anatolicum can
also be easily recognised from T. caligatum by its bigger
and whiter pileus, thick and white stipe, bigger and
cyanophilic spores, long hyphae and special habitat.
T. anatolicum is also different from T. matsutake
according to DNA analysis (Intini et al., 2003) and it has
some morphological and ecological difference such as:
pileus colour of T. matsutake is more brown than T.
anatolicum, smell and taste is different, stipe has brown
scales, basidia are bigger and last and the habitat is quite
different. The habitat of T. anatolicum is restricted to C.
libani, while T. matsutake can grow in very large habitats
such as deciduous and conifer forest. According to DNA
analysis, the closest species to T. anatolicum is T.
magnivelare (Intini et al., 2003). Nevertheless, there are
important differences between them. First, pileus colour
is darker than T. anatolicum, secondly, T. anatolicum has
fragrant odour like Cedar tree, while T. magnivelare has
spicy odour and taste, thirdly, the lamellae are white and
no trace of spotted brown on it in age while T.
magnivelare has spotted brown on lamellae in age, also
the spores of T. anatolicum are cyanophilic and longer
than T. magnivelare, and lastly their habitats are different;
T. anatolicum grows only in C. libani forest and it is
restricted to the Mediterranean region, while T.
magnivelare grows in deciduous and conifer forests and
its distribution area is very large in northern America. In
addition, the fruiting period for T. anatolicum is also later
than the other relative species.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Selcuk University Scientific Research Projects Coordinating Office, Konya/Turkey (SÜ-BAP-06401046 and
Doğan and Akata
Table 1. Comparison of T. anatolicum, T. caligatum, T. nauseosum-matsutake and T. magnivelare.
Character
T. anatolicum
T. caligatum
T. nauseosum-matsutake
Pileus
4 to 20 cm, hemispherical, convex to plane,
white to pale creamy when young, brown to
brownish-ochraceous with age.
3 to 12 cm, subumbonate, blackish
brown, with dark brown scales.
6 to 20 (30) cm, convex to plano-convex,
radially fibrillose, with adpressed scales,
centre brown to light brown
Odour and
taste
Fragrant, like that cedar of Lebanon (C.
libani), taste very mild, pleasant
Strong, just like that Inocybe
corydalina, taste sweetish-bitter to
bitter
Strong, sweetish, like that I. corydalina,
taste very mild, pleasant
Lamellae
Narrow, adnexed, whitish, yellowish with
age
Close, broad, sinuate, whitish
Close, broad, straight, emarginated, white
Stipe
4 to 10(15) × 1 to 3(5) cm, cylindric to conic,
tapered to base, annulus superior, very
close the lamellae, fibrillose, membranous,
above the annulus white, below the annulus
ochraceous-brown zones
4 to 10 × 1 to 2.5 cm, with
persistent and ascending annulus 7
to 25 mm down from the lamellae,
more or less transverse, blackish
brown zones on a lighter
background
5 to 20 (25) × 1.5 to 2.5 cm, even thickness
or slightly tapering or enlarging downwards,
persistent annulus on the upper part of the
stipe, 5 to 15(30) mm downwards from
lamellae more or less transverse brown
zones on the lighter background
Spores
6 to 7.5 (8.5) × 4 to 5 (5.5) µm, broadly
elliptic, cyanophilic
5.7 to 7.3 × 4.3 to 5.4 (5.9) µm,
broadly ellipsoid
6.6 to 8.4 (9.1) × 5.0 to 6.3 µm, broadly
ellipsoid, hyaline
Basidia
Clavate, 35 to 42 (48) × 7.5 to 8.5 (9) µm
Clavate, 27 to 42 × 5.5 to 7.5 µm
Clavate, 35-50 × 6.5 to 9 µm
Pileal
surface
More or less flat hyphae, 7 to 28 µm wide,
hyaline to light brownish-brown in Melzer‟s
reagent
More or less flat hyphae, 7 to 16
µm wide
Flat and very thin-walled, 7 to 25 µm wide
T. magnivelare
5 to 25 cm, convex to
plano-convex, white
when young, yellow to
orange or brownish
stains in age
Spicy smell, distinctly
fragrant, very mild
White, spotted brown in
age, crowded, adnate to
adnexed to sinuate.
Stipe 4 to 15 × 1 to 6
cm, similar colours as
the cap, veil sheathing
from the base, thick,
white, forming a cottony
annulus
5 to 7 × 4.5 to 5.5 µm,
subglobose to short
elliptic
Distribution
and ecology
On Toros Mountain in Turkey, elevation
1400 to 1700 m, C. libani and A.
microcephalus
Mediterranean region, South
France, Spain, NW Africa, Pinus
forests, Abies, Picea and Quercus.
Fennoscandia, Japan, China, Korea,
Pinus sylvestris, P. densiflora, P. thunbergii,
P. pumila, Tsuga sieboldii, T. divesifolia,
Picea jezoen-sis, Quercus mongolica
Canada to the Western
United States, Mexico,
Canada
Abies magnifica, A.
grandis, Tsuga
heterophylla,
Pseudotsuga menziensii,
Pinus spp. Quercus spp.
Growing time
October to November
October to December
July to October
June to October
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11701426) supported this work. We would like to thank
them for their financial support.
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