Mycologia, 99(5), 2007, pp. 753–764.
# 2007 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897
New Stenella and Parastenella species from the Brazilian cerrado
Denise Dornelo-Silva
Rita de Cássia Pereira-Carvalho
José Carmine Dianese1
Abstract: Five new Stenella species were found on
native cerrado plants. Stenella erythroxyli-campestris, S.
erythroxyli-suberosi and S. erythroxylicola were associated with plant species belonging in the family
Erythroxylaceae; S. cyrtopodii was found infecting
the rare Cyrtopodium eugenii (Orchidaceae), and S.
ocoteae occurred on Ocotea sp. (Lauraceae). Finally
Parastenella callisthenis-fasciculatae was collected on
a Vochysiaceae (viz. Callisthene fasciculate) endemic
to the cerrado.
Key words: Cercosporoid fungi, Erythroxylaceae,
Erythroxylum, tropical microfungi
lose, catenate or single conidia with conspicuous, dark,
slightly thickened hila (Deighton 1979, Hsieh and Goh
1990, Guo and Hsieh 1995, Braun 1998, Crous and
Braun 2003). Parastenella J.C. David is similar morphologically in the superficial secondary mycelium and
verruculose conidiophores, but the conidiogenous loci
and conidial hila are neither thickened nor dark.
Crous and Braun (2003) expressed doubts that
Parastenella is distinct from Stenella, but we still
consider Parastenella a distinct genus based on clear
morphological differences between the two taxa and
because consistent molecular evidence is lacking to
support including this genus in Stenella.
During a recent study of cercosporoid fungi
deposited in the Mycological Collection of the
Herbarium UB (Herb. UB [Mycol. Col.]) a number
of Stenella-like species were encountered. Five new
species of Stenella and one Parastenella species are
described as a result of that study.
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cercosporoid fungi are plant pathogenic organisms
and are abundant in the cerrado region of central
Brazil. They have been the object of a number of
studies in the past 13 y (Dianese and Câmara 1994,
Medeiros and Dianese 1994, Santos and Dianese
1995, Inácio et al 1996, Dianese et al 1997, Furlanetto
and Dianese 1998, Inácio and Dianese 1999, Furlanetto and Dianese 1999, Dianese et al 1999, Dianese
2000, Hernández-Gutierrez 2000, Dornelo-Silva and
Dianese 2003–2004). Crous and Braun (2003) defined ‘‘true cercosporoid’’ fungi as being Mycosphaerella anamorphs and included Cercospora Fresen.,
Pseudocercospora Speg., Passalora Fr. and Stenella
Syd. Many other generic names were considered of
doubtful or uncertain status or as ‘‘cercosporoid
sensu lato’’ because they were not anamorphs of
Mycosphaerella.
Stenella currently includes about 170 taxa (according to www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp)
and species appear to be host specific (Braun 1998).
The genus Stenella accommodates Cercospora-like fungi
with verruculose, superficial secondary mycelium,
solitary conidiophores arising mostly laterally or
terminally from superficial hyphae, conidiogenous
cells with conspicuous, thickened and darkened
conidiogenous loci, giving rise to smooth or verrucu-
Specimens of cercosporoid fungi collected on plants in
cerrado natural reserves and deposited at the Herbarium
UB (Mycol. Col.) initially were studied with a stereomicroscope. Samples were placed on microscope slides and
squash mounted or sectioned by a freezing microtome to be
used for the morphological studies and microphotography.
Semipermanent mounts of fungal samples were prepared
and stained with lacto-glycerol-cotton blue or glycerol-KOHphoxine B and the slides sealed with nail polish.
For scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pieces of leaves
with one or more lesions showing representative samples of
each specimen were fixed in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer,
pH 7.4, containing 2% glutaraldehyde, for at least 24 h. The
samples were dehydrated in an aqueous series with increasing acetone concentrations from 15, 30, 50, 75 up to
100% acetone, for 15 min in each concentration. Leaf pieces
were dried at the critical point before being covered by a thin
layer of gold in a sputter coater for 2 min (Souza 1998).
Finally the samples were observed with a scanning electron
microscope (SEM) (Jeol, model JSM 840-A E). Morphometric data obtained by light microscopy and sometimes SEM
were used to characterize the specimens studied.
Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade de
Brası́lia, 70910-900 Brası́lia, DF, Brasil
TAXONOMY
1.
Stenella erythroxyli-campestris Dornelo-Silva,
R.C. Pereira-Carvalho & Dianese sp. nov. FIGS. 1–7
Differt a S. erythroxylicola stromatibus bene evolutis,
conidiis solitariis, fusiformibus vel cylindraceis, brevioribus,
ad 65 mm longis.
Accepted for publication 26 June 2007.
1
Corresponding author. E-mail: jcarmine@unb.br
Leaf lesions amphigenous, 3–7 mm diam, solitary,
753
754
MYCOLOGIA
FIGS. 1–7. Stenella erythroxyli-campestris (UB Mycol. Col. 7508) on leaves of Erythroxylum campestre (Erythroxylaceae). 1.
Lesions shown as dark abaxial spots (bar 5 2.5 mm). 2. Verruculose superficial mycelium (bar 5 20 mm). 4. Conidiophore
fascicle (bar 5 10 mm). 5, 6. Conidiphores and cicatrized conidiogenous cells (bars 5 10 mm). 7. Conidia with dark hila (bars
5 10 mm).
DORNELO-SILVA ET AL: STENELLA AND PARASTENELLA
circular with dark brown borders and light gray center.
Colonies amphigenous, velutinous, grayish. External
mycelium with hyphae 3–4 mm wide, branched, septate,
subhyaline to light brown, verruculose. Internal
mycelium 2–4 mm wide, branched, septate, subhyaline
to brown, forming stromata. Stromata 55–72 mm diam,
light brown, subcuticular to intradermal, textura
globosa. Conidiophores 20–40(30) 3 4–5(5) mm, fasciculate, subhyaline to light brown, cylindrical, erect, 1–
6(4) septate. Conidiogenous cells terminal, subhyaline,
cylindrical, sympodial, polyblastic, cicatrized at the
base. Conidia 25–65(60) 3 3–6(3) mm, cylindrical,
subcylindrical to widely obclavate, subhyaline to light
brown, smooth, 3–6(5) septate, cicatrized with a dark
hilum, seldom with dichotomous apex.
Specimen examined. BRAZIL. DISTRITO FEDERAL:
Planaltina, Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas, on
living leaves of Erythroxylum campestre St Hil., 14 Mar 1995,
AS Alves 82 (UB Mycol. Col. UB 7508, HOLOTYPE).
Notes: S. erythroxyli-campestris is morphologically
similar to the new species S. erythroxylicola described
in this paper. The two species are characterized by
having smooth conidia and conidiophores, but S.
erythroxylicola is distinguished by its longer, cylindrical, catenate conidia.
2.
Stenella erythroxyli-suberosi Dornelo-Silva, R.C.
Pereira-Carvalho & Dianese sp. nov.
FIGS. 8–15
Differt a S. erythroxyli-campestris et S. erythroxylicola
conidiis verruculosis.
Leaf lesions amphigenous, elliptical or irregular,
solitary or coalescent. Colonies amphigenous, initially
olivaceous to dark brown, velutinous. External mycelium 4 mm wide, branched, septate, light brown,
verruculose. Internal mycelium 3–4 mm wide, branched
septate, light brown, giving rise to stromata bearing
conidiophores. Stromata brown, adaxial, textura angularis, partially immersed, erumpent, becoming superficial. Adaxial conidiophores 15–90(65) 3 4–6(5) mm,
macronematous, cylindrical, erect or flexuous, light
brown to brown, unbranched, smooth, fasciculate.
Abaxial conidiophores 10–67(35) 3 4–6(5) mm, macronematous, cylindrical, erect or curved, light brown to
brown, unbranched, smooth, laterally distributed on
the verruculose superficial mycelium. Conidiogenous
cells mono- or polyblastic, cylindrical, terminal, sympodial, cicatrized, light brown, smooth. Conidia 20–
110(60) 3 3–5(4) mm, solitary or in unbranched
chains becoming intermixed with trichomes, cylindrical to oblong with a truncate base and round apex,
light brown to brown, verruculose with a dark hilum.
Specimens examined. BRAZIL. DISTRITO FEDERAL:
Planaltina, Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas, on
living leaves of E. suberosum, 14 Mar 1993, M Sanchez 481
(UB Mycol. Col. 7504, ISOTYPE). GOIÁS: Road from
Brası́lia to Pirinópolis, on living leaves of E. suberosum, 23
755
Apr 1993, JC Dianese 802 (UB Mycol. Col. 3675, PARATYPE). MINAS GERAIS: Fazenda Sebastião Filgueiras right
margin of the road from Divinópolis to Marilândia, on
living leaves of Erythroxylum suberosum St Hil. 28 Jun 1995,
CA Inácio 397 (UB Mycol. Col. 9153, HOLOTYPE).
Notes: S. erythroxyli-suberosi differs from the two
other species of Stenella on Erythroxylum and described herein, in having verruculose conidia.
3.
Stenella erythroxylicola Dornelo-Silva & Dianese
sp. nov.
FIGS. 16–21
Differt a S. erythroxyli-campestris stromatibus inconspicuis vel nullis, conidiis catenatis, cylindraceis,
longioribus, ad 125 mm longis.
Leaf lesions hypophyllous, brown, circular, isolated or
coalescent, spread on the entire leaf blade. External
mycelium, abundant; hyphae 3–5.5 mm wide, branched,
septate, verruculose, subhyaline to light brown. Internal
mycelium branched, septate, light brown. Stromata
inconspicuous or absent. Conidiophores 34–115(78) 3
5–6(5) mm, cylindrical, macronematous, simple or
branched, laterally or at the apex of superficial hyphae,
rarely grouped in fascicles, light brown to brown.
Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, sympodial, cicatrized.
Cicatrices conspicuous, slightly thickened, brown. Conidia 25–125(50) 3 4–5(5) mm, 1–14(7) septate, solitary
or on short chains, erect, sometimes branched, cylindrical, subhyaline to light brown, smooth; hilum dark.
Specimen examined. BRAZIL. DISTRITO FEDERAL:
Planaltina, Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas, on
living leaves of E. campestre, 6 Mar 1995, M Sanchez 437 (UB
Mycol. Col. 7364, HOLOTYPE).
Notes: S. erythroxylicola shares with S. erythroxylicampestris, described in this paper, smooth conidiophores and conidia, but it is distinct from the latter
species by having catenate, cylindrical, longer conidia,
up to 125 mm, and inconspicuous stromata or none at
all. The three Stenella species on Erythroxylum show
characteristics typical of this genus, such as verruculose
superficial mycelium, cicatrized conidiogenous cells,
smooth or verruculose pigmented conidia. However
the three species are well distinguished (see TABLE I)
and can be identified easily based on their morphometric features with the following dichotomous key.
KEY TO STENELLA SPECIES ON ERYTHROXYLUM
1. Conidia verruculose, on leaves of Erythroxylum
suberosum . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stenella erythroxyli-suberosi
19. Conidia smooth; on leaves of Erythroxylum campestre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Conidia catenate, cylindrical, 25–125 3 4–5 mm;
stromata inconspicuous or absent . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stenella erythroxylicola
29. Conidia noncatenate fusoid to cylindrical, 25–65
3 3–6 mm, on conidiophores formed on well
developed stromata . . . Stenella erythroxyli-campestris.
756
MYCOLOGIA
FIGS. 8–15. Stenella erythroxyli-suberosi (UB Mycol. Col. 9153) on leaves of Erythroxylum suberosum. (Erythroxylaceae). 8.
Dark irregular leaf spots (bar 5 2 cm). 9. Colonies on abaxial leaf surface (bar 5 100 mm). 10, 11. Verruculose superficial
mycelium, conidiophores and conidia (bars 5 10 mm). 12, 13, 14. Cicatrized conidiophores (bars 5 15, 15, and 10 mm,
respectively). 15. A typical conidium (bar 5 10 mm).
This is the first record of Stenella species on members
of the family Erythroxylaceae, although about 170 species
are known (Retrieved 11 Sep 2006 from http://www.
speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp and retrieved 11
Sep 2006 from Farr et al 2006).
4.
Stenella cyrtopodii Dornelo-Silva, R.C. PereiraCarvalho & Dianese sp. nov.
FIGS. 22–30
Differt a S. orchidacearum conidiophoris longioribus et
latioribus, 60–228(154) 3 5–7(5) mm, conidiis brevioribus
et latioribus, 17–55(35) 3 5–6(5) mm.
Leaf lesions 5–25 3 3–10 mm, amphigenous,
elliptical, sometimes coalescent, dark brown. Colonies
amphigenous, olivaceous, olive brown to brown,
velutinous, downy. Superficial mycelium 3–4 mm wide,
copious, branched, septate, light brown to brown,
verruculose. Internal mycelium, 5–7 mm wide, transmesophyllic, intercellular, sometimes moniloid, dark
brown, branched, septate. Stromata 26–48(36) 3 17–
36(22) mm, subcuticular, partially immersed, erumpent, brown, textura angularis; stromatal cells 3–9 3 4–
9 mm. Primary conidiophores 60–228(154) 3 5–7(5)
DORNELO-SILVA ET AL: STENELLA AND PARASTENELLA
757
FIGS. 16–21. Stenella erythroxycola (UB Mycol. Col. 7364) on leaves of Erythroxylum campestre (Erythroxylaceae). 16. Brown
to dark brown leaf spots (bar 5 5 cm). 17. Network of superficial hypha (bar 5 10 mm). 18. Verruculose hypha (bar 5 10 mm).
19. Fasciculate smooth conidiophores (bar 5 10 mm). 20. Conidiophores with cicatrized conidiogenous cells (bar 5 10 mm).
21. A typical conidium (bar 5 10 mm).
TABLE I.
Summary of the main characteristics of the new Stenella species on Erythroxylum hosts
Species
Stromata diameter
(mm)
Conidiophores
(mm)
Conidia
(mm)
Conidial
septation
S. erythroxylicampestris
S. erythroxyi-suberosi
S. erythroxylicola
55–72
40–50
absent
20–40 3 4–5
15–90 3 4–6
34–115 3 5–6
25–65 3 3–6
20–110 3 3–5
25–125 3 4–5
3–6
3–13
1–14
Conidial
surface
Host
species
smooth
E. campestre
verruculose E. suberosum
smooth
E. campestre
758
MYCOLOGIA
FIGS. 22–30. Stenella cyrtopodii (UB Mycol. Col. 15854) on leaves of Cyrtopodium eugenii. (Orchidaceae). 22. Conidiophorebearing stroma and internal mycelium (bar 5 40 mm). 23. Conidiophores on stroma originated from an abundant network of
sinuous brown hyphae (bar 5 40 mm). 24. Fascicle of conidiophores (bar 5 20 mm). 25. Verruculose superficial mycelium (bar
5 10 mm). 26, 27. Sympodial cicatrized smooth conidiogenous cells (bars 5 10 mm). 28, 29, 30. Verruculose conidia (bars 5
10 mm).
DORNELO-SILVA ET AL: STENELLA AND PARASTENELLA
mm, on stromata, smooth, caespitose, cylindrical, erect
or slightly curved. Secondary conidiophores on superficial mycelium, lateral or terminal. Conidiogenous cells
9–28(15) 3 5 mm, terminal or intercalary, polyblastic,
geniculate, olivaceous, cicatrized; scars thick, dark, 1–
8(5) scars per conidiogenous cell. Conidia 17–55(35)
3 5–6(5) mm, solitary or short catenate, straight, 2–7
septate, verruculose, with an obconical truncate base,
and a basal scar.
Specimens examined. BRAZIL. DISTRITO FEDERAL:
Planaltina, Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas, on
living leaves of Cyrtopodium eugenii Reichb.f, (Orchidaceae), 23 Jan 1998, D Dornelo-Silva 9 (UB Mycol. Col. 15854,
HOLOTYPE). Reserva Ecológica do IBGE, córrego do
Roncador, on living leaves of C. eugenii, 27 Jan 1999, M
Sanchez 3383 (UB Mycol. Col. 17322, ISOTYPE). Parque
Nacional de Brası́lia, on living leaves of C. eugenii, 21 Dec
1995, ZM Chaves 289 (UB Mycol. Col. 10570, ISOTYPE).
Several cercosporoid fungi (e.g. Pseudocercospora
dendrobii Goh & W.H Hsieh [Hsieh and Goh 1990],
Ramularia epipactidis U. Braun & Rogerson [Braun
and Rogerson 1993], Cercospora odontoglossi Prill. &
Delacr., C. cypripedii Ellis & Dearness, C. angraeci
Feuilleb. & Roum.) were reported on hosts belonging
to the Orchidaceae. Braun and Sivapalan (1999)
described Stenella orchidacearum Braun & Sivapalan
on Vanda sp. (Orchidaceae) with conidiophores
that are shorter and thinner (3–80 3 1.5–5 mm) but
forming longer and thinner conidia (4–140 3 1–
4 mm) than those of S. cyrtopodii. The new Stenella
species can be differentiated further from S. orchidacearum based on its ability to extensively colonize the
entire depth of the host mesophyll forming a dark,
thick-walled, nodose, intercellular mycelium.
5.
Stenella ocoteae Dornelo-Silva & Dianese sp. nov.
FIGS. 31–47
Differt a S. litseae-glutinosae conidiophoris longioribus et
latioribus, 77–324(180) 3 5–7(5) mm, cellulis conidiogenis
plerumque proliferantibus, conidiis longioribus et latioribus, 20–204(84) 3 5–7(5) mm.
Leaf lesions hypophyllous, irregular, nonnecrotic,
grayish to brown. Colonies 3–5(4) mm diam, hypophyllous, irregular, effuse, velutinous, grayish to light
brown. External mycelium 3–5 mm wide, branched,
septate, verruculose, light brown to brown, sometimes
forming structures suggesting appresoria. Internal
mycelium branched, septate, brown. Stromata poorly
developed, substomatal. Conidiophores 77–324(180) 3
5–7(5) mm, cylindrical, macronematous, geniculate,
erect or flexuous, solitary when borne on secondary
superficial hyphae or primarily as fascicles on
stromata, smooth, light brown to brown. Conidiogenous cells terminal, integrated, cylindrical, sympodial,
polyblastic, cicatrized. Conidial scars flat, thick and
759
dark. Conidia 20–204(84) 3 5–7(5) mm, solitary,
cylindrical, 5–26(8) septate, verruculose, brown, with
a dark hilum.
Specimen examined. BRAZIL. GOIÁS: Santa Rosa, Fazenda Sussuarana, on living leaves of Ocotea sp., 7 Nov 1998,
AB Teixeira 8 (UB Mycol. Col. 17070, HOLOTYPE).
Among 15 species of Cercospora-like fungi known
on members of the family Lauraceae; two have been
described previously in Stenella. Stenella litseae-glutinosae was found on Litsea glutinosa C.B. Rob and on
L. japonica Mirb (Chupp 1954, Hsieh and Goh 1990,
Braun 1995). That species possesses conidiophores
and conidia smaller than those of S. ocoteae, which
also differs from S. litseae-glutinosae because most of
the conidiophores of S. ocoteae have frequently
proliferating conidiogenous cells that are formed
characteristically on the superficial verruculose mycelium. The second previously described species occurred on leaves of Ocotea puberula and originally was
described as Napicladium laurinum Speg. and later
recombined as S. laurina (Speg.) M.B. Ellis (Ellis
1976). This species is clearly different from the new S.
ocoteae due to its smooth, smaller conidia (17–37 3 4–
6 mm) that are 1–4 septate, and shorter conidiophores
(,50 mm).
6.
Parastenella callisthenis-fasciculatae Dornelo-Silva, R.C. Pereira-Carvalho & Dianese sp. nov.
FIGS. 48–60
Differt a P. magnoliae conidiophoris et conidiis longioribus et leviter anguistioribus (60–252[180] mm vel 27–
85[65] 3 3–4[3] mm) et a P. aequatoriensis conidiis
longioribus et leviter anguistioribus, 27–85(65) 3 3–4(3)
mm, crassitunicatis.
Leaf lesions amphigenous, irregular, grayish brown,
sometimes delimited by dark brown borders. Colonies
hyphophyllous, effuse, velutinous, olivaceous-brown
to grayish. External mycelium 3–4 mm diam, branched,
light brown, verruculose. Internal mycelium 2–4 mm
wide, branched, brown, giving rise to small stromata.
Stromata 48–60 mm, diam, textura angularis, poorly
developed, erumpent, substomatal, partially immersed, light brown. Primary conidiophores 96–
252 mm, mononematous, septate, solitary, verruculose, dark brown. Secondary conidiophores 60–252(180)
mm, formed laterally or terminally on the superficial
hyphae, verruculose, brown. Conidiogenous cells terminal or intercalary, polyblastic, sympodial, cicatrized, smooth. Conidia 27–85(65) 3 3–4(3) mm,
cylindrical to slightly fusoid, straight to slightly
curved, 1–7(5) septate, light brown, thick-walled,
verruculose, solitary or short (2–3 conidia) catenate,
with a thick hilum.
Specimen examined. BRAZIL. RO: Alto Alegre Municipality, Chapada dos Parecı́s, 24 km from Alto Alegre at the
760
MYCOLOGIA
FIGS. 31–38. Stenella ocoteae (UB Mycol. Col. 17070) on leaves of Ocotea sp. (Lauraceae). 31. Leaf spots on Ocotea sp. leaf
(bar 5 10 mm). 32. Hypophyllous velutinous colonies (bar 5 1 mm). 33. Verruculose superficial mycelium (bar 5 5 mm). 34.
SEM view of the verruculose superficial mycelium (bar 5 2 mm). 35. A conidiophore fascicle (bar 5 20 mm). 36. Appressoriumlike structure formed by a lateral branch of the superficial mycelium (bar 5 5 mm). 37. Primary conidiophores (bar 5 10 mm).
49. Group of secondary conidiophores (bar 5 20 mm).
cross between P40 and Px highways, on living leaves of
Callisthene fasciculata, 10 Jun 1998, M Sanchez 3383 (UB
Mycol. Col. 19432, HOLOTYPE).
The morphological characters of this specimen,
such as noncicatrized verruculose conidia and conidiophores and the presence of a verruculose
superficial mycelium, are typical of the genus Parastenella (David 1991, Morgan-Jones G 1998, Crous and
DORNELO-SILVA ET AL: STENELLA AND PARASTENELLA
761
FIGS. 39–47. Stenella ocoteae (UB Mycol. Col. 17070) on leaves de Ocotea sp. (Lauraceae). 39, 40, 41. Geniculate cicatrized
conidiophores (bars 5 25, 10, and 10 mm, respectively). 42. SEM view of a conidiophore with integrated cicatrized
conidiogenous cells (bar 5 5 mm). 43. Polyblastic conidiogenous cell (bar 5 5 mm). 44. Conidiophore apex with holoblastic
conidiogeneous cell (bar 5 5 mm). 45, 46. Conidium (bar 5 10 mm). 47. Conidia SEM view (bar 5 5 mm).
Braun 2003). Parastenella was previously a monotypic
genus with P. magnoliae (Weedon) J.C. David (David
1991) as type species. Parastenella callisthenis-fasciculatae however is easily separable from P. magnoliae by
its conidiophores and conidia, which are slightly
thinner but about twice as long as those produced by
the type species. Schubert and Braun (2005) recently
transferred Cladosporium aequatoriense Petr., known
from Ecuador on Mikania sp. (Asteraceae), to
Parastenella. The latter species is distinguishable from
the P. callisthenis-fasciculatae by the shorter, somewhat wider, thin-walled conidia of P. aequatoriense.
Comparing this specimen with the other two
cercosporoid fungi known on Vochysiaceae shows
clear differences from Cercospora vochysiae (with
hyaline, acicular, multiseptate conidia) and Passalora
qualeae (with obclavate light brown conidia) both
species with smooth mycelium and conidia (DorneloSilva and Dianese 2003). Thus the new P. callistenisfasciculatae is the second Parastenella and fourth
cercosporoid species found on hosts in the Vochysiaceae, a predominant plant family of cerrado flora.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank Prof. Mariza Sanchez for herbarium
support, CAPES Brazilian Ministry of Education for a MSc
fellowship granted to the first author, and CNPq/Brazil for
a doctoral fellowship and a 1A-Research Fellowship granted
respectively to the second and third authors. Also credit is
given to Fundação Banco do Brasil for a grant supporting
the Cerrado Fungi Project at Universidade de Brası́lia.
762
MYCOLOGIA
FIGS. 48–56. Parastenella callisthenis-fasciculatis (UB Mycol. Col. 19432) on leaves of Callisthene fasciculata. (Vochysiaceae).
48. Leaf spot (bar 5 3 mm). 49. Colony view in SEM (bar 5 100 mm). 50. SEM view of the verruculose superficial mycelium
(bar 5 5 mm). 51. Superficial mycelium with secondary conidiophores (bar 5 20 mm). 52. Detail of a secondary conidiophore
(bar 5 10 mm). 53. Stroma and connecting superficial mycelium (bar 5 50 mm). 54, 55. Short lateral conidiogenous cells on
a secondary conidiophore (bars 5 10 mm). 56. Conidium still connected to a conidiogenous cell (bar 5 10 mm).
DORNELO-SILVA ET AL: STENELLA AND PARASTENELLA
763
FIGS. 57–60. Parastenella callisthenis-fasciculatis (UB Mycol. Col. 19432) on leaves of Callisthene fasciculata. (Vochysiaceae).
57, 58. Conidia (bars 5 10 mm). 59, 60. Short catenate conidia (bar 5 10 mm).
LITERATURE CITED
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