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Buckwheat is a multipurpose crop used for both grains and greens and known to have several medicinal and nutritional properties. Buckwheat contains flavonoids such as rutin, anthocyanins, catechins, chlorogenic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechins, p-courmaric acid, ferulic acid etc. Fagopyrum esculentum and Fagopyrum tataricum are the major source of flavonoid called rutin. Seeds of F. tataricum contains higher rutin content in comparison to F. esculentum. This review discusses the physiological and molecular basis of flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation in plants in general and rutin and anthocyanin content in Fagopyrum species, its correlation with the expression of flavonoid pathway genes and the effect of different environmental factors on flavonoid biosynthesis. The understanding of rutin biosynthesis in buckwheat is expected to supplement for genetic improvement of buckwheat for higher nutritional value.
Journal of Plant Physiology
Expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes vis-à-vis rutin content variation in different growth stages of Fagopyrum species2011 •
Hybrids between sporophytic self-incompatible common buckwheat F. esculentum and self-fertilizing F. homotropicum are promising with respect to an improvement of agronomic productivity. However, the nutritional potential of these hybrids regarding their flavonoid phenolics profiles exhibit wide variability which is based on the metabolic differences between the two species. In F. homotropicum the flavan 3-ol content is dominating whereas rutin – being the focus of interest for buckwheat consumers – was represented in higher amounts in F. esculentum. Four classes of phenolic compounds, namely benzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols and flavan 3-ols, were quantified in the grains of breeding lines and hybrids. Based on these data it could be shown that the metabolic channeling within the flavonoid biosynthesis is inherited. Two main regulatory steps of the phenylpropanoid/flavonoid pathway are postulated which seems to be responsible for different flavonoid phenotypes, rutin-and flavan 3-ol-phenotypes, in particular. Metabolomic studies by using HPLC/DAD and HPLC/CRD methods allow the description of the flavonoid phenotypes for selection of appropriate parents and valuable hybrids as a basis for breeding of varieties with optimized phenolic profiles.
Rutin content, flavonol 3-O-heterodisaccharidase (FHG) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were analysed in common buckwheat cv. 'Rutina' during various stages of plant development. Leaves, roots and inflorescences (if present) were removed from the stems immediately after harvest and samples of all plant parts were analyzed utilizing HPLC (rutin and quercetin content) or suitable enzyme assays (FHG and PPO activity). Highest levels of rutin were seen in inflorescences and leaves of 58-day-old plants. Inflorescences possessed about 100 times higher PPO activities than any other parts of the plant. Diurnal changes of rutin, FHG and PPO were also monitored and a slightly higher concentration of rutin and PPO was seen in the evening. Since rutin content is high and the activities of the rutin-degrading enzymes FHG and PPO are low in the morning during early flowering we propose that for the production of buckwheat herb (Fagopyri herba) the starting material (overground parts of Fagopyrum esculentum) should be harvested at that time in order to achieve optimal product quality.
Plant, Soil and Environment
Effect of environment of the rutin content in leaves of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench2016 •
2012 •
Food chemistry
Contribution to the study of rutin stability in the achenes of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum)2018 •
Tartary buckwheat achenes are rich in rutin. However, its utilisation as a food is low due to the bitter taste of the products because of the transformation of rutin to quercetin. The aim of this study was to determine the stability of rutin and selected flavonoids, which are influenced by the different sample preparations exposing the achenes to higher temperatures (60 °C, 100 °C, and 140 °C), and also to determine the specificity of the rutin degrading enzymes in Tartary buckwheat. The achenes were directly extracted with methanol pre-extracted with hexane, or lyophilised before extraction. The rutin and quercetin contents were determined by HPLC. The rutin-degrading enzymes in Tartary buckwheat achenes were not inactivated after a heat treatment up to 140 °C acting on them for three hours; neither to lyophilisation nor pre-extraction with hexane. The rutin-degrading enzymes probably caused the deglycosylation of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucoside and piceid. ...
Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & Technologie
Determination of fagopyrins, rutin, and quercetin in Tartary buckwheat products2017 •
Semina: Ciências Agrárias
Influence of base saturation on buckwheat grain and flavonoid production2022 •
Fagopyrum esculentum is highly nutritious due to its proteins of high biological value and high fiber content. Its most relevant property is nonetheless its antioxidant activity, provided by the presence of flavonoids. It is an important pseudocereal in agriculture, animal production, and human food. The objective of study was to evaluate the grain yield and flavonoid production of Fagopyrum esculentum cultivars as a function of base saturation. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Treatments were represented by cultivars IPR 91 and IPR 92 and five base saturation levels (9, 31, 53, 75, and 97 %), in a factorial arrangement (2 × 5). Agronomic attributes and total-flavonoid and rutin contents and production were evaluated. Subsequently, the data were subjected to statistical analysis. Base saturation does not affect flavonoid production. However, base saturation influences shoot dry matter yield (maximum at 62.0% base...
Food chemistry
Comparison of phenolic profiles and antioxidant properties of European Fagopyrum esculentum cultivarsThe purpose of this study was to investigate composition and content of phenolic compounds in seeds of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) cultivars from Western, Central and Southeastern Europe grown in the Balkan area, and to compare them with cultivars from the Balkan. Mostly detected hydroxycinnamic acids in seeds of the investigated cultivars were caffeic and chlorogenic acid derivatives. More than ten different flavanols were detected in the investigated seeds, based on which all tested buckwheat cultivars were divided into two groups: those with high propelargonidins (epiafzelechin-epicatechin) and those with high procyanidins contents. 'Novosadska' had the highest level of phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins, flavones and most of the flavonols. However, 'Bosna 1' and 'Bosna 2' were highlighted with the greatest rutin content (up to 46 times higher than in other cultivars). All buckwheat cultivars had quite high antioxidant capacity (more than...
Investigación Agraria
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