EFFICIENCY OF SOME PLANT
EXTRACTS,
NATURAL
OILS,
BIOFUNGICIDES AND FUNGICIDES
AGAINST ROOT ROT DISEASE OF
DATE PALM
Journal
M.A. Baraka*, Fatma M. Radwan**, W.I.
Shaban* and K.H. Arafat**
J. Biol. Chem.
Environ. Sci., 2011,
Vol.6(2): 405-429
www.acepsag.org
* Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia,
Egypt.
** Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research
Center, Giza, Egypt.
ABSTRACT
Several soilborne fungi were isolated from root rots of date palm
trees and offshoots, including: Fusarium oxysporum, F. moniliforme,
F. solani, Thilaviopsis paradoxa, Botryodiplodia theobromae and
Rhizoctonia solani. In vitro testing, the efficacy of plant extract
Marjoram at 100% was the most effective against pathogenic fungi,
while garlic as essential oil at 500 ppm and jojoba as fixed oil at 500
ppm were the most effective against pathogenic fungi. Plant-Guard at
3.5 ml/L was the most effective against pathogenic fungi. Topsin M70
was the most effective against pathogenic fungi in vitro. In
greenhouse Topsin M70 was the most effective to decreased root rot
of date palm.
Key Words: Date palm, soil borne fungi, root rot, plant extracts,
essential oils, fixed oils, biofungicides, fungicides.
INTRODUCTION
The most important pathogens of root rot (decline) disease in
date palm trees and offshoots (Phoenix dactylifera L.) were Fusarium
oxysporum; F. solani; F. moniliforme; F. equiseti; Phoma sp..;
Alternaria sp.; Cladosporium sp.; Macrophomina phaseolina;
Thielaviopsis paradoxa; Diplodia phoenicum; Phomopsis phoenicola,
F. semitectium, Rhizoctonia solani and Chaetomium sp. (El- Deeb et
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EFFICIENCY OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS, NATURAL OILS
al., 2007; Samir et al., 2009; Baraka et al., 2011). Synthetic fungicides
are helpful to sustain crop production by protecting plants from fungal
diseases, but resistance to fungicides is one of critical causes of poor
disease control of agriculture Therefore developing alternative agents
for the control of pathogenic fungal diseases in plants (Aguin et al.,
2006). Is needed several researchers have shown that plant extracts
may control anamorphic fungal plant pathogens (Parveen and Kumar,
2000; Bhatm, 2001; Agrios, 2005). Biological control of fungal plant
pathogens appears as an attractive and realistic approach, and
numerous microorganisms have been identified as biocontrol agents.
A considerable role in limiting the populations of these pathogenic
fungi inhabiting the aboveground parts of plants is played by
antagonistic microorganisms. Such properties are first of all exposed
by the fungi Trichoderma and Gliocladium. (Kaewchai and Soytong,
2010) mentioned that application of different bio-agents to the soil
under greenhouse conditions, to control the root rotting fungi revealed
that the plant irrigated with water, containing B. subtilis (2.5 g/l-1)
decreased the disease severity over control. Trichoderma is
recognized as a successful saprophytic fungus, besides being reported
as a parasite on other fungi. Dhahira and Qadri (2010) found that the
conventional chemical control measures are unable to provide total
control. Hence, antagonistic microorganisms were evaluated
individually and in combinations for their bio-control potential against
Fusarium spp., which caused a serious problem due to rampant
incidence of root rot disease in mulberry trees (Morus indica L.). The
best treatment was a combination of Trichoderma spp. and the
treatment was more effective, when the application of biocontrol
agents were taken up at the initial stages of infection. Ammar (2007)
reported that, applied Carbendazim fungicide as soil drench was the
most effective in disease severity when used against Fusarium
oxysporum, which caused corm rots and wilt of banana. Srivastava et
al. (2010) reported that, the radial growth of F. oxysporum f.sp. psidii
was inhibited at high and low concentrations of carbendazium 50%
WP. The aim of this research was to examine some plant extracts,
natural oils, biofungicides and fungicides against root rot disease of
date palm.
J. Biol. Chem. Environ. Sci., 2011, 6 (2), 405-429
407
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Source of pathogenic fungi
A pathogenic fungi isolates of Fusarium oxysproum Schlecht,
Fusarium solani (Mort.) sacc, Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon,
Botryodiplodia theobrome Pat, Thielaviopsis thielavioides Peyr. and
Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. obtained by Baraka et al. (2011) from infected
root rot of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and confirmed as
pathogenic fungi were used in present study.
Plant extracts
Four plant materials were used in this experiment namely, Basil
(Ocimum basilicum L.), Marjoram (Origanum majorana L.), Peppermint
(Mentha piperita L.) and Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) as dried leaves.
Plant materials were obtained from Gelcy Agro Organic Co. Giza, Egypt.
Derided leaves (2-8mm) were further homogenized into a paste of each
leaf with a blender and extracted by two methods (cold or hot extract)
according to (Wokocha and Okereke, 2005).
Antifungal activity of plant extracts on the mycelial growth
inhibition of the pathogenic fungi in vitro
Five concentrations of each test plant extracts, i. e. (0, 25, 50, 75,
and 100%) were used. Effect of plant extracts (cold or hot) on mycelia
extension of the pathogenic fungi were obtained by placing one disc (5
mm diameter) of active cultures in each of five Petri dishes with PDA
medium and leaf extract. The control was set up with sterile distilled
water. Five replicates plates of leaf extract agar per isolate were
incubated at (25±2°C). Mycelial growth inhibition is taken as growth of
the fungus on the leaf extract agar expressed as percentage of growth on
the PDA as followed: %MGI = DC – DT / DC X 100 Where: %MGI = %
Inhibition of mycelial growth, DC = diameter of control, DT = diameter
of test. Extracts were rated for their inhibitory effects using the scale
described by (Sangoyoni, 2004).
Natural oils
Pure-grade of essential oils, i.e. onion (Allium cepa L.), garlic
(Allium sativum L.) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) were
obtained from Haraz Factory for Natural Oils, Cairo- Egypt. Puregrade of fixed oils, i.e. Rocket (Eruca sativa L.), Sesame (Sesamum
indicum L.) and Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis L.) were obtained from
El Baraka Factory for Natural oils, Hurghada- Egypt.
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EFFICIENCY OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS, NATURAL OILS
Effect of natural oils on mycelial growth inhibition in vitro
Antifungal activity on pathogenic fungi colony development were
obtained by dilution method (0, 25, 50, 100 and 500 ppm) of essential or
fixed oils in the appropriate culture media-PDA. The oils were dissolved
in 5% Tween 20 and added to the 20 ml of PDA before solidified into
Petri dish. One disc (0.5 cm diameter) of mycelial plug, taken from the
edge of active cultures, was placed into the Petri dish. Controls consisted
of 5% Tween 20 mixed with PDA and were handled similarly with the
exception of the volatile treatment. Five replications of each treatment
were tested and the average was calculated. Control sets were
simultaneously run without using the essential or fixed oils. Inhibition
and efficacy were measure as described before.
Bioassay of commercial bioagents formulation on growth
inhibition of pathogenic fungi in vitro
Four commercial bioagents were used in this experiments viz., Biozeid (Trichoderma album) 10X106 spores/ml, Bio-Arc (Bacillus
megaterium) 25X106 cell/ml, Plant Guard (Trichoderma herzianum)
30X106 spores/ml, Rhizo-N (Bacillus subtilus) 30X106 cell/ml. Three
concentrations of each test commercial bioagents, i. e, 1.25, 2.5 and 3.5 g
/ L. for Bio-zeid and Bio-arc; 3, 4 and 5 g / L. for Rhizo-N while; 1.25,
2.5 and 3.5 ml / L. for Plant guard, were used. Bioassay of bioagents
activities on pathogenic fungi colony development were obtained by
dilution method different concentrations of bioagents in the appropriate
culture media-PDA. The bioagents were dissolved in sterile distilled
water (SDW) and added to the 20 ml of PDA before being solidified into
Petri dish. One disc (0.5 cm diameter) of mycelial plug, taken from the
edge of active cultures, was placed into the Petri dish. Controls consisted
of SDW mixed with PDA and were handled similarly with the exception
of the fixed oil treatment. Five replications of each treatment were tested
and the average was calculated. Control sets were simultaneously run
without using the bioagents formulations. Inhibition and efficacy were
measure as described before.
Chemical control
Six fungicides were used in this study viz., Thiophanate methyl
(Topsin M70/WP 70%), Carbendazime (Kema-Z/WP50%), Carboxin
thiram (Vitavax/WP75%), Hymexazol (Tachigaren/WP30%),
Flutolanil (Moncut/WP25%) and Pencycuron (Monceren WP25%).
J. Biol. Chem. Environ. Sci., 2011, 6 (2), 405-429
409
Effect of fungicides on mycelial linear growth of pathogenic fungi
Six concentrations of each test fungicide, i. e. 5, 10, 50, 100, 500
and 1000 ppm based on the active ingredient of each fungicide were used
in vitro. Effect of fungicides on mycelia extension of the pathogenic
fungi was obtained as mentioned before.
Date palm root rot disease control with different treatments in
greenhouse
Biological control (abiotic or biotic) and fungicides were used in
these experiments. The most effective bioagent (abiotic or biotic) and
chemical formulation were applied in greenhouse according to the
results in vitro. The most effective treatments in vitro of plant extracts,
natural oils, biofungicides and fungicides were used in two
experiments. All treatments were treated as a soil drench to control
root rot diseases of date palm seedlings var. Zaghloul. The experiment
was divided into two treatments according to the treating time of the
control agent and the pathogenic fungi. In section 1, of treatment, the
control agent was applied three days before pathogenic fungal
inoculation. In section 2, of treatment the control agent was applied
three days after the pathogenic fungal inoculation. Control treatments
pathogenic fungal inoculation without any treatments. Data were
recorded after complete death of the treated plants in the control
treatment. The recorded data were calculated as disease severity while
was previously explained at the end of the pathogenicity test
according to Baraka et al., (2011). The calculated data were
converting into reduction in disease severity percentage according to
Abdalla et al. (2000) and Abdullah et al. (2003a). The experiments
were repeated twice. The data was displayed in means after analysis of
the last significant difference at 95%
(LSD≤0.05) by Co-Stat
Program (version 8.0).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results
Antifungal activity of plant extracts on the mycelial growth
inhibition of the pathogenic fungi in vitro
Evaluation of plant extracts (aqueous by cold water) on root rot
disease incidence was carried out under in vitro conditions. Data
presented in Table (1) show that increasing all plant extracts
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EFFICIENCY OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS, NATURAL OILS
concentration decreased the mycelial linear growth of pathogenic
fungi tested. Marjoram and basil were the most effective plant extracts
against all soil-borne pathogenic fungi ranged (17.20 and 16.99%
reduction mycelial linear growth respectively), while Peppermint and
Spearmint were the least effective plant extracts against all soil-borne
pathogenic fungi (12.84 and 4.61% respectively). According to rate
plant extracts for their inhibitory effects using the scale, to determine
the efficacy%, Basil, Marjoram and Peppermint were the moderately
effective (++) against pathogenic fungi at 75 and 100% respectively,
while Spearmint the slightly effect (+) at all concentrations.
Evaluation of plant extracts aqueous by (hot water) on
pathogenic fungi were carried out under in vitro conditions. Data in
Table (2) show that Marjoram plant extract was the most effective
against soil-borne pathogenic fungi, ranged (13.18% reduction
growth), followed by Basil, Peppermint (11.83 and 10.04%
respectively), while Spearmint was the weak effective on pathogenic
fungi (3.70%). Marjoram was the moderate effective against soilborne pathogenic fungi (%Efficacy ++) at high concentration (100%).
Effect of natural oils on mycelial growth inhibition in vitro
Different concentrations i. e., 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm of three
plant essential oils, viz. Garlic, Onion and Clove were evaluated for
efficiency in suppressing growth of the soil-borne pathogenic fungi.
Data in Table (3) show that all tested plant essential oils significantly
reduced the mycelial linear growth of pathogenic fungi tested
compared to control. The growth of the fungi decreased with
increasing the concentration of plant essential oils. The most effective
concentration was 500 ppm ranged (60.58% reduction growth),
followed by 100 ppm (44.01%). While 50 ppm (30.78%). On the other
hand 25 ppm was the least effective on growth of fungi (18.81%)
compared with control. Garlic essential oil was the most effective
against growth of pathogenic fungi ranged (36.02%), followed by
clove oil (32.38%), while the least effect against growth was the onion
oil (24.36%). According to rate of essential oils for their inhibitory
effects using the scale, to determine the efficacy%, Garlic was
effective against growth of pathogenic fungi at 100 and 500 ppm (+++
and +++), while clove moderately effective at 500 ppm (++) and the
least effective was onion at 500 ppm(++) moderately effective.
J. Biol. Chem. Environ. Sci., 2011, 6 (2), 405-429
411
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EFFICIENCY OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS, NATURAL OILS
J. Biol. Chem. Environ. Sci., 2011, 6 (2), 405-429
413
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EFFICIENCY OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS, NATURAL OILS
Plant fixed oils, viz. Jojoba, Rocket and Sesame at different
concentrations were evaluated for efficiency in suppressing mycelial
growth of the soil-borne pathogenic fungi tested. Data in Table (4)
show that Jojoba was the most effective against mycelial linear growth
of pathogenic fungi ranged (35.99% reduction growth), followed by
Rocket (21.06%), while the least effective on growth was Sesame
(9.44%). On the other hand, all concentrations were significantly
reduced the growth of pathogenic fungi, conc. 500 ppm ranged
(45.76%) followed by conc. 100 ppm (31.26%), conc. 50 ppm
(20.56%) and conc. 25 ppm (13.27%) compared with control.
Bioassay of commercial bioagents formulation on linear growth of
pathogenic fungi in vitro
Four commercial bioagents formulations were tested to
determine the most effective against soil-borne pathogenic fungi. Data
in Table (5) indicate that Plant-Guard was the most effective against
growth of pathogenic fungi ranged (41.93% reduction growth),
followed by Rhizo-N (35.19%). On the other hand, Bio-arc and Biozeid were the least effective against growth of fungi (24.44 and
19.86%, respectively). However, mycelial linear growth was
decreased with increasing the concentration of bioagents. Plant-Guard
was the most effective at normal and high contractions (+++),
followed by Rhizo-N (++) was moderately effective, while Bio-arc
and Bio-zeid were the weak effective (++).
Chemical control
Effect of fungicides on myceial linear growth of pathogenic fungi
in vitro
Data presented in Table (6) indicate that all the tested fungicides
reduced the mycelial linear growth of soil-borne pathogenic fungi in
vitro. All the tested concentrations of fungicides significantly reduced
the linear growth of tested fungi compared with the control treatment.
Topsin M70 was the most effective fungicide against growth ranged
(66.12% reduction growth), followed by kema-z (59.30%), the
moderately effective were Tachigaren and Vitavax scored (53.02 and
46.75% respectively), while Moncut and Monceren fungicides were
the least effective against growth of fungi (25.29 and 24.75%,
respectively), compared with control.
J. Biol. Chem. Environ. Sci., 2011, 6 (2), 405-429
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EFFICIENCY OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS, NATURAL OILS
J. Biol. Chem. Environ. Sci., 2011, 6 (2), 405-429
417
Table (6): Effect of some chemical fungicides on linear growth of pathogenic
fungal in vitro.
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EFFICIENCY OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS, NATURAL OILS
Date palm root rot diseases control with different treatment in
greenhouse
1. Before inoculation with pathogenic fungi
Results in Table (7) show that all tested fungicides and bioagents
(biotic and abiotic) reduced disease severity of root rot disease on date
palm seedlings var. Zaghloul. Soil drench with the tested materials three
days before inoculation by the soil-borne pathogenic fungi proved to be
good treatment in reducing disease severity compared with soil drench
after three days of inoculation. Topsin M70 fungicide was the most
effective against pathogenic fungi, viz. F. oxysporum, F. monliforme, F.
solani, T. paradoxa, B. theobromae and R. solani under greenhouse
conditions (87.68, 87.16, 86.62, 83.82 72.65 and 59.30% reduction
disease severity, respectively), followed by Kema-Z fungicide, while
Jojoba fixed oil was moderately effective, followed by Vitavax,
Tachigaren and Moncut, while Garlic essential oil, Plant-Guard bioagent
biotic, Monceren fungicide and Marjoram plant extract were the least
effective against disease severity, compared with control treatment. On
the other hand, all the tested concentrations of different treatments were
significantly reduced the disease severity of tested fungi compared to
control treatment.
2. After inoculation with pathogenic fungi
Results in Table (8) show that all tested fungicides and bioagents
(biotic and abiotic) reduced disease severity of root rot disease on date
palm seedlings cv. Zaghloul. Soil drench with the tested materials
three days after inoculation by the soil-borne pathogenic fungi proved
to be good treatment in reducing disease severity compared with soil
drench before three days of inoculation. Topsin M70 fungicide was
the most effective to reduced disease severity against all fungi tested
viz. F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. monliforme, T. paradoxa, R. solani
and B. theobromae under greenhouse conditions (88.44, 85.75, 83.70,
80.94 61.59 and 59.75% reduction disease severity, respectively),
followed by Kema-Z, while Jojoba fixed oil, Tachigaren, Moncut and
Vitavax fungicides were the moderately effective treatments against
disease severity respectively. On the other hand, Garlic essential oil,
Moncut fungicide, Marjoram plant extract and Plant-Guard biotic
agent were the least effective against disease severity respectively,
compared to control. On the other hand, high concentration was the
most effective against disease severity.
J. Biol. Chem. Environ. Sci., 2011, 6 (2), 405-429
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EFFICIENCY OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS, NATURAL OILS
J. Biol. Chem. Environ. Sci., 2011, 6 (2), 405-429
421
Discussion
Date palm trees and offshoots are subjected to infection
with different diseases caused by many fungi causing
considerable root rot in the orchard trees (El-Deep, 1994,
Barka et al., 2011). The aim of this study was to examine some
plant extracts, natural oils, biofungicides and fungicides against
root rot disease of date palm. The efficacy of different plant
leaf extracts (basil, marjoram, peppermint and spearmint)
against soil-borne fungi of root rot date palm were tested in
vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the three (basil,
marjoram, peppermint) plant leaf extracts (prepared by cold
water) were significantly (P≤0.05) inhibited the radial growth
of all the test fungi with inhibition varying from one extract to
another. Percentage inhibition of radial growth of all the fungi
was highest in marjoram extract and lowest in extract from
spearmint.
Akinpelu
(1999)
reported
the
water-soluble
antifungal principles in the plants as being responsible for the
anti-fungal activities; also, Olufolaji (1999) used aqueous plant
extracts in the control of wet rot of Amaranthus sp. caused by
Choanephora cocurbitarum. Suleiman et al. (2008) mentioned
that vegetative growth values for Fusarium sp. at different
concentrations of Senna alata extract were generally low
compared to control. All the leaf extracts were effective in the
reduction of the incidence of all the soil-borne pathogenic
fungi tested except extracts from spearmint that did not give
significant (P≤0.05) reduction of the fungi when compared
with untreated control seedlings. This result indicates that the
leaf extracts of basil and marjoram probably have some
fungicidal properties that inhibit the growth of the soil-borne
fungi. The crude extracts were more effective in reducing the
incidence of fungi than the aqueous extracts. This is an
indication that dilution of the extracts reduced toxic effects of
the leaf extracts on the soil-borne fungi. These results agrees
with the findings of Zaman et al. (1997), they reported that the
efficacy of garlic, neem, ginger and onion extracts on seed
borne fungi of mustard declined with increase dilution. The
cold water extraction method was the most effective way in
promoting the action of plant extraction compared to hot water
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EFFICIENCY OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS, NATURAL OILS
extraction method. Bansal and Gupta (2000) and Srivastava et
al. (2010) studied and reported that aqueous leaf extracts of
some medical plants were tested against Fusarium oxysporum.
These findings contradicted with those of Shukla, et al. (2002)
they reported that ether extract was more effective in reducing
the population of Alternaria alternata and Fusarium
palliodoroseum than the boiling water extract. Essential oils
were tested against pathogenic fungi in vitro and greenhouse.
The general categories of plant natural products are as follows
(Kaufman et al., 1999): 1) the lipids, including the simple and
functionalized hydrocarbons, as well as terpenes; 2) aromatic
compounds, including phenols; 3) carbohydrates; 4) amines,
amino acids, and proteins; 5) alkaloids; and 6) nucleosides,
nucleotides, and nucleic acids. Garlic was found to be the most
effective against mycelial growth of all the pathogenic fungi
tested. These results were in harmony with those obtained by
(Jularat et al., 2009 and Tanoviﻼ, et al., 2009). The mode of
action in garlic oil by the active compounds of garlic (sulfur
compounds) which destroyed the fungal cells, includes
decreasing the oxygen uptake, reducing cellular growth,
inhibiting the synthesis of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids,
changing the lipid profile of the cell membrane and inhibiting
the synthesis of the fungal cell wall (Gupta and Porter, 2001).
Fiori et al. (2000) and Farid et al. (2002) reported that the
efficacy of medicinal plants against various species of
pathogenic fungi were dependent on the origin of the medicinal
plant and the sensitivity of the target fungi. The present results
showed that essential oils of the plants; onion (Allium cepa L.),
garlic (Allium sativum L.) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.)
are able to inhibit the mycelium growth of F. oxysproum, F.
solani, F. monliforme, T. paradoxa, B. theobromae and R.
solani, which is a clear indication of begin a potential
alternative source of synthetic fungicides to control these
pathogenic fungi. Fixed oils were tested against mycelial
growth. Jojoba oil was the most effective under in vitro and in
vivo conditions against pathogenic fungi tested. Jojoba oil is a
straight-chain wax easter of 36 to 46 carbons in length, an ester
bond in the approximate middle of the chain, used as
antimicrobial. Such results are in agreement with those
J. Biol. Chem. Environ. Sci., 2011, 6 (2), 405-429
423
reported by Leonard and Stephen (2007). Many biological
control agents perform poorly under field conditions and only
few biocontrol species have been registered for field use.
Biocontrol of soil-borne pathogens has been more successful
under controlled environmental conditions using simplified
potting mixtures presumably low in microbial diversity (Fravel,
1999; Copping, 2001). Biological control agents may use a
variety of inhibitory and suppressive mechanisms: (1)
competition for resources and space, (2) antibiotic production,
(3) removal of pathogenicity factors produced by the pathogen,
(4) production of degrading enzymes that target the pathogen
and (5) the induction of resistance in the host plant (Whipps,
2001). Biological activity of antagonist fungi and bacteria may
partially be associated with production of antibiotic (Etebarian
et al., 2000). The production of antibiotics were; Trichodermin
(Godtfredsen and Vangedal, 1964), ergokonin (Kumeda et al.,
1994). Biological control of fungal plant pathogens appears as
an
attractive
and
realistic
approach,
and
numerous
microorganisms have been identified as biocontrol agents.
Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus sublitis, which are
common saprophytic fungi found in almost any soil and
rhizosphere micro flora in all governorates under study, have
been investigated as potential biocontrol agents because of
their ability to reduce the incidence of disease caused by plant
pathogenic fungi, particularly many common soil borne
pathogens, these findings were in agreement with (El-Katatny
et al., 2006; Dubey et al., 2007). All fungicides tested in the
laboratory significantly reduced pathogen development when
compared with the control. Treatment with Topsin M70 had the
greatest inhibitory effect on mycelial growth and re-growth at
all concentrations (5, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm).
Inhibitory effect of Topsin M70 against many plant soil-borne
pathogenic fungi has been reported by many researchers.
(Ammar, 2003 and Korra, 2005). Under greenhouse conditions,
Marjoram, Garlic and Jojoba were the most effective as abiotic
agents to reduce the disease incidence and disease severity.
These results are agree with (Curtis et al., 2004; Satya et al.,
2005). On the other hand, biotic agent’s, viz. Trichoderma
harzianum and B. subtilis were the most effective to reduce
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EFFICIENCY OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS, NATURAL OILS
disease incidence and severity. These results agree with those
reported by (Boyd-wilson et al., 2000). Also, (Harman, 2006;
Abd-El-Khair, et al., 2010) they reported that Trichoderma
spp. utilize various mechanisms including nutrient competition,
antibiosis, antagonism, inhibition of pathogen or plant
enzymes; processes of biodegradation, carbon and nitrogen
cycling; complex interactions with plants in the root zone of
the rhizosphere, which involve various processes such as
colonization, plant growth stimulation, bio-control of diverse
plant pathogens, decomposition of organic matter, symbiosis
and nutrient exchange. Topsin M70 fungicide was the most
effective to reduce the root rot disease of date palm under
greenhouse conditions. These results agree with those reported
by (Rashed, 1998; Srivastava, et al., 2010) they reported that
Topsin M70, Kema-Z and Kocide 101 were the best for the
therapy of palm trees diseases especially black scorch disease.
The difference gained among the different pesticides under
study could be attributed to one or more factors, as mode of
action of the fungal cell (Watkins, et al., 1977), degree of
permeability of cell wall and/or plasma-lemma of fungi for
uptake and passage of the fungicide into the fungal cell (Giffin,
1981), chemical composition of the fungicide (Carnegia, et al.,
1990).
Application time of the fungicides played a role in
reducing diseases severity of date palm root rot. The results of
the present study revealed that spraying the fungicides before
pathogen inoculation caused more reduction in the disease
severity. Such results are in agreement with those reported by
El-Morsi (1999); Ammar (2003); Molan et al. (2003). Finally,
this study demonstrate the efficacy of certain abiotic and biotic
agents and fungicides for controlling several pathogenic fungi
that cause the root rot diseases of date palm, which may be
applied in an integrated control program for management of
date palm pests and diseases in Egypt.
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