JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, May 2014.
Vol. 8(Spl. Edn. 1), p. 317-324
Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis to
Melon Genotypes (Cucumis melo L.) and Its Biocontrol
Mohamed El-Sheshtawi1, Ali H. Bahkali2,
Wafa’a. A. Al-Taisan3 and Abdallah M. Elgorban2,4*
1
Plant Pathology Department, College of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
2*
Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455,
Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
3
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Dammam,
P.O. Box 838 Dammam 31113 Saudi Arabia.
4
Plant Pathology Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
(Received: 23 March 2014; accepted: 06 May 2014)
Fusarium wilt in melon (Cucumis melo L.) is widespread, responsible for serious
economic losses in yield of melon in Egypt. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were
performed to evaluate the effects of different biocontrol agents (BCAs) against Fusarium
oxysporum f.sp. melonis. In vitro, Trichoderma viride and Gliocladium virens
significantly reduced the mycelia growth of F. oxysporum f.sp. melonis that produced
86.33 and 86.11% reduction, respectively. Under greenhouse conditions, 1022, caruso,
primal and ideal genotype were the best genotypes for tolerant the infestation by F.
oxysporum f. sp. melonis by 60% survival plants when compared with other genotypes.
On the other hand, all BCAs tested significantly decreased the disease incidence of F.
oxysporum f.sp. melonis. The treatment with T. viride completely suppressed the disease
incidence after 15 days from sowing giving 100% survival plants and 96% living plants
after 45 days.
Key words: Genotype, Biocontrol agents, Fusarium wilt, Melon.
Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is one of the
most important fruit crops grown in Egypt. It is
highly susceptible to Fusarium species when
planted in the same field without rotation1. Practice
intensive agricultural dangerous diseases
transmitted through the soil in Egypt, especially
Fusarium species. Champaco et al., 2 confirmed
that Fusarium wilt of melon is a destructive vascular
disease leading to serious economic losses.
* To whom all correspondence should be addressed.
E-mail: aelgorban@ksu.edu.sa
Fusarium species can occur in soil for several years
through chlamydospores formation 3 , and is
therefore difficult to management. Usually, crop
rotation has been established to be an effective
strategy to manage various soil borne pathogens,
but because Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis
can persist for a long period, the efficacy of crop
rotation is restricted as soon as a disease outbreak
occurs4. Soil solarization is a very effective strategy
too but is not easy applicable for intensive
vegetable farming systems5 where time to solarize
soil is very limited. Furthermore, this method is
often incomplete due to the restrictions the local
climate. Also, soil fumigation with chemicals6,7 is a
conventional practice but it must progressively
cancel because of environmental concerns and
human health8. Currently, the use of resistant
318
EL-SHESHTAWI et al.: PATHOGENICITY OF Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis
cultivars appears to be the most practical and
economically efficient control measure for
management of Fusarium wilt of melon and is also
a key component in integrated disease management
programs9, 10. Good progress has been made in the
development of high-yielding, with combined
complete or partial resistance to Fusarium wilt
diseases10. However, effectiveness of Fusarium wilt
resistance can be curtailed by the occurrence of
pathogenic races in F. oxysporum f.sp. melonis11,12.
Biological control was an alternative
strategy to manage Fusarium diseases13. Many
antagonistic microorganisms have been proved to
be active in vitro or in vivo. Trichoderma spp.14,
Bacillus species 15, Aspergillus species 16 and
Penicillium spp.17, are a rare among the extensive
lists. The objectives of this work were 1) to evaluate
the pathogenicity of F. oxysporum f.sp. melonis to
melon genotypes, 2) to study the efficiency of
biocontrol agents against F. oxysporum f.sp.
melonis in melon that has been widespread in
Egypt.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In vitro
Isolation of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis
antagonistic fungi
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis was
isolated from tissue of a diseased cantaloupe plants
collected from Daqahliya and Demitta governorate,
Egypt. For antagonistic fungi isolation, a
rhizosphere soil was sampled from a healthy melon
plants, 10-fold series diluted, spread onto the plates
containing potato dextrose agar (PDA), incubated
at 25±2ºC for 4 days. The isolates that grew rapidly
and formed greenish to white concentric circles
were transferred to the Trichoderma-selective
medium rose Bengal agar. The isolates were
confirmed as having the same morphotype as on
PDA and then stored as purified isolates at 4 ºC in
PDA slants. Trichodermas sp. were identified by
microscopic observations using the identification
keys of Overton et al.,18 and Jaklitsch et al.,19.
Conothyrium minitans was obtained from Plant
Pathology Department, Plant Protection Research,
Budapest, Hungary.
Effect of antagonistic fungi on the radial growth
of F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis
The inhibitory effects of T. viride, G.
J PURE APPL MICROBIO, 8(SPL. EDN.), MAY 2014.
virens and C. minitans on the radial growth of F.
oxysporum f.sp. melonis were studied. All cultures
of the antagonistic fungi and the pathogenic
fungus were grown on PDA for 7 days. The effect
of the antagonistic fungi on the pathogenic fungus
was done by using on disc (5 mm.) of the antagonist
facing one disc of the pathogen on the PDA surface
and relatively closed to the periphery of the Petri
plates. All plates were incubated at 25±2ºC for 3
and 10 days. The diameter average of zones of the
pathogenic fungus was recorded using the
following formula:
Where, r is the radius of the fungal colony
opposite the bacterial colony and, R is the
maximum radius of the fungal colony away from
the antagonistic fungi colony
In vivo
Pathogenicity test
The pathogenicity of F. oxysporum f. sp.
melonis on 10 genotypes of melon; Regal, Super
VIP, C.8, Galia, Mirella, 1022, Caruso, Vicar, Primal
and Ideal was studied. Plastic pots (25×30×25 cm.).
were filled with autoclaved soil (25% sand+ 50%
clay soil +25% peat moss, about 4 kg/ pot) then
infested with spore suspension of the pathogenic
fungus (25 ml/pot, 1×106 spore/ml). The fungus
was grown in 250 ml flasks containing 100 ml of
potato dextrose broth for two weeks at 25±2ºC.
The mycelia in each flask were added to 200 ml of
sterilized water in a sterilized blender for 30
seconds. The pots were infested before 8 days
from planting, five seeds each pot. Irrigation took
place immediately after planting, and repeated every
3 days during the experiment .The planted pots
were kept under the plastic house conditions where
daily temperature average was 27±2ºC, the
experiments contained 5 replicates. Data of disease
incidence were recorded after 15 and 45.
Effect of antagonistic fungi on the disease
incidence caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
melonis
The effect of T. viride, G. virens, and C.
minitans in suppressing disease incidence caused
by F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis was studied. Plastic
pots were filled with autoclaved sandy loam soil
as previously mentioned. Sowing was carried out
8 days after inoculation. Five seeds of vicar
EL-SHESHTAWI et al.: PATHOGENICITY OF Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis
genotype were planted (5 replicates). Before
planting, seeds were surface sterilized and coated
with spores of antagonistic fungi (14 days old).
Seeds sterilization were carried out by dipping in
1% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min.; washed with
distilled water, then dried under laminar flow. Seeds
coated were performed by wetting them with sterile
water containing molasses, air dried and then
placed on the surface of 14 days-old culture of
antagonistic fungi in Petri plates in that conidia
were abundant. Control treatment was done by
soaking seeds in distilled water, while the chemical
treatments were done by Topsin-M 70 2 g/kg and
Thiram 3g/kg. Data of the disease incidence was
recorded after 15 and 45 days.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In vivo
Effect of antagonistic fungi on the radial growth
of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis
Data in Table (1) reveal that T. viride
significantly inhibited the radial growth of F.
oxysporum f sp. melonis which produced 70.39
and 86.33% reduction in the radial growth after 3
and 10 days, respectively when compared to
control. This was followed by G. virens giving 59.22
and 86.11% suppression in the radial growth of
the pathogenic fungus after 3 and 10 days,
respectively. Otherwise, C. minitans gave the
lowest effect in reducing in the radial growth with
50.84% and 54.44 % reduction after 3 and 10 days,
respectively. These results agree with some authors
who reported that T. viride was able to suppress
the growth of soil borne pathogenic fungi21-24. They
found that T. viride eliminated Fusarium spp. and
F. solani and. This high antifungal activity of T.
viride is probably related to secondary metabolites
and some enzymes 25 who reported that the
activities of Beta-glycosidase and extra cellular
chitinase, which are thought to be involved in the
mycoparasitic process. Benhamou and
Chet,26 demonstrated that many interactions of
Trichoderma with fungal pathogens, such
as Trichoderma had grown parallel to pathogen,
grown along the pathogen and grown around the
pathogen. After penetration with Trichoderma
appressorium, normal degradation of plant
pathogenic fungi hyphae would take place and
they had observed the growth of Trichoderma
319
hyphae within the pathogen. On the other hand,
Cooney and Lauren,27 found that the antifungal
Trichoderma secondary metabolite 6-n-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one level significantly increased in the
presence of the pathogen.
In the present study, it was noticed that
G. virens gave moderate to high reduction in the
radial growth of F. oxysporum f.sp melonies. These
results agree with Vishwa Dhar et al.,28 and Agarwal
et al.,29 they reported that G. virens inhibited the
mycelial growth of Fusarium spp., Sclerotinia
sclerotiotum and Rhizoctonia solani. This
antimicrobial of G. virens may be attributed to
gliotoxin and gliovirin which belong to the
epipolythiodioxopiperazine class of peptides30. G.
virens produce copious amounts of gliotoxin within
16 h of growth in liquid culture31, and the compound
can be detected in the rhizosphere32. Gliotoxin has
received much attention for its role in the
biocontrol of soil-borne fungal pathogens33.
Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.
melonis to melon genotypes
After 15 days
Data in Table (2, 3) reveal that there no
significant difference in degree of melon genotypes
sensitivity to F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis. Primal
genotype was the lowest sensitivity to F.
oxysporum f. sp. melonis giving 88% survival
plants. This was followed by both Caruso and ideal
genotype which gave the same result with 84%
survival plants. While, the vicar genotype was
highly sensitive to infection with the fungus by
72% survival plants.
After 45 day
There were non-significant differences
between all melon genotypes for sensitivity F.
oxysporum f.sp. melonis. The 1022, caruso, primal
and ideal genotype were the best genotypes for
tolerant the infestation by F. oxysporum f.sp.
melonis by 60% survival plants when compared
with other genotypes. Whereas, the most genotype
sensitivity to F. oxysporum f.sp. melonis was vicar
that produced 48% survival plants (Table 2,3).
In this study, F. oxysporum f.sp. melonis
evaluated was pathogenic to all melon genotypes
tested, and have strong pathogenicity. Previous
studies on the occurrence and pathogenicity of
Fusarium spp. were only based on Fusarium
samples which were isolated from infected plants34,
35
. However, in this study, F. oxysporum f.sp.
J PURE APPL MICROBIO, 8(SPL. EDN.), MAY 2014.
320
EL-SHESHTAWI et al.: PATHOGENICITY OF Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis
melonis obtained from soil was found to be capable
of causing disease symptoms in melon plants in
Daqahlia and Demitta governorate, North of Egypt.
In Japan, Risser et al.,11 illustrated that
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis has been
divided into four races; 0, 1, 2 and 1, 2 based on
pathogenicity to three differential genotype of
melon. The resistance genes effective against the
respective races have been characterized in many
differential possess single dominant resistant
genes, Foml and Fom2, respectively11. The race
nomenclature corresponds to the resistance genes
Table 1. Effect of antagonistic fungi on the radial
growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis
Antagonistic fungi
After 3 days
Trichoderma viride
Gliocladium virens
Coniothyrium minitans
Control
LSD
After 10 days
R.G.
Inh.%
R.G.
Inh.%
26.5b
36.5b
44.0b
89.5a
8.78
70.39
59.22
50.84
0.00
12.3c
12.5c
41.0b
90.0a
16.09
86.33
86.11
54.44
0.00
R.G. = Radial growth
Inh.% = inhibition%
Values within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly
different according to Duncun’s multiple range test (P=0.05).
Table 2. ANOVA of Pathogenicity of F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis to melon genotypes
Survival plant after 15 days
Survival plant after 45 days
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
2.58
48.40
50.98
2.00
60.00
62.00
9
40
49
9
40
49
0.287
1.210
0.237
0.987
0.222
1.500
0.148
0.998
Between Groups
Within groups
Total
Between Groups
Within groups
Total
Table 3. Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis to melon genotypes
Genotypes
Regal
Super VIP
C.8
Galia
Mirella
1022
Caruso,
Vicar
Primal
Ideal
LSD
After 15 days
After 45 days
No.
Mo.%
Sur.%
No.
Mo.%
Sur.%
4.0a
3.8a
3.8a
4.0a
3.8a
4.0a
4.2a
3.6a
4.4a
4.2a
1.18
20.0
24.0
24.0
20.0
24.0
20.0
16.0
28.0
12.0
16.0
80.0
76.0
76.0
80.0
76.0
80.0
84.0
72.0
88.0
84.0
2.8a
2.8a
2.6a
2.8a
2.6a
3.0a
3.0a
2.4a
3.0a
3.0a
1.31
24.0
20.0
24.0
24.0
20.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
28.0
24.0
56.0
56.0
52.0
56.0
52.0
60.0
60.0
48.0
60.0
60.0
No. = number of living plants
Mo. % = Mortality percentage
Sur. %= Survival Plants
Values within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different according
to Duncun’s multiple range test (P=0.05).
J PURE APPL MICROBIO, 8(SPL. EDN.), MAY 2014.
EL-SHESHTAWI et al.: PATHOGENICITY OF Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis
that are overcome. Bouhot,36 confirmed that race 1,
2 has been sub-divided further into races 1,2w (wilt)
and 1,2y (yellows) based on the symptoms that
they induces. Lori et al.,37 previously found
Japanese cultivars, Amus, Ohi and Ogon 9 that
could substitute for the race differential genotypes
utilized by Namiki et al.,38,39. Cultivars Amus, Ohi
and Ogon 9 had the same reactions as those of
differential cultivars Charantais T, Doublon and
CM17187, respectively, to strains of four races39.
Effect of seeds treatment with antagonistic fungi
on the disease incidence
321
After 15 days, Data in Table (4,5) showed
that seed treatment with T. viride completely
inhibited the melon damping-off caused by F.
oxysporum f.sp. melonis that produced 100%
survival plants when compared with non-treated
control (40%), while seed treatment with Thiram
and Topsin, gave 100% disease control. On the
other hand, after 45 days, T. viride significantly
suppressed the Fusarium wilt caused by the fungus
with 92% living plants when compared to controls.
Rajappan and Yesuraja,40 and Dubey,41 illustrated
that T. viride gave good result when compared
Table 4. ANOVA of effect of antagonistic fungi on F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis
After 15 days
After 45 days
Between Groups
Within groups
Total
Between Groups
Within groups
Total
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
36.00
4.40
40.40
37.143
6.400
43.543
6
28
34
6
28
34
6.00
0.157
38.182
0.000
6.190
0.229
27.083
0.000
Table 5. Effect of melon seeds treatment with antagonistic fungi on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis
Treatment
Non-infested
Infested
Thiram
Topsin
Trichoderma viride
Gliocladium virens
Coniothyrium minitans
LSD
15 days
45 days
No.
Mo. %
Sur.%
No.
Mo. %
Sur.%
5.0c
2.0a
5.0c
5.0c
5.0c
4.4b
4.4b
0.43
0
60
0
0
0
12
12
100
40
100
100
100
88
88
5.0c
1.8a
4.6c
4.8c
4.6c
4.4c
3.6b
0.52
0.0
4.0
8.0
4.0
8.0
0.0
16.0
100.0
36.0
92.0
96.0
92.0
88.0
72.0
No. = number of living plants
Mo. % = Mortality percentage
Sur. %= Survival Plants
Values within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Duncun’s
multiple range test (P=0.05).
with captan, vitavax and carboxin when the fungus
used in integrated control of Fusarium wilt.
Suppression in disease incidence and protection
of melon seedling against Fusarium wilt was
significant with bicontrol agents testing stronger
ability in controlling the pathogen compared to
control. Results can be understood by synergistic
involvement of a several of mechanisms, which
might contain stimulation of plant defense
system42. The synthesis of pathogenesis-linked
proteins is one of the most ordinary defense
mechanisms triggered in plants following infection
with inducing agents 43. Induced resistance is
known as an important mode of Trichoderma spp.
in plant growth44. Salicylic acid produced by
Trichoderma spp. induced resistance to B. cinerea
in bean 45. De Santiago et al.,46 reported that
besides, root colonization with Trichoderma
induced increased peroxidase and chitinase
activities in many plants. Furthermore,
J PURE APPL MICROBIO, 8(SPL. EDN.), MAY 2014.
322
EL-SHESHTAWI et al.: PATHOGENICITY OF Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis
Trichoderma spp. secrete volatile secondary
metabolites such as ethylene, hydrogen cyanide,
aldehyde and ketones which responsible for the
suppression of plant pathogens47,48.
11.
12.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors extend their appreciation to
the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud
University for funding this work through research
group no RGP- 277.
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Ali Bahkali