Fungal Diversity
DOI 10.1007/s13225-015-0331-z
Towards a natural classification and backbone tree
for Sordariomycetes
Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura 1,4 & Kevin D. Hyde 2,3,4,5 & E. B. Gareth Jones 5 &
Eric H. C. McKenzie 6 & Shi-Ke Huang 4,7 & Mohamed A. Abdel-Wahab 8 &
Dinushani A. Daranagama 4 & Monika Dayarathne 4 & Melvina J. D’souza 4 &
Ishani D. Goonasekara 4 & Sinang Hongsanan 4 & Ruvishika S. Jayawardena 4,14 &
Paul M. Kirk 10 & Sirinapa Konta 4 & Jian-Kui Liu 1,4 & Zuo-Yi Liu 1 &
Chada Norphanphoun 4 & Ka-Lai Pang 9 & Rekhani H. Perera 4 & Indunil C. Senanayake 4 &
Qiuju Shang 4 & Belle Damodara Shenoy 13 & Yuanpin Xiao 4,7 & Ali H. Bahkali 5 &
Jichuan Kang 7 & Sayanh Somrothipol 11 & Satinee Suetrong 12 & Tingchi Wen 7 &
Jianchu Xu 2,3
Received: 11 February 2015 / Accepted: 7 April 2015
# School of Science 2015
Abstract
Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota
and is characterised by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate
unitunicate asci. The class includes many important plant
pathogens, as well as endophytes, saprobes, epiphytes, and
fungicolous, lichenized or lichenicolous taxa. The class includes freshwater, marine and terrestrial taxa and has a
worldwide distribution. This paper provides an updated outline of the Sordariomycetes and a backbone tree incorporating
asexual and sexual genera in the class. Based on phylogeny
and morphology we introduced three subclasses;
Diaporthomycetidae, Lulworthiomycetidae and
Meliolomycetidae and five orders; Amplistromatales,
Annulatascales, Falcocladiales, Jobellisiales and
* Zuo-Yi Liu
gzliuzuoyi@163.com
8
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Sohag University,
Sohag 82524, Egypt
9
Institute of Marine Biology and Centre of Excellence
for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University,
2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224,
Taiwan, Republic of China
10
Mycology Section, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,
London, UK
11
Microbe Interaction Laboratory (BMIT),
National Center for Genetic Engineering
and Biotechnology (BIOTEC),
113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng,
Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
12
Fungal Diversity Laboratory (BFBD), National Center
for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC),
113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road,
Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
1
Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou
Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, Guizhou,
China
2
Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East
Asia (KLPB), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of
Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
3
World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, 132 Lanhei Road,
Kunming 650201, China
4
Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, and School of Science,
Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
5
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science,
King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
6
Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170,
Auckland, New Zealand
13
Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of
Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403004, India
7
The Engineering and Research Center for Southwest
Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources of National Education Ministry of
China, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province,
People’s Republic of China
14
Institute of Plant and Environment Protection,
Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,
No 9 of ShuGuangHuaYuanZhangLu, Haidian District,
Beijing 100097, China
Fungal Diversity
Togniniales. The outline is based on literature to the end of
2014 and the backbone tree published in this paper. Notes for
397 taxa with information, such as new family and genera
novelties, novel molecular data published since the Outline
of Ascomycota 2009, and new links between sexual and asexual genera and thus synonymies, are provided. The
Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses, 28 orders,
90 families and 1344 genera. In addition a list of 829 genera
with uncertain placement in Sordariomycetes is also provided.
Keywords Boliniales . Calosphaeriales .
Chaetosphaeriales . Coniochaetales . Coronophorales .
Diaporthales . Glomerellales . Hypocreomycetidae .
Hypocreales . Koralionastetales . Lulworthiales .
Magnaporthales . Melanosporales . Meliolales .
Microascales . Molecular identification . Nomenclature .
Ophiostomatales . Phyllachorales . Sordariales .
Sordariomycetidae . Taxonomy . Trichosphaeriales . Type
species . Xylariales . Xylariomycetidae
Introduction
Sordariomycetes is the largest class of Ascomycota after
Dothideomycetes (Kirk et al. 2008; Hyde et al. 2013). Kirk
et al. (2008) included 15 orders, 64 families, 1119 genera and
10,564 species in Sordariomycetes, while Lumbsch and
Huhndorf (2010) included 18 orders, 63 families and 947
genera. The majority of the species of Sordariomycetes are
terrestrial, while some can be found in aquatic habitats
(Hyde and Wong 2000; Samuels and Blackwell 2001; Cai
et al. 2006a; Jones et al. 2009a, b, Jones and Pang 2012;
Pratibha et al. 2014). They are pathogens of plants, arthropods
and mammals (Sung et al. 2007; Prados-Rosale et al. 2012;
Hyde et al. 2014) and have been isolated as endophytes from
various plants (Keim et al. 2014). Some taxa are fungicolous
(PeiGui et al. 2000; Jaklitsch et al. 2013), while many are
saprobes involved in decomposition and nutrient cycling
(Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2012). Some important plant pathogenic genera belong to Sordariomycetes, including
Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Fusarium, Magnaporthe,
Pestalotiopsis and Verticillium (Maharachchikumbura et al.
2012, 2013a; Udayanga et al. 2012, 2013; Hyde et al. 2014).
Also included are mushroom pathogens, such as some
Hypocrea and Verticillium species (PeiGui et al. 2000, Zare
et al. 2007). Some species of Sordariomycetes (ie. Beauveria
bassiana, Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum) are economically important biocontrol agents (Wraight et al. 1998; Kaewchai
et al. 2009; Thiruvudainambi et al. 2010) and as well as important in medicinal and other biotechnological industries
(Semenova et al. 2012; Debbab et al. 2013; Xu et al. 2014).
Historically, some of the families of Sordariomycetes such
as Amphisphaeriaceae, Diaporthaceae, Diatrypaceae,
Halosphaeriaceae, Hypocreaceae, Polystigmataceae and
Sordariaceae, were classified under the order Sphaeriales,
an order characterized by sphaerical or flask-shaped fruiting
bodies (Müller and von Arx 1962). Chadefaud (1960) recognized Diaporthales as a separate order based on the characteristic stromatic tissue. Benny and Kimbrough (1980) introduced the orders Microascales, Onygenales and
Ophiostomatales. A comprehensive taxonomic study of families and higher taxa of the Sordariomycetes based on morphology was that of Barr (1990). Barr (1990) included the
orders Calosphaeriales, Coryneliales, Clavicipitales,
Diaporthales, Erysiphales, Eurotiales, Halosphaeriales,
Hypocreales, Meliolales, Microascales, Onygenales,
Sordariales, Spathulosporales and Xylariales in the class
named Hymenoascomycetes.
Eriksson and Winka (1997) introduced the class
Sordariomycetes based on morphological (perithecial
ascomata, hamathecium composed of paraphyses, ostioles with periphyses and unitunicate or
pseudoprotunicate asci) and molecular data and accomm o d at ed th r e e s ub c l a s s es : H yp o c reo m y ce t i da e ,
Sordariomycetidae and Xylariomycetidae. The subclass
S o rd a r i o m y c e t i d a e i n c l u d e d t h r e e o r d e r s ( i . e .
Diaporthales, Ophiostomatales and Sordariales), while
Xylariomycetidae was intoduced to accommodate a single order Xylariales (Eriksson and Winka 1997).
Eriksson and Winka (1997) separated Onygenales and
Eurotiales from Sordariomycetes and placed them in
the class Eurotiomycetes based on morphology and
phylogenetic analyses. A comprehensive study of
S o rd a r i o m y c e t e s b a s ed o n b o t h m o r p h o l o g i c a l
characters and SSU rDNA sequence data was carried
out by Samuels and Blackwell (2001) and Eriksson
(2006). In the classification of Eriksson (2006), the subclass Hypocreomycetidae comprised 4 orders (i.e.
Coronophorales, Halosphaeriales, Hypocreales and
Microascales). Coronophorales, Halosphaeriales and
Hypocreales are recognized as monophyletic and
Microascales as paraphyletic. Samuels and Blackwell
(2001) excluded Erysiphales and Coryneliales sensu
Barr (1990) from Sordariomycetes, while Eriksson
(2006) placed Erysiphales in the Leotiomycetes, a sister
taxon of the Sordariomycetes. Eriksson (2006) also recognized Melanosporales as a distinct order in the
Hypocreomycetidae.
A large number of species of Sordariomycetes are characterized by non-lichenized, perithecial ascomata and
inoperculate unitunicate asci (Zhang et al. 2006) or nonfiscitunicate asci (Kirk et al. 2008). Most members of the
Xylariomycetidae and some of the Sordariomycetidae have
dark perithecia, amyloid asci, true paraphyses and periphysate
ostioles, while most of the taxa of the Hypocreomycetidae
have light coloured perithecia, nonamyloid apical rings in
Fungal Diversity
the asci when apical rings are present and the absence of true
paraphyses (Zhang et al. 2006).
The most widely used gene regions for phylogenetic studies of Sordariomycetes from the early 1990s were SSU
nrDNA and LSU nrDNA (Berbee and Taylor 1992;
Spatafora and Blackwell 1993; Spatafora 1995). In addition
to these ribosomal genes, the phylogenetic relationships
among Sordariomycetes were investigated using partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) and the second largest
subunit of RNA polymerase (RPB2) protein-coding genes
(Zhang et al. 2006). Tang et al. (2007) evaluated the phylogenetic utility of the ß-tubulin gene for resolving evolutionary
relationships in Sordariomycetes.
Pleomorphism arises from the fact that many ascomycete
taxa including species of Sordariomycetes, occur in either
their sexual or asexual morphs alone, or in combination
(Wingfield et al. 2012). Asexual and sexual morphs together
make up a whole fungus called the holomorph (Seifert et al.
2011). Some taxa also have more than one asexual morph
(synanamorph) often linked to unique ecological niches
(Wingfield et al. 2012). Sutton (1980) contributed to summarize the established links between coelomycetous asexual
morphs and their sexual morphs. Later Seifert et al. (2011)
did the same for genera of hyphomycetes. The asexual and
sexual morphs of Sordariomycetes often develop separately,
or only one morph is formed, and it is therefore often difficult
to develop links between the same species but with different
morphs (Wijayawardene et al. 2014). This is especially true
when one or both morphs cannot be cultured or induced to
form sporulating structures on artificial media. Observation of
two morphs on the same substrate was an earlier method used
to link morphs, but this does not prove that the morphs are
related (Shenoy et al. 2007). DNA sequence-data can irrefutably link asexual and sexual morphs and provide phylogenetic
placements for asexual taxa within the sexual morph taxonomic classification schemes. It is difficult to place asexual
genera into current classification schemes, when asexual genera are in fact polyphyletic and paraphyletic. Their type
species/ specimens need to be recollected to verify their phylogenetic position (Schoch et al. 2009). In addition to this, it
appears that even some concepts of sexual taxa will require
extensive reconsideration (Schoch et al. 2009). DNA sequencing and analysis have established the natural placements of
many sexual and asexual genera and have also proven links
between the sexual and asexual morphs (e.g. Trichoderma–
Hypocrea, Dyrithiopsis–Monochaetiopsis, Cylindrocladiella–
Nectricladiella, Fusarium–Gibberella, Colletotrichum–
Glomerella; Jeewon et al. 2003a; Jaklitsch et al. 2006; Hyde
et al. 2009a, b; Rossman et al. 2013), while some links have
been not accepted (e.g. Didymostilbe–Peethambara,
Discostroma–Seimatosporium, Hypomyces–Cladobotyrum;
Subramanian and Bhat 1978; Tanaka et al. 2011; Rossman
et al. 2013). Decisions taken in the XVIIIth International
Botanical Congress, in Melbourne, Australia in 2011
(Hawksworth 2012) ruled that separate names for asexual
and sexual morphs, was no longer allowed; this became effective from 30 July 2011 (Hawksworth 2012; Wingfield et al.
2012). Based on this ruling, mycologists now have the task to
clear up the historical confusion of dual nomenclature.
In this paper, we deal with the classification of one of the
largest groups of ascomycetes, the class Sordariomycetes.
Some asexual genera in this class have been linked to sexual
morphs and some are discussed in Rossman et al. (2013), and
these are followed in this paper. Several groups have not been
dealt with as yet and therefore we generally follow the older
name in this paper. A list of Baccepted/ protected names^,
Bsuppressed names^ as published for the Dothideomcyetes
by Wijayawardene et al. (2014) is still required. The outline
here uses Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) as a starting point.
We have then scanned the literature and provide data mostly to
the end of 2014. A note is provided for newly introduced
genera and families and where important molecular data is
recently provided we also provide notes. The outline also follows the results of the phylogenetic data generated in this
study. A list of genera presently placed in Sordariomycetes
in Index Fungorum (2015) is also included. These were not
listed in Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010), but most were listed
in Kirk et al. (2013). Their status and placement must still be
established. There are also numerous synonyms that were
synonymised under various genera, possibly without much
thought and it would be interesting to establish if these are
also distinct genera.
Materials and methods
Phylogenetic analyses
Sequences were obtained from GenBank mostly following
previous literature (Castlebury et al. 2002; Réblová 2003,
2008; 2011a, b, Réblová 2013a, b; García et al. 2006;
Boonyuen et al. 2011; Mugambi and Huhndorf 2010;
Johnson et al. 2009; Campbell et al. 2005, 2009;
Thongkantha et al. 2009; Sung et al. 2007) and are listed in
Table 1.
This study used LSU, SSU, TEF and RPB2 sequence data
in the analyses. Multiple sequence alignments were generated
with MAFFT v. 7 (http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/
index.html); then manually corrected to ensure alignment
and to minimize the number of uninformative gaps using
MEGA v. 6.06 (Kumar et al. 2012). The datasets were
produced to show families and order relationships within the
class Sordariomycetes.
The combined alignments were split between the genera to
improve the robustness of the alignment across the four loci.
Phylogenies used Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum
Fungal Diversity
Table 1
GenBank accession numbers of isolates includes in this study
Species
Culture accession no.
GenBank accession
LSU
SSU
TEF
RPB2
Acanthonitschkea argentinensis
Achaetomium strumarium
Albertiniella polyporicola
Ambrosiella ferruginea
Amphisphaeria umbrina
Amplistroma caroliniana
Amplistroma erinaceum
Anisogramma anomala
Anisogramma virgultorum
Annulatascus velatisporus
Annulusmagnus triseptatus
Apiorhynchostoma curreyi
Apiosordaria verruculosa
Apiospora bambusae
SMH1395
IMI 082624
CBS 457.88
CBS 460.82
AFTOL-ID 1229
BEO9923
AH 43902
AA01
AV05
HKUCC 3701
CBS 128831
UAMH 11088
F-152365
ICMP 6889
AY695259
AJ312098
AF096185
EU825651
FJ176863
FJ532377
KC907374
EU683066
EU683065
AF132320
GQ996540
JX460989
AY346258
DQ368630
–
–
AF096170
–
FJ176809
–
–
–
–
–
JQ429242
–
–
DQ368662
FJ969042
–
–
–
FJ238394
–
KC907375
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
FJ968943
–
–
–
FJ238348
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
AY780150
DQ368649
Apiospora montagnei
Arecophila bambusae
Arthrinium hydei
Arthrinium phaeospermum
Ascitendus austriacus
Ascopolyporus polychrous
Ascotaiwania lignicola
Ascothailandia grenadoidia
Ascovaginospora stellipala
Asteridiella obesa
Astrocystis cocoes
Australiasca queenslandica
Bambusicularia brunnea
Beltraniella endiandrae
Bertia moriformis
Bertia ngongensis
Bertia tropicalis
AFTOL-ID 951
HKUCC 4794
CBS 114990
HKUCC 3395
MR 2936
PC546
NIL00005
NB-2010a = SS03615
P5-13A
VIC 31239
HKUCC 3441
BRIP 24607
INA-B-92-45
CPC 22193
SMH4320
GKM1239
DQ471018
AF452038
KF144936
AY083832
GQ996539
AY886546
HQ446364
GQ390267
U85088
JX096809
AY083823
HM237324
KM484948
KJ869185
AY695260
FJ968954
FJ190614
AY083802
–
AY083816
GQ996542
–
HQ446284
GQ390252
U85087
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
DQ842027
–
KF145024
–
–
DQ118745
HQ446307
HQ446309
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
DQ842033
–
–
–
–
DQ127236
HQ446419
HQ446420
–
–
–
–
–
–
AY780151
–
Bionectria ochroleuca
SMH3513
AFTOL-ID 187
AY695263
DQ862027
–
DQ862044
–
DQ862029
–
DQ862013
Bombardia bombarda
Botryotinia fuckeliana
Buergenerula spartinae
Bussabanomyces longisporus
Cainia graminis
Cainiella johansonii
Camaropella pugillus
Camarops ustulinoides
Canalisporium caribense
Carpoligna pleurothecii
Catabotrys deciduum
Cephalotheca foveolata
Ceratocystiopsis minuta
Ceratocystis fimbriata
Chaetomidium galaicum
AFTOL-ID 967
AFTOL-ID 59
ATCC 22848
CBS 125232
CBS 136.62
Kruys 727 (UPS)
SMH3846
AFTOL-ID 72
SS03839
CBS 114211
SMH3436
UAMH11631
CBS 116963
C89
CBS 113678
DQ470970
AY544651
DQ341492
KM009154
AF431949
JF701920
EU481406
DQ470941
GQ390268
JQ429235
AY346268
KC40839
EU913655
CFU17401
FJ666361
DQ471021
AY544695
DQ341471
–
–
–
–
DQ470989
GQ390253
JQ429249
–
–
–
CFU32418
–
–
DQ471045
JX134692
–
–
–
–
DQ471050
–
–
–
KC408410
–
–
–
DQ470923
DQ247786
–
–
–
–
–
–
HQ446421
JQ429267
AY780158
KC408404
–
–
FJ666392
Fungal Diversity
Table 1 (continued)
Species
Culture accession no.
GenBank accession
LSU
SSU
TEF
RPB2
Chaetosphaerella fusca
Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma
Chaetosphaeria innumera
Chromendothia citrina
Claviceps purpurea
Clypeosphaeria uniseptata
Coccodiella melastomatum
Coccodiella miconiae
Colletotrichum asianum
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Colletotrichum fructicola
Colletotrichum brevisporum
Coniocessia anandra
Coniocessia maxima
Coniocessia nodulisporioides
Coniochaeta ligniaria
Conioscypha japonica
Conioscyphascus varius
GKML124N
SMH4257
SMH 2748
AFTOL-ID 2121
AEG 97-2
6349 (HKUCC)
CMU78543
ppMP 1342
LC0037
LC0555
LC0032
LC0600
Iran 1468C
CBS 593.74
CBS 281.77
C8
CBS 387.84
CBS 113653
FJ968967
AY695264
AY017375
–
AF543789
DQ810219
–
–
JN940408
JN940412
JN940418
JN940398
GU553349
GU553344
GU553352
AY198388
AY484514
AY484512
–
–
–
DQ862046
AF543765
DQ810255
U78543
GU233440
JN940347
JN940356
JN940350
JN940357
–
–
AJ875185
–
JQ437438
–
FJ969002
FJ969004
–
DQ862031
AF543778
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
FJ968940
–
DQ862015
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
JQ429259
–
Cordana pauciseptata
Cordyceps militaris
Coronophora gregaria
Cornipulvina ellipsoides
Corynascella inaequalis
Cosmospora coccinea
Crassochaeta nigrita
Creosphaeria sassafras
Cryptendoxyla hypophloia
Cryphonectria parasitica
Cryptadelphia groenendalensis
CBS 121804
OSC 93623
ANM1555
SMH1378
CBS 284.82
AR2741
SMH2931
CM AT-018
WM10.89
CMW 7048
HE672160
AY184966
–
DQ231441
–
AY489734
AY695266
DQ840056
HQ014708
JN940858
–
AY184977
–
–
–
AY489702
–
–
–
JN938760
–
DQ522332
FJ969007
–
HQ871746
AY489629
–
–
–
–
–
–
FJ968938
–
HQ871839
–
–
DQ631964
–
–
Cryptadelphia groenendalensis
Cryptodiaporthe aesculi
Cryptometrion aestuescens
Cryptosphaerella elliptica
Cryptosporella hypodermia
Cumulospora marina
Custingophora cecropiae
SH12
SMH3767
AFTOL-ID 1238
CMW18790
SMH4722
AFTOL-ID 2124
MF46
CCF 3568
EU528007
EU528001
DQ836905
HQ730869
FJ968974
DQ862028
GU252135
–
–
–
–
–
–
DQ862049
GU252136
AM267267
–
–
DQ836914
–
FJ969029
DQ862034
–
–
–
–
DQ836892
–
FJ968944
DQ862018
–
–
Cytospora elaeagni
Diaporthales sp.
Diaporthe eres
Diatrype disciformis
Discostroma botan
Doratomyces stemonitis
Dothidea sambuci
Echinosphaeria canescens
Elaphocordyceps capitata
Elaphocordyceps japonica
Endomeliola dingleyae
CFCC 89633
BCC00200
AFTOL-ID 935
AFTOL-ID 927
–
AFTOL-ID 1380
DAOM 231303
SMH4791
OSC 71233
OSC 110991
PDD:98304
KF765693
EF622231
–
DQ470964
DQ368629
DQ836907
AY544681
AY436403
AY489721
DQ518761
GU138866
–
EF622228
DQ471015
DQ471012
DQ368660
DQ836901
AY544722
–
AY489689
DQ522547
–
–
–
–
DQ471085
–
DQ836916
DQ497606
–
AY489615
DQ522330
–
KF765709
–
DQ471161
–
DQ368648
–
DQ522854
–
DQ522421
DQ522428
–
Fungal Diversity
Table 1 (continued)
Species
Culture accession no.
GenBank accession
LSU
SSU
TEF
RPB2
Etheirophora blepharospora
Etheirophora unijubata
Epichloe typhina
Eutypa lata
Exophiala dermatitidis
Exserticlava vasiformis
Falcocladium multivesiculatum
Falcocladium sphaeropedunculatum
Fracchiaea broomeana
Fragosphaeria purpurea
Gaillardiella pezizoides
Graphostroma platystoma
Gelasinospora tetrasperma
Gibellulopsis nigrescens
Glomerulispora mangrovis
Gnomonia gnomon
Gondwanamyces capensis
Graphium fimbriasporum
JK5289
JK5443B
ATCC 56429
CBS 208.87 = AFTOL-ID 929
AFTOL-ID 668
TAMA 450
CBS 120386
CBS 111292
SMH347
CBS 133.34
GKM1245
AFTOL-ID 1249
CBS 178.33
DAOM 226890
NBRC 105264
CBS 199.53 = AFTOL-ID 952
AFTOL ID 1907
CMW5605
EF027724
EF027725
ETU17396
DQ836903
DQ823107
AB753846
JF831932
JF831933
FJ968979
AB189154
FJ968981
DQ836906
DQ470980
GU180648
GU252149
AF408361
FJ176888
KM495388
–
–
ETU32405
–
–
–
JF831928
JF831929
–
AF096176
–
DQ836900
DQ471032
GU180613
GU252150
DQ471019
FJ176834
–
–
–
AF543777
–
DQ840566
–
–
–
–
–
FJ969006
DQ836915
DQ471103
–
–
DQ471094
–
–
EF027732
–
DQ522440
KF453595
DQ840562
–
–
–
FJ968947
–
–
–
DQ470932
GU180664
–
DQ470922
FJ238373
–
Graphium penicillioides
Halosphaeria appendiculata
Hapalocystis occidentalis
Harknessia australiensis
Harknessia ellipsoidea
Harknessia eucalypti
Harknessia pseudohawaiiensis
Helminthosphaeria hyphodermae
Hydea pygmea
Hydropisphaera peziza
Hymenostilbe aurantiaca
Hyperdermium pulvinatum
Hypocrea americana
CBS 506.86 = AFTOL-ID 1415
CBS 197.60
WU 24705
CPC 15029
CPC 17111
CBS 342.97
CPC 17379
SMH4192
NBRC 33069
GJS92-101 = BPI802846
OSC 128578
PC602
AFTOL-ID 52
AF027384
HAU46885
AY616231
JQ706211
JQ706213
AF408363
JQ706234
AY346284
GU252133
AY489730
DQ518770
DQ118738
AY544649
–
HAU46872
–
–
–
–
–
–
GU252134
AY489698
DQ522556
–
AY544693
DQ471110
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
AY489625
DQ522345
–
DQ471043
DQ470938
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
DQ522445
–
Hypocrea rufa
Hypocrella discoidea
Hyponectria buxi
Immersidiscosia eucalypti
Irenopsis cornuta
DAOM JBT1003
BCC 8237
UME 31430
HHUF:29920
VIC32058
JN938865
DQ384937
AY083834
AB593722
KC61864
JN939042
–
AF130976
AB593703
KC618657
–
DQ384977
–
–
–
–
–
DQ452461
–
–
–
Irenopsis vincensii
Jattaea mookgoponga
Jobellisia fraterna
Jobellisia luteola
Jugulospora rotula
Juncigena adarca
Koralionastes ellipticus
Kylindria peruamazonensis
Lasiosphaeria ovina
Lecythophora luteoviridis
Leotia lubrica
VIC 31751
STE-U 6184
SMH2863
SMH2753
ATCC 38359
JK5548A
JK5769
CBS 838.91
SMH4605
CBS 206.38
OSC 100001
JX133163
EU367458
AY346285
AY346286
AY346287
EF027727
EU863585
GU180638
AY436413
FR691987
NG_027596
–
EU367463
–
–
–
EF027720
EU863581
GU180609
–
–
NG_013133
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
DQ471041
–
–
–
–
AY780178
–
–
GU180656
AY600284
–
DQ470876
Fungal Diversity
Table 1 (continued)
Species
Culture accession no.
GenBank accession
LSU
SSU
TEF
RPB2
–
EU222015
–
DQ471065
–
–
–
JF710406
–
EU222017
EU221991
EU221886
–
–
Lepteutypa cupressi
Leucostoma niveum
Lignincola laevis
Lindra thalassiae
Lopadostoma turgidum
Lulworthia fucicola
Luteocirrhus shearii
Magnaporthe salvinii
Marinokulati chaetosa
Mazzantia napelli
Melanconis marginalis
Melanconis stilbostoma
Melanochaeta hemipsila
Melanospora tiffanii
Melanospora zamiae
Meliola centellae
Microascus longirostris
Moheitospora fruticosae
IMI 052255
AR3413 = BPI 748232
JK-5180A
AFTOL-ID 413
LT3
ATCC 64288
CBS 130776
M21
BCRC FU30271
BPI748443 = AR3498 = AFTOL-ID 2126
BPI748446 = AR3442 = AFTOL-ID 2128
BPI748447 = AR3501 = CBS 109778
SMH2125
ATCC15515
ATCC 12340
VIC:31244
CBS 267.49 = AFTOL-ID 1237
EF14
AF382379
AF362558
U46890
DQ470947
KC774618
AY878965
KC197019
JF414887
KJ866931
AF408368
AF408373
AF408374
AY346292
AY015630
AY046579
JQ734545
DQ471172
GU252145
AY083813
NG_013203
U46873
DQ470994
–
AY879007
–
–
KJ866929
DQ862051
DQ862053
NG_013198
–
AY015619
AY046578
–
DQ471026
GU252146
–
DQ836913
–
–
EU219343
–
DQ470897
–
–
–
–
–
EU219345
EU219301
EU219299
–
AY015637
–
–
–
–
Monilochaetes infuscans
Monosporascus cannonballus
Myrothecium roridum
Nectria cinnabarina
Neofracchiaea callista
Neonectria ramulariae
Neurospora crassa
Nimbospora effusa
Niesslia exilis
Nitschkia tetraspora
Ophioceras commune
Ophioceras dolichostomum
Ophioceras leptosporum
CBS 869.96
FMR6682
ATCC 16297
CBS 114055 = GJS 89-107
SMH2689
CBS 151.29
MUCL 19026
JK 5104A
CBS 560.74
GKML148N
M92
CBS 114926
CBS 894.70
GU180639
–
AY489708
NCU00748
AY695269
HM042436
AF286411
NEU46892
AY489720
FJ968987
JX134688
JX134689
JX134690
GU180620
AF340016
AY489676
NCU32412
–
HQ840414
X04971
NEU46877
AY489688
–
JX134662
JX134663
–
–
–
AY489603
AF543785
FJ969020
–
–
–
AY489614
FJ969011
–
JX134703
–
GU180657
–
–
–
FJ968941
DQ789792
–
–
–
FJ968936
–
–
–
Ophiocordyceps sinensis
Ophiodiaporthe cyatheae
Ophiostoma piliferum
Parasarcopodium ceratocaryi
Papulosa amerospora
YN09-64
YMJ 1364
AFTOL-ID 910
CBS 110664
AFTOL-ID 748
JX968033
JX570891
DQ470955
AY425026
DQ470950
JX968028
JX570890
DQ471003
–
DQ470998
–
KC465406
DQ471074
–
DQ471069
JX968013
JX570893
–
–
–
Peethambara spirostriata
Petriella setifera
Phaeoacremonium pallidum
Phialemonium atrogriseum
Phyllachora graminis
Pilidiella diplodiella
Pilidiella wangiensis
Plagiostoma euphorbiae
Plectosphaerella cucumerina
Pleurostoma ootheca
Pleurostomophora repens
CBS 110115
AFTOL-ID 956
STE U 6104
CBS 604.67
UME 31349
STE U 3708
CPC 19397
CBS 340.78 = AFTOL-ID 2130
DAOM 226828
CMU 23858 = CBS 115329
CBS 294.39
AY489724
DQ470969
–
HE610470
–
AY339284
JX069857
AF408382
GU180647
AY761079
AY729813
AY489692
DQ471020
EU128061
–
AF064051
–
–
DQ862055
GU180612
AY761074
–
AY489619
DQ836911
–
–
–
–
–
GU354016
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
EU219292
GU180663
HQ878606
–
Fungal Diversity
Table 1 (continued)
Species
Culture accession no.
GenBank accession
LSU
SSU
TEF
RPB2
Pleurostomophora richardsiae
Conioscyphascus
Porosphaerellopsis sporoschismophora
Pseudohalonectria lignicola
Pseudomassaria carolinensis
Pseudoneurospora amorphoporcata
Pseudoplagiostoma eucalypti
Pseudoplagiostoma oldii
Pseudoplagiostoma variabile
Pseudoproboscispora caudae
Pseudopyricularia kyllingae
Pseudovalsa longipes
Pseudovalsa modonia
Pyricularia borealis
Raffaelea canadensis
Remispora maritima
Reticulascus clavatus
Reticulascus clavatus
CBS 270.33
CBS 131271
ATCC 42528
M95
9502 (IFO)
CBS 626.80
CBS 124807
CBS 124808
CBS 113067
A336-2D
HYKB202-1-2
AR 3541
AR 3558
CBS 461.65
C2233 = CBS 168.66
JPHY-15-038
CBS 125296
CBS 125239
AY249089
JQ429240
AY346298
JX134691
DQ810233
FR774287
GU973606
GU973609
GU973611
AY094192
KM484992
EU683072
EU683073
DQ341511
EU177458
HQ111012
GU180643
–
–
–
–
JX134665
DQ810262
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
EU170270
HQ111002
GU180622
GU180615
–
–
–
JX134705
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
HQ878607
JQ429270
–
–
DQ810239
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
HQ111041
–
–
Rhopalostroma lekae
Rimaconus coronatus
Rimaconus jamaicensis
Robillarda sessilis
Rosellinia necatrix
Rossmania ukurunduensis
Roumegueriella rufula
Ruzenia spermoides
Savoryella lignicola
Schizoparme straminea
Schizoparme straminea
Scopinella solani
Scortechinia acanthostroma
MFLUCC 13-0123
SMH 5212
SMH 4782
BCC13393
HKUCC 9037
AR 3484
GJS 91-164
SMH4655
NF00204
CBS 149.22
STE-U 3932
CBS 770.84
KJ472427
HM171292
HM171293
FJ825378
AY083824
EU683075
EF469082
KF765619
HQ446378
AF362569
AY339296
AY015632
–
–
–
FJ825368
–
–
EF469129
–
HQ446300
–
–
AY015621
–
–
–
–
–
–
EF469070
–
HQ446334
–
–
–
KJ472429
–
–
–
–
–
EF469116
–
–
–
–
–
Scortechiniellopsis leonensis
Seynesia erumpensnew
Shimizuomyces paradoxus
Slopeiomyces cylindrosporus
Sordaria fimicola
SMH1143
GKM1269
SMH 1291
EFCC 6279
CBS 609.75
CBS 508.50
FJ968988
FJ968993
AF279410
EF469084
KM485040
AY681160
FJ969012
–
AF279409
EF469131
–
–
–
FJ969021
–
–
–
–
FJ968948
FJ968933
–
EF469117
–
–
Sphaerostilbella berkeleyanan
Spinulosphaeria nuda
Stachybotrys chlorohalonata
Stachylidium bicolor
Stegonsporium protopyriforme
Stegonsporium pyriforme
Stephanonectria keithii
Stilbospora macrosperma
Stilbospora longicornuta
Swampomyces armeniacus
Swampomyces triseptatus
CBS 102308 = GJS 82-274
SMH1952
UAMH6417
DAOM 226658
D30 = CBS 117041
D2 = CBS 117023
GJS92-133
CBS 121883
CBS 122529
JK5325A
CY2802
U00756
FJ968995
AY489712
GU180651
EU039991
EU039987
AY489727
JX517299
KF570164
EF027729
AY858953
AF543770
–
AY489680
GU180616
–
–
AY489695
–
–
–
AY858942
AF543783
–
AY489607
–
EU040017
EU040001
AY489622
–
KF570232
–
–
DQ522465
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
KF570194
–
–
Fungal Diversity
Table 1 (continued)
Species
Culture accession no.
GenBank accession
LSU
SSU
TEF
RPB2
Sydowiella stellatifolii
Synaptospora plumbea
Thailandiomyces bisetulosus
Thielaviopsis thielavioides
Thyridium sp.
Thyridium vestitum
Tirisporella beccariana
Togninia africana
Togninia griseo olivacea
Togniniella acerosa
Torpedospora radiata
Torpedospora radiata
Torrubiella wallacei
Trichoderma viride
Umbrinosphaeria caesariata
Utrechtiana cibiessia
Valsa ambiens
Valsella salicis
CBS 119342
SMH3962
BCC00018
CBS 130.39
Mas 56
AFTOL ID 172
BCC36737
STE U 6177
STE U 5966
PDD 81432
AFTOL-ID 751
PP7763
CBS 101237
GJS89-127
CBS 102664
CPC 18916
AR3516 = CBS 109491
AR 3514
EU552156
KF765621
EF622230
AF222480
–
AY544671
JQ655450
–
–
AY761076
DQ470951
AY858947
AY184967
AY489726
AF261069
JF951176
EU255208
EU255210
–
–
EF622229
–
HQ993268
AY544715
JQ655454
EU128060
EU128058
AY761073
DQ470999
AY858939
AY184978
–
–
–
DQ862056
–
–
–
–
–
–
DQ471058
–
–
–
–
DQ471070
–
EF469073
–
–
–
EU222019
EU222018
–
–
–
–
–
DQ470890
–
–
–
–
DQ470902
–
EF469119
–
–
–
EU219347
–
Verticillium dahliae
Vialaea mangifia
Vialaea minutella
Viridispora diparietispora
Vittatispora coorgii
Wallrothiella congregata
Xylaria hypoxylon
ATCC 16535
MFLUCC 12-0808
BRIP 56959
ATCC MYA 627
BICC 7817
SMH1760
CBS 122620
AY489737
KF724975
KC181924
AY489735
DQ017375
FJ532375
KM186301
AY489705
–
–
AY489703
–
–
–
AY489632
–
–
AY489630
–
–
–
DQ522468
–
–
–
–
–
–
a
Note provided in this paper
b
Molecular data used in this study
c
No sequence data in GenBank as at date on submission
Likelihood (ML) analyses of both the individual data partitions as well as the combined aligned dataset. Ambiguously
aligned regions were excluded from all analyses and gaps
were treated as Bmissing data^ in the parsimony analysis.
Suitable models for the Bayesian analysis were first selected
using models of nucleotide substitution for each gene, as determined using MrModeltest v. 2.2 (Nylander et al. 2004), and
included for each gene partition. The GTR+I+G model with
inverse gamma rate were selected for LSU, TEF and RPB2
and SYM+I+G model with inverse gamma rate were selected
for LSU and included for each gene partition. The Bayesian
analyses (MrBayes v. 3.2.1; Ronquist et al. 2012) of four
simultaneous Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) chains
were run from random trees for 100,000,000 generations
and sampled every 1000 generations. The temperature value
was lowered to 0.15, burn-in was set to 0.25, and the run was
automatically stopped as soon as the average standard deviation of split frequencies reached below 0.01. A Maximum
Likelihood analysis was performed using raxmlGUI v. 1.3
(Silvestro and Michalak 2011). The optimal ML tree search
was conducted with 100 separate runs, using the default algorithm of the program from a random starting tree for each run.
The final tree was selected among suboptimal trees from each
run by comparing likelihood scores under the GTR+
GAMMA substitution model. The MP analysis was performed with MEGA v. 6.06 using a heuristic search option.
Bootstrap analyses were performed using 1000 replications.
The resulting trees were printed with FigTree v. 1.4.0 (http://
tree.bio.ed.ac.uk software/figtree/) and the layout was done
with Adobe Illustrator CS v. 6.
Results and discussion
The combined LSU, SSU, TEF, and RPB2 gene data set
comprsied 260 taxa, with Botryotinia fuckeliana, Dothidea
Fungal Diversity
sambuci, Exophiala dermatitidis and Leotia lubrica as the
outgroup taxa. The combined dataset comprised 4015 characters including gaps. The best scoring RAxML tress are shown
in Figs. 1 and 2. The Maximum Parsimony resulted in a tree
with the same topology and clades as the Bayesian analysis
resulted tree. Bootstrap support (BS) values of MP and ML
(equal to or above 50 %) are shown on the upper branches.
Values of Bayesian posterior probabilities (equal to or above
90 %) from MCMC analyses are shown under the branches.
In the phylogenetic trees (Figs. 1 and 2), the 260 strains
of Sordariomycetes included in the analysis cluster into six
subclasses. Sordariomycetidae, Hypocreomycetidae and
Xylariomycetidae as in the previous treatment of Lumbsch
and Huhndorf (2010), Meliolomycetidae as suggested by
Kirk et al. (2001), while Diaporthomycetidae and
Lulworthiomycetidae are introduced as new subclasses in
this paper. Figure 1 is a reduced tree of Fig. 2. The arrangement of orders and genera within the subclasses can be seen
in the outline.
Subclasses of Sordariomycetes
Diaporthomycetidae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde,
subclass novus
Index Fungorum no: IF 551051; Facesoffungi number:
FoF 00594
Pathogenic, parasitic, endophytic, or saprobic, associated
with plants or pathogens of insects, animals or humans.
Sexual morph: Stromata immersed to erumpent, composed
of orange, brown or black parenchymatous tissues, ascomata
embedded in stromatic tissues. Ascomata solitary or aggregated, immersed, erumpent to superficial, globose to subglobose,
rarely pyriform, sometimes carbonaceous, brown to black.
Asci 8 or multi-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, clavate to oblong, with a nonamyloid refractive apical apparatus.
Ascospores 2–3-seriate, variously shaped, aseptate or septate,
sometimes with appendages and sheaths. Asexual morph:
ceolomycetous or hypomyceteous, when coelomycetous,
Conidiomata acervuli or pycnidial. Conidiogenous cells
phialidic or annellidic. Conidia small to large, unicellular to
multiseptate, hyaline, light brown to dark brown. when
hypomyceteous, Conidiophores arising from hyphae.
Conidiogenous cells terminal or lateral, sometimes coloured,
mostly hyaline. Conidia mostly unicellular, oval, hyaline.
Type order: Diaporthales Nannf.
The subclass Diaporthomycetidae comprises ten main
clades which are represented by six existing orders, four newly introduced orders and 26 families. The order Diaporthales
comprises 12 clades represented by Cryphonectriaceae,
Diaporthaceae, Gnonomiaceae, Harknessiaceae ,
Melanconidaceae, Pseudoplagiostomataceae,
Pseudovalsaceae, Schizoparmeaceae, Stilbosporaceae,
Sydowiellaceae, Tirisporellaceae and Valsaceae.
Fig. 1 The best scoring RAxML Sordariomycetes tree (compressed
overview tree) from 260 taxa based on a combined dataset of LSU,
SSU, TEF and RPB2 genes with all lineages collapsed to family level
where possible. Subclasses are indicated in coloured blocks and RAxML
bootstrap support values (MLB) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP)
are given at the nodes (MLB/PP). The tree is rooted with Botryotinia
fuckeliana, Dothidea sambuci, Exophiala dermatitidis and Leotia lubrica
Calosphaeriales comprises the families Calosphaeriaceae
and Pleurostromataceae. The new orders Jobellisiales and
Togniniales are introduced for Jobellisiaceae and
Togniniaceae, respectively. Magnaporthales is expanded to
incorporate Magnaporthaceae, Ophioceraceae and
Pyriculariaceae.
Type species: Diaporthe eres Nitschke
Hypocreomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1(1):
6 (1997)
This subclass was introduced by Eriksson and Winka
(1997) and comprises four existing orders, one new order
introduced in this paper and 28 families. The order
Coronophorales now includes Coronophoraceae,
Ceratostomataceae, Chaetosphaerellaceae
Scortechiniaceae, plus Nitschkiaceae and Bertiaceae. The
Melanosporales comprises the family Ceratostomataceae.
The order Microascales is enlarged to include the families
Halosphaeriaceae, Microascaceae, Gondwanamycetaceae,
Ceratocystidaceae and Graphiaceae, but with weak support.
The order Glomerellales includes Australiascaceae,
Glomerellaceae, Plectosphaerellaceae and Reticulascaceae.
The order Hypocreales incorporates Bionectriaceae,
Clavicipitaceae, Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreaceae,
Nectriaceae, Niessliaceae, Ophiocordyciptiaceae and
Stachybotriaceae. The new order Falcocladiales is introduced
and comprises one family Falcocladiaceae.
Torpedosporaceae, Juncigenaceae and Etheirophoraceae
are placed in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae family incertae
sedis. The recently introduced monotypic order Savoryellales
form a basal clade in the Hypocreomycetidae.
Lulworthiomycetidae Dayar., E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde,
subclass novus
Index Fungorum number: IF551131; Facesoffungi No.:
FoF 00617
Saprobic on wood, sea grasses and marsh plants or parasites on algae. Sexual morph: Ascomata subglobose to cylindrical or ovoid to ellipsoidal, immersed or superficial,
ostiolate, papillate or epapillate, periphysate. Hamathecium
composed of paraphyses or internal structures absent; centrum
initially filled with a hyaline pseudoparenchyma, dissolving at
maturity. Asci eight-spored, cylindrical to fusiform or clavate
to ellipsoidal, unitunicate, deliquescent. Ascospores filamentous or ellipsoidal to fusiform, septate; multiseptate near the
apices, or evenly multiseptate, some are non-septate, hyaline,
thick- or thin-walled, with or without apical chambers.
Asexual morph: hypomycetous, hyphae hyaline, septatae,
Fungal Diversity
99 / 0.98
Schizoparmeaceae
60 / 0.96
70 / 0.95
Cryphonectriaceae
Harknessia pseudohawaiiensis CPC 17379
62 / 0.93 Harknessia ellipsoidea CPC 17111
Harknessia australiensis CPC 15029
Harknessia eucalypti CBS 342.97
89 / 1.0
Anisogramma
100 / 1.0
Harknessiaceae
85 /-
Diaporthomycetidae
Gnomoniaceae
62 / 0.95
Cryptosporella hypodermia AFTOL-ID 2124
100 / 1.0
Melanconidaceae
100 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
Valsaceae
97 / 1.0
Diaporthaceae
100 / 1.0
73 / 1.0
Stilbosporaceae
94 / 1.00
Pseudoplagiostomataceae
100 / 1.0
69 / 0.97
Sydowiellaceae
93 / 0.98
100 / 1.0
76 / 52 / 0.91
Tirisporellaceae
Pseudovalsaceae
84 / -
Togniniaceae
98 / 1.0
89 / 0.91
100 / 1.0
Jobellisiaceae
50 / 100 / 1.0
Calosphaeriaceae
100 / 1.0
Pleurostomataceae
78 / 1.0
Pyriculariaceae
94 / 1.0
Magnaporthaceae
100 / 1.0
76 / 0.95
Ophioceraceae
88 / 1.0
90 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
84 / 1.0
Ophiostomataceae
100 / 1.0
Annulatascaceae
76 / 87 / 83 / -
100 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
66 / -
100 / 1.0
75 / 1.0
Trichosphaeriaceae
Thyridiaceae
Cordanaceae
Papulosaceae
Chaetomiaceae
Apiosordaria verruculosa F-152365
Lasiosphaeriaceae
83 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
53 / 88 / 1.0
Sordariaceae
Boliniaceae
87 / 1.0
90 / 1.0
60 / 73 / 0.99
Phyllachoraceae
92 / 1.0
Chaetosphaeriaceae
100 / 1.0
99 / 0.98
Helminthosphaeriaceae
Cephalothecaceae
- / 1.0
Meliolaceae
100 / 1.0
58 / 0.97
100 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
91 / 1.0
Rimaconus
Amplistromataceae
Catabotrys deciduum SMH3436
Catabotrydaceae
Sordariomycetidae
83 / 1.0
84 / 1.0
Coniochaetaceae
Cordana pauciseptata CBS 121804
Papulosa amerospora AFTOL-ID 748
80 / -
Meliolomycetidae
Fungal Diversity
85 / 0.99
Rhopalostroma lekae
83 / 0.96
58 / 1.0
Xylariaceae
Xylaria hypoxylon CBS122620
Graphostroma platystoma AFTO
63 / 1.0
ID1249
Graphostromataceae
Diatrypaceae
- / 1.0
Lopadostoma turgidum LT2
Creosphaeria sassafras CM
018
100 / 0.98
100 / 1.0
Coniocessiaceae
Vialaeaceae
100 / 1.0
99 / 1.0
Hyponectriaceae
Hyponectria buxi UME 31430
100 / 1.0
Amphisphaeriaceae
97 / 1.0
Amphisphaeria umbrina AFTO ID 1229
Clypeosphaeria uniseptata HKUCC 6349
Pseudomassaria carolinensis 9502 (IFO)
100 / 1.0 Beltraniella endiandrae CPC 22193
76 / 1.0
- / 1.0
100 / 0.97
Clypeosphaeriaceae
Xylariomycetidae
Cainiaceae
73 / 0.98
Apiosporaceae
100 / 1.0
Ceratostomataceae
52 / 0.95
100 / 1.0
Scortechiniaceae
98 / 1.0
76 / 0.99
Coronophora gregaria ANM1555
100 / 1.0
99 / 1.0
Coronophoraceae
Bertiaceae
- / 1.0
Nitschkiaceae
52 / 1.0
88 / 1.0
88 / 1.0
Chaetosphaerellaceae
100 / 1.0
Falcocladiaceae
94 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
74 / 0.96
Juncigenaceae
100 / 1.0
79 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
81 / 1.0
Ophiocordycipitaceae
94 / 0.99
87 / 1.0
Torpedosporaceae
Clavicipitaceae
64 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
Hypocreaceae
60 / 1.0
- / 1.0
Cordycipitaceae
100 / 1.0
83 / 1.0
Stachybotriaceae
96 / 1.0
93 / 1.0
Nectriaceae
65 / 1.0
Niesslia exilis CBS 560.74
100 / 1.0
Bionectriaceae
100 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
Halosphaeriaceae
78 / 0.96
82 / 0.98
Niessliaceae
98 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
Microascaceae
100 / 1.0
Graphiaceae
61 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
Hypocreomycetidae
Etheirophoraceae
Ceratocystidaceae
100 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
Gondwanamycetaceae
90 / 1.0
Glomerellaceae
70 / -
100 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
96 / 0.99
Reticulascaceae
99 / 1.0
Australiascaceae
99 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
Plectosphaerellaceae
100 / 1.0
Savoryellaceae
97 / 1.0
Lulworthiaceae
99 / 1.0
Koralionastes ellipticus JK5769
100 / 1.0
Outgroup
0.2
Fig. 1 (continued)
Koralionastetaceae
Lulworthiomycetidae
Fungal Diversity
branched. Conidiophores micronematous or semi
micronematous. Conidia filiform or ellipsoidal, septate or
non septate, some are coiled, when spermatial, spermatia,
enteroblastic, subglobose.
Type order: Lulworthiales Kohlm. et al.
This new subclass is introduced for a lineage of marine
fungi that are unrelated to Halosphaeriaceae (Microascales,
Hypocreomycetidae). It includes the orders Lulworthiales
with the family Lulworthiaceae and Koralionastetales with
the family Koralionastetaceae. Spatafora et al. (1998) demonstrated that the order Halosphaeriales was polyphyletic and
comprised two distinct lineages. The first clade,
Halosphaeriales including 11 genera, was closely related to,
and is now included in the order Microascales, whereas the
second clade, with Lulworthia and Lindra species, was
assigned to Lulworthiaceae in Lulworthiales (Kohlmeyer
et al. 2000). Members of Lulworthiales are saprobes, on
wood, sea grasses and marsh plants or parasites on algae
(Campbell et al. 2005). Lindra, which is composed of six
species, is the only genus in the order Lulworthiales which
does not have ascospores with apical chambers filled with
mucus. Other genera placed in the Lulworthiales based on
molecular data include Kohlmeyeriella (Campbell et al.
2002) and the algicolous genera Spathulospora (Inderbitzin
et al. 2004) and Haloguignardia (Harvey 2004).
Koralionastes and Pontogeneia are closely related to members of Lulworthiales, while the differences in morphological
characters are expressed in the ascospores and the presence/
absence of periphyses and paraphyses. Phylogenetic studies of
Campbell et al. (2009) showed that some species of
Koralionastes and Pontogeneia that were sequenced group
in a monophyletic clade basal to the clade of Lulworthiales.
This clade represents a distinct taxonomic entity at the order
level based on both molecular and morphological data. Based
on molecular studies and using morphological characters, the
genera Koralionastes and Pontogeneia were assigned to the
new order Koralionastetales which is a sister group to
Lulworthiales. The orders Lulworthiales and
Koralionastetales clustered together in a well-supported clade
based on combined gene data and a new subclass is introduced
here as Lulworthiomycetidae. The orders in this subclass are,
however, well separated.
Type species: Lulworthia fucicola G.K. Sutherl.
Meliolomycetidae P.M. Kirk & K.D. Hyde, subclass novus
Meliolomycetidae P.M. Kirk et al., Ainsworth & Bisby’s
Dictionary of the Fungi, Edn 9 (Wallingford): 314 (2001)
[nom. inval.]
This subclass Meliolomycetidae was introduced by
Kirk et al. (2001) to accomodate the order Meliolales.
Justavino et al. (2014) provided a phylogenetic tree
(based on analysis of LSU) that included five subclasses
in Sordariomycetes, and eight species of Meliolaceae
which were analyzed by neighbor joining analysis. The
results indicated that the Meliolaceae clade formed the
most basal clade in Sordariomycetes with strong support.
Hence, they suggested that the order Meliolales which
comprises Armatellaceae and Meliolaceae should be accommodated in a subclass Meliolomycetidae. In our
multi-gene phylogenetic analysis (Figs. 1 and 2) the subclass Meliolomycetidae is most closely related to
Sordariomycetidae as in Justavino et al. (2014). The
Meliolales, clusters as a sister group to the order
Chaetosphaeriales, family Cephalothecaceae and genus
Rimaconus. The placement of the family
Cephalothecaceae is uncertain during the phylogenetic
analysis and this is probably because the sequences of
Cephalothecaceae species are relatively short and do not
provide adequate phylogenetic resolution. The morphology of taxa of Cephalothecaceae and Meliolales differ
greatly. In species of Meliolaceae have a parasitic habitat,
forming superficial, web-like, black colonies on leaves,
stems or branches, the mycelia are hyphopodiate and
spores are mostly brown. Species of Cephalothecaceae
are distinct in having a saprobic habitat, often growing
on rotten wood or on other fungi, the mycelia lack
hyphopodia and ascomata have a cephalothecoid peridium
(von Höhnel 1917c). Hence, we tentatively place
Cephalothecaceae as family incertae sedis in
Sordariomycetes because of its uncertain phylogenetic
placement and differing morphology. There are few sequences for species in Meliolomycetidae as they are
biotrophic and cannot presently be isolated into culture.
Therefore all sequence data for Meliolales is from DNA
extracted from fruiting bodies of taxa on the host.
Sordariomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1(1): 10
(1997)
This subclass was established by Eriksson and Winka
(1997) and comprises four orders, eight families and one
family incertae sedis. The order Chaetosphaeriales
comprises the families Chae tos pha er iac eae an d
Helminthosphaeriaceae. The order Phyllachorales, which is
moved from Sordariomycetes orders incertae sedis to
Sordariomycetidae, compri ses tw o fam il ies,
Phaeochoraceae and Phyllachoraceae. Hyde et al. (1997)
introduced the family Phaeochoraceae in the order
Phyllachorales for a taxon of biotrophic and saprotrophic
fungi on palms. The order Boliniales comprises a single
family Bolinaceae. The order Sordariales includes three
clades represented by Sordariaceae, Chaetomiaceae and
Lasiosphaeriaceae, that latter comprises Lasiosphaeriaceae
sensu lato and Lasiosphaeriaceae sensu stricto. Batistiaceae,
typified by Batistia annulipes was introduced by Samuels and
Rodrigues (1989) as a monotypic family. The family was
placed in the Sordariomycetidae incertae sedis (Kirk et al.
Fungal Diversity
2001). Sequence data published by Huhndorf et al. (2004) has
been determined to be contaminated and there is no sequence
data for this family in GenBank.
Xylariomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1(1): 12
(1997)
This subclass was introduced by Eriksson and Winka (1997)
and comprises one lagre existing order Xylariales. The order
includes Amphisphaeriaceae, Apiosporaceae, Cainiaceae,
Coniocessiaceae, Diaptrypaceae, Graphostromataceae,
Hyponectriaceae, Melanogrammataceae, Vialaeaceae, and
Xylariaceae. Many species in the subclass may have large stromata and are clearly visible and dominating the surface of
decaying plants.
Orders of Sordariomycetes
The phylogenetic trees produced in this study (Figs. 1 and 2)
support several of the existing orders and indicate that several
new orders should be introduced. Each order is discussed alphabetically.
Amplistromatales D’souza, Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, ordo
novus
Type family: Amplistromataceae
Index Fungorum number: IF551156; Facesoffungi No.:
FOF 00632
An order comprising families Amplistromataceae and
Catabotrydaceae. Sexual morph: Stromatic or non-stromatic.
Stromata if present superficial, obovoid to pulvinate, soft or
firm textured. Ascomata perithecial, rarely subiculate, solitary
or gregarious, globose to sub globose, monostichous or polystichous with long necks. Paraphyses abundant, persistent, longer than asci. Asci numerous, unitunicate, stipitate, cylindrical
to clavate, with a small, J-, apical ring. Ascospores hyaline,
globose, aseptate. Asexual morph: Acrodontium-like for
Amplistroma.
Type species: Amplistroma carolinianum Huhndorf et al.
Notes: Two genera are included in Amplistromatacaeae
namely Amplistroma Huhndorf et al. and Wallrothiella Sacc.
The genus Wallrothiella was redescribed by Reblova and
Seifert (2004) along with neotypification of its type species
Wallrothiella congregata (Wallr.) Sacc. Amplistroma has been
segregated from Wallrothiella on the basis of presence of
stromatic ascomata. Catabotydaceae is monotypic with
Catabotrys as its type genus. However Catabotrys and
Wallrothiella do not possess stromatic ascomata, while
Amplistroma is stromatic. LSU sequence data analysis shows
that Amplistromataceae has an unsupported relationship with
Chaetospheriales and Magnaporthaceae (Huhndorf et al.
2009). In our phylogenetic analyses Amplistromatales shows
a distant relationship with Meliolomycetidae and
Sordariomycetidae and thus placed in Sordariomycetes order
incertae sedis until further data is available.
Fig. 2 Maximum likelihood (ML) majority rule combined LSU, SSU,
TEF and RPB2 consensus tree for the analyzed Sordariomycetes isolates.
Orders are indicated in coloured blocks and RAxML bootstrap support
values (MLB) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) are given at the
nodes (MLB/PP). The scale bar represents the expected number of
changes per site. The tree is rooted with Botryotinia fuckeliana,
Dothidea sambuci, Exophiala dermatitidis and Leotia lubrica
Annulatascales D’souza, Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, ordo
novus
Type family: Annulatascaceae
Index Fungorum number: IF551133; Facesoffungi No.:
FoF 00620
A monotypic order within the class Sordariomycetes, subclass Diaporthomycetidae. Characterized by a dominant
freshwater lifestyle, although some members have been reported from terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata unilocular, rarely clypeate, perithecial. Necks black or hyaline.
Peridium coriaceous or membranous. Hamathecium with tapering paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, pedicellate,
usually with a massive, J-, refractive apical ring. Ascospores
uniseriate, hyaline, sometimes brown, septate or aseptate.
Asexual morph: Taeniolella-like for Chaetorostrum.
Type species: Annulatascus velatispora K.D. Hyde
Notes: This order is characterized by its typical freshwater
habitat, growing on submerged woody substrates, with most
genera distributed in the tropics. Significant characters of most
genera in Annulatascales include cylindrical, thin-walled asci,
with a massive, J-, refractive, apical apparatus, which assists
in active spore ejection (Tsui et al. 2003). Ascospores are
usually equipped with appendages or sheaths. These characters might be important in aquatic habitats where they aid in
the attachment to substrates (Shearer et al. 2007). The order
presently comprises 18 genera which belong to, or are referred
to, the family Annulatascaceae. Many genera lack molecular
data, and it is likely that the family as presently circumscribed is
polyphyletic (Campbell and Shearer 2004; Huhndorf et al. 2004;
Vijaykrishna and Hyde 2006; Abdel-Wahab et al. 2011). The
closest relatives are, Cordanales and Papulosaceae, but
Annulatascales can be easily distinguished by a massive, J-,
refractive, apical ring. Ranghoo et al. (1999) analyzed LSU
rDNA sequence data to show that Annulatascaceae has relationships with Sordariales. However, in our phylogenetic analyses
the order Annulatascales is placed in Diaportheomycetidae
(Figs. 1 and 2).
Boliniales P.F. Cannon, in Kirk et al., Ainsworth & Bisby’s
Dictionary of the Fungi, Edn 9 (Wallingford): x (2001)
An order of saprotrophic fungi within the subclass
Sordariomycetidae, which was introduced by Cannon (Kirk
et al. 2001). In our phylogenetic analysis (Figs. 1 and 2),
Boliniales is closest to Phyllachorales and Sordariales.
Boliniales comprises a single family, Boliniaceae, with nine
genera.
Fungal Diversity
100 / 1.0
Schizoparme straminea CBS 149.22
Schizoparme straminea STE-U 3932
99 / 1.0
99 / 0.98
Schizoparmeaceae
Pilidiella diplodiella STE U 3708
Pilidiella wangiensis CPC 19397
60 / 0.96
Cryphonectria parasitica CMW 7048
Cryptometrion aestuescens CMW18790
Cryphonectriaceae
70 / 0.95
Chromendothia citrina AFTOL-ID 2121
Luteocirrhus shearii CBS 130776
Harknessia pseudohawaiiensis CPC 17379
Harknessia ellipsoidea CPC 17111
62 / 0.93
Harknessiaceae
Harknessia australiensis CPC 15029
Harknessia eucalypti CBS 342.97
Anisogramma anomala AA01
89 / 1.0
Anisogramma virgultorum AV05
100 / 1.0
Plagiostoma euphorbiae CBS 340.78
100 / 1.0
85 /-
Cryptodiaporthe aesculi AFTOL-ID 1238
62 / 0.95
Gnomonia gnomon CBS 199.53
Gnomoniaceae
Cryptosporella hypodermia AFTOL-ID 2124
100 / 1.0
Melanconis stilbostoma AR3501
100 / 1.0
Melanconidaceae
Melanconis marginalis AR3442
Valsella salicis AR 3514
100 / 1.0
Leucostoma niveum AR3413
100 / 1.0
Valsaceae
Cytospora elaeagni CFCC 89633
100 / 1.0
Diaporthales
Valsa ambiens AR3516
97 / 1.0
Diaporthe eres AFTOL-ID 935
100 / 1.0
Diaporthaceae
Ophiodiaporthe cyatheae YMJ 1364
100 / 1.0
Mazzantia napelli AR3498
Stilbospora longicornuta CBS 122529
83 / 0.97
- / 1.00
Stilbospora macrosperma CBS 121883
Stilbosporaceae
94 / 1.00
Stegonsporium protopyriforme CBS 117041
73 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
Stegonsporium pyriforme CBS 117023
68 / -
Pseudoplagiostoma variabile CBS 113067
Pseudoplagiostomataceae
Pseudoplagiostoma oldii CBS 124808
100 / 1.0
Pseudoplagiostoma eucalypti CBS 124807
Cainiella johansonii Kruys 731 (UPS)
77/ 0.99
Rossmania ukurunduensis AR3484
99 / 1.0
93 / 0.98
Sydowiellaceae
Hapalocystis occidentalis WU 24705
69 / 0.97
Sydowiella stellatifolii CBS 119342
100 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
Diaporthales sp. BCC00200
Thailandiomyces bisetulosus BCC00018
76 / -
Pseudovalsa modonia AR 3558
84 / -
Tirisporellaceae
Tirisporella beccariana BCC36737
52 / 0.91
Pseudovalsaceae
Pseudovalsa longipes AR 3541
Togninia griseo olivacea STE U 5966
72 / 0.93
Phaeoacremonium pallidum STE U 6104
98 / 1.0
89 / 0.91
Togniniales
Togniniaceae
Togninia africana STE U 6177
100 / 1.0
Jobellisia luteola SMH2753
Jobellisia fraterna SMH2863
50 / -
Jattaea mookgoponga STE-U 6184
100 / 1.0
75 / -
Togniniella acerosa PDD 81432
Jobellisiaceae
Calosphaeriaceae
Calosphaeriales
Pleurostoma ootheca CMU 23858
Pleurostomophora repens CBS 294.39
100 / 1.0
Jobellisiales
Pleurostomophora richardsiae CBS 270.33
Pleurostomataceae
Fungal Diversity
Bambusicularia brunnea INA-B-92-45
67 / -
Pseudopyricularia kyllingae HYKB202-1-2
58 / 78 / 1.0
Pyriculariaceae
Pyricularia borealis CBS 461.65
Utrechtiana cibiessia CPC 18916
94 / 1.0
Buergenerula spartinae ATCC 22848
Magnaporthaceae
Magnaporthe salvinii M21
Magnaporthales
Slopeiomyces cylindrosporus CBS 609.75
100 / 1.0
76 / 0.95
Bussabanomyces longisporus CBS 125232
Pseudohalonectria lignicola M95
81 / 0.95
90 / 1.0
Ophioceras dolichostomum CBS 114926
Ophioceras commune M92
88 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
Ophioceraceae
Ophioceras leptosporum CBS 894.70
Raffaelea canadensis C2233
93 / 1.0
Fragosphaeria purpurea CBS 133.34
63 / 0.96
Ophiostomataceae
Ophiostomatales
Ceratocystiopsis minuta CBS 116963
100 / 1.0
Ophiostoma piliferum AFTOL-ID 910
Ascitendus austriacus MR 2936
95 / -
84 / 1.0
Annulatascaceae
Annulusmagnus triseptatus CBS 128831
95 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
Annulatascus velatisporus HKUCC 3701
Pseudoproboscispora caudae A336-2D
76 / -
100 / 1.0
Coniochaeta ligniaria C8
Coniochaetaceae
Lecythophora luteoviridis CBS 206.38
87 / 83 / -
Cordanaceae
Papulosaceae
Cordana pauciseptata CBS 121804
80 / -
Annulatascales
Coniochaetales
Cordanales
Papulosa amerospora AFTOL-ID 748
Cryptadelphia groenendalensis SMH3767
100 / 1.0
66 / -
Trichosphaeriaceae
Cryptadelphia groenendalensis SH12
Thyridium vestitum AFTOL-ID 172
100 / 1.0
Thyridium sp. Mas 56
Trichosphaeriales
Thyridiaceae
Chaetomidium galaicum CBS 113678
65 / 1.0
Achaetomium strumarium IMI 082624
Apiosordaria verruculosa F-152365
75 / 1.0
84 / 1.0
Chaetomiaceae
Corynascella inaequalis CBS 284.82
83 / 1.0
- / 0.99
Lasiosphaeria ovina SMH4605
Lasiosphaeriaceae
Sordariales
Bombardia bombarda AFTOL-ID 967
- / 0.98
Jugulospora rotula ATCC 38359
83 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
Sordaria fimicola CBS 508.50
Pseudoneurospora amorphoporcata CBS 626.80
74 / 0.94
Sordariaceae
Neurospora crassa MUCL 19026
53 / -
Gelasinospora tetrasperma CBS 178.33
Camarops ustulinoides AFTOL-ID 72
79 / 1.0
Camaropella pugillus SMH3846
70 / 87 / 1.0
88 / 1.0
Boliniaceae
Boliniales
Cornipulvina ellipsoides SMH1378
Apiorhynchostoma curreyi UAMH 11088
100 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
90 / 1.0
Coccodiella melastomatum CMU78543
Coccodiella miconiae ppMP 1342
Ascovaginospora stellipala P5-13A
Phyllachora graminis UME 31349
Fig. 2 (continued)
Phyllachoraceae
Phyllachorales
Fungal Diversity
100 / 1.0
Umbrinosphaeria caesariata CBS 102664
Exserticlava vasiformis TAMA 450
92 / 1.0
Chaetosphaeriaceae
Chaetosphaeria innumera SMH 2748
69 / 0.99
60 / 73 / 0.99
Chaetosphaeriales
Melanochaeta hemipsila SMH 2125
Synaptospora plumbea SMH 3962
95 / 1.0
Ruzenia spermoides SMH 4655
100 / 1.0
Helminthosphaeriaceae
Helminthosphaeria hyphodermae SMH 4192
Echinosphaeria canescens SMH 4791
Cephalotheca foveolata UAMH11631
98 / 1.0
Phialemonium atrogriseum CBS 604.67
90 / 0.98
Cephalothecaceae
Albertiniella polyporicola CBS 457.88
99 / 0.98
Cryptendoxyla hypophloia WM10.89
Irenopsis cornuta VIC 32058
100 / 1.0
- / 1.0
Irenopsis vincensii VIC 31751
50 / -
Meliola centellae VIC 31244
89 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
Meliolaceae
Meliolales
Asteridiella obesa VIC 31239
58 / 0.97
Endomeliola dingleyae PDD 98304
Rimaconus jamaicensis SMH 4782
100 / 1.0
Rimaconus coronatus SMH 5212
Amplistroma erinaceum AH 43902
100 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
Amplistroma caroliniana BEO9923
91 / 1.0
Amplistromataceae
Wallrothiella congregata SMH 1760
Catabotrys deciduum SMH3436
Amplistromatales
Catabotrydaceae
Cainia graminis CBS 136.62
76 / 0.94
Cainiaceae
Seynesia erumpensnew SMH 1291
85 / 0.99
73 / 0.98
Arecophila bambusae HKUCC 4794
Rhopalostroma lekae
Rosellinia necatrix HKUCC 9037
83 / 0.96
58 / 1.0
Xylariaceae
Astrocystis cocoes HKUCC 3441
Xylaria hypoxylon CBS 122620
Graphostroma platystoma AFTO
- / 1.0
ID1249
Graphostromataceae
Diatrype disciformis AFTOL D 927
91/ 0.98
Diatrypaceae
Eutypa lata CBS 208.87
63 / 1.0
Monosporascus cannonballus FMR6682
- / 1.0
Lopadostoma turgidum LT2
100 / 0.98
Creosphaeria sassafras CM
018
Coniocessia maxima CBS 593.74
62 / 100 / 1.0
Coniocessia nodulisporioides CBS 281.77
Coniocessiaceae
Coniocessia anandra Iran 1468C
100 / 1.0
Vialaea minutella BRIP 56959
Vialaeaceae
Vialaea mangifia MFLUCC 12 0808
Hyponectriaceae
Hyponectria buxi UME 31430
99 / 1.0
Robillarda sessilis BCC13393
Discostroma botan
80 / 1.0
Lepteutypa cupressi IMI 052255
Amphisphaeriaceae
100 / 1.0
Immersidiscosia eucalypti HHUF 29920
Amphisphaeria umbrina AFTO
ID 1229
97 / 1.0
Clypeosphaeria uniseptata HKUCC 6349
Clypeosphaeriaceae
76 / 1.0
Pseudomassaria carolinensis 9502 (IFO)
- / 1.0
100 / 1.0
Beltraniella endiandrae CPC 22193
99 / 1.0
Arthrinium phaeospermum HKUCC 3395
50 / -
Apiospora montagnei AFTOL D 951
100 / 0.97
Arthrinium hydei CBS 114990
Apiospora bambusae ICMP 6889
Fig. 2 (continued)
Apiosporaceae
Xylariales
Fungal Diversity
Melanospora tiffanii ATCC15515
100 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
Melanospora zamiae ATCC 12340
Ceratostomataceae
Melanosporales
Vittatispora coorgii BICC 7817
97 / 1.0
Scortechiniellopsis leonensis GKM1269
Cryptosphaerella elliptica SMH4722
100 / 1.0
52 / 0.95
Scortechiniaceae
Scortechinia acanthostroma SMH1143
98 / 1.0
59 / -
Neofracchiaea callista SMH2689
Coronophora gregaria ANM1555
76 / 0.99
Coronophoraceae
Gaillardiella pezizoides GKM1245
Bertia ngongensis GKM1239
100 / 1.0
Coronophorales
Bertia moriformis SMH4320
- / 1.0
Acanthonitschkea argentinensis SMH1395
100 / 1.0
99 / 1.0
Bertiaceae
Bertia tropicalis SMH3513
Nitschkiaceae
Nitschkia tetraspora GKML148N
52 / 1.0
Fracchiaea broomeana SMH347
Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma SMH4257
73 / 0.98
88 / 1.0
98 / 1.0
Crassochaeta nigrita SMH2931
88 / 1.0
Chaetosphaerellaceae
Chaetosphaerella fusca GKML124N
Spinulosphaeria nuda SMH1952
100 / 1.0
Falcocladium multivesiculatum CBS 120386
Falcocladiaceae
Falcocladium sphaeropedunculatum CBS 111292
94 / 1.0
95 / 1.0
Swampomyces armeniacus JK5325A
83 / 100 / 1.0
Falcocladiales
Swampomyces triseptatus CY2802
Etheirophoraceae
Etheirophora blepharospor JK5289
Etheirophora unijubata JK5443B
74 / 0.96
100 / 0.98
Moheitospora fruticosae EF14
100 / 1.0
Juncigena adarca K5548A
Juncigenaceae
Marinokulati chaetosa BCRC FU30271
79 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
Torpedospora radiata AFTO
ID 751
Torpedosporaceae
Torpedospora radiata PP7763
Glomerulispora mangrovis NBRC105264
Elaphocordyceps capitata OSC 71233
98 / 1.0
94 / 1.0
Elaphocordyceps japonica OSC 110991
81 / 1.0
Ophiocordycipitaceae
Ophiocordyceps sinensis YN09 64
Hymenostilbe aurantiaca OSC 128578
96 / 1.0
Shimizuomyces paradoxus EFCC 6279
Hypocrella discoidea BCC 8237
87 / 1.0
94 / 0.99
56 / -
Clavicipitaceae
Claviceps purpurea AEG 97 2
Epichloe typhina ATCC 56429
64 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
Hypocrea rufa DAOM JBT1003
Trichoderma viride GJS
100 / 1.0
Hypocrea americana AFTO
Hypocreaceae
ID 52
Sphaerostilbella berkeleyanan CBS 102308
60 / 1.0
84/ 1.0
68/ -
Cordyceps militaris OSC 93623
Hyperdermium pulvinatum PC602
Torrubiella wallacei CBS 101237
- / 1.0 100 / 1.0
Cordycipitaceae
Hypocreales
Ascopolyporus polychrous PC546
83 / 1.0
Peethambara spirostriata CBS 110115
60 / -
Myrothecium roridum ATCC 16297
66 / -
Stachybotrys chlorohalonata UAMH6417
Stachybotriaceae
Parasarcopodium ceratocaryi CBS 110664
- / 0.98
Scopinella solani CBS 770.84
96 / 1.0
88 / 1.0
- / 0.97
93 / 1.0
65 / 1.0
Viridispora diparietispora ATCC MYA 627
Neonectria ramulariae CBS 151.29
Nectriaceae
Nectria cinnabarina CBS 114055
Cosmospora coccinea AR2741
Niessliaceae
Niesslia exilis CBS 560.74
Hydropisphaera peziza GJS92 101
100 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
91 / 1.0
Fig. 2 (continued)
Roumegueriella rufula GJS 91 164
Stephanonectria keithii GJS92 133
Bionectria ochroleuca AFTOL D 187
Bionectriaceae
Fungal Diversity
100 / 1.0
Nimbospora effusa JK 5104A
99 / 1.0
Remispora maritima
96 / 100 / 1.0
Halosphaeriaceae
Halosphaeria appendiculata CBS 197.60
Lignincola laevis JK50180
78 / 0.96
Doratomyces stemonitis AFTOL D 1380
100 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
Microascaceae
Microascus longirostris CBS 267.49
98 / 1.0
Petriella setifera AFTOL D 956
82 / 0.98
Microascales
Graphium fimbriasporum CMW 5605
100 / 1.0
Graphiaceae
Graphium penicillioides CBS 506.86
61 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
Thielaviopsis thielavioides CBS 130.39
Ceratocystidaceae
Ambrosiella ferruginea CBS 460.82
100 / 1.0
Ceratocystis fimbriata C89
100 / 1.0
Custingophora cecropiae CCF 3568
100 / 1.0
Gondwanamycetaceae
Gondwanamyces capensis AFTOL- D 1907
Colletotrichum asianum LC0037
73 / 0.9
100 / 1.0
Colletotrichum fructicola LC0032
90 / 1.0
Glomerellaceae
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides LC0555
Colletotrichum brevisporum LC0600
70 / -
Reticulascus clavatus CBS 125296
100 / 1.0
100 / 1.0
Reticulascus clavatus CBS 125239
Porosphaerellopsis sporoschismophora ATCC 42528
92 / -
99 / 1.0
Glomerellales
Kylindria peruamazonensis CBS 838.91
Australiasca queenslandica BR
99 / 1.0
Reticulascaceae
100 / 1.0
96 / 0.99
24607
Australiascaceae
Monilochaetes infuscans CBS 869.96
Gibellulopsis nigrescens DAOM 226890
85 / 0.98
Plectosphaerella cucumerina DAOM 226828
55 / 0.93
100 / 1.0
Plectosphaerellaceae
Verticillium dahliae ATCC 16535
Stachylidium bicolor DAOM 226658
Ascothailandia grenadoidia N
100 / 1.0
98 / 1.0
2010a
Canalisporium caribense SS038397
95 / 1.0
Savoryella lignicola NF00204
Ascotaiwania lignicola N L00005
82 / 1.0
Savoryellaceae
Savoryellales
Pleurothecium semifecundum CBS 131271
100 / 1.0
99 / 1.0
Carpoligna pleurothecii CBS 114211
Conioscyphascus varius CBS 113653
82 / 1.0
Conioscypha japonica CBS 387.84
Hydea pygmea NBRC 33069
Lulworthia fucicola ATCC 64288
97 / 1.0
99 / 1.0
Lulworthiaceae
Cumulospora marina MF 46
100 / 1.0
Lulworthlales
Lindra thalassiae AFTOL D 413
Koralionastes ellipticus JK5769
93 / 1.0
68 / -
Botryotinia fuckeliana AFTOL D 59
100 / 1.0
Exophiala dermatitidis AFTOL
Dothidea sambuci DAOM 231303
0.2
Fig. 2 (continued)
Koralionastetaceae
Leotia lubrica OSC 100001
Koralionastetales
Fungal Diversity
Calosphaeriales M.E. Barr, Mycologia 75(1): 11 (1983)
This small order was introduced by Barr (1985). It presently comprises Calosphaeriaceae and Pleurostomataceae
(Figs. 1 and 2). The taxa belonging to the order mainly comprise simple, dark perithecia, unitunicate asci, and hyaline to
slightly pigmented, ellipsoid to allantoid ascospores (Réblová
et al. 2004). It forms a sister clade to the order Jobellisiales
(Figs. 1 and 2).
Chaetosphaeriales Huhndorf et al., Mycologia 96(2): 378
(2004)
This order was introduced in Sordariomycetidae based on
molecular analysis of LSU nrDNA sequence data by
Huhndorf et al. (2004). In our phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 1),
Chaetosphaeriales is close to Boliniales and Phyllachorales.
The order comprises Chaetosphaeriaceae with 35 genera and
Helminthosphaeriaceae with seven genera.
Coniochaetales Huhndorf et al., Mycologia 96(2): 378 (2004)
This order was introduced by Huhndorf et al. (2004) and
incorporates a single family Coniochaetaceae with three genera. Cordanales is a sister order and Papulospora
(Papulospoaceae) is basal to Coniochaetiaceae and may also
require its own order. Coniochaetaceae differs from
Sordariaceae and related families in having ascospores with
elongate germ slits (Malloch and Cain 1971).
Cordanales Hernández-Restrepo et al., Phytotaxa (in press)
This order was introduced by Hernández-Restrepo et al.
(2015) to accommodate the family Cordanaceae with a single
genus Cordana. Morphologically it is easily distinguished
from its sister order Coniochaetales (Coniochaetaceae) by
having a basal stroma, ascospores without germ slits and
polyblastic asexual morphs (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2015).
Coronophorales Nannf., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. upsal.,
Ser. 4 8(no. 2): 54 (1932)
The wood inhabiting order Coronophorales comprises
Bertiaceae, Ceratostomataceae, Chaetosphaerellaceae,
Coronophoraceae, Nitschkiaceae and Scortechiniaceae. The
taxa in the order are characterised by mostly superficial
ascomata, sometimes with an extensive hyphal subiculum or
well developed basal stroma that often becomes cupulate or
collapsed, and in some cases the ostiolar opening is either
indistinct or lacking (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2010).
Diaporthales Nannf., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. upsal., Ser. 4
8(no. 2): 53 (1932)
The order Diaporthales comprises 12 families which are
Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthaceae, Gnomoniaceae,
Harknessiaceae, Melanconidaceae, Pseudoplagiostomataceae,
Pseudovalsaceae, Schizoparmeaceae, Stilbosporaceae,
Sydowiellaceae, Tirisporellaceae and Valsaceae. The family
Tirisporellaceae will be introduced by Suetrong et al.
(2015) to accommodate a basal clade of Diaporthales
comprising the marine ascomycete geneus Tirisporella
and the freshwater genus Thailandiomyces. Members of
Diaporthales are pathogens, parasites, and endophytes
of plants, human-animal pathogens, saprobes and soil
inhabitants (Rossman et al. 2007). The order
Diaporthales is characterized by perithecia with an elongate beak, often formingwithin stromatic tissues
(Rossman et al. 2007). Asci generally deliquesce at the
base when mature and have a characteristic refractive
apical annulus.
Falcocladiales R.H. Perera, Maharachch., S. Somrithipol, S.
Suetrong & K.D. Hyde, ordo novus
Type family: Falcocladiaceae
Index Fungorum number: IF551132; Facesoffungi No.:
FoF 00606
This monotypic order in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae
is introduced to accommodate the family Falcocladiaceae.
Members of this family are saprobes on leaf litter and leaves
including Eucalyptus grandis and E. camaldulensis in tropical, terrestrial habitats (Crous et al. 1994; Jones et al. 2014).
Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata
hyaline, sporodochial or synnematal, or penicillate, arising
from the mycelium or from a stroma or from microsclerotia,
thick-walled with non-septate stipe extensions that terminate
in thin-walled sphaeropendunculate vesicles. Conidiophores
hyaline, non to multi-septate, branched, forming three series
of branches per conidioma (primary, secondary and tertiary),
subcylindical. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, arranged in 2–6
whorls, necks elongate, with minute collarettes. Conidia transseptate, hyaline, falcate, with short apical and basal appendages (Jones et al. 2014).
Type species: Falcocladium multivesiculatum S.F.
Silveira et al.
Notes: The order presently includes one hyphomycetous
asexual genus Falcocladium introduced by Crous et al.
(1994). Jones et al. (2014) introduced the monotypic family
Falcocladiaceae based on SSU and LSU sequence data to
accommodate the members of genus Falcocladium and suggested further taxon sampling was needed to determine its
ordinal status. There is no recorded sexual morph for this
order. In the molecular analysis (Figs. 1 and 2)
Falcocladiales is most closely related to the order
Coronophorales.
Glomerellales Chadef. ex Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1):
170 (2011a, b)
Chadefaud (1960) had proposed the order BGlomérellales^
but without a Latin diagnosis and the name was thus invalid.
The order Glomerellales was therefore validly published by
Réblová et al. (2011a) in the class Sordariomycetes and
Fungal Diversity
comprised three families Australiascaceae, Reticulascaceae
and Glomerellaceae. The introduction was based on analysis
of ITS1, 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 (ITS), nc28S (LSU) rDNA, and
nc18S (SSU) rDNA datasets, and a combined data set of LSUSSU-RPB2.
Hypocreales Lindau, in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam.,
Teil. I (Leipzig) 1(1): 343 (1897)
Members of the Hypocreales are highly diverse in the tropics and subtropics (Põldmaa 2011). This larger order is represent by Bionectriaceae, Clavicipitaceae, Cordycipitaceae,
Hypocreaceae, Nectriaceae, Niessliaceae,
Ophiocordycipitaceae, Stachy botriaceae and
Tilachlidiaceae. In the phylogenetic analysis (Figs. 1 and 2)
it form s a sister clade to Trichosphaeriales and
Falcocladiales.
Jobellisiales D’souza & K.D. Hyde, ordo novus
Type family: Jobellisiaceae
Index Fungorum number: IF551134; Facesoffungi No.:
FoF 00621
Jobellisiales is a monotypic order in the class
Sordariomycetes, subclass Diaporthomycetidae. It includes a
single family Jobellisiaceae characterized by saprobic
lignicolous taxa found in terrestrial and freshwater habitats.
Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial, basally immersed,
brown to black, or externally with yellowish pigments, papillate perithecial. Peridium 3-layered, with an orange, middle
wall layer. Hamathecium with paraphyses. Asci unitunicate,
cylindrical, with a large, refractive, J-, apical ring. Ascospores
uniseriate, 1-septate, coloured, with germ pores. Asexual
morph: Undetermined.
Type species: Jobellisia luteola (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr
Notes: This order encompasses taxa that possess relatively
large, superficial ascomata, a three layered, thick peridium,
cylindrical asci and one septate ascospores. Ascomata of
Jobellisia luteola (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr are peculiar in
appearing orange to yellow brown, whereas those of J. barrii
Huhndorf et al. and J. viridifusca K.M. Tsui & K.D. Hyde have
a bright orange middle wall layer (Ranghoo et al. 2001, Liu
et al. 2012). The family Jobellisiaceae was introduced by
Réblová (2008) as a monotypic family and currently includes
seven species. Réblová (2008) using LSU rDNA sequence
analysis showed that the closest relatives to Jobellisiaceae are
Diaporthales, Calosphaeriales and Togniniaceae. No asexual
morph is reported for this order. In our phylogenetic analysis
(Figs. 1 and 2) this order is closest to Calosphaeriales.
Koralionastetales Kohlm. et al., Mycol. Res. 113(3): 377
(2009)
Based on the combined dataset of SSU and LSU rDNA
sequences and morphological characters the genera
Koralionastes and Pontogeneia were assigned to the new order Koralionastetales (Campbell et al. 2009).
Koralionastetales shows phylogenetic affinities to
Lulworthiales, but differences in morphology are expressed
in the ascospores and the presence/absence of periphyses
and paraphyses (Campbell et al. 2009).
Lulworthiales Kohlm. et al., Mycologia 92(3): 456 (2000)
Kohlmeyer et al. (2000) assigned two genera Lulworthia
and Lindra, to this new order and the new family
(Lulworthiaceae). Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010) showed that a
number of asxual morphs also belong in this family, ie
Halazoon, Hydea and Orbimyces. Members of Lulworthiales
lack an apical apparatus in the asci and sexual morphs members
of the Lulworthiales have ascospores with apical chambers
from which mucilage is released (Campbell et al. 2005) and
together with the order Koralionastes belong to the new subclass Lulworthiomycetidae introduced in this study.
Magnaportha`les Thongk. et al., Fungal Diversity 34: 166
(2009)
A phylogenetic study of Pyricularia and related genera in
Magnaporthales by Klaubauf et al. (2014) resulted in the introduction of two new families, Ophioceraceae and
Pyriculariaceae. Ophioceraceae comprises a single genus
Ophioceras, containing species that mostly occur on wood
submerged in freshwater. Magnaporthaceae was considered
to include Buergenerula, Bussabanomyces, Endopyricularia,
Gaeumannomyces, Harpophora, Magnaporthiopsis,
Nakataea, Omnidemptus, Pyriculariopsis and Slopeiomyces
with Nakataea as the correct name for the type of the family.
The new genus Kohlmeyeriopsis was introduced based on
molecular data and morphology. Pyriculariaceae was introduced and included Deightoniella and Pyricularia, and the
new genera Bambusicularia, Barretomyces,
Macgarvieomyces, Neopyricularia, Proxipyricularia,
Pseudopyricularia and Xenopyricularia.
Melanosporales N. Zhang & M. Blackw., in Hibbett et al.,
Mycol. Res. 111(5): 531 (2007)
This order was suggested in Zhang et al. (2006) but not
validly published; it was formaly introduced by Hibbett
et al. (2007) to accommodate Melanospora and
Sphaerodes in Ceratostomataceae. Melanosporales forms a
sister clade to Coronophorales in the present phylogenetic
analysis (Figs. 1 and 2).
Meliolales Gäum et al., Syst. Ascom. 5(1): 180 (1986)
This order was introduced by Eriksson and
Hawksworth (1985) and it accommodates a single family
Meliolaceae, which are the black mildews and comprise
more than 26 genera. This group is unique in producing
black web-like colonies on the host, comprising superficial brown to black mycelium with appressoria
(Hosagoudar 2004). Until recently the family was thought
Fungal Diversity
to be a member of Dothideomycetes (Huhndorf and
Lumbsch 2007).
Microascales Luttr. et al., Mycotaxon 12(1): 40 (1980)
The order Microascales was introduced by Benny and
Kimbrough (1980) to accommodate Chadefaudiellaceae,
Microascaceae and Pithoascaceae, and later expanded to include Ceratocystidaceae, Gondwanamycetaceae,
Halosphaeriaceae and Graphiaceae (Réblová et al. 2011a).
Ophiostomatales Benny & Kimbr., Mycotaxon 12(1): 48
(1980)
This order was introduced by Benny and Kimbrough
(1980) for the family Ophiostomataceae; plus Kathistaceae
was added by Malloch and Blackwell (1990). In present study
Ophiostomatales forms a well supported sister clade to
Magnaporthales.
Phyllachorales M.E. Barr, Mycologia 75(1): 11 (1983)
The order Phyllachorales was introduced by Barr
(1983) comprising two clades, viz. Phaeochoraceae and
Phyllachoraceae. This order is distinctive as the species
are biotrophs on various hosts, where they form bright or
black stroma (Pearce and Hyde 1994). Asci are
unitunicate and ascospores are hyaline or lightly
pigmented (Barr 1983; Pearce and Hyde 1993a, b, 1994,
Pearce et al. 2001). In our phylogenetic study (Figs. 1 and
2), molecular data from a species of Phyllachoraceae confirmed that Phyllachorales can be included in
Sordariomycetidae with higher support.
Pisorisporiales Réblová & J. Fourn., Persoonia 34: 43 (2015)
This monotypic order was introduced by Réblová et al.
(2015) based on LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data. It
currently includes the family Pisorisporiaceae. In their
analyses, the Pisorisporiales nested in a weakly supported
clade sister to the orders Lulworthiales and
Koralionastetales and is included here in
Sordariomycetes subclass incertae sedis.
Sordariales Chadef. ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss., Syst.
Ascom. 5(1): 182 (1986)
This order was introduced by Eriksson and Hawksworth
(1985) and is well-supported in the phylogenetic tree (Figs. 1
and 2). It comprises three families viz. Chaetomiaceae,
Sordariaceae and Lasiosphaeriaceae sensu lato. Most species
either grow on dung or decaying substrata such as wood or are
aquatic growing on submerged wood (Zhang et al. 2006). The
Sordariales are characterized by membraneous or coriaceous
ascomata, and hyaline or brown ascospores often with appendages or sheaths (Zhang et al. 2006). Our molecular tree
(Figs. 1 and 2) places the order in the subclass
Sordariomycetidae.
Savoryellales Boonyuen et al., in Boonyuen et al., Mycologia
103(6): 1368 (2011)
The taxonomic placement of the genus Savoryella has been
widely debated and Jones et al. (2009a, b) referred it to the
Sordariales genera incertae sedis. Boonyuen et al. (2011), in a
combined phylogenetic analysis of Savoryella species (LSU,
SSU, 5.8S rRNA genes, RPB1, RPB2, TEF), showed that
they formed a monophyletic group in the Sordariomycetes,
but showed no affinities with other accepted orders. The order
Savoryellales was introduced to accommodate Savoryella
species, along with the genera Ascotaiwania, Ascothailandia
(and its asexual morph Canalisporium), as they formed a distinct lineage in the Sordariomycetes (Boonyuen et al. 2011).
Togniniales Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, ordo novus
Type family: Togniniaceae
Index Fungorum no: IF551049; Facesoffungi number: FoF
00592
Togniniales is a monotypic order in the class
Sordariomycetes, subclass Diaporthomycetidae. It includes a
single family Togniniaceae containing species saprobic on
dead wood. Sexual morph: Ascomata lacking stromatic tissues, perithecial, with 1–3 necks. Hamathecium comprising
paraphyses. Asci 8 or poly-sporous, unitunicate, clavate, with
sessile bases, occurring on hyaline and branched ascogenous
hyphae. Ascospores hyaline and unicellular. Asexual morph:
Conidiophores long or short, branched or unbranched.
Conidia hyaline, aseptate.
Type species: Togninia minima (Tul. & C. Tul.) Berl.
Notes: This monotypic order is introduced based on its
phylogenetic and morphological distinctiveness to accommodate a single family, Togniniaceae comprising the sexual morph genera Conidiotheca and Togninia and the
asexual morph genus Phaeoacremonim (Réblová and
Mostert 2007). Togniniaceae had been placed in
Calosphaeriales based on both unique morphological
characters and phylogeny (Mostert et al. 2003). Mostert
et al. (2006) placed Togniniaceae in Diaporthales based
on SSU and LSU rRNA gene analysis. In this study
To g n i n i a c e a e f o r m s a d i s t i n c t c l a d e b a s a l t o
Diaporthales in the subclass Diaportheomycetidae and is
sister to Diaporthales and Calosphaeriales. Hence, we
exclude Togniniaceae from Diaporthales and introduce a
new order Togniniales.
Trichosphaeriales M.E. Barr, Mycologia 75(1): 11 (1983)
This order was introduced by Barr (1983) based on
Trichosphaeria pilosa (Pers.) Fuckel. The current classification of Trichosphaeriales recognizes only one family, the terrestrial Trichosphaeriaceae. Trichosphaeriaceae has affinities
with Papulosporaceae and Thyridiaceae, however until more
collections and data become available it is better to maintain
these familes.
Fungal Diversity
Xylariales Nannf., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. upsal., Ser. 4
8(no. 2): 66 (1932)
The Xylariales is a large order of perithecial ascomycetes
with eight-spored unitunicate asci, with a J+, apical apparatus
(Smith et al. 2003). Presently there are 11 families accepted in
Xylariales; Amphisphaeriaceae, Apiosporaceae, Cainiaceae,
Clypeosphaeriaceae, Coniocessiaceae, Diatrypaceae,
Graphostromataceae, Hyponectriaceae, Melogrammataceae,
Vialaeaceae and Xylariaceae.
Outline of Sordariomycetes, 31 December 2014
Class SORDARIOMYCETES sensu O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Diaportheomycetidae Senan. et al.
Annulatascales D’souza et al.*
Annulatascaceae S.W. Wong et al.
Annulatascus K.D. Hyde$
Annulusmagnus J. Campb. & Shearer
Aqualignicola V.M. et al.#$
Aquaticola W.H. Ho et al.
Ascitendus J. Campb. & Shearer
Ayria Fryar & K.D. Hyde#
Cataractispora K.D. Hyde et al.$
Chaetorostrum Zelski et al.*#
Clohiesia K.D. Hyde$
Cyanoannulus Raja et al.$
Diluviocola K.D. Hyde et al.#
Fusoidispora D. Vijaykrishna et al.$
Longicollum Zelski et al.*#
Pseudoproboscispora Punith.$
Rhamphoria Niessl.$
Submersisphaeria K.D. Hyde$
Torrentispora K.D. Hyde et al.#
Vertexicola K.D. Hyde et al.$
Calosphaeriales M.E. Barr
Calosphaeriaceae Munk
Calosphaeria Tul. & C Tul.*
= Calosphaeriophora Réblová et al.
Jattaea Berl*$
= Phragmocalosphaeria Petr.
= Wegelina Berl.
Kacosphaeria Speg.#
Sulcatistroma A.W. Ramaley#
Togniniella Réblová et al.*$
= Phaeocrella Réblová et al.
Tulipispora Révay & J. Gönczöl, in Révay et al.#
Pleurostomataceae Réblová et al.
Pleurostoma Tul. & C. Tul.$
= Pleurostomophora Vijaykr. et al.$
Calosphaeriales genera, incertae sedis
Enchnoa Fr.#
Coniochaetales Huhndorf et al.
Coniochaetaceae Malloch & Cain
Barrina A.W. Ramaley
Coniochaeta (Sacc.) Cooke$
Lecythophora Nannf$
Cordanales M. Hern.-Rest. & Crous
Cordanaceae Nann.
Cordana Preuss$
= Porosphaerella E. Müll. & Samuels
Diaporthales Nannf.
Cryphonectriaceae Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
Amphilogia Gryzenh. et al.
Aurantiosacculus Dyko & B. Sutton*
Aurapex Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
Aurifilum Begoude et al.
Celoporthe Nakab. et al.
Chromendothia Lar.N. Vassiljeva$
Chrysocrypta Crous & Summerell*
Chrysoporthe Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.*
= Chrysoporthella Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
Cryphonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc.$
Cryptometrion Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.*$
Diversimorbus S.F. Chen & J. Roux*
Endothia Fr.
Endothiella Sacc.
Foliocryphia Cheewangkoon & Crous
Holocryphia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
Immersiporthe S.F. Chen et al.*
Lasmenia Speg.*
Latruncellus M. Verm. Et al.
Luteocirrhus C.F. Crane & T.I. Burgess*$
Mastigosporella Höhn.
Microthia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
Rostraureum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
Ursicollum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.
Diaporthaceae Höhn. ex Wehm.
Allantoporthe Petr.#
Apioporthella Petr.#
Clypeoporthella Petr.*#
Diaporthe Nitschke*$
= Phomopsis (Sacc) Bubák*
Diaporthella Petr.
Diaporthopsis Fabre#
Leucodiaporthe M.E. Barr & Lar.N. Vassiljeva#
Mazzantia Mont.$
Mazzantiella Höhn. #
Fungal Diversity
Ophiodiaporthe Y.M. Ju et al.*$
Pustulomyces D.Q. Dai et al.*
Gnomoniaceae G. Winter
Alnecium Voglmayr & Jaklitsch
Ambarignomonia Sogonov
Amphiporthe Petr.
Anisomyces Theiss. & Syd.#
Apiognomonia Höhn.
Apioplagiostoma M.E. Barr
Asteroma DC
Bagcheea E. Müll. & R. Menon#
Clypeoporthe Höhn.#
Cryptosporella Sacc.$
Cylindrosporella Höhn.#
Depazea Fr.#
Diplacella Syd.#
= Discosporium Höhn.#
= Discula Sacc.
Ditopella De Not.
Ditopellopsis J. Reid & C. Booth
Gloeosporidina Petr.#
Gnomonia Ces. & De Not.$
Gnomoniella Sacc.
Gnomoniopsis Berl.
Mamiania Ces & De Not.#
Millerburtonia Cif #
Occultocarpon L.C. Mejía & Zhu L. Yang*
Ophiognomonia (Sacc.) Sacc.
Phragmoporthe Petr.
Phylloporthe Syd.#
Plagiostoma Fuckel*$
= Cryptodiaporthe Petr.
= Diplodina Westend
Pleuroceras Riess.
= Linospora Fuckel
Skottsbergiella Petr.#
Sirococcus Preuss*
Spataporthe Bronson et al.*#
Uniseta Ciccar#
Xenotypa Petr.#
Zythia Fr.
Harknessiaceae Crous*
Harknessia Cooke*$
Melanconidaceae G. Winter
Botanamphora Nograsek & Scheuer#
Ceratoporthe Petr.#
Cytomelanconis Naumov#
Dicarpella Syd. & P. Syd.
Dictyoporthe Petr.#
Fremineavia Nieuwl.#
Gibellia Sacc.#
Hypophloeda K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones*#
Kensinjia J. Reid & C. Booth#
Macrodiaporthe Petr.#
Massariovalsa Sacc.#
Mebarria J. Reid & C. Booth#
Melanamphora Lafl.#
Melanconiella Sacc.*
Melanconiopsis Ellis & Everh.#*
Melanconis Tul. & C. Tul.$
Melanconium Link
Phragmodiaporthe Wehm.#
Plagiophiale Petr.#
Plagiostigme Syd.#
Prosthecium Fresen.
Prostratus Sivan. et al.#
Pseudovalsella Höhn.#
Wehmeyera J. Reid & C. Booth#
Wuestneia Auersw. ex Fuckel
Wuestneiopsis J. Reid & Dowsett#
Pseudoplagiostomataceae Cheew. et al.
Pseudoplagiostoma Cheew. et al.$
Pseudovalsaceae M.E. Barr
Apoharknessia Crous & S.J. Lee
Coryneum Nees#
Pseudovalsa Ces. & De Not.$
Schizoparmeaceae Rossman
Coniella Höhn.
= Baeumleria Petr. & Syd.
Pilidiella Petr. & Syd.$
Schizoparme Shear$
Stilbosporaceae Link*
Natarajania Pratibha & Bhat
Stilbospora Pers.
Stegonsporium Corda
Sydowiellaceae Lar.N. Vassiljeva
Cainiella E. Müll.$
Calosporella J. Schröt
Chapeckia M.E. Barr
Hapalocystis Auersw. ex Fuckel$
Lambro Racib.#
Rossmania Lar.N. Vassiljeva$
Sillia P. Karst.
Stegophora Syd. & P. Syd.#
Sydowiella Petr.$
Uleoporthe Petr.#
Winterella (Sacc.) Kuntze
Fungal Diversity
Tirisporellaceae Suetrong et al.
Tirisporella E.B.G. Jones et al.$
Thailandiomyces Pinruan et al.$
Valsaceae Tul. & C. Tul.
Amphicytostroma Petr#
Chadefaudiomyces Kamat et al.#
Cryptascoma Ananthap.#
Cytospora Ehrenb.*$
= Leucostoma (Nitschke) Höhn.$
= Valsa Fr.$
= Valsella Fuckel$
= Valseutypella Höhn.
Ditopellina J. Reid & C. Booth#
Durispora K.D. Hyde#
Harpostroma Höhn.*#
Hypospilina (Sacc) Traverso#
Kapooria J. Reid & C. Booth#
Leptosillia Höhn.#
Maculatipalma J. Fröhlich & K.D. Hyde
Pachytrype Berl. ex M.E. Barr et al.*
Paravalsa Ananthapadm.#
Diaporthales, genera incertae sedis
Argentinomyces N.I. Peña & Aramb.*#
Anisogramma Theiss. & Syd.$
Anisomycopsis I. Hino & Katum.#
Apiosporopsis (Traverso) Mariani$
= Sphaerognomonia Potebnia ex Höhn.
Apomelasmia Grove#
Auratiopycnidiella Crous & Summerell*
Bagadiella Cheew. & Crous*
Caudospora Starbäck#
Chaetoconis Clem.*
Cryptoleptosphaeria Petr.#
Cryptonectriella (Höhn.) Weese#
Cryptonectriopsis (Höhn.) Weese#
Diatrypoidiella Manohar et al.#
Disculoides Crous et al.*
Dwiroopa Subram. & Muthumary#
Erythrogloeum Petr.*
Exormatostoma Gray#
Greeneria Scribn. & Viala*
Gyrostroma Naumov*
Hercospora Fr.
Hyalorostratum Raja & Shearer*
Hypodermina Höhn.#
Keinstirschia J. Reid & C. Booth#
Lollipopaia Inderbitzin
Macrohilum H.J. Swart
Mamianiella Höhn.
Pseudocryptosporella J. Reid & C. Booth#
Pseudothis Theiss. & Syd.#
Rabenhorstia Fr.
Savulescua Petr.#
Stenocarpella Syd. & P. Syd.$
Sphaerognomoniella Naumov & Kusnezowa#
Stioclettia Dennis#
Trematovalsa Jacobesco#
Tubakia B. Sutton
Valsalnicola D.M. Walker & Rossman*
Vismaya V.V. Sarma & K.D. Hyde#
Jobellisiales D’souza & K.D. Hyde*
Jobellisiaceae Réblová
Jobellisia M.E. Barr$
Magnaporthales Thongk. et al.*
Magnaporthaceae P.F. Cannon
Buergenerula Syd.$
Bussabanomyces Klaubauf et al.$
Ceratosphaerella Huhndorf et al.
Ceratosphaeria Niessl.
Clasterosphaeria Sivan.#
Clasterosporium Schwein#
Clavatisporella K.D. Hyde#
Gaeumannomyces Arx & D.L. Olivier
Harpophora W. Gams
Herbampulla Scheuer & Nograsek#
Kohlmeyeriopsis Klaubauf et al.
Magnaporthe R.A. Krause & R.K. Webster$
Magnaporthiopsis J. Luo & N. Zhang*
Muraeriata Huhndorf et al.
Mycoleptodiscus Ostaz.
Nakataea Hara
Omnidemptus P.F. Cannon & Alcorn
Phomatospora Sacc.*
Pyriculariopsis M.B. Ellis
Slopeiomyces Klaubauf et al.$
Ophioceraceae Klaubauf et al.*
Ophioceras Sacc.*$
Pyriculariaceae Klaubauf et al.
Bambusicularia Klaubauf et al.*$
Barretomyces Klaubauf et al.*
Deightoniella S. Hughes*
= Utrechtiana Crous & Quaedvl.*$
Macgarvieomyces Klaubauf et al.*
Neopyricularia Klaubauf et al.*
Proxipyricularia Klaubauf et al.*
Pseudopyricularia Klaubauf et al.*$
Pyricularia Sacc.*$
Xenopyricularia Klaubauf et al.*
Fungal Diversity
Magnaporthales, genera incertae sedis
Pseudohalonectria Minoura & T. Muroi$
Trichosphaeria Fuckel
Unisetosphaeria Pinnoi et al.#
Ophiostomatales Benny & Kimbr.
Kathistaceae Malloch & M. Blackw.
Kathistes Malloch & M. Blackw.
Mattirolella S. Colla#
Termitariopsis M. Blackw. et al.#
Diaportheomycetidae, families incertae sedis
Papulosaceae Winka & O.E. Erikss.
Brunneosporella V.M. Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde#
Fluminicola S.W. Wong et al.#
Papulosa Kohlm & Volkm-Kohlm*$
Ophiostomataceae Nannf.
Ceratocystiopsis H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr.$
Fragosphaeria Shear$
Hyalobelemnospora Matsush.#
Hyalorhinocladiella H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr.
Klasterskya Petr.#
Leptographium Lagerb. & Melin
Ophiostoma Syd. & P. Syd.$
Pesotum JL Crane & Schokn.
Phialographium H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr.
Raffaelea Arx & Hennebert$
Spumatoria Massee & E.S. Salmon#
Subbaromyces Hesselt.
Thyridiaceae O.E. Erikss & J.Z. Yue
Mattirolia Berl. & Bres.#
= Balzania Speg.*#
=Thyronectroidea Seaver#
Pleurocytospora Petr.#
Thyridium Nitschke$
Diaportheomycetidae, genera incertae sedis
Platytrachelon Réblová*
Subclass Hypocreomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka*$
Ophiostiomatales, genera incertae sedis
Lanspora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones*
Coronophorales Nannf.*
Bertiaceae Smyk*
Bertia De Not.$
Gaillardiella Pat.*$
Togniniales I.C. Senanayake et al.*
Togniniaceae Réblová et al.
Conidiotheca Réblová & L. Mostert#
Phaeoacremonium W. Gams et al.*$
Togninia Berl.$
= Romellia Berl.
Chaetosphaerellaceae Huhndorf et al.*
Chaetosphaerella E. Müll. & C. Booth$
Crassochaeta Réblová$
Oedemium Link*#
= Veramycina Subram.
Spinulosphaeria Sivan.$
Trichosphaeriales M.E. Barr
Trichosphaeriaceae G. Winter
Acanthosphaeria Kirschst.#
Brachysporium Sacc.#
Collematospora Jeng & Cain#
Coniobrevicolla Réblová#
Cresporhaphis M.B. Aguirre#
Cryptadelphia Réblová & Seifert$
Eriosphaeria Sacc.#
Fluviostroma Samuels & E. Müll.#
Kananascus Nag Raj
Khuskia H.J. Huds.
Koorchaloma Subram.
Neorehmia Höhn.#
Oplothecium Syd.#
Rizalia Syd. & P. Syd.#
Schweinitziella Speg.#
Setocampanula Sivan. & W.H. Hsieh#
Coronophoraceae Höhn.*
Coronophora Fuckel$
Nitschkiaceae (Fitzp) Nannf.*
Acanthonitschkea Speg.$
Biciliosporina Subram. & Sekar#
Botryola Bat. & J.L. Bezerra#
Fracchiaea Sacc.$
Groenhiella Jørg. Koch et al.*#
Janannfeldtia Subram. & Sekar#
Lasiosphaeriopsis D. Hawksw. & Sivan.#
Loranitschkia Lar.N. Vasiljeva#
Neochaetosphaerella Lar.N. Vassiljeva et al.*#
Neotrotteria Sacc.
Nitschkia G.H. Otth ex P. Karst.$
Rhagadostoma Körb.#
Rhagadostomella Etayo#
Tortulomyces Lar.N. Vassiljeva et al.*#
Fungal Diversity
Scortechiniaceae Huhndorf et al.*
Biciliospora Petr.*
Coronophorella Höhn.
Cryptosphaerella Sacc.*$
Euacanthe Theiss.
Neofracchiaea Teng$
Scortechinia Sacc.$
Scortechiniella Arx & E. Müll.
Scortechiniellopsis Sivan.$
Tympanopsis Starbäck$
Coronophorales, genera incertae sedis
Pseudocatenomycopsis Crous & L.A. Shuttlew.*$
Falcocladiales R.H. Perera et al.*
Falcocladiaceae Somrithipol et al.*
Falcocladium S.F. Silveira et al.*$
Glomerellales Chadef. ex Réblová et al.
Australiascaceae Réblová & W. Gams*
Australiasca Sivan. & Alcorn*$
Hyalocylindrophora J.L. Crane & Dumont#
Monilochaetes Halst. ex Harter*$
= Dischloridium B. Sutton
Glomerellaceae Locq. ex Seifert & W. Gams
Colletotrichum Corda*$
= Glomerella Spauld. & Schrenk
Plectosphaerellaceae W. Gams et al.*
Acrostalagmus Corda$
Gibellulopsis Bat. & H. Maia*$
Lectera P.F. Cannon*$
Musicillium Zare & W Gams*$
Plectosphaerella Kleb.*$
= Plectosporium M.E. Palm et al.
= Spermosporina U. Braun
Stachylidium Link*$
Verticillium Nees*$
Reticulascaceae Réblová & W. Gams*
Cylindrotrichum Bonord.*
= Reticulascus Réblová & W. Gams*$
Kylindria DiCosmo et al.$
Sporoschismopsis Hol-Jech. & Hennebert*
= Porosphaerellopsis Samuels & E. Müll.$
Glomerellales, genera, incertae sedis
Ascocodinaea Samuels et al.
Hypocreales Lindau*
Bionectriaceae Samuels & Rossman*
= Spicariaceae Nann.
Acremonium Link*
Anthonectria Döbbeler*#
Aphanotria Döbbeler#
Battarrina (Sacc.) Clem. & Shear#
Clonostachys Corda*
= Bionectria Speg.$
Bryocentria Döbbeler*
Clibanites (P. Karst.) P. Karst.#
Didymostilbe Henn*
Dimerosporiella Speg.#
Gliomastix Guég.*
Globonectria Etayo#
Gracilistilbella Seifert#
Halonectria E.B.G. Jones*#
Heleococcum P.M. Jørg.*$
Hydropisphaera Dumort*$
Ijuhya Starbäck*
Lasionectria (Sacc) Cooke
Mycocitrus Möller#
Nectriella Nitschke ex Fuckel#
Nectriopsis Maire
Ochronectria Rossman & Samuels
Ovicuculospora Etayo
Paranectria Sacc.#
Peristomialis (W. Phillips) Boud.
Pronectria Clem.#
Protocreopsis Yoshim Doi*$
Rhopalocladium Schroers et al.#
Roumegueriella Speg.$
Selinia P. Karst.
Spicellum Nicot & Roquebert
Stephanonectria Schroers & Samuels
Stilbocrea Pat.
Stromatocrea W.B. Cooke#
Stromatonectria Jaklitsch & H. Voglmayr*
Trichonectria Kirschst.
Vesicladiella Crous & M.J. Wingf.
Verrucostoma Hirooka et al.*
Virgatospora Finley
Clavicipitaceae (Lindau) Earle ex Rogerson
Aciculosporium I. Miyake
= Albomyces I. Miyake#
= Mitosporium Clem. & Shear
Amphichorda Fr.#
Atkinsonella Diehl.
Balansia Speg.
= Dothichloë G.F. Atk.
Cavimalum Yoshim. Doi et al.#
Chamaeleomyces Sigler
Claviceps Tul.$
Conoideocrella D. Johnson et al.
Corallocytostroma Y.N. Yu & Z.Y. Zhang
Fungal Diversity
Diploöspora Grove#
Dussiella Pat.
Ephelis Fr.
Epichloë (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul.$
Epicrea Petr.#
Helminthascus Tranzschel#
Heteroepichloë E. Tanaka et al.
Hypocrella Sacc.$
= Aschersonia Mont.
Konradia Racib.#
Loculistroma F. Patt & Charles#
Metacordyceps G.H. Sung et al.
Metarhiziopsis D.W. Li et al.
Metarhizium Sorokīn
Metapochonia Kepler et al.*
Moelleriella Bres.
Mycomalus Möller#
Myriogenospora G.F. Atk.
Neobarya Lowen
Neoclaviceps J. White et al.
Neocordyceps Kobayasi#
Neotyphodium Glenn et al.
Nigrocornus Ryley & Langdon
Nomuraea Maubl.
Orbiocrella D. Johnson et al.
Parepichloë F.J. White Jr. & Reddy
Periglandula U. Steineret al.*
Pochonia Bat. & O.M. Fonseca
Pseudogibellula Samson & H.C. Evans
Pseudomeria G.L. Barron#
Regiocrella Chaverri & K.T. Hodge*
Romanoa Thirum.#
Rotiferophthora G.L. Barron
Samuelsia Chaverri & K.T. Hodge*
Shimizuomyces Kobayasi$
Sphacelia Lév.
Sphaerocordyceps Kobayasi#
Stereocrea Syd. & P. Syd.#
Tyrannicordyceps Kepler & Spatafora
Ustilaginoidea Bref.
= Villosiclava E. Tanaka & C. Tanaka
Cordycipitaceae Kreisel ex G.M. Sung et al.
Akanthomyces Lebert
Ascopolyporus Möller$
Beauveria Vuill.*
Cordyceps (Fr.) Link$
Gibellula Cavara$
Granulomanus de Hoog & Samson#
Hyperdermium J. White et al.$
Isaria Pers.
Lecanicillium W. Gams & Zare
Microhilum H.Y. Yip & A.C. Rath
Simplicillium W. Gams & Zare
Syspastospora P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw.
Torrubiella Boud.$
Hypocreaceae De Not.
= Trichodermataceae Fr.
Aphysiostroma Barrasa et al.
Arachnocrea Z. Moravec.
Cladobotryum Nees
Dialhypocrea Speg.#
Escovopsis J.J. Muchovej & Della Lucia*
Escovopsioides H.C. Evans & J.O. Augustin*
Hypocreopsis P. Karst.*
Hypomyces (Fr.) Tul.*
Mycogone Link
Payoshaeria W.F. Leong*
Protocrea Petch
Pseudohypocrea Yoshim. Doi#
Rogersonia Samuels & Lodge#
Sepedonium Link
Sibirina G.R.W. Arnold#
Sphaerostilbella (Henn.) Sacc. & D. Sacc*$
= Gliocladium Corda
Sporophagomyces K. Põldmaa & Samuels
Stephanoma Wallr
Trichoderma Pers.*$
= Hypocrea Fr.$
= Sarawakus Lloyd
Nectriaceae Tul. & C. Tul.*
= Tuberculariaceae Fr.
Actinostilbe Petch*
= Lanatonectria Samuels & Rossman
Albonectria Rossman & Samuels
Allantonectria Earle*
Allonectella Petr.#
Antipodium Piroz.#
Atractium Link*
Aquanectria L. Lombard & Crous*
Baipadisphaeria Pinruan*$
Bisifusarium L. Lombard et al.*
Calonectria De Not.*
= Cylindrocladium Morgan
Calostilbe Sacc. & Syd.#
= Calostilbella Höhn.
Campylocarpon Halleen et al.
Chaetonectrioides Matsush.
Chaetopsina Rambelli$
Chaetopsinectria J Luo & WY Zhuang
Coccinonectria Lombard & Crous
Corallomycetella Henn.*
Corallonectria C. Herrera & P. Chaverri*
Fungal Diversity
Cosmospora Rabenh.*$
Curvicladiella Decock & Crous#
Curvicladium Decock & Crous
Cyanochyta Höhn.#
Cyanonectria Samuels & Chaverri
Cyanophomella Höhn.#
Cylindrocladiella Boesew.*
= Nectricladiella Crous & C.L. Schoch
Cylindrodendrum Bonord.*
Dacryoma Samuels#
Dematiocladium Allegr. et al.
Dialonectria (Sacc.) Cooke*
Fusarium Link *
= Gibberella Sacc.
Fusicolla Bonord*
Geejayessia Schroers et al.*
Gliocephalotrichum J.J. Ellis & Hesselt.*
= Leuconectria Rossman et al.
Gliocladiopsis S.B. Saksena*
Glionectria Crous & C.L. Schoch
Heliscus Sacc*
Ilyonectria P. Chaverri & C. Salgado*
Macroconia (Wollenw.) Gräfenhan et al.*
Mariannaea G. Arnaud ex Samson*
Microcera Desm.
Nalanthamala Subram.*
= Rubrinectria Rossman & Samuels
Nectria (Fr.) Fr.*$
= Tubercularia Tode
Neonectria Wollenw.*$
= Cylindrocarpon Wollenw.
Neocosmospora E.F. Sm.*
= Haematonectria Samuels & Nirenberg
Ophionectria Sacc.*
Paracremonium L. Lombard & Crous*
Penicillifer Emden
Persiciospora P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw.
Pleogibberella Sacc.#
Pleonectria Sacc.*
= Zythiostroma Höhn ex Falck
Pleurocolla Petr.
Pseudocosmospora C. Herrera & P. Chaverri
Pseudonectria Seaver
Rectifusarium Lombard et al.
Rodentomyces Doveri et al.*
Rugonectria P. Chaverri & Samuels*
Stachybotryna Tubaki & T. Yokoy#
Stalagmites Theiss. & Syd.#
Stylonectria Höhn.
Thelonectria P. Chaverri & C.G. Salgado*
Thyronectria Sacc.
Viridispora Samuels & Rossman$
Volutella Fr.
= Chaetodochium Höhn.#
Volutellonectria J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang*
Xenoacremonium Lombard & Crous
Xenocalonectria Crous & C.L. Schoch
= Xenocylindrocladium Decock et al.
Xenonectriella Weese#
Niessliaceae Kirschst.
Atronectria Etayo#
Circinoniesslia Samuels & M.E. Barr#
Cryptoniesslia Scheuer#
Eucasphaeria Crous*
Hyaloseta A.W. Ramaley#
Malmeomyces Starb.#
Melchioria Penz. & Sacc.#
Miyakeomyces Hara#
Myrmaeciella Lindau*#
Niesslia Auersw.*$
Paraniesslia K.M. Tsui et al.#
Pseudonectriella Petr.#
Pseudorhynchia Höhn.#
Rosasphaeria Jaklitsch & Voglmayr*
Taiwanascus Sivan. & H.S. Chang#
Trichosphaerella E. Bommer et al.#
Valetoniella Höhn.#
Ophiocordycipitaceae G.H. Sung et al.
Drechmeria W. Gams & H.B. Jansson
= Haptocillium W. Gams & Zare
Harposporium Lohde
= Atricordyceps Samuels
= Podocrella Seaver
= Polyrhina Sorokin
Ophiocordyceps Petch$
= Cordycepioideus Stifler
= Didymobotryopsis Henn
= Didymobotrys Clem. & Shear
= Hirsutella Pat
= Hymenostilbe Petch$
= Mahevia Lagarde
= Paraisaria Samson & B.L. Brady
= Sorosporella Sorokin
= Syngliocladium Petch#
= Synnematium Speare
= Trichosterigma Petch
= Troglobiomyces Pacioni
Polycephalomyces Kobayasi
= Blistum B. Sutton
Purpureocillium Luangsa-ard et al.*
Tolypocladium W. Gams
= Chaunopycnis W. Gams
= Elaphocordyceps G.H. Sung & Spatafora$
Fungal Diversity
Stachybotriaceae L. Lombard & Crous
Albosynnema E.F. Morris$
Myrothecium Tode*$
Parasarcopodium Melnik et al.$
Peethambara Subram. & Bhat*$
Sarcopodium Ehrenb.
Scopinella Lév.*$
Stachybotrys Corda*$
= Memnoniella Höhn.
= Ornatispora K.D. Hyde et al.
= Melanopsamma Niessl.
= Valsonectria Speg.
Tilachlidiaceae Lombard & Crous
Septofusidium W. Gams$
Tilachlidium Preuss$
Hypocreales, genera incertae sedis
Berkelella (Sacc.) Sacc.#
Bulbithecium Udagawa & T Muroi
Emericellopsis JFH Beyma*
Fecundostilbum T.P. Devi & Chowdhry#
Geosmithia J. Pitt
Gynonectria Döbbeler*#
Hapsidospora Malloch & Cain
Haptospora G.L. Barron#
Harzia Costantin
Illosporiopsis D. Hawksw.#
Illosporium Mart.
Kallichroma Kohlm. & Volkm-Kohlm.*
Leucosphaerina Arx
Metadothella Henn.#
Munkia Speg.#
Mycoarachis Malloch & Cain
Neomunkia Petr
Nigrosabulum Malloch & Cain
Payosphaeria W.F. Leong*#
Peloronectria Möller#
Pseudoidriella Crous & R.G. Shivas*
Pseudomeliola Speg.#
Pseudomicrodochium B. Sutton#
Roselliniella Vain*
Sarocladium W. Gams & D. Hawksw.*
Sedecimiella K.L. Pang et al.*
Septomyrothecium Matsush.#
= Sporothrix Hektoen & C.F. Perkins
Stanjemonium W. Gams et al.
Stilbella Lindau
Ticonectria Döbbeler#
Tilakidium Vaidya et al.#
Trichothecium Link
Valetoniellopsis Samuels & M.E. Barr
Melanosporales N. Zhang & M. Blackw.
Ceratostomataceae G. Winter*
Acrospeira Berk & Broome#
Arxiomyces P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw.#
Erythrocarpon Zukal#
Gonatobotrys Corda#
Melanospora Corda$
= Proteophiala Cif.
Pteridiosperma J.C. Krug & Jeng#
Pustulipora P.F. Cannon#
Rhytidospora Jeng & Cain#
Setiferotheca Matsush.#
Vittatispora P. Chaudhary et al.$
Melanosporales genera, incertae sedis
Sphaerodes Clem.*
Papulaspora Preuss
Microascales Luttr. ex Benny & Kimbr.
= Halosphaeriales Kohlm.
Chadefaudiellaceae Faurel & Schotter ex Benny & Kimbr.
Chadefaudiella Faurel & Schotter#
Faurelina Locq-Lin.
Ceratocystidaceae Locq. ex Réblova et al.*
Ambrosiella Brader ex Arx & Hennebert$
Ceratocystis Ellis & Halst.$
Chalaropsis Peyronel
Davidsoniella Z.W. de Beer et al.
Endoconidiophora Münch
Grosmannia Goid.
Huntiella Z.W. de Beer et al.
Thielaviopsis Went.$
Gondwanamycetaceae Réblová et al.*
Custingophora Stolk et al.*$
Gondwanamyces Marais & M.J. Wingf.*$
Graphiaceae De Beer
Graphium Corda$
Halosphaeriaceae E. Müll & Arx ex Kohlm.
Alisea J. Dupont & E.B.G. Jones*
Aniptodera Shearer & M. Miller*
Anisostagma K.R.L. Petersen & Jørg. Koch*#
Antennospora Meyers*
Appendichordella R.G. Johnson et al.*#
Arenariomyces Höhnk*
Ascosacculus J J Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer*
Bathyascus Kohlm.*#
Carbosphaerella I. Schmidt*
Ceriosporopsis Linder*
Fungal Diversity
= Bovicornua Jørg Koch & E.B.G. Jones
Chadefaudia Feldm.-Maz.#
Cirrenalia Meyers & R.T. Moore*
Clavatospora Sv Nilsson ex Marvanová & Sv Nilsson*
Corallicola Volkm.-Kohlm. & Kohlm.*#
Corollospora Werderm*
= Halosigmoidea Nakagiri et al.
Cucullosporella K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones*
Ebullia K.L. Pang*
Fluviatispora K.D. Hyde*#
Gesasha Abdel-Wahab & Nagah.*
Haiyanga K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones*
Haligena Kohlm.*
Halosarpheia Kohlm. & E. Kohlm.*
Halosphaeria Linder*$
Halosphaeriopsis T.W. Johnson*$
= Culcitalna Meyers & R.T. Moore
Havispora K.L. Pang & Vrijmoed
Iwilsoniella EBG Jones*#
Kitesporella Jheng & K.L. Pang*
Kochiella Sakay. et al.*
Lautisporiopsis E.B.G. Jones et al.
Lignincola Höhnk*$
Limacospora Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones*#
Luttrellia Shearer*#
Magnisphaera J. Campb. et al.*
= Matsusphaeria K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones
Marinospora A.R. Caval.*
= Ceriosporella (Kohlm.) A.R. Caval.
Moana Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.*#
Morakotiella Sakay.*
Nais Kohlm.*
Natantispora J. Campb. et al.r*
Naufragella Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.*
Nautosphaeria E.B.G. Jones*
Neptunella K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones*
Nereiospora EBG Jones et al.*
Nimbospora Jørg. Koch*$
Nohea Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.*
Oceanitis Kohlm.*
= Ascosalsum J. Campb. et al.
= Falcatispora K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones
Ocostaspora E.B.G. Jones et al.*
Okeanomyces K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones*
Ondiniella E.B.G. Jones et al.*$
Ophiodeira Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.*
Panorbis J. Campb. et al. *
Phaeonectriella Eaton & E.B.G. Jones*
Pileomyces K.L. Pang & Jheng*
Pseudolignincola Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones#
Remispora Linder*$
Saagaromyces K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones*
= Littispora J. Campb. et al.
Sablicola E B.G. Jones et al.*
Thalassogena Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.*
Thalespora Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones*
Tirispora E.B.G. Jones & Vrijmoed*
Toriella Sakay. et al.*
Trailia G.K. Sutherl.*#
Trichomaris Hibbits et al.*#
Tubakiella Sakay. et al.*
Tunicatispora K.D. Hyde*#
= Buxetroldia K.R.L. Petersen & Jørg Koch
Varicosporina Meyers & Kohlm.*
Microascaceae Luttr. ex Malloch
Anekabeeja Udaiyan & Hosag.#
Brachyconidiellopsis Decock et al.
Canariomyces Arx
Cephalotrichum Link#
Doratomyces Corda$
Echinobotryum Corda#
Enterocarpus Locq.-Lin.
Kernia Nieuwl.
Knoxdaviesia M.J. Wingf. et al.
Lophotrichus R.K. Benj.
Microascus Zukal$
Parascedosporium Gilgado et al.*
Petriella Curzi$
Pseudallescheria Negroni & I. Fisch.
= Petriellopsis Gilgado et al.
Scedosporium Sacc. ex Castell. & Chalm.
Scopulariopsis Bainier
Wardomyces F.T. Brooks & Hansf.
Wardomycopsis Udagawa & Furuya
Microascales, genera incertae sedis
Bisporostilbella Brandsb. & E.F. Morris#
Cornuvesica C.D. Viljoen et al.
Gabarnaudia Samson & W. Gams
Sphaeronaemella P. Karst.
Sporendocladia G. Arnaud ex Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr.
Trichurus Clem.
Viennotidia Negru & Verona ex Rogerson#
Vermiculariopsiella Bender
Savoryellales Boonyuen et al.*
Savoryellaceae Jaklitsch & Réblová
Ascotaiwania Sivan. & H.S. Chang*$
Canalisporium Nawawi & Kuthub.*$
= Ascothailandia Sri-indr. et al.*$
Savoryella E.B.G. Jones & R.A. Eaton*$
Savoryellales, genera incertae sedis
Carpoligna F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf$
Conioscypha Höhn.$*
= Conioscyphascus Réblová & Seifert$
Fungal Diversity
Flammispora Pinruan et al.
Sterigmatobotrys Oudem.*
Hypocreomycetidae, families incertae sedis
Etheirophoraceae Rungjindamai et al.*
Etheirophora Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.*$
Swampomyces Kohlm. & Volkm.*$
Juncigenaceae E.B.G. Jones et al.*
Juncigena Kohlm et al.*$
Fulvocentrum E.B.G. Jones & Abdel-Wahab*
Marinokulati E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang*$
Moheitospora Abdel-Wahab et al.*$
Torpedosporaceae E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang*
Glomerulispora Abdel-Wahab & Nagah.*$
Torpedospora Meyers*$
Hypocreomycetidae, genera incertae sedis
Myrmecridium Arzanlou et al.
Pleurotheciella Réblová et al.* $
Pleurothecium Höhn.*$
Subclass Lulworthiomycetidae Dayarathne et al.
Koralionastetales Kohlm. et al.
Koralionastetaceae Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.
Koralionastes Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.$
Lulworthiales Kohlm. et al.
Lulworthiaceae Kohlm. et al.
Cumulospora I. Schmidt*$
Equicapillimyces S.S.Y. Wong et al.
Halazoon Abdel-Aziz et al.*
Haloguignardia A. Cribb & J. Cribb*
Hydea K.L. Pang & E.B.G Jones*$
Kohlmeyeriella E B G Jones et al.*
Lindra I. Wilson*$
Lulwoana Kohlm. et al.*
Lulwoidea Kohlm. et al.*
Lulworthia G.K. Sutherl*$
Matsusporium E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang*
Moleospora Abdel-Wahab et al.*
Moromyces Abdel-Wahab et al.*
Orbimyces Linder*
Rostrupiella Jørg Koch et al.*
Subclass Meliolomycetidae P.M. Kirk & K.D. Hyde*
Meliolales Gäum. ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.#
Armatellaceae Hosag.
Armatella Theiss. & Syd.#
Meliolaceae G.W. Martin ex Hansf.
Amazonia Theiss.#
Appendiculella Höhn.
Asteridiella McAlpine$
Basavamyces V.B. Hosag.#
Ceratospermopsis Bat.#
Cryptomeliola S. Hughes & Piroz.
Ectendomeliola Hosag. & D.K. Agarwal#
Endomeliola S. Hughes & Piroz.$
Haraea Sacc. & P. Syd.#
Hypasteridium Speg.#
Irenopsis F. Stevens$
Laeviomeliola Bat.#
Leptascospora Speg.#
Meliola Fr.$
Metasteridium Speg.#
Ophiociliomyces Bat. & I.H. Lima#
Ophioirenina Sawada & W. Yamam.#
Ophiomeliola Starb.#
Parasteridium Speg.#
Pauahia F. Stevens#
Pleomeliola (Sacc.) Sacc.#
Pleomerium Speg.#
Prataprajella Hosag.#
Ticomyces Toro#
= Dontuzia L.D. Gomez
Urupe Viégas#
Xenostigme Syd.#
Subclass Sordariomycetidae O.E. Erikss & Winka
Boliniales P.F. Cannon
Boliniaceae Rick*
Apiocamarops Samuels & J.D. Rogers#
Apiorhynchostoma Petr.$
Camaropella Lar.N. Vassiljeva$
Camarops P. Karst.*$
Cornipulvina Huhndorf et al.$
Endoxyla Fuckel
Mollicamarops Lar.N. Vassiljeva#
Pseudovalsaria Spooner
Chaetosphaeriales Huhndorf et al.
Chaetosphaeriaceae Réblová et al.
Ascochalara Réblová#
Brunneodinemasporium Crous & R.F. Castañeda*
Catenularia Grove#
Chaetosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul.*$
Chloridium Link
Codinaea Maire
Codinaeopsis Morgan-Jones
Craspedodidymum Hol-Jech.#
Cryptophiale Piroz.#
Dendrophoma Sacc.
Dinemasporium Lév.*
Dictyochaeta Speg.
Fungal Diversity
Dictyochaetopsis Aramb. & Cabello#
Exserticlava S. Hughes$
Gonytrichum Nees & T. Nees#
Hemicorynespora M.B. Ellis#
Kionochaeta P.M. Kirk & B. Sutton
Infundibulomyces Plaingam et al.*
Lecythothecium Réblová & Winka
Melanopsammella Höhn.
Menispora Pers.*
Phaeostalagmus W. Gams#
Phialogeniculata Matsush.#
Pseudobotrytis Krzemien. & Badura
Pseudolachnea Ranoj.
Pyrigemmula D. Magyar & R. Shoemaker*
Rattania Prabhug. & Bhat$
Miyoshiella Kawam.#
Sporoschisma Berk. & Broome*
= Melanochaeta E. Müll. et al.$
Striatosphaeria Samuels & E. Müll.
Tainosphaeria F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf
Thozetella Kuntze
Umbrinosphaeria Réblová$
Zanclospora S. Hughes & W.B. Kendr.#
Zignoëlla Sacc.
Helminthosphaeriaceae Samuels et al.
Echinosphaeria A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf*$
Endophragmiella B. Sutton#
Helminthosphaeria Fuckel*$
Hilberina Huhndorf & A.N. Mill.*
Ruzenia O. Hilber*$
Synaptospora Cain*$
Tengiomyces Réblová#
Pleurotremataceae Walt. Watson
Pleurotrema Müll. Arg.*#
Chaetosphaeriales genera incertae sedis
Caudatispora J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde
Erythromada Huhndorf et al.
Lasiosphaeriella Sivan.*
Leptosporella Penz. & Sacc.*
Nawawia Marvanová
Rimaconus Huhndorf et al.*$
Phyllachorales M.E. Barr*
Phaeochoraceae K.D. Hyde et al.
Cocoicola K.D. Hyde#
Phaeochora Höhn.#
Phaeochoropsis K.D Hyde & P.F. Cannon#
Serenomyces Petr.*
Phyllachoraceae Theiss. & H. Syd.
Acerviclypeatus Hanlin*#
Apiosphaeria Höhn.#
Ascovaginospora Fallah et al.$
Brobdingnagia K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon#
Camarotella Theiss. & Syd.#
Coccodiella Hara$
Cyclodomus Höhn.#
Deshpandiella Kamat & Ullasa#
Diachora Müll. Arg.#
= Diachorella Höhn.
Diatractium Syd. & P. Syd.
Erikssonia Penz. & Sacc.#
Fremitomyces P.F. Cannon & H.C. Evans#
Geminispora Pat.#
Gibellina Pass. ex Roum.#
Imazekia Tak. Kobay. & Y. Kawabe#
Isothea Fr.#
Lichenochora Hafellner#
Lindauella Rehm#
Linochora Höhn.#
Lohwagia Petr.#
Maculatifrondes K.D. Hyde#
Malthomyces K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon#
Muelleromyces Kamat & Anahosur#
Mycohypallage B. Sutton#
Neoflageoletia J. Reid & C. Booth#
Ophiodothella (Henn.). Höhn.*
Orphnodactylis Malloch & Mallik#
Oswaldina Rangel#
Oxodeora K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon#
Parberya C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde#
Petrakiella Syd.#
Phaeochorella Theiss. & Syd.#
Phycomelaina Kohlm.#
Phyllachora Nitschke ex Fuckel$
Phylleutypa Petr.#
Phyllocrea Höhn.#
Polystigma DC.
= Polystigmina Sacc.#
Pseudothiella Petr.#
Pseudothiopsella Petr.#
Pterosporidium W.H. Ho & K.D. Hyde#
Rehmiodothis Theiss. & Syd.#
Retroa P.F. Cannon#
Rhodosticta Woron.#
Rikatlia P.F. Cannon#
Schizochora Syd. & P. Syd.#
Sphaerodothella C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde#
Sphaerodothis (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Shear
Stigmatula (Sacc.) Syd. & P. Syd.#
Stigmochora Theiss. & Syd.#
Stromaster Höhn.#
Telimena Racib.#
Fungal Diversity
Telimenella Petr.#
Telimenochora Sivan.#
Trabutia Sacc. & Roum.#
Tribulatia J.E. Taylor et al.#
Uropolystigma Maubl.#
Vitreostroma P.F. Cannon#
Zimmermanniella Henn.#
Phyllachorales genera incertae sedis
Marinosphaera K.D. Hyde*#
Sordariales Chad. ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
Chaetomiaceae G. Winter
Achaetomium J.N. Rai et al.$
Bommerella Marchal#
Boothiella Lodhi & Mirza#
Botryotrichum Sacc. & Marchal
Chaetomidium (Zopf) Sacc.$
Corynascella Arx & Hodges$
Chaetomiopsis Mustafa & Abdul-Wahid#
Chaetomium Kunze$
Diplogelasinospora Cain
Emilmuelleria Arx
Farrowia D. Hawksw.
Guanomyces M.C. Gonzáles et al.
Humicola Traaen*
Madurella Brumpt
Myceliophthora Costantin*
= Corynascus Arx
Staphylotrichum J.A. Mey. & Nicot*
Subramaniula Arx#
Taifanglania Z.Q. Liang et al.
Thielavia Zopf
Zopfiella G. Winter*
Lasiosphaeriaceae Nannf.*
Angulimaya Subram & Lodha#
Anopodium Lundq.*
Apiosordaria Arx & W. Gams$
Apodospora Cain & J.H. Mirza*
Apodus Malloch & Cain
Arniella Jeng & J.C. Krug#
Arnium Nitschke ex G. Winter*
Bellojisia Réblová
Biconiosporella Schaumann*#
Bombardia (Fr.) P. Karst.$
Bombardioidea C. Moreau ex N. Lundqv.
Camptosphaeria Fuckel#
Cercophora Fuckel
Cladorrhinum Sacc. & Marchal
Diffractella Guarro et al.#
Emblemospora Jeng & J.C. Krug#
Eosphaeria Höhn.#
Fimetariella N. Lundq.*
Immersiella A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf
Jugulospora N. Lundq.$
Lacunospora Cailleux#
Lasiosphaeria Ces. & De Not.$
Mammaria Ces. ex Rabenh.
Melanocarpus Arx
Periamphispora J.C. Krug#
Podospora Ces.
Pseudocercophora Subram. & Sekar#
Schizothecium Corda
Strattonia Cif.
Thaxteria Sacc.#
Triangularia Boedijn
Tripterosporella Subram. & Lodha#
Zygopleurage Boedijn$
Zygospermella Cain*
Sordariaceae G. Winter
Copromyces N. Lundq.
Effetia Bartoli et al.*#
Gelasinospora Dowding$
Guilliermondia Boud.#
Neurospora Shear & B.O. Dodge*$
= Chrysonilia Arx
Pseudoneurospora Dania García et al.$
Sordaria Ces & De Not. $
Stellatospora T. Ito & A. Nakagiri#
Sordariales, genera incertae sedis
Abyssomyces Kohlm*#
Acanthotheciella Höhn.#
Ascolacicola Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde
Asterosporium Kunze
Bombardiella Höhn.#
Cancellidium Tubaki
Coronatomyces Dania García et al.
Corylomyces Stchigel et al.
Cuspidatispora A. Mill.
Globosphaeria D. Hawksw.#
Isia D. Hawksw & Manohar#
Lasiosphaeris Clem.
= Lasiadelphia Réblová & W Gams*
Lockerbia K.D. Hyde#
Nitschkiopsis Nannf. & R. Sant.#
Onygenopsis Henn.#
Phaeosporis Clem.#
Ramophialophora M. Calduch et al.
Reconditella Matzer & Hafellner#
Rhexodenticula W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones
Rhexosporium Udagawa & Furuya#
Roselliniomyces Matzer & Hafellner#
Roselliniopsis Matzer & Hafellner#
Fungal Diversity
Sporidesmiopsis Subram. & Bhat
Utriascus Réblova#
Ypsilonia Lév.#
Sordariomycetidae, families incertae sedis
Batistiaceae Samuels & K.F. Rodrigues$
Acrostroma Seifert#
Batistia Cif.$
Cephalothecaceae Höhn.*
Albertiniella Kirschst.$
Cephalotheca Fuckel$
Cryptendoxyla Malloch & Cain$
Phialemonium W. Gams & McGinnis$
Sordariomycetidae, genera incertae sedis
Arecacicola Joanne E. Taylor et al.#
Barbatosphaeria Réblová#
Bullimyces A. Ferrer et al.*
Brachysporiella Bat.
Ceratolenta Réblová*
Ceratostomella Sacc.
Chaetosphaerides Matsush.#
Conlarium F. Liu & L. Cai*
Garethjonesia K.D. Hyde#
Hanliniomyces Raja & Shearer#
Hydromelitis A. Ferrer et al.*
Lentomitella Höhn.
Mirannulata Huhndorf et al.
Menisporopascus Matsush.*#
Merugia Rogerson & Samuels#
Mycomedusiospora G.C. Carroll & Munk#
Myelosperma Syd. & P. Syd.#
Nigromammilla K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl.#
Phaeotrichosphaeria Sivan.#
Phragmodiscus Hansf.#
Plagiosphaera Petr.#
Rhodoveronaea Arzanlou et al.
Riomyces A. Ferrer et al.
Spadicoides S. Hughes*
Xylomelasma Réblová
Woswasia Jaklitsch et al.
Subclass Xylariomycetidae O.E. Erikss & Winka
Xylariales Nannf.
Apiosporaceae K.D. Hyde et al.*$
Appendicospora K.D. Hyde
Arthrinium Kunze*$
= Apiospora Sacc.$
= Cordella Speg.
= Pteroconium Sacc. ex Grove
Dictyoarthrinium S. Hughes#
Endocalyx Berk. & Broome#
Scyphospora LA Kantsch#
Spegazzinia Sacc.
Amphisphaeriaceae G. Winter
Adisciso Kaz. Tanaka
Amphisphaerella (Sacc.) Kirschst.#
Amphisphaeria Ces & De Not.*$
Atrotorquata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.
Bartalinia Tassi*
Bleptosporium Steyaert*#
Broomella Sacc*
Capsulospora K.D. Hyde
Ceratosporium Schwein.#
Ceriophora Höhn.#
Ceriospora Niessl#
Chitonospora E. Bommer et al.#
Clypeophysalospora H.J. Swart#
Discosia Lib.*
Discostroma Clem.*$
Distorimula San Martín et al.#
Doliomyces Steyaert#
Dyrithium M.E. Barr#
Dyrithiopsis L. Cai et al.
= Monochaetiopsis L. Cai et al.*
Flagellosphaeria Aptroot#
Frondispora K.D. Hyde#
Funiliomyces Aptroot*
Griphosphaerioma Höhn.*#
= Labridella Brenckle
Hyalotiopsis Punith.*
= Ellurema Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr.
Immersidiscosia Kaz. Tanaka et al.*$
Iodosphaeria Samuels et al.#
Labridium Vestergr.
Lindquistomyces Aramb. et al.#
Manokwaria K.D. Hyde#
Microdochium Syd.
Monochaetia (Sacc) Allesch.*
Monochaetinula Muthumary et al.*#
Monographella Petr.$
Morinia Berl. & Bres.*
Mukhakesa Udaiyan & Hosag.#
Neobroomella Petr.#
Neohypodiscus J.D. Rogers et al.#
Neopestalotiopsis Maharachch. et al.*
Ommatomyces Kohlm et al.#
Paracainiella Lar.N. Vassiljeva#
Pemphidium Mont.#
Pestalotiopsis Steyaert*
= Pestalosphaeria M.E. Barr
Phlogicylindrium Crous et al.*
Pseudopestalotiopsis Maharachch. et al.*$
Fungal Diversity
Reticulosphaeria Sivan. & Bahekar#
Robillarda Sacc.$
Sarcostroma Cooke
Seimatosporium Corda
= Vermisporium H.J. Swart & M.A. Will.*
Seiridium Nees *
= Blogiascospora Shoemaker et al.
= Lepteutypa Petr.$
= Pestalotia De Not.
Sporocadus Corda#
Synnemapestaloides T. Handa & Y. Harada#
Truncatella Steyaert
Urosporella G.F. Atk.#
Urosporellopsis W.H. Hsieh et al.#
Xylochora Arx & E. Müll.#
Zetiasplozna Nag Raj
Cainiaceae J.C. Krug*
Arecophila K.D. Hyde*$
Cainia Arx & E. Müll.*$
Seynesia Sacc.$
Clypeosphaeriaceae G. Winter
Apioclypea K.D. Hyde
Aquasphaeria K.D. Hyde#
Brunneiapiospora K.D. Hyde et al.
Clypeosphaeria Fuckel$
Crassoascus Checa et al.#
Palmomyces K.D. Hyde et al.#
Coniocessiaceae Asgari & Zare*
Coniocessia Dania García et al.$
Diatrypaceae Nitschke
Anthostoma Nitschke
Cryptosphaeria Ces & De Not.
Cryptovalsa Ces & De Not. ex Fuckel
Diatrype Fr.$
Diatrypella (Ces & De Not.) De Not.
Diatrypasimilis J.J. Zhou & Kohlm., in Chalkleyet al*
Echinomyces Rappaz#
Eutypa Tul. & C. Tul.$
Eutypella (Nitschke) Sacc.
Leptoperidia Rappaz#
Monosporascus Pollack & Uecker$
Pedumispora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones*
Peroneutypa Berl.#
Phaeoisaria Höhn.
Quaternaria Tul. & C. Tul.#
Graphostromataceae M.E. Barr et al.*$
Graphostroma Piroz.$
Hyponectriaceae Petr.
Apiothyrium Petr.#
Arecomyces K.D. Hyde#
Arwidssonia B. Erikss.#
Cesatiella Sacc.#
Chamaeascus L. Holm et al.#
Charonectria Sacc.#
Discosphaerina Höhn.*
Exarmidium P. Karst.#
Frondicola K D Hyde*#
Hyponectria Sacc.$
Micronectria Speg.#
Papilionovela Aptroot#
Pellucida Dulym. et al.#
Physalospora Niessl
Phragmitensis M.K.M. Wong et al.*#
Pseudomassaria Jacz*$
Rhachidicola K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl.#
Xenothecium Höhn.#
Melogrammataceae G. Winter*
Melogramma Fr.
Vialaeaceae P.F. Cannon*
Vialaea Sacc.*$
Xylariaceae Tul. & C. Tul.*
Amphirosellinia Y.M. Ju et al.*
Annulohypoxylon Y.M. Ju et al.*
Anthocanalis Daranagama et al.*
Anthostomella Sacc.*
Appendixia B.S. Lu & K.D. Hyde#
Areolospora S.C. Jong & E.E. Davis#
Arthroxylaria Seifert & W Gams*
Ascotricha Berk.*
= Dicyma Boulanger
= Puciola De Bert.
Astrocystis Berk & Broome*
Barrmaelia Rappaz
Biscogniauxia Kuntze*
Brunneiperidium Daranagama et al.*
Calceomyces Udagawa & S Ueda
Camillea Fr.*
= Basidiobotrys Höhn.
= Masoniomyces JL Crane & Dumont
= Xylocladium P. Syd. ex Lindau
Cannonia J.E. Taylor & K.D. Hyde#
Chaenocarpus Rebent.#
Chlorostroma A.N. Mill. et al.*
Collodiscula I Hino & Katum.*
= Acanthodochium Samuels et al.
Coniolariella Dania García et al.*
= Coniolaria Seigle-Mur et al.
Fungal Diversity
Creosphaeria Theiss.*$
Cyanopulvis J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde#
Daldinia Ces. & De Not.*
= Annellosporium M.L. Davey
= Versiomyces Whalley & Watling
Durotheca Læssøe et al.*
Emarcea Duong et al.
Engleromyces Henn.*
Entoleuca Syd.
Entonaema Möller
Euepixylon Füisting
Fasciatispora K.D. Hyde*
Fassia Dennis#
Gigantospora B.S. Lu & K.D. Hyde#
Guestia G.J.D. Sm. & K.D. Hyde#
Halorosellinia Whalley et al.
Helicogermslita Lodha & D. Hawksw.#
Hypocopra (Fr) J. Kickx f
Hypocreodendron Henn.*
= Discoxylaria J.C. Lindq. & J.E. Wright
Hypoxylon Bull.*
= Pyrenopolyporus Lloyd
= Triplicaria P Karst *
Induratia Samuels, E. Müll. & Petrin
Jumillera J.D. Rogers et al.#
Kretzschmaria Fr.*
= Holttumia Lloyd
Kretzschmariella Viégas#
Leprieuria Laessøe et al.#
Leptomassaria Petr.#
Libertella Desm.
Lopadostoma (Nitschke) Traverso*
Lunatiannulus Daranagama et al.*
Muscodor Worapong et al.*
Myconeesia Kirschst.#
Nemania Gray*$
= Geniculisynnema Okane & Nakagiri
= Geniculosporium Chesters & Greenh.
Nodulisporium Preuss*
= Pleurographium Goid.
Nipicola K.D. Hyde#
Obolarina Pouzar
Occultitheca J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju#
Ophiorosellinia JJ.D. Rogers et al.#
Pandanicola K.D. Hyde#
Paramphisphaeria F.A. Fernández et al.#
Paucithecium Lloyd#
Phylacia Lév.
Podosordaria Ellis. & Holw.
Poroleprieuria M.C. González et al.#
Poronia Willd.*
= Lindquistia Subram. & Chandrash
Pyrenomyxa Morgan
= Pulveria Malloch & Rogerson
Pyriformiascoma Daranagama et al.*
Rhopalostroma D. Hawksw.*
Rosellinia De Not.*$
= Dematophora R. Hartig
= Vrikshopama D. Rao & P.Rag. Rao
Rostrohypoxylon J Fourn & M Stadler*
Ruwenzoria J. Fourn. et al.*
Sabalicola K.D. Hyde#
Sarcoxylon Cooke#
Sclerodermatopsis Torrens#
Spirodecospora B.S. Lu et al.#
Squamotubera Henn.#
Steganopycnis Syd. & P Syd.#
Stilbohypoxylon Henn.
Streblema Chevall.#
Striatodecospora D.Q. Zhou et al.#
Stromatoneurospora S.C. Jong & E.E. Davis
Thamnomyces Ehrenb.
Theissenia Maubl.
Thuemenella Penz. & Sacc.
Virgaria Nees*
= Ascovirgaria J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju
Vivantia J.D. Rogers et al.#
Wawelia Namysl#
Whalleya J.D. Rogers et al.
Xylaria Hill ex Schrank*
= Moelleroclavus Henn.
= Padixonia Subram.
= Pseudoxylaria Boedijn
= Xylocoremium J.D. Rogers
Xylocrea Möller#
Xylotumulus J.D. Rogers et al.
Xylariales, genera incertae sedis
Adomia S. Schatz#
Ascotrichella Valldos & Guarro#
Beltraniella Subram.$
Diamantinia A.N. Mill. et al.
Hadrotrichum Fuckel
Lanceispora Nakagiri et al.*
Lasiobertia Sivan.
Leiosphaerella Höhn*
Linocarpon Syd. & P. Syd.
Neolinocarpon K.D. Hyde*
Oxydothis Penz. & Sacc.*
Palmicola K.D. Hyde#
Pidoplitchkoviella Kiril.
Plectosphaera Theiss.
Polyancora Voglmayr & Yule
Pulmosphaeria Joanne E. Taylor et al.#
Sporidesmina Subram. & Bhat
Subramaniomyces Varghese & V.G. Rao
Fungal Diversity
Yuea O.E. Erikss.#
Sordariomycetes, orders incertae sedis
Amplistromatales D’souza et al. *
Amplistromataceae Huhndorf et al.
Amplistroma Huhndorf et al.*$
Wallrothiella Sacc.*$
=Pseudogliomastix W. Gams
= Zignoina Cooke#
Catabotrydaceae Petr. ex M.E. Barr
Catabotrys Theiss. & Syd.$
Pisorisporiales Réblová & J. Fourn.*
Pisorisporiaceae Réblová & J. Fourn.*
Achroceratosphaeria Réblová et al.*
Pisorisporium Réblová & J. Fourn.*
Spathulosporales Kohlm.
Hispidicarpomycetaceae Nakagiri
Hispidicarpomyces Nakagiri*
Spathulosporaceae Kohlm.
Retrostium Nakagiri & Tad Ito*
Spathulospora A.R. Caval. & T.W. Johnson*
Sordariomycetes, families incertae sedis
Obryzaceae Körb
Obryzum Wallr.#
Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis
Acerbiella Sacc.#
Acrospermoides Miller & G.E. Thomps.#
Ameromassaria Hara#
Amphisphaerellula Gucevič#
Amphisphaerina Höhn.#
Amphorulopsis Petr.#
Amylis Speg.#
Anthostomaria (Sacc.) Theiss. & Syd.#
Anthostomellina L.A. Kantsch.#
Apharia Bonord.#
Apodothina Petr.#
Apogaeumannomyces Matsush.#
Aquadulciospora Fallah & Shearer#
Aropsiclus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.#
Ascorhiza Lecht.-Trnka#
Ascoyunnania L. Cai & K.D. Hyde#
Assoa Urries#
Aulospora Speg.#
Azbukinia Lar.N. Vassiljeva#
Bactrosphaeria Penz. & Sacc.#
Biporispora J.D. Rogers et al.#
Bombardiastrum Pat.#
Brenesiella Syd.#
Byrsomyces Cavalc.#
Byssotheciella Petr.#
Caleutypa Petr.#
Calosphaeriopsis Petr.#
Caproniella Berl.#
Chaetoamphisphaeria Hara#
Ciliofusospora Bat. & J.L. Bezerra#
Calcarisporium Preuss#
Clypeoceriospora Sousa da Câmara#
Clypeosphaerulina Sousa da Câmara#
Crinigera Schmidt
Cryptoascus Petri#
Cryptomycella Höhn.#
Cryptomycina Höhn.#
Cucurbitopsis Bat. & Cif.#
Curvatispora V.V. Sarma & K.D. Hyde#
Dasysphaeria Speg.#
Delpinoëlla Sacc.#
Diacrochordon Petr.#
Dryosphaera Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones#
Duradens Samuels & Rogerson$
Ellisembia Subram.
Endoxylina Romell#
Esfandiariomyces Ershad#
Frondisphaera K.D. Hyde#
Glabrotheca Chardόn#
Heliastrum Petr.#
Hyaloderma Speg.#
Hydronectria Kirschst.#
Hypotrachynicola Etayo#
Immersisphaeria Jaklitsch.#
Iraniella Petr.#
Imicles Shoemaker & Hambl.#
Konenia Hara#
Kravtzevia Schwartzman#
Kurssanovia Kravtzev#
Lecythiomyces Doweld#
= Lecythium Zukal
Leptosacca Syd.#
Leptosphaerella Speg.#
Leptosporina Chardón#
Liberomyces Pažoutová et al.*
Lyonella Syd.#
Mangrovispora K.D.Hyde & Nagakiri#
Melanographium Sacc.#
Melomastia Nitschke ex Sacc.
Microcyclephaeria Bat.#
Monotosporella S. Hughes
Fungal Diversity
Naumovela Kravtzev#
Natantiella R blová
Neocryptospora Petr.#
Neolamya Theiss. & Syd.#
Neothyridaria Petr.#
Nigrospora Zimm.
Ophiomassaria Jacz.#
Orcadia GK Sutherl*#
Paoayensis Cabanela et al.
Pareutypella Y.M. Ju & J.D. Rogers#
Phialemoniopsis Perdomo et al.*
Phomatosporella Tak. Kobay & K. Sasaki#
Phyllocelis Syd.#
Pleocryptospora J. Reid & C. Booth#
Pleosphaeria Speg.#
Pontogeneia Kohlm.#
Porodiscus Lloyd#
Protocucurbitaria Naumov#
Pulvinaria Bon.#
Pumilus Viala & Marsais#
Rehmiomycella E. Müll.#
Rhamphosphaeria Kirschst.#
Rhizophila K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones#
Rhopographella (Henn.) Sacc. & Trotter
Rhynchosphaeria (Sacc.) Berl.#
Rivulicola K.D. Hyde#
Romellina Petr.#
Saccardoëlla Speg.#
Sarcopyrenia Nyl.#
Sartorya Vuill.#
Scharifia Petr.#
Scoliocarpon Nyl.#
Scotiosphaeria Sivan.#
Selenosporella G. Arnaud ex MacGarvie 1969*
Servazziella J. Reid & C. Booth#
Sporoctomorpha J.V. Almeida & Sousa
da Câmara#
Stanjehughesia Subram.
Stearophora L. Mangin & Viala#
Stegophorella Petr.#
Stellosetifera Matsush.#
Stereosphaeria Kirschst.
Stomatogenella Petr.#
Stromatographium Höhn.#
Strickeria Körb.#
Sungaiicola Fryar & K.D. Hyde#
Synsphaeria Bon.#
Tamsiniella S.W. Wong et al.#
Tectonidula Réblová
Teracosphaeria R blová & Seifert
Thelidiella Fink.#
Thyridella (Sacc.) Sacc.#
Thyrotheca Kirschst.#
Trichospermella Speg.#
Trichosphaeropsis Bat. & Nasc.#
Tunstallia Agnihothr.#
Vleugelia J. Reid & C. Booth#
Zalerion R.T. Moore & Meyers*
Dothideomycetes
Dothideales
This obviously does not list all genera of Dothideales but only
those which were considered to be placed in Sordariomycetes
in Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) and Wijayawardene et al.
(2012) and are now excluded.
Dichomera Cooke
Hendersonula Speg.#
Kabatia Bubák#
Kabatiella Bubák
Sarcophoma Höhn.#
Selenophoma Maire
Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka
Helotiales Nannf.
This obviously does not list all genera of Helotiales
but only those which were considered to be placed in
Sordariomycetes in Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010)
and Wijayawardene et al. ( 2012) and are now
excluded.
Chalara (Corda) Rabenh.
= Chaetochalara B. Sutton & Piroz.#
Diplococcium Grove *
Idriella P.E. Nelson & S. Wilh.*
Ascomycota genera incertae sedis
This does not list all genera of Ascomycota genera incertae
sedis but only those which were considered to be placed in
Sordariomycetes in Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) and
Wijayawardene et al. (2012) and are now excluded. There
are large numbers of genera listed in Kirk et al. (2013, 2014)
that are considered synonyms in Index Fungorum, however it
is impossible to check whether these have been correctly
synonymised and these are not listed here.
Acrophialophora Edward
Anguillospora Ingold*
Aphanocladium W. Gams
Biflua Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones*#
Cacumisporium Preuss#
Didymobotryum Sacc.
Dumortieria Westend.#
Eiona Kohlm.*#
Engyodontium de Hoog
Fusichalara S. Hughes & Nag Raj#
Hapsidascus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.*#
Kutilakesa Subram.#
Linkosia A. Hern.-Gut. & B. Sutton*
Fungal Diversity
Lunulospora Ingold
Menisporopsis S. Hughes*$
Monocillium S.B. Saksena$
Paliphora Sivan. & B. Sutton
Phaeocytostroma Petr.
Pleurodesmospora Samson et al.
Pleurophragmium Costantin
Retroconis de Hoog & Bat Vegte$
Septogloeum Sacc.
Sporidesmium Link*
Trichocladium Harz*
Verticimonosporium Matsush.*$
Notes on outline - 2014
Abyssomyces Kohlm., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 83(9–10): 505 (1970)
The type species is Abyssomyces hydrozoicus Kohlm.,
which was collected on hydrocaulon, attached to stony corals
(Kohlmeyer 1970). The genus was referred by Jones et al.
(2009a, b) to Sordariales genera incertae sedis. Further collections and molecular study are required to determine its
natural taxonomic placement.
Achroceratosphaeria Réblová et al., Fungal Diversity 43: 79
(2010)
The genus Achroceratosphaeria was introduced from
freshwater and terrestrial habitats with the type species
A. potamia Réblová et al. and two other species (Réblová
et al. 2010). Achroceratosphaeria is characterized by immersed perithecia, with hyaline to subhyaline emergent necks
and cylindrical-clavate asci with a distinct apical annulus.
Molecular studies shows that Achroceratosphaeria resides in
a single branch as a sister to the clade containing
Lulworthiales and Koralionastetales and was placed in
Pisorisporiaceae (Réblová et al. 2015).
Acremonium Link, Magazin der Gesellschaft
Naturforschenden Freunde Berlin 3: 15 (1809)
Acremonium is generally considered to be a highly polyphyletic asexual genus containing distantly related fungi
(Glenn et al. 1996), with A. alternatum Link, the type species,
in the Hypocreales. Acremonium furcatum Moreau & F.
Moreau ex Gams has been shown to group in the
Plectosphaerellaceae with Gibellulopsis nigrescens
(Pethybr.) Zare et al. as a sister group (Réblová et al. 2011a).
Summerbell et al. (2011) confirmed the placement of
A. alcalophilum G. Okada, A. brunnescens W. Gams,
A. furcatum, A. nepalense W. Gams, A. restrictum (J.F.H.
Beyma) W. Gams and A. stromaticum W. Gams & R.H.
Stover in the Plectosphaerellaceae, as was already shown by
Zare et al. (2007). Acremonium apii (M.A. Sm. & Ramsey) W.
Gams also has been shown to belong to this family as a synonym of Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold. The
phytopathogen A. cucurbitacearum Alfaro-García et al. has
also been shown to belong in Plectosphaerellaceae (Zare
et al. 2007). Summerbell et al. (2011) designated CBS
407.66 as the epitype of Acremonium alternatum, the type
species of the genus. ITS sequences analyses by Giraldo
et al. (2012) show that the A. alternatum epitype strain (CBS
407.66) and a large group of species currently accepted in
Acremonium belong in the family Bionectriaceae.
Acrostalagmus Corda, Icones fungorum hucusque
cognitorum 2: 15 (1838)
A polyphyletic asexual genus with most species assigned
to the Hypocreales; Acrostalagmus cinnabarinus Corda is the
type species. Réblová et al. (2011a) showed Acrostalagmus
annulatus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Seifert (= Stilbella annulata
Berk. & M.A. Curtis) and A. luteoalbus (Link) Zare et al.
groups with high support in the Plectosphaerellaceae, based
on nuclear SSU rDNA sequences, with Verticillium dahliae
Kleb. as a sister group.
Actinostilbe Petch, Ann. R. bot. Gdns Peradeniya 9: 327
(1925)
Actinostilbe appears to be linked to Lanatonectria.
However, they are not common genera, and thus Rossman
et al. (2013) proposed the name Lanatonectria be abandoned
in favour of the older and more widely used asexual morph
generic name Actinostilbe. The genus belongs in Nectriaceae.
Alisea J. Dupont & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Res. 113(12): 1358
(2009)
Monotypic marine taxon growing on submerged wood recovered at 1000 m depth in the Pacific Ocean with no known
asexual morph. Molecular data confirm its position in
Halosphaeriaceae (Dupont et al. 2009).
Allantonectria Earle, in Greene, Plant. Bak. 2(1): 11 (1901)
Hirooka et al. (2012) studied the systematics of Nectria
based on a 6-loci phylogenetic analysis. Nectria divided into
two main clades: the first clade being Nectria sensu stricto
which includes the type species, N. cinnabarina (Tode) Fr.,
along with 27 additional species and genera. The second clade
comprised Pleonectria with 26 species some with
Zythiostroma asexual morphs. Sister to the Pleonectria clade
is Nectria miltina (Mont.) Mont. which has Trichoderma-like
asexual morphs and occurs on monocotyledons. Since these
characters are different from Pleonectria, a new genus,
Allantonectria, was introduced.
Amphirosellinia Y.M. Ju et al., Mycologia 96(6): 1393 (2004)
Amphirosellinia was introduced by Ju et al. (2004) to include five xylariaceous taxa with erumpent or immersed
perithecioid stromata. The name itself refers to its stromatal
anatomy which is similar to that of the genus Rosellinia, but
Fungal Diversity
differs in having stromata that develop beneath the host epidermis (Ju et al. 2004). The accepted Amphirosellinia species
constitute a coherent group that is characterized by several
unique characteristics, and a synnematous asexual morph that
produces lacrymoid conidia (Ju et al. 2004). A molecular study
that included type strains of A. fushanensis Y.M. Ju et al. and
A. nigrospora Y.M. Ju et al. placed Amphirosellinia as a discrete
monophyletic group, which appears to be paraphyletic with
Xylaria digitata and X. montagnei (Hsieh et al. 2010).
Amphisphaeria Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital.
1(4): 223 (1863)
The genus Amphisphaeria was introduced by De Notaris
(1863) with A. umbrina (Fr.) De Not. as the type species.
Based on molecular data, Kang et al. (1999a) determined that
Amphisphaeria is polyphyletic.
Amplistroma Huhndorf et al., Mycologia 101(6): 907 (2009)
Amplistroma was described to accommodate seven species
with A. carolinianum Huhndorf et al. as the type species
(Huhndorf et al. 2009). According to phylogenetic analyses
using LSU data, Amplistroma is included in the family
Amplistromataceae formed a monophyletic clade with strong
bootstrap and Bayesian support (Huhndorf et al. 2009). In our
combined analysis Amplistroma clusters with Wallrothiella
and is sister to Catabotrys deciduum in Catabotrydaceae
(Amplistromatales).
Anguillospora Ingold, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 25 (4): 401
(1942)
A polyphyletic genus with species in the family
Lulworthiaceae (A. marina Nakagiri & Tubaki), asexual
Pleosporales (A. crassa Ingold), Hymenoscyphus imberbis
(Bull.) Dennis, Helotiaceae (A. fustiformis Marvanová &
Descals) and A. coryli (Redhead & G.P. White) U. Braun,
asexual Mycosphaerellaceae (Index Fungorum 2015).
Anguillospora marina is a synonym of Lindra obtusa
Nakagiri & Tubaki as established by cultural studies and molecular data (Jones et al. 2009b). The type species,
A. longissima (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Ingold, is not linked to any
sexual morph and was placed in asexual Ascomycota in
Shearer et al. (2009); the genus is retained and placed here
in Ascomycota genera incertae sedis.
Aniptodera Shearer & M.A. Mill., Mycologia 69(5): 893
(1977)
A genus of Halosphaeriaceae established by Shearer and
Miller (1977) to accommodate the aquatic fungus
A. chesapeakensis Shearer & M.A. Mill. Molecular analysis
of SSU and LSU rDNA sequence data confirm that
Aniptodera is a polyphyletic genus with A. chesapeakensis
and A. lignatilis K.D. Hyde placed in one clade, while the rest
of the species are placed in distant clades (Jones et al. 2009a).
Further study is needed to resolve the taxonomy of the species
referred to Aniptodera. No asexual morph is known.
Anisostagma K.R.L. Petersen & Jørg. Koch, Mycol. Res.
100(2): 209 (1996)
Monotypic genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was
established by Petersen and Koch (1996) to accommodate
the marine species, A. rotundatum K.R.L. Petersen & Jørg.
Koch. This infrequently collected species has no known asexual morph. A phylogenetic study is required to determine if it
differs from Thalassogena and confirm its position in the
Halosphaeriaceae.
Anopodium N. Lundq., Botaniska Notiser 117 (4): 356 (1964)
A genus of Lasiosphaeriaceae based on morphological and
molecular data with A. ampullaceum as the type species. The
genus groups with Cercophora sulphurella (Sacc.) R. Hilber
in a well-supported clade and joins the weakly supported clade
containing Cercophora sparsa (Sacc. & Fairm.) R. Hilber,
Corylomyces selenosporus Stchigel et al., Bellojisia
rhynchostoma (Höhn.) Réblová and Podospora didyma J.H.
Mirza & Cain (Kruys et al. 2015).
Annulohypoxylon Y.M. Ju et al., in Hsieh et al., Mycologia
97(4): 855 (2005)
Two sections were recognized in Hypoxylon by Ju and
Rogers (1996); Hypoxylon sect. Hypoxylon and Hypoxylon
sect. Annulata. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, including
protein coding genes, Annulohypoxylon was introduced as a
new genus by Heish et al. (2005) to accommodate Hypoxylon
sect. Annulata with A. truncatum (Schwein.) Y.M. Ju et al.
designated as the type species. Hsieh et al. (2005) described
37 species and varieties belonging to Annulohypoxylon.
Several other species have been added to the genus
(Fournier et al. 2010; Hladki and Romero 2009; Ju et al.
2004; Marincowitz et al. 2008; Pereira et al. 2010;
Vassiljeva and Stephenson 2013); Index Fungorum (2015)
l i s t s 5 0 s p ec i e s . A n n u l o h y p o x y l o n s p e c i es h a v e
nodulosporium-like asexual morphs.
Antennospora Meyers, Mycologia 49: 501 (1957)
Monotypic marine ascomycete growing on submerged
wood, often in association with calcareous shells. No asexual
morph is known. Molecular data confirms its position in the
Halosphaeriaceae, forming a sister group to
Pseudolignincola siamensis with high bootstrap support
(Pang et al. 2008; Sakayaroj et al. 2011a).
Anthocanalis Daranagama et al., Fungal Diversity (in press)
(2015)
The genus Anthocanalis was introduced for A. sparti
Daranagama et al. to represent anthostomella-like taxa distinguished by having ascomata with a reduced clypeus with
shiny papilla and limoniform ascospores (Daranagama et al.
Fungal Diversity
2015). Isolates from ascospores of A. sparti produced a
nodulisporium-like asexual morph in culture. According to
the phylogenetic analysis by Daranagama et al. (2014) using
four combined genes, A. sparti clustered in the hypoxyloid
Xylariaceae and was closely related to Rhopalostroma,
Ruwenzoria and Thamnomyces.
Anthonectria Döbbeler, Mycologia 102(2): 405 (2010)
This monotypic genus was introduced by Döbbeler (2010)
based on Anthonectria mammispora Döbbeler and is stated to
be invalid in Index Fungorum (2014). According to the morphology the genus is classified in family Bionectriaceae.
Apiosporaceae K.D. Hyde et al., in Hyde et al., Sydowia
50(1): 23 (1998)
Hyde et al. (1998) introduced Apiosporaceae to accommodate Apiospora and Appendicospora. Smith et al. (2003) concluded that Apiosporaceae represented one of the seven families in Xylariales. Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) listed
Apiosporaceae as family incertae sedis (Sordariomycetes).
Crous and Groenewald (2013) analysed LSU rDNA sequence
data and confirmed the Apiosporaceae belongs in Xylariales,
and is a sister group to Amphisphaeriaceae.
Apodospora Cain & J.H. Mirza, Can. Bot. 48 (5): 891 (1970)
Monophyletic genus in Lasiosphaeriaceae with
Apodospora simulans Cain & J.H. Mirza as the type species
(Kruys et al. 2015). It groups with a number of other taxa with
unclear affinities to each other, lacking higher-level support
(Kruys et al. 2015).
Appendichordella R.G. Johnson et al., Can. J. Bot. 65(5): 941
(1987)
A monotypic lignicolous genus with no known asexual
morph, the type of which was described in Sphaerulina
(Kohlmeyer 1962) and has been referred to Haligena
(Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer 1979). The genus is morphologically well-placed in the family Halosphaeriaceae, but requires further collection, isolation and sequencing to confirm
its position therein (Jones et al. 2009a).
Aquanectria Lombard et al., in Lombard et al., Stud.
Mycol.80: 207 (2015)
Lombard et al. (2015) introduced the genus Aquanectria,
typified by Aquanectria penicillioides (Ingold) L. Lombard &
Crous, based on a multi-locus gene analysis to accommodate
two species previously treated as members of the genera
Flagellospora and Heliscus. The genus belongs in the family
Nectriaceae.
Arecophila K.D. Hyde, Nova Hedwigia 63(1–2): 82 (1996)
Arecophila was introduced by Hyde (1996), with the type
species A. gulubilcola K.D. Hyde and six other species. The
genus was originally placed in Amphisphaeriaceae due to a
morphological resemblance to Amphisphaeria but was revised
by Kang et al. (1999a) and excluded from Amphisphaeriaceae.
Arecophila differs from Amphisphaeria in having a cylindrical,
J+ ascus ring and ascomata immersed under a clypeus. Its striate
ascospores surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath show certain
similarities to those of Atrotorquata, Cainia, and Ceriophora
(Kang et al. 1999b). Due to its close morphological affinities
with these genera in Cainiaceae, Arecophila was moved to
Cainiaceae (Kang et al. 1999b). Molecular data is required to
resolve its taxonomic position.
Arenariomyces Höhnk, Veröff. Inst. Meeresf. Bremerhaven 3:
28 (1954)
A genus of Halosphaeriaceae, the type species of which
has been variously referred to Halosphaeria (Cribb and Cribb
1956), Peritrichospora (Kohlmeyer 1961) and Corollospora
(Kohlmeyer 1962), molecular data confirming its position in
this family (Jones et al. 2009b). No asexual morph is known.
Five species are referred to the genus (Jones et al. 2009b;
Koch 2013).
Argentinomyces N.I. Peña & Aramb., Mycotaxon 65: 333
(1997)
A monotypic genus, based on a single collection, of unknown affinities and requiring further study at the molecular
level. Jones et al. (2009b) referred Argentinomyces to the
Diaporthales genera incertae sedis based on its morphology.
Although it has features in common with members of the
Halosphaeriaceae, it does not belong in the family as it has
a thick-walled ascus apex and persistent asci.
Arnium Nitschke ex G. Winter, Bot. Ztg.: 450 (1873)
A genus in the Lasiosphaeriaceae with A. lanuginosum
Nitschke as the type species (Kruys et al. 2015). The genus,
as currently circumscribed, comprises 35 species that are morphologically diverse. Phylogenetically Arnium species are dispersed in three of the four major clades in the family, which
may be accounted for by the great morphological plasticity
within the genus. Further studies, including the type species,
are required to resolve the phylogenetic relationship of
Arnium species.
Arthrinium Kunze, in Kunze & Schmidt, Mykologische
Hefte (Leipzig) 1: 9 (1817)
This widespread and ecologically diverse genus is common
on grasses and bamboo. Crous and Groenewald (2013) accepted the name Arthrinium over its sexual morph name
Apiospora on the basis that the name Arthrinium is older,
more commonly encountered, and more frequently used in
literature. Based on morphology and molecular studies of
LSU and ITS rDNA sequence data, the genus is placed in
Fungal Diversity
Apiosporaceae, order Xylariales (Crous and Groenewald
2013). The genera Pteroconium and Cordella are also reduced
to synonymy with Arthrinium, because spore shape and the
presence of setae were rejected as characters of generic significance (Crous and Groenewald 2013).
Arthroxylaria Seifert & W. Gams, in Seifert et al., Czech
Mycol. 53(4): 299 (2002)
Arthroxylaria was introduced by Seifert et al. (2002) and is
typified by A. elegans Seifert & W. Gams. This xylarioid
asexual morph has been connected to Xylaria (Stadler et al.
2013). The asexual name could be suppressed in favour of
Xylaria as it is the older name and the cosmopolitan morph
is frequently encountered in nature. Stadler et al. (2013) suggested that the name Arthroxylaria can be retained to accommodate certain species of Xylaria which is thought to be a
comparatively diverse genus; a separation at the subgeneric
level may soon occur with the availability of molecular data.
Ascosacculus J. Campb. et al., Mycologia 95(3): 545 (2003)
Genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was introduced by
Campbell et al. (2003) to accommodate Ascosacculus
heteroguttulatus (S.W. Wong et al.) J. Campb. et al. and
A. aquaticus (K.D. Hyde) J. Campb. et al., two species previously placed in Halosarpheia that grow on decaying wood in
freshwater habitats; the genus is typified by A. aquaticus. In a
molecular study, species of Ascosacculus clustered in a wellsupported clade with Aniptodera species (A. chesapeakensis
Shearer & M.A. Mill. and A. lignatilis K.D. Hyde), that is
distant from H. fibrosa Kohlm. & E. Kohlm., the type species
of the genus Halosarpheia. Ascosacculus aquaticus produces
chains of brown chlamydospores (Campbell et al. 2003),
while A. heteroguttulatus has a asexual morph in
Trichocladium (Wong et al. 1998a, b).
Ascotaiwania Sivan. & H.S. Chang, Mycol. Res. 96(6): 481
(1992)
The genus was introduced to accommodate a freshwater
ascomycete (A. lignicola) collected on wood in Taiwan
(Sivanesan and Chang 1992) and referred to the Sordariales
by Cai et al. (2006a). Currently 12 species are known from
wood and palm material and are characterised by a conspicuous, apical, J- ring in the ascus, reminiscent of that found in
Annulatascus species. A combined phylogenetic analysis of
Ascotaiwania species, showed that they grouped in
Savoryellales (Hypocreomycetidae), but the position is not fully
resolved. Ascotaiwania sawadae H.S. Chang & S.Y. Hsieh,
A. mitriformis Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde and A. lignicola Sivan.
& H.S. Chang form a well-supported clade in the Savoryellales,
but A. hughesii Fallah et al. does not group with the other
species (Boonyuen et al. 2011). Several dematiaceous hyphomycetous anamorphs have been reported for Ascotaiwania, including Monotosporella sp. (for Ascotaiwania sawadae,
Sivicha et al. 1998), Monotosporella setosa (Berk. & M.A.
Curtis) S. Hughes (for Ascotaiwania sawadae, Ranghoo and
Hyde 1998), Helicoön farinosum Linder (Ascotaiwania
hughesii, Fallah et al. 1999; Tsui and Berbee 2006). Further
collections, isolation and sequence data are required to resolve
the taxonomic assignment of individual species in this genus.
Ascotricha Berk., Ann. nat. Hist., Mag. Zool. Bot. Geol. 1:
257 (1838)
Dicyma was introduced with D. ampullifera Boulanger
1897 as the type species. This asexual genus has been linked
with Ascotricha by Saccardo (1899) as mentioned in Index
Fungorum (2015). The morphological characters of Dicyma
ampullifera almost perfectly match those of Ascotricha
chartarum and Chaetomium chartarum (Saccardo 1899).
Stadler et al. (2013) suggested that the older name be given
priority and that Dicyma placed in synonymy.
Astrocystis Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14 (no. 74):
123 (1873) [1875]
Astrocystis was introduced by Berkeley and Broome
(1874) to accommodate species with uniperitheciate or rarely
multi-peritheciate stromata which appear superficial. Pinnoi
et al. (2010) introduced a new species Astrocystis eleiodoxae
Pinnoi et al. and inferred the phylogenetic relationships of this
and related species based on rDNA sequences of the ITS15.8S-ITS2 and partial SSU and LSU genes. They observed
that A. eleiodoxae clusters with Stilbohypoxylon elaeicola
(Henn.) L.E. Petrini with weak support when ITS and 28S
rDNA were combined. However, multilocus sequence analysis confirmed the monophyly of A. eleiodoxae and that it was
well positioned in the family Xylariaceae.
Atractium Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2):
10 (1809)
In the phylogenetic analysis of Gräfenhan et al. (2011) two
Atractium species, including the type species A. stilbaster
Link, formed a well-supported monophyletic group in
Nectriaceae. No sexual morphs are conclusively known for
this genus.
Aurantiosacculus Dyko & B. Sutton, in Dyko et al.,
Mycologia 71(5): 922 (1979)
Two new Aurantiosacculus species (A. acutatus Crous &
Summerell and A. eucalyptorum Crous & C. Mohammed)
clustered in Cryphonectriaceae (Crous et al. 2012a). No sexual morph is known for this coelomycetous genus.
Auratiopycnidiella Crous & Summerell, in Crous et al.,
Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 28: 69 (2012)
This genus has a unique set of morphological characteristics when compared to other genera of coelomycetous
Fungal Diversity
anamorphs treated by Sutton (1980). The genus may be distantly allied to Melanconidaceae, but is presently placed in
Diaporthales genera incertae sedis (Crous et al. 2012d). No
sexual morph is known for this monotypic genus.
Aurifilum Begoude et al., in Begoude et al., Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek 98(3): 273 (2010)
The monotypic genus Aurifilum was introduced for
A. marmelostoma Begoude et al., a species from bark of
Terminalia ivorensis from the Cameroons (Begoude et al.
2010) and was placed in Cryphonectriaceae based on molecular data. It has several obvious characteristics that differ from
other genera in Cryphonectriaceae, especially in the asexual
morph. Conidiomata are broadly convex, and wider than similar structures of Amphilogia and Rostraureum. The presence
of darkened ostiolar openings at the apex of the conidiomata is
also unique to the taxon.
Australiasca Sivan. & Alcorn. Aust. Syst. Bot. 15(5): 741
(2002)
Sivanesan and Alcorn (2002) published this genus with
Australiasca queenslandica Sivan. & Alcorn as the type
species and with Dischloridium camelliae Alcorn & Sivan.
asexual morph which is thus a synonym. This genus was
transferred from Chaetosphaeriaceae to Australiascaceae by
Réblová et al. (2011a) based on molecular data.
Australiascaceae Réblová & W. Gams, in Réblová et al.,
Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 171 (2011)
The family Australiascaceae was introduced based on LSU,
and a combined dataset of LSU, SSU and RPB2 and was placed
in the Glomerellales (Réblová et al. 2011a). The family includes the sexual genus Australiasca and asexual genus
Monilochaetes. Currently, the family comprises Australiasca
queenslandica Sivan. & Alcorn, A. laeënsis Réblová & W.
Gams, Monilochaetes infuscans Harter and
M. guadalcanalensis (Matsush.) I.H. Rong & W. Gams. It accommodates species with a sexual morph that is similar to
Chaetosphaeria with indistinguishable perithecia. The asexual
morphs are phialidic dematiaceous and hyphomycetous, which
are also similar to the asexual morphs of Chaetosphaeria.
Baipadisphaeria Pinruan, in Pinruan et al., Mycosphere 1: 58
(2011)
Pinruan et al. (2010) introduced this monotypic genus, with
B. spathulospora Pinruan et al. as its type, based on a collection from Thailand in a peat swamp forest on a submerged
woody trunk of Licuala longicalycata. Phylogenetic analyses
of LSU and SSU rDNA sequence data reveal that the genus
belongs in the Nectriaceae (Hypocreales). where it forms a
sister clade with Leuconectria.
Bagadiella Cheew. & Crous, Persoonia 23: 59 (2009)
Cheewangkoon et al. (2009) introduced this hyphomycetous genus with B. lanata Cheew. & Crous as its type.
Currently this genus has three species and the sexual morph
is unknown. Bagadiella is similar to Cladorrhinum
(Lasiosphaeriaceae) in having pigmented hyphae and
pustular-like aggregations of conidiophores. Based on LSU
sequence data, the status of this new genus is supported and
referred to Diaporthales genera incertae sedis.
Bambusicularia Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 105 (2014)
Bambusicularia is a monotypic genus of Pyriculariaceae
recently introduced by Klaubauf et al. (2014) to accommodate
the plant pathogenic B. brunnea Klaubauf et al. which was
isolated from Sasa sp. in Japan. It differs from Pyricularia in
conidiophore morphology and phylogeny based on LSU, ITS,
RPB1, ACT and CAL sequence data (Klaubauf et al. 2014).
Barretomyces Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 105 (2014)
Based on sequence analysis of LSU, ITS, RPB1, actin and
calmodulin genes, Klaubauf et al. (2014) introduced this monotypic genus, assigned to Pyriculariaceae for Barretomyces
calatheae (D.J. Soares et al.) Klaubauf et al., a foliar pathogen
of Calathea longifolia from Brazil (Soares et al. 2011).
Bartalinia Tassi, Bulletin Labor. Orto Bot. de R. Univ. Siena
3: 4 (1900)
Bartalinia is a coelomycetous anamorph genus which accommodates species having conidia with either three or four
septa (Marincowitz et al. 2010). The taxonomic revision of
Andrianova and Minter (2007) provided a key to ten
Bartalinia species. Marincowitz et al. (2010) introduced
B. pondoensis Marinc. et al., which was isolated from South
Africa from living leaves of Maytenus abbottii. An epitype
was designated for the type species B. robillardoides Tassi
which showed the genus to belong in Amphisphaeriaceae.
Bathyascus Kohlm., Revue de Mycologie 41(2): 190 (1977)
Genus with no known asexual morph. Although generally referred to the Halosphaeriaceae, preliminary molecular results indicate it has no affinity with taxa in
this family (Jones et al. 2006). Further collections of
the five Bathyascus species are required for isolation
and sequencing.
Bertiaceae Smyk, Ukr. bot. Zh. 38(6): 47 (1981)
Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010) revisited the order
Coronophorales with DNA sequence data and showed
Bertiaceae to be monophyletic. Bertiaceae was expanded to
include Gaillardiella and Bertia didyma (Speg.) Mugambi &
Huhndorf (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2010).
Biciliospora Petr., Sydowia 6(5–6): 429 (1952)
See under Scortechiniaceae.
Fungal Diversity
Biconiosporella Schaumann, Veröff. Inst. Meeresforsch.
Bremerhaven 14: 24 (1972)
The genus Biconiosporella was referred to the
Lasiosphaeriaceae based on morphological observations,
but requiring sequence data to confirm its assignment to the
family (Jones et al. 2009b).
Boliniaceae Rick, Brotéria, sér. bot. 25: 65 (1931)
The family was emended by Untereiner et al. (2013) based
on molecular data and includes the genera Apiocamarops,
Apiorhynchostoma, Camarops, Camaropella, Cornipulvina,
E n d o x y l a , M o l l i c a m a ro p s , N e o h y p o d i s c u s a n d
Pseudovalsaria. A key to genera was also provided.
Biflua Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones, Can. J. Bot. 67: 1187
(1989)
Monotypic marine genus based on morphological observations, requiring study at the molecular level (Jones et al.
2009b) and referred to Ascomycota genera incertae sedis. It
grows on wood associated with sand.
Broomella Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 557 (1883)
Broomella species are distinct in having ellipsoid-fusiform,
inequilaterally curved, triseptate ascospores with central brown
cells and hyaline end cells, with a single appendage at each end
(Kang et al. 1999a). Many species in this genus were initially
linked to Pestalotia asexual morphs (Shoemaker and Müller
1963). Based on the conidial forms, Steyaert (1949) split
Pestalotia into three genera, namely Pestalotia, Pestalotiopsis
and Truncatella (4-celled conidia). However Nag Raj (1985,
1993) preferred to adopt a broader concept for Pestalotiopsis
to include 3-septate conidial forms. Pestalotiopsis besseyi
(Guba) Nag Raj, P. casuarinae (Cooke & Massee) Nag Raj,
P. citrina (McAlpine) Nag Raj, P. eupyrena (Tassi) Nag Raj,
P. gastrolobi (Tassi) Nag Raj, P. jacksoniae (Henn.) Nag Raj,
P. moorei (Harkn.) Nag Raj, P. pestalozzioides (Dearn. &
Fairm.) Nag Raj, P. puyae (Henn.) Nag Raj, P. stevensoniii
stevensonii (Peck) Nag Raj and P. torrendiii (J.V. Almeida &
Sousa da Câmara) Nag Raj are 3-celled conidial forms that Nag
Raj (1993) placed in Pestalotiopsis, but which actually belong
in Truncatella (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014). LSU sequence data reveal that Truncatella is a distinct genus in the
family Amphisphaeriaceae (Jeewon et al. 2002; Barber et al.
2011; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014).
Bionectriaceae Samuels & Rossman, Stud. Mycol. 42: 15
(1999)
Rossman et al. (2013) suggested that Bionectriaceae which
has been frequently cited, be retained over Spicariaceae 1934
which has rarely been cited. They suggested protecting
Bionectriaceae, despite the synonymy of Bionectria and
Clonostachys (syn. Spicaria), and maintaining use of the
younger name.
Biscogniauxia Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. (Leipzig) 2: 398 (1891)
Biscogniauxia Kuntze includes xylariaceous taxa with bipartite stromata that do not release KOH extractable pigments
(Ju et al. 1998). Their asexual morphs in culture are usually
considered as a variation of nodulisporium-like to
periconiella-like (Stadler et al. 2013). Molecular studies,
mainly based on ITS and protein coding genes (Hsieh et al.
2005; Stadler et al. 2013, 2014), place Biscogniauxia as a
basal lineage to other xylariaceous taxa.
Bisifusarium Lombard et al., in Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol.
80: 223 (2015)
This genus is introduced by Lombard et al. (2015), typified
by B. dimerum (Penz.) L. Lombard & Crous, to include
fusarium-like species previously classified in the genus
Fusarium. Species of Bisifusarium can be differentiated from
species in Fusarium by their short, (0–) 1–2(−3)-septate
macroconidia and the formation of lateral phialidic pegs arising from the hyphae. Phylogenetic studies revealed that
Bisifusarium is closely related to Fusarium in Nectriaceae,
but distinct from the Fusarium clade.
Bleptosporium Steyaert, Darwiniana 12: 171 (1961)
Bleptosporium includes two species, the generic type
B. montteae Speg. ex Steyaert and B. pleurochaetum (Speg.)
B. Sutton. The asexual Bleptosporium has been linked to
Amphisphaeria and Discostroma (Hyde et al. 2011, Index
Fungorum 2015), but these links have not been proven by
molecular data. Both names should be retained pending fresh
collection and molecular study.
Brunneiperidium Daranagama et al., Fungal Diversity (in
press) (2015)
Brunneiperidium was introduced as a new genus to accommodate two new species B. gracilentum Daranagama et al. (type
species) and B. involucratum Daranagama et al. (Daranagama
et al. 2015). Phylogenetic analysis places these species within
the xylarioid clade comprising Xylaria and Kretzschmaria. The
genus has morphological similarities with Nipicola, however the
phylogenetic relationship of Brunneiperidium and Nipicola
could not be evaluated due to the lack of cultures of the latter.
Brunneodinemasporium Crous & R.F. Castañeda, in Crous
et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 28: 128 (2012)
Crous et al. (2012b) studied Dinemasporium and related
genera and showed species with tightly aggregated
conidiogenous cells and pale brown conidia belong in the
monotypic genus Brunneodinemasporium. They placed the
genus in Chaetosphaeriaceae with B. brasiliense Crous &
R.F. Castañeda as the type species.
Brunneosporella Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde, Mycol. Res.
105(5): 625 (2001)
Fungal Diversity
This monotypic genus with Brunneosporella aquatica
Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde as type species is known to be
saprobic on wood in freshwater habitats. It was placed in
Annulatascaceae based on the black ascomata, cylindrical asci with a refractive apical ring and brown uniseptate
ascospores. Ranghoo et al. (1999) in their phylogenetic study
showed that Brunneosporella (as Ascobrunneispora) clusters
with Annulatascus in Annulatascaceae. Réblová et al. (2015)
showed that Brunneosporella clusters in the family
Papulosaceae in phylogenetic analyses.
Bryocentria Döbbeler, Mycol. Progr. 3(3): 247 (2004)
Stenroos et al. (2010) obtained sequence data for this genus
and showed it belongs in Bionectriaceae. The generic type,
B. brongniartii Döbbeler, is a frequent biotrophic and hostspecific leaf perforator of Frullania dilatata. Currently seven
species are assigned to the genus (Index Fungorum 2015).
Bullimyces A. Ferrer et al., Mycologia 104(4): 868 (2012)
This genus was introduced by Ferrer et al. (2012), with
Bullimyces communis Ferrer et al. as the type species, based
on a collection of submerged woody debris in freshwater.
Molecular analysis showed the genus to belong in
Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis.
Cainia Arx & E. Müll., Acta bot. neerl. 4(1): 111 (1955)
Krug (1977) revised the genus and introduced Cainiaceae
to accommodate two species; the type species is Cainia
graminis (Niessl) Arx & E. Müll. According to Kang et al.
(1999b) another genus Atrotorquata, which is closely related
to Cainia in their respective morphologies, did not infer any
phylogenetic affinity with the Amphisphaeriaceae (sensu
stricto), therefore the genus was excluded from this family.
Kang et al. (1999b) pointed out that Atrotorquata morphologically resembles Cainia.
2004). It causes almond die back in Iran and has an impact on
the almond industry (Arzanlou and Dokhanchi 2013).
Calosphaeriophora becomes a synonym of Calosphaeria.
Camillea Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm):
382 (1849)
The monotypic asexual genus Masoniomyces was introduced by Crane and Dumont (1975) and later synonymised
with Xylocladium. Masoniomyces claviformis J.L. Crane &
Dumont, the type, was then named as Xylocladium claviforme
(J.L. Crane & Dumont) Arx which is currently in use. Jong
and Rogers (1972) investigated the asexual morphs of the
Camillea species from culture and later Rogers (1984) reported C. broomeana (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Læssøe et al. to have
a Xylocladium asexual morph. Læssøe et al. (1989) observed
the development of a Xylocladium asexual morph in culture of
C. leprieurii Mont., and therefore assigned the asexual genus
Xylocladium to the sexual genus Camillea. Stadler et al.
(2013) mentioned that the asexual morph Xylocladium should
be synonymised under Camillea.
Canalisporium (Hol.-Jech. & Mercado) Nawawi & Kuthub.,
Mycotaxon 34(2): 479 (1989)
This genus was introduced by Nawawi and Kuthubutheen
(1989) to accommodate the type species Canalisporium
caribense (Hol.-Jech. & Mercado) Nawawi & Kuthub., a
freshwater hyphomycetous anamorph growing on wood. A
combined analysis of partial 18S, 28S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer 5.8S region showed that seven Canalisporium
species formed a highly supported monophyletic clade in the
Hypocreomycetidae with Ascothailandia, a sexual morph genus. Ascothailandia had been introduced to accommodate a
freshwater taxon, Ascothailandia grenadoidia Sri-indr. et al.,
collected in Thailand (Sri-indrasutdhi et al. 2010). Ascospore
isolates produced the Canalisporium grenadoidium Sriindrasutdhi et al. asexual morph in culture. Thus
Ascothailandia, which is a recent name, becomes a synonym
of Canalisporium. Subsequently, the genus Canalisporium
was referred to the order Savoryellales (Boonyuen et al. 2011).
Calonectria De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 2(3): 477 (1867)
The asexual morph of the type species of Calonectria, C.
daldiniana (= C. pyrochroa (Desm.) Sacc. 1878) is a species
of Cylindrocladium. Rossman (1979) established the connection from a culture study. A decision is needed for the use
between Cylindrocladium and Calonectria. Calonectria is
the older name, a well-known pathogen and has more
species epithets than Cylindrocladium. Crous et al. (2013)
described two new species in Calonectria which only had
Cylindrocladium asexual morphs.
Cancellidium Tubaki, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 16(4): 357
(1975)
Cancellidium applanatum Tubaki is the type species of the
genus Cancellidium. Based on a combined analysis of ITS and
LSU sequences, Cancellidium lies in Sordariomycetes genera,
incertae sedis (Pratibha et al. 2014).
Calosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 2:
108 (1863)
Calosphaeria pulchella (Pers.) J. Schröt. was found to form
a distinct acremonium-like asexual morph in culture, for which
the monotypic genus Calosphaeriophora (Calosphaeriophora
pulchella Réblová et al. as type) was proposed (Réblová et al.
Carbosphaerella I. Schmidt, Feddes Repert. 80: 108 (1969)
The genus well-placed at the morphological and molecular
level in the family Halosphaeriaceae (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a);
no asexual morph is known. Molecular data indicates the genus has affinities with the genus Remispora (Sakayaroj et al.
2011a).
Fungal Diversity
Carpoligna F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf, in Fernández et al.,
Mycologia 91(2): 253 (1999)
The genus Carpoligena was introduced by Fernández et al.
(1999) based on characters of the asexual morph and the analysis of ribosomal DNA data. The characteristics of ascomata
and ascospores of the sexual morph resemble typical
Chaetosphaeria species, however, the asexual morphs are
readily distinguished by the typical phialidic conidiophores
in Chaetosphaeria species (Fernández et al. 1999).
Fernández et al. (1999) noted a high degree of DNA divergence between Carpoligena and taxa belonging to the orders,
Diaporthales, Hypocreales, Microascales and Sordariales.
Ceratocystidaceae Locq. ex Réblová, W. Gams & Seifert,
Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 188 (2011)
The name Ceratocystidaceae (as BCeratocystaceae^) was
proposed by Locquin (1972), but was not validly published.
This was rectified in Réblová et al. (2011a, b) with phylogenetic data and a recent treatment was provided by De Beer
et al. (2014). The family Ceratocystidaceae formed a strongly
supported monophyletic group consisting of Ceratocystis,
Cornuvesica, Thielaviopsis and the type species of
Ambrosiella (Ambrosiella xylebori Brader ex Arx &
Hennebert) and is placed in the order Microascales based on
molecular data (Réblová et al. 2011a, b). De Beer et al. (2014)
treated and accepted Ambrosiella, Ceratocystis, Chalaropsis,
Davidsoniella (a newly introduced genus),
Endoconidiophora, Huntiella (a newly introduced genus)
and Thielaviopsis in the family. They excluded Cornuvesica,
but did not mention which family it should be placed; here we
refer it to Microascales genera incertae sedis.
Ceratolenta Réblová, Mycologia 105(2): 466 (2013)
Réblová (2013a) described this new genus with a single
species Ceratolenta caudata Réblová based on morphology
and phylogenetic analyses. Phylogenetic analyses of combined genes of this wood-inhabiting taxon indicated that this
species belongs in a separate monophyletic branch (100/1.0)
without close relationship to other morphologically similar
fungi of the Sordariomycetidae.
Ceriosporopsis Linder, Farlowia 1: 408 (1945)
Genus well-placed at the morphological and molecular level in the family Halosphaeriaceae, with no documented asexual morph, except it does produce profuse chlamydospores on
wood and in culture (Jones et al. 2009a, b). Ceriosporopsis
species form a well-supported clade that has affinities with
Oceanitis (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a; Pang et al. 2012). Based
on molecular data the genus Bovicornua is reduced to synonymy with Ceriosporopsis (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a).
Chaetoconis Clem., Gen. fung. (Minneapolis): 125, 176
(1909)
Chaetoconis is a coelomycetous anamorph proposed to
accommodate Kellermania polygoni, which is a segregate of
Kellermania (Nag Raj 1993). Presently there are two species,
Chaetoconis polygoni (Ellis & Everh.) Clem. and C. vaccinii
Melnik & Nag Raj. De Gruyter et al. (2009) placed the type
species, C. polygoni, in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis
based on sequence analysis.
Chaetorostrum Zelski et al., Mycosphere 2(5): 594 (2011)
This monotypic genus was introduced for Chaetorostrum
quincemilensis Zelski et al., collected on woody debris from
streams in a lower montaine cloud forest in Peru. The taxon also
produces a taeniolella-like asexual morph in culture, which is a
first record of an asexual morph in Annulatascaceae, however,
the placement of this genus was confirmed only by morphology
and thus placed in Annulatascaceae sensu lato (Zelski et al.
2011a). This genus can be compared to Ascotaiwania, which
was recently placed in Savoryellales (Boonyuen et al. 2011).
Chaetosphaerellaceae Huhndorf et al., Mycol. Res. 108(12):
1387 (2004)
Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010) revisited the order
Coronophorales with DNA sequence data and showed
Chaetosphaerellaceae to be monophyletic, composed of
Chaetosphaerella and Crassochaeta.
Chamaeleomyces Sigler, J. Clin. Microbiol. 48(9): 3186
(2010)
Chamaeleomyces was introduced as a new monotypic genus for C. granulomatis Sigler, isolated from the liver
Chamaeleo calyptratus collected from a zoo (Sigler et al.
2010). According to morphological studies and phylogenetic
analyses of nuclear ribosomal rRNA (rDNA) the genus belongs in Clavicipitaceae. Paecilomyces viridis was concurrently transferred to the genus as Chamaeleomyces viridis
(Segretain et al.) Sigler (Sigler et al. 2010).
Chlorostroma A.N. Mill. et al., Sydowia 59(1): 142 (2007)
Chlorostroma was introduced by Miller et al. (2007) as a
monotypic new genus for C. subcubisporum A.N. Mill. et al..
This taxon was first collected inhabiting the stromata of
Hypoxylon perforatum (Schwein.) Fr. in the USA and resembles
Thuemenella cubispora (Ellis & Holw.) Boedijn in stromatal
morphology. Thus, the genus was placed in Xylariaceae by
Miller et al. (2007). Læssøe et al. (2010) detected a lepraric acid
derivative in the type specimen. Chlorostroma cyaninum
Læssøe et al. was described from Thailand and has the same
metabolite profile as Hypoxylon aeruginosum J.H. Mill. suggesting therefore concluded that Chlorostroma and Hypoxylon
aeruginosum are closely related Læssøe et al. (2010). However,
the taxonomic conclusion is not yet established because cultures
to study the asexual morphology, secondary metabolites and
molecular phylogeny are lacking (Læssøe et al. 2010).
Fungal Diversity
Chromendothia Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Mikol. Fitopatol. 27(4): 5
(1993)
This monotypic genus was introduced by Vasilyeva (1993)
for C. appendiculata Lar.N. Vassiljeva. In the present study
C. citrina Lar.N. Vassiljeva clusters in Cryphonectriaceae
(Fig. 2).
Chrysocrypta Crous & Summerell, in Crous et al., Persoonia,
Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 28: 165 (2012)
This monotypic genus was introduced for a foliar pathogen
of Corymbia sp. and is coelomycetous. Crous et al. (2012c)
placed it in the Cryphonectriaceae.
Chrysoporthe Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Stud. Mycol. 50(1):
129 (2004)
The genus Chrysoporthella is typified by C. hodgesiana
Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., and Chrysoporthe is typified by
C . c u b e n s i s ( B r u n e r ) G r y z e n h . & M . J . Wi n g f .
Chrysoporthella hodgesiana is recognized as a species of
Chrysoporthe based on ITS and β-tubulin data (Gryzenhout
et al. 2004). Phylogenetic analysis showed C. austroafricana
Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., C. cubensis, C. doradensis Gryzenh.
& M.J. Wingf. and Chrysoporthella hodgesiana grouped together as a single genus (Gryzenhout et al. 2004).
Chrysoporthe (asexual morph Conoideocrella) is the most
commonly used name and therefore Chrysoporthella should
be considered a synonym.
Cirrenalia Meyers & R.T. Moore, Am. J. Bot. 47: 346 (1960)
A genus in Halosphaeriaceae supported by molecular data
(Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010) with C. macrocephala (Kohlm.)
Meyers & R.T. Moore as the type species, although the strain
sequenced was not ex-type. However, the genus is polyphyletic with a sexual morph in Juncigera (Microascales;
Juncigenaceae), and putative assignments of new genera in
Lulworthiales (Hydea = Cirrenalia pygmea Kohlm.;
Halazoon melhae Abdel-Aziz et al., H. fuscus (I. Schmidt)
Abdel-Wahab et al., Abdel-Aziz & E.B.G. Jones;
Moleospora maritima Abdel-Wahab et al., Matsusporium
tropicale (Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang = Cirrenalia
tropicalis Kohlm.) and Pleosporales (Hiogispora =
Cirrenalia japonica Sugiy.) (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010), based
on molecular data.
Cladobotryum Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 56 (1816)
[1816–17]
See under Hypomyces.
Clavatospora Sv. Nilsson ex Marvanová & Sv Nilsson, Trans.
Br. Mycol. Soc. 57: 531 (1971)
A polyphyletic genus with species in Halosphaeriaceae
(C. bulbosa (Anastasiou) Nakagiri & Tubaki) and
Leotiaceae (C. flagellate J. Gönczöl). Clavatospora bulbosa
(= Clavariopsis bulbosa Anastasiou) was shown by culture
techniques to be the asexual morph of Corollospora pulchella
(Shearer and Crane 1971). Other species need to be sequenced
to determine their phylogenetic position. The type species
Clavatospora longibrachiata (Ingold) Sv. Nilsson ex
Marvanová & Sv. Nilsson, clusters in Halosphaeriaceae
(Duarte et al. 2015).
Clonostachys Corda, Pracht-Fl. Eur. Schimmelbild.: 31
(1839)
Schroers (2001) reported a possible link between
Clonostachys and Bionectria, which have consistently been
considered congeneric and this is followed in Rossman et al.
(2013). Because the name Clonostachys rosea (the generic
type) is commonly used in biocontrol studies, Rossman et al.
(2013) proposed the protection of the older asexual morphtypified name Clonostachys for this genus.
Clypeoporthella Petr., Annls mycol. 22(1/2): 149 (1924)
Clypeoporthella is typified by C. brencklei Petr. which occurs on goldenrod (Solidago) in North America. This may be a
synonym of Diaporthe but needs recollecting and sequencing.
Coccinonectria Lombard & Crous, in Lombard et al., Stud.
Mycol. 80: 218 (2015)
The sexual genus Coccinonectria was established by
Lombard et al. (2015) with C. pachysandricola (B.O.
Dodge) L. Lombard & Crous as the type species. It is distinguished from Pseudonectria by its orange to scarlet ascomata
with short, thick-walled setae extending from the ascomatal
surface. Molecular analysis using combined data sets recognized Coccinonectria as a separate genus that is clearly distinct from the genus Pseudonectria (Lombard et al. 2015).
Codinaeopsis Morgan-Jones, Mycotaxon 4(1): 166 (1976)
Codinaea gonytrichoides Shearer & Crane was introduced
by Shearer and Crane (1971), was selected as the type of the
monotypic genus Codinaeopsis by Morgan-Jones (1976), a genus characterized by its encircling hyphae and conidiogenous
cells with collarettes. Whitton et al. (2000) combined this species
as Dictyochaetopsis gonytrichoides. Crous et al. (2012b) placed
Codinaeopsis in the family Chaetosphaeriaceae based on the
molecular data. In this study Crous et al. (2012b) is followed.
Colletotrichum Corda, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., 3 Abt. (Pilze
Deutschl.) 3(12): 41, tab. 21 (1831)
This genus has been placed in Glomerellaceae by Réblová
et al. (2011a, b), which is also confirmed in this study (Fig. 2).
Significant changes in the understanding of Colletotrichum species took place following the outline given by Hyde et al. (2009a,
Fungal Diversity
b) and recommendation for use of polyphasic approach for species identification (Cai et al. 2009). Incorporation of these approaches especially the use of multigene phylogenetic analysis,
classification and knowledge of species complexes, as well as
epitypification, contributed to the better understanding of the
genus Colletotrichum (Cannon et al. 2008, 2012; Crouch 2014;
Damm et al. 2012a, b, 2013; Doyle et al. 2013; Weir et al. 2012,
Hyde et al. 2014). The epitypification of C. gloeosporioides
(Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. (Cannon et al. 2008) was particularly
important. Twenty-five Colletotrichum species have now been
epitypified, while one has been neotypified, and three have been
lectotypified (Damm et al. 2009, 2012a, b, 2013; Doyle et al.
2013; Liu et al. 2011, 2013; Su et al. 2011; Weir and Johnston
2010; Weir et al. 2012).
Cannon et al. (2012) incorporated six gene analyses for
nearly all the presently sequenced species of this genus and
at least nine clades were revealed. Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides (Cannon et al. 2008; Phoulivong et al.
2010; Weir et al. 2012), C. acutatum J.H. Simmonds
(Marcelino et al. 2008; Shivas and Tan 2009; Damm et al.
2012a), C. boninense Moriwaki (Moriwaki et al. 2003; Yang
et al. 2009; Damm et al. 2012b), C. destructivum O’Gara
(Damm et al. 2014), C. orbiculare Damm et al. (Damm
et al. 2013) are well-resolved important species complexes
among the nine clades. Damm et al. (2013) resolved
C. orbiculare and introduced four new species, while
Crouch (2014) introduced a new species complex as
C. caudatum (Peck ex Sacc.) Peck with five new species
found on warm-season grasses, characterized by spores with
the apex extended to a filiform appendage. Further studies in
the C. gloeosporioides species complex led to recognition of
C. citricola (Huang et al. 2013), C. dianesei (Lima et al. 2013),
C. endomangiferae (Vieira et al. 2014), C. endophytica
(Manamgoda et al. 2013), C. fructivorum (Doyle et al. 2013),
C. melanocaulon (Doyle et al. 2013), C. murrayae (Peng et al.
2012), C. syzygicola (Udayanga et al. 2013), C. temperatum
(Doyle et al. 2013) and C. viniferum (Peng et al. 2013).
Rakotoniriana et al. (2013) introduced a singleton species
C. gigasporum, Tao et al. (2013) introduced seven new species;
four species belonging to the graminicola clade, two species
belonging to the Spaethianum clade and one singleton
species. Yang et al. (2014) introduced a new species belonging
to the Spaethianum clade named C. incanum. Colletotrichum
melanocaulon was synonymized under C. dianesei (Vieira
et al. 2014). Many recent studies used multi-gene phylogeny
to understand the phylogenetic divergence of Colletotrichum
species. Since it is an expensive procedure as well as time
consuming, Silva et al. (2012) stressed the need to use ‘powerful genes’ such as ApMat and Apn25L. The ApMat marker
provides a better resolution, similar to the multi-gene markers,
and has been a better gene in resolving species within the
C. gloeosporioides species complex (Doyle et al. 2013;
Sharma et al. 2013; Hyde et al. 2014; Silva et al. 2012; Liu
et al. 2015).
Von Schrenk and Spaulding (1903) proposed the name
Glomerella as the sexual morph of Colletotrichum and this
has been confirmed in cultural and molecular studies (Sutton
1968; Crouch et al. 2009). A single name, either Colletotrichum
or Glomerella, has to be chosen to represent this taxon. Here we
recommend the use of Colletotrichum because 1) the
Colletotrichum name/asexual morph is commonly associated
with disease symptoms, while many Glomerella sexual morphs
tend to develop on dead host tissues (Sutton 1992) and thus are
understudied in comparison to the asexual morphs (Cannon
et al. 2012). 2) A comprehensive monograph on
Colletotrichum (von Arx 1957) and notes on species (Hyde
et al. 2009b) has been published, while a comprehensive monograph for is not available. 3) There has been little morphology
based comparison of sexual taxa and many claimed asexualsexual links are not based on authentic/type material. 4) In most
cases the sexual names are not typified according to modern
practices (Cannon et al. 2012). 5) There are no reliable reports
of sexual morph from any taxon within the truncatum clade
(Cannon et al. 2012). Further, in the graminicola clade some
individual species such as C. falcatum, and C. graminicola are
known to produce sexual morphs, but other groups seem to
form the sexual morph rarely or apparently not at all (Crouch
and Beirn 2009; Cannon et al. 2012). 6) Colletotrichum has
many more species epithets (772) than Glomerella (100) and
is also the older generic name. 7) The number of Google scholar
hits of Colletotrichum (60,700) is higher than Glomerella (13,
500). 8) Colletotrichum is a well-established name in the plant
pathological and plant breeder community (Cannon et al. 2012;
Hyde et al. 2009a).
Hyde et al. (2009a, b) suggested the adoption of the generic
name Colletotrichum in future revisions and this has been
followed in most subsequent studies (Cannon et al. 2012;
Hyde et al. 2014).
Collodiscula I. Hino & Katum., Bull. Faculty of Agriculture,
Yamaguchi University 6: 55 (1955)
Collodiscula japonica I. Hino & Katum. is the type species
of this monotypic genus. Samuels et al. (1987) observed several specimens that were associated with a conidiomatal fungus that is morphologically similar to the ascomatal initial of
C. japonica. This morphological similarity was then confirmed by isolation of ascospores of C. japonica and the conidia of the asexual morph and observing that the cultures
formed from both morphs were identical. They were unable
to place this new asexual morph in any of the described genera
and proposed Acanthodochium to accommodate
A. collodisculae Samuels et al. Based on priority
Acanthodochium should be regarded as a synonym
Collodiscula I. Hino & Katum. (Jaklitsch and Voglmayr
2012; Stadler et al. 2013).
Fungal Diversity
Coniocessiaceae Asgari & Zare, Mycol. Progr. 10(2): 195
(2011)
This family was introduced by Asgari and Zare (2011) and
placed in Xylariales and comprises a single genus,
Coniocessia, with its type species C. nodulisporioides (D.
Hawksw.) Dania García et al. forming with a nodulisporiumlike asexual morph. Four new species were added by Asgari
and Zare (2011).
Coniolariella Dania García et al., Mycol. Res. 110(11): 1285
(2006)
Coniolariella was introduced by Dania García et al. (2006)
with C. gamsii (Asgari and Zare) Dania García et al. as the
type species. Phylogenetic analysis placed Coniolariella within the Xylariales and its close relationship with rosellinia-like
genera (Checa et al. 2008) and was placed in Xylariaceae in
Stadler et al. (2013). Coniolariella hispanica Checa, Arenal &
J.D. Rogers and C. limoniispora var. limoniispora (Ellis &
Everh.) Checa et al. have sporothrix-or geniculosporium-like
asexual morphs associated with stromata at different stages.
Conioscypha Höhn., Annls mycol. 2(1): 58 (1904)
Conioscypha comprises eight terrestrial and freshwater
species found on decayed wood, leaves or bamboo stems
and also from skin scrapings and hair of living animals
(Shearer 1973; Matsushima 1980, 1993, 1996). Réblová
et al. (2004) introduced Conioscyphascus as the sexual morph
of Conioscypha. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed a close relationship of Conioscypha with Ascotaiwania and Carpoligna
(Savoryellales), but the family and order relationships remain
uncertain. The genus is therefore placed in Savoryellales genera incertae sedis.
Conlarium F. Liu & L. Cai, Mycologia 104(5): 1180 (2012)
Liu and Cai (2012) described this genus with a single species – Conlarium duplumascospora F. Liu & L. Cai based on
morphology and molecular analyses. It was collected from submerged wood in Guangdong Province, China. The genus was
considered unique among genera in Annulatascaceae sensu
lato because of its unusual combination of morphological characters. Phylogenetic analysis also indicated that Conlarium has
affinities with members in Annulatascaceae sensu lato, but the
genus could not be included in any existing genera.
The taxon is placed in Sordariomycetidae genera incertae
sedis here.
Corallicola Volkm.-Kohlm. & Kohlm., Mycotaxon 44(2):
418 (1992)
A monotypic genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was
established by Volkmann-Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer (1992)
to accommodate the marine fungus, Corallicola nana Volkm.Kohlm. & Kohlm. The placement of the genus in the
Halosphaeriaceae has not been confirmed at the molecular
level (Jones et al. 2009a). No asexual morph is known. It
can easily be confused with Arenariomyces but differs in the
centrum pseudoparenchyma in lacking pit connections, ascospore appendages that do not terminate in a spade-like structure and the fact that it has only been found on dead coral
(Volkmann-Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer 1992).
Corallomycetella Henn., Hedwigia 43: 245 (1904)
This genus was revisited by Herrera et al. (2013a) and
shown to comprise two distinct well-separated clades in
Nectriaceae. Corallomycetella sensu stricto represented two
species, C. elegans (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) C. Herrera & P.
Chaverri and C. repens (Berk. & Broome) Rossman &
Samuels while C. jatrophae (Möller) Rossman & Samuels
was placed in a new genus, Corallonectria, as C. jatrophae
(Möller) C. Herrera & P. Chaverri.
Cordana Preuss, Linnaea 24: 129 (1851)
Porosphaerella cordanophora E. Müll. & Samuels (generic type) was isolated in vitro and produced a Cordana
pauciseptata Preuss (generic type) asexual morph in culture
(Müller and Samuels 1982). Cordana is the older generic name
and Porosphaerella is therefore a synonym. The biological link
between Porosphaerella borinquensis F.A. Fernández &
Huhndorf and Pseudobotrytis terrestris (Timonin) Subram.
was proven by in vitro culture of ascospores (Fernández and
Huhndorf 2004; Müller and Samuels 1982). Cordana belongs
to the family Cordanaceae and based on sequence analysis,
Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2015) recognized Cordanaceae is
distinct at ordinal level established Cordanales.
Corollospora Werderm., Notizbl. Bot. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 8:
248 (1922)
A monotypic genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was
established by Werdermann (1922) to accommodate
C. maritima Werderm. Molecular studies showed that the genus
is monophyletic and formed a moderately supported clade within Halosphaeriaceae (Campbell et al. 2002; Abdel-Wahab et al.
2009; Sakayaroj et al. 2011b). Corollospora is currently the
most speciose genus in marine habitats with 23 species. The
most distinctive feature of Corollospora species is their apical
and equatorial ribbon-like secondary appendages, which are
formed by the fragmentation and peeling off of the exospore
layer and their associations with sand grains. They have asexual
morphs in species of Clavatospora, Halosigmoidea and
Varicosporina (Jones et al. 2009b). Halosigmoidea was introduced to accommodate three marine hyphomycetous asexual
morphs that did not group with the type species of Sigmoidea
J.L. Crane (type S. prolifera (R.H. Petersen) J.L. Crane);
Corollospora has priority and is the accepted name.
Coronophoraceae Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 116: 624 (1907)
Fungal Diversity
Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010) revisited the order
Coronophorales using DNA sequence data and showed
Coronophoraceae to be monophyletic.
and Rossman et al. (2013) proposed that Cylindrocladiella
should be used over Nectricladiella, which is followed here.
The genus is placed in Nectriaceae.
Cosmospora Rabenh., Hedwigia 2: 59 (1862)
Gräfenhan et al. (2011) treated Cosmospora in a narrow
sense, limiting it to a clade including the type, C. coccinea
Rabenh., which have acremonium-like asexual morphs and
tend to occur on other fungi. Thus possible synonyms such
as Mariannaea and Volutella are recognised.
Cylindrotrichum Bonord., Handb. Allgem. mykol.
(Stuttgart): 88 (1851)
The genus Reticulascus (Reticulascaceae), which is similar
to Chaetosphaeria, was introduced by Réblová et al. (2011a, b)
based on multi-gene phylogenetic analysis and comprises two
species; the type species is R. tulasneorum (Réblová & W.
Gams) Réblová & W. Gams. The asexual morph is the generic
type of Cylindrotrichum, C. oligospermum (Corda) Bonord.,
and thus Cylindrotrichum and Reticulascus should be treated
as congeneric. Cylindrotrichum is the older name and should
take priority, and this selection is recommend here.
Cryptometrion Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Australas. Pl. Path.
39(2): 166 (2010)
This monotypic genus was introduced for Cryptometrion
aestuescens Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. (Gryzenhout et al. 2010)
from bark of Eucalyptus grandis collected in Sumatra. It
closely related to Cryphonectria, Microthia and Holocryphia
and could be difficult to differentiate morphologically from
species in these genera. However, species of Cryptometrion
can be distinguished based on a combination of characteristics
of the stromata, the presence or absence of paraphyses and
ascospore septation. The morphology is similar to species in
Cryphonectriaceae with orange, globose to pulvinate
conidiomata, and colour and shape of ascospores and conidia
(Gryzenhout et al. 2005). ITS and β tubulin data shows that
this fungus forms a distinct clade in the family
Cryphonectriaceae (Gryzenhout et al. 2006).
Cryptosphaerella Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 186 (1882)
See under Scortechiniaceae.
Cucullosporella K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Bot. Mar. 29(6):
491 (1986)
A monotypic genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was introduced by Hyde and Jones (1986) to accommodate the
marine fungus, C. mangrovei K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones.
Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the LSU rDNA
showed that C. mangrovei has affinity with Aniptodera
longispora K.D. Hyde and Antennospora quadricornuata
(Jones et al. 2009b). No asexual morph is known (Hyde
and Jones 1986).
Cumulospora I. Schmidt, Mycotaxon 24: 420 (1985)
A monotypic asexual genus in the order Lulworthiales,
forming a sister clade to three species of Lulworthia (sensu
lato) with high statistical support (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010).
A second species, C. varia was transferred to a new genus
Moromyces Abdel-Wahab et al. (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010).
Cylindrocladiella Boesew., Can. J. Bot. 60(11): 2289 (1982)
The sexual morph-typified genus Nectricladiella was introduced with N. camelliae (Shipton) Crous & C.L. Schoch as
the type species (Schoch et al. 2000). These genera are linked
Cytospora Ehrenb., Sylv. mycol. berol. (Berlin): 2 (1818)
Valseutypella and Valsella were synonymised under Valsa,
a genus of Valsaceae. Cytospora is the asexual morph of these
taxa and the most commonly used name and the name used in
recent publications (Adams et al. 2005). We therefore use the
older name Cytospora in this treatment, but the mycological
community must decide which name should be used.
Daldinia Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 197
(1863)
Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Ces. & De Not. (basionym
Sphaeria concentrica) is the type species of this genus introduced by Cesati and De Notaris (1863) and incorporates
xylariaceous fungi with conspicuous glomerate stromata with
concentric zones. Several additional species of Daldinia were
later introduced by Hennings (1898, 1901, 1902) and Lloyd
(1919, 1924a). The first successful and accurate monograph
on Daldinia was presented by Ju et al. (1997). The presence of
specific secondary metabolites is a characteristic feature in this
genus (Hellwig et al. 2005; Stadler and Hellwig 2005).
Several chemical metabolites with biological activities have
been detected from the stromata by analytical methods
(Stadler and Hellwig 2005; Stadler et al. 2014). Recently
Stadler et al. (2014) provided a world monograph using a
polythetic approach to resolve the taxonomic positions and
intergeneric affinities of Daldinia which confirms their placement in hypoxyloid Xylariaceae.
Annellosporium was introduced and typified by
A. nemorosum M.L. Davey (Davey 2010). The genus was
described based on morphology as well as rDNA ITS sequence data. Phylogenetic analysis placed A. nemorosum
close to Daldinia loculata (Lév.) Sacc. The culture characteristics include common features with those of the D. petriniae
Y.M. Ju et al. species complex (Stadler et al. 2014). Daldinia
cultures from Canada were observed by Stadler et al. (2014)
and the similarities in morphology with the A. nemorosum
type strain, which were more reminiscent of Daldinia
Fungal Diversity
loculatoides Wollw. & M. Stadler, were reported. Thus, this
newly introduced monotypic genus can be regarded as a synonym of Daldinia (Stadler et al. 2014). Versiomyces was introduced by Whalley and Watling (1988) and referred to superficially similar to Daldinia, but justified as a distinct genus
because the type species, Versiomyces cahuchucosus Whalley
& Watling, lacks concentric zonations. However, the authors
themselves mentioned the close relationship with Daldinia
regarding ascospore characters and size and regular shape of
stromata. Stadler et al. (2014) modified the generic description
of Daldinia sensu Ju et al. (1997) to accommodate azonate
species and included Versiomyces as synonym.
Deightoniella S. Hughes, Mycol. Pap. 48: 27. 1952.
Deightoniella as presently defined is heterogeneous
(Klaubauf et al. 2014). Klaubauf et al. (2014) based on analysis of combined sequence data derived from D. Africana
(from occurring on leaves of Imperata cylindrica var.
africana) placed Deightoniella in the Pyriculariaceae.
Dialonectria (Sacc.) Cooke, Grevillea 12(no. 63): 77, 109
(1884)
This genus was treated in a narrow sense around its type
species D. episphaeria (Tode) Cooke by Gräfenhan et al.
(2011) and belongs in Nectriaceae. A new species was introduced in Gräfenhan et al. (2011) but other species may be
correctly referred to Stylonectria Höhn (1915).
Diaporthe Nitschke, Pyrenomyc. Germ. 2: 240 (1870)
With the need for a single scientific name for this pleomorphic genus, Diaporthe Nitschke (1870) has relative priority over Phomopsis (Sacc.) Bubák and Kabát (1905), being the older generic name (Wehmeyer 1933; Rossman et al.
2007; Wingfield et al. 2012). Nitschke (1870), established
the genus Diaporthe based on the sexual morph, which is
typified by Diaporthe eres Nitschke. Index Fungorum
(2015) and MycoBank (Crous et al. 2004) list 901 and
913 names of Diaporthe and 984 and 1040 names of
Phomopsis respectively; thus there is little difference in
numbers of species epithets. Diaporthe is also the type of
the Diaporthaceae and Diaporthales and this adds an extra
strength to the argument for using this name. The only comprehensive monograph of the genus (Wehmeyer 1933), used
the name Diaporthe which has been the taxonomic account
followed by most mycologists. The arguments in favour of
using Diaporthe against Phomopsis have been put
forwarded in numerous publications (Santos and Phillips
2009; Santos et al. 2010; Udayanga et al. 2012; Wingfield
et al. 2012; Gomes et al. 2013; Rossman et al. 2014;
Udayanga et al. 2014a, b) and the taxonomy of the genus
has progressed considerably in the last few years.
Arguments in favour of Phomopsis against Diaporthe
have also been put forward. There are a relative greater
number of applications of Phomopsis in the recent literature
which can be seen in Google citations. Some field plant
pathologists also prefer Phomopsis. However, most of the
important phytopathogens are now linked to Diaporthe
based on molecular data and there are no apparent
problems in adopting this one name. Saccardo and
Roumeguère (1884) defined Phomopsis as a group of
Phoma species that could be separated by having beta conidia; he also recognised the link to the sexual morph
Diaporthe. Bubák (1905) accepted Saccardo’s concept of
Phomopsis and transferred one species of Phoma (Phoma
lactucae) to Phomopsis. He did not provide a generic description, but included a detailed description of a specimen
collected in Tyrol. Later in the same year Saccardo raised
Phomopsis to generic rank. Although Riedl and Wechtl
(1981) formally proposed the retention of Phomopsis against
Myxolibertella Hohnel (1903) with P. lactucae as the generic
type, this has not been revisited in recent studies. However, a
re-definition of the generic type of Diaporthe, D. eres
Nitschke by Udayanga et al. (2014b), and in parallel, the
proposal to conserve the name D. eres by Rossman et al.
(2014) over its obscure synonyms will stabilise the use of
the name. The limits of Diaporthe are now well-defined
based on recent molecular data with respect to its type species and important phytopathogens (Udayanga et al. 2014b).
Until recently, host affiliated nomenclature has largely
been applied in naming Diaporthe and Phomopsis species
(Uecker 1988). The Phomopsis names are accumulated
mostly in terms of gross morphology, resembling the conidial shapes, and some of them also later identified as Phoma
like species (Udayanga et al. 2014a). Although the asexual
Phomopsis morph is generally found in nature, and routinely
isolated in plant pathological surveys, many of the important
plant pathogens have also been linked to their Diaporthe
names in m odern treatments. Examples include
D. ampelina (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) R.R. Gomes et al. (dead
arm of grapes), D. helianthi Munt.-Cvetk. (sunflower canker), D. citri (citrus melanose), D. longicolla (Hobbs) J.M.
Santos (soybean seed decay) and D. vaccinii Shear (blueberry cankers). Therefore it is practical to adopt in plant pathological studies Diaporthe names and it has been practiced in
recent reports (Baumgartner et al. 2013; Elfar et al. 2013).
Therefore we suggest using Diaporthe over Phomopsis,
which will lead to resolution of nomenclatural problems in
modern treatments largely based on molecular data and species epithets should be carefully selected (Rossman et al.
2013; Udayanga et al. 2014a).
Diatrypasimilis J.J. Zhou & Kohlm., in Chalkley et al.,
Mycologia 102(2): 432 (2010)
Chalkley et al. (2010) introduced this genus based on a culture
that was isolated from decaying Rhizophora wood collected in
Australian mangroves. Although the ribosomal DNA genes were
Fungal Diversity
sequenced and the fungus was characterized in culture, the authors did not fully describe the morphology of the fungus on
natural substrates, apparently because of a lack of material.
This species was recently collected on decayed wood in Saudi
Arabia and fresh cultures established (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2014).
LSU sequence data place this species in the Diatrypaceae.
Didymostilbe Henn., Hedwigia 41: 148 (1902)
Peethambara sundara Subram. & Bhat, the type species
of Peethambara, has been linked to Didymostilbe sundara
(Subram. & Bhat) Seifert by culture of single spores
(Subramanian and Bhat 1978). Molecular studies also showed
that Didymostilbe echinofibrosa (Finley) Rossman clustered
together with Peethambara sundara in the Bionectriaceae
(Rossman et al. 2001). The type of Didymostilbe, D. coffeae
Henn., has however, not been linked to Peethambara and both
names should therefore be retained pending further analysis.
Dinemasporium Lév., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 5: 274
(1846)
Crous et al. (2012a) restudied the genus Dinemasporium and
related genera with appendaged conidia and placed the genus in
Chaetosphaeriaceae based on morphology and molecular data.
They also epitypified the type speies, D. strigosum Lev., the
type of this genus. Brunneodinemasporium, Codinaeopsis,
Dendrophoma, Dictyochaeta, Menispora, Pseudolachnea,
Pyrigemmula, Thozetella and Zignoella which also clustered
in Chaetosphaeriaceae. Liu et al. (2015) introduced a new
species, D. nelliana W.J. Li et al.
Diplococcium Grove, J. Bot., Lond. 23: 167 (1885)
Five Helminthosphaeria species have been associated with
Diplococcium asexual morphs (Samuels et al. 1997; Réblová
1999a). However, the genus is polyphyletic and has included
species having affinities with members of Helotiales,
Pleosporales and Venturiales. The type species, D. spicatum
Grove clusters within Helotiales, but the sequences are not
from ex-type strains (Shenoy et al. 2010).
Discosia Lib., Pl. crypt. Arduenna, fasc. (Liège) 4: no. 346
(1837)
Molecular analysis of combined gene sequence data,
showed Discosia was not monophyletic and separated into
three distinct lineages, Adisciso, Discosia and
Immersidiscosia (Tanaka et al. 2011).
Discosphaerina Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 126(4–5): 353 (1917)
The genus Discosphaerina was introduced by Von Höhnel
(1917a, b) based on D. discophora Höhn. The placement of
this genus is still confused as the unitunicate nature of
D. discophora is unclear and some members of this genus
have bitunicate asci (Sivanesan 1984a, b; Thambugala et al.
2014). Sivanesan (1984a, b) treated Discosphaerina in
Dothideaceae (Dothideales) and some Discosphaerina species produce Aureobasidium, Kabatia, Sarcophoma and
Selenophoma asexual morphs in culture (Sivanesan 1984a,
b; Thambugala et al. 2014). Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010)
included Discosphaerina in Hyponectriaceae. The phylogenetic placement of Discosphaerina (= Columnosphaeria fagi
(H.J. Huds.) M.E. Barr) was confirmed in Dothideaceae
(Dothideales) (Schoch et al. 2006, 2009; Zalar et al. 2008;
Thambugala et al. 2014). Thambugala et al. (2014) examined
the types of Discosphaerina and D. fagi in order resolve this
problem and suggested to place Discosphaerina in
Hyponectriaceae based on its morphology. No molecular data
is available in GenBank except for Discosphaerina fagi.
Therefore, recollection, epitypification and molecular analysis
are required to confirm the placement of Discosphaerina and
its species.
Discostroma Clem., Gen. fung. (Minneapolis): 50, 173 (1909)
Species of Discostroma and Seimatosporium have been
linked by molecular data (Tanaka et al. 2011), however the
molecular links have not been proven for the types of either
genera. Both names should therefore be retained pending fresh
collections of the types and a molecular study.
Disculoides Crous et al., in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl.
Evol. Fungi 28: 71 (2012)
The new coelomycetous genus has two species both causing leaf spots of Eucalyptus. Molecular data places this genus
in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis (Crous et al. 2012d).
Diversimorbus S.F. Chen & Jol. Roux, Fungal Biology 117:
300 (2014)
Chen et al. (2013a) described this monotypic genus based on
D. metrosiderotis S.F. Chen & Jol. Roux. Morphology and
multi-gene phylogenetic analyses show it to group in the
Cryphonectriaceae (Chen et al. 2014). It was observed on native Metrosideros angustifolia in Western Cape Province of
South Africa and resembles a Eucalyptus pathogen. The species shares characteristics of taxa within Cryphonectriaceae in
turning yellow in lactic acid and purple in 3 % KOH
(Castlebury et al. 2002; Gryzenhout et al. 2009). In addition,
isolates of the new genus had black conidiomata, which distinguishes it from most genera in the Cryphonectriaceae that have
orange conidiomata (Gryzenhout et al. 2009, 2010; Begoude
et al. 2010; Chen et al. 2011, 2012; Vermeulen et al. 2011).
Genera in the Cryphonectriaceae with black conidiomata include Aurapex, Celoporthe, and Chrysoporthe (Gryzenhout
et al. 2005, 2009; Nakabonge et al. 2006). Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses for this species also clearly represent a previously undescribed genus in Cryphonectriaceae.
Drechmeria W. Gams & H.-B. Jansson, Mycotaxon 22(1): 36
(1985)
Fungal Diversity
This genus was introduced by Gams and Jansson (1985). In
2014, Quandt et al. showed in nematophagous subclade, the
genus Haptocillium clusters together with Drechmeria and
propose to protect older Drechmeria over Haptocillium.
Durotheca Læssøe et al., IMA Fungus 4(1): 62 (2013)
The genus Durotheca was introduced with D. depressa
Læssøe & Srikitikulchai as the type species (Læssøe et al.
2013). Two further species described earlier in Theissenia
were transferred as D. comedens (Ces.) Læssøe & Srikitik.
and D. rogersii (Y.M. Ju & H.M. Hsieh) Læssøe & Srikitik.
in the same study. This genus is characterized by bipartite
carbonaceous stromata, erumpent through wood or bark, covered with white pruina. The asexual morph, where known, is
reported as nodulisporium-like (Læssøe et al. 2013). A molecular phylogenetic study placed Theissenia pyrenocrata
(Theiss.) Maubl. in a sister clade to isolates of Durotheca as
a basal lineage. However, the phylogenetic placement within
Xylariaceae in relation to either the subfamilies Xylarioideae
or Hypoxyloideae is yet to be resolved (Læssøe et al. 2013).
Dyrithiopsis L. Cai et al., in Jeewon et al., Mycologia 95(5):
912 (2003)
Jeewon et al. (2003a) reported a new genus, Dyrithiopsis
with an asexual morph, Monochaetiopsis (also a new genus)
based on cultural studies. We propose to adopt the sexual
typified name over the asexual typified.
Ebullia K.L. Pang, in Chu et al., Mycoscience 56: 40 (2015)
Chu et al. (2015) undertook a molecular reappraisal of
Nimbospora, a genus with three marine species, including
recent collections from Taiwan. The genus was shown to be
polyphyletic with Nimbospora octonae Kohlm. distantly
placed from the type species N. effusa and a second species
N. bipolaris. Chu et al. (2015) therefore transferred N. octonae
to the new genus Ebullia (Halosphaeriaceae) as E. octonae
(Kohlm.) K.L. Pang. The genus has no known asexual morph.
Echinosphaeria A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf, Mycol. Res. 108(1):
29 (2004)
There are seven named species in the genus, but only the
type, Echinosphaeria canescens (Pers.) A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf
is represented by gene sequences (Miller et al. 2014) which
places the genus in Helminthosphaeriaceae. Although
E. canescens has been associated with Endophragmiella and
Selenosporella-like synanamorphs (Hughes 1979; Sivanesan
1983), there is no molecular data to establish this connection.
Emericellopsis J.F.H. Beyma, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 6:
264 (1940) [1939]
This genus was introduced by Beyma (1940), with
Emericellopsis terricola J.F.H. Beyma as the type species,
and placed in the Bionectriaceae (Hypocreales) and has both
marine and terrestrial species (Rossman et al. 2001).
Emericellopsis terricola clustered in a distinct clade within
the Sclerotigenum/Geosmithia-clade in Hypocreales in
Summerbell et al. (2011).
Engleromyces Henn., Bot. Jb. 28(3): 327 (1900)
Engleromyces (Xylariaceae) was introduced by Hennings
(1900) for a single species, E. goetzei Henn.; the genus is
characterized by massive, hard stromata (Whalley et al.
2010). Chinese collections, originally identified as
E. goetzei, were later found to represent a second species,
E. sinensis M.A. Whalley et al. (Whalley et al. 2010).
Engleromyces produces cytochalasin D and 19, 20epoxycytochalasin and a novel metabolite in E. sinensis,
neoengleromycin, which is used for cancer treatments
(Pedersen et al. 1980; Liu et al. 2002).
Equicapillimyces S.S.Y. Wong et al., Veterinary Microbiology
115(2–4): 406 (2012)
Wong et al. (2011) described this monotypic genus from
brittle tail syndrome of horses, which causes weakening and
breakage of the tail hairs; the type species is E. hongkongensis
S.S.Y. Wong et al. Molecular studies showed that this taxon
belongs in the Ophiostomataceae, however, in our analysis it
belongs in Lulworthiales. This septate branching, hyaline
mould, grows optimally at 30 C. Hyphae fill the core of infected hair shafts with short necked ascomata containing
banana-shaped septate ascospores.
Erythrogloeum Petr., Sydowia 7(5–6): 378 (1953)
Crous et al. (2012d) recollected this genus from South and
Central America where it causes leaf spots on Hymenaea.
Molecular data placed the genus in Diaporthales genera
incertae sedis. There are presently two species included in
the genus (Index Fungorum 2015).
Escovopsis J.J. Muchovej & Della Lucia, Mycotaxon 37: 192
(1990)
The phylogenetic analyses of ITS and LSU by Augustin
et al. (2013) demonstrate the monophyly of the genus
Escovopsis, agreeing with other phylogenetic studies (Currie
et al. 2003; Taerum et al. 2007). The type species E. weberi
J.J. Muchovej & Della Lucia and other Escovopsis species
cluster in the Hypocreaceae.
Escovopsioides H.C. Evans & J.O. Augustin, PLoS ONE
7(12): e51392, 6 (2013)
This genus was introduced by Augustin et al. (2013) based on
Escovopsioides nivea H.C. Evans & J.O. Augustin isolated from
the fungal garden of Acromyrmex (leaf cutting ants) in Brazil. In
culture it produces a brush-like asexual morph with phialides on
well-defined vesicles in culture. It differs from Escovopsis by the
Fungal Diversity
absence of pigmentation, the lageniform phialides produced on
terminal and intercalary, globose vesicles, the hyaline, smooth
conidia in long chains, as well as sequence data (Augustin et al.
2013). According to the phylogenetic analyses of ITS and LSU
sequence data this genus belongs in Hypocreaceae.
Etheirophora Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 92:
414 (1989)
A genus in the Hypocreomycetidae (order incertae sedis)
(Jones et al. 2014), initially assigned to the Sphaeriales by
Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1989) and to the
Halosphaeriales by Hawksworth et al. (1995), and Kirk
et al. (2001), and the TBM clade (Hypocreomycetidae
incertae sedis) (Sakayaroj et al. 2005; Schoch et al. 2007).
Etheirophoraceae Rungjindamai et al., Cryptogamie
Mycologie 35: 134 (2014)
This family was introduced to accommodate the genera:
Etheirophora (E. bijubata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.,
E. blepharospora (Kohlm. & E. Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.Kohlm., E. unijubata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.) and
Swampomyces (S. armeniacus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.,
S. triseptatus K.D. Hyde & Nakagiri), that grouped together
in a well-supported clade based on LSU and SSU sequences
(Jones et al. 2014). Further taxon sampling is required to determine its ordinal position within the Hypocreomycetidae.
Falcocladiaceae Somrithipol et al., Cryptogamie Mycologie
35: 134 (2014)
The family was introduced to accommodate four species of
Falcocladium, that grouped with other taxa in
Hypocreomycetidae, order incertae sedis (Jones et al. 2014),
for which the order Falcocladiales is introduced in this paper.
Falcocladium S.F. Silveira et al., Mycotaxon 50: 447 (1994)
Falcocladium was introduced by Crous et al. (1994) with
F. multivesiculatum S.F. Silveira et al. as the type species.
Subsequently, three other species were described:
F. sphaeropedunculatum Crous & Alfenas (Crous et al.
1997), F. thailandicum Crous & Himaman (Crous et al.
2007) and F. turbinatum Somrith. et al. (Somrithipol et al.
2007). This genus occurs on a wide range of substrata including Eucalyptus grandis, E. camaldulensis leaves, and leaf litter collected from tropical forests. The family
Falcocladiaceae was recently introduced to accommodate
the genus and Falcocladiales is introduced in this paper.
Fimetariella N. Lundq., Botaniska Notiser 117: 239 (1964)
A genus of Lasiosphaeriaceae with Fimetariella
rabenhorstii N. Lundq. as the type species. Phylogenetically,
based on LSU nrDNA and β-tubulin sequences, the type species groups on a long branch in a clade with significant
support as a sister taxon to Podospora appendiculata
(Auersw. ex Niessl) Niessl and Cercophora scortea (Cain)
N. Lundq. (Kruys et al. 2015).
Fluminicola S.W. Wong et al., Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 2:
190 (1999)
Wong et al. (1999) placed this genus in Annulatascaceae
based on morphology. However, according to phylogenetic analyses using a combined LSU, SSU and RPB2 dataset Fluminicola
clusters in the family Papulosaceae (Réblová 2013a).
Fluviatispora K.D. Hyde, Mycol. Res. 98(7): 720 (1994)
A genus of three species found growing on palm material
in aquatic habitats, with no known asexual morph, and placed
in the Halosphaeriaceae. However, molecular data are required to support this placement.
Frondicola K.D. Hyde, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 110(2): 100 (1992)
A monotypic marine taxon based on morphological observations with no known asexual morph. Frondicola was introduced and placed in Clypeosphaeriaceae by Hyde (1992),
while Lumbsch and Huhndorf placed it in Annulatascaceae
and Jones et al. (2009b) placed it in Hyponectriaceae.
Molecular data are required to establish its taxonomic position; Jones et al. (2009b) is followed here.
Fulvocentrum E.B.G. Jones & Abdel-Wahab, Cryptogamie
Mycologie 35(2) 132 (2014)
The genus was introduced by Jones et al. (2014) to accommodate two species of Swampomyces that did not group with
the type species (S. armeniacus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.):
F. aegyptiacus (Abdel-Wahab et al.) E.B.G. Jones & AbdelWahab and F. clavatisporium (Abdel-Wahab et al.) E.B.G.
Jones & Abdel-Wahab. Both species are tropical marine taxa
and are very common on intertidal wood of Avicennia marina
in Red Sea mangroves, both on the Egyptian coast (AbdelWahab 2005) and from Arabian Gulf mangroves of the Saudi
Arabia coast (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2014). The genus groups
with high statistical support in the family Juncigenaceae,
Hypocreomycetidae order incertae sedis, (Jones et al. 2014);
it has no known asexual morph.
Funiliomyces Aptroot, Stud. Mycol. 50(2): 309 (2004)
The genus Funiliomyces contains a single species,
F. biseptatus Aptroot, which was isolated from a
Bromeliaceae leaf in Brazil and is characterized by the
torpedo-shaped ascospores with two nearly central septa and
one polar and one median appendage (Aptroot 2004). It is
placed in Amphisphaeriaceae based on molecular data, grouping with Rosellinia and Arecophila in a moderately supported
sister clade (Aptroot 2004), but further collections are required
to confirm this position.
Fungal Diversity
Fusarium Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2):
10 (1809)
Rossman et al. (2013) stated that there is no question that
Fusarium and Gibberella are synonyms and proposed that
Gibberella be suppressed in favour of Fusarium; this is
followed here. Fusarium belongs in Nectriaceae and comprises several species complexes, not yet fully resolved
(Hyde et al. 2014).
Geejayessia Schroers et al., in Schroers et al., Stud. Mycol.
68(1): 124 (2011)
This genus was introduced by Schroers et al. (2011) based
on morphology and phylogenetic analysis and comprises five
species, four transferred from Nectria sensu lato, and with
Geejayessia cicatricum (Berk.) Schroers as the type species.
Based on molecular studies the genus it is placed in
Nectriaceae.
Gesasha Abdel-Wahab & Nagah., Nova Hedwigia 92(3–4):
501 (2011)
This is a genus of Halosphaeriaceae established by AbdelWahab and Nagahama (2011) to accommodate three marine
species and is typified by G. peditatus Abdel-Wahab &
Nagahama. Phylogenetic analyses of the SSU and LSU
rDNA gene data placed these species in a well-supported basal
clade in the family Halosphaeriaceae along with species of
Arenariomyces and Corollospora; no asexual morph is known
(Abdel-Wahab and Nagahama 2011).
Gibellulopsis Bat. & H. Maia, Anais da Sociedade de Biologia
de Pernambuco 16 (1): 153 (1959)
The genus was introduced to accommodate Verticillium
piscis (Bat. & H. Maia) Neish & G.C. Hughes, a fish pathogen, which did not group in Verticillium sensu stricto (type
s p e c i e s Ve r t i c i l l i u m d a h l i a e K l e b . ) i n t h e
Plectosphaerellaceae. Further species assigned to the genus
are G. nigrescens (Pethybr.) Zare et al. (Zare et al. 2007), and
G. chrysanthemi Hirooka et al. (Hirooka et al. 2014). Other
species may well be related taxa: Acremonium furcatum
(Moreau & V. Moreau) ex W. Gams, A. stromaticum W.
G a m s & R . H . S t o v e r, A . n e p a l e n s e W. G a m s ,
Cephalosporium serrae Mafei and Gliocladium cibotii
J.F.H. Beyma (Zare et al. 2007).
Gliocephalotrichum J.J. Ellis & Hesselt., Bull. Torrey bot.
Club 89: 21 (1962)
Leuconectria was introduced as the sexual morph of the
type species of Gliocephalotrichum by Rossman et al.
(19 93). Rossman et al. ( 20 13) pro posed that as
Gliocephalotrichum species are widely reported from soils
and that Leuconectria is relatively obscure with only two species. Leuconectria is suppressed in favour of the older asexual
morph-typified name Gliocephalotrichum.
Gliocladiopsis S.B. Saksena, Mycologia 46: 662 (1954)
Rossman et al. (2013) documented the history and usage of Gliocladiopsis versus Glionectria and concluded
that the genus name Gliocladiopsis should be protected
over the Glionectria, for these soil-borne fungi (Lombard
and Crous 2012).
Gliomastix Guég., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 21: 240 (1905)
Summerbell et al. (2011) revised Gliomastix with five species based on phylogenetic data which showed 14 strains clustering as a distinct clade in the Bionectriaceae.
Glomerellaceae Locq. ex Seifert & W. Gams, in Zhang et al.,
Mycologia 98(6): 1083 (2007) [2006]
The family Glomerellaceae was invalidly published by
Locquin (1984), validated in Zhang et al. (2006), and it was
accepted as one of the three families of Glomerellales in
Réblová et al. (2011a).
Glomerulispora Abdel-Wahab & Nagah., in Abdel-Wahab
et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 552 (2010)
An asexual genus in the family Torpedosporaceae
(Hypocreomycetidae order incertae sedis) based on an extype culture (Jones et al. 2014). Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010)
introduced this genus for species with irregularly helicoid
muriform conidia, which groups with species of
Torpedospora, with variable support. However, it is not congeneric with Torpedospora.
Gondwanamyces G.J. Marais & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia
90(1): 139 (1998)
Asexual morphs of Gondwanamyces are distinct in
possessing erect, darkly pigmented conidiophores,
monoverticillate or divergently penicillate, with whorls of
phialides, producing hyaline conidia. Gondwanamyces
proteae has a Custingophora asexual morph (Mouton et al.
1993). Based on SSU and a combined dataset of LSU, SSU
and RPB2, species of Gondwanamyces and their
Custingophora asexual morphs form a highly monophyletic
clade which is sister to Ceratocystidaceae (Réblová et al.
2011a).
Gondwanamycetaceae Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1):
188 (2011)
This family is placed in Microascales based on SSU and a
combined dataset of LSU, SSU and RPB2. Réblová et al.
(2011a) includes also the asexual morph genus Custingophora.
Graphiaceae de Beer et al., CBS fungal biodiversity series 12:
1–19 (2013)
Based on the phylogenetic distance between Graphium and
other families of Microascales, the family Graphiaceae was
introduced by de Beer et al. (2013). The family is
Fungal Diversity
monophyletic (Lackner et al. 2014) and comprises Graphium,
which is a synnematous hypomycete described by Corda
(1837) with the type G. penicillioides Corda.
Graphostromataceae M.E. Barr et al., Mycotaxon 48: 533
(1993)
This family comprises Graphostroma, a genus introduced in the family Calosphaeriaceae by Barr (1985) together with seven other genera. Barr et al. (1993) assimilated information on these genera into a revised scheme for
the classification of Calosphaeriaceae which gave rise to
the introduction of a separate monotypic family
Graphostromataceae in the order Xylariales. The presence
of a nodulisporium-like conidial morph and a diatrype-like
sexual morph featuring allantoid ascospores supported the
introduction of the new family. Stadler et al. (2013, 2014)
used ITS sequence data from Graphostroma platystoma
(Schwein.) Piroz., the type species of the genus, to evaluate
the relationship with other representative genera of
Xylariaceae and showed it was basal and more closely
related to Biscogniauxia and Camillea than to Diatrype
(Stadler et al. 2013). However, to clarify the exact phylogenetic position of this genus further molecular studies are
required, with inclusion of protein coding genes.
Greeneria Scribn. & Viala, C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris
105: 473 (1887)
Tangthirasunun et al. (2014) introduced a new species of
Greeneria, G. saprophytica Tangthirasunun et al., bringing
the number of species in the genus to three (Index
Fungorum 2015). Phylogenetic analysis placed the new species in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis.
Griphosphaerioma Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 36: 312 (1918)
Shoemaker (1963) established the link between
Griphosphaerioma kansensis (Ellis & Everh.) Shoemaker
and its asexual morph Labridella cornu-cervae Brenckle, the
type species of both genera. Griphosphaerioma is the oldest
name and should have priority.
Groenhiella Jørg. Koch et al., Botanica Marina 26: 265 (1983)
Monotypic marine genus growing superficially on driftwood
with no known asexual morph. Koch et al. (1983) referred the
genus to the Nitschkiaceae (Coronophorales), but further collections, isolates and sequences are required to confirm this
placement.
Gynonectria Döbbeler, Mycol. Progr. 11(2): 474 (2012)
Gynonectria is a monotypic genus of Hypocreales introduced by Döbbeler (2012) for a species with relatively large
perithecia, forming individually within the perianths of the
hepatic Odontolejeunea sp. (Lejeuneaceae, Porellales), which
grow in the phyllosphere of living vascular plants in central
American rainforests.
Gyrostroma Naumov, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 30(3): 386 (1914)
Hirooka et al. (2012) examined the type specimen of
Gyrostroma, G. sinosum Naumov, and determined it not to
be a hypocrealean taxon and suggested that it may be a member of Diaporthales.
Haiyanga K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, The Raffles Bull. Zool.
19: 8 (2008)
Haiyanga was introduced to accommodate the taxon
Arenariomyces salinus Meyers, a species with a much confused
taxonomy, as shown by its list of synonyms (Index Fungorum
2015). A molecular study of the genera Antennospora and
Halosphaeria found that it forms a well-supported monophyletic clade with Arenariomyces trifurcatus Höhnk, the type species of the genus (Pang et al. 2008). A new genus Haiyanga
was established by Pang et al. (2008) for Antennospora salina
based on the morphological differences between it and
Arenariomyces trifurcatus. Further collection and a wider range
of genes need to be sequenced to resolve the taxonomic status
of Haiyanga salina. No asexual morph is known.
Halazoon Abdel-Aziz et al., Mycol. Prog. 9: 545 (2010)
Asexual genus of Lulworthiaceae that was established by
Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010) with the type species, H. melhae
Abdel-Aziz et al. Molecular study based on SSU and LSU
rDNA of an ex-type strain of H. melhae placed it in a wellsupported clade within Lulworthiaceae with species of
Lulworthia and Cirrenalia fusca I. Schmit. The latter species
was transferred to Halazoon as H. fuscus (I. Schmidt) AbdelWahab et al. Species of Halazoon have been recorded on
driftwood in the intertidal zone in marine habitats (AbdelWahab et al. 2010).
Haligena Kohlm., Nova Hedwigia 3: 87 (1961)
Monotypic genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was introduced
by Kohlmeyer (1961) to accommodate the marine fungus,
H. elaterophora Kohlm. Currently the genus is monotypic
as other species have been transferred to other genera (Jones
et al. 2009b). Molecular data confirms its position in the family Halosphaeriaceae in a basal clade, with Nautosphaeria
and Tubakiella in a sister group (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a;
Pang and Jheng 2012a, b).
Haloguignardia Cribb & J.W. Cribb, Univ. Queensl., Pap.
Dept. Bot. 3: 97 (1956)
Genus of Lulworthiaceae that was established by Cribb
and Cribb (1956) to accommodate H. decidua Cribb & J.W.
Cribb. and three other species. Another two species were
added later. Species of Haloguignardia are parasitic on brown
seaweed in the Fucales, especially species of Cystoseira,
Fungal Diversity
Halidrys and Sargassum. Molecular study based on SSU
rDNA placed H. irritans (Setch. & Estee) Cribb & J.W.
Cribb in a highly supported clade within Lulworthiaceae
along with Lulwoana and Lulworthia species (Inderbitzin
et al. 2004; Campbell et al. 2009; Harvey and Goff 2010).
Halonectria E.B.G. Jones, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 48: 287 (1965)
Monotypic marine genus in the family Bionectriaceae
(Rossman et al. 1999; Jones et al. 2009b), although not typical
of Hypocreales due to the immersed ascomata, with long
necks and elongate non-septate ascospores. Further study
and sequence data are required to confirm its assignment to
Bionectriaceae. The asexual morph is pycnidial.
Halosarpheia Kohlm. & E. Kohlm., Trans Br. Mycol. Soc.
68: 208 (1977)
The genus was established by Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer
(1977) to accommodate a marine fungus, H. fibrosa Kohlm. &
E. Kohlm. Later, similar species with polar uncoiling appendages were described from both freshwater and marine habitats.
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies showed that the genus
is polyphyletic and several species were transferred to existing
or new genera. Only one species, H. japonica Abdel-Wahab &
Nagah. produced helicoid conidia as an asexual morph. The
sexual/asexual connection was established at morphological
and molecular level (Abdel-Wahab and Nagahama 2012). The
genus is based on morphological observations and molecular
data with the three species forming a monophyletic group with
Lignincola tropica Kohlm. as a sister group (Sakayaroj et al.
2011a). Six Halosarpheia species have not been sequenced
due to the lack of cultures. Since other Halosarpheia species
have been transferred to new genera following molecular analysis, we refer to these six species as Halosarpheia sensu lato
until further collections, isolations and sequences are generated to test their position in the genus.
Halosphaeria Linder, Farlowia 1:412 (1944)
Halosphaeria was introduced by Barghoorn and Linder
(1944a) to accommodate a marine species, H. appendiculata
Linder, growing on wood and is the type species of the
Halosphaeriaceae. Molecular data show it grouping with
Lignincola laevis Höhnk with moderate support (Sakayaroj
et al. 2011a). No asexual morph is known.
Halosphaeriopsis T.W. Johnson, J. Elisha Mitchell scient.
Soc. 74: 44 (1958)
A monotypic genus in the Halosphaeriaceae based on morphological and molecular data. Culcitalna is a monotypic genus
synonymised under Trichocladium by Dixon (1968), with a
sexual morph as Halosphaeria mediosetigera Cribb & J.W.
Cribb (now Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera (Cribb & J.W.
Cribb) T.W. Johnson). Culcitalna achraspora Meyers & R.T.
Moore was described as possessing conidia produced in
sporodochia (Meyers and Moore 1960), but subsequent collections showed they produced conidia freely on the substrate, and
the taxon was thus transferred to Trichocladium alopallonellum
(Meyers & R.T. Moore) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., the asexual
morph of Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera based on cultural
studies and molecular data. We therefore treat Culcitalna as a
synonym of Halosphaeriopsis.
Hapsidascus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascomycetum
10: 113 (1991)
A monotypic marine genus referred to Ascomycota genera
incertae sedis (Jones et al. 2009b), which needs to be recollected, isolated and sequenced. Ascomata perithecoid, large,
deeply embedded in mangrove roots of Rhizophora mangle.
May not be a member of the Sordariomycetes.
Harknessiaceae Crous, in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl.
Evol. Fungi 28: 55 (2012)
The family Harknessiaceae was introduced to accommodate species of Harknessia with their Wuestneia-like sexual
morphs and belongs in the order Diaporthales. By
establishing the family Harknessiaceae, Crous et al. (2012e)
avoided replacing Wuestneia, as the family is based on the
asexual genus Harknessia. The placement of Wuestneia with
its type species, W. aurea Auersw. has not been established
and is presently placed in Melanconidaceae.
Harposporium Lohde, Tagbl. Versamml. Ges. Deutsch.
Naturf. 47: 206 (1874)
Harposporium is the largest and oldest nematode trapping
asexual genus in Hypocreales (Quandt et al. 2014). Chaverri
et al. (2005) observed the asexual-sexual link between
Harposporium and Podocrella. Harposporium is the oldest
name and considering several other reasons, Quandt et al.
(2014) proposed to use Harposporium over Podocrella.
Hispidicarpomyces Nakagiri, Mycologia 85: 639 (1993)
Monotypic marine genus in the family
Hispidicarpomycetaceae that needs recollection, isolation
and sequencing to determine it phylogenetic position in the
Ascomycota (Jones et al. 2009b). Ascomata very large (800–
2100 μm), immersed in the thallus of the red alga Galaxura
f a l c a t a . T h e g e n e r a S p a t h u l o s p o r a , R e t ro s t i u m
(Spathulosporaceae) and Hispidicarpomyces
(Hispidicarpomycetaceae) were referred to the
Spathulosporales, but molecular data placed the genus
Spathulospora (S. adelpha, S. antartica) in the order
Lulworthiales (Inderbitzin et al. 2004). Consequently, the
placement of Hispidicarpomyces and Retrostium cannot be
resolved until further phylogenetic studies are undertaken.
The asexual morph has verticillate spermodochia.
Humicola Traaen, Nytt Mag. Natur. 52: 31 (1914)
Fungal Diversity
An asexual genus with the type species Humicola
fuscoatra Traaen grouping in the Chaetomiaceae, however
the genus has been shown to be polyphyletic with sexual
morphs also in Pseudolignincola (Halosphaeriaceae) (Jones
et al. 2006), and Eurotiales (Index Fungorum 2015). The
Humicola species referred to the Halosphaeriaceae was not
fully identified and was the asexual morph of
Pseudolignincola (Jones et al. 2006).
Hyalorostratum Raja & Shearer, Mycosphere 1: 4 (2010)
This genus is described from Alaska and New Hampshire
from freshwater habitats (Raja et al. 2010). The type species,
H. brunneisporum Raja & Shearer, is placed in the
Diaporthales based on combined SSU and LSU sequence data.
Hyalotiopsis Punith., Mycol. Pap. 119: 12 (1970) [1969]
Ellurema was introduced with the type species Ellurema
indica (= Massarina indica Punith. by Nag Raj and Kendrick
(1985). Hyalotiopsis subramanianii (Agnihothr. & Luke)
Punith. was identified as the asexual morph of Ellurema indica
in cultural studies (Nag Raj and Kendrick 1985). Ellurema is
placed in Amphisphaeriaceae in phylogenetic analysis of DNA
sequences of the 5.8 S rRNA gene (Kang et al. 1999a).
Hyalotiopsis, the older asexual typified genus, has a single species epithet (Index Fungorum 2015) and Ellurema the younger
sexually typified genus has only one species epithet. We propose to adopt the older asexual typified name (i.e. Hyalotiopsis)
over sexual typified name (i.e. Ellurema).
Hydea K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Prog. 9: 549 (2010)
Monotypic genus of Lulworthiaceae that was introduced
by Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010) to accommodate Cirrenalia
pygmea Kohlm. Molecular analysis of SSU and LSU rDNA
sequence data placed H. pygmea (Kohlm.) K.L. Pang &
E.B.G. Jones in a highly supported basal clade to the genera
Cumulospora, Kohlmeyeriella, Lindra, Lulworthia and
Matsusporium within Lulworthiaceae (Abdel-Wahab et al.
2010). The sexual morph is not known (Abdel-Wahab et al.
2010).
Hydromelitis A. Ferrer et al., Mycologia 104(4): 876 (2012)
This monotypic genus was introduced for a species from
submerged woody debris in freshwater collected in Costa Rica
(Ferrer et al. 2012). Molecular analysis placed the genus in
Sordariomycetidae incertae sedis.
Hypocreodendron Henn., Hedwigia 36: 223 (1897)
Hypocreodendron was introduced based on H. sanguineum
Henn. from Argentina (Hennings 1897). According to the
protologue the genus has robust, highly branched, coralloid
stromata and rod-shaped conidia. Discoxylaria is a monotypic
genus introduced for insect-associate xylaroid species; the
type species is Discoxylaria myrmecophila J.C. Lindq. &
J.E. Wright (Lindqvist and J.E. Wright 1964). It was suggested that this perithecioid fungus is the sexual morph of
Hypocreodendron. Poroniopsis is a possible synonym of
Hypocreodendron. Rogers et al. (1995) obtained a collection
from Mexico, which bore both the conidial and mature
perithecial morphs. They compared the collection with the
holotype and also obtained the asexual morph in culture.
Hypocreodendron is an earlier name and therefore
Discoxylaria should be a synonym. According to Stadler
et al. (2013) the priority can be given to Hypocreodendron
since it was the first to be described among the two morphs.
Hypomyces (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4
13: 11 (1860)
Rossman et al. (2013) discussed the link between
Hypomyces and Cladobotryum and suggested that the use of
Hypomyces should be retained even though Cladobotryum
has priority as an older name. We follow this here. The asexual
morph genera Mycogone, Sepedonium and Stephanoma may
be more distantly related to the type species of Hypomyces
than most members of Cladobotryum, and thus may not be
congeneric (Rossman et al. 2013), thus we presently retain
these as distinct genera in Nectriaceae.
Hypophloeda K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Trans. Mycol. Soc.
Japan 30(1): 61 (1989)
Monotypic genus of the Melanconidaceae that was introduced by Hyde and Jones (1989) to accommodate the marine
species H. rhizospora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones; no asexual
morph was recorded. The species is poorly known and requires further collection, isolation and sequencing to determine its taxonomic position.
Hypoxylon Bull., Hist. Champ. Fr. (Paris) 1: 168 (1791)
Nodulisporium is typified by N. ochraceum Preuss. Ju and
Rogers (1996) have described the asexual morph of several
xylariaceous taxa as Bnodulisporium-like^ and many authors
avoided giving separate names to the asexual morphs encountered in nature or culture, especially in Hypoxylon. According
to Stadler et al. (2013) the possibility of assigning
N. ochraceum as the asexual morph of Hypoxylon howeanum
which tends to be isolated frequently in Germany can be considered in forming the link between the asexual and sexual
morphs. The same study suggested placing Nodulisporium as
a synonym of Hypoxylon. Triplicaria with its type
T. hypoxyloides P. Karst. is considered as one of the asexual
genera assigned to the genus Hypoxylon by Stadler et al.
(2013). Therefore we consider both asexual genera,
Nodulisporium and Triplicaria, are synonyms of Hypoxylon.
Idriella P.E. Nelson & S. Wilh., Mycologia 48(4): 550 (1956)
Idriella was described to accommodate an important plant
pathogen, I. lunata P.E. Nelson & S. Wilh. which causes
Fungal Diversity
extensive root rot in strawberry fields in California (Nelson
and Wilhelm 1956). The taxon causes black sunken lesions
and produce dark chlamydospores both in culture and in diseased roots. The cultures obtained from chlamydospores produced the asexual conidial morph (Nelson and Wilhelm
1956). Wijayawardene et al. (2012) listed Idriella in
Xylariales, genera incertae sedis as the possible asexual
morph of Phomatospora. However, molecular data shows it
to belong in Heliotales.
Ilyonectria P. Chaverri & C. Salgado, in Chaverri et al., Stud.
Mycol. 68(1): 69 (2011)
This genus was introduced with I. radicicola
(Gerlach & L. Nilsson) P. Chaverri & C. Salgado as
the type species and comprises ten species (Chaverri
et al. 2011; Lombard et al. 2013). The genus was
placed in Nectriaceae in Chaverri et al. (2011), which
we follow here. Some species have been linked to
Cylindrocarpon sensu lato asexual morphs.
Immersidiscosia Kaz. Tanaka et al., in Tanaka et al.,
Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 26: 94 (2011)
Tanaka et al. (2011) showed Discosia separating in two
segregates in molecular analysis. The second segregate was
therefore renamed as the monotypic genus Immersidiscosia
with the type species I. eucalypti (Pat.) Kaz. Tanaka et al.
and placed in Amphisphaeriaceae.
Immersiporthe S.F. Chen et al., in Chen et al., Pl. Path. (2012)
T h i s g e n u s w a s in t r o d u c e d a n d t y p i f i e d b y
Immersiporthe knoxdaviesiana S.F. Chen et al. (Chen
et al. 2012), the causal agent of stem cankers on
Rapanea melanophloeos. Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses showed that the fungus represents a new genus in
the family Cryphonectriaceae. Typical fruiting bodies
characteristic of Cryphonectriaceae were observed on
the surfaces of cankers (Chen et al. 2013b).
Infundibulomyces Plaingam et al., in Plaingam et al., Can. J.
Bot. 81(7): 732 (2003)
The genus Infundibulomyces was introduced by Plaingam
et al. (2003) to accommodate a single species, I. cupulata
Plaingam et al., which was collected on leaves of
Lagerstroemia species. Somrithipol et al. (2008) also introduced I. oblongisporus Somrithipol et al. and placement in
the family Chaetosphaeriaceae was confirmed based on
analysis of SSU and LSU gene data.
Iwilsoniella E.B.G. Jones, Syst. Ascomycetum 10: 8 (1991)
Monotypic marine genus in the Halosphaeriaceae, growing on submerged wood (Jones et al. 2009a); no asexual
morph is known. A molecular study is required to confirm
its current placement.
Jattaea Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 3(1–2): 6 (1900)
Jattaea and Wegelina were published by Berlese (1900) as
morphologically similar genera. Réblová (2011b) examined
the lectotypes of Jattaea algeriensis Berl. and Wegelina
discreta Berl. and correlated her studies with in vitro studies.
Phylogenetic studies show that both species are congeneric.
Twelve species are accepted in Jattaea with phialophora-like
asexual morphs produced in culture. In the phylogenies,
Jattaea leucospermi Marinc. et al. represents the phenotype
characters, with septate, allantoid to suballantoid ascospores.
This was formerly considered a diagnostic feature of the
monotypic genus Phragmocalosphaeria (Petrak 1923).
Molecular data confirm that ascospore septation is not a significant character suitable to distinguish genera in the
Calosphaeriales and Phragmocalosphaeria is redued to a
synonym of Jattaea.
Juncigena Kohlm. et al., Bot. Mar. 40(4): 291 (1997)
Juncigena was introduced to accommodate an ascomycete
growing on the marsh plant Juncus roemerianus with
J. adarca Kohlm. et al. as the type species. DNA sequences
of two ribosomal nuclear loci confirm its position in the
Juncigenaceae, Hypocreomycetidae family incertae sedis
(Jones et al. 2014). Juncigena forms a well-supported clade
with the marine genera Fulvocentrum, Marinokulati, and
Moheitospora.
Juncigenaceae E.B.G. Jones et al. Cryptogamie Mycologie
35: 133 (2014)
This family was introduced by Jones et al. (2014) to accommodate the genera Fulvocentrum, Juncigena,
Marinokulati and Moheitospora. It is currently placed in
Hypocreomycetidae family incertae sedis. The asexual morph
has helicoid conidia when present.
Kallichroma Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 97: 759
(1993)
Marine genus placed in Hypocreales based on molecular
data (Rossman et al. 2001; Schroers 2001; Jones et al. 2009b;
Summerbell et al. 2011). Initially described as Hydronectria,
but the type species of Hydronectria is a lichen with the alga
phycobiont Trentepohlia. Subsequently, the taxon was transferred to Kallichroma by Kohlmeyer and VolkmannKohlmeyer (1993). No asexual morph is known.
Kitesporella J.S. Jheng & K.L. Pang, Bot. Mar. 55(5): 462
(2012)
This genus in the family Halosphaeriaceae was introduced
for Kitesporella keelungensis Jheng & K.L. Pang collected on
driftwood in Taiwan (Pang and Jheng 2012a). It resembles
Anisostagma, Iwilsoniella and Thalassogena (all members
of the Halosphaeriaceae). Sequence data are required to confirm the placement of this species in the Halosphaeriaceae
(Pang and Jheng 2012a).
Fungal Diversity
Kochiella Sakayaroj et al., Fungal Divers. 46: 96 (2011)
A phylogenetic evaluation of Remispora, based on three
loci (nuclear small and large (LSU, SSU), the second largest
RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2)), demonstrated that the
genus is polyphyletic. Remispora maritima Linder (type species), R. pilleata Kohlm., R. quadri-remis (Höhnk) Kohlm.,
R. spitsbergenensis K.L. Pang & Vrijmoed and R. stellata
Kohlm., form a monophyletic group (Remispora sensu
stricto) with Sablicola chinensis E.B.G. Jones et al. as a
sister taxon with good support, in the family
Halosphaeriaceae (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). Remispora
crispa Kohlm. was distantly placed from Remispora in a
clade with Ocostaspora apilongissima E.B.G. Jones et al.,
but they are not considered conspecific. The genus
Kochiella was therefore introduced to include this species
as Kochiella crispa (Kohlm.) Sakayaroj et al., based on
morphological and molecular data (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a).
Kohlmeyeriella E.B.G. Jones et al., Bot. Linn. Soc. 87: 210
(1983)
Genus of Lulworthiaceae that was introduced by Jones
et al. (1983) to accommodate a Corollospora species,
C. tubulata Kohlm., based on a TEM study. A phylogenetic
study based on SSU and LSU rDNA placed K. tubulata
(Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones et al. in Lulworthiaceae, along with
Lulworthia crassa Nakagiri that has thus been transferred to
this genus (Campbell et al. 2005). No asexual morph has been
recorded for Kohlmeyeriella species.
Kretzschmaria Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post.
(Stockholm): 409 (1849)
Holttumia is typified by H. congregata Lloyd in Lloyd
(1924b). This genus is now considered as a synonym of
Kretzschmaria (Rogers and Ju 1998). Rogers and Ju (1998)
observed the holotype material of Holttumia congregata (located at BPI) and noted the close morphological characters
with Kretzschmaria. Holttumia is considered as a synonym
of Kretzschmaria, while H. congregata is a synonym of
K. macrosperma (Mont.) J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju (Rogers
and Ju 1998).
Lanceispora Nakagiri et al., Mycoscience 38(2): 208 (1997)
Accepted name for an aquatic genus referred to the
Xylariales (Jones et al. 2009b) with recollection, isolation
and sequencing required to resolve its taxonomic position.
Lanspora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Can J. Bot. 64: 1581
(1986)
A c c ep t e d m o n ot yp i c m ar i n e g en u s , pl a c ed in
Ophiostomatales, based on morphology and preliminary molecular data (Schoch pers. comm.), which grows on wood. Initially
referred to the Halosphaeriaceae, because of similar morphological features to that family. No asexual morph is known.
Lasiadelphia Réblová & W. Gams, in Réblová et al., Fungal
Diversity 46(‘1’): 82 (2011)
This monotypic genus was introduced by Réblová et al.
(2011b) and is the asexual morph of Lasiosphaeris.
Lasiosphaeriaceae Nannf., Nova Acta Regiae Societatis
Scientiarum Upsaliensis 8 (2): 50 (1932)
A large family in the Sordariales with 71 genera
listed in MycoBank (October 2014) and we list 35 genera. Molecular data indicates that the family is
paraphyletic, with many genera polyphyletic e.g.
Arnium, and the family requires wider sampling with
an increased number of loci sequenced (Kruys et al.
2015). A phylogenetic study based on LSU nrDNA
and β-tubulin sequences highlights four lineages of
Lasiosphaeriaceae (Kruys et al. 2015).
Lasiosphaeriella Sivan., Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 64(3): 443
(1975)
Lasiosphaeriella was introduced by Sivanesan (1975) with
Lasiosphaeriella dennisii Sivan. as the type species. The genus presently includes five species (Index Fungorum 2015).
Sequence data is available for three species which show the
genus to cluster as a group in Chaetosphaeriales (Huhndorf
and Miller 2011).
Lasmenia Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 22(4): 199 (1886)
Lasmenia causes rot and lesions on leaves and inflorescences of tropical fruits, especially rambutan (SerratoDiaz et al. 2011). Analysis of combined ITS and LSU
sequence data indicates a closer affinity of Lasmenia to
the family Cryphonectriaceae (Serrato-Diaz et al. 2011).
Latruncellus M. Verm. et al., in Vermeulen et al., Mycologia
103(3): 562 (2011)
This genus, from Swaziland, on bark of Galpinia
transvaalica, was introduced and typified by Latruncellus
aurorae M. Verm. et al. (Vermeulen et al. 2011). The taxon
is similar to members of Cryphonectriaceae that have uniformly orange stromatic tissues for both sexual and asexual
morphs (Gryzenhout et al. 2009). This taxon has many similar
characters with Aurifilum marmelostoma Begoude et al. and
phylogenetically they are also closely related. However,
conidiomata of Latruncellus aurorae have uniformly orange,
constricted, fattened necks and Aurifilum marmelostoma does
not form necks and has blackened ostiolar openings. Analysis
of LSU and BT exon gene sequences also showed
Latruncellus aurorae to be a separate genus in the family
Cryphonectriaceae, and closely related to Aurifilum
marmelostoma (Vermeulen et al. 2011).
Lautisporiopsis E.B.G. Jones et al., Can. J. Bot. 72l: 1558
(1994)
Fungal Diversity
Monotypic marine ascomycete genus in Halosphaeriaceae
growing on submerged wood (Jones et al. 2009b), variously
referred to Halosphaeria (Kohlmeyer 1960) and
Ceriosporopsis (Jones et al. 1995), but separated from these
genera by the ultrastructure of its appendaged ascospores
(Yusoff et al. 1994a, b). No asexual morph is known, but this
species frequently produces chlamydospores.
Lecanicillium W. Gams & Zare, Nova Hedwigia 72(3–4): 332
(2001)
Zare and Gams (2001b) transferred 12 species formerly
under Verticillium to the new genus Lecanicillium, and also
introduced three new species, based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis. The genus is placed in Cordycipitaceae
(Index Fungorum 2015).
Lectera P.F. Cannon, in Cannon et al., MycoKeys 3: 28 (2012)
Cannon et al. (2012), based on rDNA ITS and GAPDH
sequences, showed that Lectera colletotrichoides (J.E.
Chilton) P.F. Cannon belongs in Plectosphaerellaceae rather
than Hypocreales, to which other species are assigned.
Currently two species are referred to this genus. Lectera is
characterised by brightly coloured sporodochia surrounded
by brown setae, and may be a sister group to Verticillium,
but bootstrap support is weak.
Leiosphaerella Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 128: 579 (1919)
Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2012) recollected the type
species of L. praeclara (Rehm) Höhn. and their sequence data placed Leiosphaerella in Xylariales.
Leiosphaerella sensu stricto and Pseudomassaria sensu
stricto were shown to be closely related.
Leptosporella Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11(9–10): 406 (1897)
Leptosporella gregaria Penz. & Sacc., the generic type,
clusters in a well-supported group in Chaetosphaeriales
(Huhndorf and Miller 2011).
Lignincola Höhnk, Veröff. Inst. Meeresforch. Bremerhaven 3:
216 (1955)
Genus of Halosphaeriaceae with freshwater and marine
species, growing on submerged wood or palm fronds (Jones
et al. 2009a). No sexual morph is known. Phylogenetic studies
place this genus in Halosphaeriaceae, but further sequence
data is required for some of the species before they can be
referred to the genus with confidence.
Limacospora Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones, Can. J. Bot. 73(7):
1011 (1995)
Monotypic marine ascomycete genus growing on submerged wood, and referred to the Halosphaeriaceae. Further
collections, are required for isolation and sequencing to
determine its phylogenetic relationship with the genera
Ceriosporopsis and Marinsopora.
Lindra I.M. Wilson, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 39: 411 (1956)
Genus of Lulworthiaceae introduced by Wilson (1956) to
accommodate L. inflata I.M. Wilson. The genus currently contains five marine species, of which L. obtusa Nakagiri & Tubaki
has Anguillospora marina Nakagiri & Tubaki as its asexual
morph. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses of the SSU and
LSU rDNA showed that Lindra species are polyphyletic
(Campbell et al. 2005; Jones et al. 2008; Abdel-Wahab et al.
2010).
Longicollum Zelski et al., in Zelski et al., Mycosphere 2(5):
540 (2011)
Longicollum is a monotypic genus described from
submerged woody debris from a river in Peru (Zelski
et al. 2011b). Morphologically, Longicollum exhibits all
of the characters of Annulatascaceae and in addition has
ascospores with verruculose wall ornamentation.
Longicollum biappendiculatum Zelski et al. shares many
characteristics with Submersisphaeria aquatica K.D.
Hyde (Hyde 1996) and shows some similarities to many
of the currently accepted genera in the family
Annulatascaceae sensu lato (Zelski et al. 2011b). No
molecular analysis was carried out to support the placement of this genus in Annulatascaceae.
Lopadostoma (Nitschke) Traverso, Fl. ital. crypt., Pars 1:
F u n g i . P y r e n o m y c e ta e . X y l a r i a c e a e , Va l s a c e a e ,
Ceratostomataceae 1(2): 169 (1906)
Genus of Xylariaceae that was first introduced by
Nitschke (1867) as Anthostoma subg. Lopadostoma
Nitschke and later elevated to generic rank by Traverso
(1906). Twelve species were recognized during a revision
of this genus (Jaklitsch et al. 2014). Combined molecular
phylogenetic analysis based on ITS, LSU, RPB2 revealed
10 distinct taxa within the genus which were also recognized
at the species level. A phylogenetic analysis based on nuLSU
rDNA confirmed that the genus appeared as a monophyletic
clade within the family Xylariaceae, with moderate bootstrap
support (Jaklitsch et al. 2014).
Lulwoana Kohlm. et al., Mycol. Res. 109: 62 (2005)
Monotypic genus of Lulworthiaceae introduced by
Campbell et al. (2005) to accommodate L. uniseptata
(Nakagiri) Kohlm. et al. The asexual morph is Zalerion
maritima (Linder) Anastasiou.
Lulwoidea Kohlm. et al., Mycol. Res. 109: 164 (2005)
Monotypic genus of Lulworthiaceae introduced by
Campbell et al. (2005) to accommodate L. lignoarenaria
(Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones) Kohlm. et al. Lulwoidea
Fungal Diversity
lignoarenaria along with Orbimyces spectabilis Linder
formed a highly supported basal clade in Lulworthiaceae
(Campbell et al. 2005). The genus forms black ascomata
on sand grains. No asexual morph has been recorded for
L. lignoarenaria (Koch and Jones 1984).
Lulworthia G.K. Sutherl., Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 5: 259
(1916)
Genus of Lulworthiaceae that was introduced by
Sutherland (1915) to accommodate the type species
Lulworthia fucicola G.K. Sutherl. Several new Lulworthia
species were described from marine habitats and the genus
became one of the largest genera in marine habitats. The
placement of the genus in Lulworthiaceae, Lulworthiales
was confirmed at the morphological and molecular level
(Kohlmeyer et al. 2000). Campbell et al. (2005) re-evaluated
the taxonomy of the genus at the molecular level and introduced two new genera Lulwoana Kohlm. et al. (based on
Lulworthia uniseptata Nakagiri) and Lulwoidea Kohlm.
et al. (based on Lulworthia lignoarenaria Jørg. Koch &
E.B.G. Jones). No type material was available for the type
species L. fucicola Sutherl., therefore, Campbell et al. (2005)
neotypified a collection of L. fucicola from Chile growing on
wood. No asexual morph has been reported for Lulworthia
sensu stricto.
Lunatiannulus Daranagama et al., Fungal Diversity (in press)
(2015)
Lunatiannulus was introduced by Daranagama et al.
(2015) with L. irregularis Daranagama et al. as the type
species. This genus is morphologically related to Diatrypelike genera in having a libertella-like asexual morph and
allantoid ascospores. However, L. irregularis differs in having 4 or 8-spored asci, whereas most of the diatrypaceous
asci are either polysporous or multiples of 8, and ascospores
are falcate and hyaline (Daranagama et al. 2015; Liu et al.
2015). Multi-gene analysis shows this new genus has close
affinities with Eupixylon and Nemania in Xylariaceae
(Daranagama et al. 2015).
Luteocirrhus C.F. Crane et al., IMA Fungus 4(1): 115 (2013)
Luteocirrhus was isolated from canker lesions in several Banksia species plus Lambertia echinata subsp.
citrina and was introduced as a monotypic genus with
Luteocirrhus shearii C.F. Crane et al. as its type. It is
placed within Cryphonectriaceae (Diaporthales) based
on morphology and molecular data (Crane and Burgess
2013). Morphologically it is characterized by pulvinate
to globose, black, semi-immersed conidiomata, with paraphyses. Its sexual morph is unknown. This pathogen
of native Proteaceae causes canker lesions and is considered as an emerging threat towards Banksia species
in South West Australia.
Luttrellia Shearer, Mycologia 70: 692 (1978)
Genus of Halosphaeriaceae (Jones et al. 2009a) that was
established by Shearer (1978) to accommodate the type species, L. estuarina Shearer from decayed balsa wood submerged in Patuxent River, USA. Another three species were
described from freshwater habitats (Ferrer and Shearer 2007).
No molecular study has been carried out to establish the phylogenetic position of the genus. Luttrellia is distinguished
from other genera in the family by hyaline, phragmoseptate
and thick-walled ascospores, with or without a gelatinous
sheath. No asexual morph is known.
Macgarvieomyces Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 107
(2014)
MacGarvie introduced the genus Diplorhinotrichum based
on two species occurring on Juncus spp (Klaubauf et al.
2014). de Hoog and Van Oorschot (1985) treated
Diplorhinotrichum as a synonym of Dactylaria, and retained
the species in Pyricularia. However, based on a LSU, ITS,
RPB1, actin and calmodulin dataset, Klaubauf et al. (2014)
showed the above species do not belong in Pyricularia and a
new genus, Macgarvieomyces, was introduced in the family
Pyriculariaceae to accommodate them.
Macroconia (Wollenw.) Gräfenhan et al., in Gräfenhan et al.,
Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 101 (2011)
A section of Nectria, Macroconia, was raised to generic
rank for five species all producing sexual morphs and
macroconidial asexual morphs. The type species is
M. leptosphaeriae (Niessl) Gräfenhan & Schroers, which is
based on Nectria leptosphaeriae Niessl. Members of this genus mostly grow on the stromata of other ascomycetes on
herbaceous plants or deciduous trees. In the phylogenetic
analyses, Macroconia species are placed in Nectriaceae
(Gräfenhan et al. 2011).
Magnaporthiopsis J. Luo & N. Zhang Mycologia 105(4):
1024 (2013)
A study on the family Magnaporthaceae by Luo and
Zhang (2013) based on multiple genes including SSU, ITS,
LSU, MCM7, RPB1 and TEF data showed that Magnaporthe
and Gaeumannomyces are polyphyletic. Furthermore their
members divided into four major groups and considering morphological, biological and molecular data, a new genus,
Magnaporthiopsis was introduced. Species in this genus are
necrotrophic parasites infecting roots of grasses (Luo and
Zhang 2013). The genus is typified with Magnaporthiopsis
poae J. Luo & N. Zhang and presently there are four species in
Magnaporthiopsis.
Magnisphaera J. Campb. et al., Mycologia 95: 546 (2003)
Genus of Halosphaeriaceae introduced by Campbell et al.
(2003) to accommodate the type species, M. spartinae (E.B.G.
Fungal Diversity
Jones) J. Campb. et al. Halosarpheia spartinae (E.B.G. Jones)
Shearer & J.L. Crane was transferred to Magnisphaera based
on phylogenetic analyses of SSU and LSU rDNA sequence
data (Campbell et al. 2003). Another new species,
M. stevemossago J. Campb. et al. was described from decayed
wood in freshwater habitats in the same study. No asexual
morph is known (Campbell et al. 2003). Matsusphaeria
(Pang et al. 2004) is a synonym of Magnisphaera J. Campb.
et al., which is an earlier name.
Marinokulati E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang, Cryptogamie
Mycologie 35: 132 (2014)
A genus introduced to accommodate the marine ascomycete Chaetosphaeria chaetosa Kohlm. as Jones et al. (2014)
showed that Chaetosphaeria was polyphyletic, with most species grouping in the order Chaetosphaeriales. Two sequences
of Ch. chaetosa formed a monophyletic group with Juncigena
adarca Kohlm. et al., Moheitospora fruticosa Abdel-Wahab
et al. and two Fulvocentrum species, with high bootstrap support in the family Juncigenaceae, Hypocreomycetidae order
incertae sedis (Jones et al. 2014).
Marinosphaera K.D. Hyde, Can J. Bot. 67: 3080 (1989)
Monotypic marine genus, whose taxonomic position is not
resolved at the molecular level (Jones et al. 2009b) and further
sampling, is required. Initially referred to the Phyllachoraceae
(Hyde 1989), while Jones et al. (2009b) showed it grouping as
a separate clade to the Microascaceae and Halosphaeriaceae,
but it shows little affinities with either of these families.
However, depending on the molecular analysis of SSU
and LSU rRNA gene sequence data the genus
Marinosphaera is currently palced in Phyllachorales genus
incertae sedis (Jones et al. 2009b). No asexual morph is
known.
Marinospora A.R. Caval., Nova Hedwigia 11: 548 (1966)
Genus introduced to accommodate two lignicolous marine
ascomycetes grouping in the Halosphaeriaceae
(Microascales) with high support and forming a sister group
to the genera Ondiniella and Toriella (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a).
No asexual morph is known.
Matsusporium E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang, in Abdel-Wahab
et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 550 (2010)
Monotypic marine asexual genus in the Lulworthiales
(Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010), and forming a sister clade to
Lulworthia grandispora Meyers (Lulworthia sensu lato).
The type species is M. tropicale (Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones &
K.L. Pang, initially described as Cirrenalia tropicalis
Kohlm., but in a molecular study was found to be distantly
placed from the type species of Cirrenalia (C. macrocephala
(Kohlm.) Meyers & R.T. Moore), Halosphaeriaceae (AbdelWahab et al. 2010). No sexual morph is known.
Mattirolia Berl. & Bres., Microm. Trid.: 55 (1889)
After examining the type species of Balzania, Mattirolia,
Thyridium, and Thyronectroidea, only Mattirolia (with 5 species) and Thyridium (with 4 species) are accepted within the
class Thyridiaceae. Balzania and Thyronectroidea are considered as synonyms of Mattirolia (Checa et al. 2013).
Melanconiella Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 740 (1882)
Voglmayr et al. (2012) confirmed that Melanconiella
is monophyletic and distinct from Melanconis based on
LSU sequence data. The type species for Melanconiella
is M. spodiaea (Tul. & C. Tul.) Sacc. Melanconiella
was shown to comprise 13 species based on combined
phylogenetic analyses of SSU, ITS, LSU, TEF and
RPB2 sequence data. The genus is confined to host
family Betulaceae. Melanconiella has previously been
placed in Melanconidaceae as it was considered as a
synonym of Melanconis. A characteristic melanconiumor discosporina-like asexual morph was produced by
each species of Melanconiella.
Melanopsamma Niessl, Verh. nat. Ver. Brünn 14: 200 (1876)
Three bitunicate species are exclude from the genus by
Wang (2011).
Melogrammataceae G. Winter [as ‘Melogrameae’], Rabenh.
Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 797 (1886)
Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2012) recollected the type species,
Melogramma campylosporum Fr., which clustered in
Xylariales in a monophyletic lineage. The family name was
therefore retrieved to accommodate this sole taxon.
Menisporopsis S. Hughes, Mycol. Pap. 48: 59 (1952)
Menisporopsis is typified by Menisporopsis theobromae S.
Hughes and a sequence of this putative name is listed under
Ascomycota genera incertae sedis in GenBank and
Chaetothyriaceae in Index Fungorum (2014). Menisporopsis
kobensis Matsush. was linked to Menisporopascus kobensis
Matsush. (Index Fungorum 2015; Matsushima 2001), however no sequence data is available for these taxa. We treat
Menisporopsis in Ascomycota genera incertae sedis pending
a molecular study.
Metapochonia Kepler et al., in Kepler et al., Mycologia
106(4): 820 (2014)
This genus was proposed based on molecular analyses of
TUB, RPB1, RPB2 and TEF gene sequences (Kepler et al.
2014). No sexual morph is know for this genus.
Mirannulata Huhndorf et al., Sydowia 55(2): 173 (2003)
This genus was described by Huhndorf et al. (2003), they
placed this genus in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis
based on morphology. Boonyuen et al. (2012) in their
Fungal Diversity
phylogenetic analyses using a LSU and SSU gene dataset
placed it in Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis.
Moana Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 92: 418
(1989)
Monotypic genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was
established by Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1989)
to accommodate the marine fungus, M. turbinulata Kohlm. &
Volkm.-Kohlm. No molecular study has been carried out on
the genus and further studies are required to confirm its assignment to the Halosphaeriaceae. No asexual morph is
known (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1989).
Moheitospora Abdel-Wahab et al., in Abdel-Wahab et al.,
Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 551 (2010)
The asexual genus that groups in Juncigenaceae with the
marine genera Juncigena, Fulvocentrum, and Marinokulati
(Jones et al. 2014). It is distinct from, but forms a sister group
to Juncigena with high support and we maintain these as distinct genera. The fungus has coiled conidia with small cells
that distinguish it from Cirrenalia species (Abdel-Wahab et al.
2010). No sexual morph has been observed.
Moleospora Abdel-Wahab et al., in Abdel-Wahab et al.,
Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 547 (2010)
A monotypic marine asexual genus in the Lulworthiales
(Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010) isolated from Phragmites australis
collected in Egypt. Morphologically it is similar to
Halenospora varia (Anastasiou) E.B.G. Jones and
Cumulospora marina I. Schmidt, but differs in conidial dimensions (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010). No sexual morph is known.
Monilochaetes Halst. ex Harter, J. Agric. Res., Washington 5:
791 (1916)
The type species of Dischloridium, D. laeënse (Matsush.)
B. Sutton was synonymised under Monilochaetes, but molecular data shows it forms a sister clade to the generic type of
Monilochaetes, M. infuscans Harter in Australiasca (Réblová
et al. 2011a).
Monochaetia (Sacc.) Allesch., Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2
(Leipzig) 1(7): 665 (1902) [1903]
Steyaert (1949) treated Monochaetia (Sacc.) Allesch. and
placed species with single setula in section Monosetulatae of
Pestalotiopsis and Truncatella. However, Monochaetia was
retained as a distinct genus by Guba (1961) based on its single
apical appendage. Monochaetia is not linked to a sexual
morph and so far more than 120 taxa have been described in
Monochaetia, and these mostly comprise 4 septate and 5
septate species. Based on LSU sequence data
Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014) show that Monochaetia
represents a genus that is distinct from Pestalotiopsis,
Seiridium and Truncatella. However, it is essential to
incorporate molecular data and more taxon sampling in future
analyses as Monochaetia includes 3-, 4-, and 6-celled conidial
forms (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014).
Monochaetinula Muthumary et al., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc.
87(1): 104 (1986)
The genus is typified by M. terminalae (Bat. & Bezerra)
Muthumary et al., an asexual coelomycete genus in the
Amphisphaeriaceae, which includes M. ampelophila (Speg.)
Nag Raj, M. caffra Matsush, M. ceratoniae (Sousa da
Câmara) Nag Raj, M. geoffroeana Bianchin. and
M. sterculiae Nag Raj. A molecular study is required to ascertain its taxonomic position in the Ascomycota.
Morakotiella Sakay., Mycologia 97(4): 806 (2005)
Monotypic genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was introduced
by Sakayaroj (2005) to accommodate Haligena salina
C.A. Farrant & E.B.G. Jones. Phylogenetic analyses of
the LSU rDNA of the two Haligena species showed
that it was polyphyletic with the type species
(H. elaterophora) forming a basal clade to the family.
Subsequently, Sakayaroj et al. (2011a) showed that
Morakotiella salina (C.A. Farrant & E.B.G. Jones)
Sakay. grouped as a sister taxon to the genera
Kochiella and Ocostospora with high statistical support.
No asexual morph is known.
Morinia Berl. & Bres., Annuario Soc. Alpinisti Trident.,
1887–88: 82 (1889) [1887–88]
The genus Morinia is based on M. pestalozzioides Berl. &
Bres. and comprises an asexual fungus forming appendage
and muriform conidia in acervular conidiomata (Collado
et al. 2006). ITS sequence data indicate that Morinia belongs
in Amphisphaeriaceae with the highest similarity to
Bartalinia and Truncatella (Collado et al. 2006).
Moromyces Abdel-Wahab et al., in Abdel-Wahab et al.,
Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 555 (2010)
Marine monotypic asexual genus in the order
Lulworthiales (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010) forming a sister clade to the monophyletic genus Lulwoana. The genus was introduced for the species Cumulospora varia
Chatmala & Somrith., as it was distantly placed from
the type species of Cumulospora (C. marina). No sexual morph is known.
Muscodor Worapong et al., Mycotaxon 79: 71 (2001)
The genus Muscodor was introduced by Worapong et al.
(2001) for the placement of M. albus Worapong et al., an
endophytic fungus that produces volatile antibiotics. It is an
asexual genus that has tentatively been referred to the
Xylariaceae. However, the possibility of the inclusion of this
genus in the family has been addressed by Stadler et al.
Fungal Diversity
(2013). The phylogenetic analysis by Worapong et al. (2001)
was inadequate to support the family placement because they
compared only ribosomal RNA gene sequences of a limited
number of taxa. Later on, with the availability of reliable sequence data for important taxa, Stadler et al. (2013) carried out
a molecular analysis using only ITS data and Muscodor nested
in the xylarioid Xylariaceae. Thus they represent a monophyletic basal clade to other xylarioid Xylariaceae especially as an
in-group of the heterogeneous group Xylaria.
Musicillium Zare & W. Gams, in Zare et al., Nova Hedwigia
85(3–4): 482 (2007)
Verticillium theobromae Turconi is not congeneric with
Verticillium sensu stricto, as shown in cladograms based on
LSU and ITS sequences, and the genus Musicillium was introduced to accommodate it (Zare et al. 2007). The genus is
accommodated in Plectosphaerellaceae. Musicillium
theobromae (Turconi) Zare & W. Gams is the causal agent
of cigar-end rot of bananas.
Myceliophthora Costantin, C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris
114: 849 (1892)
Myceliophthora is typified by Myceliophthora lutea
Costantin and Corynascus is typified by Corynascus
sepedonium (C.W. Emmons) Arx and both genera are linked
by molecular data (van den Brink et al. 2012). Myceliophthora
is the earlier described genus and it is commonly used in
publications. Van den Brink et al. (2012) proposed to place
all Corynascus species under Myceliophthora.
Myrothecium Tode, Fung. mecklenb. sel. (Lüneburg) 1: 25
(1790)
Based on DNA sequences analysis, Castlebury et al.
(2004) showed that species of Stachybotrys, species of
Myrothecium and two hypocrealean species form a previously unknown monophyletic lineage within the Hypocreales.
In recent studies Crous et al. (2014) introduced the family
Stachybotriaceae to accommodate this undescribed family
and the genus Myrothecium.
Nais Kohlm., Nova Hedwigia 4: 409 (1962)
Genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was established by
Kohlmeyer (1962) to accommodate N. inornata Kohlm.
Another species, N. aquatica K.D. Hyde was described from
a freshwater habitat. Phylogenetic analyses of the LSU rDNA
confirmed its placement in the family and showed that
N. inornata, has a close relationship with Aniptodera
(Sakayaroj 2005, Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). No asexual morph
is known (Shearer and Crane 1978).
Nalanthamala Subram., J. Indian bot. Soc. 35: 478 (1956)
The genus Nalanthamala was shown to be linked to
Rubrinectria by Schroers et al. (2005) in Nectriaceae. As
Rubrinectria has a single species, Rossman et al. (2013) proposed using the older name Nalanthamala with Rubrinectria
as a synonym. This is followed here.
Natantispora J. Campb. et al., Mycologia 95(3): 543 (2003)
Genus with two aquatic species that was introduced by
Campbell et al. (2003) to accommodate two Halosarpheia species, H. lotica Shearer and H. retorquens Shearer & J.L. Crane
and another marine species (N. unipolarae) described by K.L.
Pang et al. in Liu et al. (2015). The genus formed a wellsupported clade that is distant from the type species, H. fibrosa
Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. (Jones et al. 2009a), based on phylogenetic
analyses of SSU and LSU rDNA. No asexual morph is known.
Naufragella Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascomycetum
16: 19 (1998)
Abdel-Wahab (2011) concluded, based on LSU sequence
data, that the genera Naufragella and Nohea were congeneric
and Naufragella spinibarbata (Jørg. Koch) Kohlm. &
Volkm.-Kohlm. was consequently transferred to Nohea.
However, Chu et al. (2015) in a phylogenetic reappraisal of
Nimbospora, showed that N. spinibarbata formed a sister group
to two Nimbospora species with high statistical support. Their
data places Nohea umiumi Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. as a sister
clade to the Nimbospora/Naufragella clade with weak support.
Unfortunately both studies used different genes and species so
that the placement of these genera needs re-evaluation.
Therefore, the transfer of Naufragella spinibarbata to Nohea
requires further sampling of related taxa and a wider range of
genes before the relationships of these genera are resolved.
Nautosphaeria E.B.G. Jones, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 47(1):
97 (1964)
Monotypic marine ascomycete genus growing on submerged wood, with its placement in the Halosphaeriaceae
confirmed by 28S rDNA sequences (Sakayaroj 2005,
Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). No asexual morph is known.
Nectria (Fr.) Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post.
(Stockholm): 387 (1849)
The genus was revisited by Hirooka et al. (2012) with
N. cinnabarina (Tode) Fr., the generic type and 29
additional species. Tubercularia was considered to be the
asexual morph and listed as a synonym. Nectria clustered
with 16 other genera in Nectriaceae. Rossman et al. (2013)
proposed that the generic name Nectria be protected against
Tubercularia by suppression of the latter generic name and
this is followed here.
Nectriaceae Tul. & C. Tul. [as ‘Nectriei’], Select. fung. carpol.
(Paris) 3: 3 (1865)
Chaverri et al. (2011) showed Nectriaceae to comprise seven
genera. The family was revisited by Hirooka et al. (2012) with a
Fungal Diversity
monograph of Allantonectria, Nectria and Pleonectria. Besides
these genera, Calonectria, Cosmospora, Cyanonectria,
C o r a l l o m yc e t e l l a , L a n a t o ne c t r i a , L e u c o n e c t r i a ,
Neocosmospora, Ophionectria, Pseudonectria, Rodentomyces,
Rugonectria, Thelonectria and Viridispora clustered in
Nectriaceae.
Nemania Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 508, 516 (1821)
Geniculisynnema termiticola Okane & Nakagiri, was introduced to accommodate the asexual morph of Xylaria angulosa
J.D. Rogers et al. Geniculisynnema termiticola was obtained
from a piece of a termite nest incubated in a moist chamber
and another fungus isolated on Oatmeal agar (OA) from the
same termite nest produced the sexual morph (Okane and
Nakagiri 2007). This upright, upper part branched stromata
were identical with X. angulosa found from soil in Indonesia
by Rogers et al. (1987). The sexual morph and the asexual
morph were different in their morphology and colony characteristics (Okane and Nakagiri 2007). Geniculisynnema
termiticola has never formed its stromata on media.
Nevertheless the phylogenetic analysis by Okane and Nakagiri
(2007) showed that G. termiticola nested with Nemania, which
has close affinities to the Xylaria. Thus it can be assumed that its
sexual morph should be linked to Nemania. As mentioned in
Stadler et al. (2013) Geniculisynnema can be considered as the
younger synonym of Nemania. The genus Geniculosporium
was introduced by Chesters and Greenhalgh (1964) and typified
by G. serpens Chesters & Greenh., which is currently named as
Nemania serpens (Pers.) Gray, which is also the type species of
the sexual genus Nemania S.F. Gray (Stadler et al. 2013).
Kenerley and Rogers (1976) found that three Nemania species
produced Geniculosporium asexual morphs in culture (Petrini
and Rogers 1986). Therefore, Geniculosporium can be suppressed in favour of Nemania (Stadler et al. 2013).
Neochaetosphaerella Lar.N. Vassiljeva et al., in Vasiljeva
et al., Fungal Diversity 52(1): 192 (2012)
This monotypic genus was introduced by Vasilyeva et al.
(2012) based on morphology. The type species is
N. thaxteriospora Lar.N. Vassiljeva et al. This genus shares
similarity to members of Nitschkiaceae sensu lato but no molecular data is available.
Neolinocarpon K.D. Hyde, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 110: 104 (1992)
(1992)
Based on morphology, the genus Neolinocarpon cannot be
placed in any family within Xylariales with certainty and thus
is placed as Xylariales genera incertae sedis (Jones et al.
2009a, b).
Neonectria Wollenw., Annls mycol. 15(1/2): 52 (1917)
Chaverri et al. (2011) placed Neonectria sensu stricto in
Nectriaceae with Cylindrocarpon sensu stricto asexual
morphs. Rossman et al. (2013) recommended, given the broad
classical concept of Cylindrocarpon and that it is wellcircumscribed and includes a number of plant pathogenic species, that the generic name Neonectria is protected against
Cylindrocarpon. Cylindrodendrum was considered not to be
congeneric with Neonectria, while the synonymy of Heliscus
was doubtful.
Neopestalotiopsis Maharachch. et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 135
(2014)
Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014) resolved genera in the
Amphisphaeriaceae based on analysis of LSU sequence data.
The phylogeny resolved Pestalotiopsis as a distinct clade in
Amphisphaeriaceae, with three well-supported groups that
correlated with morphology; besides Pestalotiopsis, two new
genera, Neopestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis were introduced. Neopestalotiopsis protearum (Crous & L. Swart)
Maharachch. et al., which was isolated from living leaves of
Leucospermum cuneiforme in Zimbabwe, was assigned as the
generic type. Morphologically Neopestalotiopsis can easily be
distinguished from Pseudopestalotiopsis and Pestalotiopsis
by its versicolorous median cells. Furthermore, in
Neopestalotiopsis, conidiophores are indistinct and often reduced to conidiogenous cells (Maharachchikumbura et al.
2014). In their phylogenetic analysis Maharachchikumbura
et al. (2014) included 24 ex-type/ex-epitype strains for species
of Neopestalotiopsis.
Neopyricularia Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 109 (2014)
Neopyricularia is a newly introduced genus in the family
Pyriculariaceae, with the type species Pyricularia
commelinicola Klaubauf et al., which was isolated from
Commelina communis in South Korea (Klaubauf et al.
2014). Phylogenetically (combined LSU, ITS, RPB1, actin
and calmodulin dataset), P. commelinicola does not cluster
within clades corresponding to species of Pyricularia sensu
stricto and hence Klaubauf et al. (2014) introduced the genus
Neopyricularia.
Neptunella K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Prog. 2 (1): 35
(2003)
A taxon previously referred to Gnomonia (Cribb and
Cribb 1956) and Lignincola (Kohlmeyer 1984), but morphological and molecular data confirms its placement in the
Halosphaeriaceae (Pang et al. 2003; Jones et al. 2009a, b).
The genus is monotypic and resembles Lignincola. No
asexual morph is known.
Nereiospora E.B.G. Jones et al., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 87 (2): 204
(1983)
An ascomycete genus well placed at the morphological and molecular level in the Halosphaeriaceae, with a
monodictys-like asexual morph (Mouzouras and Jones
Fungal Diversity
1985; Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). Nereiospora forms a
well-supported clade in the Halosphaeriaceae
(Sakayaroj et al. 2011a).
Neurospora Shear & B.O. Dodge, J. Agric. Res., Washington
34: 1025 (1927)
The type species of Chrysonilia, C. sitophila (Mont.) Arx is
linked to the type species of Neurospora, N. sitophila Shear &
B.O. Dodge (Francuz et al. 2010). Neurospora is the older and
more commonly used name and therefore Chrysonilia should
be a synonym.
Niesslia Auersw., in Gonnermann & Rabenhorst, Myc. Europ.
Pyren. 5–6: 30 (1869)
Whitton et al. (2012) introduced four new species in
Niesslia (N. cinctiostiolata Whitton et al., N. kapitiae
Whitton et al., N. pacifica Whitton et al., N. vaginata
Whitton et al.) from Pandanaceae, while Etayo et al. (2013)
introduced a lichenicolous species N. echinoides Etayo et al.,
all based on morphology. There are 11 hits in GenBank for a
putative strain of N. exilis (Alb. & Schwein.) G. Winter, but
the generic type species N. exosporioides (Desm.) G. Winter
(= N. chaetomium (Corda) Auersw. has not been sequenced.
Nigrocornus Ryley & Langdon, in Ryley, Mycology Series
(New York) 19: 266 (2003)
This genus Nigrocornus was introduced to accommodate a species of Balansia which was significantly different from that of the type and all other Balansia species (Ryley 2003). The genus belongs in the family
Clavicipitaceae.
Nimbospora Jørg. Koch, Nordic J. Bot. 2 (2): 166 (1982)
Genus in the Halosphaeriaceae based on morphological
and molecular evidence, with Chu et al. (2015) showing two
Nimbospora species forming a sister clade to Naufragella
spinibarbata (Jørg. Koch) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. with
high statistical support. No asexual morph is known for species assigned to this genus.
Nitschkiaceae Höhn., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. upsal., Ser. 4
8(no. 2): 56 (1932)
Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010) revisited the order
Coronophorales with DNA sequence data and showed
Nitschkiaceae to be paraphyletic with Fracchiaea species
not consistently grouping together or with Nitschkia and
Acanthonitschkea.
Nohea Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascomycetum 19:
121 (1991)
Monotypic genus in the Halosphaeriaceae supported by
morphological and molecular data (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a;
Chu et al. 2015). The type species (N. umiumi Kohlm. &
Volkm.-Kohlm.) forms a sister clade to the Nimbospora/
Naufragella clade with moderate support. A unique feature
of Nohea umiumi is the ascospores with two types of appendages (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1991). No asexual morph is known.
Occultocarpon L.C. Mejía & ZhuL. Yang, in Mejía et al.,
Fungal Diversity 52(1): 101 (2012)
This monotypic genus is placed in Gnomoniaceae,
Diaporthales based on a dataset of LSU, RPB2 and TEF
gene sequence data (Mejía et al. 2012). The type species is
O. ailaoshanense L.C. Mejía & Zhu L. Yang and was isolated from the bark of Alnus nepalensis in Yunnan, China
(Mejía et al. 2012).
Oceanitis Kohlm., Revue Mycol., Paris 41(2): 193 (1977)
Ascosalsum was introduced by Campbell et al. (2003) to
accommodate two Halosarpheia and one Haligena species.
Molecular study of SSU and LSU rDNA confirmed that
Ascosalsum is congeneric with Oceanitis (Dupont et al.
2009). Consequently all species assigned to Ascosalsum were
reduced to synonymy in Oceanitis. These species formed a
highly supported clade in the Halosphaeriaceae with
Ophiodeira monosemeia Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.
Ocostaspora E.B.G. Jones et al., Bot. Mar. 26(7): 353 (1983)
Monotypic genus in the Halosphaeriaceae
(Microascales) with Kochiella as a sister group in a
statistically well support clade (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a).
No asexual morph is known.
Oedemium Link, in Willdenow, Willd., Sp. pl., Edn 4 6(1): 42
(1824)
Oedemium minus (Link) S. Hughes was reported as the
asexual morph of the type species of Chaetosphaerella, i.e.
C. phaeostroma (Durieu & Mont.) E. Müll. & C. Booth by
Réblová (1999b). The conidia of Oedemium minus develop in
a cluster at the apex of apical swelling of the terminal
polytretic conidiogenous cell (Hughes and Hennebert 1963).
Conidia of O. didymum (J.C. Schmidt) S. Hughes which is
reported as the asexual morph of Chaetosphaerella fusca
(Fuckel) E. Müll. & C. Booth (Ellis 1971) are produced in
acropetal chains of the apex of polytretic conidiogenous cells;
not more than two chains occur on a conidiogenous cell
(Réblová 1999b). Veramycina elegans Subram. was described
on the basis of culture studies of Oedemium minus
(Subramanian 1993). Réblová (1999b) observed that conidiophores of Veramycina elegans synanamorphs were found
among conidiophores of Oedemium minus developing from
the same mycelium in a collection made on Carpinus betulus
in the Czech Republic (Herbarium – M. Réblová 866/96).
Since, Veramycina was published as a new genus, based on
the culture of Oedemium minus; we consider O. minus and
Fungal Diversity
Veramycina elegans as synonyms. However, the types of these
genera have not been linked and therefore Chaetosphaerella
and Oedemium are maintained as distinct genera until shown
otherwise.
in Halosphaeriaceae with O. monosemeia in a wellsupported clade with Oceanitis species as a sister group
(Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). No asexual morph is known
(Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1988).
Okeanomyces K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, Bot. J. Linn. Soc.
146(2): 228 (2004)
Monotypic genus in the Halosphaeriaceae, that was introduced by Pang et al. (2004) to accommodate Halosphaeria
cucullata (Kohlm.) Kohlm. In their study, phylogenetic analyses of LSU rDNA placed H. cucullata in a distant clade from
the type species of the genus Halosphaeria (H. appendiculata).
Periconia prolifica Anast. which is not the type of Periconia, is
the asexual morph of the type species, Okeanomyces cucullatus
(Kohlm.) K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones.
Ophiodiaporthe Y.M. Ju et al., Mycologia 105(4): 868 (2013)
This monotypic genus was introduced by Fu et al. (2013)
for a pathogen causing a wilt disease of Cyathea lepifera in
Taiwan with Ophiodiaporthe cyatheae Y.M. Ju et al. as the
type species. Phylogenetic analyses based on combined gene
sequences placed O. cyatheae in Diaporthaceae.
Ondiniella E.B.G. Jones et al., Bot. Mar. 27(3): 136 (1984)
Monotypic genus in the Halosphaeriaceae that was introduced by Jones et al. (1984) to accommodate Halosphaeria
torquata Kohlm. The fungus was excluded from the genus
Halosphaeria based on the nature and mode of development
of the appendages at the ultrastructure level. Multi-gene phylogeny confirmed its position in Halosphaeriaceae with
O. torquata in a distant clade from the type species,
Halosphaeria appendiculata. Ondiniella torquata (Kohlm.)
E.B.G. Jones et al. forms a well supported clade with
Toriella tubulifera (Kohlm.) Sakay.et al. as a sister group
(Sakayaroj et al. 2011a, b). No asexual morph is known.
Ophioceraceae Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 104 (2014)
Ophioceraceae includes the single genus Ophioceras
(Klaubauf et al. 2014). Based on the sequence data Klaubauf
et al. (2014) showed Ophioceras clearly clusters separate from
the Magnaporthaceae, and hence introduce a new family
Ophioceraceae
Ophiodothella (Henn.) Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 119: 940 [64 repr.] (1910)
Boyd (1934) described the asexual morph of
Ophiodothella vaccinii Boyd as an acervulus, without
assigning it to a particular genus (Hanlin 1990a). The asexual
morph of Ophiodothella vaccinii Boyd was later assigned to a
new monotypic genus Acerviclypeatus as A. poriformans
Hanlin (Hanlin 1990b). This connection was based on cultural
studies. Barr (1990) indicated that Septoria angustissima Peck
(Peck 1911) was probably an earlier name for Ophiodothella
vaccinii. Hanlin (2013) examined the type species of
Acerviclypeatus poriformans, Ophiodothella vaccinii and
Septoria angustissima and suggested they represent the same
taxon. Then he suggested a new name as Ophiodothella
angustissima (Peck) Hanlin & M.C. González. Acerviclypeatus
has not been linked to O. atromaculans (Henn.) Höhn., which is
the generic type of Ophiodothella and therefore both genera
should be currently retained. Ophiodothella is placed in
Phyllachoraceae.
Orbimyces Linder, Farlowia 1: 404 (1945)
Monotypic asexual marine genus that groups in the
Lulworthiales with low support (Jones et al. 2009b). Further
molecular studies are required to determine its taxonomic affinities within the order. The fungus sporulates in culture but
no sexual morph was observed (Jones, pers. comm.).
Ophioceras Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 358. 1883.
Morphologically Ophioceras is somewhat similar to
Gaeumannomyces, however the two genera can easily be distinguished by the aquatic habit of Ophioceras, occurring on
wood and herbaceous material, versus the plant pathogenic
nature of Gaeumannomyces (Chen et al. 1999; Klaubauf et al.
2014). In addition based on sequence analysis of LSU, ITS,
RPB1, actin and calmodulin gene data, Klaubauf et al. (2014)
showed that Ophioceras clearly clusters separate to the family
Magnaporthaceae and hence a new family, Ophioceraceae,
was introduced.
Orbiocrella D. Johnson et al., Mycol. Res. 113(3): 286 (2009)
This genus was introduced to accommodate Torrubiiella
petchiii Hywel-Jones which was recognized as a distinct
lineage of pathogens of scale insect in Clavicipitaceae,
based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis of nrSSU, nrLSU, TEF, RPB1 and RPB2 gene data
(Johnson et al. 2009).
Ophiodeira Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Can. J. Bot. 66(10):
2062 (1988)
Monotypic genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was introduced
by Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1988) to accommodate the marine fungus, O. monosemeia Kohlm. &
Volkm.-Kohlm. Multi-gene phylogeny confirms its position
Orcadia G.K. Sutherl., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 5(1): 151
(1915) [1914]
Monotypic marine ascomycete genus growing on seaweeds based on morphological observations, and requiring
further collection, isolation and sequencing to determine its
relationship (Jones et al. 2009b). Sutherland (1915) referred
Fungal Diversity
the genus to the Hyponectriaceae (Xylariales), in having
interthecial elements. Rossman et al. (1999) suggested retention in the Pezizales based on its operculate asci. However,
Jones et al. (2009b) decided to place the genus Orcadia as
Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis which we follow here.
No asexual morph is known.
Oxydothis Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11: 505 (1898)
Genus of ascomycetes with ascomata immersed in palm
tissues beneath the host epidermis. Kang et al. (1999a) referred
the genus to the Clypeosphaeriaceae, while Jones et al.
(2009b) placed marine species in Xylariales genera incertae
sedis which we follow here. Further molecular studies are
required to determine its taxonomic position.
Panorbis J. Campb. et al., Mycologia 95(3): 544 (2003)
Monotypic genus in Halosphaeriaceae that was introduced
by Campbell et al. (2003) based on phylogenetic analyses of
SSU and LSU rDNA to accommodate one Halosarpheia species, H. viscosa (I. Schmidt) Shearer & J.L. Crane that did not
group with the type species H. fibrosa Kohlm. & E. Kohlm .
Sakayaroj et al. (2011a) showed that the species groups with
Halosarpheia marina (Cribb & J.W. Cribb) Kohlm. with weak
support. No asexual morph is known (Campbell et al. 2003).
Papulosa Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascomycetum 11:
96 (1993)
Monotypic marine genus, referred to the family
Papulosaceae (Diaportheomycetidae, Sordariomycetes) and
supported by morphological and molecular data (Eriksson
and Winka 1997).
Paracremonium Lombard & Crous, in Lombard et al.,
Studies in Mycology 80: 233 (2015)
The genus Paracremonium was introduced to accommodate different strains from a group of fungi previously treated
as Acremonium recifei (Leão & Lôbo) W. Gams. This genus is
morphologically different from other acremonium-like genera
by the formation of sterile coils from radiate conidiophores
and hyphae with inconspicuously swollen septa (Lombard
et al. 2015). Phylogenetic studies showed this genus belongs
to family Nectriaceae (Lombard et al. 2015). This genus is
typified by P. inflatum L. Lombard & Crous.
Payosphaeria W.F. Leong, Bot. Mar. 33: 511 (1990)
Monotypic marine ascomycete genus in Hypocreales, genera incertae sedis, growing on submerged wood and introduced
by Leong et al. (1990) based on morphological observations.
The species requires further collection, isolation and sequencing to determine its phylogenetic placement in the Ascomycota
(Jones et al. 2009b). The type species Payosphaeria minuta
W.F. Leong was collected from mangrove wood in Malaysia
and Singapore. No asexual morph is known.
Pedumispora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Res. 96: 78
(1992)
Pedumispora was introduced by Hyde and Jones (1992) for
a marine ascomycete. It was tentatively referred to the order
Diaporthales. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that Pedumispora
rhizophorae K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones is distantly placed
from the Diaporthales, and groups in the Diatrypaceae,
Xylariales with strong support (Klaysuban et al. 2014).
Pedumispora rhizophorae shares many features with members
of the Diatrypaceae, including its saprobic habitat on
decaying plant material, ascomata embedded in a
pseudostroma, the presence of paraphyses and pigmented
ascospores. However, P. rhizophorae differs from other
members of the Diatrypaceae in a number of aspects. In
species of Diatrypaceae most ascospores are allantoid and
unicellular, whereas P. rhizophorae has septate, filiform ascospores with the apical cells lacking contents and
appearing as a hook-like appendage (Klaysuban et al.
2014). No asexual morph is known.
Peethambara Subram. & Bhat, Revue Mycol., Paris 42(1): 52
(1978)
The genus Peethambara as typified by P. sundara
Subram. & Bhat and was isolated from Macaranga indica
in India. Peethambara was earlier classified as Hypocreales
order incertae sedis (Castlebury et al. 2004). In their revision, Crous et al. (2014) showed Peethambara and related
genera form a monophyletic lineage with Stachybotrys and
introduced the novel family, Stachybotriaceae and this is
supported in Wang et al. (2015).
Periconia Tode, Fung. mecklenb. sel. (Lüneburg) 2: 2 (1791)
Periconia prolifica is an asexual morph linked to
Okeanomyces cucullatus (Kohlm.) K.L. Pang & E.B.G.
Jones (= Remispora cucullata Kohlm.; Halosphaeria
cucullata (Kohlm.) Kohlm.) by cultural observations and molecular data (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). According to the data
included in online databases such as MycoBank (Robert et al.
2005) and Index Fungorum, the genus Periconia comprises
with about 183 published names and more than 20 have been
transferred to other genera. Presently only about 40 species
belong to this genus. The type species is Periconia lichenoides
(Carmarán and Novas 2003; Kirk et al. 2008) and this and
some other species, cluster in the order Pleosporales family
incertae sedis.
Periglandula U. Steiner et al., in Steiner et al., Mycologia
103(5): 1137 (2011)
This genus was introduced with Periglandula ipomoeae U.
Steiner et al. as the type species which was isolated from
Ipomoea asarifolia in Ecuador. Species live on the adaxial leaf
surface of plants belonging to the family Convolvulaceae and
apparently are epibionts. Phylogenetic study based on sequence
Fungal Diversity
analysis of b-tubulin, RNA Polymerase II subunit 1 (rpbA), and
the mitochondrial gene for ATP synthase F0 subunit A,
grouped the Periglandula in the family
Clavicipitaceae (Steiner et al. 2011).
Pestalotiopsis Steyaert, Bull. Jard. bot. État Brux. 19: 300
(1949)
The sexual morph of Pestalotiopsis is Pestalosphaeria and
only 13 species are known as compared to the asexual morph
(254 species names). Pestalotiopsis has been related to
Neobroomella Petr. which was introduced by Petrak (1947).
As such, the primal name is Neobroomella, but no sequence
data has linked with the asexual Pestalotiopsis morph.
Maharachchikumbura et al. (2011) pointed out that the common Pestalotiopsis name should be applied to both morphs
and this is followed in this paper.
Phaeonectriella Eaton & E.B.G. Jones, Nova Hedwigia 19
(3–4): 779 (1971)
A genus of Halosphaeriaceae based on morphological and
molecular evidence (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a), forming a sister
group to Panorbis and Halosarpheia. No asexual morph is
known.
Phialemoniopsis Perdomo et al., Mycologia 105(2): 408
(2013)
Perdomo et al. (2013) proposed the new genus
Phialemoniopsis based on Phialemoniopsis ocularis (Gené &
Guarro) Perdomo et al. (= Sarcopodium oculorum Gené &
Guarro) and Phialemoniopsis curvata (W. Gams & W.B.
Cooke) Perdomo et al. (= Phialemonium curvatum W. Gams
& W.B. Cooke and two new species, Phialemoniopsis cornearis
Perdomo et al. and P. pluriloculosa Perdomo et al. The genus
comprises human pathogens and can be distinguished from
Phialemonium in having phialides and adelophialides, both with
collarettes, and in the development of sporodochium- or
pycnidium-like conidiomata, unlike in Phialemonium sensu
stricto. The relationships of Phialemoniopsis has not been
completely resolved and the genus is placed in
Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis. Molecular analyses indicate that Phialemoniopsis species are distant from the type
species of the genera Phialemonium, Sarcopodium and
Volutella, and the orders Sordariales and Hypocreales.
Phlogicylindrium Crous et al., in Summerell et al., Fungal
Diversity 23: 340 (2006)
The genus Phlogicylindrium was introduced for
P. eucalypti Crous et al., a species associated with
Eucalyptus leaves (Summerell et al. 2006; Crous et al.
2011). Phlogicylindrium is characterised by erect flame-like
conidiomatal tufts (Summerell et al. 2006). ITS sequence data
showed it clusters within the family Amphisphaeriaceae
(Summerell et al. 2006).
Phomatospora Sacc., Grevillea 3: 22 (1875)
Genus of Magnaporthaceae (Magnaporthales) based on
molecular analyses (18S rDNA) (Cai et al. 2006a). This genus
is probably polyphyletic and further studies are required with
a wider sampling of taxa and genes.
Phragmitensis M.K.M. Wong et al., Bot. Mar. 41: 379 (1998)
Genus of Hyponectriaceae (Xylariales) based on morphological observations and requiring a molecular study to confirm its taxonomic position. Ascomata occur on Phragmites in
the intertidal zone of salt marshes (Wong et al. 1998b). No
asexual morph is known.
Pileomyces K.L. Pang & Jheng, Botanical Studies 53: 536
(2012)
Monotypic marine genus in the Halosphaeriaceae described from a bamboo culm collected at Yingkeshih,
Taiwan (Pang and Jheng 2012b). Ascospores of
P. formosanus K.L. Pang & Jheng are similar to those of
Aniptodera and Phaeonectriella. No asexual morph is known.
Pisorisporiaceae Réblová & J. Fourn., Persoonia 34: 43
(2015)
Réblová et al. (2015) placed Pisorisporium and
Achroceratosphaeria in the family Pisorisporiaceae based
on LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data and morphology.
This family is placed in the order Pirisporiales.
Pisorisporium Réblová & J. Fourn., Persoonia 34: 45 (2015)
This genus has two species which were found on
submerged deciduous wood. Molecular analysis and
morphology studies place this genus in the family
Pisorisporiaceae (Réblová et al. 2015). No asexual
morph is known.
Plagiostoma Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 118
(1870) [1869–70]
The genus was revisited by Mejía et al. (2011) with
25 accepted species. The sexual genera Cryptodiaporthe
and Rostrocoronophora and asexual genus Diplodina
were considered synonyms. Diplodina is the older name
and has priority and thus the mycological community
must decide which name to retain. The genus is placed
in Gnomoniaceae (Fig. 2).
Platytrachelon Réblová, Mycologia 105(2): 466 (2013)
Réblová (2013a) introduced this new genus with a single
species, previously named Ceratosphaeria abietis Réblová,
based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses. This woodinhabiting fungus has a simple and inconspicuous morphology.
Phylogenetic analyses of combined genes (LSU, SSU and
RPB2) indicated that C. abietis has a relationship with
Papulosaceae and is better placed in Diaportheomycetidae,
Fungal Diversity
genera incertae sedis.
Plectosphaerella Kleb., Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 1: 43
(1930)
A polyphyletic genus with various species assigned to
Dothideales, Phyllachorales, Pleosporales, and Xylariales
(Index Fungorum 2015). Plectosphaerella was introduced to
accommodate the type species Plectosphaerella cucumeris
Kleb., and currently some 13 species are assigned to the genus. The type species of the asexual genus Spermosporina is
S. alismatis (Oudem.) U. Braun with a sexual morph in
Plectosphaerella which has priority and is a Nom. rejic., see
Art. 14.7 (Carlucci et al. 2012) and thus Spermosporina is
treated as a synonym.
Plectosphaerellaceae W. Gams et al., Nova Hedwigia 85 (3–4):
476 (2007)
The family was introduced by Zare et al. (2007) to accommodate the genera Acrostalagmus, Gibellulopsis and
Musicillium based on LSU and ITS sequences, and forms a
well-supported clade within the Microascales (Réblová et al.
2011a). Subsequently, Stachylidium has also been referred to
the family. The family includes many asexual genera that are
linked to their putative sexual morphs: Acrostalagmus,
Plectosporium and Stachylidium.
Pleurotheciella Réblová et al., Mycologia 104(6): 1304
(2012)
Réblová et al. (2012) described this genus from decaying
wood submerged in freshwater with two new species
Pleurotheciella rivularia Réblová et al. and P. centenaria
Réblová et al. Phylogenetic analyses of combined genes indicated that Pleurotheciella is closely related to the genera
Pleurothecium and Sterigmatobotrys, but forms a wellsupported monophyletic clade. The genus is placed in
Hypocreomycetidae genera incertae sedis.
Pleurothecium Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 37: 154 (1919)
Pleurothecium is considered as a hyphomycete genus, with
six accepted species (Seifert et al. 2011); only P. recurvatum
has a sexual morph, described as Carpoligna pleurothecii
(Fernández et al. 1999). Pleurothecium is typified by
P. recurvatum (Morgan) Höhn. Réblová et al. (2012) showed
the type species to cluster near Sterigmatobotrys and
Phaeoisaria species. The genus is placed in
Hypocreomycetidae genera incertae sedis. Pleurothecium
semifecundum Réblová et al. is placed in Savoryellales family
incertae sedis and the genus is presently polyphyletic.
Poronia Willd., Fl. berol. prodr.: 400 (1787)
Rogers and Læssøe (1992) introduced Podosordaria ingii
J.D. Rogers & Læssøe, which was later synonymised as
Poronia ingii (J.D. Rogers and Læssøe) J.D. Rogers et al.,
which has an asexual morph belonging to Lindquistia.
Lindquistia was introduced to accommodate Lindquistia
indica Subram. & Chandrash. As reported by Rogers and
Læssøe (1992) the sexual and asexual morphs are similar.
The asexual morph was also produced in cultures from ascospores. Therefore the sexual–asexual link between Lindquistia
and Poronia ingii were established (Rogers and Læssøe
1992). Since, Poronia was introduced before Lindquistia,
the latter name should be suppressed (Stadler et al. 2013).
Proxipyricularia Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 110 (2014)
Proxipyricularia is a plant pathogenic genus in the family
Pyriculariaceae which is typified by P. zingiberis (Klaubauf
et al. 2014). Proxipyricularia is morphologically similar to
Pyricularia, but phylogenetically distinct based on combined
sequence analysis of LSU, ITS, RPB1, actin and calmodulin
gene data (Klaubauf et al. 2014).
Pseudocatenomycopsis Crous & L.A. Shuttlew., in Crous
et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 31: 221 (2013)
This monotypic genus known only by its asexual morph was
introduced by Crous et al. (2013) with P. rothmanniae Crous &
L.A. Shuttlew. as the type species and placed in
Coronophorales genera incertae sedis based on sequence data.
Pseudocosmospora C. Herrera & P. Chaverri, Mycologia 105:
1291 (2013)
Herrera et al. (2013b) described this genus to accommodate
the type species Pseudocosmospora eutypellae C. Herrera &
P. Chaverri and nine additional species based on molecular
analyses (ITS, LSU, MCM7, RPB1, TEF, tub) which indicated this group is phylogenetically distinct from other previously segregated genera under Nectriaceae.
Pseudoidriella Crous & R.G. Shivas, in Crous et al.,
Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 27: 135 (2011)
The monotypic genus was introduced by Crous et al.
(2011) for an idriella-like taxon, but with similarities to
Microdochium. Based on the sequence data Crous et al.
(2011) placed it in incertae sedis.
Pseudomassaria Jacz., Bull. Herb. Boissier 2: 663 (1894)
Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2012) recollected the type species of Pseudomassaria, P. chondrospora (Ces.) Jacz., and
their molecular analyses placed the genus in
Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales. Pseudomassaria and
Leiosphaerella praeclara (Rehm) Höhn. are closely related
(Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2012).
Pseudopestalotiopsis Maharachch. et al. Stud. Mycol. 79: 180
(2014)
The new genus Pseudopestalotiopsis, which segregates
from Pestalotiopsis was proposed based on the type
Fungal Diversity
Pseudopestalotiopsis theae (Sawada) Maharachchikumbura
et al. by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014). The epitype of
Pestalotiopsis theae (Sawada) Steyaert was designated from
fresh leaves of Camellia sinensis collected in Thailand
(Maharachchikumbura et al. 2013b). Pseudopestalotiopsis
can be distinguished from Neopestalotiopsis and
Pestalotiopsis by sequence data and generally dark-coloured
concolourous median cells with indistinct conidiophores
(Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014). The genus belongs in
the family Amphisphaeriaceae.
Pseudopyricularia Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 110
(2014)
Based on sequence analysis of a combined dataset of
LSU, ITS, RPB1, ACT and CAL sequences, Klaubauf
et al. (2014) placed three related species
(Pseudopyricularia cyperi Klaubauf et al., P. higginsii
(Luttr.) Klaubauf et al. and P. kyllingae Klaubauf
et al.) in the new genus Pseudopyricularia in the family
Pyriculariaceae. Species in Pseudopyricularia are primarily distinguished from Pyricularia by having short,
determinate, brown conidiophores, with an apical rachis
with flat-tipped denticles (Klaubauf et al. 2014).
Purpureocillium Luangsa-ard et al., in Luangsa-ard et al.,
FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 321(2): 144 (2011)
This genus was introduced by Luangsa-ard et al. (2011) to
accommodate a species of Paecilomyces which has frequently
been found as the causal agent of infections in man and other
vertebrates. Molecular data showed it was not related to
Paecilomyces but could be placed in Ophiocordycipitaceae.
A second species was added by Perdomo et al. (2013).
Pustulomyces D.Q. Dai et al., in Dai et al., Cryptog. Mycol.
35(1): 64 (2014)
Pustulomyces is a monotypic genus introduced by Dai et al.
(2014) with Pustulomyces bambusicola Dai et al., as the type
species from bamboo. A combined data set of LSU and TEF
sequences showed that Pustulomyces is a new genus in
Diaporthaceae (Dai et al. 2014).
Pyricularia Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 20. 1880.
In the recent revision of Klaubauf et al. (2014), Pyricularia
was placed as the type of the newly introduced family
Pyriculariaceae. Species belonging to Pyricularia are plant
pathogens (Klaubauf et al. 2014). Presently there are 78 species epithets in the genus including the type P. grisea Sacc.
Pyriformiascoma Daranagama et al., Fungal Diversity (in
press) (2015)
Pyriformiascoma was introduced to accommodate the type
species Pyriformiascoma trilobatum Daranagama et al.
(Daranagama et al. 2015). Pyriformiascoma produces simple,
brown conidiophores with terminal conidiogenesis cells bearing
brown globose conidia in culture. Phylogenetic analysis place
P. trilobatum as a basal clade to both hypoxyloid and xylaroid
Xylariaceae parallel to Creosphaeria sassafras (Schwein.) Y.M.
Ju et al. and Barrmaelia macrospora (Nitschke) Rappaz with
high bootstrap support (Daranagama et al. 2015).
Pyrigemmula D. Magyar & Shoemaker, in Magyar et al.,
Mycol. Progr. 10(3): 310 (2011)
This monotypic genus was introduced by Magyar et al.
(2011) for P. aurantiaca D. Magyar & Shoemaker which
was collected from inner bark of living woody hosts in
H u n g a r y. M o l e c u l a r d a t a p l a c e t h e g e n u s i n
Chaetosphaeriaceae.
Rectifusarium Lombard et al., in Lombard et al., Studies in
Mycology 80: 229 (2015)
Lombard et al. (2015) introduced this genus to accommodate fusarium-like species lacking sporodochia, previously
treated as F. ventricosum. DNA sequence data confirmed that
they formed a well-supported distinct clade in the family
Nectriaceae. The genus Rectifusarium is typified by
R. ventricosum (Appel & Wollenw.) L. Lombard & Crous.
Regiocrella P. Chaverri & K.T. Hodge, Mycologia 97(6):
1232 (2006) [2005]
This genus was described from samples collected in
Cameroon and China (Chaverri et al. 2005). Morphological
and molecular evidence place this genus under
Clavicipitaceae (Chaverri et al. 2005).
Remispora Linder, Farlowia 1(3): 409 (1944)
A phylogenetic evaluation of Remispora, based on three
loci (LSU, SSU and RPB2), demonstrated that the genus
was polyphyletic (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). Consequently, species not grouping in Remispora sensu stricto were moved to
new genera (Kochiella, Tubakiella), see elsewhere. This genus
is based on the type species R. maritima which forms a wellsupported monophyletic clade with Sablicola as a sister clade
(Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). No asexual morph is known.
Reticulascaceae Réblová & W. Gams, in Réblová et al., Stud.
Mycol. 68(1): 180 (2011)
Cylindrotrichum (= Reticulascus) and Porosphaerellopsis
are presently included in the family Reticulascaceae. This
family was introduced by Réblová et al. (2011a) based on
molecular analysis of ITS, LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence
data. The dematiaceous Cylindrotrichum, Kylindria and
Sporoschismopsis, linked as anamorphs with the
Reticulascaceae (Réblová et al. 2011a).
Retrostium Nakagiri & Tad. Ito, Mycologia 89: 485 (1997)
Monotypic marine genus in the Spathulosporaceae, order
incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes (Jones et al. 2009b).
Fungal Diversity
Spathulospora (an algal-inhabiting species) and the type of the
family has been shown to be well-placed in the Lulworthiales
(Inderbitzin et al. 2004). Further collections, isolation and sequencing required to resolve its taxonomic position.
Rhopalostroma D. Hawksw., Kew Bull. 31(3): 422 (1977)
A study conducted by Stadler et al. (2010) showed that the
genus Ropalostroma, exclusively reported from the
palaeotropics, was closely related to the daldinoid
Xylariaceae and the two predominantly neotropical genera
Phylacia and Thamnomyces. The study included the use of
microscopic methods, secondary metabolite profiling and ITS
nrDNA sequences of cultures obtained from fresh material
collections of the species R. angolense (Welw. & Curr.) D.
Hawksw. Daranagama et al. (2014) studied the affinities
of R. lekae Whalley et al. with R. angolense and other
members of Xylariaceae using a polythetic approach.
According to the multigene analysis Phylacia,
Rhopalostroma and Thamnomyces form a separate clade
and the monophyletic origin of Thamnomyces and
Rhopalostroma is supported by high statistical support
(Darnagama et al. 2014). Stadler et al. (2010) and
Daranagama et al. (2014) observed the nodulisporium–like
asexual morph from both R. angolense and R. lekae.
Rimaconus Huhndorf et al., Mycologia 93(6): 1073 (2001)
Rimaconus was introduced by Huhndorf et al. (2001) for
the type species R. jamaicensis (Seaver) Huhndorf et al. and
presently comprises two species (Huhndorf and Miller 2011).
Phylogenetic study (Huhndorf and Miller 2011) placed
Rimaconus in a group close to Helminthosporiaceae and in
our analysis (Fig. 2) the genus forms a separate clade close to
Cephalothecaceae, Chaetosphaeriales and Meliolales.
Currently Rimaconus is placed in Chaetosphaeriales genera
incertae sedis.
Riomyces A. Ferrer et al., Mycologia 104(4): 876 (2012)
This monotypic genus was introduced from submerged
woody debris in freshwater collected in Costa Rica (Ferrer
et al. 2012). Molecular analysis placed the genus in
Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis.
Rodentomyces Doveri et al., in Doveri et al., Fungal Diversity
42: 61 (2010)
This monotypic genus was introduced by Doveri et al.
(2010) based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis.
Rodentomyces, type species R. reticulatus Doveri et al., is
placed in Nectriaceae, based on ITS and LSU sequence data
analysis. It has trichothecium-like asexual morphs similar to
asexual morphs of a few other hypocrealean taxa.
Rosasphaeria Jaklitsch & Voglmayr, Fungal Diversity 52(1):
93 (2012)
This monotypic genus was introduced by Jaklitsch and
Voglmayr (2012) based on multi-gene phylogenetic analyses
of ITS, LSU, RPB2 and TEF gene data. Its type species is
Rosasphaeria moravica (Petr.) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr. It has
a pycnidial asexual morph that was seen in culture.
Phylogenetically it is close to Eucasphaeria and is placed
in the family Niessliaceae.
Rosellinia De Not., G. bot. ital. 1(1): 334 (1844)
The genus Rosellinia was introduced by De Notaris (1844)
to accommodate species with uniperitheciate, gregarious,
stromata and revised to include species with superficial, conspicuous, carbonaceous, ostiolate stromata with subicula
(Petrini 2013). Their asexual morphs are geniculosporiumlike, nodulisporium-like and Dematophora which are typical
of Xylariaceae (Petrini 2013). Petrini (2013) accepted 142
species in Rosellinia.
Dematophora was described by Hartig (1883) with
D. necatrix R. Hartig as the type species. Viala (1891) and
later Prillieux (1904) observed ascocarps apparently associated with D. necatrix on diseased vine roots. Hansen et al.
(1937) described perithecia on diseased apple roots infected
by D. necatrix, which they happened to keep in moist chambers for a long time. A connection between germinating conidia of D. necatrix and Rosellinia was established in culture.
Thus the perithecial morph of D. necatrix was Rosellinia
necatrix Berl. ex Prill. The same study proved that the conidial
morphs developed in the cultures of Rosellinia buxi Fabre, and
w er e e i t he r m on on em a t us o r sy nn em a t ou s as i n
Dematophora. The asexual morph Dematophora is linked to
the sexual morph Rosellinia and was synonymised under
Rosellinia by Stadler et al. (2013).
Roselliniella Vain., Acta Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 49(no. 2): 77
(1921)
Based on newly obtained LSU sequences from Roselliniella
atlantica Matzer & Hafellner and R. euparmeliicola Millanes &
D. Hawksw., Hawksworth et al. (2010) noted that Roselliniella
had to be placed in Hypocreales genera incertae sedis and not in
Sordariales genera incertae sedis. Thus, the family placement
could not be resolved from the sequences obtained.
Rostrohypoxylon J. Fourn. & M. Stadler, in Fournier et al.,
Fungal Diversity 40: 24 (2010)
This monotypic genus introduced by Fournier et al. (2010)
was based on a new combination of asexual-sexual morph
characters. The type species is R. terebratum J. Fourn. & M.
Stadler. The status of this taxon is supported by secondary
metabolite profiling. Morphologically, it is characterized by
erumpent, strongly carbonaceous stromata with stout ostiolar
necks and deep cylindrical holes. Rostrohypoxylon produced a
sporothrix-like to virgariella-like asexual morph in culture. It
is presently placed in family Xylariaceae.
Fungal Diversity
Rostrupiella Jørg. Koch et al., Bot. Mar. 50(5–6): 295 (2007)
A monotypic marine genus in Lulworthiales with the type
species R. danica Jørg. Koch et al., grouping with Lulwoana
uniseptata (Nakagiri) Kohlm. and various Lulworthia sensu
lato species as a sister clade (Koch et al. 2007; Jones et al.
2009a). No asexual morph is known.
Samuelsia P. Chaverri & K.T. Hodge, in Chaverri et al., Stud.
Mycol. 60: 59 (2008)
Chaverri et al. (2008) introduced this new genus based on
morphology and analysis of 28S, TEF and RPB1 gene data
and placed it in Clavicipitaceae. The asexual morph of this
genus is aschersonia-like (Chaverri et al. 2008).
Rugonectria P. Chaverri & Samuels, in Chaverri et al., Stud.
Mycol. 68(1): 73 (2011)
This genus was introduced by Chaverri et al. (2011) with
R. rugulosa (Pat. & Gaillard) Samuels et al. as the type species. The genus clustered in Nectriaceae and has
cylindrocarpon-like asexual morphs.
Sarocladium W. Gams & D. Hawksw., Kavaka 3: 57 (1976)
[1975]
Sarocladium was extended by Summerbell et al. (2011) to
include all members of the Acremonium strictum W. Gams
and A. bacillisporum (Onions & G.L. Barron) W. Gams clades
and groups in Hypocreales genera, incertae sedis.
Ruwenzoria J. Fourn. et al., in Stadler et al., Mycol. Progr.
9(2): 171 (2010)
Ruwenzoria was introduced to accommodate
R. pseudoannulata J. Fourn. et al., which is characterized by
hemispherical to peltate, superficial, sessile stromata with indistinct perithecial outlines and raised ostiolar areas. The asexual morph is either sporothrix-like or less frequently
nodulisporium-like (Stadler et al. 2010). Apart from morphology both chemotaxonomic and ITS sequence data were obtained by Stadler et al. (2010). Ruwenzoria belongs to the
hypoxyloid Xylariaceae, and has particularly close affinities
to the genus Daldinia.
Savoryella E.B.G. Jones & R.A. Eaton, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc.
52(1): 161 (1969)
A widespread genus of lignicolous ascomycetes in freshwater
and marine habitats, referred variously to Microascales (as
Halosphaeriales), Sordariales and Xylariales, and to the
Hypocreales based on an 18S phylogenetic study (Cai et al.
2006a). However, a subsequent study, using a wider range of loci
(LSU, SSU, 5.8S rRNA genes, RPB1, RPB2, TEF), showed it
formed a new lineage in the Hypocreomycetidae
(Sordariomycetes). Savoryella species form a monophyletic
group in the order Savoryellales with high statistical support
(Boonyuen et al. 2011). The genus has no known asexual morph.
Ruzenia O. Hilber, The Genus Lasiosphaeria and Allied Taxa
(Kelheim): 7 (2002)
This is a monotypic genus in Helminthosphaeriaceae
typified by Ruzenia spermoides (Hoffm.) O. (Miller
et al. 2014).
Savoryellaceae Jaklitsch & Réblová, Index Fungorum 209: 1
(2015)
The family Savoryellaceae was introduced by Jaklitsch
and Réblová (2015). Asexual morphs are dematiaceous hyphomycetes, e.g., Canalisporium linked to Ascothailandia
and Monotosporella and Helicoon linked to Ascotaiwania.
Species of Savoryellaceae are predominantly found in aquatic habitats such as freshwater, marine and brackish environments, particularly on submerged wood (Jaklitsch and
Réblová 2015). The order Savoryellales was introduced by
Boonyuen et al. (2011) to include Ascotaiwania,
Canalisporium and Savoryella. Savoryellales is an order
which includes family Savoryellaceae. In the current study,
the order Savoryellales also includes Carpoligna
pleurothecii F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf (generic type),
Conioscypha japonica Udagawa & Toyaz. and C. varius
Réblová & Seifert and Pleurothecium semifecundum
Réblová et al., which are placed in Savoryellales family
incertae sedis.
Saagaromyces K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Prog. 2: 35
(2003)
In a phylogenetic evaluation of genera with polar unfurling
appendages the genus Halosarpheia was found to be polyphyletic and taxa not grouping with the type species H. fibrosa
Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. were transferred to new genera.
Saagaromyces accommodates the marine ascomycete
S. ratnagiriensis (S.D. Patil & Borse) K.L. Pang & E.B.G.
Jones (Pang and Jones 2004) in the family Halosphaeriaceae
(Jones et al. 2009a). No asexual morph is known. Littispora is a
synonym of Saagaromyces, both taxa were described at the
same time, but the latter name has priority (Pang and Jones
2004; Jones et al. 2009a).
Sablicola E.B.G. Jones et al., Can. J. Bot. 82: 486 (2004)
Monotypic marine ascomycete growing on submerged
wood, with its placement in the Halosphaeriaceae confirmed
by 28S rDNA sequences (Pang et al. 2004). The genus forms a
sister group to Remispora sensu stricto (Pang et al. 2004;
Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). No asexual morph is known.
Scortechinia Sacc., Atti Inst. Veneto Sci. lett., ed Arti, Sér. 6 3:
713 (1885)
See under Scortechiniaceae.
Scortechiniaceae Huhndorf et al., in Huhndorf et al., Mycol.
Res. 108(12): 1387 (2004)
Fungal Diversity
Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010) revisited the order
Coronophorales with DNA sequence data and showed
Scortechiniaceae to be monophyletic with the genera
Biciliospora, Cryptosphaerella, Tympanopsis, Scortechinia,
Scortechiniella and Scortechiniellopsis. Biciliospora,
Scortechiniella and Scortechiniellopsis may be congeneric,
but Tympanopsis and Scortechinia are distinct genera
(Mugambi and Huhndorf 2010).
Scortechiniella Arx & E. Müll., Beitr. Kryptfl. Schweiz
11(no. 1): 382 (1954)
See under Scortechiniaceae.
Sedecimiella K.L. Pang et al., in Pang et al., Bot. Mar. 53(6):
495 (2010)
Pang et al. (2010) described Sedecimiella taiwanensis K.L.
Pang et al. from twigs of Kandelia obovata collected in
Taiwan and a further collection on unidentified mangrove
wood at Futian Nature Reserve, Shenzhen, China.
Phylogenetic analyses did not resolve its familial position in
the Hypocreales and therefore it is placed in Hypocreales,
genera incertae sedis. A distinguishing feature of the ascomycete is its cylindrical unitunicate asci with 16 hyaline globose
ascospores.
Seiridium Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 22 (1816) [1816–17]
Sequence data reveal Seiridium to represent a distinct genus
in the family Amphisphaeriaceae, which is characterised by 6celled conidia (Jeewon et al. 2003b; Maharachchikumbura
et al. 2014). Blogiascospora and Lepteutypa have been identified as the sexual morph of Seiridium. However, Seiridium is
the oldest and most commonly used name and therefore, should
be applied to represent both morphs. Maharachchikumbura
et al. (2014) suggested the monotypic genus Pestalotia (1839)
may be a synonym of Seiridium (1816), since both genera have
similar morphologies. Presently 39 species epithets for
Seiridium in Index Fungorum (2015).
Septofusidium W. Gams, Cephalosporium-artige
Schimmelpilze (Stuttgart): 147 (1971)
Gams (1971) placed the genus Septofusidium in the family
Nectriaceae based on morphological characters. Lombard
et al. (2015) placed this genus in family Tilachlidiaceae based
on phylogenetic analysis. It is typified by S. elegantulum
(Pidopl.) W. Gams.
Simplicillium W. Gams & Zare, Nova Hedwigia 73(1–2): 38
(2001)
This genus was introduced based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis (Zare and Gams 2001a, b). Four taxa and one
combination were placed in this genus because of mainly solitary phialides (Zare and Gams 2001b). According to morphological and 28S, ITS rDNA sequences analysis, a novel species
was proposed by Liu and Cai (2012). They also provided a key
for Simplicillium. Five new species were discovered from soil
samples by Nonaka et al. (2013). The sexual morphs of this
genus are mostly Torrubiella. species which belong in the family Cordycipitaceae (Zare and Gams 2001a, b; Liu and Cai
2012; Nonaka et al. 2013; Index Fungorum 2015).
Sirococcus Preuss, Linnaea 26: 716 (1855)
Rossman et al. (2007) showed, using molecular data that
the genus Sirococcus with the species S. conigenus (Pers.) P.F.
Cannon & Minter (type species), S. piceiola Rossman et al.
and S. tsugae Castl. et al. belongs in Gnomoniaceae.
Sodiomyces A.A. Grum-Grzhim. et al., Persoonia 31: 154
(2013)
Grum-Grzhimaylo et al. (2013) introduced the genus to
accommodate Helecoccum alkalinum Bilanenko & M.
Ivanova which does not group in Hypocreales, based on a
multi-locus gene phylogeny (ITS, 5.8S rDNA, 28S rDNA,
18S rDNA, RPB2 and TEF). Sodiomyces alkalinus
(Bilanenko & M. Ivanova) A.A. Grum-Grzhimaylo is the only
species in the genus, a holomorphic alkaliphilic ascomycete
within the Plectosphaerellaceae. Many other species in the
Plectosphaerellaceae are also known to be alkaliphilic, for
example, Acremonium alcalophilum G. Okada.
Spadicoides S. Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 36: 805 (1958)
This asexual genus has been associated with
Tengiomyces (Réblová 1999b), but there is no molecular
data to establish the connection. Spadicoides is polyphyletic and has affinities with divergent lineages of
Dothideomycetes (Pleosporales) and Sordariomycetes. A
LSU sequence generated for S. bina (Corda) S. Hughes
(the type species) was found to be sister to
Chaetosphaeriales, but the sequence is from a non type
strain (Shenoy et al. 2010). The genus is therefore tentatively placed in Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis.
Spataporthe Bronson et al., Int. J. Pl. Sci. 174(3): 278–292
(2013)
The fossil genus of Gnomoniaceae was introduced by
Bronson et al. (2013) and is one of the earliest representatives
of Diaporthales providing a minimum age of 136 Ma for the
order.
Spathulospora A.R. Caval. & T.W. Johnson, Mycologia 57:
927 (1965)
Marine genus with Spathulospora phycophila A.R. Caval. &
T.W. Johnson as the type species and referred to the
Spathulosporomycetes, Spathulosporomycetidae (Locquin
1984), Spathulosporales (Kohlmeyer 1973), Spathulosporaceae
(Kohlmeyer 1973) based on morphological observations.
However, two Spathulospora species (S. antarctica Kohlm.,
Fungal Diversity
S. adelpha Kohlm.) have been showen to group in the order
Lulworthiales with weak support (Inderbitzin et al. 2004;
Campbell et al. 2005; Jones et al. 2009b). Further collections,
isolation and sequencing are required to determine the phylogenetic placement of this genus in the Ascomycota, especially as the
type species has yet to be sequenced. We presently prefer
Spathulospora to be placed in Spathulosporaceae until the type
species has been sequenced.
Sphaerostilbella (Henn.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Syll. fung.
(Abellini) 17: 778 (1905)
Sphaerostilbella and Gliocladium are most likely the same
genera and thus Rossman et al. (2013) proposed to protect the
younger name Sphaerostilbella against Gliocladium, which
they thought would favour clarity of communication; this is
followed here. The genus belongs in Hypocreaceae.
Sporidesmium Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin
3(1–2): 41 (1809)
Sporidesmium is in its traditional sense, is a specious genus,
with around 330 species (Seifert et al. 2011). Réblová and
Winka (2001) employed gene sequence-data to connect
Ellisembia folliculata (Corda) Subram. (as Sporidesmium
folliculatum Corda) with Lecythothecium duriligni Réblová
& Winka and Stanjehughesia hormiscioides (Corda)
Subram. (as Sporidesmium hormiscioides Corda) with
(Umbrinosphaeria caesariata (Clinton & Peck) Réblová) in
Chaetosphaeriaceae. Sporidesmium sensu lato has also been
associated with other sexual morphs in Asterinaceae (Eupelte
rapaneae Hansf., E. amicta Syd. and Placosoma
nothopanacis Syd.), Chaetosphaeriaceae (Chaetosphaeria
capitata Sivan. & H.S. Chang, Miyoshiella fusispora
Kawam., M. larvata Réblová and M. triseptata (Shoemaker
& G.P. White) Réblová), Cucurbitariaceae (Cucurbitaria
varians Hazsl.), Micropeltidaceae (Akaropeltella kielmeyerae
(Bat. & J.L. Bezerra) M.L. Farr) and Trichosphaeriaceae
(Eriosphaeria aggregata E. Müll. & Munk) (detailed in
Shenoy et al. 2006). Some species of Sporidesmium reportedly produce Chloridium, Idriella, selenosporella-like and unnamed phialidic synanamorphs (detailed in Seifert et al.
2011). The associations are yet to be supported by DNAsequence data.
In a phylogenetic study, Shenoy et al. (2006) employed
multi-gene phylogenetic analysis to connect Sporidesmium
and morphologically similar genera such as Ellisembia,
Linkosia, Repetophragma, Sporidesmiella and
Stanjehughesia with Bsexual morph^ families and their study
concluded that Sporidesmium is polyphyletic and species are
phylogenetically distributed in multiple families of
Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes. There are nine
Sporidesmium species, including one undesignated species
(Groenewald et al. 2008; Shearer et al. 2009; Shenoy et al.
2006) that have been sequenced, but the type species,
Sporidesmium atrum Link is yet to be sequenced and thus
the genus is placed in Ascomycota genera incertae sedis.
Sporoschismopsis Hol.-Jech. & Hennebert, Bull. Jard. Bot.
natn. Belg. 42(4): 385 (1972)
Réblová et al. (2014) introduced Sporoschismopsis
angustata Réblová with a Porosphaerellopsis sexual
morph. This represents the second known and experimentally proven sexual-asexual morph link between
Porosphaerellopsis and Sporoschismopsis. In the same
study; Porosphaerellopsis is synonymised under
Sporoschisma as the latter genus is the older name.
Sporoschismopsis was positioned in Reticulascaceae
where it is transferred here (Réblová 2013b).
Stachybotrys Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 1: 21 (1837)
Stachybotrys albipes (Berk. & Broome) S.C. Jong &
Davis, has been linked to a sexual morph reported as
Melanopsamma pomiformis (Pers.) Sacc. (type) based on
gene sequence data (Castlebury et al. 2004). Stachybotrys is
the oldest name and is frequently used in literature and
adopted by Wang et al. (2015). Ornatispora is also a synonym. The genus Stachybotrys was earlier classified as incertae
sedis in the order Hypocreales and based on sequence data.
Crous et al. (2014) transferred it to newly established family
Stachybotriaceae.
Stachylidium Link, Magazin der Gesellschaft
Naturforschenden Freunde Berlin 3: 15 (1809)
Stachylidium is an asexual genus variously classified in
Bionectriaceae, Xylariaceae, and anamorphic Pezizomycotina
(Index Fungorum 2015) with Stachylidium bicolor Link, an
alkalophilic fungus as the type species. Réblová et al. (2011a)
showed that the type species groups in the
Plectosphaerellaceae with high statistical support.
Staphylotrichum J. Mey. & Nicot, Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol.
Fr. 72: 322 (1957) [1956]
A new species, Staphylotrichum boninense K. Nonaka et al.
and the type species, S. coccosporum J. Mey. & Nicot, were
found to be related to Chaetomiaceae (Nonaka et al. 2012).
Sterigmatobotrys Oudem., Ned. kruidk. Archf, 2 sér. 4: 548
(1886)
Réblová and Seifert (2011d) reported the sexual morph of
the hyphomycete genus Sterigmatrobotrys. Fertile conidiophores of S. macrocarpa (Corda) S. Hughes. formed on perithecial ascomata and an identical asexual morph developed
from ascospores isolated in axenic culture. Phylogenetic
relationships based on LSU sequence data reveal that
Sterigmatrobotrys macrocarpa clustered in a clade with
Carpoligna pleurothecii F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf.
Carpoligna and Chaetosphaeria are morphologically similar
Fungal Diversity
to Sterigmatobotrys. Réblová et al. (2012) indicated that
Pleurotheciella is closely related to Pleurothecium and
Sterigmatobotrys, and can be placed in Hypocreomycetidae
genera incertae sedis. However, in the current study
Carpoligna pleurothecii and Pleurothecium semifecundum
sit in the order Savoryellales.
Stromatonectria Jaklitsch & Voglmayr, Mycologia 103(2):
435 (2011)
Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2011) redescribed Myrmaeciella
caraganae Höhn., in the new genus Stromatonectria as
S. caraganae (Höhn.) Jaklitsch & Voglm. based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses. It was recollected on branches
of Caragana spp., Colutea arborescens and Laburnum
anagyroides (Fabaceae) around Vienna, Austria.
Phylogenetic analyses of LSU also indicated this genus belongs to a separate clade in Bionectriaceae.
Swampomyces Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Botanica Marina
30: 198 (1987)
Sakayaroj (2005) and Schoch et al. (2007) showed that genus
was polyphyletic separating into two clades: Swampomyces
sensu stricto (type S. armeniacus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.
grouping with S. triseptatus K.D. Hyde & Nakagiri) in the family
Etheirophoraceae, Hypocreomycetideae order incertae sedis,
while S. aegyptiacus Abdel-Wahab et al. and S. clavatispora
Abdel-Wahab et al. group in the Juncigenaceae for which a
new genus Fulvocentrum has been introduced to accommodate
these taxa (Jones et al. 2014).
Synaptospora Cain, Beih. Sydowia 1: 4 (1957) [1956]
One of four named species of Synaptospora,
S. plumbea Huhndorf et al. is represented by gene sequences which place the genus in
Helminthosphaeriaceae (Miller et al. 2014).
Synaptospora olandica Réblová has been associated with
a dactylaria-like asexual morph (Réblová 2002), but
there is no molecular data to prove this connection.
T h a l a s s o g e n a K o h l m . & Vo l k m . - K o h l m . , S y s t .
Ascomycetum 6: 223 (1987)
Monotypic marine ascomycete genus growing on submerged wood, with its placement in the Halosphaeriaceae,
but confirmation at the molecular level is required. No asexual
morph is known.
Thalespora Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones, Nova Hedwigia 83 (1–2):
228 (2006)
Monotypic marine ascomycete genus growing on submerged wood, with its placement in the Halosphaeriaceae
confirmed at the molecular level, with Okeanomyces as a sister group (Jones et al. 2006; Sakayaroj et al. 2011a).
Thalespora differs from Okeanomyces in having polar
tetraradiate appendages formed after release from the
ascomata. No asexual morph is known.
Thyronectria Sacc., Grevillea 4(no. 29): 21 (1875)
Based on type studies and freshly collected material,
Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2014) re-instated the genus
Thyronectria. Molecular phylogenies based on ACT,
ITS, LSU rDNA, RPB1, RPB2, TEF, and TUB gene
sequences also confirmed the placement of
Thyronectria in family Nectriaceae (Hypocreales)
(Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2014)
Thelonectria P. Chaverri & C. Salgado, in Chaverri et al.,
Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 76 (2011)
This genus was introduced by Chaverri et al. (2011) with
Thelonectria discophora (Mont.) P. Chaverri & C. Salgado as
the generic type. The genus clusters in Nectriaceae and has
cylindrocarpon-like asexual morphs. The genus presently
comprises 22 species (Chaverri et al. 2011, Salgado-Salazar
et al. 2012, Luo and Zhang 2013).
Tilachlidiaceae L. Lombard & Crous, in Lombard et al.,
Studies in Mycology 80: 237 (2015)
The family Tilachlidiaceae was introduced based on
multi-gene analysis using combined gene datasets and
placed in the order Hypocreales (Lombard et al.
2015). The family comprises two asexual genera
Septofusidium and Tilachlidium, previously classified in
the family Nectriaceae. Phylogenetic analysis showed
that representatives of both genera clustered together in
a well-supported clade leading to introduction of the
new family Tilachlidiaceae (Lombard et al. 2015).
Tilachlidium Preuss, Linnaea 24: 126 (1851)
The genus Tilachlidium typified by T. pinnatum Preuss was
classified in Hypocreales genus incertae sedis (Gams 1971).
This genus was placed in the family Tilachlidiaceae by
Lombard et al. (2015) based on molecular analysis.
Tirispora E.B.G. Jones & Vrijmoed, Can J. Bot. 72 (9): 1373
(1994)
Genus in the Halosphaeriaceae supported by morphological and molecular data, forming a sister group with
Halosarpheia and Panorbis (Jones et al. 2009a, b). It shares
some common features with these genera, in particularly the
polar unfurling appendages (Jones et al. 2009b). No asexual
morph is known.
Togniniella Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 50(2): 543 (2004)
Réblová et al. (2004) linked and established two monotypic
genera: Togniniella acerosa Réblová et al. and Phaeocrella
acerosa Réblová et al. using cultural studies. However,
T. acerosa is now regarded as a synonym of T. microspora
Fungal Diversity
(Ellis & Everh.) Réblová (Réblová 2011) and Phaeocrella is a
synonym. The genus is placed in Calosphaeriaceae.
Tolypocladium W. Gams, Persoonia 6(2): 185 (1971)
This genus was introduced by Gams (1971). Based on sequence analysis, Quandt et al. (2014), proposed to use
Tolypocladium over Elaphocordyceps and Chaunopycnis.
Toriella Sakay. et al., Fungal Diversity 46: 99 (2011)
Sakayaroj et al. (2011a) carried out a multi-gene phylogeny of the Halosphaeriaceae with 36 taxa. Ceriosporopsis
was shown to be polyphyletic and Ceriosporopsis tubulifera
Kohlm. did not cluster with the type species of the genus
(C. halima Linder). The genus Toriella was introduced to
accommodate C. tubulifera, as Toriella tubulifera (Kohlm.)
Sakay. et al. Earlier studies noted that morphologically the
ascospores did not conform to those described for the type
species, where the polar appendages pierce through an
exosporic sheath (Johnson et al. 1984). No asexual morph
is known.
Torpedospora Meyers, Mycologia 49: 496 (1957)
The genus has been referred to various higher order placement: Hypocreales incertae sedis (Jones et al. 2009b), a sister
group to the Bionectriaceae (Sakayaroj et al. 2005) and TBM
clade (Schoch et al. 2007). Torpedospora species form a wellsupported monophyletic clade in Torpedosporaceae, with
Glomerulispora mangrovis (Jones et al. 2014).
Torpedosporaceae E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang, Cryptogamie
Mycologie 35: 135 (2014)
The family was introduced to accommodate two
Torpedospora species and Glomerulispora mangrovis
Abdel-Wahab & Nagah. that formed a highly supported clade
in Hypocreomycetidae family incertae sedis. Asexual morphs
are helicoid conidia when present.
Trichocladium Harz, Bull. Soc. Imp. nat. Moscou 44(1): 125
(1871)
A polyphyletic genus with some species grouping in the
Hypocreomycetidae: Trichocladium acharosporum (Meyers
& R.T. Moore) M. Dixon was shown by culturing to be the
asexual morph of Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera
(Halosphaeriaceae) (Shearer and Crane 1977), while at the
molecular level T. melhae E.B.G. Jones et al. also grouped
in the Halosphaeriaceae (Abdel-Wahab 2012) with
Antennospora salina (Meyers) Yusoff, in a sister clade.
Some species have been linked to sexual morphs of
Chaetomium. The generic type of Trichocladium,
T. asperum Harz (strain DAOM 232342) was shown to group
in Ascomycota genera incertae sedis by Hambleton et al.
(2005) so the name should be retained.
Trichoderma Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 92 (1794)
The type species of the genus Hypocrea (Hypocreaceae),
H. rufa (Pers.) Fr., was re-defined and epitypified using a
combination of phenotype and phylogenetic analyses. Its
asexual morph Trichoderma viride Pers., the type species of
Trichoderma, was re-described and epitypified (Jaklitsch et al.
2006). Samuels et al. (2012) described the new Trichoderma
species, T. gillesii Samuels and T. pinnatum Samuels with
Hypocrea sexual morphs (with culture and molecular data).
These genera are clearly linked and Rossman et al. (2013)
proposed the use of Trichoderma over Hypocrea, because
Trichoderma has high usage in the literature and few
Hypocrea species have been reported more than once. We
follow this here.
Trichomaris Hibbits et al., Can. J. Bot. 59(11): 2123 (1981)
Monotypic genus requiring further study at the molecular
level and tentatively assigned to Halosphaeriaceae. The asexual morph is a coelomycete.
Tortulomyces Lar.N. Vassiljeva et al., Mycoscience 54(1):
110–115 (2013)
This monotypic genus was introduced for Tortulomyces
thailandicus Lar.N. Vassiljeva et al., collected on dead
branches of an unidentified tree in Thailand. Tortulomyces is
similar in appearance to Spinulosphaeria, but a quellkörper
and setae on the ascomata are absent. The genus is placed in
Nitschkiaceae.
Tubakiella Sakay. et al. Fungal Diversity 46:87–109 (2011)
A genus well-supported by molecular data in the
Halosphaeriaceae (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a), with T. galerita
(Tubaki) Sakay. et al. (= Remispora galerita Tubaki as the type
species. A genus segregated from Remispora sensu stricto, and
distantly placed within the family, with the two sequenced strains
forming a monophyletic group with Nautosphaeria cristaminuta
and Haligena elaterophora as a sister group with weak support
(Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). No asexual morph is known.
Trailia G.K. Sutherl., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 5(1): 149 (1915)
[1914]
Monotypic genus in the Halosphaeriaceae (Jones et al.
2009b) growing on the brown seaweed Ascophyllum
nodosum, infrequently collected and its placement in the
family requires a molecular study. No asexual morph is
known.
Tunicatispora K.D. Hyde, Aust. Syst. Bot. 3(4): 712 (1990)
Monotypic genus referred to the Halosphaeriaceae based
on morphological observations, and requires further study at
the molecular level to confirm its position in the family. No
asexual morph is known. Buxetroldia is a synonym of
Tunicatispora based on morphological observations (Jones
et al. 2009b).
Fungal Diversity
Tympanopsis Starbäck, Bih. K. svenska VetenskAkad.
Handl., Afd. 3 19(no. 3): 24 (1894)
See under Scortechiniaceae.
Tyrannicordyceps Kepler & Spatafora, Index Fungorum 12: 1
(2012)
This genus has five species (Index Fungorum 2015) which
live on sclerotia of Claviceps. Molecular analysis placed this
genus in Clavicipitaceae in the Plant-Hemiptera clade (Kepler
et al. 2012).
Ustilaginoidea Bref., Unters. Gesammtgeb. Mykol. (Liepzig)
12: 194 (1895)
Villosiclava was introrcued as the asexual morph of
Ustilaginoidea and is thus a synonym (Tanaka et al. 2008).
The genus is placed in Clavicipitaceae.
Valsalnicola D.M. Walker & Rossman, Persoonia, Mol. Phyl.
Evol. Fungi 29: 149 (2012)
This genus was introduced in Crous et al. (2012f) for
Valsalnicola oxystoma (Rehm) D.M. Walker & Rossman,
and causes linear cankers and lesions on Alnus. Although it
resembles Valsa in having allantoid ascospores, the species in
Valsalnicola are 1-septate, while the majority of Valsa species
have aseptate spores. Mega blast similarity of ITS sequence
with Genbank place Valsalnicola oxystoma in close affinity
with genera of Gnomoniaceae, Melanconidaceae and
Valsaceae. However there is no clear phylogenetic family
placement within Diaporthales and hence it is placed in
Diaporthales, genera incertae sedis
Varicosporina Meyers & Kohlm., Can. J. Bot. 43: 916 (1965)
Three Varicosporina species have been shown to be the
asexual morphs of various Corollospora species: C. anglusa
Abdel-Wahab & Nagah. (= V. anglusa Abdel-Wahab &
Nagah.), C. intermedia E.B.G. Jones (= V. prolifera
Nakagiri) and Corollospora sp. (= V. ramulosa Meyers &
Kohlm.) (Abdel-Wahab 2012). Since the type species,
Varicosporina ramulosa Meyers & Kohlm. has not been
linked to a specific Corollospora species, thus the name
Varicosporina should be retained and the genus is tentatively
placed in Halosphaeriaceae.
Vermisporium H.J. Swart & M.A. Will., Trans. Br. mycol.
Soc. 81(3): 491 (1983)
An asexual genus introduced by Swart and Williamson
(1983) for leaf-inhabiting coelomycetous taxa on Eucalyptus
leaves, currently with some 13 species (Index Fungorum
2015). Vermisporium was chiefly distinguished from
Seimatosporium on the basis of a short exogenous basal
appendage, and the absence of a recognisable apical
appendage. Barber et al. (2011) showed the genus to be a
synonym of Seimatosporium based on DNA sequence data
analysis of the nrDNA-ITS and 28S nrRNA genes, and transferred eight species to Seimatosporium.
Verrucostoma Hirooka et al., in Hirooka et al., Mycologia
102(2): 422 (2010)
Hirooka et al. (2010) described this monotypic genus based
on Verrucostoma freycinetiae Hirooka et al. using morphological differences and molecular analyses. The taxon was collected on dead leaves of Freycinetia boninensis
(Pandanaceae) in Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands, Japan.
Molecular analyses indicated that the genus is distinct from
o t h e r g e n e r a a m o n g t h e n e c t r i a - l i k e ta x a u n d e r
Bionectriaceae.
Verticillium Nees, System der Pilze und Schwämme: 56
(1817)
The asexual genus Verticillium comprises a group of plant
pathogenic fungi including some 190 documented names and
with V. dahliae Kleb. as the type species. The genus has been
shown to be polyphyletic with various taxa assigned to new
genera: Gibellulopsis, Lectera and Musicillium. Most species
group in the Plectosphaerellaceae based on sequence analysis
(Inderbitzin et al. 2011). No sexual morph is known. Hyde
et al. (2014) provided a backbone tree for Verticillium species.
Vialaea Sacc., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 12: 66 (1896)
A genus introduced by Saccardo (1896) and currently with
five species (Index Fungorum 2015). Senanayake et al. (2014)
introduced a new species of Vialaea, V. mangiferae I.C.
Senanayake & K.D. Hyde from mango and provide phylogenetic evidence to support the introduction of this new species.
Vialaeaceae P.F. Cannon Mycological Research 99: 368
(1995)
A family introduced by Cannon (1995) for species with
isthmoid ascospores. Shoemaker et al. (2013), McTaggart
et al. (2013) and Senanayake et al. (2014) provided new data
and phylogenetic evidence to show that this is a wellsupported family in Xylariales. The grouped ascomata with
a single fused neck, J+, ascal apical ring and unusual ascospores with two fusiform parts joined by a narrow, long isthmus are characteristic of the family. The asexual morph is
coelomycetous (Senanayake et al. 2014).
Virgaria Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 54 (1816) [1816–17]
Virgaria nigra (Link) Nees, the type species of the genus is
a commonly encountered hyphomycete. Ascovirgaria was introduced to accommodate stromatic Xylariaceae with rudimentary blackened stromata in decayed wood. The type species Ascovirgaria occulta J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju was isolated
from Hawaii, and produced the asexual morph, Virgaria nigra
in culture (Rogers and Ju 2002). According to Rogers and Ju
(2002), Virgaria nigra is cosmopolitan and was long
Fungal Diversity
recognized before its respective sexual morph and commonly
grows in the absence of its sexual morph. Therefore, the earlier described name Virgaria is used and the sexual morph
Ascovirgaria becomes a synonym (Rogers and Ju 2002;
Stadler et al. 2013).
Volutellonectria J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang, Phytotaxa 44: 3 (2012)
This genus with three new species was introduced in Luo
and Zhuang (2012) with the type based on Dialonectria
consors Ellis & Everh. (= Cosmospora consors (Ellis &
Everh.) Rossman & Samuels). Species have volutella-like
asexual morphs and cosmospora-like sexual morphs, but phylogenetic analyses of ITS and 28S sequence data showed
Volutellonectria and Cosmospora to be distinct genera in
Nectriaceae.
Woswasia Jaklitsch et al., Mycologia 105(2): 479 (2013)
This monotypic genus is represented by Woswasia
atropurpurea Jaklitsch et al. which is a wood-inhabiting and
mycotrophic taxon (Jaklitsch et al. 2013). Analysis of sequence
data showed the genus to cluster in Sordariomycetidae close to
the genus Ceratolenta, but could not be placed in any family.
Xenoacremonium Lombard & Crous, in Lombard et al.,
Studies in Mycology 80: 234 (2015)
This genus is established by Lombard et al. (2015)
based on phylogenetic studies of combined sequence
data to include a group of fungi previously treated as
A crem on ium recife i (Leão & L ôb o) W. Ga ms.
Xenoacremonium species can be distinguish from
Paracremonium by a phenomenon of readily releasing
a pale luteous to luteous pigment into the growth medium and not forming sterile coils in culture. The genus
Xenoacremonium is typified by X. recifei (Leão &
Lôbo) L. Lombard & Crous and clusters in Nectriaceae.
Xenopyricularia Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 117 (2014)
A monotypic genus of Pyriculariaceae that was introduced
by Klaubauf et al. (2014) to accommodate the type species
Xenopyricularia zizaniicola Klaubauf et al., which was isolated
from Zizania latifolia in Japan (Klaubauf et al. 2014).
Phylogenetic analysis based on a combined dataset LSU, ITS,
RPB1, ACT and CAL sequences revealed Xenopyricularia to
represent a distinct genus in Pyriculariaceae (Klaubauf et al.
2014).
Xylaria Hill ex Schrank, Baier. Fl. (München) 1: 200 (1789)
Padixonia was introduced by Subramanian (1972) to accommodate Padixonia bispora Subram. from Ghana. The author mentioned this hyphomycete as the conidial morph of
Xylaria furcata Fr. (Subramanian 1972). Since the older name
has priority, Xylaria should be retained (Stadler et al. 2013).
Another asexual genus, Xylocoremium was introduced by
Rogers (1984) to accommodate the coremial conidial morph
of Xylaria species. Xylaria cubensis (Mont.) Fr. was identified
as the corresponding sexual morph of Xylocoremium
flabelliforme (Schwein.) J.D. Rogers (Rogers 1984). Xylaria
allantoidea (Berk.) Fr. and X. castorea Berk. have also been
cited as connected with Xylocoremium flabelliforme, but not
as synonyms. Stadler et al. (2013) suggested priority can be
given to the older name and the asexual name can be suppressed. Arthroxylaria was introduced by Seifert et al.
(2002), and typified by A. elegans Seifert & W. Gams. This
xylarioid asexual morph has been connected to Xylaria
(Stadler et al. 2013). The asexual name has the possibility to
be suppressed in favour of Xylaria as it is the older name and
the cosmopolitan morph frequently encountered in nature
(Stadler et al. 2013). Möller (1901) described
Moelleroclavus and believed the fungus to be Xylaria.
Hennings (1902) introduced the genus Moelleroclavus and
designated the type species as M. penicilliopsis Henn. and a
specimen from the same locality as Möller’s material, which is
listed as the type. Rogers et al. (1997) collected Xylaria
moelleroclavus J.D. Rogers et al. from Hawaii, which has
the asexual morph which is the same as Möller’s description
in 1901. Xylaria moelleroclavus was identified as the respective sexual morph because they obtained the asexual morph in
culture derived from ascospores (Rogers et al. 1997). The
authors however believed the name Moelleroclavus
penicilliopsis Henn. should remain available for the asexual
morph of X. moelleroclavus. Stadler et al. (2013) proposed
these names can be either synonymised or retained if the large
genus Xylaria will be split into further groups to accommodate
the certainly diverse Xylaria.
Zalerion R.T. Moore & Meyers, Can. J. Microbiol. 8: 408
(1962)
Moore and Meyers (1962) established the genus Zalerion
based on helicoid, subhyaline to fuscous conidia, which are
coiled irregularly in three dimensions and constricted at the
septa. Although they included the two helicoid species
described by Barghoorn and Linder (1944b) under Helicoma,
they did not select one of these as the type species. Instead
Zalerion nepura R.T. Moore & Meyers, was selected as the
type species. They described four species based on morphology, conidial pigmentation and their cellulolytic ability (reducing
sugar determinations of Raycord). Herbarium material was deposited at the Farlow Herbarium (FH), but no cultures were
deposited as far as can be ascertained. Subsequently,
Anastasiou (1963) reduced the two marine Helicoma species
and four Zalerion species under Zalerion maritima (Linder)
Anastasiou, and described a second species Z. varia
Anastasiou (= Halenospora varia (Anastasiou) E.B.G. Jones).
Molecular data generated by Campbell et al. (2005) showed
that Z. maritima grouped with Lulwoana uniseptata
(Nakagiri) Kohlm. et al., with 100 % support, with
Fungal Diversity
Moromyces varius (Chatmala & Somrith.) Abdel-Wahab et al.
(= Cumulospora varia Chatmala & Somrith.) as a sister group
(Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010). This link has also been shown by
cultural studies. The name Zalarion should be retained as there
is no molecular data for the type species and the genus is tentatively placed in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis.
Zopfiella G. Winter, Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2:
56 (1884)
A polyphyletic genus with the type species, Zopfiella
t a b u l a t a ( Z o p f ) G . Win t e r p l a c e d i n t h e fa m i l y
Chaetomiaceae (Cai et al. 2006b). The genus sensu lato is
widely distributed with some 27 records listed in Index
Fungorum (2015). Guarro et al. (1999) have reported an asexual morph with humicola-like conidia produced on a peg-like
structure on undifferentiated hyphae for marine collections of
Z. latipes (N. Lundq.) Malloch & Cain and Z. marina Furuya &
Udagawa.
Zygospermella Cain, Mycologia 27 (2): 227 (1935)
Genus in the Lasiosphaeriaceae with Zygospermella
setosa Cain as the type species Three strains of Z. insignis
(Mouton) Cain form a monophyletic clade grouping with
moderate support with Cercophora sordarioides based on a
molecular study of LSU nrDNA and β-tubulin sequences
(Kruys et al. 2015).
Genera of uncertain placement in Sordariomycetes
In this part we list 829 genera that are classified in
Sordariomycetes in Index Fungorum (2014) as on 31
December 2014. These genera were not listed in
Sordariomycetes in Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) and have
not been listed in subsequent publications as belonging in
Sordariomycetes. The data was extracted from a database provided by Paul Kirk. These genera may need further study.
Ahmadinula Petr.
Akrophyton Lebert
Albocrustum Lloyd
Aleurisma Link
Allantospora Wakker
Allantozythiella Danilova
Allelochaeta Petr.
Allescherina Berl.
Alphitomyces Reissek
Amazoniella Bat. & H. Maia
Amphichaeta McAlpine
Amphitiarospora Agnihothr.
Amphorula Grove
Ampullaria A.L. Sm.
Andreaea Palm & Jochems
Andreaeana Palm & Jochems
Andreanszkya Tóth
Anisochora Theiss. & Syd.
Anisostomula Höhn.
Anixiella Saito & Minoura
Anixiella Saito & Minoura ex Cain
Antenaglium F.C. Albuq.
Anthasthoopa Subram. & K. Ramakr.
Apiocrea Syd. & P. Syd.
Apiosporella Höhn. ex Theiss.
Apiothecium Lar.N. Vassiljeva
Aplacodina Ruhland
Aponectria (Sacc.) Sacc.
Aporhytisma Höhn.
Aposphaeriella Died.
Aposphaeriopsis Died.
Apotemnoum Corda
Ariefia Jacz.
Arnoldia D.J. Gray & Morgan-Jones
Arnoldiomyces Morgan-Jones
Artallendea Bat. & H. Maia
Aschersoniopsis Henn.
Ascocollumdensa K.D. Hyde et al.
Abaphospora Kirschst.
Acanthorhynchus Shear
Acanthotheca Clem. & Shear
Acanthothecium Speg.
Acaulium Sopp
Achaetomiella Arx
Acontiopsis Negru
Acrosphaeria Corda
Acrostaphylus G. Arnaud ex Subram.
Acrostaphylus G. Arnaud
Actinodothis Syd. & P. Syd.
Actinonemella Höhn.
Actinopelte Sacc.
Adea Petr.
Ascostroma Bonord.
Asordaria Arx, Guarro & Aa
Asteridium (Sacc.) Speg. ex Sacc.
Asterothecium Wallr.
Bacillispora Sv. Nilsson
Bagnisiopsis Theiss. & Syd.
Bahupaathra Subram. & Lodha
Bakeromyces Syd. & P. Syd.
Balansiella Henn.
Balansiopsis Höhn.
Bartaliniopsis S.S. Singh
Barya Fuckel
Baryeidamia H. Karst.
Baryella Rauschert
Fungal Diversity
Basifimbria Subram. & Lodha
Basipilus Subram.
Basisporium Molliard
Basitorula G. Arnaud
Batschiella Kirschst.
Beejasamuha Subram. & Chandrash.
Belaina Bat. & Peres
Benedekiella Negru & Verona
Berkeleyna Kuntze
Bidenticula Deighton
Bioporthe Petr.
Biotyle Syd.
Bisporomyces J.F.H. Beyma
Bitrimonospora Sivan. et al.
Bivonella (Sacc.) Sacc.
Bizzozeria Speg.
Bizzozeria Sacc. & Berl.
Blennorella Kirschst.
Bolacotricha Berk. & Broome
Bolinia (Nitschke) Sacc.
Bonordenia Schulzer
Bostrychia Fr.
Causalis Theiss.
Cephalodiplosporium Kamyschko
Cephalosporiopsis Peyronel
Cephalosporium Corda
Cephalothecium Corda
Cepsiclava J. Walker
Cerastomis Clem.
Ceratocladium Pat.
Ceratopodium Corda
Ceratostoma Pers.
Ceratostoma Fr.
Cercosporula G. Arnaud
Cerillum Clem.
Ceuthocarpon P. Karst.
Chaetapiospora Petr.
Chaetoceratostoma Turconi & Maffei
Chaetoceris Clem. & Shear
Chaetodimerina Hansf.
Chaetolentomita Maubl.
Chaetomelasmia Danilova
Chaetomeliola (Cif.) Bat. et al.
Chaetomiotricha Peyronel
Botryocrea Petr.
Botryodiplis Clem. & Shear
Botryodiplodia (Sacc.) Sacc.
Botryosphaerostroma Petr.
Botrypes Preuss
Bovilla Sacc.
Boydia A.L. Sm.
Brachydesmium (Sacc.) Costantin
Bresadolella Höhn.
Bryonectria Döbbeler
Byssitheca Bonord.
Byssostilbe Petch
Cacosphaeria Speg.
Cainea S. Hughes
Calopactis Syd. & P. Syd.
Calospora Nitschke ex Fuckel
Calospora Sacc.
Calyculosphaeria Fitzp.
Chaetonaemosphaera Schwarzman
Chailletia Jacz.
Chailletia Fuckel
Cheilariopsis Petr.
Cheiropodium Syd. & P. Syd.
Chiajaea (Sacc.) Höhn.
Chiloella Syd.
Chilonectria Sacc.
Chitinonectria M. Morelet
Chlorospora Speg.
Chondroplea Kleb.
Chorostate (Nitschke ex Sacc.) Traverso
Chorostella (Sacc.) Clem. & Shear
Chromocrea Seaver
Chromocreopsis Seaver
Chromocytospora Speg.
Chromostylium Giard
Chrysogluten Briosi & Farneti
Camptoum Link
Campylothecium Ces.
Candelospora Rea & Hawley
Cantharosphaeria Thaxt.
Capnostysanus Speg.
Carnostroma Lloyd
Carothecis Clem.
Castagnella G. Arnaud
Catacauma Theiss. & Syd.
Cateractispora Ranghoo et al.
Ciliciopodium Corda
Ciliciopus Clem. & Shear
Ciliofusa Clem. & Shear
Ciliofusarium Rostr.
Ciliomyces Höhn.
Circinaria Pers.
Circinaria Bonord.
Circinostoma Gray
Cryptoderis Auersw.
Caudosporella Höhn.
Caulochora Petr.
Cryptosordaria De Not. ex Sacc.
Cryptosphaerina Lambotte & Fautrey ex Sacc. & P. Syd.
Cryptospora Tul. & C. Tul.
Fungal Diversity
Cryptostictella Grove
Cryptostictis Fuckel
Cryptothamnium Wallr.
Cryptothecium Penz. & Sacc.
Cucurbitariella Petr.
Cucurbitula Fuckel
Curreyella (Sacc.) Lindau
Cyclocytospora Höhn.
Cyclodomella P.N. Mathur et al.
Cyclophomopsis Höhn.
Cylicogone Emden & Veenb.-Rijks
Cylindrium Bonord.
Cylindrocladiopsis J.M. Yen
Cyphellopycnis Tehon & G.L. Stout
Cytodiplospora Oudem.
Cytophoma Höhn.
Cytosporopsis Höhn.
Dactylina G. Arnaud
Daedala Hazsl.
Dapsilosporium Corda
Dasyphthora Clem.
Debarya Schulzer
Debaryella Höhn.
Dendrodochium Bonord.
Desmotrichum Lév.
Detonina Kuntze
Dialytes Nitschke
Diatrypeopsis Speg.
Dichitonium Berk. & M.A. Curtis
Dichotomella Sacc.
Dicladium Ces.
Didymariopsis Speg.
Didymocladium Sacc.
Didymopsamma Petr.
Diheterospora Kamyschko
Diheterospora Kamyschko ex G.L. Barron & Onions
Dimera Fr.
Diploceras (Sacc.) Died.
Diplocladium Bonord.
Diploplenodomopsis Petr.
Dothideovalsa Speg.
Dothidina Theiss. & Syd.
Dozya P. Karst.
Dryadomyces Gebhardt
Dubiomyces Lloyd
Echinodothis G.F. Atk.
Echinopodospora B.M. Robison
Echinospora Mirza
Echusias Hazsl.
Ectomyces P. Tate
Ectosphaeria Speg.
Edmundmasonia Subram.
Eidamia Lindau
Ellisiella Sacc.
Ellisiellina Sousa da Câmara
Ellisiopsis Bat.
Embolidium Bat.
Endocreas Samuels & Rogerson
Endodothella Theiss. & Syd.
Endogloea Höhn.
Endophyllachora Rehm
Endotrabutia Chardón
Engizostoma Gray
Entosordaria Speg.
Entosordaria (Sacc.) Höhn.
Eolichen Zukal
Eolichenomyces Cif. & Tomas.
Ephedrosphaera Dumort.
Epheliopsis Henn.
Ephemeroascus Emden
Epinectria Syd. & P. Syd.
Ergotaetia E.J. Quekett
Eriomene (Sacc.) Clem. & Shear
Discosiospora A.W. Ramaley
Eriomenella Peyronel
Erionema Maire
Eriosphaerella Höhn.
Erostella (Sacc.) Sacc.
Erostrotheca G.H. Martin & Charles
Erythrosphaera Sorokīn
Esfandiaria Petr.
Euhypoxylon Füisting
Euricoa Bat. & H. Maia
Europhium A.K. Parker
Eusordaria Zopf
Eutypopsis P. Karst.
Exomassarinula Teng
Fabreola Kuntze
Fairmania Sacc.
Discosphaera Dumort.
Discostromopsis H.J. Swart
Disperma Theiss.
Fellneria Fuckel
Fimetaria D.A. Griffiths & Seaver
Fioriella Sacc.
Dochmolopha Cooke
Fitzpatrickia Cif.
Diplosclerophoma Petr.
Diplosporis Clem.
Diplosporium Link
Disaeta Bonar
Discodiaporthe Petr.
Discomycopsella Henn.
Discosiopsis Edward, Kr.P. Singh et al.
Fungal Diversity
Flagellospora Ingold
Flageoletia (Sacc.) Höhn.
Fleischeria Penz. & Sacc.
Fominia Girz.
Fragosoella Petr. & Syd.
Frankia Brunch.
Frankiella Speschnew
Frondisphaeria K.D. Hyde
Fuckelia (Nitschke ex Sacc.) Cooke
Fuckelina Sacc.
Fusicytospora Gutner
Fusidium Link
Fusidomus Grove
Fusisporium Link
Fusisporium Fr.
Heimiodiplodia Zambett.
Helicosporangium H. Karst.
Hemisphaeria Klotzsch
Hendersoniopsis Woron.
Henningsina Möller
Herminia R. Hilber
Heteronectria Penz. & Sacc.
Heteropera Theiss.
Hindersonia Moug. & Nestl. ex J. Schröt.
Hiogispora Abdel-Wahab & Nagah.
Hormosperma Penz. & Sacc.
Hormospora De Not.
Hyalobotrys Pidopl.
Hyaloceras Durieu & Mont.
Hyaloflorea Bat. & H. Maia
Gaeumannia Petr.
Galeraicta Preuss
Gamosphaera Dumort.
Gerlachia W. Gams & E. Müll.
Germslitospora Lodha
Gibberellulina Sousa da Câmara
Gibsonia Massee
Gliobotrys Höhn.
Gloeocercospora D.C. Bain & Edgerton ex Deighton
Gloeocercospora D.C. Bain & Edgerton
Gloeosporidium Höhn.
Gloeosporina Höhn.
Gloeosporiopsis Speg.
Glomerularia H. Karst.
Gnomonina Höhn.
Godroniella P. Karst.
Gonatosporium Corda
Gonatotrichum Corda
Hyalomelanconis Naumov
Hyalopesotum H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr.
Hyalopus Corda
Hyalostachybotrys Sriniv.
Hyalotia Guba
Hymenopleella Munk
Hymenopodium Corda
Hyphelia Fr.
Hyphoderma Fr.
Hyphonectria (Sacc.) Petch
Hypocreophis Speg.
Hypodiscus Lloyd
Hypoplasta Preuss
Hypopteris Berk.
Hypostegium Theiss.
Hypoxylina Starbäck
Hypoxylum Juss.
Hysterodothis Höhn.
Gongromeriza Preuss
Gongylocladium Wallr.
Goniosporium Link
Gonytrichella Emoto & Tubaki
Graphilbum H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr.
Graphiocladiella H.P. Upadhyay
Griphosphaerella Petr.
Griphosphaeria Höhn.
Guttularia W. Oberm.
Halstedia F. Stevens
Hansenia Zopf
Haplochalara Linder
Haplomela Syd.
Haplophoma Riedl & Ershad
Haplostroma Syd. & P. Syd.
Haplothecium Theiss. & Syd.
Haplotrichella G. Arnaud
Hartiella Massee
Hystrix Alstrup & Olech
Indiella Brumpt
Innatospora J.F.H. Beyma
Insecticola Mains
Institale Fr.
Irene Theiss., Syd. & P. Syd.
Irenina F. Stevens
Ixodopsis P. Karst.
Jacobaschella Kuntze
Jongiella M. Morelet
Kaskaskia Born & J.L. Crane
Keissleria Höhn.
Kellermanniopsis Edward et al.
Harziella Kuntze
Kentrosporium Wallr.
Kirschsteinia Syd. & P. Syd.
Knyaria Kuntze
Kommamyce Nieuwl.
Kubinyia Schulzer
Laaseomyces Ruhland
Fungal Diversity
Lachnidium Giard
Laestadia Auersw.
Lageniformia Plunkett
Lamyella Berl.
Lamyella Fr.
Larseniella Munk
Lasiella Quél.
Lasiosordaria Chenant.
Lasiosordariella Chenant.
Lasiosordariopsis Chenant.
Lasiostroma Griffon & Maubl.
Leiosepium Sacc.
Leiostigma Kirschst.
Lennisia Nieuwl.
Lentomita Niessl
Masonia G. Sm.
Masoniella G. Sm.
Massalongiella Speg.
Massariella Speg.
Massariopsis Niessl
Mastigocladium Matr.
Mastigonetron Kleb.
Maurinia Niessl
Megalonectria Speg.
Megathecium Link
Melanconidium (Sacc.) Kuntze
Melanogone Wollenw. & H. Richt.
Melanopelta Kirschst.
Melanoporthe Wehm.
Melanopsammina Höhn.
Lepidonectria Speg.
Lepra Willd.
Lepteutypella Petr.
Leptina Bat. & Peres
Leptocoryneum Petr.
Leptocrea Syd. & P. Syd.
Leptodiscus Gerd.
Leptosporium (Sacc.) Höhn.
Leucocrea Sacc. & P. Syd. ex Lindau
Leucocytospora (Höhn.) Höhn.
Leucophomopsis Höhn.
Leucosphaera Arx, Mukerji & N. Singh
Leveillea Fr.
Leveillinopsis F. Stevens
Libertina Höhn.
Lichenagaricus P. Micheli
Lichenoverruculina Etayo
Ligniella Naumov
Melanosporopsis Naumov
Meliolaster Doidge
Menisporella Agnihothr.
Meringosphaeria Peyronel
Merrilliopeltis Henn.
Mesobotrys Sacc.
Metachora Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler
Microbasidium Bubák & Ranoj.
Micronectriopsis Höhn.
Microphiodothis Speg.
Microstoma Auersw.
Microthecium Corda
Microtypha Speg.
Milowia Massee
Mitrasphaera Dumort.
Miyoshia Kawam.
Moelleria Bres.
Moeszia Bubák
Lilliputia Boud. & Pat.
Linearistroma Höhn.
Linostoma Höhn.
Linostomella Petr.
Lisea Sacc.
Lisiella (Cooke & Massee) Sacc.
Lithomyces Viala & Marsais
Litschaueria Petr.
Lohwagiella Petr.
Lomentospora Hennebert & B.G. Desai
Longoa Curzi
Lophodiscella Tehon
Luxuriomyces R.F. Castañeda
Lysipenicillium Bref.
Macrothelia M. Choisy
Magnusia Sacc.
Malacosphaeria Syd.
Malacostroma Höhn.
Monoceras Guba
Monochaetina Subram.
Monoconidia Roze
Monopycnis Naumov
Monosporella S. Hughes
Monostachys G. Arnaud
Montemartinia Curzi
Morrisiella Saikia & A.K. Sarbhoy
Mothesia Oddo & Tonolo
Mucrosporium Preuss
Munkiodothis Theiss. & Syd.
Murogenella Goos & E.F. Morris
Mycobanche Pers.
Mycophaga F. Stevens
Mycophycophila Cribb & J.W. Cribb
Mycorhynchella Höhn.
Mycothyridium E. Müll.
Myriogenis Clem. & Shear
Malinvernia Rabenh.
Myrmaecium Sacc.
Fungal Diversity
Myrotheciella Speg.
Myxolibertella Höhn.
Myxormia Berk. & Broome
Myxothecium Kunze
Naemaspora Willd.
Neesiella Kirschst.
Nematomyces Faurel & Schotter
Neoarcangelia Berl.
Neohenningsia Koord.
Neokeissleria Petr.
Neoskofitzia Schulzer
Neozimmermannia Koord.
Nephrospora Loubière
Neuronectria Munk
Nigrosphaeria N.L. Gardner
Peresia H. Maia
Periaster Theiss. & Syd.
Peridoxylon Shear
Peripherostoma Gray
Perisphaeria Roussel
Perisporiella (Henn.) Clem. & Shear
Peristomium Lechmere
Peroneutypella Berl.
Perrotiella Naumov
Pestalozzina (Sacc.) Sacc.
Pestalozzina P. Karst. & Roum.
Petasodes Clem.
Petelotia Pat.
Petriellidium Malloch
Peyronellula Malan
Notarisiella (Sacc.) Clem. & Shear
Nothopatella Sacc.
Nothopodospora Mirza
Nummularia Tul. & C. Tul.
Nummulariella Eckblad & Granmo
Nummularioidea (Cooke & Massee) Lloyd
Numulariola House
Ochraceospora Fiore
Ollula Lév.
Oostroma Bonord.
Ophiodothis Sacc.
Ophiostomella Petr.
Ophiotexis Theiss.
Ophiovalsa Petr.
Oplotheciopsis Bat. & Cif.
Oramasia Urries
Oswaldia Rangel
Pachnodium H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr.
Peziotrichum (Sacc.) Lindau
Phaeaspis Kirschst.
Phaeidium Clem.
Phaeoapiospora (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Theiss. & Syd.
Phaeoconis Clem.
Phaeodiaporthe Petr.
Phaeoharziella Loubière
Phaeonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & Trotter
Phaeophomatospora Speg.
Phaeoscopulariopsis M. Ota
Phaeosperma Nitschke ex Fuckel
Phaeostagonosporopsis Woron.
Phaeostilbella Höhn.
Phaeostoma Arx & E. Müll.
Phaeotrabutia Orejuela
Phaeotrabutiella Theiss. & Syd.
Phaeotrype Sacc.
Phanerocoryneum Höhn.
Pachybasium Sacc.
Paidania Racib.
Papularia Fr.
ParacesatiellaPe tr.
Paradidymella Petr.
Paradiplodiella Zambett.
Paraeutypa Subram. & Ananthap.
Paragaeumannomyces Matsush.
Paralaestadia Sacc. ex Vain.
Paramazzantia Petr.
Paranthostomella Speg.
Parascorias J.M. Mend.
Parasteridiella H. Maia
Patouillardea Roum.
Peckiella (Sacc.) Sacc.
Pedisordaria Clem.
Peloronectriella Yoshim. Doi
Penzigia Sacc.
Phellomyces A.B... Frank
Phenacopodium Debey
Phialicorona Subram.
Phialocladus Kreisel
Phialocorona Subram.
Phialophoropsis L.R. Batra
Philocopra Speg.
Phoenicostroma Syd.
Phoma Fr.
Phomatosporopsis Petr.
Phomopsella Höhn.
Phomopsioides M.E.A. Costa & Sousa da Câmara
Phorcys Niessl
Phragmocarpella Theiss. & Syd.
Phragmocauma Theiss. & Syd.
Phragmodothella Theiss. & Syd.
Penzigina Kuntze
Physosporella Höhn.
Phruensis Pinruan
Physalosporina Woron.
Fungal Diversity
Phytocordyceps C.H. Su & H.H. Wang
Piminella G. Arnaud
Pionnotes Fr.
Pithoascus Arx
Pithospermum Mont.
Placophomopsis Grove
Placostroma Theiss. & Syd.
Plagiolagynion Schrantz
Plagiostomella Höhn.
Plagiothecium Schrantz
Pleosporopsis Oerst.
Pleurage Fr.
Pleuronaema Höhn.
Pleurosordaria Fernier
Podocrea (Sacc.) Lindau
Putagraivam Subram. & Bhat
Pycnidiochaeta Sousa da Câmara
Pycnofusarium Punith.
Pycnostroma Clem.
Pyreniopsis Kuntze
Pyrenium Tode
Pyrenodermium Bonord.
Pyrenodochium Bonord.
Racemella Ces.
Racemosporium Moreau & V. Moreau
Rachidicola K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl.
Rachisia Lindner
Radulum Fr.
Rehmiella G. Winter
Rehmiomyces (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Syd.
Podostroma P. Karst.
Pogonospora Petr.
Poikiloderma Füisting
Polistophthora Lebert
Polycytella C.K. Campb.
Polylagenochromatia Sousa da Câmara
Polynema Lév.
Polystigmella Jacz. & Natalina
Poroconiochaeta Udagawa & Furuya
Porodiscella Viégas
Poroniopsis Speg.
Porosphaeria Samuels & E. Müll.
Porphyrosoma Pat.
Prachtflorella Matr.
Proboscispora S.W. Wong & K.D. Hyde
Psalidosperma Syd. & P. Syd.
Psecadia Fr.
Pseudapiospora Petr.
Rhabdostroma Syd. & P. Syd.
Rhaphidophora Ces. & De Not.
Rhaphidospora Fr.
Rheumatopeltis F. Stevens
Rhexographium M. Morelet
Rhinocephalum Kamyschko
Rhodoseptoria Naumov
Rhodothrix Vain.
Rhopalopsis Cooke
Rhopographina Theiss. & Syd.
Rhynchomelas Clem.
Rhynchophoma P. Karst.
Rhynchostomopsis Petr. & Syd.
Ribaldia Cif.
Rinia Penz. & Sacc.
Rinomia Nieuwl.
Rizaliopsis Bat. et al.
Pseudhaplosporella Speg.
Pseudobasidium Tengwall
Pseudodiplodia Speg.
Pseudodiplodiella Bender
Pseudofusarium Matsush.
Pseudofusidium Deighton
Pseudoguignardia Gutner
Pseudohaplis Clem. & Shear
Pseudomassariella Petr.
Pseudomelasmia Henn.
Pseudomicrocera Petch
Pseudopatella Speg.
Pseudophomopsis Höhn.
Pseudophysalospora Höhn.
Pseudotrype Henn.
Psilobotrys Sacc.
Psilonia Fr.
Psiloniella Costantin
Puiggarina Speg.
Rostrella Zimm.
Rostrella Fabre
Rostrocoronophora Munk
Rostronitschkia Fitzp.
Rostrospora Subram. & K. Ramakr.
Rubromadurella Talice
Saccardomyces Henn.
Sarcopyreniomyces Cif. & Tomas.
Sarcopyreniopsis Cif. & Tomas.
Sarcostromella Boedijn
Saturnomyces Cain
Sauvageautia Har.
Schizocapnodium Fairm.
Schizotrichella E.F. Morris
Sciniatosporium Kalchbr. ex Morgan-Jones
Scirrhiella Speg.
Scleropycnium Heald & C.E. Lewis
Scleroramularia Batzer & Crous
Scolecoccoidea F. Stevens
Scolecodothis Theiss. & Syd.
Fungal Diversity
Scolecodothopsis F. Stevens
Scoleconectria Seaver
Scoptria Nitschke
Scopulina Lév.
Seimatoantlerium Strobel et al.
Seiridina Höhn.
Selenosporium Corda
Seliniana Kuntze
Septomazzantia Theiss. & Syd.
Septomyxa Sacc.
Septorella Allesch.
Sesquicillium W. Gams
Shiraiella Hara
Shropshiria F. Stevens
Simoninus Roum.
Singera Bat. & J.L. Bezerra
Sinosphaeria J.Z. Yue & O.E. Erikss.
Sirentyloma Henn.
Solenoplea Starbäck
Spermatodermia Wallr.
Spermodermia Tode
Spermoedia Fr.
Sphaceliopsis Speg.
Sphaeria Haller
Sphaeria Tode
Sphaeroderma Fuckel
Sphaerodermatella Seaver
Sphaerodermella Höhn.
Sphaeromycetella G. Arnaud
Sphaeronemopsis Speg.
Sphaeropyxis Bonord.
Sphaerosperma Preuss
Sphinctrosporium Kunze
Spilobolus Link
Spirogramma Ferd. & Winge
Sporhelminthium Speg.
Sporoderma Mont.
Sporophleum Nees ex Link
Sporotheca Corda
Sporotrichella P. Karst.
Sporotrichopsis Guég.
Stagonostroma Died.
Starkeyomyces Agnihothr.
Stegastroma Syd. & P. Syd.
Steirochaete A. Braun & Casp.
Stelechotrichum Ritgen
Stevensiella Trotter
Stictosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul.
Stigmatopsis Traverso
Stilbonectria P. Karst.
Stromateria Corda
Stromatosphaeria Grev.
Stromatostilbella Samuels & E. Müll.
Stromne Clem.
Styloletendraea Weese
Stylonectriella Höhn.
Stysanopsis Ferraris
Stysanus Corda
Subramanella H.C. Srivast.
Sucinaria Syd.
Sulcospora Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.
Sydowinula Petr.
Synchaetomella Decock & Seifert
Synnemadiplodia Zambett.
Synpenicillium Costantin
Synsporium Preuss
Synsterigmatocystis Costantin
Telemeniella Bat.
Telimenopsis Petr.
Teratonema Syd. & P. Syd.
Termitaria Thaxt.
Tetracytum Vanderw.
Tettigorhyza G. Bertol.
Thielaviella Arx & T. Mahmood
Tolediella Viégas
Thozetellopsis Agnihothr.
Thozetia Berk. & F. Muell.
Thysanopyxis Rabenh. ex Bonord.
Tilakomyces Sathe & Vaidya
Titaeosporina Luijk
Titania Berl.
Tolypomyria Preuss
Tonduzia F. Stevens
Torrubia Lév.
Torsellia Fr.
Torulina Sacc. & D. Sacc.
Torulopsis Oudem.
Trabutiella Theiss. & Syd.
Trabutiella F. Stevens
Trematostoma (Sacc.) Shear
Tretendophragmia Subram.
Trichocollonema Höhn.
Trichoconium Corda
Trichodermia Hoffm.
Trichofusarium Bubák
Trichohleria Sacc.
Trichophysalospora Lebedeva
Trichotheciopsis J.M. Yen
Trigonia J.F.H. Beyma
Tripterospora Cain
Tureenia J.G. Hall
Tylodon Banker
Typhodium Link
Umbellula E.F. Morris
Fungal Diversity
Uncigera Sacc.
Underwoodina Kuntze
Urnularia P. Karst.
Urospora Fabre
Ustilaginoidella Essed
Ustilaginula Clem.
Ustilagopsis Speg.
Ustulina Tul. & C. Tul.
Vakrabeeja Subram.
Vanhallia L. Marchand
Veramyces Subram.
Vermicularia Tode
Vermiculariopsis Höhn.
Verruculina Etayo
Verticicladiella S. Hughes
Verticilliastrum Dasz.
Verticilliodochium Bubák
Verticillis Clem. & Shear
Vestergrenia (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Died.
Vittadinula (Sacc.) Clem. & Shear
Volutina Penz. & Sacc.
Winteria Sacc.
Winterina Sacc.
Woronichina Naumov
Xanthopsora Speg.
Xenostilbum Petr.
Xylariodiscus Henn.
Xylariopsis F.L. Tai
Xylopezia Höhn.
Xylosphaera Dumort.
Yukonia R. Sprague
Zygospermum Cain
Acknowledgments This research was supported by
Featured microbial resources and diversity investigation in Southwest
Karst area (2014FY120100). The authors extend their sincere appreciations
to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for its funding
this Prolific Research Group (PRG-1436-09). Kevin D. Hyde thanks the
Chinese Academy of Sciences, project number 2013T2S0030, for the award
of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming
Institute of Botany. B.D. Shenoy acknowledges the funding to visit Mae
Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai under Indo-Thailand Bilateral
Programme (THAI-1205). Y.P. Xiao and T.C. Wen are grateful to The
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31460012 &
No.31200016). Shi-Ke Huang and J.C. Kang are grateful to the
Agricultural Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province
(Nos. NY[2013]3042), the International Collaboration Plan of Guizhou
Province (No. G [2012]7006) and the Innovation Team Construction for
Science And Technology of Guizhou Province (No. [2012]4007) from the
Science and Technology Department of Guizhou Province, China.
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