1 CAA2015 KEEP THE REVOLUTION GOING >>> Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference on Computer Appli aions and Quanitaive Methods In Ar haeology edited y Stefano Campana, Roberto Scopigno, Ga riella Carpeniero and Marianna Cirillo Volumes 1 and 2 CAA2015 KEEP THE REVOLUTION GOING >>> Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology edited by Stefano Campana, Roberto Scopigno, Gabriella Carpentiero and Marianna Cirillo Volume 1 Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED www.archaeopress.com CAA2015 ISBN 978 1 78491 337 3 ISBN 978 1 78491 338 0 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and the individual authors 2016 CAA2015 is availabe to download from Archaeopress Open Access site All rights reserved. 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This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................. ix Stefano Campana, Roberto Scopigno Introductory Speech........................................................................................................................................................ x Professor Gabriella Piccinni Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................................... xi Professor Emanuele Papi Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1 ro C A ..................................................................... 1 the avation to the ale Model a igital Approa h .............................................................................................. 3 Hervé Tronchère, Emma Bouvard, Stéphane Mor, Aude Fernagu, Jules Ramona ea hing igital Ar haeology igitally ............................................................................................................................ 11 Ronald Visser, Wilko van Zijverden, Pim Alders Ar haeology earning at the aris François Djindjian antheon or onne niversity............................................................................. 17 How to Teach GIS to Archaeologists ............................................................................................................................... 21 Krzysztof Misiewicz, Wiesław Małkowski, Miron Bogacki, Urszula Zawadzka-Pawlewska, Julia M. Chyla tilisation o a Ga e ngine or Ar haeologi al isualisation ......................................................................................... 27 Teija Oikarinen he Interplay o igital and raditional Cra t re reating an Authenti Dr Mhairi Maxwell, Jennifer Gray, Dr Martin Goldberg i tish rin ing orn itting ................................... 35 Computer Applications for Multisensory Communication on Cultural Heritage.................................................................. 41 Lucia Sarti, Stefania Poesini, Vincenzo De Troia, Paolo Machetti Interactive Communication and Cultural Heritage ........................................................................................................... 51 Tommaso Empler, Mattia Fabrizi alaeontology u li A areness o alaeontologi al ites hrough e Tommaso Empler, Fabio Quici, Luca Bellucci e hnologies ............................................... 59 Lucus Feroniae and Tiber Valley Virtual Museum ro o u entation and d Re onstru tion p to a ovel Approa h in torytelling Co ining irtual Reality heatri al and Cine atographi Rules Gesture ased Interaction and Augmented Perception of the Archaeological Context ........................................................................ 67 Eva Pietroni, Daniele Ferdani, Augusto Palombini, Massimiliano Forlani, Claudio Rufa CHAPTER 2 M A ............................................................................................ 79 rin ipal Co ponent Analysis o Ar haeologi al ata ..................................................................................................... 81 Juhana Kammonen, Tarja Sundell I assisted ploration o avation Reports sing atural anguage ro essing in the Ar haeologi al Resear h ro ess... 87 Christian Chiarcos, Matthias Lang, Philip Verhagen A 3d Visual and Geometrical Approach to Epigraphic Studies. The Soli (Cyprus) Inscription as a Case Study ........................ 95 Valentina Vassallo, Elena Christophorou, Sorin Hermon, Lola Vico, Giancarlo Iannone Modelling the Ar haeologi al Re ord a oo Sveta Matskevich, Ilan Sharon ro the evant ast and uture Approa hes ............................................ 103 Re onstitution o the oyola ugar lantation and irtual Reality Appli ations........................................................... 117 Barreau J.B., Petit Q., Bernard Y., Auger R., Le Roux Y., Gaugne R., Gouranton V. i Integrated Survey Techniques for the Study of an Archaeological Site of Medieval Morocco............................................. 125 Lorenzo Teppati Losè CHAPTER 3 I M R ............................................................................. 131 i ensional Ar haeologi al avation o urials tili ing Co puted o ography I aging ......................................... 133 Tiina Väre, Sanna Lipkin, Jaakko Niinimäki, Sirpa Niinimäki, Titta Kallio-Seppä, Juho-Antti Junno, Milton Núñez, Markku Niskanen, Matti Heino, Annemari Tranberg, Saara Tuovinen, Rosa Vilkama, Timo Ylimaunu alaeoenviron ental Re ords and hp ossi ilities Results and erspe tives on an nline ioar heologi al ata ase ..... 143 Enora Maguet, Jean-Baptiste Barreau, Chantal Leroyer Integrated Methodologies or the Re onstru tion o the An ient City o i us Moro o ................................................. 157 Cynthia Mascione, Rossella Pansini, Luca Passalacqua A ig in the Ar hive he Mertens Ar hive o Giuliano De Felice, Andrea Fratta erdonia avations ro igitisation to Co uni ation ......................... 167 Ar haeologi al and hysi o he i al Approa hes to the erritory n site Analysis and Multidis iplinary ata ases or the Re onstru tion o istori al ands apes....................................................................................................... 177 Luisa Dallai, Alessandro Donati, Vanessa Volpi, Andrea Bardi Interdis iplinary Methods o ata Re ording Manage ent and reservation ................................................................ 187 Marta Lorenzon, Cindy Nelson-Viljoen riving ngage ent in eritage ites sing ersonal Mo ile e hnology ........................................................................ 191 Thom Corah, Douglas Cawthorne A Con eptual and isual roposal to e ouple Material and Interpretive In or ation A out tratigraphi Patricia Martin-Rodilla, Cesar Gonzalez-Perez, Patricia Mañana-Borrazas ata ............... 201 Re ording reserving and Interpreting a Medieval Ar haeologi al ite y Integrating i erent d e hnologies .............. 213 Daniele Ferdani, Giovanna Bianchi A igital Approa h to tudy Analyse and Re Interpret Cultural eritage the Case tudy o Ayia Irini Cyprus and Sweden) ......................................................................................................................................................... 227 Valentina Vassallo CHAPTER 4 .................................................................................................................................................. 233 eyond the pa e he oCloud istori al la e a es Mi ro ervi e ............................................................................ 235 Rimvydas Laužikas, Ingrida Vosyliūtė, Justinas Jaronis sing CI C CRM or yna i ally Querying Ar ol a Relational ata ase ro the e anti Olivier Marlet, Stéphane Curet, Xavier Rodier, Béatrice Bouchou-Markhoff e .................................. 241 Conne ting Cultural eritage ata he yrian eritage ro e t in the I In rastru ture o the Ger an Archaeological Institute ......................................................................................................................................... 251 Sebastian Cuy, Philipp Gerth, Reinhard Förtsch he a elling yste A otto up Approa h or nri hed o a ularies in the u anities ............................................. 259 Florian Thiery, Thomas Engel roviding Content to uropeana ............................................................................................................................. 269 Andrea D’Andrea o o Move ro Relational to tar in ed pen ata A u is ati Karsten Tolle, David Wigg-Wolf a ple ........................................................ 275 o ogeni ation o the Ar haeologi al Cartographi ata on a ational ale in Italy ...................................................... 283 Giovanni Azzena, Roberto Busonera, Federico Nurra, Enrico Petruzzi he GI or the or a Italiae ro e t ro the GI o the Ager enusinus ro e t to the GI o the Ager u erinus ro e t volution o the yste ............................................................................................................................ 293 Maria Luisa Marchi, Giovanni Forte GI An Ans er to the Challenge o reventive Ar haeology he Atte pts o the ren h ational Institute or Preventive Archaeology (Inrap) .............................................................................................................................. 303 Anne Moreau yna i istri utions in Ma ro and Mi ro erspe tive ................................................................................................ 309 Espen Uleberg, Mieko Matsumoto CHAPTER 5 A ........................................................................................................... 319 and ree Intera tion in the irtual i ulation o the Agora o Riccardo Olivito, Emanuele Taccola, Niccolò Albertini Master and Attri utions o Classi al Gree A. Patay-Horváth ulptors y egesta .......................................................................... 321 Analysis at ly pia o e reli inary Re ar s................. 329 sing Models to Analyse tratigraphi and edi entologi al Conte ts in Ar haeo alaeo Anthropologi al leisto ene ites Gran olina ite ierra e Atapuer a ......................................................................................... 337 I. Campaña, A. Benito-Calvo, A. Pérez-González, A. I. Ortega, J.M. Bermúdez de Castro, E. Carbonell Establishing Parameter Values for the Stone Erosion Process ......................................................................................... 347 Igor Barros Barbosa, Kidane Fanta Gebremariam, Panagiotis Perakis, Christian Schellewald, Theoharis Theoharis he e rend o Ar haeology is Giuliano De Felice Going ......................................................................................................... 363 o u entation and Analysis or lo or the n going Ar haeologi al avation ith I age ased d Modelling e hni ue the Case study o the Medieval ite o Monteleo Italy ........................................................... 369 Giulio Poggi e hnology Applied to Quanti i ation tudies o Miguel Busto-Zapico, Miguel Carrero-Pazos ottery ve Re ording o Ar haeologi al avation the Case o Matteo Sordini, Francesco Brogi, Stefano Campana isual pa e e en e Control and Co Michele De Silva CHAPTER 6 I tudy o .............................................................................. 377 anta Marta us any Italy ........................................... 383 uni ation o ers and ortresses yste o the us an Coastal elt and Islands 393 .................................................................................................................................. 397 Photomodelling And Point Cloud Processing. Application in the Survey of the Roman Theatre of Uthina (Tunisia) Architectural Elements .......................................................................................................................................... 399 Meriem Zammel e onstru ting Ar haeologi al ali psests Appli a ility o GI Algorith s or the Auto ated Generation o Cross Sections................................................................................................................................................................ 407 Miquel Roy Sunyer o peii the o us o tallius ros a Co parison et een errestrial and Aerial o Angela Bosco, Marco Barbarino, Rosario Valentini, Andrea D’Andrea ost urveys ............................... 415 ottery Goes igital aser anning e hnology and the tudy o Ar haeologi al Cera i s ........................................ 421 Martina Revello Lami, Loes Opgenhaffen, Ivan Kisjes ARIA isual Media ervi e asy e u lishing o Advan ed isual Media ............................................................ 433 Federico Ponchio, Marco Potenziani, Matteo Dellepiane, Marco Callieri, Roberto Scopigno Mapping Ar haeologi al ata ases to CI C CRM ........................................................................................................ 443 Martin Doerr, Maria Theodoridou, Edeltraud Aspöck, Anja Masur ienti i atasets in Ar haeologi al Resear h .............................................................................................................. 453 Nikolaos A. Kazakis, Nestor C. Tsirliganis iii CHAPTER 7 A Q M ................................................................... 461 u y Classi i ation o Gallina o and Mo hi a Cera i s in the orth Coast eru sing the a ard Coe i ient.................. 463 Kayeleigh Sharp yna i s o the ettle ent attern in the A su Area an A M reli inary Approa h ............................... 473 Martina Graniglia, Gilda Ferrandino, Antonella Palomba, Luisa Sernicola, Giuseppe Zollo, Andrea D’Andrea, Rodolfo Fattovich, Andrea Manzo An Appli ation o Agent ased Modelling and GI in Minoan Crete ................................................................................ 479 Angelos Chliaoutakis, Georgios Chalkiadakis, Apostolos Sarris valuating the Crisis Giuseppe Muci opulation and and rodu tivity in ate Medieval alento Italy .................................................... 489 hen GI Goes to the Countryside ete ting and Interpreting Ro an r hards ro Christophe Landry, Bertrand Moulin the Grand alais r e ran e . 499 GI Appli ations and patial Analysis or the urvey o the rehistori orthern Apennine Conte t the Case tudy of the Mugello in Tuscany ..................................................................................................................................... 517 Andrea Capecchi, Michele De Silva, Fabio Martini, Lucia Sarti he tatisti s o i e to vent Integrating the ayesian Analysis o Radio ar on ata and vent istory Analysis Methods............................................................................................................................................................... 533 Juan Antonio Barceló, Giacomo Capuzzo, Berta Morell, Katia Francesca Achino, Agueda Lozano ypothesis esting and alidation in Ar haeologi al et or s ...................................................................................... 543 Peter Bikoulis raveling A ross Ar haeologi al ands apes the Contri ution o Sylviane Déderix ierar hi al Co uni ation et or s .......................... 555 ispersal ersus pti al ath Cal ulation .................................................................................................................... 567 Irmela Herzog isi ility Analysis and the e inition o the Ilergetian erritory the Case o Montderes ................................................... 579 Núria Otero Herraiz C A R A A .......................................... 591 redi tivity ostdi tivity a heoreti al ra e or ..................................................................................................... 593 Antonia Arnoldus-Huyzendveld, Carlo Citter, Giovanna Pizziolo redi ting and ostdi ting a Ro an Road in the re pyrenees Area o leida Antonio Porcheddu pain ....................................................... 599 redi t and Con ir ayesian urvey and avation at hree Candidate ites or ate eolithi upation in adi Qusei a ordan ............................................................................................................................................ 605 Philip M.N. Hitchings, Peter Bikoulis, Steven Edwards, Edward B. Banning redi ting urvey Coverage through Cali ration eep idths and urvey in Cyprus and ordan ................................... 613 Sarah T. Stewart, Edward B. Banning, Steven Edwards, Philip M.N. Hitchings, Peter Bikoulis sti ating he Me ory o ands ape to redi t Changes in Ar haeologi al ettle ent atterns ................................... 623 Philip Verhagen, Laure Nuninger, Frédérique Bertoncello, Angelo Castrorao Barba n heir ay o e A et or Analysis o Medieval Caravanserai istri ution in the yrian Region A ording to an Approa h ................................................................................................................................................ 637 Augusto Palombini, Cinzia Tavernari Modelling Regional ands ape hrough the redi tive and ostdi tive ploration o ettle ent Choi es a Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................................................................... 647 Emeri Farinetti ite o ation Modelling and redi tion on arly y antine Crete Methods Kayt Armstrong, Christina Tsigonaki, Apostolos Sarris, Nadia Coutsinas iv ployed Challenges n ountered ............... 659 otential aths and the istori al Road et or et een Italy and gypt ro the redi tive to the ostdi tive Approach. ............................................................................................................................................................. 669 Andrea Patacchini, Giulia Nicatore CHAPTER 9 A ................... 683 Ritual use o Ro ito Cave uring the ate pper alaeolithi an Integrated Approa h or patial Re onstru tion ............ 685 Michele De Silva, Giovanna Pizziolo, Domenico Lo Vetro, Vincenzo De Troia, Paolo Machetti, Enrico F. Ortisi, Fabio Martini isuali ing upation eatures in o ogenous edi ents a ples ro the ate Middle alaeolithi o Grotte e a erpilli re II urgundy ran e ...................................................................................................................... 699 Jens Axel Frick A e alaeolithi urial ro Grotta el Ro ito Cala ria Italy A igital Restitution ................................................. 715 Francesco Enrico Ortisi, Domenico Lo Vetro, Giovanna Pizziolo, Michele De Silva, Claudia Striuli, Pier Francesco Fabbri, Fabio Martini redi ting the A u ulative Conse uen es o A andon ent ro esses Intra site Analysis o a eside ettle ents ......... 723 Katia Francesca Achino, Juan Antonio Barceló, Micaela Angle Re onstru ting the oo o rehistori unter Gatherer opulation i e in inland y Agent and uation ased Modelling ............................................................................................................................................................. 733 Tarja Sundell, Martin Heger, Juhana Kammonen Ar haeology Geo orphology and alaeosur a es tudies a Multidis iplinary Approa h or nderstanding the An ient aos erritory............................................................................................................................................ 739 Vincenzo Amato, Cristiano Benedetto De Vita, Francesca Filocamo, Alfonso Santoriello, Francesco Uliano Scelza Intrasite Analysis in the lorentine lain ro ata Integration to alaeosur a es Interpretation .................................... 749 Giovanna Pizziolo, Nicoletta Volante, Lucia Sarti iving in a alaeoriver ed Intra site Analysis o o rehistori ites in the lorentine Alluvial lain ............................... 761 Rosalba Aquino, Matteo Faraoni, Laura Morabito, Giovanna Pizziolo, Lucia Sarti ploring enarios or the irst ar ing pansion in the al ans ia an Agent ased Model ......................................... 773 Andrea Zanotti, Richard Moussa, Jérôme Dubouloz, Jean-Pierre Bocquet-Appel CHAPTER 10 A trontiu Isotope Analysis and u an Mo ility ro Chunyan Zhao I ................................................. 781 ate eolithi to arly ron e Age in the Central lain o China ...... 783 The Iron Age in Serakhs Oasis (Turkmenistan). The Preliminary Results of the Application of Geographic Information System in the Study of the Settlement Pattern of the Earliest Confirmed Occupation of the Oasis ............ 791 Nazarij Buławka, Barbara Kaim Multi ale Approa h or the Re onstru tion o a ast r an nviron ent ro Re ote ensing to pa e ynta the Case of Dionysias (Fayum, Egypt) ...................................................................................................................... 803 Gabriella Carpentiero, Carlo Tessaro nhan ing GI r an ata ith the rd i ension A ro edural Modelling Approa h.................................................... 815 Chiara Piccoli tru tural Integrity Modelling o an arly ron e Age Corridor ouse in eli e o A haea Mariza Kormann, Stella Katsarou, Dora Katsonopoulou, Gary Lock eloponnese Gree e ........ 825 is overing rehistori Ritual or s A Ma hine earning Approa h ............................................................................ 837 Stéphanie Duboscq, Joan Anton Barceló Álvarez, Katia Francesca Achino, Berta Morell Rovira, Florence Allièse, Juan Francisco Gibaja Bao Appli ation o the ag o ords Model o or Analysing Ar haeologi al otsherds ................................................... 847 Diego Jiménez-Badillo, Edgar Roman-Rangel v Autonomy in Marine Archaeology................................................................................................................................ 857 Øyvind Ødegård, Stein M. Nornes, Martin Ludvigsen, Thijs J. Maarleveld, Asgeir J. Sørensen Identi ying atterns on rehistori all aintings a e Curve itting Approa h............................................................ 867 Michail Panagopoulos, Dimitris Arabadjis, Panayiotis Rousopoulos, Michalis Exarhos, Constantin Papaodysseus ottery tudies o the th Century e ropolis at Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu, Vincent Mom rlad alea ea Ro ania ............................................................... 875 A ridge to igital u anities Geo etri Methods and Ma hine earning or Analysing An ient Hubert Mara, Bartosz Bogacz CHAPTER 11 R C I A ript in I .................. 889 ...... 899 he ossi ilities o the Aerial idar or the ete tion o Gali ian Megalithi Mounds o the I erian eninsula he Case o Monte e anta Mari a ugo ............................................................................................. 901 Miguel Carrero-Pazos, Benito Vilas-Estévez Re le tan e rans or ation I aging eyond the isi le ltraviolet Re le ted and ltraviolet Indu ed isi le Fluorescence ......................................................................................................................................................... 909 E. Kotoula ndangered Ar haeology in the Middle ast and orth A ri a Introdu ing the AM A ro e t ...................................... 919 Robert Bewley, Andrew Wilson, David Kennedy, David Mattingly, Rebecca Banks, Michael Bishop, Jennie Bradbury, Emma Cunliffe, Michael Fradley, Richard Jennings, Robyn Mason, Louise Rayne, Martin Sterry, Nichole Sheldrick, Andrea Zerbini nhan ing Multi I age hotogra etri d Re onstru tion er or an e on o eature ur a es ................................ 933 George Ioannakis, Anestis Koutsoudis, Blaž Vidmar, Fotis Arnaoutoglou, Christodoulos Chamzas Co ination o R I and e orrelation an Approa h to the a ination o adly reserved Ro Ins riptions and Rock Art at Gebelein (Egypt) ............................................................................................................................ 939 Piotr Witkowski, Julia M. Chyla, Wojciech Ejsmond Geophysi al Ar haeologi al peri ents in Controlled Conditions at the ydrogeosite a oratory C R IMAA ............... 945 Felice Perciante, Luigi Capozzoli L., Antonella Caputi, Gregory De Martino, Valeria Giampaolo, Raffaele Luongo, Enzo Rizzo Colour and pa e in Cultural eritage in s the Interdis iplinary Conne tions .............................................................. 953 Anna Bentkowska-Kafel, Julio M. del Hoyo Melendez, Lindsay W. MacDonald, Aurore Mathys, Vera Moitinho de Almeida Integrating o Altitude ith atellite and Air orne Aerial I ages hotogra etri o u entation o arly y antine ettle ents in Crete............................................................................................................................... 963 Gianluca Cantoro, Christina Tsigonaki, Kayt Armstrong, Apostolos Sarris Creating Repli as o Mediu to arge ale Monu ents or e ased isse ination ithin the ra e or o the I ons ro e t .......................................................................................................................................... 971 Anestis Koutsoudis, Fotios Arnaoutoglou, Vasilios Liakopoulos, Athanasios Tsaouselis, George Ioannakis, Christodoulos Chamzas he idori i ro e t o Altitude Aerial hotography GI and raditional urvey in Rural Gree e.................................. 979 Todd Brenningmeyer, Kostis Kourelis, Miltiadis Katsaros A ully Integrated A yste or e i auto ated Ar haeologi al rospe tion ............................................................. 989 Matthias Lang, Thorsten Behrens, Karsten Schmidt, Dieta Svoboda, Conrad Schmidt tereo isuali ation o istori al Aerial hotos as a alua le ool or Ar haeologi al Resear h ........................................ 997 Anders Hast, Andrea Marchetti CHAPTER 12 ................................................................................................................ 1003 Strati5 pen Mo ile o t are or arris Matri ........................................................................................................ 1005 Jerzy Sikora, Jacek Sroka, Jerzy Tyszkiewicz Archaeology as Community Enterprise ....................................................................................................................... 1015 Néhémie Strupler vi igital Resour es or Ar haeology he Contri ution o the n ine ro e ts y Is a Cnr .............................................. 1019 Alessandra Caravale, Alessandra Piergrossi A a ian in the rient In the ootsteps o ulius uting ............................................................................................ 1027 Matthias Lang, Manuel Abbt, Gerlinde Bigga, Jason T. Herrmann, Virginia Hermann, Kevin Körner, Fabian Schwabe, Dieta Svoboda GQ i i Goes pen ................................................................................................................................................. 1033 Stefano Costa, Alessandro Carabia Ar haeologi al Contents ro pen A ess to pen ata ........................................................................................... 1037 Aurélie Monteil, Viviane Boulétreau CHAPTER 13 C R A ...................................................................................................... 1047 Ar haeoa ousti s o Ro Art Quantitative Approa hes to the A ousti s and ounds ape o Ro Margarita Díaz-Andreu, Tommaso Mattioli Art ........................... 1049 hoto etri tereo isuali ations o Ro Art anels as Relie s and Gra iti ......................................................... 1059 Massimo Vanzi, Paolo Emilio Bagnoli, Carla Mannu, Giuseppe Rodriguez I ro essing ie ing and Analysis o ans o the orthole la and la Stefanie Wefers, Tobias Reich, Burkhard Tietz, Frank Boochs o s hen I ............................... 1067 igital ra ti es or the tudy o the Great Ro in the a uane ational ar al a oni a Italy ro Graphi Rendering to Figure Cataloguing ........................................................................................................................... 1081 Andrea Arcà Real ti e Modelling o the Cultural eritage the oru Tommaso Empler, Barbara Forte, Emanuele Fortunati o erva in Ro e.............................................................. 1093 Mediated Representations A ter aser anning he Monastery o Aynal and the Ar hite tural Role o Red i togra s. 1105 Carlo Inglese, Marco Carpiceci, Fabio Colonnese vii Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa: Introducing the EAMENA Project Ro ert Be ley robert.bewley@arch.ox.ac.uk Andre Wilson Mi hael Fradley andrew.wilson@arch.ox.ac.uk michael.fradley@arch.ox.ac.uk Da id Kennedy Ri hard Jennings david.kennedy@arch.ox.ac.uk richard.jennings@arch.ox.ac.uk Da id Mattingly Ro yn Mason djm7@leicester.ac.uk robyn.mason@arch.ox.ac.uk Re e a Banks Louise Rayne rebecca.banks@arch.ox.ac.uk ler14@leicester.ac.uk Martin Sterry Mi hael Bisho michael.bishop@arch.ox.ac.uk mjs66@leicester.ac.uk Jennie Brad ury Ni hole Sheldri k jennie.bradbury@arch.ox.ac.uk nichole.sheldrick@arch.ox.ac.uk Emma Cunliffe Andrea )er ini emma.cunliffe@arch.ox.ac.uk andrea.zerbini@arch.ox.ac.uk School of Archaeology, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG Abstract: This project uses satellite imagery and historic aerial photographs to discover and interpret archaeological sites. It has created an open access database of archaeological records that provides basic information so that the sites can be better understood and preserved in the future. The threats to sites in the Middle East and North Africa are increasing and creating a record of previously unrecorded sites using this methodology may be our the last chance before they are destroyed. Keywords: Endangered archaeology, Satellite imagery, Middle East, North Africa ruins in the 1930s (Glueck 1939). Discussions to develop this project on ‘endangered archaeology’ began in 2014 and built on previous archaeological surveys in Jordan, especially by Kennedy and Bewley (2004) and a pilot-study in Saudi Arabia by Kennedy and Bishop (2011: 1284–93). Previous work demonstrated that the very rich archaeological resource of the Middle East was under enormous pressure, from a variety of agents (Kennedy and Bewley 2010). 1 Background Archaeological sites across the Middle East and North Africa are at risk from a range of threats: intensification of agriculture; population growth and the concomitant expansion of villages, towns, and cities; industrial developments, dam, and road building; looting and the illicit traffic of artefacts; warfare and deliberate and targeted destruction of heritage for religious or ideological reasons. Moreover, in many countries the pace of change is accelerating either because the economy is growing, or because there is conflict. These conflicts not only affect the individual countries where they are fought, but also neighbouring countries with the movement of refugees. This is happening in Iraq, Libya, Syria, Yemen and, to an extent, Egypt and Tunisia. The situation is fluid and is unlikely to improve in the short term, and may become worse unless the conflicts are resolved soon, which is unlikely. Similarly fieldwork conducted in North Africa by Mattingly and colleagues at the University of Leicester demonstrated that the project should also include that region (Mattingly 2013; Mattingly and Sterry 2013; Mattingly et al. 2013). The Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa (EAMENA) project began in January 2015, generously supported by the Arcadia Fund (www.arcadiafund.org). The project is based in the School of Archaeology at Oxford University (with 10 staff) and has one core team member and an affiliated researcher in the School of Archaeology and Ancient History at the University of Leicester under the supervision of Discussions about ‘endangered archaeology’ in the Middle East and North Africa have a long pedigree. In Jordan, Nelson Glueck lamented the growth of modern villages over ancient 919 CAA 2015 Fig. . The region co6ered by EAMENA and the number of sites recorded in each country as of October . Professor D. Mattingly. The project stretches from Mauretania to Iran (http://eamena.arch.ox.ac.uk) (Fig. 1). as it aims to create an initial record before many sites disappear completely. The approach for the project is what might be termed ‘rapid archaeological survey’ involving the examination of satellite imagery, historical aerial photographs, and other sources to provide the location and brief description of each site and an assessment of threat. It is a first, but major, step in creating and then disseminating information about archaeology, which is at risk or ‘endangered’. The intention is that this will help those with the responsibility, or desire, in their respective countries, to preserve and conserve those archaeological sites that need better protection, so that future generations can study, enjoy, and profit from them. 2 Methodology Unlike much of western Europe where many archaeological sites have been ploughed, and some of the remains are buried, largely invisible beneath the soil, in the arid or semiarid regions of the Middle East and North Africa many sites remain visible on the surface and are made of stone or earth, rendering them detectable by means of aerial photography and satellite imagery. The vast majority of the sites we examine have not been recorded and are largely unknown to the relevant authorities in the countries concerned. The use of satellite and aerial imagery is especially important for those countries where access on the ground is either impossible or severely restricted. Although the world’s media have recently focused on the shocking and headline-grabbing events in Iraq and Syria in 2015 (for example at Hatra and Nimrud in Iraq, and Palmyra in Syria), similar incidents of wanton destruction have also occurred much more widely across the MENA region. This includes the destruction of many Islamic monuments alongside the non-Islamic heritage; the latter has received more media attention in the West. The methodology for discovering and obtaining information about endangered sites consists of three elements: 1. the systematic analysis and interpretation of satellite and air-photo images utilizing established techniques and in conjunction with regional maps and archival data; There are, however, other forces of destruction at work — as already listed — which are less dramatic but which, in aggregate pose an even greater threat to the cultural heritage of the MENA countries. Every day, through a range of destructive agencies archaeological sites are being lost. This loss is primarily through a lack of information and planning. Here we mean ‘planning’ as in the development sense of ‘town planning’ and the principle that any development, be it a road or a shopping centre, is only built after an archaeological investigation (or at least a proper evaluation of the archaeological implications of the development) has taken place. Even the rapid-approach employed by EAMENA can help to alleviate the worst damage, when it comes to understanding where archaeological sites are, 2. the creation of individual site records (using internationally recognized data standards) and building on work and procedures developed by the APAAME project (www. apaame.org) and others; 3. monitoring the condition of sites using a combination of remotely-sensed data and ground verification to provide appropriate documentation of the status of the visible remains so that their management can be improved. The satellite imagery used is mainly that available on Google Earth and Bing Maps, although we have purchased some satellite imagery for specific sites in Syria, Libya, and Iraq, 920 Robert Be7ley: Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa been on the archaeological and cultural heritage, there is no question that in those countries where there are conflicts the most important issue is the unfolding humanitarian crisis. which is currently being analysed. We also examine historic imagery where it is available and we have a programme of digitizing collections where we have permission, the most recent example being the Sir Aurel Stein collection, held at the British Academy which contains nearly 700 images: https:// www.flickr.com/photos/apaame/albums/72157652009016911. 3.1 Jordan The Aerial Archaeology in Jordan project and the archive (www.apaame.org) was one of the foundations and test beds for developing the EAMENA project. Using a combination of historical aerial imagery (the 1953 Hunting Aerial Survey in particular), Google Earth imagery, and an active aerial reconnaissance programme (for over 18 years, 1997 to 2015) thousands of sites have been photographed and recorded in Jordan; many are new discoveries. The overwhelming impression from this work has been the rapidly changing nature of the landscape. The pace of change is also accelerating, with a huge and recent rise in population in Jordan, the demand for more land for agriculture and for road and house building is having a direct and negative impact on important archaeological sites. The approach is to look for sites in areas of high archaeological significance, where previous surveys may or may not have taken place, and assess these areas for the threats to the sites and landscapes. We have also worked in coordination and collaboration with authorities in certain countries, for example in Jordan to survey places in advance of infrastructure projects, such as the Madaba ring road (see Jordan below). From the very beginning the project aimed to use the open source Arches software (www.archesproject.org) for a variety of reasons, not least because the MEGA-J archaeological database (for Jordan) was its prototype (funded by the Getty Conservation Institute and the World Monument Fund, http:// megajordan.org). The Arches software has also been designed using agreed international data standards in a user-friendly way. The database now forms part of the EAMENA website and can be accessed via (http://eamena.arch.ox.ac.uk ). At the time of writing the location of over 90,000 sites has been entered on the database and the full records are being created. The focus of the EAMENA project in Jordan has, so far, been on recent road building; some years ago we photographed as much as we could of the planned southern by-pass of Amman (Kennedy and Bewley 2010). More recently we were alerted to the intended construction of a by-pass for the Azraq; and in 2014 we saw (by chance) the beginnings of a by-pass road for Irbid, and therefore made this a focus for our aerial reconnaissance in 2015 (see www.apaame.org). The information created, including both samples of the imagery and the database records, will be used to undertake or support fieldwork in those countries where this is possible. So far fieldwork has been possible in Jordan, Lebanon, and Morocco with plans in place for fieldwork on Iraq, and possibly Egypt, Iran, and Oman. For the EAMENA project, however, we wanted to try to begin surveys in advance of any construction work starting. After consultation with the Department of Antiquities we examined a corridor of land through which the Madaba ring road would be constructed. In total, 141 potential archaeological sites were recorded during this rapid investigation. Of these, 41 are site features or sub-sites, mostly of the city of Madaba (29) and Khirbet al-Mukhayyat (6). As many as eleven sites will be directly affected by the ring road and development in its immediate vicinity (within a buffer zone of 500 m on either side of it). Many of the sites are ‘new’ to the record; of the 141 sites examined, 86 do not have records in the MEGA-Jordan database (http://megajordan.org). We provided a report for the Jordanian Department of Antiquities to enable them to develop mitigation strategies in advance of the construction of this road (Fig. 2). In association with the project we have developed a series of conferences and workshops, Protecting the Past (http://www. protectingthepast.com/wordpress/), which aims ‘to highlight, and promote discussion of threats to cultural heritage sites as well as to develop strategies aimed at their preservation’. These workshops are aimed raising awareness of the EAMENA project information and for developing networks for on-theground monitoring of sites by local archaeologists. The criteria for selecting areas to work in can be described as flexible and a judgement sample. Rather than allocate all the team to one country we needed to be able to respond to external needs as well as internal expertise. We also wanted to test the methodology in a variety of landscapes, so we began examining satellite imagery covering Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iraq, and Libya and added in areas of Egypt (especially the Eastern Desert). The conflict in the Yemen also raised that country’s needs up the agenda and we have worked there too. With staff joining the project with expertise in Syria’s archaeology, we also started work there, especially in Halabiye and the coastal region. The rapidly changing political situation in North Africa altered initial plans for fieldwork in some countries, but through the Trans-Sahara project the Leicester-based personnel have been working in the field in Morocco. 3.2 Syria There is no question that the archaeological sites of Syria, many of them World Heritage sites (Burns 1999), are under the greatest threat because of the five-year long conflict there. At the time of writing, very important sites and individual temples and structures at Palmyra have been destroyed as part of the so-called Islamic State’s publicity programme. In addition we have also seen many large, important sites, and other smaller sites, subject to systematic looting for artefacts (Stone 2015). More research is required on the timing and stimuli for the illicit trade in artefacts, but there can be no doubt that as state control diminishes, or is totally absent, looting of archaeological sites increases (but see http://traffickingculture. org for more information). We have seen significant changes to sites in connection with looting activities in Egypt, Iraq, and Yemen. In Syria the most often quoted example has been the 3 Preliminary Results The following section highlights examples of endangered archaeology in those countries where work has taken place so far. Although our focus has, by the nature of the project, 921 CAA 2015 Fig. . The hinterland of Madaba, Jordan sho7ing the distribution of potential cultural assets and the ring-road buffer zone shaded . illegal excavations at the Roman city of Apamea (see Casana 2015: fig. 8; Cunliffe 2014). Equally significant have been the changes at Dura Europos (see Casana 2015: fig. 2). of which were already recorded) and in the plateau area, but neither these investigations nor the dam project could be carried out once the conflict started. The project’s approach towards data collection in Syria has aimed at filling in existing gaps in knowledge, given the extent of previous surveys (e.g. Braemer et al. 2009; Casana and Wilkinson 2005; Castel 2007; Geyer 2001; Matthiae and Marchetti 2013; Meyer 2013; Poidebard 1934; Ur and Wilkinson 2008; Wilkinson 2003; Wilkinson et al. 2012, 2014). Two main areas have so far been targeted by the EAMENA project: the Halibye Plateau and the coastal strip, from the Turkish border in the north to the Lebanese border in the south. The coastal strip, c.9000 km2, in contrast, has been heavily developed since the mid-20th century. Our mapping here has focused on using a variety of different imagery and map sources (e.g. Corona and Google Earth) to explore the changes and threats to archaeological sites along this coastline since the 1950s. Detailed records currently exist for over 1600 potential archaeological sites from this region (Fig. 3). Other sites in Syria have remained untouched, remarkably, and we are also investigating these further, so that a better record can be made of them, just in case they do become targets for looters. At this stage it is better not to name them in a publication until the current conflict has been resolved. In Syria 6094 sites have been recorded, in an area of c.11,200 km2. The Halibye region (c.2500 km2), prior to the ongoing conflict in Syria, was marked for a dam project that was intended to affect more than 2000 km2. This region is particularly rich in archaeological sites, with more than 4000 having been identified in the zone that is expected to be destroyed during construction. Mapping has focused on using Google Earth imagery, supported by the available imagery on Bing Maps and CORONA where necessary. Rescue excavations and surveys had been planned by the Syrian authorities for nine sites (some 3.3 Yemen Since March 2015, the beginning of the recent conflict, the monitoring of Yemen’s cultural landscape has become a 922 Robert Be7ley: Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa Fig. . Distribution of potential archaeological sites in the EAMENA sur6ey area along the Syrian coast. priority for EAMENA (Fig. 4). The campaign of airstrikes has concentrated in the areas controlled by the Houthis, most importantly San’a and its hinterland, but also the northern and central highlands (from Sa’dah in the north to Ta’izz in the south). These regions were therefore the priority for our investigations. Among the sites affected by the ongoing conflict, the Baraqish city wall, the Dhamar Regional Museum, the al-Qahira fortress in Ta’izz, and the Ma’rib dam deserve special mention. Damage to the city wall of Baraqish, a site occupied from the 13th to the 1st c. BCE as well as between the 13th and the 18th centuries CE (Schiettecatte 2011: 51–57 for a broad overview), were reported on 18 August 2015 and again on 14 October 2015.1 Ground photos also appear to suggest that the temple of Nakrah, a site of worship in use from the 7th to the 1st c. BCE (de Maigret 2004) was severely affected by bombing.2 The Dhamar Regional Museum, which contained more than 12,000 archaeological objects, was razed to the ground in Systematic investigation of over 61,885 km2 resulted in the recording of 34,752 sites. While many of them appear to be in good condition, there have been some notable examples of destruction caused as a result of human action: conflict, agricultural development, construction, and looting, and there is also evidence of destruction by natural events (e.g. flash flooding). 1 2 923 Khabar News Agency 2015a, online; 2015b, online. Al Montasaf 2015, online. CAA 2015 Fig. . Extent of EAMENA co6erage in emen as of October photograph of the damaged structure has appeared: 7 the acquisition of satellite imagery post-dating the air raid, which is currently underway, will make it possible to clarify further the extent of damage. June 2015:3 only c.1500 objects could be retrieved from the rubble by the Yemeni General Organisation of Antiquities and Museums (GOAM).4 The al-Qahira fortress of Ta’izz, a site settled since pre-Islamic times, was a prominent fortress under the Ayyubids and, especially, the Rasulids (13th to 15th c. CE), who made Ta’izz their capital. Ta’izz was taken over by Houthi rebels in March 2015 and its fortress subsequently bombed by the Arab coalition in May 2015.5 Figure 5 clearly shows up to five impact craters (marked by dashed lines), which flattened several structures along the access ramp to the south of the castle, part of the rampart and the core of the castle building. While destruction and damage by conflict have been brought to the fore by hostilities in Yemen, a much more pervasive, and long-term factor of threat is that related to agricultural and infrastructural development (such as road building). For example a group of pendant burials, c.14 km SE of Baraqish, has been severely damaged by the construction of an 8 m wide dirt road. These structures, which are generally believed to have had a funerary function, have come under increasing scrutiny in recent years (Kennedy and Bishop 2011). Ma’rib, the ancient capital of the kingdom of Saba, was continuously settled between the 7th c. BCE and the 7th c. CE (Schiettecatte 2011: 104–116). Water management infrastructure in Wadi Dhana is attested since the beginning of settlement in the area, although the standing features of the great dam of Ma’rib are probably no earlier than the 3rd century CE (Vogt 2004). The northern sluice of the dam was reportedly bombed on 31 May 2015.6 So far, only one ground 3 4 5 6 and location of sites. Agricultural intensification has caused the irreversible loss of a group of regularly spaced cairns located in the northernmost sector of the Hajjah province, only 5 km south of the Saudi border. These were still extant in August 2004, but have been subsequently bulldozed to establish a network of agricultural fields. A combination of ploughing and looting has severely increased damage, between 2004 and 2010, at the site of Hawajir in the Dhamar region, which was dated by ground surveys to Khalidi 2015, online. Antonini de Maigret and Gerlach 2015: 41. Al Arabiya News 2015, online. Romey 2015, online. 7 924 UNESCO 2015, online. Robert Be7ley: Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa Fig. . Ta’izz Castle. The al-Qahira citadel bet7een March and May . Imagery from , , and the progress of restoration 7orks, and the last image sho7s the impact of the air strikes. sho7s the second half of the 2nd millennium BCE (Wilkinson 1999– 2000: 66–67). On the other hand, looting of large fortified structures and tell sites does not appear to have significantly increased over the last 10 years. For example, comparison of satellite imagery from August 2003 and September 2013 for the site of Ma’in (ancient Qarna in the Jawf region), an important centre between the 7th and 1st century BC (Breton 1994: 105-8; Tawfiq 1951), shows very little evidence of new looting activity during that decade. burial evidence. These include cairns, pendants, desert kites, wheels, and settlement complexes, with exceptional levels of preservation occurring on the basalt lava fields in the west of the country. There is no primary threat so far identified to the archaeology of Saudi Arabia, in contrast with the situation in areas such as the Eastern Desert of Egypt, but there are localized threats such as large infrastructure projects, seismic exploration for oil, and centre-pivot field irrigation systems (Fig. 6). Our work in Yemen has already produced the largest site inventory of cultural heritage sites for the country. Future work will be in the southern highlands and, more importantly, establishing partnerships with the GOAM, UNESCO, and archaeological teams with field experience in the country in order to add further details to our site records. 3.5 Egypt Our work on the Eastern Desert of Egypt has focused primarily in two areas, at risk in different ways: one from planned urban development that has not yet happened, and the other from uncontrolled looting and surface mining. In these two areas together we have recorded c.18,000 sites across more than 65,000 km2. 3.4 Saudi Arabia The first lies just south-east of the Nile Delta in advance of a proposed eastward expansion of Cairo (BBC News Online 2015, online). While reported plans for the establishment of a ‘New Cairo’ in this area within the next few years seem to have been postponed, there is little doubt that future developments and expansion of the city eastwards will occur over the coming years and decades, posing a serious threat to any archaeological sites in the area. The pilot study of high-resolution satellite imagery of a limited area near Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, was instrumental for this project in defining the scope and methodology. Despite the arid and daunting landscape, the results were dramatic. Within a randomly chosen survey area of 1240 km2, which had high-resolution imagery, 1977 sites were recorded (Kennedy and Bishop 2011: 1284–1293). More recently a study of the Harret Khaybar area, relying solely on satellite imagery, from Google Earth and Bing has been published (Kennedy, Banks and Dalton 2015). The second region is an area of the Eastern Desert further to the south, where three major routes run from the Nile cities of Qift (Coptos) and Edfu (Apollinopolis Magna), connecting them to the Red Sea ports of Quseer (Myos Hormos), Marsa Nakari, and Berenike. This region is rich in natural resources, including gold, gems, and marble, and several previous archaeological projects have recorded abundant evidence of ancient mining The EAMENA team has scrutinized satellite imagery covering an area of 14,700 km2 spread over three areas in the northern, central, and southern parts of the country. This had led to the identification of 22,385 archaeological sites or site components, including dense concentrations of prehistoric settlements and 925 CAA 2015 Fig. . Saudi Pendant. A pendant burial in left and right , sho7ing damage by road construction. Fig. . Bir Abbad: the road station of Bir Abbad in settlements and activities. Furthermore, during Ptolemaic and Roman times, forts, road stations, fortified wells, and other military installations lined the routes through the region (Prickett 1979; Sidebotham and Wendrich 1995; 1996; 1998; 1999; 2000; 2006; Sidebotham and Zitterkopf 1998; Cuvigny 2003; Shaw 2007; Harrell and Storemyr 2009; Morrow and Cherry 2010; Klemm and Klemm 2011; Bragantini and Pirelli left and right . 2013, 2015). In addition to the many previously recorded sites, EAMENA has now identified several hundred previously unrecorded sites. Many of these sites are now threatened with damage and destruction from modern mining activities. Before the Arab Spring foreign mining companies had begun large-scale Robert Be7ley: Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa Fig. . A mining settlement in the Eastern Desert of Egypt in industrial extraction of gold at a number of the sites (as, for example, Centamin at Sukari). Mining at some of those sites has continued or resumed since 2011. In addition, many sites appear to have been disturbed or destroyed by local people using metal detectors and bulldozers to search for the precious metals and probably also in some cases, archaeological artefacts to sell (illegally). One site that has suffered severe damage is Bir Abbad (c.20 km NE of Edfu), a road station, probably of the Roman period, where two outbuildings have been completely demolished by bulldozers (Fig. 7). In another example, a probable mining settlement of unknown date (c. 95 km E of Edfu) has also suffered extensive damage from bulldozers (Fig. 8). 3.6 Libya The Leicester team has a long involvement in the mapping of archaeological sites in Libya, from the UNESCO Libyan abo6e and belo7 . Valleys Survey of the pre-desert area (Barker et al. 1996a/b), to the Barrington Atlas sheets which underlie the Pleiades data (Mattingly 2000), to major surveys of desert sites in the region of Fazzan, south-west Libya (Mattingly 2003; 2007; 2010; 2013; Sterry and Mattingly 2011). The Trans-Sahara Project, with funding from the European Research Council, has extended the scope of this sort of work across a much wider geographical area (see e.g. Mattingly et al. 2013). As well as consolidating the results of this work in a single database, the EAMENA project has been focusing on detailed mapping of a number of key case studies, where the archaeology has been identified as particularly understudied or under threat. To test the methodology, an initial study focused on the alJufra oasis group, to the south-west of the Gulf of Sirte. Three oasis towns of early modern date are known here — Sokna, Hun, and Waddan — but hitherto virtually nothing has been recorded of the long-term archaeological heritage of the oasis CAA 2015 Fig. . Foggaras in the 6icinity of Waddan damaged by modern field systems. The resulting site map of the area’s archaeology is thus completely transformed. These results have been communicated to the Libyan Department of Antiquities to enable them to enhance protection of the heritage before it is further degraded or lost. (Scarin 1938). Our examination and interpretation of satellite imagery has enabled us to identify around twelve urban-scale sites, representing successive phases of the development of the three main oasis centres. Several of these sites have been damaged in recent years and others are under serious threat. We have also mapped extensive evidence of other settlement sites and pre-Islamic cemeteries as well as ancient irrigation systems (foggaras), which have been largely obliterated in the last decade. A second case study involves the area around the UNESCO World Heritage Site (WHS) of Cyrene in eastern Libya. Despite its WHS status, the protection of this world-famous site is seriously compromised by the presence of a burgeoning urban settlement of Shahat, just outside the ancient city’s walls (see Cherstich 2008). The main impact is on the suburban landscape of cemeteries, religious sanctuaries, suburban villas, and other productive buildings, the ancient roads and aqueducts. Aerial photographs (Scarin 1938), WorldView, Corona images, and Google Earth were used to map sites and a classification of Landsat images was undertaken in order to quantify the impacts of cultivation intensification. The cultivated area increased by about 5400 ha between 1975 and 2011, supported by modern irrigation. Features including foggaras have been completely removed from some parts of al-Jufra by agricultural expansion since the 1930s aerial photographs and 1960s Corona images were collected. The more recent images show other areas of foggaras, which are at immediate risk of destruction due to the introduction of new fields (Fig. 9). 3.7 Morocco Our work in southern Morocco has been designed to tie in with the results of fieldwork undertaken by the Middle Draa Project of the University of Leicester. This is another Saharan oasis zone, where the archaeological record is poorly understood and 928 Robert Be7ley: Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa Fig. . The hilltop site and irrigation systems of )agora, Morocco. even less well protected. The detailed recording of parts of the Draa Valley from the available Google Earth satellite imagery has already produced impressive results, with hundreds of hitherto unrecorded settlements identified, along with traces of many irrigation features and thousands of pre-Islamic burial monuments. The project is also closely collaborating here with the Moroccan antiquities service (Institut National des Sciences de l’Archéologie et du Patrimoine – INSAP). areas the earlier phases of activity are substantially masked or obliterated by the more recent cultivation and development. While damage is not apparent at some of the more remote hilltop sites, closer to the river the construction of new buildings and changes in irrigation and cultivation strategies have affected the preservation of sites. For example, areas of the hilltop site of Zagora have been bulldozed and some new structures built (Fig. 10). In areas where modern oasis cultivation is less intense, we have identified earlier phases of sites and irrigation systems. Although these have not, as yet, been closely dated, it is thought that the origin of oasis cultivation in Morocco dates to the pre-Islamic era. This area was selected as a detailed case The main modern oasis settlements and cultivation are located on the flat land adjacent to the river, irrigated partly by water management schemes constructed since the 1970s. In these 929 CAA 2015 Adams, R. McC. and Nissen, H. J. 1972. The Uruk Countryside. Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press. Antonini de Maigret, S. and Gerlach, I. 2015. Dimenticare l’Arabia Felix? Archeo 365: 36–46. Baraqish, one among the most ancient cities in Yemen, is destroyed by the Saudi-led Arab coalition airplanes. Khabar News Agency. 18 August 2015. 26 October 2015. http://www.khabaragency.net/news32590.html (in Arabic). Barker, G. W., Gilbertson, D. D., Jones, G. D. B., Mattingly, D. J. 1996a. Farming the Desert The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Archaeological Survey. Volume 1, Synthesis. Paris/London, UNESCO, Soc. for Libyan Studies. Barker, G. W., Gilbertson, D. D., Jones, G. D. B., Mattingly, D. J. 1996b. Farming the Desert The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Archaeological Survey. Volume 2, Gazetteer and Pottery. Paris/London, UNESCO, Soc. for Libyan Studies. Breton, J. F. 1994. Les fortifications d’Arabie Méridionale du 7e au Ier siècle avant notre ère. (ABADY 8). Mainz, Philipp von Zabern. Burns, R. 1999. Monuments of Syria. An Historical Guide. London, I.B. Tauris. Braemer, F., Genequand, D., Dumond Maridat, C., Blanc, P. M. et al. 2009. Long-term management of water in the Central Levant: The Hawran case (Syria). World Archaeology 41/1: 36–57. Bragantini, I. and Pirelli, R. 2013. The Archaeological Mission of ‘L’Orientale’ in the Central-Eastern Desert of Egypt. Newsletter di Archeologia CISA 4: 47–156. Bragantini, I. and Pirelli, R. 2015. Preliminary Report on the Second Season of the Italian Archaeological Mission in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Newsletter di Archeologia CISA 6: 165–77. Casana, J., and Wilkinson, T. J. 2005. Settlement and landscapes in the Amuq region. In K. Aslihan Yener (ed.), The archaeology of the Amuq Plain: 25–65, 203–80. Chicago, Oriental Institute Publications 131. Casana J. 2015. Satellite Imagery-based analysis of archaeological looting in Syria. Near Eastern Archaeology. Special Issue: the Cultural Heritage Crisis in the Middle East 78/3: 142-52. Castel, C. 2007. Stratégies de subsistance et modes d’occupation de l’espace dans la micro-région d’ al Rawda au Bronze ancien final (Shamiyeh). In D. Morandi Bonacossi (ed.), Urban and natural landscapes of an ancient Syrian capital: Settlement and environment at Tell Mishrifeh/Qatna and in central-western Syria. Proceedings of the international conference held in Udine, 9–11 December 2004: 283–94. Udine, Forum Editrice. Cherstich, L. 2008. ‘From looted tombs to ancient society: a survey of the Southern Necropolis of Cyrene’, Libyan Studies 39: 73-93. Cunliffe, E. 2014. Archaeological Site Damage in the Cycle of War and Peace: A Syrian Case Study. Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 2 (3): 229-47. Cuvigny, H. 2003. La route de Myos Hormos: l’armée romaine dans le désert oriental d’Egypte. Cairo, Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire. De Maigret, A. 2004. Baraqish, Minaean Yathill. Excavation and Restoration of the Temple of Nakrah. Napoli. Cowley, D. C., Standring, R. A., Abicht, M. J. 2010. Landscape through the Lens. Aerial Photographs and Historic Environment. Occasional Publication of the Aerial Archaeology Research Group No. 2. study because of the contrast between the good preservation of some sites and the impact of modern activity on others, all within the same region. Vehicle tracks are apparent across several sites and some cairns have been looted. 3.8 Iraq As a trial exercise, the maps from two surveys for the heavily farmed alluvial plain of lower Mesopotamia, extending southeast of Baghdad were digitized (Adams and Nissen 1972; Adams 1981). Using this information the available satellite imagery for the area was assessed to see whether looting was visible. A total of 2995 records were created, with 397 sites showing definite signs of looting. This work also showed how much the landscape has changed, as 765 of the sites could not be reliably located as a result of the effects of agricultural development, water management, and sand movements that have occurred since the original surveys were done. 4 Conclusions The philosophy underlying this project is that by discovering and recording archaeological sites the information thus created will provide for better conservation and protection of the region’s heritage. The responsibility for protecting sites lies with the national or regional authorities in each country and we are working with as many of the Department of Antiquities as we can to target areas within each country, which may be under threat from planned infrastructure projects, so as to mitigate the possible damage. The majority of the sites we record have not been systematically recorded before; their destruction is irreversible. This project is therefore a-once-in-a-generation opportunity. We are acutely aware that only a small sample of sites will be protected but we are, at least, improving the knowledge base so that informed decisions can be made. Only by knowing the nature of the threats to ancient sites can archaeologists advise national authorities to plan how to salvage a vital part of our shared human heritage. The preservation of the archaeological remains should not take priority over the lives of those having to live in areas of conflict. Once the conflicts do end, the destruction of the archaeological sites should diminish, and the preservation and conservation of those sites that have been affected can be improved. It is important that for the post-conflict era, however far in the future that is, the rebuilding phase does not destroy the fragile heritage any further. This a key reason why the EAMENA project and others too (Casana 2015) have an important role to play in not only recording the archaeological sites as they are today, but also providing this information in a usable form for those with the responsibility for their future protection in each country. Acknowledgements We are very grateful to the Arcadia Fund for their initiation and funding for the project. Support from the Packard Humanities Institute, The Augustus Foundation, Baron Lorne ThyssenBornemisza, the Fell Fund, the Council for British Research in the Levant, the Seven Pillars of Wisdom Trust, has allowed the project to fulfil its wider remit for which we are very grateful. Bibliography Adams, R. McC. 1981. Heartland of Cities, Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press. 930 Robert Be7ley: Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa Meyer, J. C. 2013. City and hinterland. Villages and estates north of Palmyra. New perspectives. Studia Palmyre skie 12: 269-86. Morrow, M. and Cherry, P. 2010. Desert RATS: rock art topographical survey in Egypt’s Eastern Desert: site catalogue. Oxford, Archaeopress. Photos: Historical ‘Baraqish’ is damaged by raids. Al Montasaf.14 September 2015. 26 October 2015. http:// almontasaf.net/news25452.html (in Arabic). Poidebard A. 1934. La trace de Rome dans le desert de Syrie: le limes de Trajan à la conquête arabe: recherches aériennes (1925-1932). Paris, P. Geuthner. Prickett M. 1979. Quseir Regional Survey. In Whitcomb D. and Johnson J. (eds.), Quseir al-Qadim 1978. Preliminary Report: 257–352. Cairo, American Research Center in Egypt, Inc. Romey, K. 3 June 2015. ‘Engineering Marvel’ of Queen of Sheba’s City Damaged in Airstrike. National Geographic Online. 26 October 2015. http://news.nationalgeographic. com/2015/06/150603-Yemen-ancient-Sheba-damheritage-destruction-Middle-East-archaeology/. Scarin, E. 1938. La Giofra e Zella: Le Oasi del 29 degrees parallel della Libia occidentale. Firenze, G. C. Sansoni. Schiettecatte, J. 2011. D’Aden à Zafar: villes d’Arabie du sud préislamique. (Orient and Mediterranée, 6). Paris, De Boccard. Shaw, I. 2007. Late Roman Amethyst and Gold Mining at Wadi el-Hudi. In T. Schneider and K. Szpakowska (eds.), Egyptian Stories: A British Egyptological Tribute to Alan B. 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