A Chemical Referral and Reference Guide to the Known Species of Psilocin and/or Psilocybin-containing Mushrooms and their Published Analysis and Bluing Reactions: An Updated and Revised

John W. Allen

Numerous species were removed from previous published lists by Allen, Gartz et Guzmán (1992) and Guzmán, Allen et Gartz (2000). These earlier compilations included several species based on false positives, doubtful relationships, and/or no bluing present whatsoever. This current list is restricted to those species that were chemically analyzed (indicated with bold-face numbers). Referenced papers include: chemical analysis of baeocystine, norbaeocystine, psilocine, psilocybine and aeruginascins, plus other related tryptamine alkaloids). Those species known to exhibit a bluing or greening reaction in specimens when damaged by human handling or natural causes are marked by a •. Those with an *asterisk indicate false positives which are noted at the end of this update. Additionally, a novel second 2, 3,-secoaromadendrane-type sesquiterpenoids, named psilosamuiensis A, was isolated from the broth of Psilocybe samuiensis (Pornpakakul et al., 2009). Also, see, Borovička, Rockefeller et Werner (2012) for taxonomy of new species #32 in this reference list. Furthermore, the author has also listed numerous errors from various field guides regarding regarding regarding psilocybian fungi misidentified or falsely labeled as toxic.

A Chemical Referral and Reference Guide to the Known Species of Psilocin and/or Psilocybin-containing Mushrooms and their Published Analysis and Bluing Reactions: An Updated and Revised By John W. Allen Psilocybe allenii Borovička, Rockefeller et Werner sp. nov. Observe bluing in the split stems which are very hollow, splintering when pinch lifting them from the soiled mulch. ABSTRACT Numerous species were removed from previous published lists by Allen, Gartz et Guzmán (1992) and Guzmán, Allen et Gartz (2000). These earlier compilations included several species based on false positives, doubtful relationships, and/or no bluing present whatsoever. This current list is restricted to those species that were chemically analyzed (indicated with bold-face numbers). Referenced papers include: chemical analysis of baeocystine, norbaeocystine, psilocine, psilocybine and aeruginascens, plus other related tryptamine alkaloids). Those species known to exhibit a bluing or greening reaction in specimens when damaged by human handling or natural causes are marked by a •. Those with an *asterisk indicate false positives which are noted at the end of this update. Additionally, a novel second 2, 3,-secoaromadendrane-type sesquiterpenoids, named psilosamuiensis A, was isolated from the broth of Psilocybe samuiensis (Pornpakakul et al., 2009). Also, see, Borovička, Rockefeller et Werner (2012) for taxonomy of new species #32 in this reference list. Furthermore, the auhor has also listed numerous errors from various field guides regarding regarding regarding psilocybian fungi misidentified or falsely labeled as toxic. Basidiomycotina Agaricales Plutaceae Pluteus Species: Pluteus atricapillus (Secr.) Singer* [= P. cervinus (Schaeffer) P. Kumm. Orton (1986) discussed this synonymy and concluded that the true name is Pluteus cervinus because the epithet Agaricus atricapillus Batsch is debatable and uncertain. Singer (1986) introduced the name Pluteus atricapillus (Secr.) Singer, but as Secretan’s work has been declared invalid, this interpretation is not considered any more] (Ohenoja et al., 1987). •2. P. cyanopus Quél. •3. P. glaucus Singer (Stijve et Meijer, 1993). •4. P. nigroviridis Babos. 5. P. salicinus (Pers.: Fr.) P. Kumm. (Christiansen, Rasmussen et Høiland, 1984; Gartz, 1987c; Gartz, 1993a; Ohenoja et al., 1987; Saupe, 1981; Stijve et Bonnard, 1985; Stijve et Kuyper, 1985; Stribrny, Borovička and Sokol, 2003). •6. P. villosus (Bull.) Quél. Coprinaceae Copelandia Species [revised by Gerhardt (1996)]. •7. Copelandia affinis Horak [= Panaeolus affinis (Horak) EW. Gerhardt] (Thomas, 2008b). 8. C. bispora (Malençon et Bertault) Singer et R.A. Weeks [= C. papilionacea var. bispora Malençon et Bertault; Panaeolus cyanescens var. bisporus (Malençon et Bertault) G. Moreno et Esteve-Ravis; P. bisporus (Malençon et Bertault) Ew. Gerhardt]. (Allen, 1998; Senn-Irlet, Nyffenegger et Brenneisen, 2000). 9. C. cambodginiensis (Ola’h et R. Heim) Singer et R.A. Weeks [= Panaeolus cambodginiensis Ola’h et R. Heim] (Merlin et Allen, 1993). 10. C. chlorocystis Singer et R.A. Weeks [= Panaeolus chlorocystis (Singer et R.W. Weeks) Ew. Gerhardt] (Weeks et al., 1979). 11. C. cyanescens (Berk. ET Broome) Singer [= Panaeolus cyanescens (Berk. et Broome) Sacc., P. papilionaceus sensu (Bres.). Also, see Copelandia westii] (Gartz, 1994b; Hall, 1973; Heim, Hofmann et Tscherter, 1967; Merlin et Allen, 1993; Ola'h, 1969; Ola'h, 1970; Weeks et al., 1979). 12. C. lentisporus (Ew. Gerhardt) Guzmán [= Panaeolus lentisporus Ew. Gerhardt]. 13. C. tirunelveliensis Natarajan & Raman [= Panaeolus tirunelveliensis (Natarajan & Raman) Ew. Gerhard]. 14. C. tropicalis (Ola’h) Singer & R.A. Weeks [= Panaeolus tropicalis Ola’h] (Ola’h, 1970). Coprinaceae Panaeolus Species: 15. Panaeolus africanus Ola’h (Ola’h, 1969, 1970). ???P. antillarum (Fr.) Dennis* (See Discussion). ???P. ater (Lange) Kühner & Romagnesi* (See Discussion). ???P. bisporus Bertault & Malençon Gerhardt (see Copelandia bispora) (Allen, 1998; Senn-Irlet, Nyffenegger & Brenneisen, 2000). *16. P. castaneifolius (Murrill) A.H. Sm. [= P. olivaceus F. H. Møller; Panaeolina castaneifolia (Murrill) Bon; P. castaneifolia (Murrill) Ew. Gerhardt: this latest seems to be the true name; see Gerhardt (1996)]. 17. P. microsporus Ola’h & Cailleux (Ola’h, 1969). 18. P. olivaceus F.H. Møller [it is sometimes confused as a synonym of P. castaneifolius]. (Ohenoja et al., 1987). ???P. papilionaceus (Fr.) Quél. var. papilionaceus sensu auct. non-sensu Ew. Gerhardt [= P. campanulatus (L.: Fr.) Quél.]* (Ola’h 1969). Formerly known as Panaeolus sphinctrinus. •20. P. retirugis (Fr.) Quél.* (Ola’h, 1969). ???P. semiovatus. (See Discussion). ???P. sphinctrinus (Fr.) Quélet* (See Discussion. Now known as Panaeolus papilionaceus). 21. P. subbalteatus (Berk. & Broome) Sacc.* [= P. venenosus Murrill, now known as Panaeolus cinctulus]. (Beug & Bigwood, 1982; Gartz, 1993a, 1996; Ohenoja et al., 1987; Ott & Guzman, 1976; Stijve, 1987; Stijve & Blake, 1994; Repke, Leslie & Guzmán, 1977; Stijve & Kuyper, 1985). ???Panaeolina foenisecii (Fr.) Maire*. (See Allen and Merlin, 1993). (See Discussion). Bolbitiaceae Agrocybe Species: 22. Agrocybe farinacea Hongo. (Koike, Yutaka. Yokoyama, Kazumasa., Wada, kuhkp., Kusano, Genjiro., and Shigeo Nozoe. 1981). Bolbitiaceae Conocybe Species: 23. Conocybe cyanopus (G.F. Atk.) Kühner [= Pholiotina “Galera” cyanopus G.F. Atk.; Pholiotina cyanopoda (G.F. Atk.) Singer; Galerula cyanopus G.F. Atk.]. (Benedict, Tyler & Watling, 1967; Benedict, Brady, Smith & Tyler1977, 1962; Beug & Bigwood, 1982; Christiansen, Rasmussen & Høiland, 1984; Gartz, 1992b; Gartz, 1993a; Gartz, 1996; Ohenoja et al., 1987; Repke, Leslie & Guzmán, 1977). 24. C. kuehneriana Singer. (Ohenoja et al., 1987). •25. C. siligineoides R. Heim. (Wasson, 1957a). 26. C. smithii Watling [= Galerula cyanopus Kauffman]. (Benedict, Tyler & Watling, 1967; Benedict, Brady, Smith & Tyler, 1977; Repke, Leslie & Guzmán, 1977). Strophariaceae Hypholoma Species: 27. Hypholoma gigaspora (Natarajan & Raman) Guzmán [= Psilocybe gigaspora Natarajan & Raman; Naematoloma gigaspora (Natarajan & Raman) Guzmán]. (No bluing, Guzmán, 1996b). 28. H. guzmánii (Natarajan & Raman) Guzmán [= Psilocybe guzmánii Natarajan & Raman; Naematoloma guzmánii (Natarajan & Raman) Guzmán]. (No bluing, Guzmán, 1996b). 29. H. poperianum (Singer) Guzmán [= Naematoloma poperianum Singer]. (Guzmán, 1999b). Stropharia Psilocybe Species: •30. Psilocybe acutipilea (Speg.) Guzmán; =Deconica acutipilea Speg. (Guzmán, 1983). •31. P. aequatoriae Singer; =Hypholoma aequatoriae (Singer) Guzmán. (Guzmán, 2004). •32. P. allenii Borovička,. Rockefeller et Peter G. Werner, Sp. Nov. (Borovička, Rockefeller and Werner (2012). •33. P. alutacea W.S. Chang & A.K. Mills. (Chang, Y. S., Gates, G. M. and D. A. Ratkowsky, 2006). •34. P. angustipleurocystidiata Guzmán. (Guzmán, 1983). 35. P. antioquensis Guzmán, Saldariaga, Pineda, Garcia, and Veláquez, 1994). (Allen, J. W; Piapukiew, J; Sihanonth, P; Gartz, J. and G. Toro, 2008-2009). •36. P. aquamarina (Pegler) Guzmán [= Stropharia aquamarina Pegler]. (Guzmán, 1995a). 37. P. arcana Borovička & Hlavácek. (Stribrny, Borovička and Sokol, 2003). 38. P. argentipes K. Yokoy. (Koike et al., 1981; Ohenoja et al., 1987). •39. P. atlantis Guzmán, G., Hanlin, R. T. & C. White. (Guzmán, 1983). ???Psilocybe atrobrunnea (Lasch.) Gillet* (Not Active. See Discussion). •40. P. armandii Guzmán & S.H. Pollock. (Guzmán, 1983). 41. P. aucklandii Guzmán, Hanlin et C. White. (Guzmán, 1983). •42. P. australiana Guzmán & Watling. (Guzmán, 1983). 43. P. aztecorum R. Heim emend. Guzmán, =P. mexicana var. longispora R. Heim nom. nud. non P. aztecorum var. aztecorum s. Natarajan et Raman. (Heim & Hofmann, 1958b; Heim & Wasson, 1958). 44. P. aztecorum var. bonetii (Guzmán) Guzmán [= P. bonetii Guzmán]. (Ott & Guzmán, 1976). 45. P. azurescens Stamets & Gartz. (Gartz, 1995a; Gartz, 1996[1998]; Stamets & Gartz, 1995). 46. P. baeocystis Singer & A.H. Sm. emend. Guzmán. (Benedict, Brady & Tyler, 1962a; Beug & Bigwood, 1981, 1982; Leung, Smith & Paul, 1965; Repke, Leslie & Guzmán, 1977). •47. P. banderiliensis Guzmán (Guzmán, 1983). •48. P. barrerae Cifuentes et Guzmán emend. Guzmán (Guzmán, Montoya-Bello and Bandala-Muñoz, 1988; Guzmán, G. 2000). •49. P. bispora Guzmán, Franco-Mol & Ram-Guill. (Guzmán, Franco-Molano and Ramirez-Guillén, 2007). 50. P. bohemica Sebek [=P. coprinafacies sensu Herink, non sensu Krieglsteiner] (Gartz, 1994b; Gartz,1996[1996]; Gartz & Müller, 1989; Semerdzieva & Wurst, 1986; Semerdzieva et al., 1986; Stijve & Kuyper, 1985; Stribrny, Boroviĉka and Sokol, 2003). •51. P. brasiliensis Guzmán. (Guzmán, 1983). (Guzmán, 1983). •52. P. brunneocystidiata Guzmán et E. Horak. (Guzmán, 1983). •53. P. cabiensis Guzmán Torres & Ramirez-Guillén sp. nov. (Guzmán, Ramírez-Guillén and Torres. 2004). 54. P. caeruleoannulata Singer ex Guzmán; =true name for P. uruguayensis Singer ex Guzmán, =Stropharia siccipes var. lugubris Rick. (Stijve & Meijer, 1993; Guzmán & Cortez, 2004). 55. P. caerulescens Murrill var. caerulescens [= P. caerulescens var. albida R. Heim; P. caerulescens var. mazatecorum R. Heim; P. mazatecorum R. Heim; P. caerulescens var. nigripes R. Heim]. (Heim & Hofmann, 1958a; Heim & Hofmann, 1958b). 56. P. caerulescens var. ombrophila (R. Heim) Guzmán [= P. caerulescens var. mazatecorum; P. ombrophila R. Heim; P. mixaeensis R. Heim]. (Heim & Wasson, 1958). 57. P. caerulipes (Peck) Sacc. (Leung, Smith & Paul., 1965). ???P. callosa (Fr. ex Fr.) Quélet (see P. strictipes). (See Discussion). •58. P. carbonaria Singer. (No bluing noted. Guzmán, 1983). •59. P. caribaea Guzmán, T. J. Baroni et Tapia, sp. nov. = P. caerulescens s. Pegler 1983. (Guzmán, Tapia, Ramírez-Guillén, Baroni, Lodge, Cantrell and Nieves-Rivera. 2003). •60. P. chaconii Guzmán, Escolona and Ramirez-Guillén. (Guzmán, Escolona, Ramirez-Guillén, and James Q. Jacobs. 2004). •61. P. chiapanensis Guzmán. (Guzmán, 1995a). •62. P. columbiana Guzmán. (Guzmán, 1983). 63. P. coprinafacies (Rolland) Pouzar sensu auct. non sensu Herink, non sensu Krieglsteiner. (Auert et al, 1980; Semerdzieva & Nerud, 1973). ???P. coprophila Guzmán.* (See Discussion). •64. P. cordispora R. Heim. (Guzmán, 1983). 65. P. cubensis (Earle) Singer [= Stropharia cubensis Earle; P. cubensis var. caerulescens (Murrill) Singer & A.H. Sm.; Stropharia subcyanescens Rick; Stropharia cyanescens Murrill; Stropharia caerulescens (Pat.) Singer]. (Allen & Merlin, 1992a; Gartz, 1991; Gartz, 1994b; Heim & Hofmann, 1958b; Margot & Watling, 1981; Perkel et al., 1980; Repke, Leslie & Guzman, 1977). 66. P. cyanescens Wakef., non sensu Krieglsteiner. (Benedict et al., 1962; Beug & Bigwood, 1982; Gartz, 1993a; Gartz, 1996; Gartz, 1998; Margot & Watling, 1981; Repke, Leslie & Guzmán, 1977; Stijve & Kuyper, 1985; Stribrny, Borovicka and Sokol, 2003). 67. P. cyanofibrillosa Guzmán & Stamets. (Stamets, Beug, Bigwood, and Guzmán, 1980). •68. P. dumontii Singer ex Guzmán. (Guzmán, 1983). 69. P. eucalypta Guzmán et Watling. (Margot & Watling, 1981). •70. P. fagicola R. Heim et Cailleux emend. Guzmán = P. fagicola var., = P. wassoniorum Guzmán et S. H. Pollock, = P. xalapensis Guzmán et A. López. (Guzmán, 1983, 2005). •71. P. fagicola R. Heim var. mesocystidiata Guzmán, = P. fagicola R. Heim et Cailleux Emend. Guzmán. No bluing noted. (Guzmán, 1983, 2005). •72. P. farinacea Rick ex Guzmán; = P. tenax s. Rick. [= P. albofimbriata (Rick) Singer]. (Guzmán, 1983). 73. P. fimetaria (P.D. Orton) Watling [= P. caesioannulata Singer; Stropharia fimetaria P.D. Orton]. (Benedict, Tyler & Watling, 1967). •74. P. fuliginosa (Murrill) A.H. Sm. •75. P. furtadoana Guzmán. •76. P. gallaeciae Guzmán & M.L. Castro. (Guzmán, Gastón and M. L. Castro, 2003). •77. P. galindii Guzmán [= Psilocybe galindoi Guzmán s. Singer; =P. galindii Guzmán]. (Guzmán, 1983; Guzmán, 2005). •78. P. goniospora (Berk. et Broome) Singer [= P. lonchophora (Berk. et Broome) Horak ex Guzmán; P. graveolens Peck]. (No bluing noted. Guzmán, 1983, 2005). •79. P. graveolens Peck. (Guzmán, 1983, 2005). •80. P. guatapensis Guzmán, Saldariaga, Pineda, G. Garcia et Veláquez. (Guzmán, Saldariaga, Pineda, Garcia and Veláquez, 1994). •81. P. guilartensis Guzmán, F. Tapia et Nieves-Rivera emend. Guzmán. (Guzmán, Tapia, Nieves- Rivera and Betancourt. 1997). •82. P. heimii Guzmán. (Guzmán, 1983). •83. P. heliconiae Guzmán, Saldariaga, Pineda, Garcia and Veláquez. (Guzmán, Saldariaga, Pineda, Garcia and Veláquez, 1994). •84. P. herrerae Guzmán. (Guzmán, 1983). •85. P. hispanica Guzmán. (Guzmán, 2000, 2005). 86. P. hoogshagenii R. Heim var. convexa Guzmán [= P. semperviva R. Heim & Cailleux]. (Heim & Hofmann in Heim & Wasson, 1958). 87. P. hoogshagenii R. Heim var. hoogshagenii [= P. caerulipes var. gastonii Singer; P. zapotecorum R. Heim sensu Singer]. (Heim & Wasson, 1958; Stijve & Meijer, 1993). •88. P. indica Sathe & J.T. Daniel. (Guzmán, 2005. It needs Revision [Guzmán). •89. P. isabelae Guzmán. (Guzmán, Gastón; Ramirez-Guillén, Florencia and Y. P. Munguia, 2003). •90. P. jacobsii Guzmán. (Guzmán, 1983). •91. P. jaliscana Guzmán. (Guzmán, G. 2000). •92. P. josecastilloae Guzmán. (Guzmán, 2005). •93. P. karalensis K. A. Thomas, Manim et Guzmán. (Thomas, K. A., Manimohan, P., Guzmán, G., Tapia, F. and F. Ramirez-Guillén. 2002). •94. P. kumaenorum R. Heim. (Thomas, 2008a). •95. P. laurae Guzmán. (Guzmán, G. 1998a). •96. P. lazoi Singer [doubtful a neurotropic species, considered first by Guzmán (1983) as a synonym of P. zapotecorum, but Singer (1986) claimed that this is not a bluing fungus independent of that of Guzmán (1983a)]. 97. P. liniformans Guzmán & Bas var. liniformans. (Stijve & Kuyper, 1985). 98. P. liniformans var. americana Guzmán & Stamets. (Stamets, P., Beug, M. W., Bigwood, J. & G. Guzmán. 1980; Stamets, 1996). •99. P. mairei Singer* [= Hypholoma cyanescens Maire; Geophila cyanescens (Maire) Kühner et Romagn.; non Psilocybe cyanescens sensu Krieglsteiner]. (Guzmán, 1983). •100. P. makarorae P. R. Johnst. et P. K. Buchanan. •101. P. mammillata (Murrill) A.H. Smith; = Atylospora cinchonensis Murrill, = Psathyra cinchonensis (Murrill) Murrill (Guzmán, 1983). •102. P. meridensis Guzmán. (Guzmán, 1983). •103. P. meridionalis Guzmán, Ram.-Guill and Guzm.-Dav., sp. nov. (Guzmán, G; Walstad, L; Gándara, Etelvina; and Florencia Ramírez-Guillén, 2008). •104. P. mescaleroensis Guzmán, Walstad, E. Gándara, & Ram.-Guillén., sp. nov. (Guzmán, Walstad, Gándara and Ramírez-Guillén, 2007). •105. P. mesophylla Guzmán, J. Q. Jacobs et Escolona. (Guzmán, Escolona, Ramirez-Guillén, and James Q. Jacobs, 2004). •106. P. mexicana R. Heim. (Allen, J. W., Sihanonth, P., Gartz, J. and Gianluca Toro, 2013; Gartz, 1995a; Gnirss, 1959; Hofmann, A., Heim, R. Brack, A. and H. Kobel, 1958a). 107. P. microcystidiata Guzmán et Bononi (Guzmán, 2005). 108. P. moseri Guzmán. (Guzmán, 1995a). 109. P. moravica Borovička (Borovička, 2003, 2008). 110. P. moravica var. sternberkiana Borovička. (Borovička, 2003, 2008). 111. P. muliercula Singer & A.H. Sm. [= P. wassonii R. Heim], = P. mexicana var. brevispora R. Heim. (Heim & Wasson, 1958). •112. P. muscorum (P. D. Orton) M. M. Moser = Deconica muscorum P. D. Orton, = Psilocybe bullacea s. Bres., = P. inquilina s. Noodel., = P. physaloides s. M. M. Moser. (Guzmán, Ramírez-Guillén, F. & M. Contu, 2002). •113. P. naematoliformis (Guzmán) Guzmán [= Psilocybe naematoliformis Guzmán; Naematoloma naematoliformis (Guzmán) Guzmán]. (Guzmán, 1999b, Guzmán, 2004). 114. P. natalensis Gartz et al. (Gartz, 1995; Gartz et al., 1995; Reid & Eicker, 1999). •115. P. natarajanii Guzmán [= P. aztecorum var. bonetii (Guzmán) Guzmán sensu Natarajan & Raman]. •116. P. neocaledonica (Guzmán & Hora) Guzmán [= Psilocybe neocaledonica Guzmán & Hora; Naematoloma neocaledonica (Guzmán & Hora) Guzmán]. (Guzmán, 1999b; Guzmán, 2004). •117. P. neorhombispora Guzmán = Hypholoma neorhombisporum (Guzmán) Guzmán, 2004, 2005). 118. P. novoxalapensis Guzmán et J. Q. Jacobs, sp. nov. (Guzmán, Gastón., Jacobs, James Q., Ramírez-Guillén, Florencia., Murriata, Dulce and Etelvina Gándara. 2005; Guzmán). •119. P. oaxacana Guzmán, Escolona et J. Q. Jacobs. (Guzmán, Escolona, Ramirez-Guillén, and James Q. Jacobs. 2004). •120. P. ochreata (Berk. et Broome) E. Horak ex Guzmán. (No bluing noted. Guzmán, 1983). •121. P. oktedii Hyndman et Thomas. (Hyndman and Thomas, 2008-2009, in press). •123. P. ovoideocystidiata Guzmán & Gaines. (Allen, Gartz, Sihanonth & Molter, 2009). •124. P. papuana Guzmán et E. Horak. (Guzmán & Horak, 1978; Guzmán 1983). •125. P. paulensis (Guzmán et Bononi) Guzmán [= P. banderiliensis var. paulensis Guzmán et Bononi]. 126. P. pelliculosa (A.H. Sm.) Singer & A.H. Sm. (Beug & Bigwood, 1982; Repke, Leslie & Guzmán, 1977; Tyler, 1961b). •127. P. pericystis Singer. •128. P. pileocystidiata Guzmán & Ramirez-Guillén. (Guzmán, Escolona, Ramirez-Guillén, and James Q. Jacobs. 2004. •129. P. pintonii Guzmán. (Guzmán, 1983). •130. P. pleurocystidiosa Guzmán. (Guzmán, 1983). •131. P. plutonia (Berk. et M.A. Curtis) Sacc., = Agaricus (Psilocybe) plutonius Berk. et Cooke, see Psathyra cubispora Murrill. (Guzmán, Ramírez-Guillén and Torres, 2004). •132. P. portoricensis Guzmán, Nieves-Rivera et Tapia. (Guzmán, G., Tapia, F., Nieves-Rivera, A. M. and C. Betancourt. 1997). •133. P. pseudoaztecorum Natarajan & Raman [= P. aztecorum var. aztecorum sensu Natarajan et Raman; “P. subaztecorum” Guzmán (1995a)]. (Guzmán, 2005 says this needs a revision). ??? P. pseudobullacea (Petch) Pegler* (False positive by Marcano et al., 1994). (See Discussion). •134. P. puberula Bas et Noordel. 135. P. quebecensis Ola’h et R. Heim. (Ola'h, 1967; Ola'h & Heim, 1967). •136. P. ramulosa (Guzmán et Bononi) Guzmán [= P. zapotecorum var. ramulosum Guzmán et Bononi]. •137. P. rhombispora (Guzmán) Guzmán [= Naematoloma rhombispora Guzmán]. (Guzmán, 1996b; Guzmán, 2004). •138. P. rickii Guzmán et Cortez sp. nov. (Guzmán, G. & V. G. Cortez, 2005). •139. P. rostrata (Petch) Pegler; = Stropharia Rostrata Petch. •140. P. rzedowskii Guzmán. (Guzmán, 1983). 141. P. samuiensis Guzmán Band,-Muñoz, et J. W. Allen, = P. samuiensis Guzmán, J. W. Allen et Merlin s. Stamets nom. nud. (Gartz, Allen & Merlin, 1994; Surachai Pornpakakul; Sunisa Suwancharoen; Amorn Petsom; Sophon Roengsumran; Nongnuj Muangsin; Narongsak Chaichit; Jittra Piapukiew; Prakitsin Sihanonth; John W. Allen, 2009). •142. P. sanctorum Guzmán. •143. P. sardoa Guzmán et Contu. (Guzmán, Ramírez-Guillén, F. et M. Contu, 2002). •144. P. schultesii Guzmán et S.H. Pollock. (No bluing noted. Guzmán, 1983). •145. P. semiangustipleurocysitidiata Guzmán, Ram.-Guill. et M. Torres. (Guzmán, 2005). •146. P. semiinconspicua Guzmán et Trappe. (Guzmán and Trappe. 2005) 147. P. semilanceata (Fr.: Secr.) P. Kumm. [= P. semilanceata var. caerulescens (Cooke) Sacc.: P. cookie Singer; non P. callosa (Fr.: Fr.) Quél., which is P. strictipes Singer & A.H. Sm.]. (Babakhanian et al., 1998; Benedict, Brady & Watling, 1967; Beug & Bigwood, 1982; Brenneisen & Borner, 1988; Christiansen & Rasmussen, 1982; Christiansen, Rasmussen & Tønnesen, 1981; Gartz, 1991; Gartz, 1992b; Gartz, 1993a; Gartz, 1994b; Gartz, 1996; Heim 1963a; Heim, Genest, Hughes & Belec, 1966; Heim, R., Cailleux, R., Wasson, R. G. and P. Thevenard, 1967; Hofmann, Heim & Tscherter, 1963; Jokiranta et al., 1984; Mantle & Waight, 1969; Margot & Watling, 1981; Ohenoja et al., 1987; Michalis, 1977; Pedersen-Bjergaard et al., 1997; Repke & Leslie, 1977; Repke, Leslie & Guzmán, 1977; Semerdzieva & Nerud, 1973; Semerdzieva & Wurst, 1986 Semerdzieva et al., 1986; Stijve & Kuyper, 1985; Stribrny, Borovicka and Sokol, 2003). •148. P. septentrionalis (Guzmán) Guzmán [= P. subaeriginascens Höhn. var. septentrionalis Guzmán]. 149. P. serbica Moser et Horak, non-sensu Krieglsteiner. (Moser et Horak, 1968; Semerdzieva & Nerud, 1973). •150. P. sierrae Singer [= P. subfimetaria Guzmán & A.H. Sm.]. Guzmán (2005) lists P. sierrae as possibly a doubtf. sp. ? = P. maulensis Singer, but describes P. subfimetaria as the correct name for P. sierrae (Guzmán, 1983). 151. P. silvatica (Peck) Singer et A.H. Smith; = Psathyra silvatica Peck, = Hypholoma silvaticum (Peck) A. H. Smith, = Psilocybe tenax pp. s. auct. (Repke, Leslie & Guzman, 1977; Repke et al., 1977). •152. P. singeri Guzmán. (Guzmán, 1983). •153. P. singularis Guzmán, Escolona et J. Q. Jacobs. (Guzmán, Escolona, Ramirez-Guillén, et J. Q. Jacobs. 2004). 154. P. strictipes Singer et A. H. Sm. [= P. callosa (Fr.: Fr.) Quél. sensu Guzmán, 1983; P. semilanceata var. obtusa Bon; P. semilanceata var. microspora Singer?] (See P. callosa). (Leung, Smith & Paul. 1965). 155. P. stuntzii Guzmán et J. Ott. (Beug et Bigwood, 1982; Guzmán et Ott, 1976; Repke, Leslie & Guzmán, 1977; Repke et al., 1977). •156. P. subacutipilea Guzmán, Saldariaga, Pineda, Garcia and Veláquez. (Guzmán, Saldariaga, Pineda, Garcia and Veláquez, 1994). 157. P. subaeruginascens Höhn. var. subaeruginascens [= P. aerugineo-maculans (Höhn.) Singer & A.H. Sm.]. (Guzmán, 1983). 158. P. subaeruginosa Cleland. (Perkel et al., 1980; Picker & Rickards, 1970). •159. P. subbrunneocystidiata P. S. Silva and Guzmán, sp. nov. (Da Silva, Guzmán, Cortez, Ramírez- Guillén and Rosa M. B. Silveria. 2007). •160. P. subcaerulipes Hongo. (Guzmán, 1983). 161. P. subcubensis Guzmán. (Keller et al., 1999). •162. P. subfimetaria Guzmán et A. H. Smith; = P. sierrae Singer. (Guzmán, 2005). •163. P. subheliconiae Guzmán, Ram.-Guill. et Torres. (Guzmán, 2005). •164. P. subhoogshagenii Guzmán Torres & Ramirez-Guillén sp. nov. (Guzmán, Ramírez-Guillén and Torres, 2004). •165. P. subtropicalis Guzmán. (Guzmán, 1995a). 166. P. subyungensis Guzmán. (Keller et al., 1999). •167. P. subzapotecorum Guzmán. (Guzmán, G. 2000). •168. P. tampanensis Guzmán & S.H. Pollock. (Guzmán, 1983). •169. P. tasmaniana Guzmán & Watling. (Guzmán, 1983). ??? P. thailandensis Guzmán & Allen. (See Discussion). 170. P. teofilae Guzmán & Ramírez-Guillén, sp. nov. (Guzmán, Gastón., Jacobs, James Q., Ramírez- Guillén, Florencia., Murriata, Dulce and Etelvina Gándara. 2005). •171. P. tuxtlensis Guzmán. (Guzmán, Gastón., Ramirez-Guillén, Florencia and Y. P. Munguia (2003). •172. P. uxpanapensis Guzmán. (Guzmán, 1983). •173. P. venenata (S. Imai) Imaz. et Hongo [= P. fasciata Hongo; Stropharia caerulescens S. Imai, = S. venenata S. Imai]. (Guzmán, 1983, 2005). •174. P. veraecrucis Guzmán et Pérez-Ortiz. (Guzmán, 1983, 2005). •175. P. villarrealiae Guzmán. (Allen, J. W., Gartz, J., Sihanonth, P., and F. C. Suarez, 2009). •176. P. wassoniorum Guzmán & S.H. Pollock. (Guzmán, 1983). •177. P. wayanadensis K. A. Thomas, Manin et Guzmán. (Thomas, K. A., Manimohan, P., Guzmán, G., Tapia, F. and F. Ramirez-Guillén. 2002). 178. P. weilii Guzmán, Tapia et Stamets. (Stamets, 1996). •179. P. weldenii Guzmán. (Guzmán, 1983). 180. P. wrightii Guzmán. (Guzmán et Cortez, 2004; Rossato, Cortez, Limberger et Guzmán). •181. P. xalapensis Guzmán et A. López; = P. fagicola R. Heim emend. Guzmán. (Guzmán, 1983). 182. P. yungensis Singer & A.H. Sm. [= P. yungensis var. diconica Singer & A.H. Sm.; P. yungensis var. acutopapillata Singer & A.H. Sm.; P. isaurii Singer; P. acutissima R. Heim]. (Heim, 1963a; 1963b). •183. P. zapotecoantillarum Guzmán, Baroni and Lodge, sp. nov. (Guzmán, Tapia, Ramírez-Guillén, Baroni, Lodge, Cantrell and Nieves-Rivera. 2003). •184. P. zapotecocaribaea Guzmán, Ramírez-Guillén and Baroni, sp. nov. (Guzmán, Tapia, Ramírez- Guillén, Baroni, Lodge, Cantrell and Nieves-Rivera. 2003). 185. P. zapotecorum R. Heim emend. Guzmán. (Heim & Hofmann, 1958b; Ott & Guzmán, 1976). Cortinariaceae Galerina Species: 186. Galerina steglichii Besl. (Besl, 1993; Gartz, 1995). Cortinariaceae Gymnopilus Species: 187. Gymnopilus aeruginosus (Peck) Singer. (Gartz, 1994b; Hatfield, Valdez & Smith, 1978). •188. G. braendlei (Peck) Hesler. •189. G. intermedius (Singer) Singer. 190. G. liquiritiae (Fr.) P. Karst. (Koike et al., 1981). •191. G. luteofolius (Peck) Singer. •192. G. luteoviridis Thiers. 193. G. luteus (Peck) Hesler. (Hatfield, Valdez & Smith, 1978). 194. G. purpuratus (Cooke & Massee) Singer. (Gartz, 1989c; Gartz, 1991; Gartz, 1992b; Gartz, 1993a; Gartz, 1994b, Gartz, 1996; Kreisel & Lindequist, 1988). •195. G. sapineus (Fr.) Maire [= Pholiota sapinea sensu auct.]. 196. G. spectabilis (Fr.) A.H. Sm.* [= G. spectabilis (Fr.) Singer; Pholiota spectabilis Fr.; Gymnopilus junonius (Fr.) P.D. Orton; G. spectabilis var. junonia (Fr.) J.E. Lange; Pholiota junonia (Fr.) P. Karst.; Ph. spectabilis var. junonia (Fr.) J.E. Lange; G. junonius seems to be the true name]. (Hatfield, Valdez & Smith, 1978). •197. G. subpurpuratus Guzmán-Davalos & Guzmán]. (Gartz, 1989c; Gartz, 1991; Gartz, 1992b; Gartz, 1993a; Gartz, 1994b; Gartz, 1996). 198. G. validipes (Peck) Hesler. (Hatfield, Valdez & Smith, 1977; Unsigned, 1972b). 199. G. viridans Murrill. (Hatfield, Valdez & Smith, 1978). Cortinariaceae Inocybe Species: 200. Inocybe aeruginascens Babos. (Gartz, 1986c; Gartz, 1986d; Gartz, 1993a; Gartz, 1994b; Gartz, 1995c; Gartz, 1996; Gartz & Drewitz, 1985; Semerdzieva et al., 1986; Stijve & Kuyper, 1985; Stijve, Klan & Kuyper, 1985) Also contains the newly discovered tryptamine alkaloid by Jochen Gartz, aeruginascin. ??? I. calamistrata (Fr.) Gill.* (See Discussion). 201. I. coelestium Kuyper. (Stijve et Kuyper, 1985; Stijve, Klan et Kuyper, 1985). 202. I. corydalina Quél. var. corydalina. (Gartz, 1995c; Stijve et Kuyper, 1985; Stijve, Klan et Kuyper, 1985). 203. I. corydalina var. erinaceomorpha (Stangl et J. Veselsky) Kuyper. (Stijve et Kuyper, 1985; Stijve, Klan et Kuyper, 1985). 204. I. haemacta (Berk. et Cooke) Sacc. (Stijve & Kuyper, 1985; Stijve, Klan & Kuyper, 1985; Stribrny, Borovicka and Sokol, 2003). 205. I. tricolor Kühner. (Stijve & Kuyper, 1985; Stijve, Klan et Kuyper, 1985). Hygrophoraceae ??? Hygrocybe psittacina* (See Discussion). Strophariaceae (same as the genus Psilocybe). Weraroa •206. Weraroa novaezelandiae This newly discovered pouch fungi is a psilocybian species known from New Zealand that rapidly bruises blue when touched. It is now known and used for ludible purposes. Figure: New Zealand Pouch Fungi known as Weraroa novaezelandiae. Presented below are 7 images of a new species, Psilocybe allenii. Local PNW Internet shroomers from San Jose, California and Washington State refer to this species as Psilocybe cyanofriscosa and/or Psilocybe cyanofriscana. In 2006, Shroomery member Quarkus allegedly coined it with a local epithet as, Psilocybe cyanofriscosa. However it has also been observed and collected from southern California north to British Colombia, Canada. Psilocybe allenii Borovička, Rockefeller et Werner sp. nov. Univ. of Washington, Seattle. Psilocybe allenii (syn=Psilocybe cyanafriscosa) was and still is a local epithet for this species in the Bay area of San Francisco, Fruiting abundantly south of the bay along the I-5 Corridor and north to British, Columbia, Canada. Psilocybe allenii Borovička, Rockefeller et Werner sp. nov. Ballard, Seattle. 2010. A fine cluster of Psilocybe allenii Borovička, Rockefeller et Werner sp. nov. Found in a mulched garden bed surrounding a classroom building at the University of Washington in Seattle. This species grows in colonies, clumps and clusters, as well as singular. Tall specimens of Psilocybe allenii Borovička, Rockefeller et Werner sp. nov. Observe the white filaments on the stipe. Laurelhurst District, Northeast Seattle, near Lake Washington. Bluing cluster of Psilocybe allenii Borovička, Rockefeller et Werner sp. nov. In Alder. In this new listing the author (JWA) has corrected and added to the known species references to their known chemical analysis and on their ability to stain blue and/or green when damaged. FALSE POSITIVES: Guzmán, Allen & Gartz (2002) [2000] wrote that: “Concerning confusions in the chemical studies of the neurotropic fungi. It seems that there has been a problem with the mis-identifications of collected fungi. Unfortunately it has frequently been observed that during many of the chemical studies of the neurotropic fungi, there are no taxonomic bases, or sometimes a mixture of different species were studied and then described as a single species. Guzmán, found a mixture of Panaeolus spp. and Psilocybe mexicana, together with P. coprophila (Bull.: Fr.) P. Kumm., all of them were identified as P. coprophila (in ENCB Herbarium at México City), this included material used by Leslie and Repke to isolate psilocybine (Guzmán, 1983).” Concerning Panaeolina foenisecii Maire: In 1992, Allen, J. & M.D. Merlin. 1992c, wrote their “Observations regarding the suspected psychoactive properties of Panaeolina foenisecii Maire.” In: Christian Rätsch (editor) Yearbook for Ethnomedicine and the Study of Consciousness vol. 1(1):99-115. November. Several accidental intoxications attributed to Panaeolina foenisecii Maire in adolescent children, teenagers, and the elderly are presented. This paper was originally included in Allen, Merlin, and Jansen's 1991 paper, “An Ethnomycological Review of Psychoactive Agarics in Australia and New Zealand,” but was later decided by the authors to publish it separately. Partially excerpted and brought up to date for this report: “During the past 35 years, a number of mycologists have listed this species in their field identification guides as being poisonous/hallucinogenic, probably basing their assumption on information provided by case histories noted in the above mentioned research by Allen and Merlin (1992c). After re-examining past research and the additional evidence described above, it is our conclusion (John W. Allen and Mark D. Merlin), as well as that of Jochen Gartz (1985), Gastón Guzman (1989), Tjakko Stijve (1989), Roy Watling (1989), Anthony Young (1989) and Rolf Singer (1991, Pers. Comm.), and Richard Evans Schultes (pers. Comm. 1987) that Panaeolina foenisecii is not psychoactive. It is possible that when Panaeolina foenisecii is collected from lawns, macroscopic and taxonomic identification is made and specimens are passed on for chemical identification. Sometimes, other species known to macroscopically resemble Panaeolina foenisecii are unintentionally included in these collections. The other species could include Panaeolus subbalteatus Berk. et Broome and/or Panaeolus castaneifolius (Murr.) Ola'h=Panaeolina castaneifolius (Murr.) Smith. According to Tjakko Stijve (1989, pers. comm.), this would explain why some collections of Panaeolina foenisecii have been reported to be positive for psilocybin.” Gartz, Jochen. 1985f. Zum Nachweis der Inhaltsstoffe einer Pilzart der Gattung Panaeolus. Pharmazie vol. 40(6): 431-432. 100 specimens of Panaeolina foenisecii were analyzed. No psychoactive alkaloids were detected. See Allen and Merlin, 1992c for related information concerning the suspected properties allegedly found in analyzed specimens of Panaeolina foenisecii Maire. In German. Stijve, Tjakko., Hischenhuber, C., and D. Ashley. 1984. Occurrence of 5-hydroxylated indole derivatives in Panaeolina foenisecii (Fr.) Kuehner from various origin. Zeitschrift für Mykologie vol. 50(2):361-368. 16 collections of Panaeolina foenisecii from 3 countries are examined by HPL and TLC for tryptamine content. All collections were negative. For further data on alleged psychoactive properties of Panaeolina foenisecii Maire see Allen and Merlin, 1992c. Concerning: Panaeolus ater Panaeolus antillarum Panaeolus goosensiae Panaeolus semiovatus None of these above four species of Panaeolus have ever been found to contain psilocine or psilocybine while they may have other tryptamine compounds in them they do not get anyone high. Panaeolus ater has been mentioned in a few field guides as possibly hallucinogenic due to its relationship to other neurotropic species of Panaeolus. Ott in his book, “Pharmacotheon” listed Panaeolus antillarum as a psilocybian mushroom because of an erroneously report by Stijve of the amount of the alleged chemical content in specimens collected in Thailand and Hawaii by JWA. And that also was not as published by Stijve, but was slightly noted in: Merlin, Mark D. and J. W. Allen (1992a, see above reference to Hawaiian species). Furthermore, Guzmán, Allen et Gartz (2002 [2000]) also reported that, “another species, this time a coprophilous fungus Panaeolus antillarum (Fr.) Dennis [= Psilocybe antillarum (Fr.) Sacc., Panaeolus solidipes (Peck) Sacc., P. phaleanarum (Fr.) Quél., Anellaria sepulchralis (Berk.) Singer] is also excluded. This fungus has often been erroneously reported in news items and medical journals from Australia during the late 1940s to the mid 1970s and had been mis-identified as a Copelandia spp. During that period numerous accidental intoxications occurred due to ingestions of Copelandia species. At the time of those published reports, some Australian mycologists, physcians, and law enforcement officials informed the local media that Panaeolus antillarum, a coprophilous mushroom was the alleged ‘hysteria fungus,’ an epithet used by locals and those who consumed such fungus as a means to describe the maddening effects that caused several dozen accidental inebriations by fungi lovers seeking edible fungi. Those medical case studies and news items noted that those who ate the ‘hysteria fungi’ had consumed the species known as Panaeolus antillarum, a non-active dung fungus. However, it was later determined that the actual fungus involved in those inebriations was actually a species of Copelandia that macroscopically resembled Panaeolus antillarum. Later, Australian members of the drug sub-culture who were biker-surfers along the Gold Coast of Queensland near Brisbane came to refer to Copelandia species as ‘blue meanies’ and were often consume by those people who use the fungi as a drug. This confusion occured because both fungi present white fruit bodies and sometimes grow together in the same cow or buffalo dung heaps as well as the manure of elephants and other four-legged ruminants. However Panaeolus antillarum does not stain blue and is also considered to be an edible fungus widly distributed in the tropics, although it also occurs infrequently in Europe (Bon, 1987; Palacios et Laskibar, 1995 (see Gerhardt), as Panaeolus phalanearum, Gerhardt, 1996).” Panaeolus goosensiae, a species previously only known of from Central Africa collected by Allen in Hawaii was identified and chemically analyzed by Tjakko Stijve and in a private communication to the JWA was found to be void of any alkaloids of psilocine and/or psilocybine (Pers. Comm. to JWA, 1991). This data was published in: Merlin and Allen (1993). Allen. 1993. Species identification and chemical analysis of psychoactive fungi in the Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol. 40:21-40. October-December. Several species of Copelandia and Panaeolus subbalteatus are reported from Hawaii. Chemical analyses of some of the Hawaii species are described. Copelandia bispora, C. cambodgeniensis, Panaeolus goosensieae, and Amanita muscaria are reported for the first time from the Hawaiian archipelago. Allen, J. W. and M. D. Merlin. 1992. Psychoactive fungi use in Koh Samui and Koh Pha-Ngan, Thailand. Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol. 35(3):205-228. A detailed narrative on the ludible use of Psilocybe and Copelandia species among tourists in Thailand. Mushroom omelettes and distribution of species in Southeast Asia is also noted. Panaeolus semiovatus has never been known to be an active psilocybian mushroom and no chemical analysis has been performed to prove that it is. Concerning: Psilocybe atrobrunnea (Lasch.) Gillet. In 1987, Høiland reported the occurrence of psilocybin in a single collection of Psilocybe atrobrunnea. However, this species is not hallucinogenic. Stamets (1996) briefly mentioned that this species might be, “possibly active” as were specimens of Psilocybe semilanceata harvested in Norway by Høiland. Stamets also stated that, “no other studies are known to me” (Stamets, 1996). This also includes Psilocybe coprophila Guzmán and Psilocybe pseudobullacea as not hallucinogenic according to Guzmán (1983) and Guzmán, Allen et Gartz (2002)[2000], who reported that “P. atrobrunnea, P. coprophila, P. pseudobullacea and others were excluded as neurotropic fungi, although they had been previously reported as hallucinogenic in numerous field guides published over the past 3 and a half decades of study. Concerning Psilocybe pseudobullacea: Guzmán, in Guzmán, Allen & Gartz (2002) [2000] reported that: “Psilocybe pseudobullacea (Petch) Pegler is a not recognized as a bluing species (Guzmán, 1983, 1996) and no neurotropic properties have been found. However, Marcano et al. (1994) reported that they have isolated psilocybine and psilocine from Venezuelan specimens. It is probable that the Venezuelan material might possibly belong to an as yet undetermined neurotropic species. Høiland (1978) reported psilocybine in Psilocybe atrobrunnea. It is probable that Høiland’s fungus is close to Psilocybe coprinifacies or Psilocybe maire, since Psilocybe atrobrunnea is not a neurotropic fungus (Guzmán, 1983).” Concerning Psilocybe callosa: “This mushroom is actually Psilocybe strictipes, first brought to light to both the academic and public community by Paul Stamets in “Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World.” Gartz, Stijve, Allen, and others, including the late Gary Menser all believed that Singer and Smith’s identification of Psilocybe strictipes, as a larger version of Psilocybe baeocystis was incorrect. Stamets wrote two great pages on the confusion caused by the misidentification of Psilocybe strictipes over the years and the fact that everyone’s field identification guides also followed the error began by Singer and Smith in Mycologia vol. 50. 1958 (see Stamets, 1996). More than 120 colored photographs and botanical descriptions of entheogenic and toxic mushrooms are presented in Paul Stamets’ Field Guide, with a forward by Andrew Weil. This is the finest and most complete ultimate published identification guide for psilocybian fungi.” Concerning Psilocybe thailandensis Guzman and Allen. This was an unintentional error by Stijve (1992) in his paper on active species of both Copelandia and Panaeolus species. The same error was later carried into Jonathan Ott’s, Pharmacotheon. Stijve, Tjakko and A. A. R. de Meijer. 1993. Macromycetes from the State of Paraná, Brazil. 4. The psychoactive species. Arq. Biol. Technol. vol. 36(2):313-329. Psilocybine fungi are reported for the first time from Brazil in the following species: Psilocybe caeruleoannulata, Psilocybe hoogshagenii var. hoogshagenii, Psilocybe subyungensis, Psilocybe uruguayensis, and Pluteus glaucus. An additional unidentified species of Pluteus was also found to contain psilocybine and psilocine. In this above referenced paper, Stijve and de Meijer (1993) noted the chemical analysis of Psilocybe thailandensis Guzmán and Allen, a non-existing named species that was later renamed Psilocybe samuiensis Guzmán Bandala and Allen. See Reference above about Psilocybe thailandensis and Psilocybe samuiensis below: Guzmán, Gastón., Bandala, V. and John W. Allen. 1993. A new bluing Psilocybe from Thailand. Mycotaxon vol. XLVI:155-160. January-March. The Latin description of Psilocybe samuiensis Guzmán, Bandala and Allen is presented. The error concerning the name Psilocybe thailandensis was then further carried from the article by Stijve (1992) and was later republished in, “Trout’s Notes on Some Simple Tryptamines.” Trout, K., and Friends. 2002. Trout's Notes on Some Simple Tryptamines. Mydriatic Publications. A Better day Publication (no State listed). 272-pages. This fine volume of tryptamine data and references by K. Trout, "A brief Overview & Resource Compendium" contains the most comprehensive collection of information on most plant tryptamines, while devoting a good portion of the study to psilocybian mushroom compounds. 31 - photographs by John W. Allen. A 2nd edition is now available in full color (Trout, 2007). Guzman originally suggested the name Psilocybe thailandensis for a species first discovered on Koh Samui Island by JWA. At the time, Allen had informed Guzmán that since this species had only been observed and harvested for herbarium deposit from Koh Samui Island in the Gulf of Thailand that it should be named Psilocybe samuiensis Guzmán, Bandala and Allen. No paper was ever published naming this species as Psilocybe thailandensis. Later this species was also collected in Ranong Province, Thailand facing Burma and the Andaman Sea and at Angkor Wat in Xiem Riap, Kampuchea and identified by Guzmán (Pers. Comm., 2005). Concerning Gymnopilus lateririus: In Guzmán-Davalos, Laura and Gastón Guzmán. 1995. Toward a Monograph of the Genus Gymnopilus (Agaricales) from Mexico. Mycologia vol. 25(98-100):197-212, they “described this species with greening in the stipe.” Concerning the chemical analysis of the species noted below studied by Jochen Gartz: Gerronema fibula Gerronema warzii Hygrocybe psittacina Inocybe calamistrata Psathyrella candolleana (Gartz, 1986; Stijve et Kuyper, 1988). Trout (2007) wrote inhis book on some simple tryptamines that the following three species Psathyrella candolleana (Fr.) Maire* Gerronema fibula (Bull. ex Fr.) Singer* Gerronema swartzii (Fr. ex Fr.) Kroesel* “were not found to contain psilocine and/or psilocybine in every testing situation; this could be due to different chemo types within a species, variations in environmental conditions affecting chemistry, or improper identification (resulting in either a false positive or a false negative). More information and citations for the research groups who completed chemical testing on the bold-faced numbered species can be found in “Trout’s, Some Simple Tryptamines,” second edition (2007) by Keeper of the Trout & Friends, Mydriatic Productions. Additionally, see below for references to false positives.” “SUMMARY” According to a study by Gartz (1986), psilocybine and derivatives were found in methanolic extracts of two species of the genus Gerronema, and one each in specimens of Psathyrella, Inocybe and Hygrocybe. UIT is the 1st evidence of the occurrence of these alkaloids in Gerronema and Hygrocybe. And a few extracts of Inocybe aeruginascens Babos contained L-tryptophan. The presence of psilocybine/ psilocine derivatives in 3 additional species of the genus Inocybe was also demonstrated.” Later, Allen (Allen and Gartz, 2000), wrote in “Teonanácatl: A Bibliography of Entheogenic Fungi,” co- authored with Jochen Gartz, the following explanation of errors Gartz published in regarding the reference to his work. ”Gartz claimed that he detected tryptamine derivatives in fungi of the genera Gerronema fibula, Gerronema swarzii (=Rickenella spp.), and Inocybe corydalina, Inocybe calamistrata and Inocybe haemacta (In German).” 2 years after the Gartz errors on the alleged detection of these compounds, Tjakko Stijve and his colleague, Th. W. Kuyper (1988) published the following detraction of facts as presented by Gartz (1986). “Stijve, Tjakko and Th. W. Kuyper. 1988. Absence of psilocybin in species of fungi previously reported to contain psilocybin and related tryptamine derivatives. Persoonia vol. 13(4):463-465. Seven taxa of 10 agarics previously reported in the scientific literature by Gartz (1986) as psychoactive are analyzed for psilocybine and other related tryptamine compounds. All seven were found to be negative. The negative specimens reported by Stijve and Kuyper after analyzing species provided to them came from the same herbarium collections that Gartz analyzed included the following: Psathyrella candolleana, Gymnopilus spectabilis, Gymnopilus fulgens, Hygrocybe psittacina var. psittacina, Hygrocybe psittacina var. californica (Hesl. et Smith), Gerronema fibula, Gerronema swartzii, None were psilocybian. Neither is Inocybe calamistrata, although it does have a deep-sea green stipe in some collections, while both Inocybe haemacta and Inocybe corydalina are known psilocybian species.” Concerning: Panaeolus ater and Panaeolus semiovatus. As noted above, these are not neurotropic fungi and some field guides have erroneously described them as poisonous and/or hallucinogenic. Concerning Panaeolus sphinctrinus (all variations considered): In (2002)[2000], Guzmán, Allen & Gartz presented their hypothesis concerning false positives, which Dr. Tjakko Stijve also reported in regards to the misidentification of Panaeolus sphinctrinus. This species was once believed by ethnobotanist Richard Evans Schultes as the primary species of mushrooms known by the priests of the ancient Aztec Empire as “Teonanácatl.” Since Richard Evans Schultes wrote that the epithet was more than likely a speicies of fungi that he later learned was Panaeolus sphinctrinus. That particular species was first collected in Mexico by Schultes and Reko in the early to mid 1930s and locals told him that it was the sacred mushroom he was interested in finding. Actually the specimens collected by Schultes and Reko were later re-examined by Rolf Singer who found a mixed collection of several species. Among there were some Psilocybe cubensis, Psilocybe caerulescens, Psilocybe mexicana, and Panaeolus sphinctrinus. Because of the identification by Schultes of the species as the same one used in Aztec ritual ceremonies, every author interested in this new field of ethnomycology soon came to list it in their writings as the sacred mushroom of the Aztec Empire. However, years later, Schultes learned that it was not an active species. He tried to repair some of the misunderstandings about the fungus he first wrote of as ‘teonanácatl’ and also realized he noted that it was used by the Mazatec Indians of Oaxaca. Later he wrote that no Indian ever used it ritualistically in healing and curing ceremonies. Today, many books still cite Schultes’ identifications and further spread the mis-information to newer readers who then pass it on to others authors and scholars. One author recently had a new paperback edition of an important book and the new publishers had used a painting of Panaeolus sphinctrinus on the cover that read as “Teonanácatl: Sacred Mushrooms of Visions.” It is easy to see how a rumor spreads from one published paper to dozens over the past 60-years. There were several chemical studies on various species of Panaeolus and Panaeolina foenisecii that claimed that the studied species were active. Later analysis revealed that most of those above noted species turned out to contain no active alkaloids. Thus many species are now known to be the result of false positives. One may follow the chronology of the literature of this species to show how this error spread over the years. The following short essay about Panaeolus sphinctrinus provides the reader why it is not a psilocybian mushroom, regardless that a few published papers claimed to have found the presence of psilocybine/psilocine in three separate chemical analytical studies that many years later had apparently turned out to be false positives. At the same time, dozens of published citations in field guides also listed this species or described it as possibly hallucinogenic/toxic, and many of these very same field guides written by scholarly mycologists also carried the error into reprinted editions of their earlier published guides and even more new field guides further spread the urban legend. Furthermore, many books later written and published in regards to the discoveries by R. Gordon Wasson and his colleagues regarding indigenous tribal groups residing in the montane regions of the high Sierra Mazateca in the Mexican State of Oaxaca wrote that the species was most likely used ceremoniously by the priests and followers of the mighty Olmecs, Toltecs, and Aztecs, and most probably the Mayans. Such notations of this species appeared in the early works of Richard Evans Schultes and Blas Pablo Reko in the mid to late 1930s. Schultes published two important papers on the sacred mushrooms of the Aztecs, providing transcribed descriptions of the species and brought to the attention of the public, the term, “teonanácatl.” This word soon came to imply any mushroom used ceremoniously before, during and after the conquest of Nueva España in the 1500s a. d. In 1958, Singer and Smith (1958) wrote a two-part monograph on the genus Psilocybe. Rolf Singer and Alexander H. Smith, in their two – part paper appearing in issue number 50 of Mycologia, presented a review on the use of the mushrooms and from then on, most books on ethnobotanical and/or neurotropic plants and mushrooms, noted that this species was also included in books on shamanism and/or ritual use of entheogenic plant substances, and the authors would always cite the Wasson’s papers on his mushroom discoveries in Mexico between 1953-1959 and those authors usually mentioned that Panaeolus sphinctrinus was a psilocybian species used by the Mazatec. Interestingly, no indigenous tribal-groups in Mexico and those along the border into the West Coast of Guatemala have ever heard the epithet, “teonanácatl.” And not a single indigenous Indian knows this word. For centuries, the Mazatec Indians had no written language and they spoke Nahuatl, the language of their ancestors, the Olmecs, the Toltecs and the Aztecs. Although they were unlettered, they were not illiterate. Many sabios, sabias, brujos, curanderos, curanderas, shamans (male/female), sorcerers, etc., always passed on down to their next generation, the secrets they carried since the conquest began. From Mushroom Pioneers: Many scholarly works on the ethnomycological study of the sacred mushrooms, including the updated edition of Richard Evans Schultes and Albert Hofmann’s masterpiece on entheogenic plants, “Plants of the Gods” retained an error when Christian Rätsch became the new co-editor and co-author of “Plants of the Gods.” Earlier, prior to both Dick Schultes and Albert Hofmann’s recent deaths, Dick Schultes discussed this matter with me and agreed that the Mazatecs did not use Panaeolus sphinctrinus (syn. =Panaeolus papilionaceus), as a divinatory sacrament, admitting that the original identification he was provided with had been reported to him by locals who really did not know their mushrooms. And that in his eagerness to study these special mushrooms he listened to what he was told and then shared that knowledge with the academic community. The presentation of their section on Panaeolus sphinctrinus as the “teonanácatl” mushroom of the Aztecs is incorrect. The following short essay will show how this error has spread across the years and then relate how the scholars now say it is not as originally presented in both the first edition of the book and its recent reprint where Christian Rätsch retained the note written by Dick Schultes in the original printings of “Plants of the Gods,” that Panaeolus sphinctrinus was used by Mazatec healers, when in fact it took almost 40-years to learn the truth that that species was not an active mushroom (Allen, 2001). Rolf Singer and the Misidentification of Teonanácatl. “Both Schultes’ and Schultes & Reko's original 1938 collections of Oaxacan fungi were forwarded from Mexico to the Farlow Herbarium at Harvard University. They represented two different collections. These collections were accidentally placed on a single herbarium sheet and were later separated in 1941 by mycologist Rolf Singer at the University of Chicago and the Field Museum of Natural History. In 1958, mycologists Rolf Singer and Alexander H. Smith conducted follow up research on the previous studies by Schultes and Reko. Singer, in Singer and Smith (1958b), described the labels for both collections of Schultes and Reko's fungi collections but was confused by Schultes’ written description of a species that Singer believed was Panaeolus sphinctrinus. Interestingly enough, Schultes’ macroscopic description of this species actually fit the description of Psilocybe mexicana Heim. The first label on this herbarium sheet read as follows: "Springy meadows in rainy season. Huautla, July 27, 1938. Stem: 1-2 mm. diam: 10 cm. High; hemispherical but often cuspidate; gills dark brown-black, whole plant coffee brown, black when dry. Mexican name is she-to, tso-ska. Said to be poisonous in overdose of 50-60 mushrooms, but in moderate quantity it produces hilarity and general narcotic feeling of well- being for an hour. Excess doses said to produce permanent insanity." It appears that Schultes may have collected two different species of mushrooms in the springy meadows. One variety being Panaeolus campanulatus var. sphinctrinus and the other being Psilocybe mexicana. Singer in Singer and Smith (1958), had noted that "Springy meadows was the known habitat for Psilocybe mexicana and cuspidate is a characteristic feature of the genus Psilocybe, as are the brown gills which were mentioned and the coffee brown color of the mushroom." However, the black gills as reported by Schultes would definitely fit the description of a Panaeolus species. Schultes had not reported that his collection occurred in manure or from the ground. If they were coprophilous Schultes would have mentioned it. Furthermore, she-to and to-ska are epithets used by the Mazatec and Chinantec to describe Psilocybe mexicana (see Allen, 1997b and Allen, 1997d). The author also found the epithets to- shka and shi-to being used to identify a species of Panaeolus. A 2nd collection deposited in a herbarium by Schultes and Reko was later misidentified by Rolf Singer as Stropharia caerulescens =[syn. Psilocybe caerulescens Murr]. I note that Singer may have confused Stropharia cyanescens Murr. =(syn. Psilocybe cubensis. The paper on this second sheet read as follows: "Plantae Utiles Mexicana, Oaxaca. Common Name (Mexican) nanacate. Tribe: Mazatec. Indian name: kee-sho. Habitat: freshets during the rainy season. Locality: Huautla. Uses: from four to eight are eaten to produce a temporary narcotic state of hilarity. Said to be poisonous if taken in excess, causing permanent insanity" (Singer & Smith 1958b). Singer mistakenly noted these mushrooms to be Stropharia caerulescens were synonymous with the description and habitat of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Sing.]. Later Singer realized that he had misidentified this species when he learned that the word kee- sho referred to the Mazatec Indian landslide mushroom later identified as Psilocybe caerulescens var. mazatecorum. Ott (1993), in a personal communication to JWA, believed these mushrooms to be Psilocybe caerulescens Murr., a mushroom known to occur in sugar cane mulch and at roadside landslides, yet the habitat for this collection was listed as freshets, which as one may surmise, are the dung of cattle. Thus it appears that this second collection was probably Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer. Interestingly, in 1923, Psilocybe caerulescens Murrill was originally discovered and identified in Huntsville, Alabama, yet it has never been reported from Alabama since. However, this species was later reported from Florida by Singer and Smith (1958) and Jacobs (1975). However, Jacobs also had errors in a paper he wrote on the active fungi of Mississippi (See References). Schultes' notes on specimens stored on a single sheet in the herbarium caused Singer (1958) to be confused. As noted earlier, Schultes had identified one of his collections’ errors regarding his identification of Panaeolus campanulatus var. sphinctrinus as a possible hallucinogenic divinatory fungus. However, Singer then wrote, "The genus of Panaeolus was not used by the Mazatec Indians of the Huautla region either for magico-religious ceremonies or as a sacrament in shamanic healings." Additionally, Singer and Smith (1958) wrote, "we must insist, that the phenomena which belonged in the class of cerebral mycetismus in the terminology of Ford (1923), and not fully identified (Panaeolus campanulatus var. sphinctrinus) (Schultes 1939, 1940), as being comparable with the hallucinatory-euphoric and lasting effects which have been described in literature as belonging to and coming from certain mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe. Aside from that we feel for certain that the species known as Panaeolus campanulatus var. sphinctrinus is not now and never has been used as a drug catalyst for divinatory purposes or religious ceremonies by present day Indians in Mesoamerica", nor was it used as a sacrament by their pre-Colombian ancestors. Schultes (1978) later wrote that "Wasson and Heim, and Singer and Guzmán [all] failed to find Panaeolus campanulatus var. sphinctrinus in use and, as a result, have assumed that it should not be included in the list of hallucinogenically used Mexican mushrooms." The late French mycologist Roger Heim (1963), also asserted that "the Indians do not take Panaeolus campanulatus var. sphinctrinus in their rituals", and Singer (1958) after one short field trip categorically stated that "Panaeolus campanulatus var. sphinctrinus is not used and perhaps, had been mistaken for Psilocybe mexicana Heim." The noted Mexican authority on the sacred mushrooms of Mexico, Gastón Guzmán (1977), called Panaeolus campanulatus var. sphinctrinus as a "false teonanácatl" and P. Antoine (1970), claimed that this belief has spread and still exists. However, eight years later, Singer (1978b) still believed that no species of Panaeolus belonged to the group of Mexican hallucinogenic mushrooms that were known as teonanácatl. In 1979, Schultes wrote, "certain shamans and curanderas of the Mazatec and Chinantec Indians do employ the mushroom known as Panaeolus campanulatus var. sphinctrinus in curative and divinatory ceremonies. These Panaeolus species are known to the Indians as t-ha-na-sa, shi-to and to-shka. They are bell-shaped or ovoid-campanulate shaped in the cap and appear to be yellowish-brown in color.” Yet Schultes later informed me that they were probably not used by any Indians in Mesoamerica and were misidentified by him, Singer and others. An interesting note is that one of the early Spanish codices provided documentation that a yellow mushroom was also described as being called teonanácatl. The author also found these latter two epithets used by the Mazatec in describing Psilocybe mexicana. Specimens of Panaeolus sphinctrinus collected in Mexico by French Canadian mycologist Gyorgy Miklos-Ola'h (1969) were found to contain psilocine and Ola'h classified this species as ‘latent’ psilocybian. However, as late as 1983, Guzmán still maintained that "in Mexico, no Panaeolus species is used as a sacred or divine mushroom among the Indians of Oaxaca, and that includes the Mazatec, Chatina, Zapotec, and Mijes, and of the Indians in the state of Mexico, in spite of the fact that the species of Panaeolus are very common." Guzmán still maintains that the Mazatec Indians say that Panaeolus species are not good to eat "son malos" (they are dangerous or poisonous). Panaeolus species were collected independently as one of the sacred hallucinogenic mushrooms by two groups of investigators, Weitlaner’s group and by Schultes and Reko. Previous chemical analyses of these collections revealed that some species of Panaeolus and even Panaeolus campanulatus var. sphinctrinus were falsely identified as containing the indoles psilocybin and psilocin (Ola'h 1970; Ott 1976; Tyler & Groger 1964). However, one should consider that in a single collection of a particular species, there may be more than two species collected---for example, one species might macroscopically resemble another as in the case of Panaeolina foenisecii, as opposed to Panaeolus subbalteatus. Both species at times macroscopically resemble one another.” Those who seek such look-a-like species often still throw them into their collection baskets and bags as active species. In Thailand, Australia, Florida to Texas and the Pacific Northwest, many pickers of magic mushrooms also collect both Panaeolus papilionaceus and throw them in with liberty caps in the PNW and with Copelandia species world wide. Yes they macroscopically resemble what foragers are seeking but luckily no one has poisoned another and still they eat them with the good active species together, manure and all. Psilocybe allenii Borovička, Rockefeller et Werner. sp. nov. Ballard, Northwest Seattle, Wa. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank Dr. Gastón Guzmán of the Instituto de Ecologia, Xalapa, Veracruz, México, Alan Rockefeller of San Francisco, California and Dr. Stanley Krippner of the Saybrook Inststute in San Francisco for their time, support, consideration and approval in reviewing this list prior to publication. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) image of Psilocybe allenii Borovička, Rockefeller et Werner., sp. nov. Photo: Prakitsin Sihanonth. REFERENCES Allen, J. W. 1997b. Maria Sabina: Saint Mother of the Sacred Mushrooms. Ethnomycological Journals: Sacred Mushroom Studies vol. I:1-28. Psilly Publications and Raver Books. Seattle. Allen, J. W. 1997d. 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A., Smith, M. T., and A. Eicker. 1995. Psilocybe natalensis sp. nov.-the first indigenous bluing member of the Agaricales of South Africa. Integration: the Journal for Mind Moving Plants and Kultur vol. 6:29-32. Gerhardt, E. 1996. Taxonomische Revision der Gattungen Panaeolus und Panaeolina (Fungi, Agaricales, Coprinaceae). Bibl. Bot. vol. 47. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. Stuttgart. Gnirss, F. 1959. Untersuchungen mit Psilocybin, einem Phantastikum aus dem Mexikanischen Rauschpilz Psilocybe mexicana. Schweizer Archiv Neurologie und Psychiatrie vol. 84:346-348. Guzmán, G. 1977a. Distribution of the Mexican fungi with discussions on the relationships with the South American mycoflora. In: IMC2-2nd International Congress Abstracts vol. A-L:253. Saturday, August 27-September 3, 1977. University of South Florida at Tampa. Guzmán, G. 1983a. The Genus Psilocybe: a systematic Revision of the Known Species Including the History, Distribution and Chemistry of the Hallucinogenic Species. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia vol. 74. J. Cramer. Vaduz. Germany. Guzmán, G. 1995a. Supplement to the monograph of the genus Psilocybe. In: O. Petrini & E. Horak's "Taxonomic Monographs of Agaricales. Bibliotheca Mycologica vol. 159:91-141. Berlin-Stuttgart. Cramer. Guzmán, G. 1998a. Las Especies de Psilocybe (Fungi) Basidiomycotina, Agaricales) Conocidas en Jalisco (México) y Descripcíon de dos Nuevum para la Ciencia. Acta. Bott. Mex vol. 43:23-32. Guzmán, G. 1999b. New combinations in Hypholoma and information on the distribution and properties of the species. Doc. Mycol. vol 29(114). Guzmán, G. 2000. New species and new records of Psilocybe from Spain, the U.S.A. and Mexico, and a new case of poisoning by Psilocybe Barrerae. Documentos Mycologiques - Tome XXIX- Fascicule n:41-52. Mars. Guzmán, G. 2004. Revision of the genus Psilocybe 1. Section Neocaledonicae, a new section in Psilocybe. Revista Mexicana de Micología vol. 18:27-29. Guzmán, G. 2005. Species Diversity in Genus Psilocybe (Basidiomycotina, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) in the World Mycobiota, with Special Attention to Hallucinogenic Properties. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms vol. 7(1-2):305-331. Guzmán, Gastón. 2008. Diversity and Use of Traditional Mexican Medicinal Fungi. A Review. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms vol. 10(3):209-217. In this review, more than 70 species of medicinal mushrooms from Mexico, which can help treat over 40 illnesses or health problems, are discussed. Many medicinal mushrooms are also edible and are currently sold in the market place. Amanita muscaria is the only toxic mushroom used in traditional medicine, as well as some hallucinogenic species of the genus Psilocybe. Psilocybe species under discussion include: Psilocybe angustiplerurocystidiata, Psilocybe barrerae, Psilocybe hoogshagenii, Psilocybe muliercula and Psilocybe sanctorum. Guzmán, G. and M. L. Castro. 2003. Observations on some known species of Psilocybe (Basidiomycotina, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) from Spain and description of a new species. Bol. Soc. Micol. Madrid vol. 27:181-187. Guzmán, G. and V. G. Cortez. 2004. The Neurotropic Psilocybe (Fr.) Kumm. (Agaricales, Strophariaceae) in Brazil: A Revision of the Known Species, The first record of P. wrightii, and the synonymy of Psilocybe caeruleoannualata. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms vol. 6:383-388. Guzmán, G. and V. G. Cortez. 2005. A new species of Psilocybe (Agaricales, Strophariaceae) from Brazil. Mycotaxon vol. 93:95-98. Guzmán, G. and J. M. Trappe. 2005. The hallucinogenic and Non-Hallucinogenic Species of the Genus Psilocybe Fayod (Basidiomycotina) in Washington State, USA: New Records and a New Species. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms vol. 7:583-589. Guzmán, G., Allen, J. W. and J. Gartz. 2000. A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, analysis and discussion. Anali dei Civ. Mus. Rovereto vol. 14:189-270. Guzmán, G., Hanlin, R. T. and C. White. 2001. Another bluing species of Psilocybe from Georgia, U. S. A. Mycotaxon vol. XLLLVI:179-183. Guzmán, G., Franco-Molano, A. E. and F. Ramirez-Guillén. 2007. New section and new species of a bluing Psilocybe (Fungi, Basidiomycotina, Agaricales) from Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas Y Naturales vol. 31(121):469-472. Psilocybe bispora is described as a new caerulescent species from antioquia, Colombia. Psilocybe bispora belongs to a new section of the genus Bisporae, herein described. Both the species and the section belong to the hallucinogenic mushrooms of the genus because of the bluing feature of the basidioma. Guzmán, G., Montoya-Bello, L., and V. M. Bandala-Muñoz. 1988. Nuevos Registros de los Hongos Alucinógenos del género Psilocybe en Mexico y Análisis de la distribución de las especies Conocidas. Revista Mexicana de Micología. vol. 4:255-265. Guzmán, G., Ramírez-Guillén, F & M. Contu, 2002. The Genus Psilocybe in Sardinia (Italy). Micol. e Veget. Medit. Vol. 17(1)43-61. Guzmán, G., Ramirez-Guillén, F. and Y. P. Munguia. 2003. Introdución a la micobiota del estado de Veracruz (Mexico). Bol. Soc. Micol. Madrid vol. 27:223-229. Guzmán, G., Ramírez-Guillén, F. and M. Torres. 2004. The hallucinogenic species of Psilocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm. (Agaricomycetideae) in Colombia, their Indian use, new records, and new species. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms vol. 6:83-93. Guzmán, G., Escolona, F., Ramirez-Guillén, F. and J. Q. Jacobs. 2004. New Hallucinogenic Mushrooms in Mexico Belonging to the Genus Psilocybe (Basidiomycotina, Agaricales, Strophariaceae). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms vol. 6:275-286. Guzmán, G., Walstad, L., Gándara, E. and F. Ramírez-Guillén. 2007. A new bluing Psilocybe, section Stuntzii, from New Mexico, U.S.A. Mycotaxon vol. 99(1):223-226. January-March. Psilocybe mescaleroensis is described as a new species from Sierra Mescalero, in New Mexico, U.S.A. It is a bluing mushroom, belonging to section Stuntzii, where all species seem to have hallucinogenic properties. This is the first record of a bluing caerulescent Psilocybe from New Mexico. Guzmán, G., Jacobs, J. Q., Ramírez-Guillén, F., Murriata, D. and E. Gándara. 2005. The Taxonomy of Psilocybe fagicola-complex. The Microbiological Society of Korea vol. 43(2):158-165. Guzmán, G., Saldariaga, Y., Pineda, F., Garcia, G. and L-F. Veláquez. 1994. New Species of Psilocybe from Colombia and Discussion on the Known Species. Mycotaxon vol. LI:225-235. Guzmán, G., Tapia, F., Ramírez-Guillén, F., Baroni, T. J., Lodge, D. J., Cantrell, S. A. and A. M. Nieves-Rivera. 2003. New species of Psilocybe in the Caribbean, with an emendation of P. guilartensis. Mycologia vol. 95(6):1171-1180. Guzmán-Davalos, L. and G. Guzmán. 1995. Toward a Monograph of the Genus Gymnopilus (Agaricales) from Mexico. Mycologia vol. 25(98-100):197-212 Guzmán, G., Guzmán-Davalos, L., Ramírez-Guillén., F. and M. del R. Sánchez-Jícome. 2008. A new bluing Psilocybe (Basidiomycota, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) --the first record of section stuntzii for Mexico. Mycotaxon vol. 103(1):27-31. January-March. Psilocybe meridionalis is described as a new species from an oak-pine subtropical forest in the western mountains of the Mexican State of Jalisco. Its noticeable bluing features, persistent annulus and subhombroid basidiospores placed this species in section Stuntzii of the genus Psilocybe. This is the 1st record of a member of the stirps Stuntzii from Mexico. Bluing indicates its neurotropic activity. Hall, M. 1973. 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Weeks, R. A., Singer, R., and W. L. Hearns. 1979. A new species of Copelandia. Journal of Natural Products (Lloydia) vol. 42(5):469-474. October. A Final Note Concerning Other PNW Unidentified Species of Bluing Psilocybes In the past 15-years, 2 other species of Psilocybe have not yet been examined or taxonomically studied and named. One species was misidentified in a photograph by Jeremy Bigwood who listed it as Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa. When the author posted a photograph of the Bigwood image with that of his [JWA] identification of it as Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa along with a similar photograph from David Arora’s first edition of Mushrooms Demystified in which Arora mislabeled the species as Psilocybe cyanescens. San Francisco mycologist Alan Rockefeller brought to my attention that the species in David Arora’s field guide was actually a species known by local mushroom enthusiasts in the Bay area of San Francisco who gave it the local epithet of Psilocybe cyanofriscosa/Psilocybe friscana, now known as Psilocybe allenii Borovička, Rockefeller and Werner. JWA based his original identification of the Arora photograph as Psilocybe allenii based on Alan Rockefeller’s personal communication to me about the species. But this species might possibly be a species previously known from Indonesia as Psilocybe subaeruginascens. Alan Rockefeller had previously believed that the Bigwood photograph was Psilocybe allenii (Syn.=Psilocybe cyanofriscosa). However, there are many macroscopically different characteristics of this species that separate it from both Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa and Psilocybe allenii. But this is a very strong psychoactive Psilocybe and its stipe is solid as that of Psilocybe cyanescens, but has a thick cap and stipe, and is hardly hollow and does not become wavy like Psilocybe cyanescens which some friends claimed it was. A 2nd species, growing around a mulched Maple Tree in the University/Ravenna District of Seattle, Wa., also superficially resembles Psilocybe cyanescens, however, the difference again is in the thick leathery caps that almost want to become wavy but do not do so. The stipes are very thick like in the Bigwood photograph. It is believed that this species might be Psilocybe subaeruginascens, an active species known to occur in parts of Indonesia and/or a related species found in some southern regions of Japan. These are basically just a couple of more unidentified species that sometimes appear in parts of the Seattle area every two to three years. Other friends have also collected them as I had with members of some of the more popular mushroom forums on the Internet. Some of those who found the species along with this author also thought they were Psilocybe cyanescens. But as seen in the photos posted on the next few pages, 2 new unidentified bluing Psilocybes are different than that of Psilocybe cyanescens. Unidentified Psilocybe species from the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. Possibly Psilocybe subaeruginascens. Photo: Jeremy Bigwood & Michael Beug. Unidentified Psilocybe species from the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. Seattle, University Village. Unidentified Psilocybe species. University of Washington campus. Unidentified Psilocybe from Ballard District, Seattle, Washington. An Unidentified Psilocybe species from University Village, Seattle, Washington. Presenting here for the first time, a second new unidentified bluing Psilocybe species from the Pacific Northwest of America. This species was first observed by the author in 1985 on Capitol Hill in Seattle Washington in a mixed mulched area with alder and other hardwoods off Broadway at a Nursing Home. The first time this was observed the species was in a large gigantic cluster and had over 122 mushrooms in that one cluster. It seems to want to become wavy but the caps as noted above are very leathery like in their physiological structure and the stipe as noted above is very thick, no hollowness in the stipe that is usually common with other species of Psilocybe mushrooms. The images below were taken about 7-years ago growing around a single maple tree where eventually two trees apart and all mulch that run on a street Island that for about 30 blocks from the University District’s Ravenna Park to Green Lake in Seattle. Out of blocks of double trees bordering the east to west center of Ravenna Blvd. all the way west to Green Lake, many of the mulched trees along the lane separator for years were known to have Psilocybe cyanescens in the mulch beds circling the trees all the way to Green Lake. When the author first saw the mushrooms, it was thought that they were a mutated form of Psilocybe cyanescens. However, on approaching their parameter around the tree and having a closer look-see, the macroscopic characteristics of this interesting mushroom became apparent and showed that it was not Psilocybe cyanescens. Below are several images of this new as yet unidentified species of fungi. An unidentified new bluing Psilocybe near Ravenna Park, Seattle, Wa. ETHNOMYCOLOGICAL JOURNALS: SACRED MUSHROOM STUDIES VOLUME IX IX 18

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A Chemical Referral and Reference Guide to the Known Species of Psilocin and/or Psilocybin-containing Mushrooms and their Published Analysis and Bluing Reactions: An Updated and Revised

A Chemical Referral and Reference Guide to the Known Species of Psilocin and/or Psilocybin-containing Mushrooms and their Published Analysis and Bluing Reactions: An Updated and Revised

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