Research & Reviews: Journal of Botany
ISSN: 2278-2222(online)
Volume 5, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Distribution and Taxonomy of Ferula L.: A Review
Ubaid Yaqoob*, Irshad Ahmad Nawchoo
Plant Reproductive Biology, Genetic Diversity and Phytochemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Abstract
The genus Ferula L. (Apiaceae) from Latin ferula, "rod" comprises of 180–185 species of
flowering plants distributed in central and south-west Asia, far east, north India and the
Mediterranean basin. The species of genus Ferula mostly grows in mountainous regions and
some are distributed in arid climates. Various species of Ferula have been reported from
USSR, Pakistan, India and western Himalayas. Some species of the genus are commonly used
as spices. Some of species of genus Ferula are used in the preparation of local drugs. These
plants are also known to be a rich source of gum-resin used in folklore medicine. The genus
Ferula is mostly characterized by the presence of sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene
coumarins. The genus Ferula has long been regarded as a monophyletic genus because its
members are similar in habit and morphology but recent molecular studies stated that there is
a controversy on both upper and lower level classification of the genus Ferula. The molecular
studies concluded that Ferula group including Dorema, Leutea and Ferula is in the tribe
Scandiceae, based on ITS sequence analysis. It was found that Dorema and Leutea arise from
within a paraphyletic Ferula and suggested nomenclatural changes. This review mainly
focuses on the distribution and taxonomy of the medicinally economic important genus
Ferula.
Keywords: Apiaceae, compounds, distribution, Ferula, taxonomy
*Author for Correspondence E-mail: ubaidyaqoob@yahoo.in
INTRODUCTION
The genus Ferula L. belongs to family
Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). Several species of
Ferula are commonly used as spices and in the
preparation of local drugs. These plants are
known to be a rich source of gum-resin [1]
used in folklore medicine [2]. It is considered
to be an anthelmintic, antiseptic, antispasmodic
digestive, analgesic, carminative, diuretic,
expectorant, laxative, and a sedative in its
properties. The genus Ferula is also well
known for pharmacology and toxicity. Daucane
esters from Ferula arrigonii and F. communis
showed calcium ionophoretic and apoptotic
effects in the human jurkat T-cell line [3] and
antiproliferative activity on human colon cancer
lines [4].
The genus Ferula is mostly characterized by
the
presence
of
sesquiterpenes
and
sesquiterpene coumarins [5, 6]. From studies
on about 80 species, it has been found that
carotanes, guaianes germacranes, humulanes
and himachalanes are the main sesquiterpene
constituents of this genus [5, 7–12]. The plants
of this genus are a good source of biologically
active compounds such as derivatives and
sulfur containing compounds [13].
Ferula assa-foetida (used as anticonvulsant,
aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, antispasmodic,
carminative, diuretic, tonic, and laxative, etc.),
F. badrakema and F. gummosa (both used as
anticonvulsant, anti-hysteric, decongestant,
tonic, treatment of neurological disorders, and
stomachache), F. persica (used as antihysteric,
carminative, diabetes, treatment of lumbago,
laxative, rheumatism, and backache) and F.
jaeschkeana (for tumors, chronic wounds,
ulcers chest and joint pain) are commonly used
as natural remedies [14]. Recent studies show
some new biological activities of the plants of
this genus. These include anti-microbial, antifungal, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory,
anticonvulsant, antioxidant, anti-mycobacterial,
anti-spasmodic, and hypotensive activities [13].
RRJoB (2016) 15-23 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
Page 15
Distribution and Taxonomy of Ferula L.
DISTRIBUTION
The family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) is mostly
temperate herbs comprising about 455 genera
and 3600–3751 species [15]. The family
Apiaceae has been divided into three
subfamilies
namely:
Hydrocotyloideae,
Saniculoideae
and
Apioideae.
The
Hydrocotyloideae (taken as a family by
Hylander has reached its maximum
differentiation and distribution in the southern
hemisphere and has some 320 species [16].
Out of 30 genera, five have species distributed
in the northern hemisphere which are all
weedy or aquatic. The other two subfamilies,
Saniculoideae (250 species) and Apioideae
(1950 species) are bipolar in distribution but
reach their maximum development in the
northern hemisphere [17]. The largest genera
of the Umbelliferae in Asia are Ferula L.,
Bupleurum L., Pimpinella L., Heracleum L.,
Seseli L., Angelica L., Bunium L., Prangos
Lindl., Ferulago W.D.J. Koch, Hymenidium
Lindl., Hydrocotyle L., Chaerophyllum L.,
Eryngium
L.,
Pternopetalum
Franch.,
Acronema Falc. Ex Edgew. And Semenovia
Regel & Herder. In China, the family
Apiaceae is represented by 677 species in 108
genera [18]. Similarly in Turkey, the family
Apiaceae is represented by 450 species in 109
genera, in Iran, 350 species in 111 genera, in
Georgia, 185 species in 77 genera, in Syria,
173 species in 68 genera, in Azerbaijan, 169
species in 73 genera, in Iraq, 148 species in 62
genera, in Armenia, 138 species in 70 genera,
in Lebanon, 120 species in 56 genera, in Israel,
90 species in 44 genera, in Jordan, 79 species
in 46 genera, in Cyprus, 73 species in 37
genera [18]. In India, the family Apiaceae is
represented by 43 genera and 180 species [19].
In Kashmir Himalaya, the family Apiaceae is
represented by 20 genera and 62 species. Out
of these, 52 are alpine/subalpine species [20].
Ferula L. is the third largest genus of family
Apiaceae [21] and comprises of 180–185
species [18]. The species of the genus Ferula
are distributed mainly in central and southwest Asia. However, the species of the genus
are also distributed in far-east, north India and
in the Mediterranean basin [22]. HamzelooMoghadam et al. also reported that the genus
Ferula has a wide distribution throughout the
Mediterranean and middle east area, the
species of the genus mostly grows in
Yaqoob and Nawchoo
mountainous regions and some are distributed
in desert areas [23]. In Iran there are more than
30 Ferula species, of which about half are
native and/or endemic [24].
Various species of Ferula have been already
reported. From erstwhile USSR, 94 species of
the genus have been reported by Korovin et al.
(Table 1) [25]. From Pakistan, 15 species of
the genus have been reported (Table 2) [26].
Hooker reported three species of Ferula from
India (Table 3) [27]. From western Himalayas,
19 species of Ferula have been reported
(Table 4) [28]. Pesmen reported 18 species of
the genus Ferula in Turkey, of which one was
incompletely known and nine were endemic
(Ferula amanicola Hub.-Mor. Et Pesmen, F.
anatolica (Boiss.) Boiss., F. Drudeana
Korovin, F. Halophila Pesmen, F. hubermorathii Pesmen, F. Longipedunculata
Pesmen, F. Lycia Boiss., F. Parva Freyn et
Bornm., F. tenuissima Hub.-Mor. et Pesmen)
[29]. Four new species have been added to the
flora of Turkey [30–33]. From China, 25
species of the genus have been reported and
seven of them are endemic (Table 5) [34].
From Iran, 32 species of the genus have been
reported (Table 6) [35]. From Saudi Arabia,
four species of the genus have been reported
(Table 7) [36].
Table 1: Different Species of Ferula from
USSR.
S. No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
RRJoB (2016) 15-23 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
Name of the Species
F. assa-foetida L.
F. kuhistanica Korov.
F. iliensis Krans.
F. plurivittata Korov.
F. kelifi Korov.
F. primaeva Korov.
F. diversivittata Rgl. Et Schmalh.
F. inflate Korov.
F. latifolia Korov.
F. kokanica Rgl. et Schmalh.
F. gigantean B. Fedtsch
F. foetidissima Rgl. et Schmalh.
F. conocaula Korov.
F. jaeschkeana Vatke.
F. litwinowiana K.–Pol.
F. lehmannii Boiss.
F. persica Willd.
F. tersakensis Korov.
F. badrakema K.–Pol.
Page 16
Research & Reviews: Journal of Botany
Volume 5, Issue 3
ISSN: 2278-2222(online)
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
F. gumosa Boiss.
F. syreitschikovii K.–Pol.
F. karakalensis Korov.
F. mogoltavica Lipsky.
F. szovitsiana DC.
F. grigorjevii B. Fedtsch.
F. glaberrima Korov.
F. prangifolia Korov.
F. fedschenkoanaK.–Pol.
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
F. subtilis Korov.
F. mollis Korov.
F. latiloba Korov.
F. akitschkensis B. Fedtsch.
F. transitoria Korov.
F. karataviensis (Rgl. et Schmalh.) Korov.
F. vicaria Korov.
F. leiophylla(K.–Pol.) Korov.
F. foliosa Lipsky.
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
F. eremophila Korov.
F. pachyphylla Korov.
F. rigidula DC.
F. linczevskii Korov.
F. pallid Korov.
F. angreni Korov.
F. kopetdagensis Korov.
F. dissecta Ldb.
F. tenuisecta Korov.
F. stylosa Korov.
F. caucasica Korov.
F. orientalis L.
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
F. nevskii Korov.
F. tuberifera Korov.
F. samarcandica Korov.
F. potaninii Korov.
F. minkwitzae Korov.
F. xeromorpha Korov.
F. ligulata Korov.
F. dshizakensis Korov.
F. microcarpa Korov.
F. ovina Boiss.
F. ferganensis Lipsky.
F. rubroarenosa Korov.
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
49
50
51
52
53
F. karatavica Rgl. et Schmalh.
F. gypsacea Korov.
F. ugamica Korov.
F. lypskyi Korov.
F. equisetacea K.–Pol.
F. koso-poljanskyi Korov.
F. badhysi Korov.
F. oopoda (Boiss. Et Buhse) Boiss.
F. korshinskyi Korov.
F. clematidifolia K.–Pol.
F. penninervis Rgl. et Schmalh.
F. involucrate Korov.
90
91
92
93
94
F. lapidosa Korov.
F. schtschurowskiana Rgl. et Schmalh.
F. ferulaeoides (Steud.) Korov.
F. dshaudshamyr Korov.
F. caspica M. B.
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
F. leucographa Korov.
F. songorica Pall.
F. tatarica Fisch.
F. aitchisonii K.–Pol.
F. kaschkarovii Korov.
F. schair Borszcz.
F. nuda Spreng.
F. karategina Lipsky.
F. ceratophylla Rgl. et Schmalh.
F. tschimganica Lipsky.
64
F. pseudooreoselinum (Rgl. et Schmalh.)
K.–Pol.
65
F. moschata (Reinsch) K.–Pol.
66
F. teterrima Kar. Et Kir.
67
F. krylovii Korov.
68
F. canescens Ldb.
69
F. microloba Boiss.
Table 2: Different Species of Ferula from
Pakistan.
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Name of the Species
Ferula assa-foetida L.
Ferula baluchistanica
Ferula communis L.
Ferula costata
Ferula hindukushensis
Ferula jaeschkeanaVatke
Ferula kokanica Rgl. et Schmalh.
Ferula lehmannii Boiss.
Ferula microloba Boiss.
Ferula narthex (Falc.) Drude
F.oopoda (Boiss. Et Buhse) Boiss.
Ferula ovina Boiss.
Ferula reppiae
Ferula rubicaulis
Ferula stewartiana
Table 3: Different Species of Ferula from
India.
S. No.
1
2
3
RRJoB (2016) 15-23 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
Name of the Species
Ferula narthex (Falc.) Drude
Ferula thomsoni
Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke
Page 17
Distribution and Taxonomy of Ferula L.
Table 4: Different Species of Ferula from
Western Himalayas.
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Name of the Species
Ferula baluchistanica
Ferula collina
Ferula costata
Ferula foetida
Ferula heufellii
Ferula hindukushensis
Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke
Ferula karelini
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
F.kokanica Rgl. et Schmalh.
Ferula lehmanni
Ferula leucocarpum
Ferula macrocolea
Ferula microlobaBoiss.
Ferula narthex (Falc.) Drude
F.oopoda (Boiss. Et Buhse) Boiss.
Ferula ovina Boiss.
Ferula propinqua
Ferula reppiae
Ferula stewartiana
Table 5: Different Species of Ferula from
China.
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Name of the Species
Ferula feruloides
Ferula caspica
Ferula dubjanskyi
Ferula lehmannii
Ferula conocaula
Ferula jaeschkeana
Ferula canescens
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Ferula syreitschikowii
Ferula hexiensis
Ferula sinkiangensis
Ferula teterrima
Ferula kirialovii
Ferula dissecta
Ferula bungeana
Ferula ovina
Ferula lapidosa
Ferula songarica
Ferula gracilis
Ferula licentiana
Ferula olivacea
21
22
23
24
25
Ferula kingdon-wardii
Ferula moschata
Ferula kirialovii
Ferula akitschkensis
Ferula karataviensis
Yaqoob and Nawchoo
Table 6: Different Species of Ferula from
Iran.
S. No.
Name of the Species
1
Ferula alliacea Boiss.
2
F. assa-foetida L.
3
5
F. badrakema Kos.-Pol.
F. behboudiana (Rech.f. & Esfand.)
Chamberlain
F. diversivittata Regel & Schmalh.
6
F. flabelliloba Rech. f. & Aell.
7
F. foetida (Bunge) Regel
8
F. gabrielii Rech. f.
9
F. gumosa Boiss.
10
F. haussknechtii Wolff ex Rech. f.
11
F. karakalensis Korov.
12
F. kashanica Rech.f.
13
F. latisecta Rech. f. & Aell.
14
F. lutensis Rech.f.
15
F. macrocolea (Boiss.) Boiss.
16
F. microcolea (Boiss.) Boiss.
17
F. oopoda (Boiss. & Buhse) Boiss.
18
F. orientalis L.
19
21
F. ovina (Boiss.) Boiss.
F. persica Willd. var. latisecta
Chamberlain/var. persica
F. pseudalliacea Rech. f.
22
F. rigidula DC.
23
F. rubricaulis Boiss.
24
F. samarkandica Korov.
25
F. schtschurowskiana Regel & Schmalh
26
F. serpentinica Rech.f.
27
F. sharifii Rech. f. & Esfand.
28
F. sphenobasis C. C. Townsend
29
F. stenocarpa Boiss. & Hausskn. inBoiss.
30
F. szowitsiana DC.
31
F. tabasensis Rech. f.
32
F. xylorhachis Rech. f.
4
20
Table 7: Different Species of Ferula from
Saudi Arabia.
S. No.
Name of the Species
1
Ferula communis var. communis L./var.
glauca (L.) Rouy and Camus
2
Ferula ovina (Boiss.) Boiss.
3
Ferula rutbaensis C.C. Townsend.
4
Ferula sinaica Boiss.
RRJoB (2016) 15-23 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
Page 18
Research & Reviews: Journal of Botany
Volume 5, Issue 3
ISSN: 2278-2222(online)
TAXONOMY
Boissier recognized 29 species of the genus
Ferula and has divided the genus into three
sections (Peucedanoides Boiss., Euferula
Boiss. and Scorodosma Bunge) based on vitae
number and petal shape [37]. The genus
Ferula has been traditionally categorized in
tribe Peucedaneae and subtribe Ferulinae [38].
The molecular systematic studies have
revealed that tribe Peucedaneae and its
subtribes are polyphyletic [39, 40].
Phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear
ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) internal transcribed
spacer (ITS) and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA)
rps16 intron sequences suggest that Ferula is
also polyphyletic. Downie et al., Katz-Downie
et al. and Downie et al. revealed that three
species (F. communis, F. tingitana, and F.
assa-foetida)
form
one
clade
with
Cenolophium denudatum (Fisch. ex Hornem.)
Tutin and Thysselinum palustre within the
apioidsuperclade [41–43]. Valiejo-Roman et
al. and Lee and Downie reported that the
remaining species form a clade with the
members of tribe Scandiceae [44, 45]. Korovin
used leaf and flower characters in the genus
Ferula to delimit infrageneric taxa and
reported that fruit anatomy was of little value
[46], as against Safina and Pimenov [47–49].
Safina and Pimenov reported that subgenera
Peucedanoides and Ferula are highly
heterogeneous with respect to fruit anatomy
[47, 49].
The amplest infrageneric classification of
Ferula is proposed by Korovin having six
subgenera and eight sections [46, 50–52], with
some of these sections being divided into
series or ‘‘grex’’ categories shown in Figure 1
[52]. This classification of Korovin was not
adopted later on [52]. Pesmen did not
recognize any of the subgenus and section
[29], as it was previously proposed by Korovin
[52]. On the other hand, Pimenov et al. carried
out a phenetic cluster analysis of 90 species of
Ferula [53], and the results were incongruent
with the classification of Korovin [52].
However, Safina and Pimenov [48] rejected
Korovin’s subgenera and recognized 12
sections in the genus Ferula. On the other
hand, Chamberlain and Rechinger retained
only Korovin’s subgenera, but refrained from
referring four newly described species to any
of the subgenera [54]. Pimenov and Leonov
recognized the genus in the tribe Peucedaneae
[15]. The affinity of Ferula with Scandiceae is
based only upon DNA sequences. However,
the distant position of Ferula from other
member genera of Peucedaneae is confirmed
by the immunochemical studies [55, 56].
Figure 1: Infrageneric Classification of Ferula as Proposed by Korovin [46, 52], Modified from
Kurzyna-Młynik et al. [64].
RRJoB (2016) 15-23 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
Page 19
Distribution and Taxonomy of Ferula L.
The group is undoubtedly monophyletic but
many tribes and subtribes traditionally
recognized within the subfamily are not [57].
Downie et al. presented a revised classification
of the group by summarizing the results of
previous molecular systematic studies of
Apioideae that reflects its phylogeny [57]. Ten
tribes were erected or confirmed as
monophyletic. Seven other major clades
(Angelica, Apium, Arracacia, Conioselinum
chinense, Heracleum, Komarovia, and
Pimpinella) were also identified. These tribes
were not treated formally. On the basis of three
species studied, Downie et al. stated that the
genus Ferula, could not be placed into any tribe
or clade, but the apioidsuperclade [57]. Spalik
et al. have treated the Angelica and Arracacia
clades as tribe Selineae based primarily upon
the studies of the ITS sequences [58]; while the
Apium, Heracleum, and Pimpinella clades to
tribes Apieae, Tordylieae, and Pimpinelleae,
respectively [59–63].
Since its members are similar in habit and
morphology, the genus Ferula has long been
regarded as a monophyletic [64], but molecular
studies confirm controversy on both upper and
lower level classification of the genus. Based
on the data of nrDNA ITS variation, the
polyphyletic nature of the genus was negated by
Kurzyna-Młynik et al. [64]. Upon the addition
of Dorema and Leutea, they supported the
monophyly of the genus. Ajani et al. through
molecular studies based on ITS sequence
analysis concluded that Ferula group including
Dorema, Leutea and Ferula is in the tribe
Scandiceae [60]. They placed Ferula alongside
Dorema and Leutea in Ferula group. Ajani et
al. also reported that Dorema and Leutea arise
from within a paraphyletic Ferula [60].
CONCLUSIONS
The species of genus Ferula mostly grows in
mountainous regions and some are distributed
in arid climates. The species of the genus
Ferula are distributed mainly in central and
south-west Asia. However, the species of the
genus are also distributed in far east, north
India and in the Mediterranean basin. Various
species of Ferula have been reported from
USSR, Pakistan, India and western Himalayas.
The genus Ferula is mostly characterized by
the presence of gum-resins, sesquiterpenes and
sesquiterpene coumarins. The genus Ferula
Yaqoob and Nawchoo
has long been regarded as a monophyletic but
molecular studies confirm controversy on both
upper and lower level classification of the
genus. Through molecular studies based on
ITS sequence analysis it was concluded that
Ferula group including Dorema, Leutea and
Ferula is in the tribe Scandiceae.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The first author is grateful to Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) for
providing financial assistance.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Cite this Article
Ubaid Yaqoob, Irshad Ahmad Nawchoo.
Distribution and Taxonomy of Ferula L.:
A Review. Research & Reviews: Journal
of Botany. 2016; 5(3): 15–23p.
RRJoB (2016) 15-23 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
Page 23
ubaid yaqoob