ABSTRACTS
XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
XVII CEM Organizing Committee
João Baptista‐Ferreira (University of Lisbon, Portugal, Chairman)
David Minter (United Kingdom, ex officio, EMA President)
Miguel Sequeira (University of Madeira, Portugal)
Ireneia Melo (University of Lisbon, Portugal)
José Cardoso (University of Lisbon, Portugal)
Sofia Gomes (Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Nederlands)
XVII CEM Scientific Advisory Committee
André Fraiture (Botanic Garden Meise, Meise, Belgium)
Claudia Perini (Università di Siena, Italy)
Dmitry Schigel (University of Helsinki, Finland)
Francisco Calonge (Real Jardín Botánico, Madrid, Spain)
Helena Bragança (Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Portugal)
Isabel Salcedo (Universidad del País Vasco, Spain)
José Paulo Sampaio (Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal)
Margarida Barata (Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal)
Maria da Luz Martins (Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Portugal)
María Teresa Tellería (Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, Spain)
Nelson Lima (Universidade do Minho, Portugal)
Palmira Carvalho (Jardim Botânico de Lisboa ‐ MNHNC, Portugal)
Stephanos Diamandis (Forest Research Institute, Greece)
Congress Organizer:
mundiconvenius
www.mundiconvenius.pt
Sponsors:
Cybertruffle
something extra
for the fungi
www.cybertruffle.org.uk
Supporters:
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
The XVII Congress of European Mycologists takes place in Portugal at the capital
of Madeira Island, Funchal, from 21st to 25th September, a meeting that happens
every four years.
The present Congress, organized under the auspices of the European Mycological
Association, is the latest in an unbroken series going back almost sixty years –
longer than any other international Congress in mycology. It builds on a
distinguished record of promoting progress in mycology and understanding the
diversity and biology of fungi. Earlier Congresses in this series have been in many
different parts of Europe, but this will be the first in Portugal, and the first on an
Atlantic island beyond the main continental shelf, rich in endemics, of great
scientific interest, and further west and south than any before.
Reflecting the inherent difficulties experienced in a time of crisis, this year only
about 150 participants are attending this event. However, it is very encouraging
having people coming from all over the world and with a great percentage of
students, all “working with fungi”.
The Congress is hosting participants from 34 countries – 21 European countries
(Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Spain,
Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine and United Kingdom) and 13 from outside
Europe (Brazil, Canada, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Japan, Korea, México,
Nigeria, South Africa and Turkey).
The Organizing Committee is hoping to provide an exciting Congress, with
cutting‐edge themes, and a stimulating interchange of ideas, all in a delightful
venue.
On behalf of the president of the European Mycological Association and of the
Organizing Committee I have the honour to welcome you all.
João Baptista‐Ferreira
Chairman of the XVII CEM
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
All abstracts are arranged by thematic areas according to the Congress scientific
programme.
Oral lectures, symposia and poster presentations are arranged in three sections for easier
follow‐up.
Only copy‐editing and formatting of abstracts have been done, therefore the authors are
fully responsible for the scientific contents of their abstracts.
INDEX
Congress Programme
pages 05‐10
Oral lectures
Invited lectures
pages
11‐22
Oral communications
pages
23‐69
Symposia
pages
70‐76
Programme
pages
77‐82
Posters
pages 83‐144
List of participants
pages 145‐150
Authors index
pages 151‐162
Poster presentations
Excursions
Itinerary 1
Vereda dos Balcões
Itinerary 2
Levada do Furado
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
GO TO INDEX
CONGRESS PROGRAMME
Sunday, 20th September 2015
16.00‐19.00 Hotel Tower II Reception
Registration open
20.30‐22.00 Former Jesuit College
Welcome Reception (offered by Cybertruffle)
Monday, 21st September 2015
08.00‐09.00 Congress Centre Reception
Registration of participants / Talk uploading
09.00‐09.45 Sunrise Auditorium
Congress Opening Ceremony
09.50‐10.25 Sunrise Auditorium
Plenary Session: David Minter – Presidential address: Congresses, the EMA, and
infrastructure
Coffee break – Conference Centre Foyer
10.30‐10.55 Congress Centre Foyer
Parallel Sessions (oral communications)
Lagoon Conference Room
Sunset Conference Room
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Environment, ecology and interactions
Presenter
11.00‐11.15
Roland
Treu
Bruno
11.15‐11.30
Donatini
11.30‐11.45
Rieke
Lohse
11.45‐12.00
Aneen
Schoeman
12.00‐12:15
Maria
Yarina
Title
Title
Presenter
Basidiomycetes for bioremediation ‐ a
perspective from Canada
Lynne
Boddy
Heart rot of deciduous trees
The influence of blue and red LED light
(BRLED) or Pulsed electromagnetic field
(PEMF) on Hericium erinaceus (HE) growth
Anton
Shiryaev
Clavarioid funga (Basidiomycota,
«Aphyllophorales») in the boreal zone of
Eurasia: distribution along a climatic
continentality gradient
Claudia
Perini
A surprising finding underground
Yu
Fukasawa
Communities of wood‐inhabiting fungi in
dead pine logs along a geographical gradient
in Japan
Jennifer
Hiscox
What is present affects what is to come:
priority effects during fungal community
establishment in beech wood
Dmitry
Schigel
Molecular ecology of fungus‐insect
interactions in boreal forests
The endophytic entomopathogenic fungus
Beauveria bassiana: New fermentation and
formulation strategies
Simplex real‐time PCR assays using
hybridisation probes for the detection and
the quantification of twelve fungal species
commonly recovered from maize
Special aspects of Ganoderma strains
producing alkali‐soluble biologically active
polysaccharides.
12.15‐12.30
12.30‐13.00
Discussion
13.00‐14.30
Lunch – Tower II Buffet Restaurant
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Monday, 21st September 2015 (cont.)
Poster session
14.30‐15.30 Tower II Living Lounge
Thematic areas: Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology; Fungal pathogenesis
and disease control; Medical mycology and fungal pharmacology
Parallel Sessions (oral communications)
Lagoon Conference Room
Sunset Conference Room
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology + Cell
biology, biochemistry and physiology
Environment, ecology and interactions
Presenter
15.30‐15.45
Alexander
Kurakov
15.45‐16.00
Jadwiga
Turło
16.00‐16.15 O. Adeogun
16.15‐16.30
Vera
Tereshina
Title
Spectrum of extracellular proteases of
alkaliphilic and alkalitolerant filamentous
fungi
Biosynthesis and structural analysis of
mushroom‐derived immunosuppresive
polysaccharides
Presenter
Sofia
Gomes
Title
Evolution of cheating network interactions:
the breakdown of the mutualistic arbuscular
mycorrhizal association
Izabela
Kalucka
Diversity of pioneer ectomycorrhizal fungi in
mine spoil recultivation forests
Preservation potentials of leaf extracts of
three medicinal plants on Citrus sinensis
(sweet orange) juice
Maria
Rudawska
Fungal communities associated with roots of
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings from
bare‐root forest nurseries
Adaptation of alkalophilic fungus
Sodiomyces tronii to the conditions with
different ph.
Susana C.
Gonçalves
Potential distribution and identity of
introduced Amanita muscaria worldwide
16.30‐16.50
Discussion
Coffee break – Conference Centre Foyer
16.50‐17.15 Congress Centre Foyer
17.15‐19.00 Sunrise Auditorium
Symposium: Biodiversity Informatics and Fungal Data – Moderators: Dmitry Schigel
and Rui Figueira
Title
Presenter
17.15‐17.20 Moderators
Overall view of the topic
17.20‐17.45 Rui Figueira
Principles and tools on data quality and fitness for use of biodiversity occurrence data
17.45‐18.00 Lyubomir Penev
Data papers incentivise biodiversity scientists to publish and re‐use their data
18.00‐18.15 Urmas Kõljalg
Species of Fungi
18.15‐18.30 Matias Pasquali
Digging the treasure of hidden data: An open access European database of Fusarium
graminearum and F. culmorum from small grain cereals for epidemiological studies.
18.30‐19.00 Dmitry Schigel
Biodiversity informatics and fungal data
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Tuesday, 22nd September 2015
08.00‐08.25 Talk uploading
Plenary Session – Sunrise Auditorium
Alan Gange – Host shifts in fungi due to climate change
08.30‐10.00
Invited lectures
William Purvis – 20 Year's Monitoring Lichens under Global Environmental Change
Coffee break
10.00‐10.25 Congress Centre Foyer
Parallel Sessions (oral communications)
Lagoon Conference Room
Sunset Conference Room
Fungal pathogenesis and disease control
Presenter
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Title
Title
Presenter
10.30‐10.45
Sonia‐Mari
Greyling
Detection of Fusarium graminearum species
complex (FGSC) and F. verticillioides in maize
roots, crowns, stems and ears in South Africa
María P.
Martín
Species identification in corticioid fungi based
on a barcoding approach
10.45‐11.00
Monika
Urbaniak
Diversity of Fusarium species and mycotoxins
accumulated in grain of durum wheat
(Triticum durum Desf.)
Sergey
Volobuev
Host and geographic speciation in the
Phanerochaete sordida group (Polyporales,
Basidiomycota)
11.00‐11.15
Seyedmohsen A survey on prevalence and distribution of
Damadi
Wheat Rusts in Maragheh area of Iran
Eske De
Crop
Unravelling the milkcap genus Lactifluus
(Russulaceae)
11.15‐11.30
Pedro
Talhinhas
A fungal genome at work: Genomic and
transcriptomic characterisation of Hemileia
vastatrix, the Coffee Leaf Rust pathogen
Dônis
Alfredo
Contribution of ITS sequences to the
taxonomy of Lycoperdon
11.30‐11.45
Małgor‐zata
Mańka
Diversity of Rhizoctonia spp. in Polish forest
nurseries
Paulo
Oliveira
Fungal diseases of goutweed (Aegopodium
podagraria L.)
Matthias
Sipiczki
Ekaterina
11.45‐12.00 Blagovesh‐
chenskaya
12.00‐12:15
Eugénio
Diogo
Distribution of Botryosphaeriaceae species on Vladimír
Eucalypt stands in Portugal
Antonín
Discovery of a cryptic taxon among sporocarp
collections of the edible Amanita ponderosa
(Basidiomycota, Agaricales)
Reticulate evolution of non‐homogenised
rDNA arrays prevents the application of ITS
and D1/D2 sequences as barcode markers in
Metschnikowia species
Taxonomic and molecular studies of the
European species of the genus Melanoleuca
(Basidiomycota, Tricholomataceae) – a
preliminary report
Hoda
A new species, Ganoderma damiettense nom.
Mohamed
prov., pathogenic to lemon trees in Egypt
Elgharabawy
12.15‐12.30
12.30‐13.00
Discussion
13.00‐14.30
Lunch – Tower II Buffet Restaurant
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Tuesday, 22nd September 2015 (cont.)
Poster session
14.30‐15.30 Tower II Living Lounge
Thematic areas: Environment, ecology and interactions; Field mycology and
conservation
Lagoon Conference Room
Sunset Conference Room
Environment, ecology and interactions
Field mycology and conservation
Title
Presenter
Title
Presenter
Diversity and abundance of Mycosphaerella
and its anamorphs in virgin forests of the
Ukrainian Carpathians: changes over
centenary and conservation effects
Segula
15.30‐15.45
Masaphy
Long‐term study of morel proliferation:
influences of climate and environmental
changes
Tatiana
15.45‐16.00
Semenova
Ascomycete fungal communities reorganize in
response to long‐term summer and winter
Paola
climate warming in moist and dry tundra of
Angelini
Arctic Alaska
Current knowledge of Umbrian macrofungi
(central Italy)
Olga
16.00‐16.15
Marfenina
Possible effects for soil microfungal
communities in the conditions simulating the
global warming
Maria da
Luz Calado
Assessment of marine fungal community
associated with Spartina maritima (Curtis)
Fernald standing plants by morphological and
molecular methods
Melanization as a response in soil fungi to
environmental stress
Aleksandra
Rosa‐
Gruszecka
Renewal of Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum
Vittad.) in Poland
16.15‐16.30
Isabella
Grishkan
16.30‐16.45 Luis Quijada
Tetiana V.
Andrianova
A study on the species diversity of Orbiliaceae Gülşah
in an oceanic archipelago (Canary Islands)
Halıcı
“Fungi in Folk Culture” in Western Black Sea
Region of Turkey
16.45‐17.00
Discussion
17.00‐17.25
Coffee break – Conference Centre Foyer
Lagoon Conference Room
Genomics, genetics and molecular biology
Title
Presenter
17.30‐17.45 Alla Shnyreva
Genetic analysis of mating type loci in some Pleurotus species
17.45‐18.00 Ana Paula Ramos
Variations of the nuclear content along the urediniosporic cycle of Hemileia vastatrix and
other rust fungi suggests unknown biological strategies in rust fungi
18.00‐18.15 Ricardo Arraiano Castilho
Next‐generation RAD sequencing as a tool for evaluation the phylogeographic patterns of
Amanita ponderosa (Malençon & R. Heim) in Iberian Peninsula
18.15‐18.30 Anna Muszewska
The natural history of fungal DNA transposons
18.30‐18.50
Discussion
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Wednesday, 23rd September 2015
Introduction to the excursions: A brief overview on Madeira vegetation and vascular
flora – Miguel Sequeira
08.30‐09.00 Sunrise Auditorium
Itinerary 1 – Vereda dos Balcões
Itinerary 2 – Levada do Furado
09.00‐16.00 Excursions
Thursday, 24th September 2015
08.00‐08.25 Talk uploading
Plenary Session – Sunrise Auditorium
08.30‐10.00
Invited lectures
Alison Bennett – Searching for generality in multi‐trophic fungal interactions:
Implications for invasions and agriculture
Stephen Woodward – Alien invasive pathogens threatening Europe’s forest
ecosystems
Coffee break
10.00‐10.25 Congress Centre Foyer
Parallel Sessions (oral communications)
Lagoon Conference Room
Sunset Conference Room
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Presenter
Environment, ecology and interactions
Title
Title
The effects of sodium hypochlorite on the
Nelson Lima control of inter‐kingdom biofilm formation by
drinking water‐isolated microorganisms
Comparison of chemical composition in Tuber
Hanna
aestivum Vittad. of different geographical
Szmidla
origin
Presenter
10.30‐10.45
O. William
Purvis
Exploring Antarctic yellow‐green Rhizocarpon
under Global Environmental Change
10.45‐11.00
Dominik
Begerow
The evolution of smut fungi – an update
11.00‐11.15
Yusran
Yusran
Biodiversity of Mushrooms at Some Land Use
Types Around Lore Lindu National Park
Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
Katerina
Sazanova
Geoecological role of acid production by
micromycetes on the rock substrates
11.15‐11.30
Mohammad
Sohrabi
Studies on some species complexes in the
lichen genus Circinaria in Iran
Guillermo
Vidal Diez
de Ulzurrun
11.30‐11.45
Sofiya A.
Bondarenko
A survey of filamentous fungi at the extremely Jerzy
alkaline Magadi Lake
Falandysz
11.45‐12.00
M. Gökhan
Halıcı
The Lichenized Fungus Genus Xanthocarpia
(Teloschistales, Ascomycota) in Turkey
Innocent
Nnorom
Spatio‐temporal monitoring fungal growth
dynamics using image analysis and graph
theory
Mercury accumulation and distribution in
Suillus bovinus and probable dietary exposure
by foragers
Mercury in Suillus granulatus and Suillus
variegatus and soil substratum beneath the
fruiting bodies
12.00‐12:15
Grzegorz
Koczyk
Growth on the graveyard of chemical warfare
‐ the plasticity of aromatic polyketide
biosynthesis in higher fungi.
Ekaterina
Bubnova
Fungi in bottom sediments of the Chukchi
Sea: diversity and ecophysiology
Maria
D'Aguanno
Wood‐inhabiting fungi diversity vs. deadwood
features: what happens in Mediterranean
forests?
12.15‐12.30
12.30‐13.00
Discussion
13.00‐14.30
Lunch – Tower II Buffet Restaurant
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Thursday, 24th September 2015 (cont.)
Poster session
14.30‐15.30 Tower II Living Lounge
15.30‐17.30
Sunrise Auditorium
Thematic areas: Evolution, biodiversity and systematic; Genomics, genetics and
molecular biology; Cell biology, biochemistry and physiology
Symposium on Fungal Conservation and Meeting of the ECCF – Moderators: Claudia
Perini and Beatrice Seen‐Irlet
Presenter
Title
15.30‐15.50 David Minter
Fungal conservation in Europe. What are our governments doing? What can we do?
15.50‐16.05 Martyn Ainsworth
The Lost and Found Fungi project: from local treasure hunt to national fungal
conservation infrastructure
16.05‐16.25 André Fraiture
The publication of the distribution maps of 51 macromycete species in Europe
16.25‐17.00 ECCF representatives
Reports of fungal conservation in Europe
17.00‐17.30
Discussion
20.30‐23.30
Conference Dinner (offered by the local government) – São Tiago Fortress – Funchal
Friday, 25th September 2015
Plenary Session – Sunrise Auditorium
09.00‐09.45
Invited lecture
Alessandra Zambonelli – Current status of truffle cultivation: recent results and future
perspectives
Coffee break
10.00‐10.45 Congress Centre Foyer
10.45‐12.15 Sunrise Auditorium
EMA General Assembly
Electing honorary members, awards for achievement, prizes for posters etc., appointing
officers, location of next Congress
12.15‐12.30 Sunrise Auditorium
Congress Closing Ceremony
13.00‐14.30
Farewell lunch – Tower II Buffet Restaurant
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
INVITED LECTURES
GO TO INDEX
Host shifts in fungi due to climate change
Alan Gange1, Aqilah Mohammad2, Thanos Damialis3
1
2
Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
Universiti Malaysia, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
3
University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
An accumulating body of evidence suggests that fungi display remarkable responses to
climate change, and that across Europe over the last 60 y, significant changes in fruiting
patterns have occurred. The majority of these studies have concentrated on phenology,
with large changes in the length of fruiting seasons being observed.
Changes in fruiting patterns indicate changes in mycelial growth and have implications for
interactions between fungal species and between fungi and their host plants. Has climate
change resulted in changes in fungal community structure? Here, we present an analysis
of one data set from southern England that has previously been used to show
phenological changes in forest fungi. We now extend these analyses to examine whether
changes in fungal community structure have occurred, via altered host associations. We
compare the responses of saprotrophs with ectomycorrhizal species and show that some
remarkable changes have happened, with potential consequences for tree growth and
forest dynamics.
20 Year's Monitoring lichens under Global Environmental Change
O.W. Purvis
Consultancy 'Lichen Matters', 2 Rambler Close, Taplow, Berkshire, UK
Lichenized fungi are polyphyletic in origin and colonise all major ecosystems apart from
the deep sea. Unlike yeasts and filamentous fungi, there are no model lichens and thus
knowledge of lichen fungal biology is much less studied than other fungi which may also
attract greater commercial interest. Lichens, like other organisms, tend to favour
particular climates and under stress may be restricted to specialised ecological niches.
Some may be restricted to particular substrates. Why are particular species restricted to
particular ecological niches, at least in part of their ranges? Possible explanations have
been suggested dating back to the 1970's or are else derived from assumptions through
knowledge gained through research on non‐lichenised fungi.
Science involves addressing questions and hypotheses in line with research priorities
which inevitably change over time. Prior to the 19th Century, botanists throughout much
of Europe, even those living in areas remote from cities and learned centres, collected
lichens, fungi and other organisms which are now housed in the great herbaria of the
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world. A desire to identify and establish the distribution of taxa drove this activity. But
today, such historical collections, as exemplified by lichens collected at Epping Forest
housed in the Natural History Museum collections, provide a fascinating insight into
environmental change. The volume ‘Monitoring with lichens – monitoring lichens’ was
proposed, after some discussion, as the title of a book which arose from a NATO
Advanced Research Workshop held at Orielton, South Wales in 2000. Lichen monitoring
involves following a method or protocol with a view to obtaining information about
lichens or else using lichens to obtain information about environmental change, over
space and time. Biologists tend to be keen on statistical correlation. However,
correlations do not necessarily imply causality and the lack of a correlation does not imply
there is no effect. Further work, including physiological experiments, are required.
The pollution lichen, Lecanora conizaeoides, arguably the most familiar lichen to all
lichenologists living in urban areas brought up under a high SO2 pollution regime spread
throughout much of lowland Britain and other industrial regions. The demise of other
lichen species in response to acidification due to fuel combustion and their return in
response to emission reductions is today widely recognised amongst the general public,
including school children. Indeed lichens played a role in citizen science engagement long
before citizen science became fashionable. Nowadays major stressors on lichen
assemblages include both oxidized and reduced nitrogen, not only in rural and urban
areas but also remote regions.
In a world where short term funding is the norm, base‐line monitoring is unfashionable.
However, long‐term monitoring can provide unexpected benefits extending well beyond
the original remit and highlight the need to address other aspects, e.g. conservation and
biogeography. In my talk, I shall focus on recent research carried out in temperate zones
in relation to studies carried out in and around London and the Azores, Portugal.
Throughout my talk, I shall emphasise the importance of consulting collections, including
historical and 'back‐log' collections, early papers and manuscripts. These provide, in
conjunction with modern molecular techniques, new and exciting opportunities for
innovative research. Young researchers should not only consult available literature on the
web but must consider other literature. Future research must capitalise on advances
made in non‐lichenized fungi and elsewhere through targeted multi‐disciplinary
approaches involving various methodologies.
Searching for generality in multi‐trophic fungal interactions:
Implications for invasions and agriculture
Alison E. Bennett
The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, Scotland, UK
Fungi have long been known to influence ecosystems through a wide array of direct
interactions, by playing roles in nutrient cycling, decomposition, and even population
control via disease. However, more recently we are becoming aware of the multitude of
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interactions modified by fungi. These indirect interactions can cascade up through food
webs, and impact an ever growing group of organisms. In my research group we focus on
the indirect interactions promoted by one particular group of fungi, arbuscular
mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, in order to understand how common and important these
indirect interactions are in a wide array of systems.
Research in my group and others have shown that AM fungi can alter host chemistry
through priming of plant hormonal response systems, and these changes can influence
plant associations with herbivores, predators of herbivores, and pollinators. As this body
of literature grows we search for a consistent pattern of AM fungal influence.
In this talk I will address the generality of AM fungal effects on plant‐insect interactions
by focusing on research manipulating diversity at multiple levels within these
interactions. I will focus on the influence of AM fungi on Solanum‐aphid‐parasitoid
interactions as well as other AM fungi‐plant‐insect systems studied within my group. In
particular I will assess variation in AM fungal‐plant‐insect interactions due to host plant
species or genotype and herbivore species and genotype. I will then discuss whether
variation introduced by these factors is greater than the variation introduced by AM
fungi. Finally, I will suggest when and where variation in response to AM fungi within a
group (for example host plant) might increase the influence of AM fungi on plant‐insect
interactions.
This type of research is particularly important for understanding when AM fungal
influenced indirect interactions are most important, and what factors influence this
importance. For example, regardless of the importance of species level diversity on
influencing these interactions, in invaded and agricultural systems plant genotypic level
diversity will become significantly more important. This leads to important questions
about how AM fungal influenced indirect interactions are likely to operate in systems
with strong variation in species and genotypic level importance.
Alien invasive pathogens threatening Europe’s forest ecosystems
Stephen Woodward
Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences,
University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
Forest and woodland ecosystems and trees in other situations in Europe are facing
unprecedented challenges from an influx of alien invasive pests and pathogens resulting
from increased global trade. Moreover, climate change predictions suggest that many
additional alien pests and pathogens may become problems in forests as temperatures
increase and rainfall patterns change. Recent indications of the potential for pathogens to
transfer between hosts and the inter‐specific hybridisation possible between related
pathogens increase concerns over the possibility of escalations in damage in the future.
Despite multiple warnings over a long period, final confirmation of the presence of ash
dieback caused by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, in UK woodlands in late 2012 provided a
wake‐up call to the authorities, leading to a flurry of activity from the government,
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sometimes prompted by the noisy clamour raised in the media on the subject. The initial
aim of containing the problem soon gave way to an evolving plan for a future without
substantial numbers of Fraxinus excelsior in the environment. The arrival of this ‘new'
disease, however, was no surprise: ash dieback was well‐known from its steady advance
across Europe since the early 1990s.
Ash dieback is only one of many invasive pests and pathogens threatening trees in
Europe. Along with unknown pathogens that could arrive, the number of threats is
probably very large indeed. Current threats in Europe include a panoply of Phytophthora
species already present in Europe, along with pathogens such as Ceratocystis platani and
Fusarium circinatum.
Current status of truffle cultivation: recent results and future perspectives
Alessandra Zambonelli1, Mirco Iotti1, Ian Hall2
1
Department of Agricultural Science, Bologna University, via Fanin 46, 40127 Italy
2
Truffles & Mushrooms (Consulting) Ltd, P.O. Box 268, Dunedin, New Zealand
Keywords: Tuber melanosporum, Tuber magnatum, Tuber borchii, Tuber aestivum,
cultivation, mycelial inoculation
Introduction
Truffles are ascomyceteous fungi belonging to several families in the Pezizales that have
independently evolved a subterranean mode of existence (Læssøe & Hansen, 2007).
While some basidiomycetes have also evolved underground fruiting bodies, in sensu
stricto, only species in the genus Tuber, Tuberaceae, are considered the true truffles
(Jeandroz et al., 2008). The genus has been estimated to contain 180 to 230 species
(Bonito et al., 2010) distributed worldwide. Most species produce strong aromas to
attract their dispersal agents and a few have considerable economic value because of
their unique aromas and flavors. All the truffles live in mycorrhizal symbiosis with the
roots of suitable host plants (Bonito et al., 2013). Tuber were thought to only form
ectomycorrhizas but recently it was found that they are also able to form arbutoid
mycorrhizas (Lancellotti et al., 2014) and endomycorrhizas with orchids (Selosse et al.,
2004).
The most valuable truffles are the European species Tuber melanosporum (Périgord black
truffle), Tuber magnatum (Italian white truffle), Tuber aestivum (summer or Burgundy
truffle) and Tuber borchii (bianchetto truffle) (Hall et al., 2007). Other species with a
limited market in Europe are Tuber brumale, Tuber macrosporum and Tuber
mesentericum. In the U.S.A. several species of truffle are harvested but only the Oregon
white truffles (Tuber oregonense and Tuber gibbosum) and the pecan truffle (Tuber lyonii)
have a limited local market (Trappe, 2009; Lefevre, 2012). There are many species of
truffle in China. Some resemble European species and some are collected and exported to
Europe. The Chinese black truffle, Tuber indicum, is quite similar to Tuber melanosporum
but with a relatively poor flavor (Riousset et al., 2001) and Tuber sinoaestivum which is
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similar to the European T. aestivum (Zambonelli et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2012). Tuber
oligosperum is harvested in North Africa, in particular Morocco, and illegally sold in Italy
as T. magnatum (Boutahir et al., 2013).
The high economic value of truffles has stimulated researchers to find the most efficient
methods for cultivating them. This has not been a simple task because of their complex
life cycle involves a symbiotic relationship with suitable host trees and it is entirely
completed underground where complex relationships with soil microorganisms are
involved.
Here we briefly report on the current status of truffle cultivation, the most recent
research information and the future prospects for these diamonds of cuisine.
Early methods
The first Italian and French attempts at cultivating truffles date back to the Renaissance,
but successful and commercial cultivation of truffles did not start until the early 1800s
when Josef Talon in France developed a crude but effective method for cultivating the
Périgord black truffle (T. melanosporum) (Hall et al., 2007). This technique involved
sowing acorns collected under oaks that were producing truffles. It was very successful in
France in areas where truffle spores were already present in soil but when applied in Italy
the method failed (Mannozzi Torini, 1984). Modern truffle cultivation was introduced into
France and Italy in the 1970’s after the discovery of the mycorrhizal nature of truffles.
Initially three methods for inoculating plants were tried: spore inoculation, mother plant
technique and mycelial inoculation. The mother plant technique involved planting
seedlings into the rooting zone of a plant know to be mycorrhized with the required
truffle. While mycelial inocula also showed promise (Chevalier, 1973) spore inoculation
soon became the method of choice for the commercial production of plants.
Current status of truffle cultivation
In the second middle of 1900s truffle cultivation became popular had a great impulse not
only in Europe but also in non‐European countries. T. melanosporum is the truffle which
has been the most successfully cultivated around the world but the cultivation of T.
aestivum and T. borchii has also been successful in many countries.
T. melanosporum cultivation
Most of the black truffles produced in Italy, France and Spain are now harvested from
cultivated truffières and in France only 10% are now harvested from natural areas (Reyna
& Garcia‐Barreda, 2014). Truffle cultivation gave also very good results in countries like
New Zealand, USA and Australia where truffles were introduced by cultivation. In these
countries most of the soils are acidic and in their native state unsuited for truffle
cultivation. However, Ian Hall showed that some soils could be modified first by intensive
liming and then correcting the almost inevitable trace element deficiencies (Hall et al.,
2007). This method soon spread to Australia which produced 3 tonnes in 2011 (Hall &
Haslam, 2012), which is projected to grow to 8 tonnes in 2015 (Duell, 2012), and could
soon overtake French truffle production at least in a poor fruiting year (Hall & Zambonelli,
2012). Cultivated black truffle have also been produced in the USA, Canada, Morocco,
Chile and South Africa (Reyna & Garcia‐Barreda, 2014; Berch & Bonito, 2014, Zambonelli
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unpublished data). T. melanosporum plantations have also been established in Israel,
Argentina and in several European countries but to the best of our knowledge production
has yet to begin.
Fig. 1 ‐ T. melanosporum plantation in Spain
T. magnatum cultivation
Of the main European truffles only the Italian white truffle (T. magnatum), which is the
most expensive, has yet to be successfully cultivated. Only few truffières have produced
in Italy Despite extensive plantings of inoculated trees in Italy from the early 1980s to the
late 1990s few truffières have produced and then only a few kilograms per hectare
(Gregori et al., 2010.). The main reason for this seems to be the difficulties in obtaining
Tuber infected plants in the nursery and significant contamination problems. Before the
introduction of molecular methods for the identification of the mycorrhizas, T. magnatum
inoculated plants were often sold contaminated with other less valuable Tuber species
such as Tuber maculatum and T. borchii. In fact these highly infective truffles, which are
morphologically similar to T. magnatum, when accidentally incorporated in the inoculum
colonized the entire root systems (Hall et al., 2007). Another factor limitating the
cultivation of T. magnatum is that its biology and soil ecology is still a mystery. Its
mycorrhizas can be obtained in the nursery (Mello et al., 2001; Rubini et al., 2001), albeit
with difficulties, but then they seem to disappear in the field (Hall et al., 2007). T.
magnatum mycorrhizas are also absent in natural productive areas (Leonardi et al., 2013).
Recent molecular techniques like Q‐PCR are now able to follow the development of T.
magnatum mycelium in the soil (Iotti et al., 2012a) and are beginning to give new insights
into its soil spatio‐temporal development (Iotti et al., 2014). The possible role of associate
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bacteria, and in particular of rhizobia, has also been hypothesized in the growth,
development, nutrition and fructification of T. magnatum (Barbieri et al., 2007; Barbieri
et al., 2010). Clearly an in depth study of the strange ecology of this truffle will be needed
before routine methods for its cultivation can be established.
T. borchii cultivation
The first publication reporting the successful cultivation of T. borchii was by Zambonelli
and colleagues in 2000 in Marina di Ravenna, Italy. Since then its cultivation has become
widespread in Italy and more recently in New Zealand where this truffle is particularly
appreciated by gourmets and in particular the Chinese community (Hall et al., 2007;
Wong personal communication). The first successful cultivation of T. borchii in Australia
by Peter Stahle was reported in March 2015
(https://trufflefarming.wordpress.com/2015/03/14/first‐tuber‐borchii‐ever‐harvested‐in‐
australia/). Recently, T. borchii cultivation was successfully introduced in USA
(Isikhuemhen personal communication).
T. borchii cultivation has a great potential because of its broad ecological adaptability, its
wide range of angiosperm hosts such as oaks, hazel, and linden, and conifers including
pines and cedars (Hall et al., 2007; Zambonelli et al., 2002). Recently it was found to
produce mycorrhizas with the pecan tree Carya illinoinensis and to fruit when associated
with Arbutus unedo opening up the possibility of combining both the cultivation of this
precious truffle and the production of edible fruits of these plants (Benucci et al., 2012;
Lancellotti et al., 2014). However, there will be difficulties because pecan nuts and A.
unedo fruits are ready for picking just as the truffles are forming in the soil. Also some
rather toxic insecticides with residual activity have been used to control pecan pests.
T. aestivum cultivation
T. aestivum cultivation in Italy and in France began a little later than the cultivation of T.
melanosporum but has grown rapidly and is now widespread. In France the cultivation of
T. aestivum is concentrated within its natural boundaries: Auvergne, Champagne,
Lorraine, Bourgogne, and Franche‐Comte (Chevalier and Frochot, 1997). In Italy out of
around 120,000 truffle trees planted per year only 15% are inoculated with T. aestivum
(Bencivenga et al., 2009). T. aestivum has also been successfully cultivated in Sweden by
Christina Weden (Weden et al., 2009) on the island of Gotland which represents the
northernmost boundary of its natural distribution in Europe. Like T. borchii, T. aestivum
has a great potential because of its adaption to a wide range of soils, climate and host
plants. Recent inoculation experiments revealed that mycorrhization of pecan tree Carya
illinoinensis with T. aestivum is also possible which makes truffle–nut coproduction a
possibility (Benucci et al., 2012).
The problems
Despite the successful cultivation of T. melanosporum, T. borchii and T. aestivum there
are still some significant problems with their cultivation. Some truffières are not
productive or produce few truffles of poor quality. This is often due to the poor quality of
plants produced by some companies. In Europe morphological and molecular certification
methods for Tuber infected plants are locally applied but an European law and a unique
certification protocol is needed to protect truffle farmers from failures (Andrés‐Alpuente
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et al., 2015; Murat, 2014). What also makes truffle cultivation uncertain are the
unpredictable genetic characteristics of the truffle strains when plants are inoculated with
genetically highly variable spores, which may or may not be the most suited to the
edaphic and climatic conditions on a particular site.
The sequencing of the T. melanosporum genome has revealed that it is heterothallic so
that strains carrying different mating types have to cross for fruiting body production
(Martin et al., 2010). Both the mating type genes (MAT1‐1‐1 and MAT1‐2‐1) were
identified and then characterized (Rubini et al., 2011a). After this discovery, studies were
carried out in order to verify if the lack of productivity in some truffières was due to the
absence of one of the mating types. However, mating type analyses of seedlings planted
in Australia showed that both mating types are present suggesting that there are more
factors involved in ascocarp production than just the presence of both mating types on
host trees (Linde & Selmes, 2012). Recent studies carried out in Europe showed that even
in natural productive areas mating type distribution is patchy and often unbalanced
(Rubini et al., 2014). In fact, genetically different truffle strains compete with each other
and with few genets of the same mating type colonize distinct patches of the truffières
(Rubini et al., 2011b; Murat et al., 2013). Some Authors have hypothesized that such
spatial segregation may be due to competitive exclusion, with use of the MAT locus as a
marker for self‐recognition, probably in addition to other polymorphic loci (Selosse et al.,
2013). The presence of a vegetative incompatibility system associated with the mating
type genes was demonstrated in Neurospora crassa (Shiu & Glass 1999). In this fungal
species the tol gene, which is turned off during the sexual cycle, interact with MAT A‐1
and MAT a‐1 to form a heterocomplex that mediates vegetative incompatibility.
However, a similar homologous gene has not been found in T. melanosporum (Iotti et al.,
2012c). In addition the other het domain genes, which in other ascomycetes trigger a
programmed cell death after hyphal fusion between incompatible strains (Saupe, 2000),
have not been found in T. melanosporum (Iotti et al., 2012c). Instead hyphal anastomoses
between strains seem to be prevented by other unknown pre‐fusion mechanisms (Iotti et
al., 2012c) (Fig. 2).
Figure 2 – Interaction between hyphae of T. melanosporum : A) hyphal anastomosis
between hyphae of the same strain; arrow indicates the fusion point B) interaction
between hyphae of different strains: no fusion occurs. Bars = 10 µm
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How sexually compatible strains meet and how fertilization occurs is also still an
unknown. The discovery of a mitosporic stage in several Tuber species suggests the
possible role of the conidia in fertilization process like in numerous other ascomycetes
(Healy et al., 2012; Carris et al., 2015). Many truffle farmers broadcast low quality truffles
onto their truffières in the hope of increasing production. Where this does prove fruitful it
might be through introducing new mating strains. However, this practice comes with
risks. Often the farmers will spread rotting pieces of truffle which may introduce
pathogens. It might also induce a huge genetic load for future generations (Selosse et al.,
2013). In nature the role of the farmer spreading mating strains might also be played by
mycophagic animals. These are attracted by truffle aromas, eat the truffles and then
spread the spores in their feces which remain viable even after passage through the gut
(Piattoni et al., 2012; Piattoni et al., 2014) (Fig. 3).
Figure 3 ‐ Fresh spores (a) and spores digested by slugs (b) after vital stain (FDA). The
digested spores are free from the asci and vital. Bar = 20 µm (Ori and Zambonelli pictures)
The future
A revolutionary approach to truffle cultivation would be the use selected mycelial
inoculum adapted to specific climatic, edaphic and hosts. This technique was explored at
the beginning of modern truffle cultivation by Gerard Chevalier (1973) but it has only
been used for research exploring the interrelationships the fungi have with their host
(Giomaro et al., 2005). One of the biggest limitations to the commercial application of this
technique will be the difficulty in isolating and maintaining Tuber mycelia in pure culture
as well as producing mycelial biomass on a large scale (Iotti et al., 2002; Iotti et al.,
2012b). Moreover long‐time subculturing in axenic conditions in the absence of host
roots results in the loss of isolate infectivity (Boutahir, 2013) and the development of
adequate cryopreservation protocols must be used to maintain culture viability (Iotti et
al., 2012b). In the past another limit in using mycelial inoculants was the lack of
knowledge about truffle sexuality resulting in the possibility of producing plants incapable
of producing truffles. This is because pure cultures of mycelia are isolated from the gleba
of fruiting bodies and hence only carry the maternal mating type. However, thanks to the
characterization of the mating type genes of T. melanosporum and of the other edible
truffles (Paolocci personal communication) we are now able to produce plants inoculated
with strains of both mating types.
Inoculating plants with cultures of Tuber spp. adapted to a specific set of conditions
would facilitate the selection of better‐performing fungal genotypes using the same
principles that govern the selection of plant cultivars with improved performance. The
extensive Tuber genome sequencing program will help to determine the genes controlling
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the qualitative and quantitative characters of truffles but also their adaptability to
different environmental conditions. Recent studies carried out by Zambonelli’s research
group has shown that different strains of T. borchii have a different resistance to high
temperature (unpublished data). This aspect is particularly important when truffle
cultivation is introduced in countries having different climatic conditions to Europe. It
could also help to choose strains having the capacity to adapt to global climatic changes.
It is also known that plant genotype can also influence truffle production and so some
nurseries now use clonal plants selected for truffle production (Robin & Cammalletti,
2001).
Conclusions
Truffle cultivation is an important agricultural activity in many parts of Europe and is
growing in popularity worldwide particularly in Southern Hemisphere countries that aim
to produce truffles counter season to the Northern Hemisphere.
However problems still exist and need to be addressed. Basic research is clearly needed
to better understand the biology of truffles and in particular to unravel the mystery
around the sexual stages in the lifecycles. Studies are also needed to elucidate the
mysteries surrounding the soil ecology of T. magnatum in order to make its cultivation
feasible.
Future challenges for truffle cultivation also include: adapting modern mycelial
inoculation technology to large scale production of mycorrhized plants, the creation and
identification of elite fungal and plant cultivars; maintaining germplasm collections of
these cultivars, and the selection of the best cultivars for different ecological conditions.
The possibility to selectively introducing mycorrhizal helper bacteria and perhaps other
fungi, which could directly or indirectly affect ectomycorrhizal development and fruit
body formation, could be another perspective for future truffle cultivation.
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Zambonelli A., Iotti M., Giomaro G., Hall I., Stocchi V (2002) T. borchii cultivation: an interesting perspective In: Edible
mycorrhizal mushrooms Proceedings of 2nd international workshop on edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms
(Hall I, Wang Yun, Danell E, Zambonelli A eds). New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research,
Christchurch New Zealand. CD ROM
Zhang JP, Liu PG, Chen J (2012) Tuber sinoaestivum sp. nov., an edible truffle from southwestern China. Mycotaxon 122:
73‐82
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LECTURES
GO TO INDEX
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Basidiomycetes for bioremediation ‐ a perspective from Canada
Roland Treu1
1
Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB, Canada
Resource extraction activities for bitumen in parts of Canada exact a heavy price on the
environment, particularly soils and water. In numerous studies, bioremediation with fungi
(mycoremediation) has been documented as a promising method to degrade DDT, PCBs,
PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), pesticides and many other hydrocarbons in vitro.
In particular, extracellular phenoloxidases produced by white rot fungi, mainly in the
basidiomycetes, may be highly effective in the cleanup of toxic hydrocarbons. The main
challenge for a widespread application of mycoremediation lies in the transformation of
successful in vitro approaches into a practical in situ application. We have developed
wood based inocula with various basidiomycetes that are currently being tested in
artificially contaminated soils. Those inocula have the potential for a future in situ
application in hydrocarbon contaminated soils.
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
The influence of blue and red LED light (BRLED) or Pulsed electromagnetic
field (PEMF) on Hericium erinaceus (HE) growth
Bruno Donatini1, Isabelle Le Blaye1
1
Medicine Information Formation, Cormontreuil, France
BRLED light and PEMF favor the proliferation of nucleated cells such as mycelial hyphae or
fibroblasts. We investigated the effect of Red and Blue LED Light (BRLED) or PEMF, alone
or in combination on HE growth.
Material and Methods
HE was cultivated on barks in plastic bags (Mycelia®/ SacO2®, Belgium).
After 2 months growth in a ventilated sterile chamber, all bags were kept in a non‐sterile
dark room at 18°C as follows:
‐
Control : 2 bags were exposed neither to BRLED nor to PEMF
‐
BRLED : 2 bags were exposed to BRLED (Gled® 120w 1131red:234blue LED; China);
four hours/day
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
‐
PEMF : 2 bags were exposed to PEMF (Biostim®/Electro‐BioMag®; Canada); 30 Hz;
modulation 4 ; four hours/day
‐
PEMF+ PRLED 2 bags were exposed to BRLED and to PEMF simultaneously; four
hours/day
Measures of hydrogen emitted through the filter strips were made daily for 2.5 months
with a device able to detect 0.1 particle per million (MX6 from Gazdetect®; France).
At the end of the experiment the weight of mushrooms (for each couple of bags) was
compared.
Results
The yield of Control was 160 grams. Hydrogen = 1.08 ppm +/‐ 0.69.
The yield of LED was 290 grams. Hydrogen = 1.02 ppm +/‐ 0.82.
The yield of PEMF was 490 grams. Hydrogen = 1.41 ppm +/‐ 0.71.
The yield of PEMF+LED was 270 grams. Hydrogen = 0.91 ppm +/‐ 0.54.
Conclusions
Maximal yield is obtained with PEMF alone and is associated with an increase in hydrogen
production.
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
The endophytic entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana: New
fermentation and formulation strategies
Rieke Lohse1, Desiree Jakobs‐Schönwandt1, Annika Lemke1, Stefan Vidal2, Anant Patel1
1
Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences/Department of Engineering and Mathematics/Fermentation and Formulation of
Biologicals and Chemicals, Bielefeld, Germany
2
Georg‐August‐University/Department of Crop Sciences/Agricultural Entomology, Goettingen, Germany
A novel approach for a biocontrol agent would be using of the entomopathogenic fungus
Beauveria bassiana ATP‐02 as an endophyte. To commercialize this bioinsecticide, the
fungus has to be mass‐produced and formulated in such a way that entirely colonizes
plants and protects them against insect pests from within.
B. bassiana was raised in shake flasks to produce submerged conidiospores (SCS) which
were reported to show a higher shelf life than mycelium and blastospores. In a mineral
medium with 5% molasses B. bassiana produced 0.1x1010 SCS/g sucrose in 192 h. When
50 g/L NaCl were added 48 h after inoculation, the yield was increased to 1.4x1010 SCS/g
sucrose. After scale‐up to a 2 L stirred tank reactor a yield of 1.7x1010 SCS/g sucrose was
obtained.
After evaluation of different formulation strategies, namely film coating, encapsulation
and spraying, it was found that the most suitable option was application of spores by
spray. The novel spray based on 0.1% Triton X‐114, 1% molasses, 1% titanium dioxide and
106 spores/mL was applied on 6th secondary leaves. After 7 weeks, B. bassiana was re‐
isolated out of the 8th secondary leaves of 24% of the plants whereas hyphae growth was
observed in 100% of mid rip cross‐sections of these leaves by microscopy. Germination
frequency and penetration were investigated with GFP‐labeled B. bassiana.
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To realize the full potential of this biocontrol agent, more systematic research into
fermentation, formulations, persistence of fungus, penetration, plant tissue colonization
and efficacy in bioassays is needed.
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Simplex real‐time PCR assays using hybridisation probes for the detection
and the quantification of twelve fungal species commonly recovered from
maize
Aneen Schoeman1, Sonia‐Mari Greyling1, Maryke Craven1, Bradley Flett1,2
1
Agricultural Research Council – Grain Crops Institute, Potchefstroom, South Africa
2
North‐West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
Maize is one of the most important commodities grown in southern Africa with
consumptions of up to 500g per person per day. Unfortunately, maize is susceptible for
many fungal pathogens which cause e.g. ear‐, root‐, crown‐ and stalk rots. Soil‐borne
fungi have the ability to infect maize roots and stems, induce stress which can cause
severe rots, resulting in lodging of plants and significant economic losses. Traditionally,
fungal pathogens causing root‐ and stem rot in maize were morphologically identified via
plating‐out techniques. In this study, real‐time PCR (qPCR) protocols using hybridization
probes were developed for the specific identification, detection and quantification of
Curvularia eragostidis (CE), Exserohilum pedicellatum (EP), Fusarium chlamydosporum
(FC), F. equiseti (FE), F. graminearum (FG), F. oxysporum (FO), F. verticillioides (FV),
Macrophomina phaseolina (MAC), Phoma spp. (PHO), Pythium spp. (PYT), Rhizoctonia
solani (RS) and Trichoderma spp. (TRI). Primers and hybridization probes were designed to
target the translocation elongation factor 1α (TEF1) gene of FE, FG, FV, FO and TRI or the
internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of CE, EP, FC, MAC, PHO, PYT and RHI. The
specificity of the qPCR protocols was confirmed by sequencing the qPCR product, as well
as through the lack of amplification with non‐target DNA from other fungal species. The
assays were found to be sensitive in the simplex reaction and were able to quantify pg‐
amount of DNA. This newly developed qPCR assays offers a unique opportunity to
investigate and quantify specific fungal pathogens present in the maize root‐ and stem rot
disease complex.
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Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Special aspects of Ganoderma strains producing alkali‐soluble biologically
active polysaccharides.
Maria Yarina1,2, Larisa Krasnopolskaya1,2, Anatoly Usov3, Andrey Marakhonov4
1
Gause Institute of New Antibiotics (GINA), Moscow, Russia
Scientific Center of Experimental Mycology Lim. Inc., Moscow, Russia
3
N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry (ZIOC), Moscow, Russia
4
Federal State Budgetary Institution "Research Centre for Medical Genetics", Moscow, Russia
2
Two strains (5‐1 and 10) belonging to the Ganoderma genus were obtained in the study.
Strain 5‐1 is a producer of antitumor polysaccharides, including alkali‐soluble xylomannan
(XM). It was shown to have a branched molecules containing a backbone of (1→3)‐linked
residues of α‐D‐mannopyranose, most of which are substituted at position 4 by single β‐
D‐xylopyranose residues or disaccharide residues β‐D‐Manp‐(1→3)‐β‐D‐Xylp‐(1→. XM
was obtained from a submerged mycelium.
The search of XM has been conducted in other strains of Ganoderma, characterized by
high biotechnological indices when using submerged cultivation. Target XM was identified
in alkali‐soluble extract of mycelium of strain 10 using nuclear magnetic resonance
method. Its antitumor effects were demonstrated in vivo by the research group from
Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy in Gause Institute of New Antibiotics
During the submerged cultivation both strains 5‐1 and 10 were growing in the form of
pellets. The comparative study of their pellets micromorphology was conducted using
scanning electron microscope. The following structures were revealed: clamps, apical and
intercalary chlamidospores, mycelial cords.
Strain 5‐1 was characterized by the ability to form intercalary chlamidospores and
mycelial cords. Hypha connections and anastomose formation between them was
observed in the mycelial cord.
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of selected strains based on ITS rDNA sequences
revealed that strain 5‐1 belongs to the G. lucidum clade while strain 10 more likely is
within G. resinaceum group.
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Spectrum of extracellular proteases of alkaliphilic and alkalitolerant
filamentous fungi
Alexander Kurakov1, Yulia Pokrovskaya1, Olga Kudryavzeva1, Elena N. Bilanenko1, Yakov
Dunaevsky2
2
1
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, Russia
The Belozersky Institute of Physico‐Chemical Biology, lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Proteases are widely used and demanded enzymes in industry, medicine, agriculture and
waste management. Fungi of extreme environments represent the promising producers
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of new proteases. The significant progress in the application of proteases of extremophilic
fungi is achieved, but practically nothing is known about their alkali active proteases. The
proteolytic activity and spectrum of extracellular proteases of alkaliphilic and
alkalitolerant fungi, isolated from soda soils, were assessed. 12 strains of 6 species,
Sodiomyces alkalinus, Chordomyces antarcticum, Acrostalagmus luteoalbus, Verticillium
zaregamsianum, Sodiomyces magadii, Gibellulopsis nigrescens were studied. They were
grown in submerged conditions in alkaline medium (pH 10.2) with casein. Total
proteolytic activity and spectrum of extracellular proteases were identified with azocasein
and specific synthetic para‐nitroanilide substrates for different classes of peptidases:
GlpAALpNA, GlpFpNA, BzRpNA, GlpFApNA for endopeptidase; LpNA, L‐Phenylalanine‐4‐
nitroanilide, L‐Glutamic acid 1‐(4‐nitroanilide) for aminopeptidase; EDTA for
metalloprotease. The measurements were done at pH 9.5. 11 fungal strains
demonstrated proteolytic activity. The greatest activity was indicated on the substrate
with leucine residue – LpNA, it was significantly lower or absent on L‐Phenylalanine‐4‐
nitroanilide. Investigated strains did not hydrolyze L‐Glutamic acid 1‐(4‐nitroanilide) or
their activity was low. Trypsin and chymotrypsin activities of serine proteases were not
detected. However, only 3 strains had low metalloprotease activity. 6 strains had active
subtilisin serine proteases. Cysteine proteinases activities were discovered in 3 fungal
strains of this ecological group. Perspective strains with high activities of subtilisin serine
and cysteine proteases, amino peptidases, total proteolytic activity were detected.
The work was supported by RSCF grant № 14‐50‐00029 (Kurakov).
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Biosynthesis and structural analysis of mushroom‐derived
immunosuppresive polysaccharides
Jadwiga Turło1, Marzenna Klimaszewska1, Sandra Górska1, Eliza Malinowska1, Piotr
Podsadni1
1
Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Polysaccharides are the best known and most potent mushroom‐derived macromolecules
with antitumor and immunomodulatory properties. The fruit bodies of Lentinula edodes
(Berk.) Pegl. are source of immune system enhancer ‐ lentinan, a cell‐wall branched β‐D‐
glucan.
The aim of our study was to isolate from the mycelium of L. edodes, cultured under
submerged conditions a polysaccharide fraction corresponding to lentinan. The Chihara's
method of isolation of lentinan was used. In the next step the structure and biological
activity of the isolated mycelial fraction were compared with lentinan.
The mycelial fraction significantly differed from lentinan. It proved to be a mannoglucan
of molecular weight close to 1000 kDa, containing 4% of protein. The type of glycosidic
bounds identified by IR and NMR spectra was mainly α, but also β.
The mycelial polysaccharide showed in HeLa and HUVEC cells no cytotoxic activity, but a
strong protective effect against oxidative stress. When assayed in concentrations 1‐100
μg/ml caused significant inhibition of human T lymphocyte activation induced by
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mitogens, without any effect on reactive oxygen species production by granulocytes. The
selective immunosuppressive activity of the mycelial polysaccharide fraction, inverse to
immunostimulatory activity of lentinan, and not typical for mushroom‐derived
polysaccharides suggest, that the isolated mannoglucan have to be tested as potential
immunosuppresive drug.
Acknowledgements:
This work was supported by grant from the Polish National Science Centre DEC‐
2013/09/B/NZ7/03978.
Tests of biological activity were performed in Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular
Studies of Polish Academy of Sciences and Department of Clinical Immunology, of Medical
University of Warsaw.
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Preservation potentials of leaf extracts of three medicinal plants on Citrus
sinensis (sweet orange) juice
Oluwagbenga Adeogun1, Adedotun Adekunle1, Erute Adongbede1
1
University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
Plants remain the most common source of antimicrobial agents and are reliably sources
of preservatives in food. Based on this, the preservative potentials of Canna indica,
Megaphrynium macrostachyum and Thaumatococcus daniellii leaves were investigated.
The freshly squeezed orange juice and orthodox branded fruit juices were assayed for the
isolation of fungi. The plants components were extracted with ethanol. The extracts were
used to assess the shelf life of the juice for 180 days using quantitative parameters such
as total soluble solid, browning potential, pH and turbidity at 4oC, 25oC and at room
temperature (28oC‐31oC). The fungi isolated from freshly squeezed orange juice and
orthodox branded juice include Aspergillus aculeatus, Aspergillus flavus, Issatchenkia
orientalis, Meyerozyma caribbica, Meyerozyma guilliermondii and Penicllium crustosum.
The juice assessment evidently revealed that the freshly squeezed orange juice with the
extracts {M. macrostachyum (turbidity: 0.35±0.002 stored at 4oC), T. danielli (pH:
4.62±0.002, Browning potential: 1.42±0.004 stored at 4oC); and C. indica (total soluble
solid: 10.07 stored at 4oC)} possess tolerable activity to enhance the shelf life of orange
juice. The leaf extract of M. macrostachyum preserved the orange juice most, up‐to 180
days, better than the leaf extracts of T. danielli and C. indica respectively. This study was
able to validate the usage of the plants for preservation by the natives; it also ascertains
the potential preservative qualities of the plants for the enhancement of shelf‐life of
freshly squeezed orange juice.
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Environment, ecology and interactions
Heart rot of deciduous trees
Lynne Boddy1, Emma Gilmartin1
1
Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Wood decay begins while the tree is still standing. Though sapwood functional in water
conduction contains many endophytes which are latent decay species they are usually
unable to develop overtly as high water content is inimical to their growth. Extensive
colonisation begins when the water content is reduced, providing better aeration. In the
trunk this occurs in the heartwood and in the vicinity of wounds. Though the species
associated with heartrot of trees is known from the presence of fruit bodies, little is
known about community structure and development within the wood. Heartrot is much
less common than it was one hundred or so years ago, as trees are often removed before
decay can develop extensively. Some heartrot fungi are consequently rare. Also,
invertebrates are often associated with specific types of heartrot, so fungal community
development in heartrot impacts on invertebrates species diversity. This paper reports on
our ongoing studies in beech (Fagus sylvatica).
Environment, ecology and interactions
Clavarioid funga (Basidiomycota, «Aphyllophorales») in the boreal zone of
Eurasia: distribution along a climatic continentality gradient
Anton Shiryaev1
1
Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, UrD RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russia
Altogether 268 species of clavarioid fungi are known in Eurasian boreal zone (41% of all
known species). The Far East includes 165 species, Europe 153, whereas the vast territory
of Siberia only 129 species. Eurasian boreal zone is divided into 9 longitudinal sectors:
from the West‐European (EW) with oceanic climate at the Atlantic coast till the Pacific
islands, Far Eastern oceanic sector. Funga in the ultra‐continental climate (Yakutia, East‐
Siberian sector (SE)) is the poorest, with only 69 species. The species richness increases
with decreasing continentality. The maritime‐climate funga is the richest with 144 species
in the Central‐European sector (EC), which is 2,1 times higher than in SE sector. However,
close to the ocean, the number of species in oceanic sector (EW) is 15% lower than in the
maritime (EC) sector. It seems that the optimal climate type for clavarioids is the maritime
(and sub continental) type, whereas ultra‐continental is the poorest. Morphological ratio
(between the two basic groups with club‐like and coral‐like fruit bodies) also varies
significantly from the predominance of coral‐like species in the maritime climate, to ultra‐
continental with the highest proportion of club‐like fruit bodies (the same phenomenon
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occurs when the latitude increases). It also reflects the poor conditions for clavarioids. All
in all, most species in the ultra‐continental sector are widely distributed in the boreal
zone, whereas maritime and oceanic sectors include many specific species. Such result
could be named as a longitudinal mycological variant of the biogeographic Rapoport’s
rule.
Environment, ecology and interactions
A surprising finding underground.
Claudia Perini1, Diego Cantini1, Gaia Fralassi2, Francesco Nannoni2, Marco Giamello2
2Department
1Department of Life Science, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
of Physical sciences, Earth and Environment, Research unit “Conservation of cultural heritage”, University
of Siena, Siena, Italy
In the Middle age a net of channels, the so called "Bottini", were created under the
historic town of Siena (Tuscany, Italy), in order to bring water into the city as a source of
drinking supply. This system of underground tunnels was also used in the craftsmanship
of workshops, for the agriculture and for the animals. The "Bottini" were excavated in
sands and conglomerates, a geological formations of the Pliocene, that forms the
substrate on which Siena was built.
The "Bottino Maestro of Fonte Gaia" is one of the main tract of the undergound channel
and passes through the whole city. During recent studies, in this tract localized at about
600 meters from the main entrance at Il Campo, and at a depth of about 10 meters below
a square lined with trees, in the darkness a web of roots and well formed ectomycorrhizas
were lighted up and bolets hanging from the roof were found. The mushroom had all
characteristics of Xerocomus rubellus, a widespread species in Europe ‐ but in this case
study a singular growth place.
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Environment, ecology and interactions
Communities of wood‐inhabiting fungi in dead pine logs along a
geographical gradient in Japan
Yu Fukasawa1, Shunsuke Matsuoka2
1Tohoku
2Kyoto
University, Miyagi, Japan
University, Kyoto, Japan
Fungi are the main agents of coarse woody debris decomposition in forest ecosystems.
We examined the effects of environmental variables on fungal community structures in
dead pine logs. Using 454 pyrosequencing of fungal DNA obtained from 12 geographically
distant sites, 575 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were assembled. Among the known
fungal ecological groups, white rot fungi were most abundant as sequence reads,
whereas saprotrophic fungi were most frequent and were positively associated with
mean annual temperature (MAT) and log diameter. The frequency of wood decay fungi
with unknown decay type was positively and negatively associated with pine wilt disease
and log diameter, respectively. Ordination analyses of the dataset of 42 widespread or
abundant OTUs showed that latitude, MAT and annual precipitation had significant
effects on the structure of fungal communities. These results suggested that climatic
conditions and pest experience affect fungal communities in pine logs differently among
fungal ecological groups.
Environment, ecology and interactions
What is present affects what is to come: priority effects during fungal
community establishment in beech wood
Jennifer Hiscox1, Melanie Savoury1, Sarah Johnston1, Bjorn Lindahl2, Carsten Muller1,
Hilary Rogers1, Lynne Boddy1
1Cardiff
University, Cardiff, UK
Lund, Sweden
2SLU,
Assembly history of fungal communities plays a crucial role in the decomposition of
woody resources, and hence nutrient cycling and ecosystem function. However, it has not
been clearly determined whether the fungal species that arrive first may, potentially,
dictate the subsequent pathway of community development, i.e. whether there is a
priority effect at the species level. We used traditional culture‐based techniques coupled
with sequencing of amplified genetic markers to profile the communities in beech (Fagus
sylvatica) disks that had been pre‐colonised separately with nine species from various
stages of fungal succession. Clear differences in community composition were evident
following pre‐colonisation by different species, with three distinct successor communities
identified, indicating that individual species may have pivotal effects in community
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development. However, priority effects were not consistent across different experimental
sites, indicating that local species pools are critical determinants of assembly history.
Priority effects may depend on the available spora (air‐ and soil‐borne) and mycelia, and
may be linked to biochemical alteration of the resource and combative ability of the
predecessor.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Molecular ecology of fungus‐insect interactions in boreal forests
Dmitry Schigel1,2, Maria Faticov1, Virve Viertiö1
2Global
1University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Biodviersity Information Facility, Copenhagen, Denmark
Wooded landscapes harbour complex interacting communities of fungi and insects;
disclosing ecology of these interactions webs requires massive sorting and identification
effort in both explorative and experimental approaches. Traps, e‐DNA and molecular
identification offer methodological shortcuts and improve efficiency, but pose data
handling and interpretation challenges. High‐throughput field and lab methods may be
harnessed to answer specific questions through customized sampling designs.
Two field experiment case studies of fungus‐insect interaction in Finnish boreal forests
are presented, i) fungus‐baited flight‐interception traps to study for insect attraction and
colonization study using morphological and DNA methods to disclose the identity of the
host fungus species and its inhabitants, and ii) pheromone traps for bark beetles and
Illumina MiSeq high‐throughput sequencing of fungal propagules from the beetle bodies
vs. forest air to explore role of insect vectors in colonization of trees by wood‐decaying
fungi. Pleurotoid fungi and fungi associated with non‐ambrosia bark beetles are
comparatively less studied for their ecological, in particular, trophic links with insects. The
scarce information available on Diptera and Coleoptera species colonizing pleurotoid
fungi prompted the study of patterns of insect succession, species replacement and
diversity. Pleurotus abieticola and all its insect associations are reported new to Finland.
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Environment, ecology and interactions
Evolution of cheating network interactions: the breakdown of the
mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal association
Sofia Gomes1,3, Serguei Saavedra2, Jordi Bascompte2, Vincent Merckx1,3
2Institute
1Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
for Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Zurich, Switzerland
3Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
Mutualistic interactions are ubiquitous in all ecosystems. One of the most prevalent
mutualisms in nature is the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) mutualism between the majority
of land plants and fungi of the Glomeromycota. Evolutionary stability is maintained by
bidirectional control, such that partners offering the best rate of exchange are rewarded.
Nevertheless, the existence of several cheater plant lineages ‐ 'mycoheterotrophic' plants
(MHPs) exploiting AM fungi for carbon ‐ demonstrates that the AM ‘fair‐trade' mutualism
is vulnerable to subversion. Many of these MHPs are specialized in their interactions with
AM fungi. Thus, to understand the evolution and persistence of cheating in AM networks
it is necessary to assess common evolutionary patterns of partner choice leading to these
specialized mycoheterotrophic interactions. Nowadays next‐generation sequencing
techniques offer ample opportunities to unravel the hidden microbial communities. We
applied these techniques to characterize the Glomeromycota communities in the roots of
mycoheterotrophic plants of the families Burmanniaceae, Triuridaceae, Gentianaceae,
and Thismiaceae. We analyse the patterns of specificity for each of these groups and
discuss the composition of the communities in a phylogenetic and geographic context.
The analysis of the mycorrhizal fungi associated with MHPs will show to which extend this
interaction is special and how different it is from the regular mutualism between green
plants and their AM fungi. Additionally, focusing on the AM symbiosis provides crucial
insights in possible evolutionary pathways to the breakdown of mutualistic interactions
creating opportunities for cheaters to persist in stable ecosystems.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Diversity of pioneer ectomycorrhizal fungi in mine spoil recultivation
forests
Izabela Kalucka1, Andrzej M. Jagodzinski2
1Department
2Institute
of Algology and Mycology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kornik, Poland
Open‐cast mining results in thousands of hectares of post‐industrial barren wastelands,
e.g., spoil heaps formed of loosened and mixed overburden from mine pits. Recultivation
of such places frequently includes forest restoration. Afforestation success and tree stand
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development depend on the presence of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi that are capable of
forming symbiotic associations with young trees and can survive in the spoil substrate.
Usually not many species are found in young recultivation stands on mine spoils, but
these forests are rarely the object of biodiversity studies.
Long term observations of ECM fungi were carried out in monospecific recultivation
stands up to 25 years old (Pinus sylvestris, Quercus robur, Betula pendula, Alnus glutinosa)
on Mt Kamieńsk, an outer spoil heap of the Bełchatów lignite mine (Poland), one of the
biggest brown coal suppliers in Europe. Sporocarps of ca. 120 ECM species were
recorded. Among them Hebeloma, Inocybe and Cortinarius, the genera known for their
pioneer features, were most species‐rich. Species composition and annual sporocarp
production were influenced by host identity, tree and stand parameters, and soil
conditions. Specific soil environment ‐ extreme pH values, low nutrient and organic
matter content, presence of CaCO3, harsh physical features ‐ form a strong environmental
filter affecting ECM fungal community. Besides cosmopolitan or highly tolerant species
many rare taxa showing specific niche preferences were found. Mine spoil afforestations
may provide valuable refuge enabling existence and survival of rare, isolated fungal
populations.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Fungal communities associated with roots of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
seedlings from bare‐root forest nurseries
Maria Rudawska1, Tomasz Leski1, Marcin Pietras1, Leho Tedersoo2, Mohammad Bahram2
1Institute
of Dendrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik,, Poland
2Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
High‐ quality of tree seedlings produced in forest nurseries is an essential component of a
successful reforestation projects. However long lasting bare‐root nursery practices might
adversely affect beneficial mycobiota of seedling roots and/or promote development of
unfavorable groups of microorganisms. The aim of the study was to determine the
diversity of different ecological fungal groups (pathogens, saprobes and ectomycorrhizal
symbionts) in nurseries being used for a nursery stock production during different time
frames. In this study 454 pyrosequencing was applied for the in‐depth analysis of fungal
communities inhabiting Scots pine seedling roots and surrounding bulk soil in bare‐root
forest nurseries exploited for 20, 40 and 60 years. Naturally regenerated pine seedlings
originating from clear‐cuts of nearby forests were used as a reference. In total 917
operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of fungi has been obtained from all roots and soil
samples. The number of OTUs from nursery samples (580) was very similar to that from
the clear cuts (585). Unexpectedly the number of overall fungal OTUs (293‐320) appeared
very comparable between nurseries of different age. Overall number of saprobic fungi
(around 187 OTUs) was substantially higher than ectomycorrhizal fungi (around 94). No
difference between nurseries and natural regeneration stands was found in fungal
richness but communities were compositionally clearly distinct in nonmetric
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multidimensional ordination analyses. Overall number of pathogenic fungi in nurseries
and in natural regeneration stands was similar (58 vs. 52 OTUs) but higher number of
OTUs was found in the oldest nursery in relation to the youngest one.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Potential distribution and identity of introduced Amanita muscaria
worldwide
Susana C. Gonçalves1, Nuno Mesquita1, Leonora Bittleston2, Natalia Vargas3, Ian A.
Dickie4, Anne Pringle5
1
Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
2
Departments of Botany and Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
3
Laboratory of Mycology and Plant Pathology, University of Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
4
Bio‐Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
5
Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Amanita muscaria sensu lato is an eye‐catching and easily noticed fungus, the red‐and‐
white spotted mushroom of fairy tales. However, it comprises different species according
to the phylogenetic species concept. Members of this northern hemisphere species
complex have been introduced to many locations in the southern hemisphere, and south
of its native range in the northern hemisphere. Which species are introductions, and
whether more than one species of the A. muscaria complex has been introduced to new
ranges, is unclear. Nor do we know if multiple species co‐occur in introduced ranges. In
this study we hypothesized that the cryptic species of A. muscaria possess distinct
environmental niches, and that environmental niche models of the different clades would
predict which species are introduced to different parts of the world. We also used ITS
sequencing of A. muscaria from across its introduced ranges to ascertain the identity of
the occurring species. Species distribution modeling predicts that both clade I (North
America) and clade II (Eurasia, Alaska) can grow in parts of the introduced ranges, in
places including Chile, southern Brazil, Uruguay, New Zealand and southern Australia. But
sequence data from many populations demonstrates that across its introduced ranges A.
muscaria is mainly (perhaps solely) represented by clade II, the originally described A.
muscaria from Eurasia. Results are discussed in relation to the current knowledge of the
ecology of each cryptic species, as well as in relation to historical information about co‐
introductions with exotic hosts.
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Environment, ecology and interactions
Long‐term study of morel proliferation: influences of climate and
environmental changes
Segula Masaphy1,2
1MIGAL‐Galilee
2Tel
Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
Hai College, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
In nature, mushroom proliferation in a particular site is affected by a range of
environmental factors, some of which are related to changes in climate or to local
disruptive activities, such as wildfire events. Moreover, the severity of, and area covered
by a wildfire are considered to be dependent on climate. Fires affect the whole
ecosystem, including the fungal population and mushroom fruiting. Morels (Morchella
spp., Pezizales) are important edible mushrooms that are known for their delicate taste
and aroma, and exhibit a range of mycorrhizal relationships with higher plants. It is
important to understand the factors affecting morel fruiting in nature, toward potential
manipulation of the morel population for forest conservation and rehabilitation. We
conducted a long‐term study on the proliferation of mycorrhizal and free‐living morel
populations in Israel. This direct follow‐up of mushroom proliferation enabled pinpointing
the effects of climate change and soil disruption on both mushroom types. Climate
changes were found to affect the temporal fruiting of morels, whereas both population
types were affected by fire events, such that the morels could be classified as pyrophilous
fungi. Forest‐management activities performed after the fire event affected both morel
ecotypes' populations.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Ascomycete fungal communities reorganize in response to long‐term
summer and winter climate warming in moist and dry tundra of Arctic
Alaska
Tatiana Semenova1,2, Luis Morgado1, Jeffrey Welker3, Marilyn Walker4, Erik Smets5,1,
József Geml1,2
1Naturalis
Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
University, Leiden, The Netherlands
3University of Alaska, Ancorage, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
4Homer Energy, Colorado, USA
5KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
2Leiden
Climate warming has already led to a suite of changes in Arctic tundra regions including
thawing of the permafrost, alterations in the net exchange of green‐house gazes, nutrient
cycling in tundra soils and shifts in arctic plant communities. Long‐term (18‐year)
experimental climate manipulations that simulated summer climate warming by open‐top
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chambers and winter warming by snow fences, revealed that warmer conditions lead to
significant shifts in tundra vegetation: shrubs and graminoids increased in density and
cover, while shade‐intolerant lichens and bryophytes declined under warmer conditions.
However, changes in arctic ecosystems below‐ground remained unknown. In the present
work we studied the effects of long‐term experimental warming on the most diverse
group of arctic soil fungi‐ascomycetes. We used deep Ion Torrent sequencing of the ITS2
rDNA region to compare the ascomycete communities across the control and
experimentally warmed plots in two main vegetation types found throughout low tundra
‐ dry heath and moist tussock tundra. Ascomycete taxa reorganized in accordance with
previously reported shifts in vegetation in the warmed plots: we observed a decline in
lichenized and bryophyte‐associated ascomycetes corresponding to loss of lichens and
bryophytes. Oppositely, root‐associated and endophytic ascomycetes increased in
accordance with the reported previously increase in shrub cover. Increase in saprotrophic
and insect pathogenic ascomycetes was in agreement with litter accumulation and
increased insect abundance across the warmed plots. Reorganizations in soil fungal
communities may indicate a positive feedback on climate warming through enhanced soil
nutrient cycling and increased rates of decomposition in tundra soils.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Possible effects for soil microfungal communities in the conditions
simulating the global warming
Olga Marfenina1, Anastasija Danilogorskaja1,2, Anna Ivanova1
1Moscow
2Skryabin
State University, Soil Science Faculty, Moscow, Russia
Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Puschino, Moscow reg., Russia
Global warming will affect the structure and functioning of soil fungal communities. These
trends were observed in laboratory and field experiments which simulated various
scenarios of climate change. The investigation was held with two zonal podzolic (Histic
Podzol, Umbric Albeluvisol) and two urban soils (Urbic Technosol, Technic Albeluvisol) in
laboratory and field experiments. The species and functional diversity of cultivated fungal
assemblages was assessed in laboratory experiment under fixed temperature (10, 20,
30°C) and moisture conditions (60%) during fungal succession (3, 7, 14, 21, 35 days). The
isolation of microfungi was performed using isolation on CzA. Fungal cultures were
identified using cultural methods and ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2 sequencing data. The multisubstrate
testing method was used for functional assay. Shelters were employed in field
experiments (45 days) for determining the reaction of cellulolytic fungi. The isolation of
cellulolytic fungi was performed by cellulose‐bite technique. The diversity of cellulolytic
fungi increased under shelters (increased temperature on average by 2‐3°C) in zonal and
urban soils. In zonal northern and temperate boreal soils the high temperatures (30°C)
had a negative effect on the microfungal assemblages. The microscopic fungi diversity
indexes were lower and succession stages were not very explicit at 30°C in comparison to
10, 20°C. The functional diversity of fungal assemblages itself and a response of the
functional diversity to elevated temperature differs in urban and zonal soils. Fungal
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assemblages of urban soils were more resistant to elevated soil temperatures. At
elevated temperatures increases the abundance of potentially pathogenic microfungi in
all investigated soils.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Melanization as a response in soil fungi to environmental stress
Isabella Grishkan1
1University
of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
Melanin is a dark pigment of high molecular weight possessing energy absorbing and
dispersing properties accompanied with ability to neutralize cytotoxic free radicals.
Beside the most "famous" radioprotective capacity, melanin protects fungi against
temperature extremes (both heat and cold), dehydration, chemical and radionuclide
pollution, and enzymatic activity of antagonistic microorganisms. Due to such defending
abilities, dominance of melanin‐containing fungi is characteristic for the upper layers of
the Israeli desert soils, open mountain localities (Mount Hermon, both in summer and
under snow cover), and highly saline environments of the Dead Sea shore. In the Negev
desert, melanized fungi with large thick‐walled multicellular conidia increased their
abundance southward and overwhelmingly prevailed in southern Negev. They were also
dominant in the depth of 30‐50‐cm in the fine‐textured playa sediments with strongly
limited aeration and increased salinity. The multicellular spore morphology, together with
melanin pigmentation, was found to be an important adaptive feature of desert soil
mycobiota helping to carry out both dispersal and resting functions, which are crucial in
highly stressful desert habitats. For one of the melanin‐containing species prevailing in
the soil of the northern Israeli canyons, Aspergillus niger, it was shown that the south‐
facing slope (SFS) strains produced conidia with 1.5‐fold higher survival ability after UV‐A
irradiation and with more than three‐fold higher melanin concentration compared to
conidia of the north‐facing slope (NFS) strains. Such remarkable differences corresponded
to the interslope microclimatic divergence caused by much higher solar radiation (200‐
800%) which the SFS received in comparison with the NFS.
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Environment, ecology and interactions
A study on the species diversity of Orbiliaceae in an oceanic archipelago
(Canary Islands)
Luis Quijada1, Hans‐Otto Baral2, Esperanza Beltrán‐Tejera1
1Department
of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
2Blaihofstr.42, D‐72074, Tübingen, Germany
Within a few decades, the family Orbiliaceae Nannf. has undergone important changes.
Being earlier placed in the Helotiales Nannf, the family was transferred in 2003 to a new
order (Orbiliales Baral, O.E. Erikss., G. Marson & E. Weber) and a new
class(Orbiliomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Baral). The major part of the species generally studied,
have been reported in humid ecosystems (Liu et al. 2006, Zhang et al. 2009), but their
diversity is more important in arid to semiarid ecosystems (Baral et al. ined.).
The Macaronesian Region is characterized by its high biodiversity and endemism, and the
Canary Islands play a key role within these regions (Médail & Quézel 1977, 1999). While
Korf (1992) listed 8 species of Orbiliaceae, in the present research the family turned out
one of the most diverse families in the Canary Islands (~ 60 spp). Until now, this group
have been done in a taxonomical or descriptive way, but, what do we know about them
from an ecological point of view? Tenerife is placed in the middle and it is the perfect
place to test out how different climatic or biotic parameters influence the diversity of
fungi. During three years, the two larger genera Hyalorbilia and Orbilia were monitored in
four types of vegetation from sea‐level up to the mountains. Here we show the changes
in diversity and abundances of species in different levels of complexity: substrate,
vegetation, altitude and slope.
Environment, ecology and interactions
The effects of sodium hypochlorite on the control of inter‐kingdom biofilm
formation by drinking water‐isolated microorganisms
Lúcia C. Simões1,2, Ana F. A. Chaves2, Manuel Simões2, Nelson Lima1,3
1CEB‐Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
3Post‐Graduate Programme in Agricultural Microbiology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
2LEPABE,
Biofilms in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) are responsible for several
undesirable effects in water. One of the main drawbacks is their potential to protect
pathogens from stress conditions. Microbial interactions in biofilms can benefit the
survival of co‐existing microorganisms, including the increased resistance to
antimicrobials. Chlorine disinfection is the main widespread strategy used in DWDS for
microbial control. Even if new and alternative strategies are being developed, it is
conceivable that the future strategies still persist with chlorine due to economic and
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safety aspects. Therefore, the understanding on the efficacy of chlorine against biofilms is
of utmost importance in order to improve the current strategies. The purpose of this
work was to assess the effects of sodium hypochlorite (SHC) on the control of single and
dual‐species biofilm formation by selected filamentous fungi (Penicillium expansum and
Penicillium brevicompactum) and bacterium (Acinetobacter calcoaceticus) isolated from
DWDS. Biofilms were developed during 48 h in 96‐wells microtiter plates under two
hydrodynamic conditions (25 and 150 rpm). The effects of SHC at several concentrations
(0.1, 0.5, 1, 10 and 100 mg/L) was tested. The biofilm control was evaluated using crystal
violet (removal) and resazurin (inactivation) dyes. The results shown that,
P.brevicompactum biofilms were extremely resistant to disinfection when compared with
single‐species biofilms of P.expansum and dual‐species biofilms of P.brevicompactum‐
A.calcoaceticus. The association of A.calcoaceticus with both fungi seems beneficial, since
the dual‐species biofilms were more resistant to disinfection. The inactivation and
removal occurred for high SHC concentrations. However, total biofilm control was not
achieved.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Comparison of chemical composition in Tuber aestivum Vittad. of different
geographical origin
Dorota Hilszczanska1, Jadwiga Turło2, Hanna Szmidla1, Marta Siebyla1, Aleksandra Rosa‐
Gruszecka1, Marek Krol2, Piotr Podsadni2, Piotr Steckiewicz2, Magdalena Bamburowicz‐
Klimkowska2, Mirollaw Szutowski2
1Forest
2Medical
Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
Truffles are hypogeous and nutrition‐rich edible fungi. The aim of this study was a
comprehensive investigation of chemical composition of black summer truffle (Tuber
aestivum Vittad.). We compared lipids, protein, saccharides, polyphenolics, flavonoids,
total sterols, ergosterol, volatile flavor and aroma compounds content in fruitbodies of
the fungus collected in three different geographical region, i.e. Poland, Slovakia and Italy.
A comparison of the mentioned compounds is especially interesting due to environmental
and climatic differences between Poland, Slovakia and Italy. It showed that fruitbodies of
T. aestivum from Poland and Slovakia possessed similar content of proteins, total sterols,
and saccharides. The fruiting bodies from Italy contained significantly larger amounts of
investigated compounds. In turn, Polish specimens had higher content of lipids and
polyphenolics than Slovak and Italian ones. We have found higher similarity of volatile
compounds composition between Polish and Italian specimens than those of Polish and
Slovak origin.
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Environment, ecology and interactions
Geoecological role of acid production by micromycetes on the rock
substrates
Katerina Sazanova1, Dmitry Vlasov1
1Saint
Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
A lot of species of fungi from different taxonomic and ecological groups can produce
organic acids. Organic acid production by fungi determines the geochemical role of
micromycetes, their importance in rock weathering and primary soil formation. In
practical terms production of organic acids by fungi regarded as one of the most
important factors in the destruction of monuments and building. The growth of rock‐
inhabited fungi usually occurs in biofilms, including autotrophic and heterotrophic
organisms.
The aim of this study is to expand the data about role of organic acids formation by
microscopic fungi in the microbial interactions in lithobiotic communities.
Micromycetes of 24 species isolated from rock substrates were cultivated on the different
agar and liquid media. Carbon acids extracted from the cultural fluid were analyzed using
chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) on Agilent device with MSD5975 mass
selective detector, column HP‐5MS, 30m Х 0.25 mm.
It is established that the acidification fungal activity promotes the easy assimilation of
carbons sources by microorganisms in lithobiotic communities. Some acids such as citric,
gluconic and malic can be used as a source of nutrition by heterotrophic microorganisms
in rock‐inhabiting biofilms. It was shown that the oxalic acid production by fungi lead to
binding of toxic metals ions and decreasing free cations concentration. It can play
adaptive role for biofilms in the technogenic environment. In addition fungi with strong
acid production ability increase their acidification activity under influence of some
chemical and physical stressors that may promote the viability of the lithobiotic
communities.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Spatio‐temporal monitoring fungal growth dynamics using image analysis
and graph theory
Guillermo Vidal Diez de Ulzurrun1, Jan Baetens1, Jan Van den Bulcke2, Bernard De Baets1
1KERMIT,
2Laboratory
Dept. of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
of Wood Technology (Woodlab‐Ugent), Dept. of Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Ghent,
Belgium
Due to their ability to grow in complex environments, fungi play an important role in most
ecosystems. They are characterized by a unique structure, which allows for efficient
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
internal transportation of nutrients and rapid expansion. Therefore, there have been
many attempts to model and understand fungal growth dynamics.
Some of the main obstacles to studying fungal growth are heterogeneity of growth
environments and limitations of laboratory experiments. Laboratory experiments are
time‐consuming and expensive, typically leading to results that depend on specific
experimental conditions, so that they cannot be easily compared with other experimental
setups. In addition, some in vitro methods are destructive and hence preclude tracking of
features of the fungal network through time.
Given the increasing availability of image capturing techniques, a new approach lies in
image analysis, i.e., the extraction of significant information from images. Capturing
images is easy and does not require expensive machinery. Most previous image analysis
studies involve manual labelling of the fungal network, and local or invasive techniques
which do not allow for the tracking of the network evolution.
In response, this work presents an automated tool combining image analysis and graph
theory to monitor fungal growth through time and space. It is highly versatile; it can be
tuned for different fungal species and image resolutions, and can also be adapted for
different devices and growth scenarios. It also permits the extraction of the most
commonly studied parameters of fungal growth, hence representing a promising
alternative to the classical and narrowly focused approaches.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Mercury accumulation and distribution in Suillus bovinus and probable
dietary exposure by foragers
Jerzy Falandysz1, Martyna Saba1, Innocent Nnorom2
1University
2Abia
of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
State University, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria, Nigeria
Suillus bovinus mushroom is less valued from the culinary and commercial point of view
compared to other forest mushroom. However, it is usually mixed with more valued
mushroom species and then sold for use in sauce preparation.
This study evaluated the accumulation and distribution of Hg in S. bovinus and probable
dietary Hg exposure to consumers. Samples of Suillus bovinus mushrooms and topsoil (0‐
10 cm) layer beneath the mushrooms were collected from several sites in the northern
part of Poland in 2000–2013 and the mercury contents were determined by CV–AAS.
S. bovinus can be considered as a good accumulator of Hg. The bioconcentration factor
(BCF) values were above 1, and highest BCF values for caps and stipes were 40 and 28
respectively. Mercury contents of topsoil samples were low, i.e. below 0.050 mgkg‐1 dry
matter. The content of Hg in fruiting bodies of S. bovinus could also be considered
“moderately” low. The samples foraged from the region of the Puszcza Darzlubska forest
complex showed more Hg in caps and stipes of fruiting bodies (average Hg in caps and
stipes were 0.79±0.4 mgkg‐1 dm and 0.51±0.22 mgkg‐1 dry matter respectively) when
compared to specimens from all other sites.
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Considering the allowable toxicological limits of Hg exposure such as provisionally
tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) and reference dose (RfD), the most contaminated
mushrooms from the Puszcza Darzlubska site when consumed in amounts around 0.2 kg
(dry matter) or 2.0 kg fresh product weekly, the Hg intake would not exceed the
recommended limits.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Mercury in Suillus granulatus and Suillus variegatus and soil substratum
beneath the fruiting bodies
Innocent Nnorom1, Martyna Saba2, Jerzy Falandysz2
1Abia
State University, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria, Nigeria
2University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
Traditional uses of mushrooms include their use in medicine and as food. In these
applications, it is important to have knowledge of toxic metal contents of these species.
Mercury uptake and bioconcentration by mushroom may pose health risk to consumers
considering the toxicity of mercury.
This study aimed to get insight into the bioconcentration potential and degree of
contamination with Hg of fruiting bodies of two species of fungi of the genus Suillus: S.
variegatus and S. granulatus that emerged at several spatially distantly distributed places
in Poland. Mercury content of the mushroom species and the soil substratum beneath
them were determined by cold‐vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy.
The soil substratum beneath the fruit bodies of S. variegatus and S. granulatus in this
study showed low degree of contamination with Hg – the range of median values was
from 0.014 to 0.026 mg/kg dry matter. The median values of bioconcentration factor
calculated for caps of both species did not exceeded 14, which indicate a moderate
potential to absorb and bioconcentration Hg in the fruit bodies. The median values of Hg
content in caps for both species of Suillus mushrooms did not exceed 0.25 mgkg‐1 dry
matter and the values for the stalks were, on the average, from 2 to 4 times lower. The
results obtained in this study showed that the fruit bodies of both species when
compared to several other species of forest mushrooms collected from the same regions
are relatively low in Hg.
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Environment, ecology and interactions
Fungi in bottom sediments of the Chukchi Sea: diversity and ecophysiology
Ekaterina Bubnova1, Olga Konovalova1
1Lomonosov
Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
This is a first report on the mycobiota of the Chukchi Sea, one of the most inclement seas
of the world. Twenty‐two bottom sediment samples were taken at depths ranging from
44 to 110 meters. Fungi were isolated by Warcup's technique using MEA (salinity 35 ‰).
Fungal cultures were identified using both cultural methods and ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2
sequencing data. The effects of different environmental parameters (temperature,
salinity and C sources) on the spore germination and the colony growth rate were
examined. The fungal abundance in the analyzed samples was low: in total, as little as 150
fungal strains were isolated from all samples; the number of fungal isolates obtained from
1g individual bottom sediment samples varied from zero to 22. At the same time the
fungal diversity was unexpectedly high: we identified 49 morphotypes belonging to 32
genera of Basidiomycota (4 genera, 4 species) and Ascomycota (all the others). Among
almost forty non‐sporulating cultures initially isolated the majority were identified as
Ascomycota, and two – as Basidiomycota species based on DNA sequence data. Most of
Ascomycota species in this study were referred to Eurotiales, Pleosporales, Helotiales and
Hypocreales; fungi of Eurotiales family were most abundant in all samples examined (41%
of all isolates). In experiments with growth and conidial germination all isolated fungi
exhibited broad salinity tolerance ranging from 0 to 50‰ and the ability to grow using
algal‐specific polysaccharides as a sole carbon source. The major growth‐limiting factors
were low temperature and the lack of available organic matter.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Wood‐inhabiting fungi diversity vs. deadwood features: what happens in
Mediterranean forests?
Maria D'Aguanno1, Claudia Perini1, Diego Cantini1, Beatrice Mammarella1, Elena Salerni1
1University
of Siena, Siena, Italy
Wood‐inhabiting fungi are important organisms in forests ecology, involved in wood
decomposition and regulation of food resource for many other groups. Their presence is
linked to nutrient turnover and to deadwood availability, then quantity and properties of
substrate are fundamental for maintenance of their diversity. Many studies in Northern
and Central Europe have been focused on wood‐inhabiting fungi and deadwood features.
Conversely, in Southern Europe, in particular in Mediterranean forests, although the
strong influence of geographic area and forest type on species distribution patterns is
well known, there is a lack of data. To gain a better knowledge of their biodiversity in
Mediterranean area, we first characterized the species community in different vegetation
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types; then we analyzed the relationships between species richness and composition and
deadwood characteristics (host tree, volume, diversity, decay stage, diameter class).
The results, from 3 years of multiple surveys, indicated that vegetation types have strong
influence on species richness and composition and that most of species are strictly linked
to a single host. Regarding relationship with wood properties, analysis revealed that:
higher number of species was present on coarse woody debris and well decayed wood;
fungal composition changed gradually, from smaller woody debris towards coarser ones,
and from early to late decay stage, forming distinct groups; the increase of species
richness was linked more strictly to variety of woody debris (presence of snags, logs,
stumps) than to total deadwood volume.
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Cell biology, biochemistry and physiology
Adaptation of alkalophilic fungus Sodiomyces tronii to the conditions with
different pH.
Vera Tereshina1, Sofiya A. Bondarenko2,1, Elena Yanutsevich1, Olga Danilova1, Olga
Kamsolkina2, Ekaterina Kotlova3, Elena N. Bilanenko2
1
Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the RAS, Moscow, Russia
2
Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
3
Komarov Botanical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia, St. Peterburg, Russia
Mycelial alkalophilic fungus Sodiomyces tronii was recently isolated from extreme
habitats ‐ alkaline soils around the soda lake Magadi. The mechanisms of alkalophilia and
adaptation to the conditions with the different pH were not studied. In this research we
present the first investigation of changes in composition of membrane lipids and
cytosolic soluble carbohydrates in S. tronii under different pH conditions.
Optimum conditions for growth of the fungus are pH 9.4 and temperature of 32 ° C. The
experiment was carried out according to the following scheme, S. tronii was grown in
surface culture on the wort agar medium at optimum temperature and different pH
(10,2; 9,2; 7,2 and 5,4) during 10 days. The composition of membrane lipids and soluble
cytosolic carbohydrates were analyzed in mycelium of the fungus.
It was shown, that during growth under optimal conditions the predominate sugar in
cytosol was glucose (65% of ∑), under lowering of pH to 7,2 and 5,4 ‐ trehalose ( 65%),
under increasing of pH to 10,2 ‐ mannitol (52%).
The membrane lipids at optimal conditions consisted mainly of
phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), phosphatidylcholines (PC) and sterols. Lowering of the
medium pH led to the increase of sphingolipids and sterols shares. The increase of the
medium pH was attended by minor changes in lipids composition.
The obtained results point on involvement of cytosolic soluble carbohydrates and
membrane lipids in adaptation of alkalophilic fungus to different pH conditions.
This work was supported by the grant 15‐04‐06975 of the Russian Foundation for Basic
Research.
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Fungal pathogenesis and disease control
Detection of Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) and F.
verticillioides in maize roots, crowns, stems and ears in South Africa
Sonia‐Mari Greyling1, Neal McLaren2, Aneen Schoeman1, Belinda Janse van Rensburg1,
Bradley Flett1,3
1
Agricultural Research Council – Grain Crops Institute, Potchefstroom, South Africa
2
University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
3
North‐West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
Maize is the most important cereal crop produced in South Africa. The Fusarium
graminearum species complex (FGSC) and Fusarium verticillioides cause diseases in maize.
FGSC produces mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and
zearalenone (ZEA), while F. verticillioides produces fumonisins (FUM). In this study the
occurrence of these pathogens and their respective mycotoxins in maize were evaluated.
During the 2012/13 and 2013/14 seasons four fields were identified in the Northern Cape
Province, which were visibly infected with Fusarium species. The target DNA
concentrations of FGSC and F. verticillioides were determined in the roots, crown, stems
and grain of physiologically mature maize in areas within the field that were visibly green
and those that were prematurely senesced using qPCR. The mycotoxins' concentrations in
grain were quantified using LC/MS‐MS. The target DNA concentrations of Fusarium spp.
differed between seasons with no significant difference between the visibly green and
prematurely senesced plants. DON (1.193 µg/g) was the primary FGSC mycotoxin
detected followed by ZEA (0.770 µg/g) and 3 + 15 ADON (0.116 µg/g). No NIV was
detected in either season. During the second season the FUM levels were 25 µg/g.
Although the prematurely senesced and visibly green plants did not differ significantly
from each other, the mycotoxin concentrations was high enough to pose a threat to
human and animal health. These results reiterated the importance of good agricultural
practices such as crop rotation and tillage practices to reduce Fusarium spp. inoculum
build‐up in order to prevent infection and mycotoxin contamination of grain.
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Fungal pathogenesis and disease control
Diversity of Fusarium species and mycotoxins accumulated in grain of
durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)
Monika Urbaniak1, Lukasz Stepien1, Agnieszka Waskiewicz2, Anna Gorczyca3
1
Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Poznan;, Poland
2
Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznan;, Poland
3
Department of Agricultural Environment Protection, University of Agriculture, Cracow, Poland
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease of cereal species, particularly being a
major problem to wheat production in many countries. Usually, one or more of the
Fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. poae and F.
sporotrichioides) are involved as causal agents. These fungi produce various mycotoxins,
mainly deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZON) and moniliformin
(MON). Plant material used in the study consisted of three durum wheat cultivars: Polish
(Komnata), Slovakian (Pentadur) and Austrian (Auradur). Two sowing terms (optimal and
delayed) and three different sowing densities (400, 500 and 600 grains/m2) were used.
Fungal strains were isolated and molecularly identified in harvested heads of plants
exposed to natural infection by Fusarium fungi. Eighty six strains of six Fusarium species
were isolated during 2014 season and F. graminearum and F. avenaceum were the most
frequent ones. Moreover, DON, NIV, ZON and MON concentrations were measured in the
grains of collected wheat using HPLC method. Deoxynivalenol was found with the highest
concentration of 3988,57 ng/g in grain samples of cv. Komnata (sowing term: delayed,
sowing densities: 600 grains/m2). Nivalenol was detected in samples of cv. Komnata only.
This finding corresponded with the presence of F. graminearum of NIV chemotype,
identified in grain samples of cv. Komnata. The cultivar has also accumulated the highest
amounts of all mycotoxins studied and the delayed sowing date resulted in higher FHB
incidence and mycotoxin accumulation.
Fungal pathogenesis and disease control
A survey on prevalence and distribution of Wheat Rusts in Maragheh area
of Iran
Seyedmohsen Damadi1
1
Maragheh University, Maragheh, Iran
Wheat rusts are important diseases of wheat in many parts of the world including Iran. In
the framework of a study on Maragheh wheat rusts, surveys were made during the past
five years to determine the prevalence and distribution of the wheat rusts. Field studies
were carried out and assessments was done by walking at random through a field and
recording the occurrence and severity of rust disease observed. The results indicated that
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in wheat fields that were under observation during survey years, yellow rust was the most
prevalent rust and had the highest rate of occurrence and severity. The results of survey
also revealed that the Leaf rust was the second important rust in the studied areas with
regard to stem rust, it was observed only in two wheat plant of the whole wheat fields of
studied area and therefore was not considered important in the area. The survey results
showed that wheat leaf rust was the most serious rust of wheat in the area and may
cause economic loss if susceptible cultivars are cultivated. Because application of
fungicides in the surveyed area is not popular for the control of wheat leaf rust and other
rust disease, so it is important that growers to cultivate leaf rust‐resistant wheat cultivars
developed by plant breeders. When fungicides are to be used to control rust, it is
necessary to identify the disease early in the growing season and assess leaf rust severity
in order to make decisions on fungicide use.
Fungal pathogenesis and disease control
A fungal genome at work: Genomic and transcriptomic characterisation of
Hemileia vastatrix, the Coffee Leaf Rust pathogen
Pedro Talhinhas1,2, Helena Azinheira1,2, Sílvia Tavares1, Andreia Loureiro1,2, Ana Sofia
Pires1, Dora Batista1, Ana Paula Pereira1, Vítor Várzea1,2, João Loureiro3, Sébastien
Duplessis4, Diana Fernandez5, Maria do Céu Silva1,2
1
Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Oeiras,
Portugal
2
LEAF‐Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon,
Lisboa, Portugal
3
CFE, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
4
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1136 INRA/Université de Lorraine Interactions Arbres/Micro‐
organismes, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, Champenoux, France
5
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IRD‐Cirad‐UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs,
Montpellier, France
Rust fungi (Basidiomycota, Pucciniales) are biotrophic plant pathogens, using elaborated
host‐pathogen dialogue mechanisms and specialised feeding structures, with complex life
cycles, most frequently highly host‐specific and with large genomes. Hemileia vastatrix,
the causal agent of devastating disease Coffee Leaf Rust, represents one of largest fungal
genomes (790 Mbp) and one of the most ancestral lineages of Pucciniales. It multiplies
asexually, as no aecial host is known (hemicyclic life cycle), but since the first report of the
disease (150 years ago), at least 50 races have been identified, following the gene‐for‐
gene host‐pathogen interaction theory, suggesting a rapid genotypic adaptability and high
plasticity. Intra‐specific genomic variability represents ca. 13% of its genome size (764‐839
Mbp). Recent advances in transcriptome and genome sequencing have contributed to
revealing particular aspects of this fungus. In particular, active metabolism, translational
activity and production of new structures in the H. vastatrix appressoria and intense
signalling, transport, secretory activity and cellular multiplication in the germinating
urediniospores, suggesting the onset of a plant‐fungus dialogue as early as at the germ
tube stage. Gene expression related to the production of carbohydrate‐active enzymes
and accumulation of glycerol in germinating urediniospores and appressoria suggests that
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combined lytic and physical mechanisms are involved in appressoria‐mediated
penetration. Besides contributing to the characterisation of molecular processes leading
to appressoria‐mediated infection by rust fungi, these results point towards the
identification of new H. vastatrix candidate virulence factors, with 516 genes predicted to
encode secreted proteins.
Fungal pathogenesis and disease control
Diversity of Rhizoctonia spp. in Polish forest nurseries
Marta Bełka1, Małgorzata Mańka1
1
Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
Rhizoctonia spp. is a severe pathogen of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in Polish forest
nurseries, causing seedling damping‐off. The diversity of Rhizoctonia population is little
known. From this point of view, seven forest nurseries were examined from 2004 to
2009. Fungi were isolated from diseased seedlings and from soil. 277 Rhizoctonia isolates
were obtained – multinuclear (prevailing) and binuclear. The multinuclear represented
anastomosis groups AG1‐IB, AG1‐IC, AG2‐1, AG2‐2, AG2‐3, AG4‐HGII, AG‐5 and WAG‐Z (R.
zeae) and binuclear – AG‐E (R. muneratii). The anastomosis groups differed significantly
from the point of view of their growth rate and pathogenicity to pine seedlings. The
biggest growth rate was found for AG1‐IB and the smallest for AG2‐1and AG4‐HG2. All the
isolates were strongly pathogenic to Scots pine seedlings: multinuclear caused 92,81‐
100% mortality and binuclear 65,77%. The most pathogenic isolates belonged to AG2‐1
and AG‐5. Rhizoctonia zeae was obtained for the first time in Poland from a forest
nursery. It proved capable of causing damping‐off of Scots pine seedlings.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Fungal diseases of goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria L.)
Ekaterina Blagoveshchenskaya1
1
Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Aegopodium podagraria L. is a perennial plant in the family Apiaceae, native to Eurasia,
witch usually grows in shady places, but also can maintain rather high level of insolation.
In Russian Federation the species is not only one of the most common forest plants but a
great weed for gardens and kitchengardens too. Four fungal disease caused by Puccinia
aegopodii, Plasmopara nivea, Protomyces macrosporus and Septoria podagrariae are
peculiar to the goutweed. We studied the occurrence of these pathogens in Zvenigorod
Biological Station (Moscow region) and the influence of diseases on the host plant.
Because the goutweed is a perennial rhizomatous plant we used leaves as a count unit.
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Puccinia aegopodii has a very strong locality with solitary infected plants and this fungus
may considered as a rare one. Plasmopara nivea is widespread, but has great seasonal
dynamics with one or two peaks per year. The first flash of disease is in June (with 30%
infected leaves) and the second could occur in September.
From 30 to 80% of leaves of goutweed are usually infected by Septoria podagraria and
Protomyces macrosporus. The correlation between two pathogens varied from 20 to 30 %
depending on the season. Infected leaves are bigger then uninfected, so that could mean
that pathogens more often infect older parts of plants.
Neither of pathogens has real harm to the host plant.
Fungal pathogenesis and disease control
Distribution of Botryosphaeriaceae species on Eucalypt stands in Portugal
Eugénio Diogo1, Joana Neno1,2, Joana Henriques1, Artur Alves3, Alan Phillips4, Helena
Bragança1
1
2
INIAV, Oeiras, Portugal
Universidade de Lisboa da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
3
Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
4
Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
Eucalypts are among the most important planted forest species in Portugal and are
affected by various pests and diseases. Among these, some fungi in the
Botryosphaeriaceae are generally considered pathogens that can cause tree mortality. In
a recent nationwide monitoring program of eucalypt diseases, a total of 42 forest stands
were surveyed across the entire country. In this study we investigated the identity and
distribution of the Botryosphaeriaceae associated with eucalypt forests in Portugal.
Sampled sites were digitally geo‐referenced and mapped. Botryosphaeriaceae were
detected in 20 stands and a collection of isolates has been established. Representative
isolates were identified from their morphological characters in culture and in addition
molecular methods were used based on the analysis of the ITS rDNA and partial sequence
of the translational elongation factor‐1α gene.The two most frequently encountered
species were identified as Neofusicoccum eucalyptorum and N. parvum.
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Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Species identification in corticioid fungi based on a barcoding approach
María P. Martín1, Margarita Dueñas1, Isabel Salcedo2, Ireneia Melo3, Maria Teresa
Telleria1
1
Dpto. Mycologia, Real Jardín Botánico‐CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, Madrid, Spain
Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ecología (Botánica), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Aptdo. 644, Bilbao, Spain
3
Jardim Botânico (MNHNC), Universidade de Lisboa, CE3C/FCUL, Rua da Escola Politécnica 58, Lisboa, Portugal
2
DNA barcoding is a standardized technique for assigning biological specimens to their
correct species using a short gene sequence (Hebert et al. 2003). Using in conjunction
with other characters (morphology, or ecological data), DNA barcoding is allowing to the
taxonomists to make species identification more precise (Rubinoff 2005, Hajibabaei et al.
2007).
The present contribution points out how the accepted barcode for fungi (sequences of ITS
nrDNA; Schoch et al 2012) is being very useful to assess the circumscription of corticioid
fungi. For example, in Brevicellicium, Hypochnicium, Hyphoderma, Jaapia,
Sistotremastrum, a “DNA barcoding gap” is present, allowing to assign species names to
specimens, since the intra‐specific and the inter‐specific distances do not overlap. The
reexamination of the morphological features of the specimens proves that, in many cases,
the phenotipical variation coincides with the variation of the barcoding sequence (eg.
Jaapia argillacea/J. ochroleuca), but in others, the sequences are key to detect cryptic
species, such as in Hyphoderma macaronesicum sl.
Hajibabaei M et al. 2007. DNA barcoding: how it complements taxonomy, molecular pylogenetics and population
genetics. Trends in Genetics 23(4): 167–172.
Hebert PDN et al. 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. PNAS. 270: 313‐321.
Rubinoff D. 2005. Utility of mitochondrial DNA barcodes in species conservation. Conservation Biology. 20 (4): 1026–
1033.
Schoch C et al. 2012. Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as universal barcode marker for Fungi.
PNAS 109: 6241–6246.
Plan Nacional I +D + I projects CGL2006‐12732‐CO2‐01/BOS and CGL2012‐35559
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Host and geographic speciation in the Phanerochaete sordida group
(Polyporales, Basidiomycota)
Sergey Volobuev1, Mikhail Okun1, Aleksandr Ordynets2, Viacheslav Spirin3
1
Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
2
Department of Ecology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
3
Botanical Museum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Specimens of Phanerochaete sordida from different regions of temperate Eurasia were
studied by morphological and DNA methods, and type material (Corticium sordidum,
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Corticium cremeum, Corticium eichlerianum, Grandiniella livescens) was checked for re‐
establishing species concepts in this group. P. sordida s.str. is widely distributed in boreal
and hemiboreal zones of Eurasia, and it is predominantly a gymnosperm‐dwelling species.
In phylogenetic analysis, P. sordida is rather distant from two other species possessing
similar morphological characters; those species inhabit angiosperm hosts. One of them, P.
livescens, is widely distributed in temperate forests of Eurasia, and its distribution ranges
from France to Russian Far East. Another species, P. concrescens, is limited to temperate
East Asia, and inhabits dry, hanging branches of various deciduous trees and shrubs in
open, dry habitats. The recently described P. conifericola (Floudas & Hibbett 2015) is also
covered by traditional concept of P. sordida. P. conifericola is a circumpolar species,
common in boreal conifer forests; in addition to gymnosperm hosts mentioned in the
original description, it regularly occurs on fallen branches and logs of frondose trees in
Fennoscandia and adjacent part of Russia.
The work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project no. 14‐04‐32239).
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Unravelling the milkcap genus Lactifluus (Russulaceae)
Eske De Crop1, Jorinde Nuytinck2, Kobeke Van de Putte1, Annemieke Verbeken1
1
2
Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
Naturalis Biodiversity Center, National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
The ectomycorrhizal Russulaceae family consists of four non‐corticioid genera, amongst
which the milkcap genera Lactarius and Lactifluus. Lactifluus has some well‐known
European representatives, e.g. Lf. volemus and Lf. piperatus, but is mainly represented in
the tropics. Lactifluus is characterized by a high genetic variability and a conserved
morphology, which is supported by the occurrence of cryptic species complexes and
species with isolated phylogenetic positions. The general relationships within Lactifluus
are unresolved and synapomorphic characters on higher taxonomic levels are unknown.
In a global study of Lactifluus, we aimed to get a clear view on the phylogenetic status of
the genus, unravel the relationships within the genus and reconstruct its biogeographical
history.
Collections covering the entire distribution area and all sections within Lactifluus (80% of
all known species) were used to construct a four‐gene molecular phylogeny. Macro‐ and
microscopical characters were studied for each collection, featuring five key
characteristics, and compared with the phylogenetic results. Geographical data,
combined with the phylogeny, were used to infer the biogeographic history of Lactifluus.
Our results confirm the monophyly of Lactifluus and support the division of the genus into
four subgenera. Within these subgenera, sections were assigned and confirmed by
morphological characters if possible. Ten new clades and at least 17 new species were
discovered. Our morphological study confirms the importance of the five featured
characteristics on different evolutionary levels, however, more characteristics need to be
studied to morphologically support each clade. Biogeographically, Lactifluus shows a
pattern of multiple independent colonisations of the different continents.
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Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Contribution of ITS sequences to the taxonomy of Lycoperdon
Katerina Rusevska1, Dônis da Silva Alfredo2, Mikael Jeppson3, Mitko Karadelev1, Iuri
Baseia2, Francisco D. Calonge4, Vincent Demoulin5, María P. Martín4
1
Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”, Arhimedova 5,
Skopje, Macedonia
2
Dpto. de Botânica e Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande
do Norte, Brazil
3
Lilla Håjumsgatan 4, SE‐46135, Trollhättan, Sweden
4
Real Jardín Botánico, RJB‐CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain
5
Institut de Botanique, B.22, Université de Liège, 4000, Liège I, Belgium
Members of the genus Lycoperdon (Lycoperdaceae) are mainly distinguished by their
pyriform and closed basidiomes, with an opening in the apex through which spores are
discharged and a cellular subgleba is normally present. Demoulin (1971‐1972) included a
list of more than 550 names validly published under Lycoperdon; although many taxa
have been transferred to other genera. Based on ITS‐LSU nrDNA sequences, Larsson &
Jeppson (2008) considered that in Europe the genus comprises around 30 species.
In this work, we want to examine whether ITS provides a good proxy for expert
morphological identification in Lycoperdon. We have obtained ITS sequences from around
160 specimens located at MCF, BPI and MA‐Fungi herbaria, mainly from Northern
Hemisphere. New sequences were aligned and compared with 83 sequences included in
Larsson & Jeppson (2008). The preliminary analyses, of the ITS sequences, revealed in the
Lycoperdon cluster around 40 molecular taxonomic units (MOTUs), whose relationship to
morphologically defined species will be discussed.
The research received support from the projects Flora Micologica Iberica (PB98‐0538‐
C04‐01, FMI‐REN2002‐04068‐CO2‐01), Programa Ciencia sem Fronteiras
(MEC/MCTI/CNPq/FAPs nº71/2013) and Synthesys (ES‐TAF‐788. ES‐TAF‐4935).
References
Demoulin V. 1971‐1972. Le genre Lycoperdon en Europe et en Amérique du Nord. Étude
taxonomique et phytogéographique. Thesis. Université de Liège (dec. 1971).
Larsson E, Jeppson M. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships among species and genera of
Lycoperdaceae based on ITS and LSU sequence data from north European taxa. Mycol.
Res. 112: 4‐22.
Key words: Lycoperdaceae, taxonomy, molecular identification, ITS nrDNA
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Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Discovery of a cryptic taxon among sporocarp collections of the edible
Amanita ponderosa (Basidiomycota, Agaricales)
Paulo Oliveira1,2, Ricardo Arraiano Castilho2, Luís Morgado3, Carlos Vila‐Viçosa2, Mário Rui
Castro4
1
Biology Department, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO), Évora and Vairão, Portugal
3
Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
4
Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
2
Amanita ponderosa Mal. & Heim is endemic to the Western Mediterranean basin and
produces fruitbodies between Winter and Spring. Long‐standing gastronomic tradition
around this edible species is notable in parts of Spain and Portugal, but in‐depth
population studies regarding the genetic variability, ecology and conservation of this
species still need to be done. We report the discovery of a separate taxon, among
collections that would be normally identifed as Amanita ponderosa, that is closely related
to Amanita curtipes Gilbert, as revealed by the analysis of nuclear rDNA internal
transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) sequences. The taxonomic discrimination
from previously described species is discussed, based on basidiospore measurements,
ecological data and phylogenetic distances, suggesting that this is a cryptic species,
provisionally named Amanita aff. curtipes. Given that it might be common among
collected and even marketed Amanita ponderosa, genetic markers for this taxon were
designed, based on the analysis of the sequence alignments for three genetic regions, and
their usefulness for its detection was demonstrated in further DNA samples. The present
study also discusses the phylogenetic reconstructions for series Amidella (Gilbert) Neville
& Poumarat, from the point of view of identifying monophyletic subgroups and revising
the names assigned to the sequences.
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Reticulate evolution of non‐homogenised rDNA arrays prevents the
application of ITS and D1/D2 sequences as barcode markers in
Metschnikowia species
Matthias Sipiczki1, Walter P. Pfliegler1, Eniko Horvath1
1
Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
Ribosomal DNA arranged in arrays of tandem repeats is believed to evolve via concerted
evolution, which promotes sequence homogenisation along the array by either removing
or amplifying novel variants. Sequences of the repeats are commonly used for
determining species identity and inferring phylogenetic relationships. The ITS region has
recently been proposed as the primary DNA barcode marker for Fungi. In yeasts, the
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D1/D2 segment is preferred. In a recent study we noticed that in two Metschnikowia
species the D1/D2 segments were not homogenised. Both species had heterogeneous
arrays consisting of repeats differing in their D1/D2 domains (PLoS ONE 8:e67384, 2013).
Here we report on the extension of the analysis to all pulcherrimin‐producing
Metschnikowia species. We show that none of them have homogenised LSU and ITS
regions. In Bayesian and network analyses, the LSU and ITS sequences of the type strains
of these species did not form distinct clades but a continuous joint pool. Thus, neither
D1/D2 nor ITS can be used as barcode markers in this group of species. The neighbour‐net
analysis of the sequences then revealed that their rDNA arrays do not evolve in a vertical,
tree‐like way but by reticulation, probably involving interspecies exchange of repeats as
well. These results prompted us to test the type strains of the species for capability of
interspecies hybridization. By using complementary auxotrophic mutants, we found that
prototrophic interspecies hybrids can be produced with very low efficiency. Thus,
interspecies gene flow can also contribute to the reticulate evolution of their rDNA arrays.
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Taxonomic and molecular studies of the European species of the genus
Melanoleuca (Basidiomycota, Tricholomataceae) ‐ a preliminary report
Vladimír Antonín1, Ondrej Duriška2, Michal Tomšovský3
1
2
Department of Botany, Moravian Museum, Brno, Czech Republic
Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
3
Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
The genus Melanoleuca contains agaricoid fungi having collybioid or tricholomatoid
basidiocarps, basidiospores with mostly amyloid ornamentation, often typically shaped
cheilocystidia, and lacking clamp connections. However, macro‐, micromorphological and
also ecological characters overlap in many species, and this makes this genus
taxonomically very complicated. The species identification based only on macro‐ and
microscopic characters is usually almost impossible. The taxonomical revision of
European Melanoleuca taxa has been conducted in collaboration with the Italian
mycologists for several years. Type specimens of taxa were revised, and more than 400
specimens, including also type material were sequenced (ITS region of ribosomal RNA
gene in most cases). The genus Melanoleuca is divided into two subgenera ‐ Macrocystis
and Urticocystis (syn. Acystis). In Macrocystis, seven clades, arbitrary marked A‐F have
been recognized till now. So far, only two of them have fixed names ‐ M. pallidicutis (A)
and M. strictipes (D). In total, 19 distinct clades were distinguished in Urticocystis, most of
them have fixed names. However, one group probably represents an undescribed species
growing on montane pastures and meadows. Detailed studies of two groups, M. brevipes
/ grammopodia / humilis / malenconii /, and M. bresadoliana / subexcentrica / tristis,
were already finished. Two new taxa, M. juliannae growing in Hungary and M. juliannae
var. decolorans from the Czech Republic and Italy were published.
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Fungal pathogenesis and disease control
A new species, Ganoderma damiettense nom. prov., pathogenic to lemon
trees in Egypt
Hoda Mohamed Elgharabawy1,2, Jean‐Marc Moncalvo3, Cony Decock4, Amira Ali El‐Fallal1,
Ahmed Kassem Abd El‐Samad El‐Sayed1, Stephen C. Wade2, Gareth W. Griffith2
1
2
Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences , Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales, UK
3
Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
4
MUCL, Earth and Life Institute, Catholic University of Louvain,ELIM, Louvain‐la‐Neuve, Belgium
Fungi belonging to the genus Ganoderma are important pathogens of diverse tree crops
in the tropics causing root and butt rot. Ganoderma basidiocarps were observed causing
disease on lemon trees during field surveys in the Nile Delta, Egypt. Isolation into pure
cultures, DNA barcoding (rRNA operon) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was
conducted from these basidiocarps. Genetic analysis revealed the presence of two
Ganoderma species in lemon orchards, one, G. resinaceum, is a well‐known and widely
distributed species forming perennial basidiocarps and found mainly on Casuarina shade
trees. However, the other species forming annual basidiocarps in the early autumn period
only, had a novel ITS sequence, and was found mainly on lemon. Axenic cultures were
studied and found to exhibit optimal and maximal growth temperature of 33°C and 39°C,
ca. 3°C higher than G. resinaceum. SEM showed warty projections on the surface of the
inner spore wall, which is a feature not previously reported.
Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this species forms a distinct clade alongside other
unnamed Ganoderma isolates from Africa. We propose to name this new species
Ganoderma damiettense.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Exploring Antarctic yellow‐green Rhizocarpon under Global Environmental
Change
O. William Purvis1
1
Lichen Matters, Taplow, Berkshire, UK
Rhizocarpon geographicum agg. is widely used as an indicator of glacial retreat and, more
recently, considered as an indicator of climate change. The taxonomy of members of the
genus is poorly understood, not least that very few specimens from Antarctica exist in
collections. Intensive, replicated sampling was carried out across altitudinal and nutrient
gradients on Signy Island, South Orkney Islands at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula over
the period 12 November to 13 December 2009. Samples ranged considerably in
morphology and colour. The collections will enhance knowledge of the distribution of
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certain taxa. The potential further exists to test the hypothesis that phenotypically
distinct units represent evolutionary distinct lineages.
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
The evolution of smut fungi – an update
Dominik Begerow1
1
Ruhr‐Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Smut fungi are characterized by host specificity and intimate interactions. Various
hypotheses of coevolution and reciprocal adaptation are trying to explain the
mechanisms behind. We studied several groups of smut fungi in their respect to host
relationship, interaction and diversity revealing new aspects of phylogeny, ecology and
taxonomy. Examples from different genera will be used to exemplify the recent advances
and to discuss lasting problems and open questions. The talk will follow an integrative
approach to combine morphology, molecular phylogenetic data and genomics.
Thus, new data concerning the basis of host specificity will be presented, especially in the
genera Microbotryum and Urocystis. Taxonomic changes accounting for the new code of
nomenclature will be discussed.
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Biodiversity of Mushrooms at Some Land Use Types Around Lore Lindu
National Park Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
Yusran Yusran1, Ramadhanil Ramadhanil2, Akhmad Khomeini3
1
Department of Forestry, Forestry Faculty, Tadulako University, Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Tadulako University, Palu, Central Sulawesi,
Indonesia
3
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Tadulako University, Palu, Central Sulawesi,
Indonesia
2
Lore Lindu National Park is one of the most imprtant protection area in Central Sulawesi,
Indonesia, located at 119° 90‘ ‐ 120° 16‘ east and 1° 8‘ ‐ 1° 3‘ south, with a wide range of
ecosystem. The plant biodiversity of this region has been studied earlier by several
researchers, but the fungus which forms the important component of the ecosystem has
been largely neglected in a biodiversity studies. Furthermore, the main objective of the
present study was to generate a data base on mushroom diversity of Lore Lindu National
Park, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia along with their ecological preferences, which is not
earlier recorded. The study was conducted in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi,
Indonesia to investigate the diversity of mushrooms belonging to the class
Basidiomycetes at some different sites in the study area; primary forest, secondary forest,
agroforestry and scrub jungles. A total of 132 species of mushrooms were collected from
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all study sites. The order of Agaricales was found to be dominant in this area, where
among the collected mushroom species, Marasmius sp. was found to be abundant in
their occurence.
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Studies on some species complexes in the lichen genus Circinaria in Iran
Mohammad Sohrabi1, Zakieh Zakeri2
1
Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST) 33535111, Tehran, Iran
2
Senckenberg Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz, Am Museum 1, 02826, Görlitz, Germany
Circinaria sensu lato is a common lichenized genus of temperate zoon and one of the key
elements of Irano‐touranian floristic region, often found as crustose, fruticose (vagrant),
to rarely foliose (umbilicate) thalli. There are thought to be more than 30 species in the
genus, but species concepts are currently not well stablished. Currently, The most widely
used concepts are those of Nordin et al (2010) and Sohrabi et al (2012) who adopted a
relatively wide species concept, emphasizing thallus anatomy and morphological
differences as the main phenotypic characters for species delimitation. Molecular
phylogenetics based on nuITS rDNA sequences have resolved some distinct lineages
within the genus such as C. fruticolsa, C. gyrosa, and C. rostamii. Within Circinaria, still
some species complexes present high morphological plasticity. On the important species
complexes is C. elmorei (traditional "Aspicilia desertorum complex"), that contains very
different morphotypes. Although it often appears as crustose, it can also be in
subfruticose growth form (vagrant) rarely attached on soil. Based on recent collections
made from different parts of Iran, we are able to recognize some different morphotypes
in this species complex. Results of recent phylogenetic reconstructions of this species
complex suggest that C. hispida s. l and C. elmorei s.l. (traditional "Aspicilia desertorum
complex") represent several new taxa in Iran. This result indicates that the genus needs
thorough review based on combined morphological and molecular data.
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Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
A survey of filamentous fungi at the extremely alkaline Magadi Lake
Sofiya A. Bondarenko1,2, Alexey A. Grum‐Grzhimaylo3, Marina L. Georgieva1,4, Elena N.
Bilanenko1
1
Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
2
Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the RAS, Moscow, Russia
3
Laboratory of Genetics, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
4
Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Moscow, Russia
Lake Magadi in Kenya is one of the most alkaline natural habitats on Earth, a place where
pH values can exceed 11‐12. It has been shown to harbour abundant prokaryotic
organisms that form complex communities along with algae and few other eukaryotes.
The fungal diversity in such extreme environments remains understudied.
In the current study, we isolated and characterized 22 filamentous fungal species from
Magadi Lake edge using systematic approach, which involved selective recovery,
morphological analyses, growth experiments estimating pH and temperature preferences,
and phylogenetic multi‐gene analyses. We demonstrated both alkaliphiles and weak
alkalitolerant (presumably, transient) fungi are present in soda soils at Magadi Lake. Our
growth experiments suggest that obligate alkaliphiles also exhibit thermotolerant and
thermophilic traits. All alkalitolerant and alkaliphilic isolates referred to the families of
Ascomycota ‐ Onygenaceae, Trihocomaceae, Pleosporaceae, yet predominantly to the
Plectosphaerellaceae. Sodiomyces tronii and S. magadii were described as new species
within the formerly monotypic obligate alkaliphilic genus Sodiomyces
(Plectosphaerellaceae). These species develop traits that are characteristic for the
majority of fungi capable of growing at high ambient pH ‐ light‐coloured mycelium with
simply‐structured asexual morphology producing slime‐covered conidial heads and
enclosed fruit bodies containing slime matrix. How do they adapt to extreme
environment? Why the Plectosphaerellaceae family is enriched with strong alkalitolerants
and alkaliphiles? Physiology and genomic studies could provide an insight on the
evolution of the alkaliphilic trait in filamentous fungi.
The work was supported by RFBR grants № 15‐04‐06975, № 15‐04‐06260, RSCF grant № 14‐50‐
00029 (Bilanenko).
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Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
The Lichenized Fungus Genus Xanthocarpia (Teloschistales, Ascomycota) in
Turkey
Mehemet Gökhan Halıcı1
1
Erciyes University Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Kayseri, Turkey
In this study, hundreds of samples belonging to this genus collected from Turkey. After
morphological examinations; molecular analyses of ITS nrDNA were carried in the
samples. Fourteen species belonging to this genus were identified in Turkey. They are X.
aquensis, X. borysthenica, X. crenulatella, X. diffusa, X. erichansenii, X. feracissima, X.
ferrarii, X. interfulgens, X. lactea, X. marmorata, X. ochracea and X. tominii. In this
presentation we will discuss the morphological and ecological characters of these species
along with distributional data of the species in Turkey.
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Growth on the graveyard of chemical warfare ‐ the plasticity of aromatic
polyketide biosynthesis in higher fungi.
Grzegorz Koczyk1, Adam Dawidziuk1, Delfina Popiel1
1
Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
We analysed the evolutionary sources of genetic diversity in aromatic polyketide
biosynthesis in over a hundred model fungal genomes. By reconciling the history of 413
non‐reducing polyketide synthases with corresponding species history, we have found
evidence for ancient origin of extant fungal non‐reducing polyketide synthases (NR‐PKSs).
The present‐day NR‐PKSs are clades of distant siblings, originating from a burst of
duplications in early Pezizomycotina, thinned by extensive losses and, occassionaly,
shaped by more recent duplication rounds and Horizontal Gene Transfer.
Based on reconciliation of gene and species history, the analysis of genomic context, we
show that ancient origins of divergent cyclisations have been shaped by strong genetic
linkage with key accessory enzymes, as well as cotemporaneous changes in gene
structure (modularisation of key protein features, as contrasted to splice junction
location). In particular, we show how molecular novelties tied to melanin biosynthesis
(such as the modular design of product template domain as well as the involvement of
key reductase, laccase and methyltransferase accessory enzymes) have been further
adapted towards biosynthesis of alternative naphtopyrone and naphtoquinone‐derived
compounds including both toxins (fusarubins and aflatoxins) and alternative pigments
(such as the Trichoderma conidial pigment, aurofusarin and bikaverin).
The research was funded under the Polish National Science Centre research grant "Hybrid, metagenome‐
based approach to assessing biodiversity and toxigenic potential of fungi in anthropogenic environments"
(SONATA/UMO‐2011/03/D/NZ2/01435).
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Field mycology and conservation
Diversity and abundance of Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs in virgin
forests of the Ukrainian Carpathians: changes over centenary and
conservation effects
Tetiana V. Andrianova1
1
M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, NAS Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
Studying of plant pathogenic fungi distribution and diversity in virgin ecosystems serves
to reveal the dynamic tendencies in wild nature and indicators for coenotically stable
communities. Modern research of Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs has been
undertaken as a part of national projects on fungi in preserved forests of the Ukrainian
Carpathians, assessing ecosystems stability and threats in 1992‐1994, 1997‐2000 and
2010‐2014. The comparison was done with the data of Namyslowski, Wróblewski and
Petrak, pioneers of such investigations in early XXth century, and specimens of dry
reference collections (KW, LW, CHU). The obtained results on abundance and diversity of
these fungi in oak, beech and sycamore virgin forests demonstrated changes over
centenary: microclimate fluctuations and human impact affected the species composition
of conidial representatives of Mycosphaerellaceae, some abundant species of Septoria
and Cercospora‐Passalora complexes were not observed during modern study;
representatives of Ramularia‐Pseudocercosporella complex were much diverse. Decline in
the total population of these fungi in mature ecosystems has been mentioned, though
virgin forests are the localities for rare or the first time registered species in Ukraine.
Observations demonstrate that large territories are not always reliable to conserve
biodiversity of these fungi and they have not higher diversity of Mycosphaerellaceae.
Variety of habitats is more important for these fungi development, along with the
presence of virgin ecosystems. Conservation effects of recently organized small national
parks in the Ukrainian Carpathians have supported the idea of importance of small
conservation areas which provide unique microclimatic conditions and maintain diversity
of studied fungi.
Field mycology and conservation
Current knowledge of Umbrian macrofungi (central Italy)
Paola Angelini1, Andrea Arcangeli1, Giancarlo Bistocchi1, Andrea Rubini2, Roberto
Venanzoni1, Claudia Perini3
1
Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
2
National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Perugia, Italy
3
BIOCONNET, BIOdiversity and CONservation NETwork. Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
The Umbria region (area: 8456 km2, 50‐2436 m a.s.l.), thanks to its geographical position
and peculiar geo‐lithological and climatic conditions, is characterized by a great richness
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and diversity of habitats and vegetation. A long history have the researches done for
understanding the ecology of hypogeous fungi and this region is famous for the
cultivation of truffles. On the other hand, in respect to other Italian regions few was
known concerning the presence of epigeous macrofungi. The work presented here is
mainly based on observations made during 2010‐2014 in five Natura 2000 Sites of
Community Importance (SCI) with different vegetation types of the Umbria region.
Additional records were obtained from literature of the last thirty years. This up‐to‐date
checklist of the known Umbrian macrofungi reports 815 species (87 Ascomycota, and 728
Basidiomycota) belonging to 248 genera and 91 families. Comparing with the Italian
checklist of Onofri et al. (2005), about two‐thirds are new records for the Umbria region.
Even if not complete, an exhaustive overview of the current understanding of the
mycobiota of Umbria is presented. Although a sizeable large amount of the regional
territory has yet to be explored for mycological diversity, this study offer an important
support in compiling Red Lists of endangered macrofungi, as well as to identify indicator
species of particular habitats to be considered for wildlife reserves, as is done in many
European countries.
Field mycology and conservation
Assessment of marine fungal community associated with Spartina
maritima (Curtis) Fernald standing plants by morphological and molecular
methods
Maria da Luz Calado1,2, Luís Carvalho1,2, Margarida Barata1,2, Ka‐Lai Pang3
1
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C), Faculty of Sciences of University of Lisbon, Lisbon,
Portugal
2
Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
3
Institute of Marine Biology and Centre of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
Spartina species represent one of the main dominant halophytes and primary producers
in temperate salt marshes. The release of nutrients from these plants to surrounding
environment strictly depends on the degradative activity of saprobic ascomycetous fungi.
Nevertheless, there is still a considerable gap in the knowledge regarding diversity and
ecological requirements of the fungal species associated with these plants. In Portugal,
only three studies have inventoried the filamentous marine fungi colonizing standing
plants and baits of Spartina maritima. Thus, the present study mainly intended to
complement previous studies by combining morphological and molecular methods,
reporting simultaneous the vegetative structures of Spartina maritima where each fungus
occurred more frequently. The study was conducted in two salt marshes with different
environmental characteristics, where were collected 195 standing live plants (per study
site) over a 2‐year period (October 2010 to August 2012). Thirty‐four and 26 fungal taxa
were recorded in Spartina maritima samples from Castro Marim and Ria de Aveiro salt
marshes respectively; 11 (32%) and 6 (23%) fungal taxa were exclusively identified by
traditional microscopy‐based methods, 14 (41%) and 12 (46%) by analysis of full‐length
ITS sequences and 9 (26%) and 8 (31%) by the two methods. Both fungal communities
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were predominantly represented by the Ascomycota, particularly Dothideomycetes and
Sordariomycetes. The application of the both methods in this study was demonstrated to
provide a more realistic and accurate representation of fungal biodiversity and ecological
role of each fungus in the salt marshes, given the unavoidable drawbacks inherent to
each method.
Field mycology and conservation
Renewal of Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.) in Poland
Dorota Hilszczanska1, Aleksandra Rosa‐Gruszecka1, Hanna Szmidla1, Jakub Horak2
1
2
Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Truffles (Tuber spp.) are hypogeous fungi growing in symbiosis with a broad diversity of
tree hosts in a variety of habitats. Besides important role in forest ecosystems, truffles are
prized due to their aroma and taste and appreciated by gourmets throughout the world.
First records regarding truffles’ usage can be found in first Polish Cookbook by Czerniecki
(1682). Through the ages, truffles’ fruitbodies have been harvested in certain regions of
southern and southeastern Poland and sold in city markets. Until Second World War
truffles were quite popular, yet in the time of communism they were completely
forgotten as luxury products associated with the aristocracy and therefore unwelcome.
In the last decade research on truffles were retaken and many forgotten historical data
from 18th and 19th centuries regarding truffles’ occurrence in Poland have been
rediscovered. First fruitbodies of Tuber aestivum Vittad. in natural stands were found in
2007 and were used as inoculum of Quercus robur and Corylus avellana seedlings in first
truffle orchard.
The aim of our study was to recognize specific environmental factors driving development
of truffle fruitbodies in our country. Our inventory has been conducted in deciduous
forests on rendzina soils. So far, our research revealed occurrence of eight Tuber species,
including T. aestivum and T. macrosporum.
Currently there are three pioneering plantations established by the Forest Research
Institute within the last eight years. Due to our pioneer research we observe increasing
interest in truffle orchards and the ultimate fungi as a new source of benefits in
agroforestry.
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Field mycology and conservation
“Fungi in Folk Culture” in Western Black Sea Region of Turkey
Gülşah Halıcı1, Mehmet Gökhan Halıcı2
2
1
Bozok University, Department of Turkish Language and Art, Yozgat, Turkey
Erciyes University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Kayseri, Turkey
In this study; we deal with fungi species which have an importance in the folk culture in
the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. For this study; we interviewed with nearly 200
people and we asked how they use fungi in their daily lives and how they name those
species. According to these interviews; the most favorite species in the region are as
follows: Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray, Morchella spp., Lactarius piperatus (L.) Pers.,
Lactarius volemus (Fr.) Fr., Cantharellus cibarius Fr., Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Singer,
Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm., Agaricus campestris L., Coprinus comatus (O.F.
Müll.) Pers., Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke, Lactarius blennius (Fr.) Fr., Boletus edulis, Amanita
caesarea (Scop.) Pers., Hydnum repandum L., Clavaria flava Schaeff., Clitobilis prunulus
(Scop. ex. Fr.) P.Kumm and Geastrum spp.
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Genomics, genetics and molecular biology
Genetic analysis of mating type loci in some Pleurotus species
Alla Shnyreva1, Anastasia Shnyreva1
1
Department of Mycology and Algology, Moscow Lomonosov State University, Moscow, Russia
Sexual development in fungi is controlled by genetic loci called mat loci or mating type.
The most advanced system of genetic control of sexual compatibility is known to have
tetrapolar basidiomycete fungi. Tetrapolar heterothallism is based on two unlinked
mating loci matA and matB with multiple alleles each. The edible species of the genus
Pleurotus are ones of the most cultivated species worldwide. Genetic analysis of sexual
compatibility was performed on monokaryotic tester strains that revealed identical alleles
at matB locus for cultivated commercial strains Sommer and L/4, while the other strains
of P.ostreatus, P.pulmonarius and P.citrinopileatus analysed demonstrated different
alleles at both mat loci. In this study, we analyzed in detail the structure of matA locus of
P.ostreatus. It encodes homeodomain transcription factors (HD) that regulate expression
of many genes involved in sexual development. The active transcription factor is a
heterodimer that consists of two interacted homeodomain proteins (HD1 and HD2) which
transcribed from two different matA alleles originated from opposite mating partners.
We searched for conservative regions in HD genes of Pleurotus. As a result, some
important differences between HD1 and HD2 protein sequences were found. Based on
these differences we have predicted in silico secondary protein structure and tertiary
structure for HD1 and HD2 protein families in P. ostreatus. Dimerization sites and DNA‐
binding domains of HD proteins were found. The structure of DNA‐binding domain of HD1
and HD2 proteins was proposed. The DNA‐binding model for the heterodimer protein
molecule was predicted by analysis in silico.
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Genomics, genetics and molecular biology
Variations of the nuclear content along the urediniosporic cycle of Hemileia
vastatrix and other rust fungi suggests unknown biological strategies in
rust fungi
Sílvia Tavares1, Ana Sofia Pires1,2, Andreia Loureiro1,3, Helena Azinheira1,3, Tobias Link4,
Ana Paula Ramos3, Ralf Voegele4, Rui Gardner5, Rita Abranches2, Maria do Céu Silva1,3, João
Loureiro6, Pedro Talhinhas1,3
1
Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Oeiras,
Portugal
2
Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa,
Oeiras, Portugal
3
LEAF‐Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon,
Lisboa, Portugal
4Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
5Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
6CFE, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Rust fungi (Basidiomycota, Pucciniales) are biotrophic plant pathogens with complex life
cycles (up to five spore types). The urediniosporic infection cycle is frequently the most
important in disease dissemination as the only stage capable of repeating itself. The cell
nuclear content of rust fungi is thought to follow that of other Basidiomycota, with
haploid nuclei throughout the life cycle, only becoming diploid upon karyogamy in telia
and immediately returning to the haploid state as meiosis takes place leading to the
formation of basidiospores. Recently, using genome size quantification techniques, the
presence of 1C, 2C and a low proportion of 4C nuclei was detected in different stages of
the urediniosporic cycle of the coffee leaf rust pathogen, Hemileia vastatrix (a hemicyclic
fungus), of the faba bean rust pathogen, Uromyces fabae (autoaecious macrocyclic), and
in fact of several other rust fungi. These results suggest the presence of diploid nuclei that
supposedly only occur in rust fungi telia. Furthermore, the 1C nuclei were not detectable
in resting and in germinating urediniospores and reappeared once appressoria were
formed. Carvalho et al. (2011) speculated, also based on cytological observations
performed by Rajendren et al. (1967), that a criptossexuality phenomenon was occurring
in H. vastatrix urediniospores. Although we cannot discard this last hypothesis, cytological
and transcritomic observations suggest parallel hypotheses, such as endopolyplody or
other parasexuality phenomena. This unexpected phenomenon seems to be transversal
to the Pucciniales. The different hypotheses explaining it will be discussed together with
its putative biological roles.
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Genomics, genetics and molecular biology
Next‐generation RAD sequencing as a tool for evaluation the
phylogeographic patterns of Amanita ponderosa Malençon & R. Heim in
Iberian Peninsula
Ricardo Arraiano Castilho1, Ismail K. Saglam2, Michael R. Miller3, Albano Beja‐Pereira1,4
1
CIBIO/InBIO ‐ Research Ceneter in Biodiersity and Genetic Resources, Porto, Portugal
2
Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ancara, Turkey
3
Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, USA
4
Faculty of Sciences University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Ectomycorrhizal fungi are one of the most important constituents of forest ecosystems.
Besides this little is known about the structure and organization of these organisms in this
complex system. Here we investigate the phylogeographic patterns of one of the most
charismatic wild and edible mushroom species. Amanita ponderosa occurs in southwest
of Iberian Peninsula, some regions of North Africa and west coast Italy. Ectomicorhyzical
of cork and holm oaks preferentially, it is very typical in Montado ecosystems
characterized by agroforestry areas in open woodlands. Here we sequenced the partial
genome of 206 individuals across all the distribution area through the Restriction‐site
Association DNA sequencing (RADseq) using a low frequent cutter restriction enzyme
(SbfI) to generate a panel of genetic markers (SNP's). The markers were called and
analysis conducted using statistical framework estimators from the site frequency
spectrum. We clearly detected a longitudinal gradient of clustering populations in the
Iberian Peninsula. From the point of view of management and conservation of this natural
resource, the utilization of this and other approaches proves to be crucial in evaluating
the fitness of populations, so it is important to implement it in future management and
conservation plans of mycological resources in Portugal.
Genomics, genetics and molecular biology
The natural history of fungal DNA transposons
Anna Muszewska1, Arkadiusz Gladki1
1
Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Transposons shape genomes via recombination, transposition events, lead to
chromosomal rearrangements, create new gene neighborhoods and alter gene
expression. Transposons play a role in adaptation to symbiosis in Amanita and to
pathogenecity in Pyrenophota tritici‐repentis. Previous studies focused on the most
abundant transposons the LTR retrotransposons. In contrast, the abundance and
distribution of mobile elements replicating in a “cut and paste” fashion is barely
described, possibly due to inefficient identification. In order to improve our knowledge on
this old and ubiquitous class of transposable elements, 217 fungal genomes were scanned
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with an inverted repeat finding tool (IRF) what enabled us to identify transposons with
flanking repeats (Terminal inverted repeats) regardless of their internal sequence (de
novo). Identified transposon candidates possessing DDE nuclease domains were
subjected to further expert‐driven, manual curation to remove dubious hits. The
conjunction of terminal inverted repeats and DDE nuclease presence makes our count
conservative and there might be more remnant sequences present in the analysed
genomes. DNA TE have been identified in almost all of the 217 analyzed genomes.
Unequal distribution of element abundance can be noticed both from DNA TE superfamily
perspective and from fungal taxonomy side. Genomes previously described as abundant
in mobile elements showed highest numbers of DNA transposons as well, what is in
agreement with the notion that many mobile families proliferate simultaneously. Our
results show that the core set of fungal transposons formed already in Cryptomycota.
However, the whole repertoire of DNA transposons finally developed in land fungi
(Mucormycotina and Mortierellomycotina).
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SYMPOSIA
GO TO INDEX
Biodiversity, Information and fungal data
Environment, ecology and interactions
Principles and tools on data quality and fitness for use of biodiversity
occurrence data
Rui Figueira1
1
Portuguese Node of Global Biodiversity Information Facility,
Tropical Research Institute, Lisbon, Portugal
The Global Biodiversity Information Facility is de facto the reference repository for
biodiversity occurrence data, with an impressive 540 million records freely available for
all through the internet. While this is a most valuable asset to researchers, the effective
number of records used in a study normally is lowered by several orders of magnitude,
after trimming data by taxonomic, geographic or temporal filters. But further criteria
might be applied to identify suitable records, related to data quality criteria. It is,
therefore, important that researchers take most of the information they can from data,
using the right procedures and tools, which ultimately will help on the identification of
the fitness‐for‐use of such data.
Data quality principles should be considered in all steps of data fluxes, from capturing to
publication. Aspects related to completeness, consistency, precision and accuracy,
uncertainty, documenting need to be covered for each of the data dimensions, i.e.
taxonomic, spatial and temporal axis. Limitations of quality of data, sometimes, may
determine limitations on its use in all dimensions, but other times data can still be used
for some applications while preventing use in others. This is also related to the scope of
the aimed use, which can be defined in terms of taxonomic, ecological, biogeographical,
phylogenetic or other. The use of data for certain purposes may, therefore, benefit from a
preliminary tagging of data identifying its fitness‐for‐use.
The GBIF network, and the wider biodiversity informatics community, already developed
a set of standards, documentation, reference datasets, procedures and tools that help
researchers to improve and assess data quality, in all levels of the data management
cycle. Also at the data portal level, GBIF also runs quality assessments that are visible to
the user, helping to detect data quality issues which can be corrected by the data
publisher, or used by the data consumer to filter datasets. In this talk, a review of these
resources, with special focus on fungal data, will aim to show how mycologists can use
them to improve data quality and produce fitness for use assessments for their datasets.
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Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Data papers incentivise biodiversity scientists to publish and re‐use their
data
Lyubomir Penev1,2, Teodor Georgiev1, Viktor Senderov1, Pavel Stoev1,3
1
2
Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, Bulgaria
Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Sofia, Bulgaria
3
National Natural History Museum, Sofia, Bulgaria
Data Paper is a scholarly journal publication whose primary purpose is to describe a
dataset or a group of datasets, rather than to report a research investigation. As such, it
contains facts about data, not hypotheses and arguments in support of the data, as found
in conventional research articles. Its purposes are three‐fold: (a) provide a citable journal
publication that brings scholarly credits to data creators; (b) describe the data in a
structured human‐readable form; and (c) bring the existence of the data to the attention
of the scholarly community.
In 2010, GBIF and Pensoft began investigating a mainstream biodiversity data publishing
in the form of "data papers". As a result this partnership pioneered a workflow between
the GBIF's Integrated Publishing Toolkit (IPT) and Pensoft's journals viz., MycoKeys,
Phytokeys, ZooKeys, Nature Conservation, Biodiversity Data Journal, and others. The
workflow generates data paper manuscripts from the metadata descriptions in IPT
automatically at the "click of a button". Then manuscripts are submitted to a journal and
undergo peer review. Within less than four years, nearly 100 data papers have been
published in Pensoft journals, in total.
The concept of data paper is rapidly evolving. New features in place are fully XML‐based
submission of manuscripts from GBIF IPT direct to the Biodiversity Data Journal, as well as
easy search, download and import individual specimen records from online resources into
a manuscript. The data publishing workflow is extended also to streamline new species
descriptions identified as such by gene sequencing.
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Species of Fungi
Urmas Kõljalg1, Kessy Abarenkov1, R. Henrik Nilsson2, Karl‐Henrik Larsson3
2
1
Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
3
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
The nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region has nearly 20 years history
of use as a molecular marker for species‐level identification in ecological and taxonomic
studies of fungi. It offers several advantages over other species‐level markers in terms of
high information content and ease of amplification, and it was recently designated the
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official barcode for fungi. To facilitate ITS‐based molecular identification and discovery of
fungal species the Species Hypotheses (SH) approach has been implemented by the
UNITE community (http://unite.ut.ee). The demand for high‐quality reference sequences
has risen rapidly due to the increasing use of high‐throughput sequencing technologies.
Several software pipelines are available for overseeing more or less the entire analysis
procedure, from data cleaning to sequence clustering and taxonomic assignment. Some
of them, e.g. QIIME, mothur, CREST, SCATA, UCHIME, UTAX are now utilizing the
downloadable UNITE repository of SHs (http://unite.ut.ee/repository.php). 7th version of
the UNITE includes in total 487 435 SHs which are divided between different threshold
values as follows (% is a dissimilarity gap between two SHs: 3% 38 353 SHs; 2.5% 42 098
SHs; 2% 47 080 SHs, 1.5% 53 891 SHs, 1% 64 727 SHs, 0.5% 86 824 SHs. In order to
provide a stable communication of the SHs UNITE implemented a set of mandatory
principles: 1) all SHs are connected to the fungal classification(s); 2) all SHs have a unique
ID; 3) all SHs have a globally unique Digital Object Identifier (DOI) which are available at
https://plutof.ut.ee/CARDINALI/digital‐object‐identifiers.
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Digging the treasure of hidden data: An open access European database of
Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum from small grain cereals for
epidemiological studies
Matias Pasquali1, Marco Beyer1, Kris Audenaert2, Virgilio Balmas3, Ryan Basler4, Anne‐
Laure Boutigny5, Jana Chrpová6, Elzbieta Czembor7, Tatiana Gagkaeva8, María Teresa
González‐Jaén9, Lucien Hoffmann1 , Ingerd Skow Hofgaard10, Nagehan Desen Köycü11,
Jelena Lević12, Patricia Marín García9, Thomas Miedaner13, Quirico Migheli3, Antonio
Moretti14, Marina Elsa Herta Müller15, Françoise Munaut16, Päivi Parikka17, Marine Pallez1,
Jonathan Scauflaire16, Barbara Scherm3, Slavica Stankoviæ 12, Ulf Thrane18, Silvio Uhlig19,
Adriaan Vanheule2, Tapani Yli‐Mattila20, Antonio Logrieco14 , Susanne Vogelgsang21
1
Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux,
Luxembourg; * e‐mail: matias.pasquali@list.lu
2
Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
3
Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
4
Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, United Kingdom
5
Anses, Plant Health Laboratory, Angers, France
6
Division of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
7
Department of Grasses, Legumes and Energy Plants, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute‐NRI, Radzikow,
Poland
8
Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All‐Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Russia
9
Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
10
Bioforsk, Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Ås, Norway
11
Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, Namýk Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey
12
Laboratory of Phytopathology and Entomology, Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje, Belgrade, Serbia
13
Research Center for Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
14
Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
15
Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research ZALF, Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Müncheberg,
Germany
16
Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain‐la‐Neuve, Belgium
17
Department Natural Resources and Bioproduction, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
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18
Eukaryotic Biotechnology, DTU Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
19
Section for Chemistry and Toxicology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
20
Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
21
Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Research Division Grassland Sciences and Agro‐Ecosystems, Agroscope, Zürich,
Switzerland
Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum on small grain cereals produce, among others,
type B trichothecenes mycotoxins whose consumption is under regulation at the
European level. Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol, together with their acetylated derivatives
differ with respect to their toxicity to humans and animals. Fungal populations producing
different profiles of type B trichothecenes can be distinguished by genetic means.
Understanding which population is present in the field may help the development of
preventive approaches in order to avoid serious losses due to high level of toxin
contamination. The prevalence of a certain population able to produce one or another
type of toxin is triggered by unknown factors that are currently under investigation. To
answer this question, a large dataset on Fusarium strains with precise information on
environmental descriptors of the area of origin can help addressing epidemiological
questions.
For this reason, we have created an open‐access database (intended to expand with
contributions from actively working laboratories collecting information from European
groups working on Fusarium species from agricultural crops. With the current dataset it
has been possible to draw a map of the distribution of Fusarium trichothecene genotypes
in small grain cereals and maize in Europe showing geographic and temporal patterns of
trichothecenes genotype distribution. A common core set of related variables (sampling
method, host cultivar, previous crop, GPS coordinates are collected in the database
possibly favouring integrated epidemiological studies at the European scale.
This open‐access database also aims to improve the practice of collecting and sharing
epidemiological data in fungal studies.
Field mycology and conservation
Biodiversity informatics and fungal data
Dmitry Schigel1,2
1
Global Biodviersity Information Facility, Copenhagen, Denmark
2
University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Mycologists, both explorative and experimental, collect, analyse and interpret mostly
their own data. Aggregated data on fungi is essential to answer questions at various
temporal, spatial and taxonomic scales. Based on biodiversity and environmental data
standards, the potential of massive and heterogeneous digital data on fungi is
underutilized in mycological research and in fungal conservation. Global Biodiversity
Information Facility (GBIF) is an international open data infrastructure, funded by
governments, allowing free and open access to biodiversity data collected and stored
anywhere on Earth. GBIF provides a single point of access to more than 500 million
records of nearly 1.5 million species, shared freely by hundreds of institutions worldwide
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(www.gbif.org), including over 400,000 records on fungi. The records are provided both
by researchers and citizen scientists, and the undigitized resources are a treasure of
biological information. GBIF collaborates with major organisations active in biodiversity
conservation and data, including IUCN, Biodiversity Heritage Library, Encyclopedia of Life,
International Barcode of Life Consortium, and Catalogue of Life, and is recognised as a
complementary partner of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and
Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) for data
mobilization, integration and access. There is strong potential for substantial global
benefits to improve quality, completeness and accessibility of biodiversity data and
information in closer collaboration between institutions and expert communities, data
aggregators and research infrastructures, mycology and other biodiversity sciences.
Digital data solutions are essential to promote mycology as a discipline and to facilitate
use of fungal data in decision making.
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Fungal conservation
Field mycology and conservation
Fungal conservation in Europe. What are our governments doing? What
can we do?
David Minter1
1
International Society for Fungal Conservation, Whitby, UK
For years science has recognized fungi have their own biological kingdom separate from
animals and plants. As nature's recyclers, fungi are necessary for sustainable life. Without
them, plants (the producers) and animals (consumers, including humans) could not exist.
Climate change, exploitation, habitat destruction, persecution, pollution and war threaten
fungi no less than animals and plants, so protecting fungi is essential for successful nature
conservation. Do governments understand this? The answer lies in national strategies and
reports to the Convention on Biological Diversity, where governments describe in their
own words their contributions to biodiversity conservation. Examples from Europe show
that fungi are overlooked or treated as an obscure corner of botany. This is disastrous.
Our governments are ignorant about fungi and do nothing to promote their conservation.
What can we do? It's a complex problem. Conservation combines science ("this species is
threatened") with politics ("something must be done"), but infrastructure and education
are also crucial. Governments must be educated. That needs not just scientists and
learned societies but also teachers, negotiators, publicists, champions and politically
oriented NGOs. Our responsibility is enormous. If we don't shout, who will? We must tell
the public and the governments they employ that fungi are important: "flora and fauna"
is a totally inadequate description of the living world. Fungi deserve the same attention as
animals and plants. Most of all, conservation policy must give fungi the same protection
as animals and plants. The presentation ends with some practical steps to help you
promote fungal conservation.
Field mycology and conservation
The Lost and Found Fungi project: from local treasure hunt to national
fungal conservation infrastructure
Martyn Ainsworth1, Brian Douglas1, Paul Cannon1
1
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, UK
The UK is a relatively mycologically well‐recorded country. This is mainly due to our long
tradition of recording fruitbodies on forays organised by the BMS and, more recently, by
the two national networks of local recording groups. It is undoubtedly very satisfying to
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pick a site, foray there and add yet more fungal treasures to a list of names that just
keeps on growing. In a significant departure from this tradition, the Lost and Found Fungi
project aims to nurture a different, and no less exciting, style of fungal hunt with
conservation objectives. Its immediate focus is on targeted searches for selected species
that are rarely recorded, or have not been seen recently, and on recording and mapping
both successful and unsuccessful searches. Its longer term impact, however, lies in official
red‐listing, national surveillance/monitoring and the incorporation of fungal ecological
requirements within site management planning. This calls for much more pre‐foray
preparation, data gathering and networking than has been the norm hitherto. We have
already prioritised 100 species from a list of almost 400 proposed candidates. Species
data sheets are now being prepared for the priority 100 which include descriptions,
distribution maps, photos and tips to help volunteers find the target fungi and are
available from http://fungi.myspecies.info/content/lost‐found‐fungi‐project. We have
around 150 potential participants on the mailing list. The project team is now entering a
phase of working with these volunteers in appropriate regions of habitat, at the right time
of year, guided by the compiled historical data. We are also supporting the recording
community with training and mentoring events. The project started on 1 July 2014
managed by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and is supported by a very generous
donation from the Esmée Fairbairn Foundation.
Field mycology and conservation
The publication of the distribution maps of 51 macromycete species in
Europe
André Fraiture1
1
Botanic Garden Meise, Meise, Belgium
After a long period of work, the Mapping Programme launched by the European Council
for the Conservation of Fungi (ECCF) reached its end, with the publication of the
commented European maps of 51 macromycetes, together with a synthesis about the
ecology and status of these species in the 38 participating countries (Fraiture & Otto
2015). Most of these species are rare or endangered in some way, at least in a part of
Europe. The programme involved the participation of very numerous contributors.
An overview of the work, its goals and its methods, is given. Several distribution maps are
presented. Various types of distribution are recognized and commented. Comparisons
with the distribution of host plants are made. The progress made since the maps
published by Lange (1974) are commented.
Bibliography:
Fraiture A. & Otto P. (eds) (2015) Distribution, ecology and status of 51 macromycetes in
Europe. Scripta botanica belgica 53.
Lange L. (1974) The distribution of Macromycetes in Europe. Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 30 (1):
1‐105.
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POSTER PRESENTATIONS
GO TO INDEX
PROGRAMME
Session I
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Poster Nr.
Presenter
1
Rieke Lohse
2
Vineet
Meshram
Maria
Guglielminetti
3
4
Ángel Trigos
5
Bruno
Donatini
6
7
Mustafa
Yamac
Ingride Rita
8
Leonor Maia
9
Jerzy
Falandysz
Jerzy
Falandysz
10
11
12
13
14
Sviatlana
Pankavec
Grazia Cecchi
Seong Hwan
Kim
Magdalena
Frac
Title
Page nr.
New strategies to produce bioinsecticides by endophytic fungi,
bacteria and plant cell cultures
Antimicrobial and mycofumigation potential of novel Indian
Muscodor species at enhancing the shelf life of fruits and vegetables
Chitinolytic enzymes production by two marine isolates of
Aspergillus pseudoterreus and Sydowia polyspora and investigation
of their antagonistic interactions against fungal pathogens
Antiproliferative potential of extracts of microscopic fungi isolated
from Crater Lakes of Puebla, Mexico
Hericium erinaceus (HE) grown on barks produces hydrogen whilst
Laetiporus sulfureus (LS) produces isobutylene and may capture
hydrogen.
Effect of different cultivation techniques and inducers on ligninolytic
enzyme production by Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.) P. Karst.
Clitocybe odora (Fr.) P. Kumm. in MMN and PDA culture media:
monitoring of mycelial growth and biomass production
Large‐scale production of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)
inocula under tropical humid and semiarid climates in Northeast
Brazil
Coprinus comatus: a possible myco‐remediator and bio‐indicator of
soils polluted with mercury?
A study on trace element and minerals composition of Xerocomus
chrysenteron and Boletus badius fruiting bodies emerged from the
same background area
Impact of culinary processing on mercury content of three species of
mushrooms
Heavy metals myco‐accumulation by indigenous strains isolated
from metal contaminated waste‐rock dumps.
Fungi found in imported commercial sawdust media for Shiitake
production
Development of method for detection of the genus Neosartorya in
strawberry juice
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Fungal pathogenesis and disease control
Poster Nr.
Presenter
15
Segula
Masaphy
Matias
Pasquali
Delfina Popiel
16
17
Title
Page nr.
Fusarium as a source of echinocandins
93
Fusarium graminearum susceptibility to azoles
93
Multiple facets of resistance to azoles in the Fusarium genus
94
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18
19
Forough
Nazarpour
Anna Zolciak
20
Carina Félix
21
24
Katarina
Pastircakova
Katarina
Pastircakova
Anna Maria
Picco
Anna Zolciak
25
Carla Barradas
22
23
Secretome analysis of the fungal plant pathogen Botryosphaeria
dothidea
Secretion of extracellular enzymes by strains of Hypholoma sp. and
Pleurotus sp.
Effect of temperature on the plant pathogen Lasiodiplodia
theobromae: enzyme and secondary metabolites production
The most important fungi on needles and twigs of pine trees in
Slovakia
Diversity of fungi on dead plane tree branches
95
Multidisciplinary studies on the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe
grisea in Italy
Wood decomposition ability of strains of Hypholoma sp., Pleurotus
sp. and Phlebiopsis gigantea.
Pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae species to Eucalyptus spp. in
Portugal
98
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96
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99
Medical mycology and fungal pharmacology
Poster Nr.
Presenter
26
Mustafa
Yamac
Maria Letizia
Gargano
27
Title
Screening of submerged culture fluids and mycelia of mushroom
isolates from Turkey for antioxidant activity
The nutritional and medicinal value of Pleurotus species from Italy
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Session II
Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster Nr.
Presenter
28
Maria
Ławrynowicz
Adam
Dawidziuk
Maria de
Lurdes Inácio
Paulo
Oliveira
Marina
Temina
Isabel
Salcedo
Valeria
Ponizovskaya
Paula Paulino
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Jerzy
Falandysz
37
Sviatlana
Pankavec
Elaine
Malosso
Jan Borovicka
38
39
40
45
Sviatlana
Pankavec
Sviatlana
Pankavec
Innocent
Nnorom
Innocent
Nnorom
Katerina
Náplavová
Ilze Irbe
46
Nóra Varga
47
Elaine
Malosso
Simone Di
Piazza
Eric Pereira
41
42
43
44
48
49
Title
Page nr.
Rodents as a dispersal vector for hypogeous fungi
102
Interactions between filamentous fungi found in agricultural and
other anthropogenic environments
Fungi associated with the vector of the pinewood nematode and
their influence on pine wilt disease
Ectomycorrhizal status of spontaneous herbs and shrubs collected in
Alentejo
The effect of dew on flint and limestone lichen communities in the
Negev Desert
Impact of environmental conditions on mycelial growth of Clathrus
archeri
The survival of micromycetes exposed to space conditions
102
Diversity of root endophytic fungi from salt marshes plants and their
potential benefits on crop salinity tolerance
Mercury in mushrooms of genus Leccinum from Yunnan Province of
China and Europe in Poland: accumulation, distribution and
probable dietary exposure
Cd, Hg and Pb in mushrooms Boletus badius, Xerocomus
chrysenteron and Xerocomus subtomentosus
Soil filamentous fungi with potential to solubilizing phosphate on
agroforestry system
Accumulation of metals and metalloids in ectomycorrhizae from
smelter‐polluted soil
Notes on trace elements and minerals composition of King Bolete
(Boletus edulis)
A study on impact of added lithium on accumulation of mercury by
Agaricus bisporus
Mineral profile of tubers of ‘king tuber oyster’ (Pleurotus tuber‐
regium) mushroom from Nigeria
Mercury contamination of wild grown Pleurotus ostreatus from
Nigeria: assessment of bioconcentration potential and intake risks
Host specificity and geographical distribution of Fomes fomentarius
genospecies in European woody plants
Survey of basidiomycetes in wooden constructions: species and
decay visualisation
Investigation of lichenicolous fungi in Hungary ‐ Xanthoriicola
physciae (Kalchbr.) D. Hawksw.
Aquatic Hyphomycetes in Pernambuco: a first approach
106
Mycodiversity of two Italian caves
115
Genetic diversity of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria
parasitica and its associated hypovirus in Portugal
116
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Field mycology and conservation
Poster Nr.
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
Presenter
Giuseppe
Venturella
Mirca Zotti
Giuseppe
Venturella
Masoomeh
Ghobad‐
Nejhad
Claudia
Perini
Estibalis
Sarrionandia
Paulo
Oliveira
Paulo
Oliveira
58
Marta Zizek
59
Piotr
Mleczko
Dônis da
Silva Alfredo
60
Title
Page nr.
Local names for common wild edible mushrooms growing in Europe,
North Africa and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Improving edible fungal production: report on the experience
gained in a North‐Western Italian forest (Liguria)
The OPTIMA (Organization for the Phyto‐Taxonomic Investigation of
the Mediterranean Area) Commission on Fungi
First data on diversity of wood‐inhabiting basidiomycetes and decay
species in Zagros oak forests, W Iran
117
Innovative silvicultural treatments to enhance soil biodiversity in
artificial black pine stands: monitoring mycological diversity
Implications of exotic Pinus radiata plantations for macrofungal
diversity in the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve (Northern Spain)
Evidence of fungal biodiversity recovery in a model of
anthropogenic impact reduction
Macrofungal communities of two native oak woods (Quercus
faginea subsp. broteroi and Q. rotundifolia) in Central Portugal, with
a study of sampling methods
Spore is in the air – search for a critically endangered fungus
Cryptomyces maximus
Hypogeous fungi of Pienieny Mts. and Gorce Mts., two ranges of the
Polish Western Carpathians
New records of gasteroid fungi from the Brazilian southeastern in
Atlantic Forest Biome
120
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121
122
122
123
124
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Session III
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster Nr.
Presenter
Title
61
Leonor Maia
62
66
Marta
Tischer
Roberto
Venanzoni
Ana Paula
Ramos
Hyeon‐Dong
Shin
Ireneia Melo
67
Elias Polemis
68
71
Paulo
Oliveira
Hana
Ševcíková
Katarina
Pastircakova
Piotr Mleczko
Climatic gradient and soil factors determining the diversity of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in corn fields in Northeast Brazil
Putative and novel fossils of insect‐associated fungi from Polish
Baltic amber.
The use of free fatty acids profiling in chemotaxonomy of Tuber
aestivum ‐ T. uncinatum species complex
Mycological taxonomy across five centuries: 239,388 species after
Fungus minimus Ray (1690)
Golovinomyces ambrosiae (Erysiphaceae) associated with Erigeron
annuus in Korea
Corticioid fungi (Basidiomycota) of Madeira: influence of woody
host plant diversity on corticioid fungi richness
Ectomycorrhizal and other sabulicolous macrofungi from sand dune
ecosystems of coastal Greece
The taxonomic identity of Odemira's 'pucarinha' (genus Amanita,
series Amidella; Basidiomycota)
Pluteus floccipes, a new species from the Czech Republic
72
Liliana Santos
73
63
64
65
69
70
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75
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77
78
79
80
81
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125
126
126
127
128
128
129
130
130
Survey of the mycobiota of mature ears of winter wheat in the main
production areas of Slovakia
Hypogeous Basidiomycota of Poland ‐ what we know and what we
have to learn.
Diaporthe species on Rosaceae in Portugal
131
Hyeon‐Dong
Shin
Pedro
Talhinhas
Javier
Fernández‐
López
Reconsideration of the genus Miuraea based on morphological and
phylogenetic analyses
The occurrence of very large genomes in the Pucciniales
(Basidiomycota) and genome size variability across fungi
Taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Schizopora (O.
Hymenochaetales)
133
Ricardo
Arraiano
Castilho
María P.
Martín
Genome wide studies reveals cryptic speciation in Amanita Pers. in
Iberian peninsula
135
DNA barcoding allow to identify Phallus species
135
Anabela
Lopes
Michal
Gorczak
Raquel Pino‐
Bodas
Luis Quijada
Diversity and phylogeny of Neofusicoccum species from woody
hosts in Portugal
Preliminary studies on molecular phylogeny of Laboulbeniales
136
Genetic variation and population structure of Syzygospora
bachmannii (Tremellomycetes, Basidiomycota)
Exploring the phylogenetic and morphological relationships of
disregarded genera in Helotiales s.l.
137
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133
134
137
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Genomics, genetics and molecular biology
Poster Nr.
Presenter
Title
Page nr.
82
Vojtech
Benes
Intracellular sequestration of Ag and Cu in Amanita strobiliformis
and characterization of its Cu and Ag transporting AsCTRs
139
83
Jan Sacky
139
84
Maria
D'Aguanno
Agata
Dziedzic
Metal‐binding peptides of Zn‐accumulating Russula atropurpurea
and characteriation of its RaCDF1 and RaCDF2 transporters
Amanita ovoidea and/or Amanita proxima: the end of a mistery?
Serine protease evolution in fungi with variable lifestyles
141
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140
Cell biology, biochemistry and physiology
Poster Nr.
Presenter
Title
Page nr.
86
Elena
Yanutsevich
Membrane lipids and cytosol sugars of Aspergillus niger under heat,
osmotic, oxidative and cold shocks
142
87
Marjatta
Raudaskoski
142
88
Katerina
Sazanova
Visualization of nuclei and cytoskeleton with different fluorescent
proteins in vegetative and mating hyphae in the filamentous
basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune
Lygnomyces vetlinianus (Domański) R.H. Petersen & Zmitr.‐ a new
species producing phthalides
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Session I
GO TO INDEX
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Poster nr. 01
New strategies to produce bioinsecticides by endophytic fungi, bacteria
and plant cell cultures
Rieke Lohse1, Peter Spieth1, Hanna Bednarz2, Hubertus Kleeberg3, Karsten Niehaus2,
Anant Patel1
1
Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences/Department of Engineering and Mathematics/Fermentation and Formulation of
Biologicals and Chemicals, Bielefeld, Germany
2
Bielefeld University/Center for Biotechnology‐CeBiTec, Bielefeld, Germany
3
Trifolio‐M GmbH, Lahnau, Germany
Recent studies have shown that plants like the Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) contain
endophytic fungi and bacteria which are able to colonize internal plant tissue without
causing visible disease symptoms. The estimated high species diversity of endophytes
suggests a rich and almost untapped source of new secondary metabolites. That is why it
can be hypothesized that some of the bioinsecticidal compounds of the Neem tree mainly
belonging to the azadirachtin family are either produced by endophytes de novo or the
microbial production is somehow linked to the plant metabolism. Further on, there is
increasing evidence that plant cell cultures can produce azadirachtins. Both strategies
allow to by‐pass the cost intensive transport and extraction of plant metabolites.
The aim of a BMBF project is to develop a competitive process to produce high
concentrations of azadirachtins with endophytes and Neem plant cell cultures.
In total, 303 endophytes (196 fungi; 107 bacteria) were isolated from plant material of
different origins. Besides, we induced plant cell cultures from various plant tissues with a
medium that allows a callus proliferation in more than 50% of explants. Furthermore, we
developed a method for in situ product removal in liquid media where more than 85% of
azadirachtins are bound and stabilized. Moreover, a high throughput bioassay based on
Spodoptora frugiperda Sf9 cell cultures was developed. Additionally, we will present
results on classification of endophytes as well as on induced plant cell lines, submerged
cultivation in a novel fully automated microbioreactor and on classification of metabolites
via UHPLC‐UV/VIS‐MS/MS.
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Poster nr. 02
Antimicrobial and mycofumigation potential of novel Indian Muscodor
species at enhancing the shelf life of fruits and vegetables
Vineet Meshram1, Sanjai Saxena1
1
Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab, India
Muscodor is a genus of sterile, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) producing endophytic
fungi with antimicrobial properties. In the present study seven novel Muscodor species M.
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kashayum, M. strobelii, M. tigerii, M. darjeelingensis, M. ghoomensis, M. indica and M.
camphora were isolated from Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Aegle marmelos and C.
camphora, respectively growing in Western Ghats and North eastern Himalayan region of
India. When tested for their antimicrobial potential, M. kasahyum emerges most lethal to
the battery plant and human pathogens. It exhibited complete inhibition of 26 pathogenic
microorganisms whereas growth of rest of the isolates was reduced to 50‐70%. Muscodor
strobelii, M. darjeelingensis, M. camphora also exhibited strong antibacterial and
antifungal activity whereas M. tigerii only showed antifungal activity. The volatiles
produced by M. kashayum successfully preserve grapes, jamun, cherry, black gram and
wheat from Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Collectrotrichum gloeosporioides and
cercospora beticola infection till 15 days post treatment. All the isolates produced fruity
smell which is attributable to a mixture of volatile compounds predominantly producing
3‐cyclohexen‐1‐ol,1‐(1,5‐dimethyl‐4‐hexenyl)‐4‐methyl; 1,6‐dioxacyclododecane‐ 7,12‐
dione; 4‐octadecylmorpholine; 2, 6‐bis (1, 1‐dimethylethyl)‐4‐(1‐oxopropyl) phenol,
aspidofractinine‐3‐methanol, tetracontane etc. Muscodor species produces sterile ropy
mycelia with coiling and non‐descript structures and lacks sexual stage. Their ITS
sequence also showed high similarity with other Muscodor species. Phylogenetic,
distance and haplotype analysis confirms their identity as novel Muscodor species. Thus,
these Muscodor isolates can be taken into account to be developed as a
myco/biofumigant that acts as a biopreservative for fruits, vegetable and grains and help
to reduce post harvest losses.
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Poster nr. 03
Chitinolytic enzymes production by two marine isolates of Aspergillus
pseudoterreus and Sydowia polyspora and investigation of their
antagonistic interactions against fungal pathogens
Maria Guglielminetti1, Laura Garzoli1,2, Matteo Di Domenica1, Giulia Perelli1, Elisa
Lagostina1, Marinella Rodolfi1, Anna Maria Picco1
1
2
Department of Earth Science and Environment, Lab. of Mycology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis MUT, University of Turin, Torino,
Italy
Marine fungi are one of the most promising group of organisms in terms of ecological
diversity, new enzyme and secondary metabolites detection, application in environmental
sciences.
In the present work, in order to evaluate the biotechnological potential of two marine
strains, Aspergillus pseudoterreus and Sydowia polyspora, the production and activity of
chitinolytic enzymes were investigated. Moreover the in vitro antagonistic activity
towards plant, human and animal pathogenic fungi was investigated.
The strains were isolated from Ulva rigida and Sargassum muticum, collected along the
coast of the Italian peninsula during a PhD thesis (Garzoli, 2013).
Sydowia polyspora was obtained both from Ulva rigida and Sargassum muticum;
Aspergillus pseudoterreus was isolated only from Ulva rigida.
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The studied fungi were inoculated in mineral medium added with colloidal chitin as the
only carbon source; chitinase production was assayed by the DNS method which
estimates the concentration of reducing sugars in the sample. The antagonistic activity
was investigated by dual cultures (Skidmore & Dickinson, 1976).
Results showed that:
1) both S. polyspora and A. pseudoterreus produced a good amount of chitinases; the
maximum enzymatic yield was detected after 4 days for S. polyspora and after 7 days for
A. pseudoterreus;
2) an interesting antagonistic activity was evidenced for A. pseudoterreus, able to inhibit
the growth of A. fumigatus and P. oryzae.
In conclusion, positive data regarding the chitinases production have been highlighted,
even if these results cannot completely explain the antagonistic activity of the two marine
strains against the tested pathogenic fungi.
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Poster nr. 04
Antiproliferative potential of extracts of microscopic fungi isolated from
Crater Lakes of Puebla, Mexico
César Franceschy‐Rodríguez1, César Espinoza2, Javier J. Fernández3, Manuel Norte3, José
M. Padrón3, Alla Shnyreva4, Ángel Trigos2
1
Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada. Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
2
Laboratorio de Alta Tecnología de Xalapa, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
3
Instituto Universitario de Bio‐Orgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
4
Departamento of Micología y Ficología. Facultad de Biología. Universidad Estatal de Moscú, Moscú, Russia
The ecosystems in Mexico have great diversity in a variety of microscopic fungi and the
use of them in medicine and the use of them in medicine may be have great potential.
Therefore, for several years, our group has been researching the bioactive substances
from these organisms. One of the strategies used was an isolation of fungi from aquatic
habitats of Puebla, Mexico, to obtain organic extracts with antiproliferative activity. The
objective of the research presented is to isolate microscopic fungi from water, rooted and
floating vegetation, and sludge in the coastal area of crater lakes using two culture media,
PDA and Marine Agar pH 8.5. Subsequently, for biomass production, the fungi were
cultivated for 15 days in Wickerham's liquid medium; then, the produced biomass was
separated, and both the biomass and the culture liquid were extracted with a mixture of
chloroform:methanol in 1:1 proportion; the extracts obtained were tested for their
cytotoxicity on some cell lines human solid tumors by employing the protocol of the
National Cancer Institute. For the results, among 35 fungal strains isolated, eight strains
manifested antiproliferative activity with a low rate of growth (GI50) against cancer cell
lines tested. These fungi belong to the genera Monilia, Acremonium, Morteriella,
Alternaria, Trichoderma, and Papulaspora. The study on extracts' purification and
structural characterization has to be continued to determine the metabolites responsible
for the bioactivity. This is the first study of bio‐prospecting of Mexican aquatic fungi with
the aim of obtaining new bioactive substances from these organisms.
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Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Poster nr. 05
Hericium erinaceus (HE) grown on barks produces hydrogen whilst
Laetiporus sulfureus (LS) produces isobutylene and may capture hydrogen
Bruno Donatini1, Isabelle Le Blaye1
1
Medicine Information Formation, Cormontreuil, France
Fermentation of carbohydrates by bacteria can produce either hydrogen or isobutylene
(an indirect marker of methane production). Bacteria producing isobutylene are known to
consume hydrogen. It was investigated whether HE or LS may produce hydrogen or
isobutylene when degrading lignin.
Material and Methods
HE and LS were cultivated on barks in plastic bags (Mycelia®/ SacO2®, Belgium).
After 2 months growth in a sterile chamber, 4 bags of each strain were put in a dark non‐
sterile room at 18°C.
Measures of the gas emitted through the filter strips were made daily with a device able to
detect 0.1 ppm (particle per million) of hydrogen or isobutylene (MX6 from Gazdetect®;
France) until the first fructification ended: exactly 2.5 months after the start of the
experiment.
Results
The gas production was almost constant during the experiment, for HE and for LS; except
when a bacterial or a fungal contamination occurred. Fructification did not modify the gas
production.
HE produces hydrogen (1.08 ppm +/‐ 0.69) and very few isobutylene (0.33 ppm +/‐0.33).
LS produces isobutylene (0.65 ppm +/‐ 0.5) and captures hydrogen (‐0.73 ppm+/‐ 0.47).
When LS bags were contaminated, the production of isobutylene decreased (0.44 ppm +/‐
0.34) as well as the capture of hydrogen (‐0.29 ppm +/‐ 0.48). No HE bags were
contaminated.
Conclusions
HE produces hydrogen whilst LS produces isobutylene. Gas detection can also be used for
early detection of contamination.
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Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Poster nr. 06
Effect of different cultivation techniques and inducers on ligninolytic
enzyme production by Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.) P. Karst.
Cansu Bayburt1, Ayse Betul Karaduman2, Cem Ozkan3, Mustafa Yamac4
1
LTS Food Control Laboratory, Acibadem, Istanbul, Turkey
Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Graduate School of Science, Eskisehir, Turkey
3
Bostancik District, Bostancik Street, No:126/6 Mamak, Ankara, Turkey
4
Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Eskisehir, Turkey
2
White‐rot fungi produce several types of lignin modifying enzymes which have
considerable industrial, biotechnological and environmental interest. The present work
focuses on the obtaining of higher ligninolytic enzyme production by Bjerkandera adusta
by selecting cultivation techniques and inducers. For this purpose, the Bjerkandera adusta
isolate was grown in presence of agricultural (wheat bran, ground orange peelings and
tea wastes) and synthetic (xylidine) inducers under three of submerged, static and solid
state cultivation types. Glucose was used for comparison in all cultivation types. During 20
days of incubation period, periodically taken samples were examined for laccase,
manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase enzyme activities. As a result, the studied
Bjerkandera adusta isolate was defined as a good manganese peroxidase producer under
all culture types. The highest activity was obtained as 1327.7±107.1 u/L on static culture
type and in the presence of xylidine on 11th days of incubation. The identification of the
mushroom was also confirmed with the BLAST analysis of the rDNA‐ITS sequence of the
isolate.
Acknowledgement: This study was supported financially by research foundation of the Eskisehir
Osmangazi University (Grant number: 201019039).
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Poster nr. 07
Clitocybe odora (Fr.) P. Kumm. in MMN and PDA culture media: monitoring
of mycelial growth and biomass production
Ingride Rita1, Maria João Sousa1,2
1
Instituto Politécnico de Bragança (IPB) Escola Superior Agrária, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1172, 5301‐855 Bragança,
Portugal
2
Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1172, 5301‐855 Bragança, Portugal
Clitocybe odora (Fr.) P. Kumm. an edible wild mushroom is known for its characteristic
flavor and aroma due to the p‐anisaldehyde, the compound held responsible for its anise‐
like fragrance (Rapior S. et al., 2002). Furthermore, this mushroom rings showed a high
content of ascorbic acid and interesting antioxidant properties in comparison with other
already described wild edible mushrooms (JA Vaz et al., 2010).
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The aim of this study was to isolate C. odora, from settlements of Fagaceaes and evaluate
biomass production and mycelial growth of C. odora produced by in vitro culture methods
using MMN and PDA culture media.
The primary best result for the growth of mycelium of C. odora was obtained in the MMN
medium.
For biomass production in MMN medium obtained after 4 weeks presented an average of
83.2mg and 16.1mg in fresh and dry weight, respectively. The average radius of the
mycelial growth 2.7 ± 0,23cm. Concerning to PDA, lower values were obtained for growth
( 1,4 ± 0,21cm) as well as biomass production(53,6mg and 1,65mg in fresh and dry weight,
respectively).
Further studies should be conducted to explore this particular fungus, using different
culture media to obtain essential oils and understand the differences in composition and
oil yield.
References:
S. Rapior et al. (2002). The anise‐like odor of Clitocybe odora, Lentinellus cochleatus and Agaricus essettei.
Mycologia. 94(3), 373‐376.
J. A. Vaz, et al. (2010). Chemical composition of wild edible mushrooms and antioxidant properties of their
water soluble polysaccharidic and ethanolic fractions. Food Chemistry. 126, 610‐616.
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Poster nr. 08
Large‐scale production of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) inocula
under tropical humid and semiarid climates in Northeast Brazil
Angelo Santana1, Aline Passos2, Everardo Sampaio1, Adriana Yano‐Melo2, Uided
Cavalcante1, Inácio Monte Jr.1, Leonor Maia1
1
2
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
Universidade do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
Root inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can benefit agricultural crops by
reducing the need for chemical inputs. However, this is rarely practical because of the
restricted availability of inoculants. Production levels were compared in two simultaneous
experiments, under humid tropical (Recife‐PE) and semiarid tropical climates (Petrolina‐
PE). Each experiment was established in a randomized block design following a 2 x 4
factorial arrangement: two inoculation treatments (Acaulospora longula or
Claroideoglomus etunicatum) and four growing substrates (T1: sand + clay, T2: sand + clay
+ sugarcane bagasse, T3: sand + clay + shredded leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), and
T4: sand + clay + shredded leucena + sugarcane bagasse), across two cropping cycles
(December‐March; April‐July), using sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) as host. Plants inoculated
with both AMF produced greater biomass in the substrate composed of sand + expanded
clay + leucaena than in the other substrates, in both humid and semiarid locations, and
during both growing seasons. The plants grown on substrates with leucaena also had
higher levels of mycorrhizal colonization and generated more glomerospores. The
inoculants were infective (> 25% colonization) in all treatments in the humid area,
whereas in the dry area they produced an average of 90% colonization. In general, the
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inocula of both AMF produced in the substrates with leucaena had higher infectivity than
those produced with the other substrates. The production of AMF inoculum in
horticultural beds using sand + clay + leucaena as substrate can be recommended for
small farms in Northeast Brazil and in other similar locations.
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Poster nr. 09
Coprinus comatus: a possible myco‐remediator and bio‐indicator of soils
polluted with mercury?
Jerzy Falandysz1
1
Gdansk University, Gdansk, Poland
Macrofungi are well known for their ability to efficiently bioconcentrated various metallic
elements and metalloids from the substrata and sequester same in their fruiting bodies.
Hence, fruit bodies of edible and inedible mushrooms can be relatively rich in inorganic
constituents. Some authors suggested that macrofungi are good indicators of
environmental (soil) contamination with metallic elements (heavy metals), radionuclides
and metalloids and that they are suitable in the process of remediation of soils
contaminated with heavy metals. However, convincing evidence for these bio‐indication
properties is lacking though this can not be denied as the possibility of the practical
usefulness of macrofungi in the process of restoring degraded soils have so far been
limited to experimental studies. Some studies have shown limited (for one element or
location) bio‐indication ability of Macrolepiota procera for Hg in soil at the background
area, a few species for methylmercury in a cinnabar polluted soil as well as a weak for Cd
by Boletus edulis. This study shows that Coprinus comatus seems to be a sensitive
boindicator of urban soils pollution with Hg that is efficiently sequestered by this species
in fruit bodies – both caps and stems and with potential in process of myco‐remediation.
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Poster nr. 10
A study on trace elements and minerals composition of Xerocomus
chrysenteron and Boletus badius fruiting bodies emerged from the same
background area
Anna Dryzalowska1, Anna Kojta1, Jerzy Falandysz1
1
Gdansk University, Gdansk, Poland
The samples of Xerocomus chrysenteron and Boletus badius were collected from the same
site of the Bory Tucholskie forest complex in northern Poland and examined for similarity
and differences in accumulation of Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P,
Pb, Rb, Sr and Zn. In order to demonstrate similarities and differences between the trace
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elements and minerals composition of the two species of mushrooms that emerged at
the same site, the statistical tests such as the non‐parametric Mann‐Whitney test, cross‐
correlation analysis, cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) have
been used. Statistically significant differences have been found in the content of Al, Co,
Ni, Rb and Hg in caps between X. chrysenteron and B. badius and in the case of stipes
both species differed in the content of Ba, Fe, K, Mn, Na and Rb (p < 0.0001).
Acknowledgements. This study was funded by the National Science Centre of Poland (No.
UMO‐2012/05/N/NZ7/00935).
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Poster nr. 11
Impact of culinary processing on mercury content of three species of
mushrooms
Anna Dryzalowska1, Sviatlana Pankavec1, Jerzy Falandysz1
1
Gdansk University, Gdansk, Poland
The aim of the study was to evaluate an influence of culinary treatment (drying, freezing,
cooking and pickling) on the mercury content in cooked fruiting bodies of two species of
edible mushrooms collected in wild (Boletus edulis and Xerocomus chrysenteron) and one
cultivated (Agaricus bisporus). Mercury content was determined in pooled samples
separately of caps and stems (ten pooled samples per species and morphological part) of
the fruiting bodies. Mercury content in dried and freezed caps and stipes of all tested
species of fungi does not differ significantly (p < 0.05). Maceration, cooking and pickling
of a fresh and dried fruiting bodies of Agaricus bisporus, Xerocomus chrysenteron and
Boletus edulis does not result in a significant reduction in the concentration of mercury
(loss up to 7 %) in final product normalized to a dry matter content.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by National Science Centre under project: Decision No UMO‐
2013/11/N/NZ7/01240.
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Poster nr. 12
Heavy metals myco‐accumulation by indigenous strains isolated from
metal contaminated waste‐rock dumps.
Grazia Cecchi1, Simone Di Piazza1, Pietro Marescotti2, Enrica Roccotiello2, Mauro Giorgio
Mariotti2, Mirca Zotti1
1
Laboratory of Mycology, DISTAV Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell’Ambiente e della Vita, University of Genoa,
Genoa, Italy
2
DISTAV Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell’Ambiente e della Vita, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
In recent years several researches aimed at looking for new, cheap, and green
technologies for the remediation or reclamation of heavy metals contaminated
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environments. As concerns green biotechnology, fungi are the most promising organisms,
in particular for bioremediation activities. In our work we isolated indigenous microfungal
strains from a heavy metal contaminated waste‐rock dump in Libiola Mine (Genoa, Italy);
later, their biotolerance and bioaccumulation capability were tested.
The Libiola Mine is a derelict Fe‐Cu sulphide mine, exploited until 1962. In the whole area
Acid Mine Drainage processes occur and persist over time. The mine soils and, in
particular, the waste‐rock dumps are characterized by extreme edaphic conditions: high
metal concentrations, low pH and low availability of essential macronutrients. Among the
most critical metals occurring in the waste‐rock dumps and in the surrounding soils stand
out Cu (≤ 13347 ppm) and Ag (≤ 11000 ppb).
In this peculiar environment, the microfungal strains were isolated from bare dump soil
samples and copper and silver biotolerance screeening tests were carried out. Copper
and silver bioaccumulation capability of most tolerant strains (Aspergillus alliaceus
Thom&Church, Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, Clonostachys rosea (Link)Schroers, Samuels,
Seifert & W.Gams) were evaluated.
Among the species tested, C. rosea shows a Cu uptake capability of 19628 mg kg‐1; T.
harzianum strain appears the most efficient, showing an uptake capability of 22222 mg
kg‐1 of copper and 153 mg L‐1 of silver.
In the field of mycoremediation, the study also highlights the possibility to fruitfully
employ microfungi for original metal extraction techniques.
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Poster nr. 13
Fungi found in imported commercial sawdust media for Shiitake
production
Hyuk Woo Kwon1, Min Ah Choi1, Seong Hwan Kim1, Han Gyu Go2
1
2
Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
Foroest Mushroom Research Center, Yeoju, Republic of Korea
Shiitake mushroom is a highly priced edible mushroom as well as one of favored
medicinal mushrooms in Korean markets. It has been diversely used in Korean traditional
cuisines and. Shiitake is produced through either log‐based or sawdust media‐based
cultivation. Recently, compared to log‐based cultivation, sawdust media‐based cultivation
is increasing with the advantage of the easiness of cultivation and shorter cultivation
times. With the increase of sawdust media‐based cultivation, the demanding of materials
for sawdust media is also enhancing. In step with this demanding, the import of sawdust
media from foreign sources are also increasing in Korea. However, the imported sawdust
media have not been properly checked for their quality so that some cultivators have
been confronted with low productivity and low mushroom quality. Therefore researches
about cultural adaptability and quality control are needed for the imported sawdust
media. In an effort to find the status of imported sawdust media we first checked
mycological contamination in this study. We isolated eleven fungal species including
Trichoderma spp., Penicillium spp., Hypocrea citrine, Ceriporia lacerata, Schizophyllum
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commune, Aspergillus oryzae, and Rhizoctonia solani. Among these species, Trichoderma
spp. and Penicillium spp. are found to potent problematic contaminant sources of shiitake
cultivation and R. solani is a known plant pathogenic fungus with wide host range and
worldwide distribution. Out results suggest that the sawdust materials for import needs
to be further checked through administrative process.
Applied mycology and fungal biotechnology
Poster nr. 14
Development of method for detection of the genus Neosartorya in
strawberry juice
Magdalena Frac1, Nina Bilinska‐Wielgus1, Karolina Oszust1, Agata Gryta1, Tahashi Yaguchi2
1
Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
2
Neosartorya species produce heat‐resistance ascospores, which make them to survive
temperatures of 85°C for 50 minutes. They are able to cause the spoilage of heat‐
processed foods.
We developed the method of Neosartorya fischeri detection in strawberry juice based on
specific primers, for β‐tubulin and calmodulin genes, designed by Yaguchi et al. (2012).
This method was used previously just for pure strains identification not for detection of
fungi in environmental samples like juice.
Fungal genomic DNA was extracted using extraction buffer based on EDTA, SDS with
benzyl chloride, sodium acetate, isopropanol and ethanol. Strawberry juice was mixed in
the following doses of 2, 1 and 0.5 µl with 5 µl of extracted fungal DNA. PCR reactions
were prepared using primers and PuReTaq‐Ready‐To‐Go‐PCR Beads. The sizes of the PCR
products were confirmed by electrophoresis. Among the 4 strains used in this
experiment, PCR products of approximately 220 bp were detected according to the
primers designed for Neosartorya and A. fumigatus. No PCR products were obtained for
the control. The species specific primers detected just N. fischeri and not detected A.
fumigatus. The study showed that just in the mixture of DNA and 0.5 µl of strawberry
juice the method was working very well, but for 1 µl of juice we observed very weak
bands on the gel and using 2 µl of juice there were no bands on the gel.
Yaguchi et al. (2012) Journal of Food Protection, 75, 10: 1806‐1813.
The study was supported by National Science Centre (Poland), grant: DEC‐2012/07/D/NZ9
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Fungal pathogenesis and disease control
Poster nr. 15
Fusarium as a source of echinocandins
Segula Masaphy1,2
1
MIGAL, Galilee Research Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
2
Tel Hai College, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
The incidence of fungal infections, especially candidiasis, is on the rise in human
populations. Evidence for increasing fungal resistance to currently used drugs is
accumulating. Moreover, many of the antifungal drugs in use today have known side
effects, and can harm the patient. Novel potential chemicals are therefore being sought
to widen the range of drugs of choice. Drug companies and scientists are seeking new
niches the world over for drug discovery, a work which generally includes meta‐analysis
of microorganisms and compounds. We isolated a soil‐inhabiting Fusarium strain that
produces an anticandidal compound. The isolated strain was identified by molecular
means, and the active metabolite was extracted, purified and identified using separation
and purification methods that included TLC bioautograms, HPLC and NMR. The active
molecule was identified as a novel echinocandin. This finding is important since
echinocandins are currently used as antifungal drugs and are considered safer than drugs
from azole or polyene compounds.
Fungal pathogenesis and disease control
Poster nr. 16
Fusarium graminearum susceptibility to azoles
Matias Pasquali1,Marine Pallez1, Lucien Hoffmann1, Marco Beyer1
1
Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
Azoles represent actually the only effective and registered chemical measure for
controlling Fusarium spp. spread in cereals in many regions. Fusarium species cause both
direct losses and indirect losses due to accumulation of mycotoxins in the grains and
represent at the moment a significant challenge to wheat production worldwide.
The aim of the work was to characterize the level of sensitivity of a Fusarium
graminearum s.s. population against azoles belonging to different classes: imidazoles and
triazoles (five‐membered nitrogen heterocyclic ring compounds containing respectively 2
and 3 nitrogen atoms). By a microtiter spectrophotometric test, a total of 27 isolates
collected over the period 1981 to 2012 in Luxembourg and abroad were screened for
sensitivity to six different azole molecules.
Different levels of sensitivity were found among national and also international isolates.
At the moment, in Luxembourgish fungal populations, no complete resistance has been
identified but isolates carrying a higher level of resistance against cyproconazole,
tebuconazole and tioconazole were found. To link the diverse level of sensitivity to
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molecular targets, the full sequence of the cyp51A, B and C genes (being cyp51p the
primary target of azoles) was carried out for a subset of 19 isolates. Single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) determining aminoacid changes in the primary protein structure of
cyp51 genes were identified and are under investigation for their association with
resistance levels towards azoles.
Fungal pathogenesis and disease control
Poster nr. 17
Multiple facets of resistance to azoles in the Fusarium genus
Delfina Popiel1, Adam Dawidziuk1, Grzegorz Koczyk1
1
Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
The chemical treatments are a key component in the integrated management of plant
diseases and coping with increased resistance/tolerance of key plant pathogens has
become an important factor in coping with plant diseases of fungal origin. The selection
pressure resulting from long‐term fungicide application, leads to the emergence of new
strains with increased resistance to new groups of compounds. There are several well‐
known molecular mechanisms directly reducing the efficacy of fungicides. The observed
resistance stems from multiple genetic sources (the spread of mutations in the sequences
encoding target proteins, overexpression of genes encoding the target proteins and the
adaptation of transport proteins to increase the efflux of substances with antifungal
activity) which can coexist in the field populations. Based on the combined information
on the mechanisms of fungal resistance to fungicide substances, it is now possible to
design and deploy targeted diagnostics procedures which allow rapid analysis of samples.
Our experiments aim to correlate morphological changes in mycelia with polymorphism
of candidate resistance genes and their expression in stress conditions (fungicide
treatment). We demonstrate example polymorphisms in CYP51A, CYP51B and CYP51C
sterol demethylase homologs and in the homologs (FGSG_02865) of FLR1 gene,
transporter known to be implicated in resistance to azoles. In the latter case, our findings
underscore the synergistic involvement of different transporters in resistance to toxic
compounds, as well as the complex relationships between multidrug resistance‐related
proteins of common (albeit distant) origin.
Research funded under the project: "Molecular diagnostics of fungicide resistance in phytopathogenic
fungi" LIDER/27/204/L‐3/11/NCBR/2012.
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Fungal pathogenesis and disease control
Poster nr. 18
Secretome analysis of the fungal plant pathogen Botryosphaeria dothidea
Forough Nazarpour1, Artur Alves1, Rui Vitorino1, Pedro Domingues1, Antonio Correia1,
Ana Cristina Esteves1
1
University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
Eucalyptus species are commercially exploited in many countries around the world. They
are also the most abundant forest tree species in Portugal and have an enormous
economical significance for the country.
Botryosphaeria dothidea is a widespread and important pathogen of trees around the
world, including important fruit crops and forest trees. Although not considered a major
pathogen of Eucalyptus it is able to cause dieback and canker disease especially under
stress conditions. Despite the relevance of this pathogen the mechanism of interaction
between this fungus and its hosts is not known. Since the extracellular molecules of fungi
are the main effectors of fungus‐plant interactions, we mainly centered our analysis on
the secretome.
The major challenges in the secretome analysis of filamentous fungi are the low protein
concentrations and the presence of many interfering substances. To overcome these
problems, we determined the adequate growth conditions as well as protein extraction
protocol. Secreted proteins from B. dothidea collected from liquid cultures in the
presence and absence of Eucalyptus stem were separated by 1‐DE and 2‐DE gel
electrophoresis. 1‐DE results showed the differences of protein profiles among
secretomes. A total of 276 and 285 spots were detected on 2‐DE in the secretome from
both control and strain grown in the presence of the host, respectively, being 133 spots
statistically different. Identification of these spots by mass spectrometry allows
determining the proteins involved in fungus‐host interaction mechanisms.
Fungal pathogenesis and disease control
Poster nr. 19
Secretion of extracellular enzymes by strains of Hypholoma sp. and
Pleurotus sp.
Anna Zolciak1, Justyna Bohacz2
1
2
Forest Research Institute, 05‐090 Raszyn, Sekocin Stary, Braci Lesnej 3, Poland
University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20‐069 Lublin, kr. St. Leszczynskiego 7, Poland
White rot fungi are known to secrete enzymes that degrade lignin. The most important of
these enzymes are laccases (Lacs), lignin peroxidases (LiPs) and manganese peroxidases
(MnPs).
The aim of this study was to examine the activity of laccase, peroxidase, the level of
micromolecular compounds, protein concentration in strains of Pleurotus sp. and
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Hypholoma sp. All the strains were grown on pieces of Norway spruce wood as sole
carbon and energy source. The culture supernatants were examined for the specific
enzymes using appropriate assays, each 10 days (it means10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days), at
the temperature 28°C.
The preliminary study indicate that Pleurotus strains secreted Lac, MnP, LiP and hydroxy‐,
methoxyphenols, whereas Hypholoma strains ‐ the same except for LiP.
Fungal pathogenesis and disease control
Poster nr. 20
Effect of temperature on the plant pathogen Lasiodiplodia theobromae:
enzyme and secondary metabolites production
Carina Félix1, Mariana Nunes1, Anna Andolfi2, Sara Basso2, Marilina Salvatore2, Marina
Grecca2, António Correia1, Artur Alves1, Ana Cristina Esteves1
2
1
Department of Biology, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
Climate changes are taking place with major consequences for the agricultural and
forestry systems. Abiotic factors, such as temperature, can influence the dynamic
between host and pathogen that could result in changes in disease impact.
The pathogenicity of fungi has been shown to be associated with the expression of
several molecules, such as enzymes or other natural compounds that are known to be
involved in host/pathogen interaction in fungi.
Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a phytopathogenic fungus that is found in a diverse range of
plant hosts. Although it is typically found in tropical and subtropical regions, it may also
occur in other climates. Besides, it can act as an opportunistic pathogen in humans.
The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of extracellular enzymes and
secondary metabolites produced by different isolates of L. theobromae grown at different
temperatures.
The detection of extracellular enzymes was performed at 25ºC, 30ºC and 37ºC for isolates
from different hosts (grapevine, mango, coconut and banana trees, avocado tree and
human) and the metabolites identification at 25ºC and 37ºC for isolates from coconut
tree and human.
The enzymatic activity is different between some isolates and temperatures, especially
for CAA019 that exhibited a different profile for all the temperatures and CBS339.90, with
higher enzymatic indexes at 37ºC. CBS339.90 and CAA019 produce different secondary
metabolites and we show that temperature modulates the expression of secondary
metabolites. This alteration on the behavior could be related with host‐specificity
requirements and may be relevant for the host/pathogen interaction.
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Fungal pathogenesis and disease control
Poster nr. 21
The most important fungi on needles and twigs of pine trees in Slovakia
Katarina Pastircakova1, Martin Pastircak2
1
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, Branch for Woody Plant Biology, Nitra, Slovakia
2
National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production, Piestany, Slovakia
Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) and Scots pine (P. sylvestris) trees are an ecologically and
economically important tree species in Slovakia. In 2014, fungal endophytes and fungi
associated with needle and twig diseases of these two pine species on 67 pine stands
were surveyed. A total of 18 fungal taxa were identified. The most dominant fungi
identified were Sphaeropsis sapinea, Lophodermium pinastri, Cyclaneusma minus, and C.
niveum. For both Pinus species, Lophodermium and Cyclaneusma species were the
dominant fungi on fallen needles, whereas S. sapinea and Zythiostroma pinastri
dominated on twigs. On dead needles still attached to branches of both Pinus species,
Dothistroma septosporum and S. sapinea were observed in frequencies of more than 30%
and 55% of examined samples, respectively. The fungus D. septosporum, one of the most
serious foliar diseases of Pinus spp. was found on P. nigra as well in the conidial state as in
the perfect stage Mycosphaerella pini. Species diversity of endophytic mycoflora was
enriched with Anthostomella pedemontana and Pestalotiopsis sp. reported on fallen Scots
pine needles. On dead twigs of P. sylvestris, the following fungi occurred sporadically:
Cytospora pini, Gibberella sp., Gremmeniella abietina and Therrya fuckelii. Sclerophoma
pithyophila was found on dead needles and twigs of P. nigra. Ecological aspects of
colonization of the needles, especially phenomena of competition for the substrate, were
observed.
This study was supported by the Scientific Grant Agency VEGA, projects No. 2/0069/14 and 2/0071/14.
Fungal pathogenesis and disease control
Poster nr. 22
Diversity of fungi on dead plane tree branches
Martin Pastircak1, Katarina Pastircakova2
1
2
National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production, Piestany, Slovakia
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, Branch for Woody Plant Biology, Nitra, Slovakia
The London plane (Platanus × hispanica) is a commonly planted ornamental and parkland
tree in cities throughout Slovakia. Fungal pathogens cause mortality of branches still
attached to the tree and many fungus species are specialised on dead branches that have
fallen to the ground. In 2013 and 2014, the diversity of fungi on dead plane tree branches
was studied. In total, 118 samples (branches with necrotic lesions or dead branches in the
lower parts of the tree crown, and fallen branches) were collected in urban parks and
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tree‐lined streets in 27 cities in Slovakia. Fungal identification was based on
morphological examination under stereo and compound microscopes. A total of 25 fungal
taxa were identified. Macrodiplodiopsis desmazieri (73%) and Cytospora platani (64%)
were the dominant species occurring in necrotic tissue on fallen branches. The frequency
of occurrence of fungi in examined samples was as follows: Splanchnonema platani (34%),
Hapalocystis berkeleyi (25%), Massarina eburnea (17%), Discula platani (15%), Phomopsis
sp. (14%), Diplodia sp. (10%), Macrodiplodia sp. (8.5%), Camarosporium pommersheimii
(7.6%), Diaporthe ambigua (5.9%), Coniothyrium sp. (4.2%), Ascochyta sp. (3.4%), Nectria
sp. (3.4%), Melanomma pulvis‐pyrius (2.5%), Leptosphaeria cf. vagabunda (1.7%),
Melanconium sp. (1.7%), Asterosporium asterospermum (0.8%), Fusarium sp. (0.8%),
Libertella sp. (0.8%), and Valsa sp. (0.8%). The activity of fungi found on damaged and
dead branches may be related with sudden branch breakage and eventual loss of canopy
shape. Dead or damaged branches pose the greatest danger of falling.
This study was supported by the Scientific Grant Agency VEGA, project No. 2/0071/14.
Fungal pathogenesis and disease control
Poster nr. 23
Multidisciplinary studies on the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe grisea in
Italy
Anna Maria Picco1, Marinella Rodolfi1, Maria Guglielminetti1
1
Department of Earth Science and Environment, Lab. of Mycology University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
The devastating rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe grisea has never been
eliminated from a region in which the crop is grown.
In temperate areas, Italy included, it can cause marginal losses (2012 and 2013) as well as
devastating outbreaks (2008). Even if the Oryza sativa ‐ M. grisea pathosystem has
become a model for understanding the molecular basis of plant‐fungal interactions,
practical answers to some key questions regarding it still have not been found.
Thanks to two Italian National projects, RISINNOVA and POLORISO, knowledge concerning
the pathogen and the prevention of the disease has been improved.
A third Project, "Fight to Blast" (2009), by the Vercelli Province, allows the continuous bio‐
monitoring, from June to August, of an about 110.000 ha production area. This results in a
disease‐forecast free‐service: a real time bulletin based on 4 risk levels, from "0 ‐ no risk
of blast" to "3 ‐ high risk" (resistant rice varieties and/or unfavourable to blast field
management included).
Those projects are focused on: 1) phytosanitary evaluation of both experimental and
cultivated plants; 2) collection of the M. grisea Italian population; 3) aerosporological
monitoring of M. grisea spores; 4) optimization of a model (SiRBInt ‐ Simulation of Rice‐
Blast Interaction), created for temperate rice growing areas.
Results confirm that M. grisea is a pathogen able to change in relation to geographical,
environmental and agronomical factors. The collection of the pathogen could be a
reference point for the international scientific community involved in rice plant
protection and improvement.
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Fungal pathogenesis and disease control
Poster nr. 24
Wood decomposition ability of strains of Hypholoma sp., Pleurotus sp. and
Phlebiopsis gigantea
Anna Zolciak1
1
Forest Research Institute, 05‐090 Raszyn, Sekocin Stary, Braci Lesnej 3, Poland
Phlebiopsis gigantea (Fr.: Fr.) Jülich is used as biocontrol agent against Heterobasidion
annosum sensu lato. However, after artificial inoculation P. gigantea grows very well in
wood of Scots pine stumps, but its growth in Norway spruce is lower.
The aim of this study was to examine the wood decay capacity of some strains of
Hypholoma sp., Pleurotus sp. and P. gigantea through 1, 2 and 3 months treatment of
Norway spruce wood (sapwood and heartwood) under laboratory conditions.
Strains of P. gigantea decomposed spruce wood more effectively than strains of
Hypholoma sp.and Pleurotus sp.
Fungal pathogenesis and disease control
Poster nr. 25
Pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae species to Eucalyptus spp. in Portugal
Carla Barradas1, Glória Pinto1, Helder Berenguer1, Barbara Correia1, Artur Alves1
1
CESAM, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
Several Botryosphaeriaceae species are important endophytes and latent pathogens of
Eucalyptus spp. in their native and non‐native range, being mostly stress‐related
pathogens. Recently we identified several species of Botryosphaeriaceae associated to
Eucalyptus globulus plantations in Portugal. Knowledge on the pathogenicity of these
fungi and tolerance of different Eucalyptus spp. is much needed to develop suitable
control and management strategies for plantations.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of these species towards clones of
E. globulus, E. nitens and a hybrid of E. globulus x E. cypellocarpa. For that, 6 months old
plants were inoculated with each species and incubated in a non‐controlled greenhouse
for 2 months. At the end of the experiment lesion lengths were determined and plant
physiological parameters were evaluated namely growth rate, water potential, relative
water content, chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf gas‐exchange, pigments (total chlorophyll
and carotenoids) and total soluble sugars.
Considering the size of lesion developed there were obvious differences between fungal
species reflecting potential differences in aggressiveness. Further, differences were
observed between the different hosts. Concerning physiological parameters related to
plant performance, significant differences were observed between control and inoculated
plants for most of them. However, no direct relation was found between lesion sizes
(aggressiveness) and plant physiological responses. Fungal inoculation affected more
Eucalyptus globulus and E. globulus x E. cypellocarpa hybrid than E. nitens which exhibited
a somehow more tolerant behaviour. Future studies including more isolates, different
host genotypes and abiotic stress effects are needed.
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Medical mycology and fungal pharmacology
Poster nr. 26
Screening of submerged culture fluids and mycelia of mushroom isolates
from Turkey for antioxidant activity
Melike Börühan1, Mustafa Yamac2 , Zerrin Cantürk3, Mustafa Kemal Babayigit1, Göksu
Ceylan4
1
Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Graduate School of Science, Eskisehir, Turkey
Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Eskisehir, Turkey
3
Anadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Eskisehir, Turkey
4
Yenibaglar District, Haci Husnu Street, No: 18/ 9, Eskisehir, Turkey
2
The aim of the present study was to select to mushroom isolates demonstrated higher
antioxidant activity in their submerged culture fluids and/or mycelia. For this purpose,
firstly, growth conditions of the fungal isolates which will be used in screening study were
selected. To select the growth medium and cultivation techniques, representative fungal
isolates were grown on HAGEM, potato malt peptone, Czapek Dox's ‐1 and Czapek Dox's ‐
2 media with both of submerged and static cultivation types. Potato malt peptone
medium and the static cultivation types were selected the best ones to increase
antioxidant activity of the isolates. The selected parameters were used to evaluate the
DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the macrofungi isolated from different parts of
Turkey.
Totally 132 macrofungi isolates were examined with the using of ascorbic acid and BHT as
controls. Eight selected isolates representing best DPPH free radical scavenging activity
were further tested for their additional activities. The activities (%) of the selected
isolates for scavenging ability on hydrogene peroxide and ABTS radicals, chelating ability
on ferrous ions, reducing power activity, β‐carotene‐linoleic acid activity, and ferric
thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assays for lipid peroxidation were
determined as 50.29 ‐ 100.00, 49.79 ‐ 87.07, 3.36 ‐ 3.95, 9.03 ‐ 83.50, 0.03 ‐ 3.59, 38.10 ‐
78.70, 95.20 ‐ 100.00, and 72.25 ‐ 100.00, respectively. Time dependent antioxidant
activities of the selected isolates were also studied during incubation period of 20 days.
Acknowledgement: This study was supported financially by TUBITAK (Grant number:
113Z746).
Medical mycology and fungal pharmacology
Poster nr. 27
The nutritional and medicinal value of Pleurotus species from Italy
Maria Letizia Gargano1,2, Riccardo Compagno1,2, Giuseppe Venturella 1,2
1
2
Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
The Euro‐Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
The genus Pleurotus is a cosmopolitan group of fungi which comprises ca. 30 species and
subspecific taxa. The genus Pleurotus also represents the second main group of cultivated
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edible mushrooms in the world. The Pleurotus species are efficient colonizers and
bioconverters of lignocellulosic agro‐industrial residues into palatable human food with
medicinal properties. Besides Pleurotus species demonstrates significant nutritional and
their bioactive compounds (mainly polysaccharides) possess antibacterial, antibiotic,
antitumor, hypocholesterolemic and immunomodulation properties. Extracts of the
Mediterranean culinary‐medicinal Oyster mushrooms P. eryngii var. eryngii, P. eryngii var.
ferulae, P. eryngii var. elaeoselini, and P. nebrodensis were tested for their in vitro growth
inhibitory activity against a group of bacterial reference strains of medical relevance:
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, S. epidermidis RP62A, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC
15442, and Escherichia coli ATCC10536. All of the Pleurotus species analyzed inhibited the
tested microorganisms in varying degrees. The cold‐water extracts of P. eryngii var.
ferulae and P. nebrodensis can affect the tumor phenotype of human colon cancer
HCT116 cells. The in vitro antitumor effects indicate that some Pleurotus species can be
considered as possible sources for new alternative therapeutic agents for cancer
treatment. Studies carried out on a new productive strains of "cardoncello" mushroom, P.
eryngii, a prized Italian culinary‐medicinal mushroom, demonstrated that this food is very
low in saturated fat, dietary fiber and, a good source of vitamins. The vitamin B12 content
makes P. eryngii suitable as a possible alternative food for vegetarians or for those with
diets lacking in foods of animal origin.
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Session II
Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 28
Rodents as a dispersal vector for hypogeous fungi
Maria Ławrynowicz1, Malgorzata Polatynska1,2
1
Department of Algology and Mycology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz,
Poland
2
Department of Teacher Training and Biodiversity Studies, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of
Lodz, Lodz, Poland
An interdisciplinary and comprehensive ecological studies have been brought into a rising
significance in resent years.
Mycophagy and spore dispersion by animals is widely studied in the world, and there are
still new discoveries made in this matter. This strategy is beneficent for both animal and
fungus, with one gaining a good food source, and the other having the opportunity to
spread spores on long distances and into a new environment. Laboratory studies have
shown that passing through the animal's digestive system enhances the germination of
the spore after it leaves the animal's gut. Mycophagy studies can also be a supplement for
mycological studies, adding new records on species distribution.
Currently our studies are concentrated on the degree in which rodents feed on
hypogeous fungi, and can they be a important spore dispersal vector. The studies are
carried out by live trapping animals from study areas in the forest ecosystems in Spalski
Landscape Park (SPK) in Central Poland and in Jura Landscape Park (JPK) in Kraków‐
Częstochowa Upland. The animals are captured with baited live traps and after releasing
the animals, fecal samples are taken from the traps. The samples are preserved in 90%
alcohol, and analyzed microscopically in the laboratory. Identified structures as asco‐ and
basidiospores, asci, basidia and their fragments are used to determine the fungal taxa.
The ongoing analyzes of the gathered material has shown the presence taxa from Glomus,
Elaphomyces, Tuber and Melanogaster in the samples from SPK, and Hydnobolites
cerebriformis and species of Genea, Hymenogaster and Melanogaster from JPK.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 29
Interactions between filamentous fungi found in agricultural and other
anthropogenic environments
Adam Dawidziuk1, Delfina Popiel1, Grzegorz Koczyk1
1
Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
Many species of filamentous fungi occur in both agricultural environment and other
anthropogenic environments (such as dwellings). Depending on the enviromental
context, different relationships arise between diverse sets of eukaryotic microoorganisms
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competing for nutrients, minerals, water, etc. The agricultural environment is strongly
shaped by phytopathogenic fungi (eg. Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Parastagonospora sp.)
competing for access to the plant hosts. Additional contributions, stem from the
involvement of saprobic (eg. Aspergillus sp.) and mycoparasitic fungi (eg. Trichoderma
sp.). In other anthropogenic environments, the composition of fungal population is
significantly different. Such niches are dominated by saprophytic fungi (e.g. Mucor sp.),
animal (including humans) pathogens (eg. Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp.) and the role of
plant pathogens (Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp.) is considerably lower. The different
conditions (higher temperatures, presence of chemical additives and contaminants as
well as residual processed food) can affect both the secondary metabolism and the
resulting interactions between different species competing for nutrients.
In our work, we investigate the secondary metabolite‐mediated interactions between
diverse fungal strains originating from different enviromental conditions (fields,
agricultural buildings, schools, old tenement house etc.). We examined changes in
morphology, growth patterns, gene expression and toxigenic capability after stimulation
in both mycotoxin producing and non‐producing isolates of divergent isolates, obtained
from different niches.
The research was funded under the Polish National Science Centre research grant "Hybrid, metagenome‐
based approach to assessing biodiversity and toxigenic potential of fungi in anthropogenic environments"
(SONATA/UMO‐2011/03/D/NZ2/01435).
Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 30
Fungi associated with the vector of the pinewood nematode and their
influence on pine wilt disease
Maria de Lurdes Inácio1
1
INIAV, I.P., Oeiras, Lisboa, Portugal
The insect Monochamus galloprovincialis is the vector of the pinewood nematode (PWN),
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causal agent of the pine wilt disease that has killed yearly
thousands of pines in Portugal since its detection in 1999. The PWN has an obligatory
mycetophagous phase being the development of the nematode populations closely
associated with fungi that colonize the declining trees. Moreover, recent works
highlighted the simultaneous transport of different fungal species by Monochamus
insects in other European countries. Nevertheless, no such studies were ever performed
in Portugal, and it was our aim to characterize the mycobiota vectored by the insect in
Portuguese pine stands, both affected and not affected by pine wilt, and begin to
evaluate their relevance for the pinewood nematode development and survival. Fungi
were collected from adult insects in various locations, and identified by morphological
and molecular characteristics. A considerable fungal diversity was found, divided in
cosmopolitan (e.g. Penicillium spp., Trichoderma spp.), entomopathogenic (Beauveria sp.)
and phytopathogenic fungi. The role each fungi plays in the pine wilt disease complex is
discussed, as some species are known to be antagonists, neutral or favorable for the
nematode´s development in the wood, although special attention is given to the
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Ophiostoma genus (blue‐stain fungi), which are preferred food sources for the PWN and
can condition the abundance and frequency of nematode‐infested vector beetles.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 31
Ectomycorrhizal status of spontaneous herbs and shrubs collected in
Alentejo
Joana Alves1, Paulo Oliveira1,2
1
2
Biology Department, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO), Évora, Portugal
Several families of angiospermic shrubs and herbs have been reported to have
ectomycorrhizas, but the status of many species, especially those present in areas of
Mediterranean influence, needs to be confirmed. Such confirmation may help revaluate
their ecological role in the Mediterranean forest ecosystems where they occur. To
investigate the presence of ectomycorrhizas in the root systems, a careful collection of
soil samples or root systems was undertaken, followed by anatomical analyses to detect
diagnostic features for ectomycorrhizas, namely the Hartig net. Ecologically relevant
members of Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Ulmaceae, Oleaceae, Rhamnacae, Myrtaceae,
Polygonaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Juglandaceae and Rubiaceae were of special interest to
this investigation. Other types of mycorrhizal symbiosis that were also detected are
described.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 32
The effect of dew on flint and limestone lichen communities in the Negev
Desert
Marina Temina1, Giora Kidron1
1
Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
Although lichens are important components of arid ecosystems, the influence of
microclimatic factors (particularly dew) conducive to their distribution on rock habitats in
the Negev Desert are still not sufficiently investigated. Here, we present a study on
adjacent lichen communities inhabiting slightly acidic flint (chert) and slightly alkaline
limestone cobbles in the north‐facing slopes of two sites in the Negev Desert, Nizzana,
NIZ (with long‐term mean precipitation of 95 mm and average daily dew amount of 0.1
mm) and Sede Boqer, SB (with long‐term mean precipitation of 95 mm and average daily
dew amount of 0.2 mm). The communities on flint consisted of either scarce or lush cover
of exclusively epilithic species, while endolithic lichens predominated on limestone. Our
results pointed to the fact that while non‐significant differences characterized the
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amounts of dew condensed on both substrates, dew duration on some of the flint
cobbles was by ~1.2 longer. With longer dew duration, the cover of the epilithic lichens
Aspicilia contorta subsp. hoffmanniana and Buellia sorediosa on flint increased along with
the cover of the fruticose lichen Ramalina maciformis. Some of the species (Caloplaca
circumalbata var. circumalbata, Caloplaca flavocitrina, Caloplaca oasis, Candelariella
minuta, Diplotomma epipolium) inhabited both substrates pointing to the possibility that
dew duration rather than alkalinity determines their distribution. While not explaining the
higher lichen cover on limestone, dew duration explains the significantly higher cover of
epilithic lichens and chlorophyll content (per inhabited surface) on flint in comparison to
limestone.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 33
Impact of environmental conditions on mycelial growth of Clathrus archeri
Marta Otero1, Patxi Rebolé1, Miren K. Duñabeitia1, Isabel Salcedo1
1
University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. 644. 48080 Bilbao, Spain
One of the main causes of biodiversity loss in ecosystems can be attributed to the
invasion of alien species. The impact that these introduced species produce depends on
their competition ability for space and nutrients. The fungus Clathrus archeri, known as
devil's fingers or octopus stinkhorn, comes originally from Tasmania and was introduced
in 1914 in Europe being afterwards extended throughout many European countries. In
particular, in the Basque Country, C. archeri has significantly increased its population
since 2002.
The aim of our group is to assess whether the entrance and uncontrolled progression of
C. archeri in the Iberian Peninsula might compromises the survival of the native
saprotrophic species through competition. For that purpose, different laboratory
experiments will be accomplished. First of all, C. archeri will be cultured in different fungal
culture media (Potato Dextrose Agar, Modified Melin‐Norkrans, Malt Extract Agar and
Czapek Agar) to determine its growth rate and nutritional requirements. Subsequently,
this species will be undergone at different incubation temperatures (15°C, 25°C and 30°C),
water potentials (from ‐0.62 to ‐2.85 MPa) and a pH range from 3 to 9 to simulate its
ecophysiological potential, and try to know its response to alterations caused by climate
change. Finally, an in vitro confrontation with native saprotrophic species such as Lepista
nuda, Clitocybe nebularis and Hebeloma radicosum will be developed to observe if
competition effect does exist.
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Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 34
The survival of micromycetes exposed to space conditions
Valeria Ponizovskaya1, Anna Antropova2, Maxim Dyakov1, Natalia Rebrikova3, Vera
Mokeeva1, Elena N. Bilanenko1
1
2
M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
3
State Research Institute for Restoration, Moscow, Russia
The survival of fungal spores exposed to space conditions was studied. The experiment
was carried out on the Foton‐M4 spacecraft. The fungal spores were kept in sterile quartz
sand (105 per gram) in Eppendorf tubes: (1) inside the Foton descent capsule and (2) in
containers on the external surface of the capsule, exposed to the open space. 20 species
from 14 genera recovered from the white‐stone and plaster of the cultural monuments
were tested. After 45 days of flight, the spores of 14 of 20 species stored in the capsule
survived, and 13 of 20 exposed to the open space. Acremonium furcatum, Engyodontium
album, Epicoccum nigrum, Mortierella alpina, Sarocladium strictum and Verticillium
zaregamsianum did not survive neither in capsule, nor in outer containers. Trichoderma
harzianum and Geomyces pannorum stayed viable only in the capsule (105 spores per
gram for both). Spores of Chaetomium globosum, Purpureocillium lilacinum, Aspergillus
niger and Lecanicillium kalimantanense survived better inside (104 to 105) than out of the
capsule (102 to 104). The rate of viable spores of Acremonium charticola, Cladosporium
sphaerospermum, Penicillium aurantiogriseum, P.chrysogenum, P.verrucosum,
Sarocladium kiliense was statistically similar in both types of conditions and decreased by
1 to 3 orders after the flight. Another two species, Acremonium potronii and Aspergillus
versicolor, possessed high viability after flight in the capsule (104 and 105 respectively)
and in the open space as well (105 for both). So micromycetes can be used as a model for
studying eukaryotic organisms' resistance to stress factors.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 35
Diversity of root endophytic fungi from salt marshes plants and their
potential benefits on crop salinity tolerance
Paula Paulino1,2, Margarida Barata1,2, Patrícia Correia1,2, Cristina Cruz1,2
1
Center for Ecology, Evolution and Envioromental changes (Ce3c), Faculty of Science of University of Lisbon, Lisboa,
Portugal
2
Departament of Plant Biology,Faculty of Science of University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
Soil salinity is one of the main problems for agriculture nowadays, affecting land
degradation, desertification, and crop productivity.
Root fungal endophytes can interact with the plant host in different ways, including by
establishing a symbiosis, which provides benefits to plants (increasing tolerance to salt).
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The aim of this work is to assess the diversity of root endophytic fungi in different plants
of salt marshes and select some of the isolates with benefic effects on plants tolerance to
salinity. To achieve this goal the effects of that isolates were assessed by the inoculation
of tomato plants and barley.
Four species of halophytic (Aster tripolium, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Halimione
portulacoides and Spartina maritima) were collected in different places of two salt
marshes along the Tagus estuary known to have distinct soil salinities. After superficial
sterilization roots pieces were inoculated on three media, Potato dextrose agar, Malt agar
and Modified Melin Norkrans agar (MMNA) to obtain fungal isolates that were grouped in
morphotypes according to colony morphology, for further identification. To study the
effect of salinity in the growth of the fungi, two of the most frequent morphotypes in
each plant species were inoculated in MMN broth containing 0, 0.25, 0.5 and, 0.75 M of
NaCl. Fungal biomass was evaluated within 10 days. The fungal morphotypes with larger
biomass at higher concentration of NaCl were inoculated in plants with different salinity
tolerance: tomato plants and barley. The results are discussed in an applied perspective
of root fungal endophytes as potential inoculants to ameliorate crop salinity tolerance.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 36
Mercury in mushrooms of genus Leccinum from Yunnan Province of China
and Europe in Poland: accumulation, distribution and probable dietary
exposure
Grazyna Krasinska1, Jerzy Falandysz1, Ji Zhang2, Yuanzhong Wang2, Anna Kojta1, Martyna
Saba1, Tao Shen3, Tao Li3, Honggao Liu4
2
1
Gdansk University, Gdansk, Poland
Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
3
Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, China
4
Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
Reported are the results of the determination of mercury (Hg) in soil substratum and the
accumulation and distribution of Hg in six species of mushrooms of the genus Leccinum
from geographically diverse regions of Yunnan in China and eight species from Poland.
Also assessed was the probable dietary intake of Hg from consumption of Leccinum spp.
The results showed that mushrooms such as L. chromapes, L. extremiorientale, L. griseum
and L. rugosicepes are good Hg accumulators and contained Hg in caps ranging from 2.1
to 4.7 mg kg‐1 dm, and in stipes were from 0.56 to 2.8 mg kg‐1 dry matter. The species, L.
rufum and L. quercinum from Poland with Hg in caps of about 1.0 mg kg mg kg‐1 dm were
better accumulators than L. albellum, L. duriusculum, L. melaneum, L. scabrum, L.
versipelle and L. vulpinum, which showed about 0.5 mg Hg kg‐1 dm, on an average. Hg
content in caps and stipes of the fruiting bodies of Leccinum spp. from locations in China
and Poland showed a weak positive tendency for increase with increase of Hg content of
soil substratum. Consumption of fresh caps of mushrooms of genus Leccinum with
elevated Hg from locations in Yunnan at the rate of up to 300 g per week during the
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foraging season would not result in Hg intake exceeding the provisional weekly tolerance
limit of 0.004 mg kg‐1 body mass, assuming no Hg ingestion from other foods.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 37
Cd, Hg and Pb in mushrooms Boletus badius, Xerocomus chrysenteron and
Xerocomus subtomentosus
Anna Dryzalowska1, Anna Kojta1, Sviatlana Pankavec1, Jerzy Falandysz1
1
Gdansk University, Gdansk, Poland
Some species of fungi can accumulate toxic metallic elements such as Hg, Cd or Pb in
fruiting bodies at elevated concentration even if they emerged at background
uncontaminated areas. Intake of Hg, Cd or Pb from food is under surveillance by health
authorities and an appropriate tolerance levels for foods and the values of provisionally
tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) and tolerable weekly intake (TWI) have been established
by World Health Organization (WHO). Mushrooming is a part of gourmet heritage of
Poland, while intake rate per capita of wild grown mushrooms is associated with family
tradition, location and income. This aim of this study was to examine the Hg, Cd and Pb
contents of fruiting bodies of Boletus badius, Xerocomus chrysenteron and Xerocomus
subtomentosus that emerged at three spatially distant locations in the agricultural and
forested regions of Poland. The probable dietary intake of these metallic elements by
mushroom consumers and the associated risk to health were also evaluated. Cadmium is
a major contaminant in all three species followed by lead and then mercury. The most
contaminated species was X. chrysenteron followed by B. badius and then X.
subtomentosus.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 38
Soil filamentous fungi with potential to solubilizing phosphate on
agroforestry system
Marina Araujo1, Phelipe Costa1, Elaine Malosso1
1
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
Agroforestry Systems (AFS) are known models of soil exploitation systems that are
ecologically more similar to natural forests and, therefore, they are considered an
important alternative for sustainable use of tropical ecosystems. The type of soil
management influences its physico‐chemical conditions and is reflected in the
development of microorganisms and their biological properties. Among the
macronutrients in soil, phosphorus is outstanding for living beings due to its structural
and functional performance and energy transfer; however, it is poorly available in
Brazilian soils. Microorganisms are recognized for their ability to promote biochemical
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transformations of nutrients and to provide important nutrients to the plants. The
presence of phosphate solubilizing fungi and management of their populations in the soil
are alternatives for improving phosphorus supply to plants. The aim of this study was to
identify fungal species from an agroforestry soil and analyze semi‐quantitatively their
capacity to solubilizing phosphate sources. The fungal colonies were isolated and
identified to species. One colony from each species (totaling 80 individuals) was tested
against monobasic and dibasic phosphate. Confirmation of hydrolysis activity on Petri
dishes was based on the substrate degradation halo using the Enzyme Relation Index
(ERI). Seventy percent of the species tested solubilized the phosphate sources. Aspergillus
niger, Penicillium echinulatum and Fusarium solani showed the greatest potential. The
knowledge about PO4 solubilizing potential of soil fungi aids guiding the use of this
microbial community to improve plant development while reducing costs with fertilizers
and the impacts of excessive chemical release to the environment.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 39
Accumulation of metals and metalloids in ectomycorrhizae from smelter‐
polluted soil
Jan Borovicka1,2, Jaroslava Kubrova1,3, Milan Gryndler4
1
Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rez near Prague, Czech Republic
2
Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
3
Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech
Republic
4
Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Samples of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) tips and non‐mycorrhizal fine roots were collected
from strongly smelter‐polluted Oe soil horizon at Picea abies forest plantation and
analyzed for metal/metalloid content. Large variation of element concentrations was
observed both among ECM tips and non‐mycorrhizal fine roots. The ECM tips were
particularly enriched with Ag, As, Cd, and Zn. Fungal species forming the ECM tips were
identified by DNA sequencing; Boletus badius and Thelephora terrestris were the most
abundant species in the sample set. Distinctly elevated concentrations of V were found in
ECM tips of Amanita muscaria, which is known to accumulate this element.
As the concentrations of metals detected in ECM tips refer to both fungal and plant
biomass, we have attempted to quantify the fungal biomass in ECM tips of two
macrofungal species: A. muscaria and B. badius. In both species, two independent primer
pairs, including species‐specific and non‐specific primers, were used in qRT‐PCR with
double‐stranded DNA‐binding dye. PCR outputs were calibrated against pure mycelial
biomass. The results of PCR (expressed as % of sample dry weight) obtained for 11
samples of A. muscaria and 19 samples of B. badius were similar but varied within a
relatively large range of 0.8‐30% and 0.5‐37%, respectively. However, median values were
4.8% for A. muscaria and 5.7% for B. badius.
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Our results indicate high capacity of ECM mycelia to accumulate toxic metals/metalloids.
Besides the protective role in symbiosis with their host plants, ECM fungi apparently
contribute to biotransformation and retention of toxic elements in polluted soils.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 40
Notes on trace elements and minerals composition of King Bolete (Boletus
edulis)
Sviatlana Pankavec1, Anna Dryzalowska1, Grazyna Krasinska1, Atindra Sapkota2, Xinbin
Feng2, Jerzy Falandysz1
2
1
Gdansk University, Gdansk, Poland
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang,
China
Presented are data on occurrence multivariate analysis on interrelationships of Ag, As, Ba,
Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Cs, Hg, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Ti, Tl, Th, U, W, V, Zn, Zr and rare
earth elements (RREs) in by Boletus edulis collected from several distantly distributed
forest complexes in Poland as well as is assessed risk to health resulting from probable
dietary intake of toxic Hg, Cd and Pb. Particularly large differences in the contents of the
elements from fruiting bodies were observed for such elements as Ba, Bi, Ce, Co, Dy, Eu,
Er, Gd, Hf, Ho, La, Li, Lu, Nb, Nd, Pr, Sm, Sr, Tb, Th, Tm, Y, Yb, Zr (coefficient of variation
was greater than 100%), slightly less variability was observed for Sc, Sr, W and U. All
tested consignments from thirteen sites were characterized by low coefficient of
variation (less than 20%) for As, Cu, Ge, Hg, Ni, V, Zn. In a view of the values of tolerance
limits and tolerated intake available for Cd, Hg and Pb, the most problematic element in
fruiting bodies of B. edulis collected from background areas in Poland is Hg but if
consumed in moderate quantity will not pose a risk to health of consumers.
Acknowledgements. This project in part was supported by the National Science Centre of Poland (UMO‐
2011/03/N/NZ9/04136).
Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 41
A study on impact of added lithium on accumulation of mercury by
Agaricus bisporus
Sviatlana Pankavec1, Jerzy Falandysz1
1
University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
The enrichment of fruiting bodies or mycelium of cultivated mushrooms with selenium,
lithium or other essential compounds is considered as a promising way of obtaining
functional food and nutraceuticals that could be rich in desired constituents [1‐3]. The
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aim of this study was to examine an impact of fortification of compost with increasing
doses of lithium salt on co‐bioconcentration of mercury (Hg) in fruiting bodies by edible
mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Lithium (Li2CO3) was added at doses of 0, 1.0, 5.0, 10, 50,
100 and 500 mg kg‐1 dried compost. Lithium at dose up to 100 mg kg‐1 had no effect on
growth and yield of fructification, while at dose of 500 mg kg‐1 fructification was
completely inhibited. Mercury content was determined separately in caps and stipes of A.
bisporus using well validated analytical method and cold‐vapour atomic absorption
spectroscopy (CV‐AAS) for final measurement. The analytical data obtained showed that
fortification of compost with increasing doses of lithium in form of Li2CO3 caused
decreased uptake and sequestration of mercury in fruiting bodies of A. bisporus.
Acknowledgments
Supported by National Science Centre under project: Decision No UMO‐2013/11/N/NZ7/01240.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 42
Mineral profile of tubers of ‘king tuber oyster’ (Pleurotus tuber‐regium)
mushroom from Nigeria
Innocent Nnorom1, Jerzy Falandysz2
1
2
Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria
University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
The mushroom P. tuber‐regium is edible and popular in Nigeria with many medicinal
applications. Knowledge of mineral and toxic metal contents of mushrooms is important
in evaluating the safety and mineral intake benefits.
Sclerotia of P. tuber‐regium were collected from rural areas of Isuikwuato (Abia State) and
Okigwe (Imo State) towns in Nigeria. The contents of 19 trace elements (Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd,
Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr and Zn) were determined using inductively
coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES).
The concentrations of K and Mg were observed to be very high (500‐10000mg/kg, dry
weight), followed by Ca and Na (19‐1700mg/kg). The median concentrations of Fe, Zn, Al,
and Mn were generally >10mg/kg, followed by Rb, Cu, Sr, Ba, and P with median between
1.1 and 11mg/kg. The median concentrations of Cr, Ni, Ag, Co, and Cd in the sclerotia of P.
tuber‐regium were generally low and <1 μg/g.
The results of this study provide detailed information on the micronutrient benefits of
foods prepared with the sclerotia of P. tuber‐regium, and that there is no toxicological
health risk in their consumption. The data show that the sclerotia would serve as a dietary
source of Zn, Mn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Ca, Co, Cr, K, and Na. The concentrations of the toxic metals
Cd and Pb were generally low and below the European Union limits for these metals in
fungi, indicating that the sclerotia of P. tuber‐regium are safe for human consumption.
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Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 43
Mercury contamination of wild grown Pleurotus ostreatus from Nigeria:
assessment of bioconcentration potential and intake risks
Innocent Nnorom1, Jerzy Falandysz2
1
2
Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria
University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
Many edible mushroom species are valued in gourmet tradition around the world. In
Nigeria, Pleurotus mushroom are considered delicacies and are well foraged. Because of
the toxicity of mercury, its contamination of foodstuff is of concern.
To assess mercury accumulation potentials and intakes by the Oyster Mushroom (P.
ostreatus), samples of P. ostreatus and the wooden substrate on which they develop
were collected from the wild in Southern Nigeria and evaluated for their Hg contents
using CVAAS.
The mushroom samples showed very low Hg contents that varied from 18 to 58 ng g‐1 for
the caps and from 21 to 83 ng g‐1 for the stipes. The mean Hg contents of the wooden
substrate varied from 16±4 ng g‐1 to 19±8 ng g‐1 (overall range, 9‐38 ng g‐1). The Hg
distribution was nearly equal between caps and stipes of P. ostreatus with the mean
values of cap to stipe Hg concentration quotient (Qc/s) ranging from 0.9±0.4 to 1.1±0.3. P.
ostreatus is a weak Hg accumulator as the mean BCF for both caps and stipes ranged from
1.6 to 2.2.
For the sites investigated, consuming about 300 g of P. ostreatus will result in Hg intakes
ranging from 0.84‐0.93 µg for caps and 0.84‐1.11 µg for stipes and the weekly
consumption will result in Hg intakes less than 0.03% of the recommended provisionally
tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) for both caps and stipes.
Therefore, consumption of P. ostreatus harvested from the areas investigated pose no
toxicological health risks to human health.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 44
Host specificity and geographical distribution of Fomes fomentarius
genospecies in European woody plants
Ján Gáper1,2, Katerina Náplavová2, Peter Pristaš3, Svetlana Gáperová4
1
Technical University in Zvolen, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology and General
Ecology, Zvolen, Slovakia
2
University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Ostrava, Czech Republic
3
Pavol Josef Šafárik University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Košice, Slovakia
4
Matej Bel University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
For the processing of fungi, species delimitation is a critical point since it is important to
characterize and document the starting material for every study conducted. These
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problems also apply to Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr. (Polyporales, Agaricomycetes,
Basidiomycota) which comprises at least two cryptic sympatric species in Europe as
evidenced by ITS, LSU, and efa sequence analysis. Morphological variability of its
basidiocarps is well documented, however recent studies revealed no constant features
which would be suitable for reliable separation of F. fomentarius species. The host
specificity and distribution of both genospecies were critically assessed on the basis of all
F. fomentarius ITS sequences currently available in GenBank database from different tree
hosts and geographical regions in Europe. The genospecies B consists of strains isolated
from Slovakia, Russia, Slovenia, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy, whereas the
genospecies A consists of strains recently isolated from Slovakia, Russia, Slovenia, Austria,
Germany, Lithuania, and Latvia. While genospecies A seems to be linked preferably with
Fagus sylvatica and Betula spp. as a hosts, genospecies B is found mainly on other species
such as Tilia spp., Populus spp., and Quercus spp.
Acknowledgment
This work has been supported by grants KEGA No. 022UMB‐4/2013 from the Cultural and
Educational Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the
Slovak Republic and SGS No. 21/PřF/2015 from the Faculty of Science of the University of
Ostrava (Czech Republic).
Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 45
Survey of basidiomycetes in wooden constructions: species and decay
visualisation
Ilze Irbe1, Mitko Karadelev2, Guna Noldt3, Ingeborga Andersone1, Bruno Andersons1
1
2
Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Riga, Latvia
Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, St. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Macedonia
3
University of Hamburg, Department of Biology, Faculty Wood Science, Hamburg, Germany
Lignicolous basidiomycetes cause enormous damage to wooden constructions in favourable
growth conditions. Private, public and heritage buildings are subjected to fungal damage.
According to our latest data, 106 species of the phylum Basidiomycota have been identified in
Latvian buildings. The fungi were collected from wooden structures indoors (roofs, walls, ceilings,
floors, stairs) and outdoors (roofs, walls, windows, doorsteps, stairs, logs, benches, fences,
bridges, stages, beehives).
The brown‐rot damage was recorded in 76.3% cases and white‐rot – only in 23.7% cases. The
most frequent brown‐rot basidiomycetes in buildings were Serpula lacrymans (47.3%), Antrodia
spp. (A. sinuosa, A. vaillantii, A. serialis, A. xantha) (11.5%) and Coniophora puteana (5.3%). These
species were found mainly on the interior woodwork.
The white rot was caused mainly by corticoid species (Corticiaceae) such as Athelia spp.,
Hyphoderma spp., Hyphodontia spp., Botryobasidium spp., Hypochnicium spp., Tubulicrinis spp.,
Phlebiopsis gigantean and Resinicium bicolor. Corticoids were found primarily on the exterior
woodwork.
The mycobiota of wooden constructions was equal to that of natural environment with the
exception of the exclusive indoor fungus S. lacrymans.
The visualisation of the brown‐rot degradation pattern of wood cells was performed by light‐ and
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fluorescence microscopy, and UV microspectrophotometry (UMSP). The distribution of fungal
hyphae within wood and degradation of wood cells was investigated by cultivation of the brown‐
rot fungus C. puteana on pine wood. The results showed very fast initial colonisation of rays
followed by tracheid wall degradation. Investigation on wood biodegradation provides useful
information for scientifically based heritage restoration and renovation.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 46
Investigation of lichenicolous fungi in Hungary ‐ Xanthoriicola physciae
(Kalchbr.) D. Hawksw.
Nóra Varga1,3, László Lõkös2, Edit Farkas3
1
Szent István University, Gödöll, Hungary
Hungarian Natural History Museum, Department of Botany, Budapest, Hungary
3
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Vácrátót, Hungary
2
Our knowledge of lichenicolous fungi was poor in the middle of the last century, the
majority of the specimens was reported from the historical area of the country.
Xanthoriicola physciae is interesting because it has one of the oldest reports by a
Hungarian mycologist, Hollós, in 1913, from Kiskunság. Although in collections there are
more specimens with annotations concerning parasites or black forms, no one mentioned
it in flora lists.
In the last decade our research group started to pay more attention to this fungi and
collected samples intensively from the whole area of the country. Xanthoria parietina was
chosen as a first host, because of its wide ecological tolerance and easily recognizeable
thallus. Our first preliminary results showed that its most common parasite, Xanthoriicola
physciae,was distributed mainly in the lowlands, but soon more montainous locations
were found.
After 100 years of Hollós finding we recognized that the area of Kiskunság is rich in
lichenicolous species, not only Xanthoriicola physciae, but many other xanthoriicolous
species, wich occours usually together.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 47
Aquatic Hyphomycetes in Pernambuco: a first approach
Elaine Malosso1, Mayra Oliveira1, Jessica Silva1
1
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
Fungi with tetraradiate, sigmoid or star‐shaped conidia that live in aquatic environments
are known as aquatic Hyphomycetes. The hydrodynamic shape of their conidia aids in
their dispersion during asexual reproduction placing these fungi among the most
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important decomposers in aquatic environments. Diversity of these organisms in the
Atlantic Forest of Brazil is as yet poorly studied. To increase knowledge about these fungi
in the Northeast of Brazil, several samples of submerged leaf litter were taken from
August 2011 to May 2015 from four aquatic systems (River Jaboatão, River Carnijó,
artificial lake Dois Irmãos and River Capibaribe) in the metropolitan region of Recife,
Pernambuco, where water temperature range from 23 to 32 Celsius. The leaf litter was
washed in running tap water, cut into 1cm2 pieces and incubated at room temperature in
Petri dishes containing sterile distilled water. Microscope analyses of leaf fragments
revealed predominance of Triscelophorus monosporus Ingold., Lunulospora curvula
Ingold., Monotosporella microaquatica (Tubaki) S. Nilsson. and Blodgettia indica Subram.
Species of Anguillospora, Campylospora, Colispora, Dactylella, Dendrosporium,
Endophragmiella, Flabellospora, Idriella, Pyramidospora, Tricladium, Triscelophorus and
Wiesneriomyces were also found. Most of the detected species are referred for the first
time in the Northeast of Brazil. Water variables such as temperature, pH, O2 saturation
and conductivity did not shown any direct relationship with the diversity of the aquatic
fungi. However, diversity of submerged leaf litter and moderate water turbulence favour
the occurrence and richness of aquatic Hyphomycetes.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 48
Mycodiversity of two Italian caves
Simone Di Piazza1,2, Marco Isaia2, Alfredo Vizzini2, Samuele Voyron2, Mirca Zotti1
1
Laboratorio di Micologia del Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e della Vita, Università degli Studi di
Genoa, Genoa, Italy
2
Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
In recent years, many mycological researches have been addressed to the study of
microfungal communities inhabitants in extreme environments. Despite caves represents
a typical example of such environments, only limited number of studies were conduced
and the knowledge of the related mycoflora is overlooked. Caves are particular semi‐
closed environments characterized by strong and specific ecological parameters: mainly
lack of nutrient and darkness.
In this framework, a work package of the CAVELAB project (funded by Compagnia di San
Paolo and University of Turin) is aimed at surveying the fungal communities living in two
different Italian caves: Bossea Caves (Piedmont), and Hypogean System of Kronio
Mountain (Sicily).
All in all, 8 surveies were carried out and 42 samples of soil were collected during the
period 2011‐2014. Fungi were isolated from the samples using the modified dilution plate
protocol on Malt Extract Agar added with Chloramphenicol, Rose Bengal, and Sabouraud.
This protocol allows us to count, identify and isolate vital strains from the environment
surveyed.
On the whole, more than 1700 MTUs belonging to 22 genera of filamentous fungi were
found on 212 Petri dishes inoculated. The most frequent species of filamentous fungi
belong to the genus Aspergillus, Mucor, Penicillium, Trichoderma. Furthermore, a number
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of interesting species were isolated such as Metarrhizium flavoviridae var. flavoviridae,
which was recorded for the first time in a cave system.
Our results underline the mycoodiversity of hypogean environments and, in particular,
shows that the anthropogenic influence strongly affects the mycobiota in such semi‐
closed environments.
Environment, ecology and interactions
Poster nr. 49
Genetic diversity of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica and
its associated hypovirus in Portugal
Eric Pereira1, Simone Prospero2, Daniel Rigling2, Eugénia Gouveia1
1
2
CIMO/School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
2WSL/Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
The European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) agro‐ecosystem has been of high social,
economic, and landscape importance in Portugal. Chestnut blight caused by the fungus
Cryphonectria parasitica is considered a major cause of the decline of chestnut trees
across Europe. C. parasitica is an ascomycete (Diaporthales) that is native to eastern Asia.
Infection of chestnut trees with this pathogen is typically associated with extensive bark
necrosis (so‐called cankers) on stems and branches, resulting in the subsequent death of
the part of the tree above the infection point. Chestnut blight in Portugal was first
reported in 1992 and since expanding in distribution. Here, we investigated the invasion
history of C. parasitica and its associated hypovirus in Portugal. For this, we characterized
137 isolates collected between 2013 and 2014 in four chestnut stands for virus‐infection,
vegetative compatibility (vc) type, mating type and microsatellite haplotype. A total of 33
haplotypes and four vc types were observed, although the Portuguese C. parasitica
population is currently dominated by a single haplotype and a single vc type (EU‐11).
Further diversification may be expected due to ongoing sexual recombination, but
eventually also to new migration and additional introductions. Cryphonectria hypovirus 1
(CHV‐1) was found in two populations. Genetic analysis of the six CHV‐1 isolates obtained
revealed that three viral strains belong to the Italian subtype and three to the French
subtype, which suggest different, independent introductions.
Keywords: Chestnut, Cryphonectria parasitica, microsatellite
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Field mycology and conservation
Poster nr. 50
Local names for common wild edible mushrooms growing in Europe, North
Africa and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Giuseppe Venturella1, Vladimír Antonín2, Abdulhakim Bawadekji3, Vasilica Chinan4, Marco
Floriani5, Maja Karaman6, Lahsen Khabar7, Asunción Morte8, Luis Alberto Parra9, Ursula
Peintner10, Pierre Roux11, Elena Savino12, Alessandra Zambonelli13, Georgios Zervakis14
1
Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
2
Moravian Museum, Dept. of Botany, Brno, Czech Republic
3
Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
4
Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania
5
Gruppo Micologico G. Bresadola, Pergine Val Sugana, Trento, Italy
6
Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
7
Université Mohammed V‐Agdal, Faculté des Sciences, Departement de Biologie, Rabat, Morocco
8
Dpt. Biologia Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad Biologia, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
9
Asociación Micológica Arandina, Burgos, Spain
10
University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
11
Boite Postale n°9, Saint‐Pal‐de‐Mons, France
12
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e degli Ambienti (DSTA), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
13
Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
14
Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Mushroom hunters in rural areas call and identify wild edible mushrooms on the basis of
their local or common names. Local names of mushrooms are also widely used in folk
medicine and particularly in shamanic and religious rituals. Linking of local names with
their respective scientific names is of fundamental importance for the exploitation of
their market potential and for prevention of poisoning. We present a list of common
names given to 45 wild edible mushroom taxa (28 basidiomycetes and 17 ascomycetes)
occurring in Austria, the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Italy, the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, and Spain. The selected taxa are Agaricus campestris.,
A. crocodilinus, Amanita caesarea, Boletus aereus, B. edulis, B. pinophilus, B. reticulatus,
Calocybe gambosa, Calvatia gigantea Cantharellus cibarius, Craterellus cinereus, C.
cornucopioides, C. tubaeformis, Cyclocybe cylindracea, Delastria rosea, Hydnum
repandum, Infundibulicybe geotropa, Lactarius deliciosus, L. salmonicolor, L. sanguifluus,
L. semisanguifluus, Macrolepiota procera, Morchella elata, Picoa juniperi, P. lefebvrei,
Pleurotus eryngii, P. eryngii var. ferulae, P. nebrodensis, P. ostreatus, Podaxis pistillaris,
Russula cyanoxantha, R. virescens, Terfezia arenaria, T. boudieri, T. claveryi, T.
leptoderma, Tirmania nivea, T. pinoyi, Tuber aestivum, T. asa, T. borchii, T. brumale, T.
magnatum, T. melanosporum, and T. oligospermum. The national and the regional
common names (if known) are also reported.
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Field mycology and conservation
Poster nr. 51
Improving edible fungal production: report on the experience gained in a
North‐Western Italian forest (Liguria)
Mirca Zotti1, Simone Di Piazza1, Elia Ambrosio1, Grazia Cecchi1, Pietro Marescotti2, Mauro
Giorgio Mariotti2
1
Laboratory of Mycology, DISTAV Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell’Ambiente e della Vita, University of Genoa,
Genoa, Italy
2
DISTAV Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell’Ambiente e della Vita, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
Wild edible ectomycorrhizal fungi represent one of the major and valuable non‐timber
forest products worldwide. The progressive abandon of forest areas has significantly
reduced the production of many edible mushrooms. The maintenance and increase of
fungal production require suitable management practices and sylvicultural choices. In
Italy scarce attention was paid on how the sylvicultural practices affect the fungal
production and diversity. The European project ALCOTRA Amycoforest have involved
Italian and French institutions with the aim to develop a sylviculture that harmonizes
wood and fungal production according to the concept of multiple‐use forestry. Within this
framework, an experimentation was conducted in two stands of a natural silver fir forest
of Liguria (North‐western Italy) to test a sylvicultural treatment and management with the
final goal to observe possible effects on fungal production. Specifically, two edible
ectomycorrhizal species, particularly appreciated in Liguria and in Italy, were chosen:
Boletus edulis, and Hygrophorus marzuolus. The possibility to develop sylvicultural
practices devoted to increase their production may positively affect the economy in rural
areas.
During the 2‐years of the project, mycological investigations were carried out in order to
monitor macrofungal communities trends. Specifically, the impact of sylvicultural
treatments on mycodiversity and fungal biomass production was observed. Preliminary
results (after two years) appear to highlight favorable effects of forestry practices on
fungal production. The values of biodiversity indices (i.e. Shannon Index) and biomass
were higher after the treatment than before. Geologic and vegetation aspects were also
taken into account in order to characterize the favorable growing habitats.
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Field mycology and conservation
Poster nr. 52
The OPTIMA (Organization for the Phyto‐Taxonomic Investigation of the
Mediterranean Area) Commission on Fungi
Giuseppe Venturella1, Vladimír Antonín2, Abdulhakim Bawadekji3, Vasilica Chinan4, Marco
Floriani5, Maja Karaman6, Lahsen Khabar7, Asunción Morte8, Luis Alberto Parra9, Ursula
Peintner10, Pierre Roux11, Elena Savino12, Alessandra Zambonelli13, Georgios Zervakis14
1
Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
2
Moravian Museum, Dept. of Botany, Brno, Czech Republic
3
Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
4
Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania
5
Gruppo Micologico G. Bresadola, Pergine Valsugana, Trento, Italy
6
Department of Biology and Ecology, Novi Sad, Serbia
7
Université Mohammed V‐Agdal, Faculté des Sciences, Departement de Biologie, Rabat, Morocco
8
Dpt. Biologia Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad Biologia, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
9
Asociación Micológica Arandina, Burgos, Spain
10
University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
11
Boite Postale n°9, Saint‐Pal‐de‐Mons, France
12
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e degli Ambienti, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
13
Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
14
Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
A list of proposed activities/objectives by the members of OPTIMA Commission on Fungi
is here reported:
Prepare a list of local names related to wild edible mushrooms (WEM); Define a
provisional catalogue of macrofungi that could be characterized as typical‐representatives
of the Mediterranean region (MR); Publish a Checklist of all macrofungi occurring in the
MR; Setup of a literature database on fungi occurring in the MR; Promote studies on
Mediterranean fungi to be used as food and medicine, and examine their potential in
other biotechnological applications (e.g. mushroom cultivation, treatment and
detoxification of wastes etc.), incl. large‐scale (commercial) use; Document
ethnomycological knowledge in the MR (incl. traditional use of mushrooms in local
communities); Prepare a list of threatened fungal species (with emphasis on those of
economic importance) in the MR and adopt suitable strategies for their conservation.
Assess invasion and determine possible risks from alien species. Examine existing
legislation and regulations on harvesting of WEM and on quality of fungal products;
Promote mycological education and disseminate fungal‐related knowledge in a wider
audience; Examine existing protocols used for various experimental purposes in fungal
taxonomy (e.g. molecular systematics, phylogeny, chemotaxonomy, characterization of
secondary metabolites, proximate analyses, etc.) and possibly adopt common improved
approaches/techniques to deal with pertinent issues; Examine the possibilities for
networking the Institutions of participating members in order to seek and obtain funding
from the E.U. or other national and international Organizations. Assess the potential of
collaboration with other Societies, SME's and/or NGO's having pertinent interests and
priorities.
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Field mycology and conservation
Poster nr. 53
First data on diversity of wood‐inhabiting basidiomycetes and decay
species in Zagros oak forests, W Iran
Masoomeh Ghobad‐Nejhad1
1
Biotechnology Dep., Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran 15819, Iran
The Zagros region is a mountainous area in western Iran, covered by open, oak‐
dominated woodlands. The area is located at the junction of two biodiversity hotspots,
Caucasus and Irano‐Anatolian, and harbors several Quercus spp. as well as other
hardwood species endemic to the country. During recent years reports on oak decline
have been made from different provinces in Zagros area, speculated to having been
caused by various agents, including fungi. Currently, Zagros oak decline has turned to be a
serious National issue in Iran. Still basic data are lacking on fungi of the region, especially
wood‐decayer species. The present study aimed to collect, identify and prepare first data
on the occurrence of wood‐inhabiting basidiomycetes in Zagros forests. During this
research, a number of polypore pathogens were shown to invasively cause severe
damage to oak stands in large quantity in the area, some not recorded for the country
before this study.
Field mycology and conservation
Poster nr. 54
Innovative silvicultural treatments to enhance soil biodiversity in artificial
black pine stands: monitoring mycological diversity
Elena Salerni1, Pamela Leonardi2, Elisa Bianchetto3, Stefano Mocali3, Isabella De Meo3,
Paolo Cantiani4, Claudia Perini1
1
Department of Life Science, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
3
Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria – Agrobiology and Pedology Centre (CRA‐ABP),
Firenze, Italy
4
Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria – Research Centre for Forest Ecology and
Silviculture (CRA‐SEL), Arezzo, Italy
2
The data presented in this work are part of a LIFE Biodiversity project (SELPIBIOLIFE)
presented by 5 partners with the main goal to demonstrate the positive effects of an
innovative silvicultural treatment on black pine forests. The specific management applied
improves growth rates and stands stability and enhance the level of biodiversity of
various soil components (flora, fungi, bacteria, mesofauna, nematods and
microarthropods).
The results regarding the fungal community present before silvicultural treatment in
round plots of 314 m2, localized 27 on Pratomagno and 27 on Mount Amiata (Tuscany,
Italy), are here reported. The study follows classic mycocoenological method counting
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
and identifying fruit bodies of all macromycetes; fungal biomass (fresh and dry weight)
weighed to the nearest 0.01 g, was also detected. Over the study period (September‐
December 2014) 6704 carpophores, 180 different fungal species, with a fresh and dry
weight of 44,953 and 5,395 kg respectively, were observed. The most frequent species on
Pratomagno was Russula xerampelina, followed by Chroogomphus rutilus, Clitocybe
nebularis, Inocybe geophylla. On M. Amiata Galerina marginata was collected in 23 plots
out of 27 and then less frequent Hemimycena gracilis, Mycena arcangeliana and
Phellodon niger. To underline the high fungal biomass found on Pratomagno with nearly
36 kg (on M. Amiata it was only 9 kg) due principally to Clitocybe nebularis (13 kg). The
values of the Shannon and Pielou indexes indicated that the two communities were
characterized by a low diversity and a good evenness of the species.
Field mycology and conservation
Poster nr. 55
Implications of exotic Pinus radiata plantations for macrofungal diversity in
the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve (Northern Spain)
Estibaliz Sarrionandia1, Ibai Olariaga1,2, Rafa Picón3, Miren K. Duñabeitia1, Anabel
Robredo1, Nerea Rodriguez1, Isabel Salcedo1
1
Department of Plant Biology and Ecology. Faculty of Science and Technology. University of the Basque Country
(UPV/EHU), P.O. 644. 48080 Bilbao, Spain
2
Swedish Museum of Natural History, Botany department, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm., Sweden
3
Sociedad Micológica de Portugalete, P.O. Box 92, 48920 Portugalete, Spain
To analyse the implications of exotic radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) plantations for
macrofungal diversity, a comparative mycocoenological survey was conducted over three
consecutive years in pine plantations and native oak forests (Quercus robur L.) in the
Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve. Macrofungal diversity was analysed at species and
community levels, and multivariate techniques were used to obtain insight into the fungal
community in all functional groups.
A total of 513 species was recorded, with ectomycorrhizal fungi being the most abundant,
followed by the lignicolous saprotrophs. Measurements at both the overall level and the
plot level showed that oak forests were richer in macrofungal species than pine
plantations. The two ecosystems shared 107 species, but they possessed distinct species
assemblages in all functional groups, as confirmed by PERMANOVA analysis. Although
more abundant in oak stands, host‐specific fungi were recorded in both ecosystems,
revealing that exotic pine plantations can easily access fungal inocula from natural pine
forests in the vicinity. However, even though the macrofungal richness in plantations is
comparable with that in other native conifer forests in Europe, the community was made
up of generalists, i.e., species that were not habitat specialists. In contrast, rarely
reported, uncommon fungi (e.g. Aleurodiscus wakefieldiae, Boletus spretus, Xerocomus
pelletieri) were recorded in oak plots, revealing the importance of residual, native forest
patches for fungal conservation.
We would like to thank the UNESCO‐UPV/EHU Chair for financial support given for this work (UNESCO
03/03).
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Field mycology and conservation
Poster nr. 56
Evidence of fungal biodiversity recovery in a model of anthropogenic
impact reduction
Cláudia Lopes1, Paulo Oliveira1,2
1
2
Biology Department, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO), Évora, Portugal
At Mitra campus (University of Évora), a part of the forest covering was fenced since
1991, to allow for the reestablishment of natural vegetation away from the impact of
cattle (goats), along with a drastic reduction of human presence. The surronding areas
remained under this impact until 2008. Collections of macrofungi were made in two
contiguous areas, separated by the fence, during the Autumn 2014 fruiting season. The
comparison between the resulting species lists reveals a strong contrast between the two
areas. It is likely that this contrast is due to the difference in successional stage. We
discuss the possibility that some of the collected macrofungi are, together with the
vegetation, indicators for the different stages.
Field mycology and conservation
Poster nr. 57
Macrofungal communities of two native oak woods (Quercus faginea
subsp. broteroi and Q. rotundifolia) in Central Portugal, with a study of
sampling methods
José Miguel Pereira1, Paulo Oliveira2,3, Maria Teresa Gonçalves1
1
Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
2
Biology Department, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
3
Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO), Évora, Portugal
Despite the growing focus of research on fungal diversity in Mediterranean regions, the
macrofungal flora of Portugal remains comparatively unexplored. The present study is a
preliminary fulfilment of the urgent needs for renewed and expanded mycological studies
that cover Portugal's natural habitats. We selected two native oak woods in protected
areas of Central Portugal to record the epigeal macrofungal diversity and to test
hypotheses on sampling methods and environmental variables. Transects were
intensively collected using two methods, plot‐based and opportunistic, with standardized
sampling efforts. Environmental variables (vegetation, soil, topology, weather) were
characterized to derive causal relationships to the diversity patterns observed. Results
showed high diversity in both habitats, with a total of 250 and 230 taxa recorded in a
single fruiting season, for the Q. faginea and Q. rotundifolia habitats respectively. Several
taxa are first references for Portugal. Significant differences in species richness were
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
found between the two methods, while retaining a similar distribution by major trophic
groups. The Sørenson similarity coefficient between the two habitats was 0.4, and the
Morisita‐Horn index 0.468. The high diversity, and the new records found in this study,
emphasize the richness of the macrofungal flora associated with these habitats and the
paucity of its knowledge in Portugal. Overall, these results highlight the ecological value
of protected habitats, and call for further research as well as a better integration of
macrofungi diversity in the development of conservation strategies.
Field mycology and conservation
Poster nr. 58
Spore is in the air – search for a critically endangered fungus Cryptomyces
maximus
Marta Zizek1, Hannah Metcalfe1, Andrew Detheridge1, Tom Blanchard2, David Harries3,
Mark Neal2, Gareth W. Griffith1
1
Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK
2
Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK
3
Pembrokeshire Fungus Recording Network, Somerton, Pembrokeshire, UK
Cryptomyces maximus (Rhytismatales) is a very rare ascomycete fungus, found on willows
(Salix cinerea) in Wales and Scandinavia, and which is classed as ‘Critically Endangered’
(one of the IUCN top 100 threatened organisms). Assessment of the distribution of this
fungus, which forms stromata on infected branches in early Spring, is important in order
to better focus conservation efforts. The presence of airborne propagules of C. maximus
was determined using Rotorod‐type impaction samplers were used to trap airborne
spores onto Vaseline‐coatged plastic rods during a sampling campaign in South‐West
Wales (Pembrokeshire) in March 2014. DNA was extracted from samples and used for
NextGen sequencing (Ion Torrent PGM) using fungal‐specific primers to amplify the D1
region of the 28S large ribosomal subunit, as well as the ITS2 region of the rRNA operon.
Microscopic examination was also conducted on the second replicate of each sampler.
Propagules of C. maximus were detected at several of the sites which were sampled, and
their distribution was correlated with the distribution of ascomata of the fungus. This
approach provides a very useful method for the detection of the distribution and
abundance of rare fungi. It is possible to determine the pathways of dispersal of such
organisms and the environmental conditions conducive to spore release through this
method in combination with automatic weather stations deployed in this study.
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Field mycology and conservation
Poster nr. 59
Hypogeous fungi of Pienieny Mts. and Gorce Mts., two ranges of the Polish
Western Carpathians
Piotr Mleczko1, Maciej Kozak1, Piotr Chachuła2
1
Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
Pieniny National Park, Krościenko n/Dunajcem, Poland
2
Hypogeous fungi are often neglected in the research on the macroscopic fungi because of
their specific ecology. The research carried out in the two montain ranges in Western
Carpathians was the first project on diversity of this group of fungi on the local scale. The
results presented will concentrate on: (1) the species diversity of hypogeous fungi, (2)
their ecology and distribution in the local scale, (3) comparison of the hypogeous
mycobiotabiota of the Pieniny Mts. and Gorce Mts.
Field mycology and conservation
Poster nr. 60
New records of gasteroid fungi from the Brazilian southeastern in Atlantic
Forest Biome
Dônis da Silva Alfredo1, Elielson Jacinto Souza1, Julieth de Oliveira Sousa1, Luana Mayara
Nunes Conrado1, Iuri Baseia1
1
Depto. de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte‐UFRN, Campus Universitário, 59072‐970,
Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Field expeditions were carried out in Atlantic Forest remnants of the southeastern part of
Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Atlantic Forest biome is considered one of the most important
hot‐spots of the world (Myers & al. 2000). Our goal was to increase knowledge on
gasteroid fungi in this biome. The species were analyzed and identified according the
specific methodology, available in the literatures of each taxonomic group, as such as
Calonge (1998) and Sousa et al. (2014). Eleven species were identified: Geastrum
fimbriatum, G. javanicum, G. lageniforme, G. morganii, G. rufescens, G. saccatum, G.
schweinitzii, G. triplex, Bovista cunninghamii, Lycoperdon lambinonii and Morganella
fuliginea. There are two first records for Brazil: B. cunninghamii and L. lambinonii. All
specimens were deposited in the UFRN.
Keywords: Geastraceae, Lycoperdaceae, Taxonomy
References
Calonge, F.D. 1998. Gasteromycetes, I. Lycoperdales, Nidulariales, Phallales, Sclerodermatales, Tulostomatales. Flora
Mycologica Iberica.
Myer, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation
priorities. Nature 403: 853‐858.
Sousa, J.O., Silva, B.D.B., Alfredo, D.S. & Baseia, I.G. 2014d. New records of Geastraceae (Basidiomycota:
Phallomycetidae) from Atlantic Rainforest remnants and relicts of northeastern Brazil. Darwiniana, nueva serie 2(2):
207‐221.
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Session III
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster nr. 61
Climatic gradient and soil factors determining the diversity of arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi in corn fields in Northeast Brazil
Leonor Maia1, Catarina Mello1, Iolanda Silva1, Inácio Monte Jr.1, Fritz Oehl2
1
2
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
Agroscope, Federal Research Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Plant‐Soil‐Interactions, Zurich, Switzerland
The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) aid improving organic matter and energy cycling,
leading to increased soil productivity which benefits agricultural and natural ecosystems.
The diversity of AMF is influenced by human activities, ecological characteristics, soil
factors, type of crop management and climatic differences. This study tested the
hypothesis that the communities of AMF in corn fields differ according to the planting
locations. Rhizosphere soil samples were taken in plantations located in three areas that
characterize a climatic gradient, from rainy area (Zona da Mata) to transition‐to‐dry
(Agreste) to dry semi‐arid area (Sertão), in the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil.
The analyses included: quantification of glomerospores, estimation of the most probable
number (MPN) of infective propagules, identification of species and ecological
evaluations of AMF communities. Morphological analysis of glomerospores allowed the
differentiation of 57 species, two of which are new to science: Fuscutata aurea and
Paraglomus pernambucanum. The MPN of infective propagules did not differ between
areas, however higher density of spores occurred in the area with intermediate moisture,
which had lower species richness of AMF. Higher richness and diversity were recorded in
the wetter area (Zona da Mata). The structure of the AMF communities differed between
locations due to differences in chemical and texture attributes of the soil as shown by the
multi‐response permutation test procedure (MRPP). Our data confirmed that soils under
corn are amenable to establishing AMF and in the areas studied, harbor significant
diversity of AMF, with soil and climatic factors determining the occurrence and
distribution of species.
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster nr. 62
Putative and novel fossils of insect‐associated fungi from Polish Baltic
amber
Marta Tischer1, Michal Gorczak1, Katarzyna Szczepaniak2,3, Marta Wrzosek1, Julia
Pawlowska1
1
Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
2
Departament of Palaeontology, Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
3
Departament of Amber, Museum of Earth, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
Fossil material is very important for better understanding of phylogenetic relationships
and evolution of fungi (Beimforde et al. 2014). Unfortunately due to the low preservation
potential only few fossilized fungal structures are found among conservation Lagerstätten
(as Rhynie Chert) (Barbee&Taylor 2007) where especially conducive taphonomic
conditions occured. A very good source of knowledge about ancient organisms including
mycocoenosis, relatively rare is fossil resin, amber. Hitherto only few species of fossil
fungi from Baltic amber (dated for Eocene epoch), especially those related with insects,
were described (Rossi et al. 2005). Our research focused on light‐microscopial analyses of
inclusions shared by Museum of The Earth of Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw ‐
especially those containing beetles, flies and other invertebrates. During investigation we
found filamentous fungal forms on plant remains, as well as Mortierella ‐ like structures
associated with rove beetles (Staphylnidae: Pselaphinae).
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster nr. 63
The use of free fatty acids profiling in chemotaxonomy of Tuber aestivum ‐
T. uncinatum species complex
Roberto Venanzoni1, Bruno Tirillini2, Emma Bricchi1, Paola Angelini1
1
Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
2
Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
Tuber aestivum Vittad. and T. uncinatum Chatin are Ascomycetes producing hypogeus
fruiting bodies (truffles). For almost two centuries it has been disputed whether T.
aestivum and T. uncinatum are two distinctive species or a single species producing
truffles with different morphologies. T. aestivum produces during the summer truffles
with a black peridium and a light brown gleba. T. uncinatum mainly differed from T.
aestivum for the presence of hooks in the spore reticulum and because its fruit bodies
mature in the late autumn and their gleba generally become more brown than T.
aestivum. Recently, molecular markers were used to typify ascocarp belonging to these
two morphotypes, reaching contrasting conclusions. Free fatty acid (FFA) profiles are
used increasingly as a chemotaxonomic tool for the identification and classification of
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fungi. The objectives of this study were: (i) to analyze the FFA compositions of methanolic
extracts of T. aestivum and T. uncinatum ascocarps, and (ii) to evaluate the use of FFAs
profiling to differentiate truffles belonging to the T. aestivum and T. uncinatum
morphotypes. A hierarchical cluster analysis of FFAs present in methanolic extracts from
T. aestivum and T. uncinatum ascocarps evidenced the presence of two ‘natural’ groups
according to the harvesting period: summer and autumn. The analyses showed that T.
aestivum is very homogeneous forming a single group while the T. uncinatum samples
were quite heterogeneous but all samples are separated from the T. aestivum cluster.
This research is supported by Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Perugia (Perugia, Italy),
project code 2014.0094.021.
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster nr. 64
Mycological taxonomy across five centuries: 239,388 species after Fungus
minimus Ray (1690)
Pedro Talhinhas1,2, Maria Filomena Caetano3, Ana Paula Ramos2
1
Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Oeiras,
Portugal
2
LEAF‐Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon,
Lisboa, Portugal
3
LPVVA‐Laboratório de Patologia Vegetal “Veríssimo de Almeida”, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon,
Lisboa, Portugal
The Index Fungorum database (http://www.indexfungorum.org/) records 239,389 fungal
species, and another 41,370 infra‐specific taxa, most of them being Ascomycota (59%) or
Basidiomycota (37%). Their descriptions reflect the work of mycologists and other
biologists over the last five centuries, since the first record, Fungus minimus Ray (1690). In
this communication we analyse the fungal species recorded in Index Fungorum according
to their phylogeny, classifiers and year of classification. Some of the most relevant or
prolific authors are pointed out, as well as the main trends in taxonomy throughout
times. For instance, while the 20th century accounted for over 63% of all fungal species
described, the majority of the members of the Peltigerales were described throughout
the 19th century, over 50% of the Pucciniales were described in a 50‐year period between
1875‐1925, most of the Capnodiales, Saccharomycetales, Sordariales, Ustilaginales,
Eurotiales and Microascales were described after 1950, and over 60% of the Erysiphales
were described in the last 35 years. Attention will also be given to the contribution of
Portuguese authors to the progress of Mycology, as well as the relevance of Portugal
(Lusitania) to fungal taxonomy. For instance, the olive anthracnose pathogen was first
described as Gloeosporium olivarum by the Portuguese Phytopathologist Veríssimo de
Almeida in 1899. The Portuguese contribution to the mycological taxonomy can also be
seen by the use of epithets such as lusitaniae, as in the case of the yeast Candida
lusitaniae that was identified in Portugal, in 1959, by Nicolau van Uden and Lídia do
Carmo Souza.
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Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster nr. 65
Golovinomyces ambrosiae (Erysiphaceae) associated with Erigeron annuus
in Korea
Sung‐Eun Cho1, Ji‐Hyun Park1, Hyeon‐Dong Shin1
1
Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
The genus Golovinomyces (Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales) is a large genus comprising 52
species in a wide range of different geographical areas throughout the world. Of these,
Golovinomyces ambrosiae is a destructive fungus causing serious damages on the tribe
Heliantheae of family Asteraceae. Within the past 3 years, a powdery mildew fungus
morphologically resembling Golovinomyces species has been consistently found to be
associated with the disease on Erigeron annuus in Korea. Erigeron annuus, belonging to
the tribe Astereae of the family Asteraceae, is an invasive plant, native to North America.
The powdery mildew caused by G. cichoracearum parasite to the E. annuus has been only
recorded from North America and this highlights the necessity for a better knowledge of
the host spectrum of Golovinomyces species. Based on morphological characteristics as
well as DNA sequence comparisons of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of
ribosomal DNA (rDNA), we confirmed the identity of the Korean powdery mildew fungus
as Golovinomyces ambrosiae. In conclusion, this is the first case study that provides a
significant insight into better understanding of the host spectrum of Golovinomyces
species from the tribes of Asteraceae or extending geographical distribution in
Erysiphales taxonomy.
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster nr. 66
Corticioid fungi (Basidiomycota) of Madeira: influence of woody host plant
diversity on corticioid fungi richness
Ireneia Melo1, Esperanza Beltrán‐Tejera2, José Cardoso1, Margarita Dueñas3, Jesus Laura
Rodríguez‐Armas2, Isabel Salcedo4, Maria Teresa Telleria3
1
Jardim Botânico, Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência, Universidade de Lisboa/CE3C‐FCUL, Rua da Escola
Politécnica 58, 1250‐102 Lisboa, Portugal
2
Dpto. de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, La Laguna, Spain
3
Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
4
Dpto. de Biología Vegetal y Ecología (Botánica), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
The evergreen laurel forest, Laurisilva, is a type of subtropical forest growing on deep
soils, in areas with high humidity and mild temperatures. It originated in the Tertiary
subtropical forests of southern Europe. Madeira, in particular, harbours one of the largest
extant areas of this type of forest, which is designated a UNESCO World Heritage.
In Madeira, this unique forest is mostly located between 300 and 1300m, in the northern
part of the island, with a temperate climate, where the prevailing trade winds from the
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north‐east bring lots of moisture. The trees that compose the canopy, most belong to the
Lauraceae family, such as Laurus novocanariensis, Ocotea foetens, Persea indica, etc., and
are endemic to Macaronesia. In more arid condition dry versions of the moist Laurisilva
appear, being Myrica faya, Erica arborea, Ilex canariensis or Apollonias barbujana more
frequent.
The evergreen laurel forest harbour a high diversity of corticioid fungi and this may be
explained by the high diversity of woody species of this forest. Of the 113 corticioid
species reported from Madeira, 86 were collected in Laurisilva, being Ocotea foetens,
Laurus novocanariensis and Erica spp., the preferred substrata. It is worth to note that
two recently described fungi, Candelabrochaete macaronesica and Sistotremastrum
guttuliferum, were reported growing on these substrata, as well as the African species
Gloeocystidiellum kenyense. The same applies to Stereum pseudorimosum (known from
the islands of Reunion, Mauritius and Madagascar), and Subulicystidium perlongisporum
(reported from Reunion Island, Vanuatu Islands and Costa Rica), registered also in this
forest.
Acknowledgements: Financial support was given by DGI (Spain) projects CGL‐2005‐01192/BOS and
CGL2012‐3559.
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster nr. 67
Ectomycorrhizal and other sabulicolous macrofungi from sand dune
ecosystems of coastal Greece
Elias Polemis1, Linos Kottis2, Georgios Konstantinidis3, Georgios I. Zervakis1
1
Agricultural University of Athens, Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens,
Greece
2
Naousa, 84401, Paros, Greece
3
Agiou Kosma 25, 51100, Grevena, Greece
Sand dunes ecosystems exist in several locations along the coastline of continental and
insular Greece. Although their vegetation has been thoroughly investigated, there is a
significant gap as regards pertinent fungal diversity data. In the frame of this work, an
extensive sampling of sabulicolous macrofungi was performed in lower, shifting dunes
covered by plants of the Ammophilion arenariae and Agropyrion juncei alliances as well
as in the upper semi‐fixed or fixed dunes dominated by members of the alliances
Juniperion lyciae and Oleo‐Ceratonion. Sixty collections of larger ascomycetes and
basidiomycetes were identified and assigned to 40 species. Among them, the
ectomycorrhizal Geopora arenicola and G. foliacea (Paros Isl., among Cistus creticus), and
Inocybe heimii, I. juniperina and I. rufuloides (West Peloponnese among Cistus spp., Pinus
halepensis, P. pinea and/or Quercus coccifera) are reported for the first time in Greece.
Moreover, typical for this habitat type saprotrophic species such as Coprinus xerophilus,
Geopyxis majalis, Entoloma neglectum, Hygrocybe conicoides, H. pseudo‐olivaceonigra,
Melanoleuca leucophylloides, Pithya cupressina and Psathyrella ammophila also
constitute new records for Greece.
Acknowledgments
This research has been co‐financed by the European Union (European Social Fund ‐ ESF) and Greek national
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funds through the Operational Program "Education and Lifelong Learning" of the National Strategic
Reference Framework (NSRF) ‐ Research Funding Program entitled "Contribution of mycorrhizae to the
sustainability of marginal Mediterranean ecosystems ‐ Development of mycorrhizal inocula (SALTYMYC)"
(THALIS ‐ AUA ‐ MIS 380233).
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster nr. 68
The taxonomic identity of Odemira's 'pucarinha' (genus Amanita, series
Amidella; Basidiomycota)
Ana Silva1, Carlos Vila‐Viçosa2, Paulo Oliveira1,2
2
1
Biology Department, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
and Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO), Évora, Portugal
The delimitations among several Mediterranean Amanita species belonging to series
Amidella Neville & Poumarat have been controversial. Macroscopic features within the
group are variable and highly overlapping, stressing the importance of relying on
microscopy for accurate determination. Amanita ponderosa Mal. & Heim is highly
regarded for human consumption in parts of Spain and Portugal, but its closest relatives
might also be inadvertently collected. DNA sequencing has revealed a cryptic species that
occurs commonly among collections of Amanita ponderosa, and molecular markers that
help discriminate the species within the group have been designed (communication by
Oliveira et al.). In Odemira (Southwest Portugal), collections of the locally named
'pucarinha' or 'púcara' of March were found to belong to this cryptic species. New
collections from Odemira were made in spring 2015 to clarify its taxonomic identity with
a detailed macroscopical, microscopical and ecological characterization. All collections
were probed with the mentioned molecular markers. The taxonomic identity of these
collections and the cryptic species is discussed.
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster nr. 69
Pluteus floccipes, a new species from the Czech Republic
Hana Ševcíková1, Jan Borovicka2
1
2
Moravian Museum, Brno, Czech Republic
Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
A new species, Pluteus floccipes, is described and illustrated based on material from the
Czech Republic. It is characterised by a whitish stipe with conspicuous brown floccules, a
dark brown pileus with an "opaque" surface, a pileipellis in the form of a euhymeniderm
and the presence of cheilocystidia with brown pigment. Pluteus floccipes belongs to
section Celluloderma subsection Eucellulodermini. The European species Pluteus nanus, P.
phlebophorus (including P. luctuosus) and P. satur are morphologically similar to P.
floccipes. The phylogenetic analysis (ITS rDNA) revealed that Pluteus floccipes is closely
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related to P. satur, P. cinereofuscus, and P. eludens. Distinguishing characters between
Pluteus floccipes and similar species are described and discussed.
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster nr. 70
Survey of the mycobiota of mature ears of winter wheat in the main
production areas of Slovakia
Martin Pastircak1, Katarina Pastircakova2
1
2
National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production, Piestany, Slovakia
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, Branch for Woody Plant Biology, Nitra, Slovakia
Fungi represent one of the major factors which induce deterioration of vitality of ears of
winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) during growing seasons. A survey of fungal populations
in fully mature ears of winter wheat was conducted throughout Slovakia in 2013. A total
of 5000 wheat ears in the growth stage of full grain maturity were processed from 118
wheat fields, and 722 isolates of microscopic fungi recovered were identified. Fungal taxa
were identified on the basis of the morphology and micrometrical measurements of
fruiting bodies and spores found on infected ears. Thirty four species representing 30
genera were recorded; of these 12 were Ascomycetes, 4 Basidiomycetes and 18 Fungi
Imperfecti. The fungus with the highest percentage of isolation, and found in the greatest
number of fields, was Fusarium spp. associated with fusarium head blight, followed by
Stagonospora nodorum and Septoria tritici. Fusarium head blight of small grains caused
primarily by the fungus Fusarium graminearum and its teleomorph Gibberella zeae was
found on 39% samples of wheat ears. Fungal saprophytes as Alternaria sp., Cladosporium
sp. and Epicoccum purpurascens were also recorded with high frequency. This study is an
initial attempt to clarify what ear blight diseases occur on winter wheat in Slovakia, to
what extent, and what the fungi are which cause these diseases. This study was
supported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the SR, Research and
Development project „Genetic improvement of farm traits of important crops".
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster nr. 71
Hypogeous Basidiomycota of Poland ‐ what we know and what we have to
learn.
Piotr Mleczko1, Maciej Kozak1, Maria Ławrynowicz2
1
Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
2
Lódź University, Lodź, Poland
Hypogeous basidiomycetes are among the least known groups of macroscopic fungi in
Poland. Up to the early 21st century only few localities were known and many species
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have been treated as rare or even extinct. The observations and research carried out in
the last years revealed high diversity of this group of fungi and revised our opinions on
the distribution range, ecology and rarity of several species in this part of Central Europe.
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster nr. 72
Diaporthe species on Rosaceae in Portugal
Liliana Santos1, António Correia1, Allan J.L. Phillips2, Artur Alves1
1
2
Departamento de Biologia, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica,
Portugal
The family Rosaceae includes a large number of species ranging from herbaceous
(Fragaria) to woody ornamental plants (Rosa and Pyracantha) and fruit trees (Malus and
Pyrus). Some Diaporthe species have been associated with twig canker, shoot blight,
dieback, wood decay and fruit rot on members of the Rosaceae.
Recognition of Diaporthe species was originally based on morphology, culture
characteristics and host association. However, with the introduction of DNA sequence
data for species recognition it became clear that these criteria, especially host
association, are not useful to discriminate species. Currently, much effort is being
devoted to redefine species using a combination of phylogenetic, morphological and
mating data.
In this study we characterised a set of isolates obtained from the following hosts in the
Rosaceae: Pyrus communis (canker), Malus domestica (fruit rot), Pyracantha coccinea
(canker). Isolates were initially subjected to BOX‐PCR fingerprinting and representative
isolates of each fingerprint type were further characterised by multi‐locus sequence
analyses (internal transcribed spacer, translation elongation factor 1‐alpha, beta‐tubulin,
histone H3 and calmodulin). These sequences were aligned with sequences retrieved
from GenBank and representing known Diaporthe species. A maximum likelihood
phylogenetic analysis of the combined five loci revealed that the isolates studied were
distributed among three clades, of which one corresponds to Diaporthe foeniculina. The
other two clades, closely related to D. passiflorae and D. leucospermi represent possible
novel species that need to be further characterised in terms of morphology and
pathogenicity.
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Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster nr. 73
Reconsideration of the genus Miuraea based on morphological and
phylogenetic analyses
Ji‐Hyun Park1, Sung‐Eun Cho1, Hyeon‐Dong Shin1
1
Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Miuraea established by Hara(1948) is an anamorphic genus belonging to
Mycosphaerellaceae and morphologically allied to intermediate between
Pseudocercospora and Pseudocercosporella. Recently, Miuraea has been considered as an
equivocal genus and excluded within Mycosphaerellaceae due to the paucity of
information on type species. The objective of this study was to re‐establishe the generic
concept of Miuraea and re‐evaluate criteria in species delimitation based on the muti‐
locus sequences. For this purpose, Miuraea isolates and specimens originating from
Prunus spp. in Korea were used. Morphological observation showed that great variation
in conidial shape and formation used as key characters for identification was induced by
changes in environmental condition. Thus, this genus is suggested to be divided into two
species by the presence or absence of chlamydospore and host specificity. Molecular
phylogenetic analyses performed using the internal trascribed spacer regions, large
subunit, actin, calmodulin, histon H3 and traslation elongation factor 1‐apha genes
revealed Miuraea was divided into two species forming distinct clades from
Pseudocercosporella. Therefore, it is concluded that Miuraea should be remained as a
separate genus from Pseudocercosporella within Mycosphaerellaceae including M.
degenerans and M. persicae.
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster nr. 74
The occurrence of very large genomes in the Pucciniales (Basidiomycota)
and genome size variability across fungi
Pedro Talhinhas1,2, Ana Paula Ramos2, Sílvia Tavares1, Ana Sofia Pires1, Maria do Céu
Silva1,2, Sébastien Duplessis3, João Loureiro4
1
Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Oeiras,
Portugal
2
LEAF‐Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon,
Lisboa, Portugal
3
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1136 INRA/Université de Lorraine Interactions Arbres/Micro‐
organismes, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, Champenoux, France
4
CFE, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
The completion of genome sequencing for some rust fungi has contributed to suggest a
link between biotrophic specialisation and genome size expansion. The measurement of
genome sizes for 39 rust fungi using Flow Cytometry has revealed some of the largest
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genomes among fungi, with nine rust species with haploid genomes between 300 and 893
Mbp (Uromyces appendiculatus, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, U. transversalis, Hemileia
vastatrix and Gymnosporangium confusum genomes were measured as 652, 716, 746,
772 and 893 Mbp, respectively) and one, U. bidentis, with a genome size of 2489 Mbp.
Genome size information is available for over 1800 fungal species, either arising from
Flow Cytometry, genome sequencing, or other methods. Departing from our genome size
measurements of Pucciniales fungi, in this work we analyse genome size variability across
representatives of the entire fungal phylogeny, relating such variations with relevant
biological and genomic traits (life style, sexuality, nutrient use, composition in
transposable elements, etc.). The analysis of genome size variation can unveil clues
suggesting polyploidisation events or transposable elements activity of
evolutionary/adaptive relevance. Such traits can be related to reproduction strategies
(sexual, asexual, parasexual and/or rare sexual) and substrate utilization (saprobes,
mutualists, obligate/facultative pathogens, biotrophs/necrotrophs and combinations of
those).
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster nr. 75
Taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Schizopora (O. Hymenochaetales)
Javier Fernández‐López1, María P. Martín1, Margarita Dueñas1, Maria Teresa Telleria1
1Real Jardín Botánico Madrid ‐ CSIC, Madrid, Spain
The genus Schizopora has been traditionally studied as poliporoid or corticioid group, but
little is known about the phylogeny between their species. Currently, new methods like
molecular biology have demonstrated that classical approaches of morphological or
biological species concepts have failed in the task of describe the actual diversity in many
corticioid fungi (Schoch et al., 2012). In this study, we address the internal relationships of
this genus using two nuclear molecular markers (ITS and LSU) combined with
morphological study in more than 150 specimens around the world. Our results show that
internal biodiversity of Schizopora is higher than those described by exclusively
morphological characters and their distribution patterns indicate that ecological
conditions could model the evolution of these white rot fungi. This study raises new
questions in order to rethink about the hypothesis "Everything is everywhere, but
environment selects" (Baas Becking, 1934) in this organisms.
Baas Becking, 1934 Geobiologie of inleiding tot de milieukunde. The Hague, the Netherlands: W.P. Van
Stockum & Zoon
Schoch et al., 2012. Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal barcode
marker for Fungi. PNAS 109 (16): 5907‐6354.
Plan Nacional I.F.N.O.‐ BIODIV. CC. TIERRA Y CAMBIO GLOBAL / project CGL2012‐35559
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Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster nr. 76
Genome wide studies reveals cryptic speciation in Amanita Pers. in Iberian
Peninsula
Ricardo Arraiano Castilho1, Ismail K. Saglam2, Michael R. Miller3, Albano Beja‐Pereira1,4
1
CIBIO/InBIO ‐ Research Center in Biodiersity and Genetic Resources, Porto, Portugal
2
Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ancara, Turkey
3
Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, USA
4
Faculty of Sciences University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
During the past few years several studies have highlighted threats for biodiversity
conservation. The scenario that we are now driving species to extinction without even
recognize its value as species without knowing what their role in the ecosystem may bring
irreversible consequences. Despite the occurrence of cryptic species have been reported
over the last decades, their study only has grown exponentially in recent years based due
to the advent of relatively inexpensive and rapid DNA sequencing. However the incidence
of cryptic species in some group of organisms such as fungi still very poor known. Here we
show that cryptic speciation in mushroom forming fungi can actually may be occurring in
species that humans have interacted over generations. We found an undescribed
sympatric species in Iberian peninsula with macroscopical traits of Amanita ponderosa
(Malençon & R. Heim) but genetically more related to Amanita curtipes (E.‐J. Gilbert)
through the application of restriction‐site associated DNA (RAD‐seq) technique.
Furthermore we proved that RAD loci appear to hold promising results in phylogenetic
inference in relatively divergent clades in which sufficient numerous of orthologous loci
are retained across species. The presence of this new taxon illustrate a very challenging
scenario to implement policies of management and conservation for the mycological
resources mainly concerning A. ponderosa.
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster nr. 77
DNA barcoding allow to identify Phallus species
María P. Martín1, Tiara S. Cabral2, Miguel A. García3, Bianca Silva4, Iuri Baseia4, Francisco
D. Calonge1
1
2
Dpto. Mycologia, Real Jardín Botánico‐CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
Programa de Pós‐graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas
da Amazônia – INPA; Av. André Araújo, 2936 – Petrópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, 69067‐375, Brazil
3
Dept. Biology, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississaugua Road, Mississaugua, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
4
Dpto. de Botânica e Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
The genus Phallus includes species of gasteroid Basidiomycota with a spongy and
cylindrical pseudostipe wearing a bell‐shaped receptacle. Based on morphological
features, Calonge (2005) published a provisional key to identify species of Phallus around
the world. In his paper 25 species were accepted.
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In this study, we compared barcoding performance of two nuclear ribosomal regions (ITS
and LSU) and three protein‐coding genes (RPB1, RPB2 and ATP6), based on PCR success
and the presence of a barcoding gap (interspecific variation should exceed intraspecific
variation), in the genus Phallus. After preliminary results, RPB1 and RPB2 were excluded
from the general analyses, since many specimens failed to amplify and was not easy to
get good quality products (multiple bands). The marker LSU was excluded since not a
clear barcoding gap was obtained. For the general analyses, ITS and ATP6 were selected
because both markers gave a high PCR success and a high resolving power to discriminate
Phallus species. Both markers revealed a high number of molecular taxonomic units
(MOTUs) that could be related with morphologically defined species (e.g. Phallus
echinovolvatus, P. impudicus, P. hadrianii, among others). Moreover, sequences obtained
from P. indusiatus specimens from Brazil, Cameroon, China, Guatemala and India had a
high interspecific variability, suggesting that under this name several taxa could be
included.
Calonge FD. 2005. A tentative key to identify the species of Phallus. Bol. Soc. Micol. Madrid. 29: 9‐17.
Flora Micologica Iberica (PB98‐0538‐C04‐01, FMI‐REN2002‐04068‐CO2‐01), Programa Ciencia sem
Fronteiras (MEC/MCTI/CNPq/FAPs nº71/2013), CNPq (473422/2012‐3) and FAPEAM (3137/2012).
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster nr. 78
Diversity and phylogeny of Neofusicoccum species from woody hosts in
Portugal
Anabela Lopes1, Carla Barradas1, António Correia1, Alan Phillips2, Artur Alves1
1
2
CESAM, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810‐193 Aveiro, Portugal
UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta
da Torre, 2829–516 Caparica, Portugal
The genus Neofusicoccum includes species with a very wide range of geographical and
host distribution, including woody plants of agricultural, forestry and economic
importance. Neofusicoccum species are typically endophytes but under stress conditions
cause decline and dieback symptoms. This genus comprises 27 species that are difficult to
identify based on morphological features alone. In recent years much effort is being
devoted to redefine species limits using multi locus sequence data, which has resulted in
the identification of several cryptic species.
The aim of this study was to establish phylogenetic relationships within a collection of
Neofusicoccum isolates obtained from several woody hosts in Portugal. A total of 350
isolates was characterised by BOX‐PCR fingerprinting to evaluate their overall genetic
diversity. Representatives of each group identified in this analysis were selected for
sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region and partial
sequences of protein‐coding genes, namely translation elongation factor 1‐alpha and
beta‐tubulin.
Available sequences from all known and well‐characterized Neofusicoccum species were
retrieved from GenBank and included in the phylogenetic analyses along with the
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sequences from the isolates under study. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of
the combined three loci clearly resolved all species. Most of the isolates belong to known
species, namely N. australe, N. eucalyptorum, N. luteum and N. parvum and many new
host‐associations were identified. However, a set of isolates grouped into two different
clades closely related to N. parvum that represent two novel cryptic species.
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster nr. 79
Preliminary studies on molecular phylogeny of Laboulbeniales
Michal Gorczak1, Marta Tischer1, Julia Pawlowska1, Marta Wrzosek1
1
University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Laboulbeniales is an ascomycetous order of obligatory biotrofic ectoparasites of insects
and mites. They are unculturable fungi that lack any forms of asexual reproduction. They
occur mostly on small arthropods causing no visible harm to host and are often omitted
by both entomologists and mycologists. The order compromises over 2000 species, yet
only few have any Genbank record. Laboulbeniomycetes is the only class of Ascomycetes
that was not subject to any multilocus phylogenetical study. For the Laboulbeniales only
ITS and partial SSU data is available. Obscurity and methodological difficulties has long
prevented unravelling relationships inside this enigmatic group.
For this study we obtained SSU and LSU data from several species of Laboulbeniales
collected in Poland. We also checked possibility of amplifying different molecular markers
(ITSI and ITSII, ACT, EF‐1α, RPB1) using available primers from Monoicomyces invisibilis
Thaxt. and Laboulbenia pedicellata Thaxt.
Here we present phylogenetic trees of studied species. We also propose new primers,
methods of DNA isolation and discuss perspectives of phylogeny of this group.
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster nr. 80
Genetic variation and population structure of Syzygospora bachmannii
(Tremellomycetes, Basidiomycota)
Raquel Pino‐Bodas1, Soili Stenroos1
1
Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki, Finland
Lichenicolous fungi are a group of fungi specialized in living on lichens. It has been
suggested that one of the main diversification factors of these parasites is their specificity
when selecting their host. It is possible that one of the factors functioning in the selection
process is the presence of certain secondary metabolites in the host lichen. Hence, when
putative hosts with similar chemical and ecological characteristics exist, a greater
probability there will be for the parasite to develop in new hosts.
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Syzygospora bachmannii is a parasitic fungus that can live on several species of the genus
Cladonia. This fungus has been found on 32 species of this genus, both in Europe and
North America. The genetic variation of two loci (ITS rDNA and LSU rDNA) of S.
bachmannii is studied here in order to clarify the population structure and which of the
following factors are the most influential in it: a) the host species, b) the secondary
metabolites of the host, or c) the geographical origin. Specimens from Azores islands,
Alaska, Canada, Finland, Russia, Spain and Turkey were studied, and S. bachmanii was
found on 12 species of Cladonia (C. crispata, C. cornuta, C. furcata, C. foliacea, C. gracilis,
C. macroceras, C. ochrochlora, C. pyxidata, C. ramulosa, C. rangiformis, C. squamosa, and
C. stereoclada). Some geographically widespread haplotypes were found on several
Cladonia species with different secondary metabolites, while other haplotypes were
restricted to a single Cladonia species.
Evolution, biodiversity and systematic
Poster nr. 81
Exploring the phylogenetic and morphological relationships of disregarded
genera in Helotiales s.l.
Luis Quijada1, Hans‐Otto Baral2, Ruth Jaén‐Molina3, Michael Weiss4, Juli Caujapé‐Castells3,
Esperanza Beltrán‐Tejera1, Peter R. Johnston5, Jerry Cooper6
1
Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
2
Blaihofstr, Tübingen, Germany
3
Department of Molecular Biodiversity and DNA Bank. Botanical Garden “Viera y Clavijo” – Associated unitCSIC, Gran
Canaria, Islas Canarias, Spain
4
Universität Tübingen. Fachbereich Biologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D‐72076, Tübingen, Germany
5
Research Leader, Systematics, Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand
6
Researcher, Systematics, Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
The order Helotiales Nannf. is one of the major groups of apothecial fungi, recognized
within Ascomycota Caval.‐Sm. It is the most diverse order in Leotiomycetes O. E. Erikss. &
Winka, with ca. 2.036 known species in 487 genera. Until recently, there were 13 families
recognized.
After the first comprehensive phylogenetic study of helotialean fungi (Wang et al.2006),
only a few changes to the clades proposed (op.cit) occurred. One of the most important
phylogenetic studies within the order was published by Han et al. (2014), who showed
that the family Hyaloscyphaceae s.l. split into ten different clades, mixed among clades of
other families previously reported by Wang et al. (2006). Recently, Crous et al. (2014)
introduced a new taxonomic change, he reestablished Phacidiaceae at the ordinal level,
Phacidiales Höhn., now a sister clade of Helotiales.
Our morphological and phylogenetic reviews of specimens ascribed previously to
Bulgariaceae, Dermateaceae and Helotiaceae, has provided new insights to propose the
erection of new family, Tympanidaceae Baral & Quijada, which we tentatively include in
the Phacidiales.
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Genomics, genetics and molecular biology
Poster nr. 82
Intracellular sequestration of Ag and Cu in Amanita strobiliformis and
characterization of its Cu and Ag transporting AsCTRs
Vojtech Benes1, Katerina Hlozkova1, Michaela Matenova1, Jan Borovicka2, Hynek Strnad3,
Pavel Kotrba1
1
University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
2
Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Rez, Czech Republic
3
Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
Macrofungi can accumulate remarkably high concentrations of Cu and Ag in their
sporocarps. We have previously demonstrated that the non‐essential Ag is in the
ectomycorrhizal Ag‐hyperaccumulating Amanita strobiliformis sequestered by isomorphic
3.4 kDa metallothioneins AsMT1a, 1b and 1c. Here, we document that AsMT1 genes are
expressed in two populations of wild‐grown A. strobiliformis sporocarps, which showed
significant difference in and certain correlation between the concentrations of
accumulated Ag and Cu. Metal speciation analysis revealed that the intracellular Cu
extracted from the sporocarps of both populations was, like Ag, associated with 3.4‐kDa
metallothioneins. A search for sequences encoding proteins of the Cu transporter (CTR)
family in the A. strobiliformis transcriptome revealed four AsCTR cDNAs, whose
transcription was confirmed in both populations. The predicted AsCTR proteins showed
homology to vacuolar Cu transporters (AsCTR1 and AsCTR4) and plasma membrane Cu
uptake transporters (AsCTR2 and AsCTR3). The ability of AsCTR2 and AsCTR3 to transport
the chemically similar Ag and Cu ions was examined in Cu uptake‐deficient S. cerevisiae in
which both AsCTRs complemented growth defects, and AsCTR2 and 3 fused with green
fluorescent protein localized to the plasma membrane. Increased uptake rates of Cu and
Ag observed with the AsCTR2‐ and AsCTR3‐expressing yeasts indicated that these AsCTRs
are the functional Cu and Ag uptake transporters. The results point to a certain overlap in
Ag and Cu biology in A. strobiliformis and provide the first evidence that fungal CTRs can
recognize Ag for transport.
Genomics, genetics and molecular biology
Poster nr. 83
Metal‐binding peptides of Zn‐accumulating Russula atropurpurea and
characteriation of its RaCDF1 and RaCDF2 transporters
Jan Sacky1, Tereza Leonhardt1, Jan Borovicka2, Hynek Strnad3, Pavel Kotrba1
1
Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
2
Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rez, Czech Republic
3
Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
Ectomycorrhizal Russula atropurpurea can accumulate in its sporocarps remarkably high
concentrations of zinc (Zn). Several studies indicated that the cellular mechanisms
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preventing the toxicity of Zn ions involve binding with cytosolic metal‐binding peptides,
subcellular compartmentation (e.g. in vacuoles) or the efflux of the excess metal out of
the cells. To gain an insight into these mechanisms at the molecular level, the
transcriptome of R. atropurpurea was analyzed and screened in silico for potential Zn
transporters and Zn‐binding ligands. The homology‐based search allowed us to identify
cDNAs coding for nine putative Zn transporters and two metallothioneins (MTs)
designated RaMT1 and RaMT2. Heterologous complementation assays in metal‐sensitive
S. cerevisiae mutants indicated that RaMTs encode functional metal‐binding peptides and
can confer increased Zn, cadmium and copper tolerance upon the yeasts. Two predicted
transporters of the cation diffusion (CDF) family were characterized in S. cerevisiae:
RaCDF1, which localized to the vacuolar membrane and protected the yeast againts Zn
toxicity and RaCDF2, which localized to the plasma membrane and decreased Zn
accumulation and toxicity in the cells. Moreover, screening of the expression cDNA library
allowed identification two Zn‐/Cd‐binding peptides RaZBP1 and RaZBP2, which are only
distantly related to MTs and thus escaped from the homology based transcriptome
screening. Both RaZBPs, but not RaMTs, were detected in a native Zn complex of R.
atropurpurea and the recombinant RaZBP1 was found associated with Zn and Cd in
yeasts. Altogether, the results improve our understanding of the mechanisms available in
R. atropurpurea for the handling of excess Zn.
Genomics, genetics and molecular biology
Poster nr. 84
Amanita ovoidea and/or Amanita proxima: the end of a mistery?
Claudia Riccioni1, Francesco Paolocci1, Lisa Martelli2, Maria D'Aguanno2, Claudia Perini2
1
National Research Council (CNR) ‐ Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), UOS‐Perugia, Perugia, Italy
2
Department of Life Science, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
The genus Amanita includes about 600 species; some are edible and precious such as
Amanita caesarea, others are really poisonous, such as Amanita phalloides. However, the
toxicity of some species within this genus is still under debate and whether Amanita
ovoidea includes only edible mushrooms is one of the most vexing questions among
mycologists.
Present study stems from a case of poisoning, classified as allenic norleucine syndrome,
occurred in Italy which was likely caused by consumption of A. ovoidea. Since A. ovoidea
shares morphological similarities and habitats with the poisonous species A. proxima, it is
not surprising that these two species can be confused each other. Yet, according to some
authors A. proxima is a subspecies or variety of A. ovoidea.
Preliminary phytochemical screenings and toxicological tests performed on specimen
belonging to A. proxima and A. ovoidea, provided interesting but not exhaustive
differences between these taxa (Biagi et al., 2014).
Here, to get more insights into relatedness between these taxa a molecular approach
based on the sequencing of the rDNA ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) region was
undertaken on 14 mushrooms morphologically ascribed either to A. ovoidea or A.
proxima or other Amanita spp. Phylogenetic analyses showed that A. ovoidea and A.
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proxima specimens are separated into distinct clusters with a low level polymorphism
within each cluster. This let us argue that they likely belong to two different species. ITS
sequence analyses on different Amanita spp. are in progress to get a closer look into
phylogenetic relationships within this genus.
Genomics, genetics and molecular biology
Poster nr. 85
Serine protease evolution in fungi with variable lifestyles
Agata Dziedzic1,2, Anna Muszewska1
1
Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
2
University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Fungi are able to switch between different lifestyles in order to adapt to environmental
changes. Their ecological strategy is connected to their secretome as fungi acquire
nutrients by secreting hydrolytic enzymes to the surroundings and acquiring the digested
molecules. We focus on fungal serine proteases, which phylogenetic distribution is barely
described so far. Expanding the repertoire of known proteases in fungal genomes will
facilitate evolutionary studies of fungal secretome and will help to understand the
relation between secretome and fungal lifestyle.
In order to obtain a complete set of fungal proteases, we performed iterative jackhmmer
searches against Uniprot protein sequence database and Blast searches against JGI
genomes database. Obtained results suggest that serine proteases are more ubiquitous
than expected. From 53 serine protease families described in Merops Peptidase
Database, 18 are present in fungi. Interestingly, 17 of them are also present in Metazoa ‐
this suggest that, except one (S64), all fungal serine proteases families evolved before
animals and fungi diverged. This hypothesis is supported by the presence of most serine
proteases in ancestral fungal groups, i. e. Chytridiomycota, Microsporidia, Mucorales. The
number of serine proteases from each family varies among analysed taxa. The most
abundant are S8 proteases (560 species), whereas only 19 species encode proteins from
the S49 family. Our study shows that S49 is the only one from 18 fungal families not
present in Ascomycota.
Here, we present a comprehensive evolutionary history of fungal serine protease families
in the context of fungal ecology and the fungal tree of life.
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Cell biology, biochemistry and physiology
Poster nr. 86
Membrane lipids and cytosol sugars of Aspergillus niger under heat,
osmotic, oxidative and cold shocks
Elena Yanutsevich1,2, Olga Danilova1, Nataliya Groza2, Vera Tereshina1
1
Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the RAS, Moscow, Russia
2
Lomonosov Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies, Moscow, Russia
Protection of the membranes under unfavorable conditions occurs by changing the
composition of membrane lipids and cytosol carbohydrates. The aim of this work was the
comparative investigation of the composition of membrane lipids and soluble cytosol
carbohydrates of A. niger under different shocks.
The scheme of experiment: trophophase submerged culture of fungus was subjected to
different shocks for 3 hours: heat shock ‐ 40‐41°С; cold shock ‐ 15‐16°С; osmotic stress ‐
1.0 and 1.5 M NaCl; oxidative stress ‐ 10, 20 and 50 mM H2O2.
The major membrane lipids under optimum conditions were phosphatidylethanolamines
(PE), phosphatidylcholines (PC), cardiolipines, phosphatidic acids (PA) and sterols (St),
while sphingolipids (SL) were the minor components. All shocks resulted in changes in
composition of lipids: heat shock caused the increase of PA and SL percentage; cold shock
‐ of PA and St; oxidative stress ‐ of PA; osmotic shock ‐ of PA and St.
Soluble cytosol carbohydrates of the mycelium A. niger reached 8‐10% and the
predominant sugar was mannitol (70‐85% of ∑). Heat shock led to significant increase of
the trehalose level; cold and osmotic shocks ‐ to glycerol percentage increase. Oxidative
stress didn't change the composition of sugars.
Thus, the general pattern of the changes in the membrane lipids composition under all
shocks was the percentage of PA increase. Changes in sugars composition were specific
for different shocks.
This work was supported by the grant 12‐04‐00732 of the Russian Foundation for Basic
Research.
Cell biology, biochemistry and physiology
Poster nr. 87
Visualization of nuclei and cytoskeleton with different fluorescent proteins
in vegetative and mating hyphae in the filamentous basidiomycete
Schizophyllum commune
Marjatta Raudaskoski1
1
University of Turku, Turku, Finland
While observations on nuclei and cytoskeletal elements labeled with fluorescent proteins
in living hyphae have been very successful in filamentous ascomycetes, in filamentous
basidiomycetes there are very few observations on this line. The present work describes
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the visualization of nuclei in the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune in living
homokaryotic (haploid) and dikaryotic hyphae using a histone encoding gene (Schco_3:
PID2605148). The gene was expressed under its native promoter and the carboxyl
terminus tagged with a 30 bp linker, egfp gene and the Sccdc42 gene terminator.
Combined confocal and phase contrast microscopy revealed one nucleus in each hyphal
compartment of the haploid hyphae, two nuclei in dikaryotic hyphae and the conjugate
division of the nuclear pair at the clamp cell formation. Comparable cloning ofa red
fluorescent protein (mRuby, dTomato, Red)to H2B histone is currently under way. This
latter construct will be transformed in a haploid S. commune strain either fully or semi
compatible with the strain expressing H2B‐EGFP. Fluorescent microscopic investigation of
differently labeled nuclei in compatible hyphae is expected to give valuable information
about the nuclear behavior at hyphal fusions leading to the establishment of dikaryotic
hyphae. Microtubules and microfilaments play a central role in nuclear division and
movement both at mating and clamp cell formation. For this purpose,the labeling of the
cytoskeletal components with fluorescent proteins is also under way. Recently the
labeling of microfilaments with the LifeAct construct has succeeded in homokaryotic
hyphae, in which the construct visualizes microfilaments at hyphal tips and the formation
of septa.
Cell biology, biochemistry and physiology
Poster nr. 88
Lygnomyces vetlinianus (Domański) R.H. Petersen & Zmitr.‐ a new species
producing phthalides
Katerina Sazanova1, Nadezhda Psurtseva1, Alexey Shavarda1
1
Komarov Botanical Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia
A new genus Lygnomyces was described and L. vetlinianus comb. nov. was proposed as a
result of recent taxonomic investigation of a pleurotoid fungus from eastern Russia made
by R. Petersen and co‐authors. Culture characters of three dikarion strains of this species
were studied. Some white crystals glowing in UV, produced particular abundant by one of
the strain, were observed in mycelial mats on agar media. Investigation of the crystals
using metabolomic profiling by GC‐MC analysis was the aim of this study. The strains were
cultivated in Petri plates on BWA and MEA. Mycelium and basidiomata fruited in culture
were extracted with methanol and chloroform. Over 60 compounds including amino
acids, organic acid of TCA cycle, sugars, fatty acids, sugar alcohols were detected in the
extracts. On 10th ‐14th days of cultivation 4,6‐dimethoxy‐phthalide (4,6‐dimetoxy‐1(3H)‐
isobenzofuranone) was found in mycelium. The molecular structure of the substance was
confirmed by NMR. By 6 weeks of cultivation crystals‐like structures (diameter up to 3
mm) accumulated in mycelium. Theses structures were picked up from plates and
identified as clusters of 4,6‐dimethoxy‐phthalide. Fruited basidiomata, however,
contained much smaller amount of 4,6‐dimethoxy‐phthalide as compared with mycelium.
Phthalides were reported by several authors as secondary metabolites in a number of
fungi, responsible for antimicrobial, antifungal, cytotoxic and enzyme inhibiting
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bioactivities. Thus L. vetlinianus can be considered as a model species for studies of
secondary metabolism in fungi and as a perspective phthalide producer for
biotechnology.
The studies are supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (14‐04‐01795А, 15‐04‐06211А).
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
GO TO INDEX
Last Name
First Name
Country
Mail
Adeogun
Oluwagbenga
Nigeria
ooadeogun@unilag.edu.ng
Ainsworth
Antony Martyn
United Kingdom
m.ainsworth@kew.org
Alfredo
Dônis da Silva
Brazil
donis.s.alfredo@hotmail.com
Andrianova
Tetiana
Ukraine
tand@darwin.relc.com
Angelini
Paola
Italy
paola.angelini@unipg.it
Antonin
Vladimir
Czech Republic
vantonin@mzm.cz
Baptista‐Ferreira
Isabel
Portugal
Baptista‐Ferreira
João
Portugal
jlferreira@fc.ul.pt
Barradas
Carla
Portugal
carla.barradas@ua.pt
Begerow
Dominik
Germany
dominik.begerow@rub.de
Benes
Vojtech
Czech Republic
benesv@vscht.cz
Bennett
Alison
United Kingdom
alison.bennett@hutton.ac.uk
Blagoveshchenskaya
Ekaterina
Russia
kathryn@yandex.ru
Boddy
Lynne
United Kingdom
boddyl@cf.ac.uk
Bondarenko
Sofiya
Russia
bond.sonia@gmail.com
Borovicka
Jan
Czech Republic
bore.bor@gmail.com
Bragança
Helena
Portugal
helena.braganca@iniav.pt
Bubnova
Ekaterina
Russia
katya.bubnova@gmail.com
Caetano
Maria Filomena
Portugal
mffcaetano@isa.ulisboa.pt
Calado
Maria da Luz
Portugal
mdcalado@fc.ul.pt
Calonge
Francisco
Spain
calonge@rjb.csic.es
Cardoso
José
Portugal
jacardoso@fc.ul.pt
Castilho
Ricardo Arraiano
Portugal
rcastilho@cibio.up.pt
Cecchi
Grazia
Italy
Grazia.cecchi@edu.unige.it
Cho
Sung‐Eun
Korea
secho@korea.ac.kr
D'Aguanno
Maria
Italy
maria.daguanno@unisi.it
Damadi
Seyedmohsen
Iran
smdamadi@yahoo.com
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Last Name
First Name
Country
Mail
Dawidziuk
Adam
Poland
adaw@igr.poznan.pl
Di Piazza
Simone
Italy
Somone.dipiazza@unige.it
Diogo
Eugénio
Portugal
helena.braganca@iniav.pt
Donatini
Bruno
France
donatini@orange.fr
Dziedzic
Agata
Poland
musze@ibb.waw.pl
Elgharabawy
Hoda Mohamed
Egypt
hie3@aber.ac.uk
Falandysz
Jerzy
Poland
jerzy.falandysz@ug.edu.pl
Félix
Carina
Portugal
carinafelix89@gmail.com
Fernandez‐Lopez
Javier
Spain
jflopez@rjb.csic.es
Figueira
Rui
Portugal
rui.figueira@iict.pt
Flett
Bradley
South Africa
flettb@arc.agric.za
Frac
Magdalena
Poland
m.frac@ipan.lublin.pl
Fraiture
André
Belgium
andre.fraiture@br.fgov.be
Fukasawa
Yu
Japan
fukasawayuu@gmail.com
Gange
Alan
United Kingdom
a.gange@rhul.ac.uk
Gardes
Monique
France
monique.gardes@univ‐tlse3.fr
Gargano
Maria Letizia
Italy
marlega@libero.it
Ghobad‐Nejhad
Masoomeh
Iran
ghobadnejhad@gmail.com
Gomes
Sofia
Portugal
sofia.fernandesgomes@naturalis.nl
Gonçalves
Susana C.
Portugal
scgoncal@ci.uc.pt
Gorczak
Michał
Poland
Gorczak.michal@wp.pl
Gouveia
Eugenia
Portugal
economato@ipb.pt
Grandchamp
Mathilde
France
mathilde.grandchamp@agroparistech.fr
Greyling
Sonia‐Mari
South Africa
greylings@arc.agric.za
Grishkan
Isabella
Israel
grishkan@research.haifa.ac.il
Guglielminetti
Maria
Italy
marialidia.guglielminetti@unipv.it
Halıcı
Gülsah
Turkey
Gulsah.yuksel1@gmail.com
Halıcı
Mehmet Gökhan
Turkey
mghalici@gmail.com
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XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Last Name
First Name
Country
Mail
Hilszczanska
Dorota
Poland
d.hilszczanska@ibles.waw.pl
Hiscox
Jennifer
United Kingdom
evansja7@cf.ac.uk
Inácio
Maria De Lurdes
Portugal
lurdes.inacio@iniav.pt
Irbe
Ilze
Latvia
ilzeirbe@edi.lv
Kalucka
Izabela
Poland
iza.kalucka@gmail.com
Kawahara
Ei
Japan
kawahara@staff.kanazawa‐u.ac.jp
Kim
Seong Hwan
Korea
piceae@naver.com
Koczyk
Grzegorz
Poland
gkoc@igr.poznan.pl
Kõljalg
Urmas
Estonia
urmas.koljalg@ut.ee
Kurakov
Alexander
Russia
kurakov57@mail.ru
Ławrynowicz
Maria
Poland
miklaw@biol.uni.lodz.pl
Lima
Nelson
Portugal
nelson@ie.uminho.pt
Lohse
Rieke
Germany
rieke.lohse@fh‐bielefeld.de
Lopes
Anabela
Portugal
arlopes@ua.pt
Maia
Leonor
Brazil
leonorcmaia@gmail.com
Malosso
Elaine
Brazil
elainemalosso@yahoo.com.br
Mańka
Małgorzata
Poland
mmanka@up.poznan.pl
Marfenina
Olga
Russia
marfenina@mail.ru
Martín
María P.
Spain
maripaz@rjb.csic.es
Masaphy
Segula
Israel
segula@migal.org.il
Melo
Ireneia
Portugal
mimelo@fc.ul.pt
Meshram
Vineet
India
vinitmeshramtiet@gmail.com
Minter
David
United Kingdom
d.minter@cabi.org
Minter
Helen
United Kingdom
Mleczko
Piotr
Poland
‐ 147 ‐
piotr.mleczko@uj.edu.pl
XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Last Name
First Name
Country
Mail
Mouchacca
Jean
France
jeanmouchacca@sfr.fr
Muszewska
Anna
Poland
musze@ibb.waw.pl
Náplavová
Katerina
Czech Republic
naplavova.katerina@gmail.com
Nazarpour
Forough
Portugal
forough.nazarpour84@gmail.com
Nnorom
Innocent
Nigeria
chidiabsu@yahoo.co.uk
Oliveira
Paulo
Portugal
oliveira@uevora.pt
Pankavec
Sviatlana
Poland
pankavec@gmail.com
Park
Ji Hyun
Korea
jihpark@korea.ac.kr
Pasquali
Matias
Luxembourg
matias.pasquali@list.lu
Pastircakova
Katarina
Slovakia
uefezima@hotmail.com
Paulino
Paula
Portugal
paulaccpaulino@outlook.com
Penev
Lyubomir
Bulgaria
penev@pensoft.net
Pereira
Eric
Portugal
eric@ipb.pt
Perini
Claudia
Italy
claudia.perini@unisi.it
Picco
Anna Maria
Italy
annamaria.picco@unipv.it
Pino‐Bodas
Raquel
Finland
raquel.pinobodas@helsinki.fi
Polemis
Elias
Greece
eliasp@ath.forthnet.gr
Ponizovskaya
Valeria
Russia
v.ponizovskaya@gmail.com
Popiel
Delfina
Poland
dpop@igr.poznan.pl
Purvis
William
United Kingdom
owpurvis@googlemail.com
Quijada
Luis
Spain
luismoso@hotmail.com
Ramos
Ana Paula
Portugal
pramos@isa.ulisboa.pt
Raudaskoski
Marjatta
Finland
marrau@utu.fi
Rita
Ingride
Portugal
ingride.orita@gmail.com
Rosa‐Gruszecka
Aleksandra
Poland
a.rosa@ibles.waw.pl
Rudawska
Maria
Poland
mariarud@man.poznan.pl
‐ 148 ‐
XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Last Name
First Name
Country
Mail
Sácký
Jan
Czech Republic
sackyj@vscht.cz
Salcedo
Isabel
Spain
isabel.salcedo@ehu.es
Santos
Liliana
Portugal
ltsantos@ua.pt
Sarrionandia
Estibaliz
Spain
Esti.sarrionandia@ehu.es
Sazanova
Katerina
Russia
ksazanova@binran.ru
Schigel
Dmitry
Finland
dschigel@gbif.org
Schoeman
Aneen
South Africa
belgrovea@arc.agric.za
Semenova
Tatiana
The Netherlands
tatiana.semenova@naturalis.nl
Senn‐Irlet
Beatrice
Switzerland
Beatrice.senn@wsl.ch
Ševciková
Hana
Czech Republic
hsevcikova@mzm.cz
Shiryaev
Anton
Russia
anton.g.shiryaev@gmail.com
Shnyreva
Alla
Russia
ashn@mail.ru
Sipiczki
Matthias
Hungary
lipovy@gmx.com
Sohrabi
Mohammad
Iran
sohrabi@irost.org
Szmidla
Hanna
Poland
a.rosa@ibles.waw.pl
Szuba
Agnieszka
Poland
agnieszkalapa@wp.pl
Talhinhas
Pedro
Portugal
ptalhinhas@iict.pt
Temina
Marina
Israel
temina@research.haifa.ac.il
Tereshina
Vera
Russia
v.m.tereshina@inbox.ru
Tischer
Marta
Poland
Marta.tischer@gmail.com
Torrejon‐Herrero
Miguel
Spain
Treu
Roland
Canada
rolandt@athabascau.ca
Trigos
Ángel
México
atrigos@uv.mx
Turło
Jadwiga
Poland
jadwiga.turlo@wum.edu.pl
Urbaniak
Monika
Poland
murb@igr.poznan.pl
‐ 149 ‐
XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Last Name
First Name
Country
Mail
Varga
Nóra
Hungary
nora.varga@ymail.com
Venanzoni
Roberto
Italy
roberto.venanzoni@unipg.it
Venturella
Giuseppe
Italy
giuseppe.venturella@unipa.it
Vidal Diez De
Ulzurrun
Guillermo
Belgium
guillermo.vidal@ugent.be
Volobuev
Sergey
Russia
sergvolobuev@mail.ru
Woodward
Stephen
United Kingdom
s.woodward@abdn.ac.uk
Yamac
Mustafa
Turkey
myamac@ogu.edu.tr
Yanutsevich
Elena
Russia
iyanutsevich@gmail.com
Yarina
Maria
Russia
maria.s.yarina@gmail.com
Yusran
Yusran
Indonesia
yusran_ysrn@yahoo.ca
Zambonelli
Alessandra
Italy
Alessandr.zambonelli@unibo.it
Zizek
Marta
United Kingdom
maz12@aber.ac.uk
Żółciak
Anna
Poland
a.zolciak@ibles.waw.pl
Zotti
Mirca
Italy
Mirca.zotti@unige.it
‐ 150 ‐
XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
GO TO INDEX
AUTHORS INDEX
Abdulhakim Bawadekji
117, 119
Adam Dawidziuk
61, 94, 102
Adedotun Adekunle
28
Adriaan Vanheule
72
Adriana Yano‐Melo
88
Agata Dziedzic
141
Agata Gryta
92
Agnieszka Waskiewicz
48
Ahmed Kassem Abd El‐Samad El‐Sayed
57
Akhmad Khomeini
58
Alan Gange
11
Alan Phillips
51, 136
Albano Beja‐Pereira
68, 135
Aleksandr Ordynets
52
Aleksandra Rosa‐Gruszecka
40, 64
Alessandra Zambonelli
14, 117, 119
Alexander Kurakov
26
Alexey A. Grum‐Grzhimaylo
60
Alexey Shavarda
143
Alfredo Vizzini
115
Aline Passos
88
Alison E. Bennett
12
Alla Shnyreva
66, 85
Allan J.L. Phillips
132
Amira Ali El‐Fallal
57
Ana Cristina Esteves
95, 96
Ana F. A. Chaves
39
Ana Paula Pereira
49
Ana Paula Ramos
67, 127, 133
Ana Silva
130
Ana Sofia Pires
49, 67, 133
Anabel Robredo
121
Anabela Lopes
136
Anant Patel
24, 83
Anastasia Shnyreva
66
Anastasija Danilogorskaja
37
Anatoly Usov
26
André Fraiture
76
‐ 151 ‐
XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Andrea Arcangeli
62
Andrea Rubini
62
Andreia Loureiro
49, 67
Andrew Detheridge
123
Andrey Marakhonov
26
Andrzej M. Jagodzinski
33
Aneen Schoeman
25, 47
Ángel Trigos
85
Angelo Santana
88
Anna Andolfi
96
Anna Antropova
106
Anna Dryzalowska
89, 90, 108, 110
Anna Gorczyca
48
Anna Ivanova
37
Anna Kojta
89, 107, 108
Anna Maria Picco
84, 98
Anna Muszewska
68, 141
Anna Zolciak
95, 99
Anne Pringle
35
Anne‐Laure Boutigny
72
Annemieke Verbeken
53
Annika Lemke
24
Anton Shiryaev
29
António Correia
95, 96, 132, 136
Antonio Logrieco
72
Antonio Moretti
72
Aqilah Mohammad
11
Arkadiusz Gladki
68
Artur Alves
51, 95, 96, 99, 132, 136
Asunción Morte
117, 119
Atindra Sapkota
110
Ayse Betul Karaduman
87
Barbara Correia
99
Barbara Scherm
72
Beatrice Mammarella
44
Belinda Janse Van Rensburg
47
Bernard De Baets
41
Bianca Silva
135
Bjorn Lindahl
31
Bradley Flett
25, 47
Brian Douglas
75
‐ 152 ‐
XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Bruno Andersons
113
Bruno Donatini
23, 86
Bruno Tirillini
126
Cansu Bayburt
87
Carina Félix
96
Carla Barradas
99, 136
Carlos Vila‐Viçosa
55, 130
Carsten Muller
31
Catarina Mello
125
Cem Ozkan
87
César Espinoza
85
César Franceschy‐Rodríguez
85
Cláudia Lopes
122
Claudia Perini
30, 44, 62, 120, 140
Claudia Riccioni
140
Cony Decock
57
Cristina Cruz
106
Daniel Rigling
116
David Harries
123
David Minter
75
Delfina Popiel
61, 94, 102
Desiree Jakobs‐Schönwandt
24
Diana Fernandez
49
Diego Cantini
30, 44
Dmitry Schigel
32, 73
Dmitry Vlasov
41
Dominik Begerow
58
Dônis da Silva Alfredo
54, 124
Dora Batista
49
Dorota Hilszczanska
40, 64
Edit Farkas
114
Ekaterina Blagoveshchenskaya
50
Ekaterina Bubnova
44
Ekaterina Kotlova
46
Elaine Malosso
108, 114
Elena N. Bilanenko
26, 46, 60, 106
Elena Salerni
44, 120
Elena Savino
117, 119
Elena Yanutsevich
46, 142
Elia Ambrosio
118
Elias Polemis
129
‐ 153 ‐
XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Elielson Jacinto Souza
124
Elisa Bianchetto
120
Elisa Lagostina
84
Eliza Malinowska
27
Elzbieta Czembor
72
Emma Bricchi
126
Emma Gilmartin
29
Eniko Horvath
55
Enrica Roccotiello
90
Eric Pereira
116
Erik Smets
36
Erute Adongbede
28
Eske De Crop
53
Esperanza Beltrán‐Tejera
39, 128, 138
Estibaliz Sarrionandia
121
Eugénia Gouveia
116
Eugénio Diogo
51
Everardo Sampaio
88
Forough Nazarpour
95
Francesco Nannoni
30
Francesco Paolocci
140
Francisco D. Calonge
54, 135
Françoise Munaut
72
Fritz Oehl
125
Gaia Fralassi
30
Gareth W. Griffith
57, 123
Georgios I. Zervakis
129
Georgios Konstantinidis
129
Georgios Zervakis
117, 119
Giancarlo Bistocchi
62
Giora Kidron
104
Giulia Perelli
84
Giuseppe Venturella
100, 117, 119
Glória Pinto
99
Göksu Ceylan
100
Grazia Cecchi
90, 118
Grazyna Krasinska
107, 110
Grzegorz Koczyk
61, 94, 102
Guillermo Vidal Diez De Ulzurrun
41
Gülşah Halıcı
65
Guna Noldt
113
‐ 154 ‐
XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Han Gyu Go
91
Hana Ševcíková
130
Hanna Bednarz
83
Hanna Szmidla
40, 64
Hannah Metcalfe
123
Hans‐Otto Baral
39, 138
Helder Berenguer
99
Helena Azinheira
49, 67
Helena Bragança
51
Hilary Rogers
31
Hoda Mohamed Elgharabawy
57
Honggao Liu
107
Hubertus Kleeberg
83
Hyeon‐Dong Shin
128, 133
Hynek Strnad
139, 139
Hyuk Woo Kwon
91
Ian A. Dickie
35
Ian Hall
14
Ibai Olariaga
121
Ilze Irbe
113
Inácio Monte Jr.
88, 125
Ingeborga Andersone
113
Ingerd Skow Hofgaard
72
Ingride Rita
87
Innocent Nnorom
42, 43, 111, 112
Iolanda Silva
125
Ireneia Melo
52, 128
Isabel Salcedo
52, 105, 121, 128
Isabella De Meo
120
Isabella Grishkan
38
Isabelle Le Blaye
23, 86
Ismail K. Saglam
68, 135
Iuri Baseia
54, 124, 135
Izabela Kalucka
33
Jadwiga Turło
27, 40
Jakub Horak
64
Jan Baetens
41
Jan Borovicka
109, 130, 139, 139
Ján Gáper
112
Jan Sacky
139
Jan Van den Bulcke
41
‐ 155 ‐
XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Jana Chrpová
72
Jaroslava Kubrova
109
Javier Fernández‐López
134
Javier J. Fernández
85
Jean‐Marc Moncalvo
57
Jeffrey Welker
36
Jelena Lević
72
Jennifer Hiscox
31
Jerry Cooper
138
Jerzy Falandysz
42, 43, 89, 90, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112
Jessica Silva
114
Jesus Laura Rodríguez‐Armas
128
Ji Zhang
107
Ji‐Hyun Park
128, 133
Joana Alves
104
Joana Henriques
51
Joana Neno
51
João Loureiro
49, 67, 133
Jonathan Scauflaire
72
Jordi Bascompte
33
Jorinde Nuytinck
53
José Cardoso
128
José M. Padrón
85
José Miguel Pereira
122
József Geml
36
Juli Caujapé‐Castells
138
Julia Pawlowska
126, 137
Julieth De Oliveira Sousa
124
Justyna Bohacz
95
Ka‐Lai Pang
63
Karl‐Henrik Larsson
71
Karolina Oszust
92
Karsten Niehaus
83
Katarina Pastircakova
97, 131
Katarzyna Szczepaniak
126
Katerina Hlozkova
139
Katerina Náplavová
112
Katerina Rusevska
54
Katerina Sazanova
41, 143
Kessy Abarenkov
71
Kobeke Van de Putte
53
‐ 156 ‐
XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Kris Audenaert
72
Lahsen Khabar
117, 119
Larisa Krasnopolskaya
26
László Lõkös
114
Laura Garzoli
84
Leho Tedersoo
34
Leonor Maia
88, 125
Leonora Bittleston
35
Liliana Santos
132
Linos Kottis
129
Lisa Martelli
140
Luana Mayara Nunes Conrado
124
Lúcia C. Simões
39
Lucien Hoffmann
72, 93
Luis Alberto Parra
117, 119
Luís Carvalho
63
Luis Morgado
36, 55
Luis Quijada
39, 138
Lukasz Stepien
48
Lynne Boddy
29, 31
Lyubomir Penev
71
Maciej Kozak
124, 131
Magdalena Bamburowicz‐Klimkowska
40
Magdalena Frac
92
Maja Karaman
117, 119
Małgorzata Mańka
50
Malgorzata Polatynska
102
Manuel Norte
85
Manuel Simões
39
Marcin Pietras
34
Marco Beyer
72, 93
Marco Floriani
117, 119
Marco Giamello
30
Marco Isaia
115
Marek Krol
40
Margarida Barata
63, 106
Margarita Dueñas
52, 128, 134
Maria da Luz Calado
63
Maria D'Aguanno
44, 140
Maria de Lurdes Inácio
103
Maria do Céu Silva
49, 67, 133
‐ 157 ‐
XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Maria Faticov
32
Maria Filomena Caetano
127
Maria Guglielminetti
84, 98
Maria João Sousa
87
Maria Ławrynowicz
102, 131
Maria Letizia Gargano
100
María P. Martín
52, 54, 134, 135
Maria Rudawska
34
Maria Teresa Gonçalves
122
María Teresa González‐Jaén
72
Maria Teresa Telleria
52, 128, 134
Maria Yarina
26
Mariana Nunes
96
Marilina Salvatore
96
Marilyn Walker
36
Marina Araujo
108
Marina Elsa Herta Müller
72
Marina Grecca
96
Marina L. Georgieva
60
Marina Temina
104
Marine Pallez
72, 93
Marinella Rodolfi
84, 98
Mário Rui Castro
55
Marjatta Raudaskoski
142
Mark Neal
123
Marta Bełka
50
Marta Otero
105
Marta Siebyla
40
Marta Tischer
126, 137
Marta Wrzosek
126, 137
Marta Zizek
123
Martin Pastircak
97, 131
Martyn Ainsworth
75
Martyna Saba
42, 43, 107
Maryke Craven
25
Marzenna Klimaszewska
27
Masoomeh Ghobad‐Nejhad
120
Matias Pasquali
72, 93
Matteo Di Domenica
84
Matthias Sipiczki
55
Mauro Giorgio Mariotti
90, 118
‐ 158 ‐
XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Maxim Dyakov
106
Mayra Oliveira
114
Mehmet Gökhan Halıcı
61, 65
Melanie Savoury
31
Melike Börühan
100
Michael R. Miller
68, 135
Michael Weiss
138
Michaela Matenova
139
Michal Gorczak
126, 137
Michal Tomšovský
56
Miguel A. García
135
Mikael Jeppson
54
Mikhail Okun
52
Milan Gryndler
109
Min Ah Choi
91
Mirca Zotti
90, 115, 118
Mirco Iotti
14
Miren K. Duñabeitia
105, 121
Miroslaw Szutowski
40
Mitko Karadelev
54, 113
Mohammad Bahram
34
Mohammad Sohrabi
59
Monika Urbaniak
48
Mustafa Kemal Babayigit
100
Mustafa Yamac
87, 100
Nadezhda Psurtseva
143
Nagehan Desen Köycü
72
Natalia Rebrikova
106
Natalia Vargas
35
Nataliya Groza
142
Neal Mclaren
47
Nelson Lima
39
Nerea Rodriguez
121
Nina Bilinska‐Wielgus
92
Nóra Varga
114
Nuno Mesquita
35
O. William Purvis
11, 57
Olga Danilova
46, 142
Olga Kamsolkina
46
Olga Konovalova
44
Olga Kudryavzeva
26
‐ 159 ‐
XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Olga Marfenina
37
Oluwagbenga Adeogun
28
Ondrej Duriška
56
Päivi Parikka
72
Pamela Leonardi
120
Paola Angelini
62, 126
Paolo Cantiani
120
Patrícia Correia
106
Patricia Marín García
72
Patxi Rebolé
105
Paul Cannon
75
Paula Paulino
106
Paulo Oliveira
55, 104, 122, 130
Pavel Kotrba
139, 139
Pavel Stoev
71
Pedro Domingues
95
Pedro Talhinhas
49, 67, 127, 133
Peter Pristaš
112
Peter R. Johnston
138
Peter Spieth
83
Phelipe Costa
108
Pierre Roux
117, 119
Pietro Marescotti
90, 118
Piotr Chachuła
124
Piotr Mleczko
124, 131
Piotr Podsadni
27, 40
Piotr Steckiewicz
40
Quirico Migheli
72
R. Henrik Nilsson
71
Rafa Picón
121
Ralf Voegele
67
Ramadhanil Ramadhanil
58
Raquel Pino‐Bodas
137
Ricardo Arraiano Castilho
55, 68, 135
Riccardo Compagno
100
Rieke Lohse
24, 83
Rita Abranches
67
Roberto Venanzoni
62, 126
Roland Treu
23
Rui Figueira
70
Rui Gardner
67
‐ 160 ‐
XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Rui Vitorino
95
Ruth Jaén‐Molina
138
Ryan Basler
72
Samuele Voyron
115
Sandra Górska
27
Sanjai Saxena
83
Sara Basso
96
Sarah Johnston
31
Sébastien Duplessis
49, 133
Segula Masaphy
36, 93
Seong Hwan Kim
91
Sergey Volobuev
52
Serguei Saavedra
33
Seyedmohsen Damadi
48
Shunsuke Matsuoka
31
Sílvia Tavares
49, 67, 133
Silvio Uhlig
72
Simone Di Piazza
90, 115, 118
Simone Prospero
116
Slavica Stankoviæ
72
Sofia Gomes
33
Sofiya A. Bondarenko
46, 60
Soili Stenroos
137
Sonia‐Mari Greyling
25, 47
Stefan Vidal
24
Stefano Mocali
120
Stephen C. Wade
57
Stephen Woodward
13
Sung‐Eun Cho
128, 133
Susana C. Gonçalves
35
Susanne Vogelgsang
72
Svetlana Gáperová
112
Sviatlana Pankavec
90, 108, 110
Tahashi Yaguchi
92
Tao Li
107
Tao Shen
107
Tapani Yli‐Mattila
72
Tatiana Gagkaeva
72
Tatiana Semenova
36
Teodor Georgiev
71
Tereza Leonhardt
139
‐ 161 ‐
XVII CEM ‐ 20>25 SEPT’15 Funchal [Madeira, Portugal]
Tetiana V. Andrianova
62
Thanos Damialis
11
Thomas Miedaner
72
Tiara S. Cabral
135
Tobias Link
67
Tom Blanchard
123
Tomasz Leski
34
Uided Cavalcante
88
Ulf Thrane
72
Urmas Kõljalg
71
Ursula Peintner
117, 119
Valeria Ponizovskaya
106
Vasilica Chinan
117, 119
Vera Mokeeva
106
Vera Tereshina
46, 142
Viacheslav Spirin
52
Viktor Senderov
71
Vincent Demoulin
54
Vincent Merckx
33
Vineet Meshram
83
Virgilio Balmas
72
Virve Viertiö
32
Vítor Várzea
49
Vladimír Antonín
56, 117, 119
Vojtech Benes
139
Walter P. Pfliegler
55
Xinbin Feng
110
Yakov Dunaevsky
26
Yu Fukasawa
31
Yuanzhong Wang
107
Yulia Pokrovskaya
26
Yusran Yusran
58
Zakieh Zakeri
59
Zerrin Cantürk
100
‐ 162 ‐
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