Useful Plants of Kongo Central Province,
Democratic Republic of Congo
Volume 2
Paul Latham
Augustin Konda ku Mbuta
Ludwigia abyssinica
(Onagraceae)
Synonym Jussiaea abyssinica
Common names Water primrose
Description A stout, slightly succulent erect or straggling branched herb up to 3 m tall. Leaf 1.6 – 19
cm long by 0.4 – 4.5 cm wide. Fruit is an elongated capsule crowned with persistent sepals. The plant
varies in colour from green to red.
Ecology A common weed of lowland rice. It occurs
throughout Africa in swamps, on lake shores and river
banks.
Photo right: Robert von Blittersdorff
www.africanplants.senckenberg.de
Uses In D.R. Congo the plant is used to make salt. The
leaves are eaten as a cooked vegetable and are also used
to bandage wounds and to treat stomach-ache. When
boiled with the stems, the leaves produce a black liquid
used to colour fibres. Another species, L. leptocarpa, is
known as a good honeybee forage
References Staner & Boutique 1937, Taton 1967,
Williamson 1975, Akobundu & Agyakwa 1987, Burkill
1997, Neuwinger 2000, van den Burg 2004.
313
Luffa cylindrica
(Cucurbitaceae)
Common names Nsanu, musaka saka, sukula malonga (Kongo), éponge végétale (Fr.), loofah,
vegetable sponge
Description A herbaceous annual climber 3 - 6 m long. The slightly hairy stems are 5 angled. Loofah
species have glands that secrete nectar.
Ecology Commonly cultivated but also naturalized in the humid tropics. Loofah grows best on fertile,
plant
mildly acidic to neutral, well-drained soil. Sunny, hot, humid conditions favour growth. The plant is best
grown in the dry season as heavy rainfall during flowering and fruiting leads to poor fruit production.
Propagation Seed from ripe fruits is used.
Management The plant should be grown over a trellis. Side branches are be pruned to encourage
growth of the main stem and 20 - 25 fruits only should be allowed per vine. Harvest when fully mature,
indicated by the yellowing of the base and apex 4 - 5 months after planting. Immerse fruits in running
water until outer wall disintegrates. Seeds are then washed out.
Uses The fibrous skeleton of the
fruit, obtained after it has been
allowed to rot and been thoroughly
washed, is used as a sponge when
bathing and to clean dishes. It is
also used to filter palm wine. The
cooked leaves are eaten in Kongo
Central and are also used to dress
wounds. The roasted seeds are
edible and immature fruits can be
fed to pigs. These fruits, harvested
when about 10 cm long, can also be
boiled and used in curries. The sponge sponge
has potential for use in hat manufacture, insoles for shoes,
marine engine filters, table-mats, door and bath mats, gloves and for sound and shock absorbing
purposes. As with other Cucurbitaceae, the flowers are very attractive to bees.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Renier 1948, Purseglove 1968, Keraudren-Aymonin 1975, Burkill
1985, Robinson & Decker-Walters 1997
314
Lygodium microphyllum
(Lygodiaceae)
Common names Kisola nkata (Kongo), climbing maidenhair fern, small leaf climbing fern
Photo taken near Nkundi in Manianga in May
Description A climbing fern up to 10 m long growing from rhizomes covered with black hairs. The
main stem is wiry. Leafy branches are produced off the main stem with leaflets 5 - 12 cm long. Some
leaflets are spore bearing others not.
Ecology Found in damp sites and
in Kongo Central. Origin tropical
Africa, S.E. Asia and Australia. An
invasive weed in some places. The
plants become a fire hazard when
dry.
Photo: Peggy Greb ARC
Uses In Kongo Central the plants
are wound to form a pad (nkata)
for carrying loads on the head.
Elsewhere used to cure skin
ailments, swelling and dysentery.
References
Lawalrée
1970,
Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, www.fleppc.org (Accessed 19.2.2016), Wikipedia (Accessed 19.2.2016)
315
Macaranga monandra
(Euphorbiaceae)
Common names Nkengi, yense (Kongo)
Description A shrub or tree growing 6 to 25 m tall. The trunk has spines up to 7.5 cm long. Leaves are
11 – 16 cm long and 6 – 10 cm wide on a petiole 4 – 10 cm long. Leaf margins are usually coarsely
toothed. The pith of the branches exudes a sticky jelly when cut.
Branch with
minsendi
Ecology
Present
in swampy and
riverine forest from southern Nigeria
and western Cameroon to Tanzania
and Angola.
Propagation Can be grown from
cuttings.
Uses The wood is light and is not
attacked by insects. In Kongo Central
it is used for roof supports. Minsendi
(Imbrasia obscura), Miengeti, Kaba
(Lobobunaea phaedusa), Nziemo and
Minsendi edible caterpillars
Nkulu edible caterpillars feed on the
leaves. In Congo (Brazzaville) a decoction of bark, together with that of Pentaclethra eetveldeana is
given to women to treat sterility. Tannins, steroids and
terpenes are present in the leaves, bark and roots.
Macaranga species are known to be bee forage plants in
Gabon.
Left: Miengeti caterpillars
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Renier 1948, Daeleman
& Pauwels 1983, Lobreau-Callen 1988, Ambougou 1991,
Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1994
Miengeti
316
Maesa lanceolata var. rufescens
(Myrsinaceae)
Synonym M. rufescens
Common name Ntidi (Kongo), false assegai
Description A fast growing
shrub or tree 2 - 10 m tall,
variable and sometimes semiclimbing. Leaves are oval to
elliptic, 5 – 22 x 2 – 12 cm. The
underside of the leaves in this
variety are pubescent. The tiny
creamy-white flowers are borne
in fragrant branched heads up
to 10 cm long. Fruit is very
small, round, white and fleshy.
Both photos: Hugh Glen
Ecology Present in forest
regrowth and riverine forest in
tropical Africa, and in South
Africa and Madagascar. It will
grow on poor, degraded soils.
Propagation Collect fruits from
the mother tree and dry in the
sun. Crush the dried fruits to
release the seeds and sow as
soon as possible. Sow direct at
site or in a seed bed and
transplant after a few months.
Wildlings can also be planted
out.
Management The tree is fast
growing and can be coppiced or
pollarded.
Uses Wood is white and very soft. It
decays quickly. In D.R. Congo the root
is used to treat abscesses. A leaf
decoction is pulped and plastered on
the body to treat smallpox. It is also
drunk to treat diarrhoea. Young leaves
are eaten as a vegetable. The flowers
are visited by bees and because it is
often in flower it is a useful bee forage.
Fruits are reported to be sweet.
References Staner & Boutique 1937,
Renier 1948, Taton 1980, Pauwels
1993, Beentje 1994, Fichtl & Adi 1994,
Katende et al. 1995, Burkill 1997, Glen
& Mkhipheni 2005, Meunier 2010
317
Maesobotrya staudtii
(Phyllanthaceae)
Synonym Baccaurea staudtii
Common names
Mansiese,
mansiensi (Kongo),
raisinier des bois
(Fr.)
Description
A
shrub or small tree
from 2 to 6 m high
and from 4 to 10
cm in diameter.
The white to yellow
wood
is
soft.
Leaves are 7 – 28
cm long and 3 – 12
cm wide, hairy on
both surfaces and
the leaf stalk and main nerves are densely covered with stiff hairs. Petiole is from 1 – 10 cm long.
Flowers are produced on the trunk, the male inflorescence being 3 – 11 cm long and the female 1 – 5
cm long. Fruits are round, 10 mm in diameter.
Ecology An under-storey shrub of the rain-forest often found in
humid sites, and particularly in Mayombe district of Kongo Central,
associated with Gilbertiodendron dewevrei, Scorodophloeus
zenkeri and Cynometra alexandri. Also present in southern Nigeria
and
leafCameroon.
Male flowers
Left: Maesobotrya staudtii
bearing fruit in September at the
Kisantu botanic garden.
Uses The edible fruit is acidic
and refreshing and makes good
jam. The leaves are also eaten as
a vegetable.
References Gillet 1927, De
Wildeman 1934, Renier 1948,
Léonard 1995, Keay 1989, Burkill
1994, Kibungu Kembelo 2010
fruits
318
Maesobotrya vermeulenii
(Phyllanthaceae)
Synonym M. floribunda var. vermeulenii
Common names Kifitidi, fitidi (Kongo)
Description A shrub or small tree 4 – 5 m high. Young shoots pubescent. Petiole 0.5 – 4.5 cm long.
Leaves 3 – 14 cm long and 1 – 6 cm wide.
Photos: Jean-Luc & Pauline Alliez
Ecology Present in gallery forests from southern Nigeria, Gabon and D.R. Congo.
Uses Young shoots are eaten as
a vegetable in Kwango - Kwilu.
The leaves are eaten by an
edible caterpillar, Mimpemba. A
decoction of the bark is taken for
leprosy in Congo (Brazzaville).
The flowers are reported to be
visited by bees in Kongo Central.
Bark is used to treat leprosy in
Congo (Brazzaville) and Ivory
Coast.
References
Renier
Mbemba & Remacle
Pauwels 1993, Burkill
Léonard 1995, Neuwinger
1948,
1992,
1994,
2000
319
Maesopsis eminii
(Rhamnaceae)
Common names Kingembu, kingembwa, munsambi nsambi, ndunga (Kongo), hornbill's calabash
Photo: H.J. Ndangalasi Tanzania Plant Collaboration
Description A leafy, semi-deciduous tree up to 35 m tall with pale grey-brown bark. Leaves are
alternate, 8 - 15 cm long and the edges have characteristic teeth. Flowers are small and green. Fruit is
oval, up to 2.5 cm long, fleshy and yellow, turning purple, with 1 - 2 hard seeds. The tree may be
recognised by its leaves as the distinctive rounded teeth stand up like little flaps above the surface of
the leaf.
Ecology A large tree indigenous to East, Central
and West Africa. It grows well in deep fertile
sandy soils in wet tropical areas. It is sometimes
planted in tree planting schemes.
Propagation The tree can be grown from seed.
Collect the fruits from the ground. Either cut the
flesh off or rub the fruits on wire mesh to remove
the flesh. Wash and dry the seeds. They lose
their viability quickly and can only be stored for a
few months. When planting, soak them for 3
days, changing the water every 12 hours. For
small quantities the seed should be nicked before
soaking. Germination rate is 20 - 55% and takes
from 4 to 78 days. Seed is best planted in pots
first but trees must be planted out early to avoid
damaging the tap-root. The tree can also be
direct sown, but this may give patchy results if
the rains are poor. Air layering and wild seedlings
can also be used for propagation.
320
Minsendi = Imbrasia obscura edible caterpillars
feeding on the leaves
Management The tree grows very rapidly averaging over 1 m per year at first, or more on good sites
and reaching maturity in 20 years. It does not need much attention though a boring insect,
Monohammus scabiosus, may be a problem. Young plants do not grow well unless weeded. Imperata
grass is especially bad, but once established trees tend to shade it out. Young trees are susceptible to
cankers caused by Fusarium solani and other fungi.
Uses The fruits are edible and contain oil. Sapwood is nearly white and distinct from the yellow-green
heartwood, which darkens to brown later. It tends to split, warp and collapse in seasoning and is not
resistant to fungi, borers or termites. The wood is firm though light, of medium texture and has a satiny
lustre, and works easily. It nails and stains well, but tends to pick up under the plane, and requires
careful preparation and filling before varnishing, polishing or painting. The wood splits easily and is
useful for fencing. It is suitable for general carpentry and construction and after treatment can be used
externally. It is also used as firewood. The leaves can be fed to livestock and the tree can be used as a
shade for tea and coffee. The bark is used
medicinally in Kongo Central to promote
urination and as a purgative. Kaba
(Lobobunaea phaedusa) and two types of
Minsendi edible caterpillars feed on the
leaves. Sometimes large numbers can be
present. In Gabon honeybees are reported
to visit the flowers.
References Gillet 1927, Renier 1948,
Leloup 1956, Evrard 1960, Busson 1965,
Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Daeleman &
Pauwels 1983, NAS 1983, Egli & Kalinganire
1988, Ambougou 1991, Mbuya et al 1994,
Katende et al. 1995, Msanga 1998, Meunier
et al. 2010
People will travel 20 – 30 km to sell
produce in local markets. In addition to the
head-load this lady carries, she has two
cockerels in a pouch at her back.
To market
Market
321
Magnistipula butayei subsp. butayei
(Chrysobalanaceae)
Synonym M. butayei, Hirtella butayei
Description A tree 15 – 20 m tall with smooth grey bark. Fruits 2.5 cm diameter covered with a
velvety brown pubescence. Fruits hard 1 – 3 cm. Leaves 8.5 – 15.5 cm long and 3.2 – 5 cm wide. Fruit
is a drupe up to 5 x 3 cm.
Photo right: G. Baumann
www.africanplants.senckenberg.de
Ecology Found in humid forests which
are sometimes flooded in Kongo
Central and the central forest. Also
present in Ghana.
Propagation Can probably be grown
from seed.
Uses The fruit is probably edible. M. butayei subsp.
bangweolensis is eaten in Tanzania and an unidentified
species, called Dolea in Central African Republic is also
eaten. The fruits of M. zenkeri are eaten by duikers,
mandrils and pigs in Gabon. The sap from the bark is put in
the eyes as an ordeal poison and in Kikwit it is used for
abortion.
References Renier 1948, Irvine 1961, Williamson 1975, White 1978, Martin et al. 1987, Peters et al.
1992, Pauwels 1993, White & Abernethy 1997, Neuwinger 2000, Danforth & Noren 2012
322
Malpighia glabra
(Malpighiaceae)
Synonym M. emarginata, M. punicifolia
Common names Barbados cherry, acerola
Photo: Eric Gaba Wikimedia Commons
Description A large shrub up to 3 m high. Leaves 2 - 8 cm long by 1 – 4 cm wide, bearing white, silky,
irritating hairs when very young; hairless, dark green, and glossy when mature. The flowers have 5 pink
or lavender petals. Fruits borne singly or in the leaf axils, are 1 - 3 cm, with thin, glossy skin and
orange-coloured, juicy, acid pulp. Each fruit contains 3 small, triangular seeds.
Ecology Native to the West Indies and South America. It
is drought resistant and cannot stand waterlogging. It does
not grow well on acid soils. In acid soils the tree may be
attacked by root knot eelworms. Present in Kisantu botanic
garden.
Propagation Grown from seed or cuttings. Transplant
seedlings to pots when 7.5 cm high. Cuttings should have
2 or 3 leaves.
Photo: Bùi Thụy Đào Nguyên Wikimedia Commons
Uses The sour fruits are edible and rich in vitamin C. They
are usually made into jam or the juice is added to other
fruit juices. Trees may yield 13.5 - 28 kg fruit. Ripe Barbados cherries bruise easily and are highly
perishable. Eating the fruits helps to prevent coughs and colds. The juice can be gargled to relieve a
sore throat. Wood is hard and heavy and does not burn unless absolutely dry. The shrub can be grown
as a hedge.
References Sri Setyati Harjadi 1991, Burkill 1997, van Wyk 2005, Purdue University website (Accessed
28.6.2016), World Agroforestry Centre website (Accessed 2.7.2016)
323
Mammea africana
(Clusiaceae)
Common names Mafambu, dimbu dingi (dingi = gum, resin, incense) (Kongo), bokodji (Lingala),
African mammee apple, oboto or djimbo (commerce)
Photo: Julie Dewilde
Description A large forest tree up to 45 m tall with a straight, cylindrical trunk and scaly brown bark.
Inner bark yields a yellowish resin. Leaves are opposite, glossy, 9 - 35 cm long and 3 - 13 cm wide.
Young leaves are copper-red. The flowers are produced in leaf axils and are either bisexual or male.
Bisexual flowers are solitary, white and up to 2.5 cm long. Male flowers are borne in clusters and are
smaller than bisexual flowers. Bisexual and male flowers are produced on different trees. The numerous
round to pear shaped fruits have a rough outer skin and are 10 – 18 cm in diameter. They are pale
yellow to orange, with many warts. The yellowish-white fibrous flesh contains 1 - 4 seeds. Mass fruiting
occurs every 2 – 3 years.
Ecology Occurs in evergreen to semi-deciduous forest. The tree prefers fertile forest soils with plenty
of moisture. Present from Senegal to Uganda and south to D.R. Congo and Angola.
Propagation Soak the seeds in water for 24 hours. Plant in a shady place. Germination is irregular
taking up to 8 months but can be up to 90%. Seedlings are slow growing.
Uses The wood is hard and heavy and lasts well. It is easy to work and is used for construction, general
carpentry, furniture and canoes. The fruits are eaten when completely ripe. They are left to fall to the
ground. When they become soft they are sliced and eaten. The skin is not eaten. The white-yellow pulp
is sweet but rather fibrous. However, some trees produce acid tasting fruit. Rotting fruit attracts snails
which are also eaten. Seeds are edible and contain oil which can be used for cooking. Resin is used to
repair earthenware. The shells were traditionally used as bells for hunting dogs. The flowers are known
to be visited by bees in Gabon.
References Gillet & Paque 1910, Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Bamps 1970, Ambougou 1991, Pauwels
1993, Vivien & Faure 1996, Danforth & Noren 1997, Lemmens 2008, Kibungu Kembelo 2010
324
Mangifera indica
(Anacardiaceae)
Common names Manga (Kongo), manguier (Fr.), mango
Description A tree from 10 to 40
m high. Good varieties have little
or no fibre in the fruits and do not
smell of turpentine.
Mrs. Major Makolo and Major
Gracia
Matondo,
with
an
improved, grafted mango (Ruby)
growing at Kasangulu
Ecology Originally from tropical
Asia. Commonly planted in
villages in Kongo Central. When
the
village
is
abandoned
numerous seedlings grow to form
a nkunku.
Ribe
Propagation
Large, fully developed, fresh seeds
germinate well, particularly if the seed is removed
carefully from the outer coat. Germination rate is
usually over 80%. Seeds should be planted in
containers or baskets to avoid damage to the taproot. Improved varieties can be side-, or more
usually, cleft-grafted onto rootstocks.
Mango flowers are a useful source of nectar and
pollen for bees during the dry season.
Only a well matured terminal bud, and the section
below it, should be used as scion wood. Immature
wood can lead to failure. Budding allows much
younger rootstocks to be used. Buds should be
prepared in advance by removing the leaves and
apical bud of mature terminal wood. This results in axillary buds
swelling after 1 - 2 weeks. Grafting results in faster growth and
earlier fruiting. Air layering may also be used.
Flower
Left: A good mango variety being propagated by air layering
Management Transplant early in the rain season and plant
with compost in a hole dug out 60 x 60 x 60 cm. Allow the main
stem to grow to 1 m before topping to produce a frame of well
balanced branches. Soil should be at least 1 m deep and well
drained.
Uses Mangoes are usually an excellent source of provitamin A
but a rather variable source of vitamin C. As mangoes mature,
their vitamin G content decreases. The timber is used for
construction work, flooring and furniture and is valued in East
Africa for making large, heavy, durable canoes. Strength and
size make them useful for ferry pontoons. The wood is used for
firewood and charcoal. The flowers are an important bee forage
marcot abundant pollen and nectar. The seed kernels can be eaten after being roasted, dried or pickled
yielding
and are used as a livestock feed for cattle or poultry. The bark is a source of a yellow dye used for silk.
325
A decoction of the bark from the trunk is used to strengthen the immune system and to treat diarrhoea.
The tree provides shade and can be used as a firebreak.
References Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Van Der Veken 1960, Crane et al. 1984, Burkill 1985 & 2000,
Martin et al. 1987, Fichtl & Adi 1994, Mbuya et al. 1994, Nakasone & Paull 1998, ICRAF 1998, Pousset
2004
nursery
Many valuable indigenous trees can be grown from cuttings.
A group of farmers at Kinseki with a shaded bed of cuttings.
A cutting taken from a Barteria
fistulosa tree. This is a fast growing
species common in secondary forest.
The twigs are used as toothbrushes
and the flowers are a good source of
nectar for bees.
Barnig cutting
326
Manihot esculenta
(Euphorbiaceae)
Synonym M. utilissima
Common names Dyoko, saka saka (Kongo), manioc (Fr.), cassava
Description A perennial shrub, up to 3 m high, with enlarged tuberous roots and a well developed root
system. There are many varieties, some of which are bitter and others sweet. Sweet varieties are short
season crops being harvested after 6 - 9 months. Some of these can be eaten raw. PRONAM and IITA
have been responsible for breeding high-yielding, disease-resistant varieties such as Kinuani for Kongo
Central, which is recommended along with the local variety Mpelolongi.
nsaki
Nsaki after a refreshing dip in the river.
Cassava leaves en route to Kasangulu market
Ecology Grown throughout the humid tropics in pure
or mixed stands. Rainfall should be well distributed
but the plant can withstand periods of drought. Light
sandy-clay soils of medium fertility give the best
results, but it will grow on infertile soils if they are
deeply cultivated to allow roots to penetrate.
Propagation Plant using cuttings, with at least 3
buds, 10 - 30 cm long, taken from the basal to mid
section wood of plants at least 10 months old. If dry
these can be stored for up to 8 weeks in cool, wellventilated conditions. Otherwise they can only be
stored for 7 - 10 days. In Kongo Central planting is
done at the start of the rains on mounds or ridges.
When clearing the land weeds should be buried in the
mounds as this has been found to increase yields.
Cuttings should be planted at a sloping angle, burying
them three-quarters of their length. This encourages
the roots to penetrate deeper. Plant 1 m apart in both
directions for a pure stand or 2 – 3 m for a mixed
crop. Keep land weed free until the crop covers the
soil. Ridge up after 8 - 12 weeks to encourage tuber
formation.
plant
327
Management Intercropping with Stylosanthes guianensis is a cost-effective method of installing a
permanent cover in which cassava and other crops can be grown. Cassava leaves should not be
harvested more frequently than at 2 month intervals otherwise tuber yield is affected.
A good crop obtained after a long
period of fallow
Uses Cassava roots provide the staple
food in Kongo Central, but they are low
in protein and lack vitamins. The
carbohydrate
is
however
easily
digested. The leaves are cooked as the
principal vegetable (nsaki) and are rich
in protein (over 6% of fresh material),
minerals and vitamins. Cassava flour
can be used to replace up to 20% of
wheat flour in bread making. Adding
1% of a dough conditioner such as
calcium stearoyl lactylate, improves the bread. Bread can also be made from a mixture of 80% cassava
flour and 20% soya bean meal after adding 4% of an emulsifier, such as glycerol monostearate, or
extruded maize starch (up to 15% of the cassava flour), to the dough. Some varieties of cassava flower
during the rain season and provide bees with pollen and nectar. In Kongo Central the young leaves are
sometimes used as an abortive.
Nsaki, the pounded
leaves
of
cassava,
cooked with palm oil
and peppers (on right)
being eaten with the
leaves of Nkaka, a forest
creeper.
References Gillet &
Pâque 1910, Léonard
1962,
Kay
1973,
Daeleman & Pauwels
1983,
Mbemba
&
Remacle 1992, Pauwels
1993,
Burkill
1994,
Raemaekers
2001,
Bulakali et al. 2014
nkaka
328
Manihot glaziovii
(Euphorbiaceae)
Common names Nkweso, nsaki kausu (Kongo), caoutchouc de Céara (Fr.), Ceara rubber, tree cassava
Description
A
reaching 6 m high
crooked
stem
branching habit.
abundant latex.
small
tree
with a short,
and
bushy
It produces
Manihot glaziovii growing
in a village compound.
Ecology Often grown as a
boundary marker in Kongo
Central. Native to north-east
Brazil but now widely planted
throughout the tropics.
Propagation
cuttings.
by
seed
or
plant
Uses There appear to be two
varieties in Kongo Central. The latex
of one is used to repair bicycle tyres
and various utensils and is a source
of Ceara rubber. Leaves of the other
are eaten as a vegetable. The
flowers are a useful source of nectar
to bees during the rain season, but
produce a bitter honey. The wood
breaks easily and is susceptible to
white rot (Leptoporus lignosus). The
root is rich in starch but hard and
woody. It is used medicinally. The
plant can be crossed with M.
esculenta for pest and disease
In flower
resistance but the resulting
tubers are often woody. By
back-crossing to cassava
more palatable tubers are
produced which are also
resistant to mosaic and
brown streak viruses. Stems
and roots are used as famine
foods.
A tree in Mbanza Nzundu
village provides latex for
repairing the inner tubes of
bicycles.
References Gillet 1927,
Renier 1948, Uphof 1968,
Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1994,
Ambang et al. 2009
329
Manniophyton fulvum
(Euphorbiaceae)
Common names Nkusa, nkuta, kilendila (Kongo), kalunga (Lingala)
Description A straggling bush, which develops into a creeper 20 - 30 m long, with stems up to 10 cm
thick. Leaves have 5 distinct nerves at the base and are heart shaped or divided into 3 lobes. The
leaves, up to 35 cm long and 28 cm wide, and stem are rough and abrasive, like sandpaper. When cut
the stem yields a thick red sap. Flowers are small with white petals. The male flowers are arranged in a
panicle about 25 cm long. The female flowers are shorter and the flowers develop into a dry hairy
capsule with 3 deep lobes. When ripe they burst open scattering the small seeds.
Ecology Found in clearings in secondary forest and along water courses in Kongo Central. Present in
closed or mixed deciduous evergreen forest from Sierra Leone to Cameroon and south to Angola.
Uses The bark is an important source of rope and string throughout Central Africa. It is used to make
fishing lines in Congo. The bark is easily
removed and when pounded and dried
becomes less abrasive and is more easily
worked. In Central Africa it was
traditionally woven into nets 1.5 m wide
and many meters long for catching forest
animals. The leaves are browsed by
goats. Seeds contain up to 50 % of
yellow, tasteless oil which is edible after
boiling for some time. Seeds are
sometimes used to expel intestinal
worms and the sap is applied to wounds.
There are a number of other medicinal
uses for the plant in Africa.
References De Wildeman 1903, Butaye
1909, Gillet & Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927,
Renier 1948, Léonard 1962, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1994, White & Abernethy 1997,
Neuwinger 2000, Vande weghe 2004
330
photo
Manotes expansa
(Connaraceae)
Synonym M. pruinosa
Common name Diladila (Kongo), dikedi (Lingala)
Description A creeper or straggling shrub growing up to 6.5 m high. Petiole from 5 – 25 cm long with
3 – 13 narrowly elliptic leaflets 3 – 10 cm long and 1.5 – 5 cm wide. The small flowers are in panicles on
stalks up to 50 cm long. Fruits are 1.5 cm long.
fruit
Ecology Commonly found in secondary forest on sandy soils in Kongo Central. Also found in rain
forests from Guinea to Liberia.
Management The plant coppices well and is frequently found regrowing after cultivation.
Uses The tree has several medicinal uses in Kongo Central. The fresh roots are eaten for diarrhoea and
dysentery. The red sap from pounded shoots is also drunk for diarrhoea, dysentery or anaemia etc.,
dropped into the eyes for conjunctivitis or headaches or put into the ear to treat inflammation. It is also
taken in Manianga district to increase milk flow in nursing mothers. Leaf paste is applied to burns. Cut
stems yield a liquid that is sometimes drunk. Kwesu (Imbrasia eblis) and Ndienga edible caterpillars eat
the leaves. The plant flowers during the rain season and bees were seen collecting nectar and pollen in
February.
Left: Imbrasia eblis feeding
on the leaves
References De Wildeman
1934, Renier 1948, Troupin
1952, Nsimundele 1966 – 68,
Arkinstall 1979, Burkill 1985,
Mukoko
Matondo
1991,
Kibungu
Kembelo
1995,
Neuwinger 2000, Latham
2003
Kwesu
331
Maranta arundinacea
(Marantaceae)
Common names Midon (Kongo - from amidon (Fr.) = starch), marante (Fr.), West Indian arrowroot,
arrowroot
Description An erect perennial herb 100 - 180 cm tall with fleshy cylindrical rhizomes and leaves 22 x
8 cm. The flowers rise 1 m high in twin clusters but only rarely produce seeds. The plant is shallow
rooted.
Ecology Originally from the
West Indies but now
cultivated throughout the
tropics. It is not commonly
grown in Kongo Central. It
prefers a hot moist climate
with only a short dry
season. The plant requires
deep, well-drained, acid,
fertile, loamy soils. Shade is
beneficial when grown on
sandy soils.
Propagation The plant is
usually grown from small
pieces of rhizome with
buds, 4 - 7 cm long, called
‘bits’.
Thin
rhizomes
should
not
be
used.
Plant
the
pieces
in
holes
5
–
7.5
cm
deep and spaced at 30 cm
leaf
apart in well prepared soil.
Management The crop must be clean weeded for the first 3 - 4 months and all flowers removed as
soon as they appear. The rhizomes are harvested after about 11 months when they are 20 - 45 cm long
and when the leaves begin to wilt and
die down.
Uses In Kongo Central the rhizome is
used to make a drink or else dried and
added to food, and is particularly eaten
with chicken. Flour from the roots yields
a very smooth paste or jelly making it
suitable for foods for small children and
invalids. It is highly digestible and
especially useful for the treatment of
digestive problems. Preparation requires
thorough cleanliness. The root is peeled
to remove the bitter, sticky substance in
the skin. It is then pulped, mixed with
clean water and the starch is obtained
by washing through fine sieves and
allowing it to settle. The rhizome can
also be eaten after boiling or roasting. It
has special value in being able to absorb
harmful substances from the body and
can also be used to treat wounds. The
residue after extracting the starch can
be used instead of pepper. Leaves are
sometimes used for wrapping foods.
References Gillet 1927, Renier 1948,
Purseglove 1972, Kay 1973, Burkill 1997
Photo:
Photo:http://www.aziatische-ingredienten.nl/pijlwortel/
http://www.aziatische-ingredienten.nl/pijlwortel/
332
Marantochloa congensis
(Marantaceae)
Common names Yoruba soft cane
Description An erect or scrambling, slender, perennial, branching herb, up to 4 m high forming
thickets. Leaves are alternate, with an asymmetric blade, up to 20 cm long and 10 cm wide, with a
rounded base rounded and a pointed tip. Inflorescence is up to 10 cm long with 2 white or yellowish
flowers. The flowers are pollinated by bees. Fruit is a dehiscent 3 lobed capsule.
Both photos: Alexandra Ley - www.africanplants.senckenberg.de
Ecology Present in forest from Sierra Leone to southern
Nigeria and south to D.R. Congo. The plant occurs from
sea-level up to 1200 m altitude in moist, shaded locations
in forest, including primary forest, secondary forest,
riverine forest, swamp forest, gallery forest, seasonally
flooded forest, mixed forest and forest regrowth.
Uses In Kinshasa the leaves are used for wrapping food.
The stem and the stem bark are widely used for making
cords and for plaiting mats, baskets and ornamental
items. The petioles are also recorded as being used for
tying and plaiting. Cords made from the stem bark are
strong, but mats and baskets are not durable, because
the bark strips lose their flexibility rapidly and tend to
break readily when dry. The leaves are used for packing.
The dried stems are used as firebrands and are also laid
on the ground for sleeping.
References Burkill 1997, Hawthorne & Jongkind 2006,
Biloso & Lejoly 2006, Brink 2011
333
Margaritaria discoidea
(Phyllanthaceae)
Synonym Phyllanthus discoideus
Common names Kinsende (Kongo), common pheasant-berry
Photo: Quentin Meunier
Description A medium sized tree with long, slender drooping branches. The male flowers are
conspicuous and so are the small clusters of short stalked, persistent green fruits. Leaves are 2.5 – 15
cm long. Numerous lenticels are present on the twigs. Flowers are small, yellow-green with male or
female flowers on separate trees. Fruits are 3 – 4 lobed, 7 – 13 mm in diameter. There are various
subspecies and varieties.
Ecology A pioneer species which may become dominant and then dies out. Found in closed secondary
forests and widespread in tropical Africa.
Propagation Large quantities of seed are produced. Collect unopened capsules from the ground and
crush them to obtain seed. Plant the seed, after soaking in cold water overnight, direct at site or using
wildlings.
Management The tree is fast growing and can be coppiced or pollarded.
Uses The timber is hard and heavy, but is not very durable outdoors, and is used for indoor and cabinet
work. It is not difficult to work, finishes smoothly and takes a good polish. It is also used for firewood
and charcoal. Coppice shoots make good building poles. In Congo the wood is used for making the ribs
in boat building as the wood bends easily when steamed. The wood ash yields a vegetable salt. The
leaves are used for treating wounds. Flowers are reported to be visited by bees in Gabon. In Kongo
Central Minsendi edible caterpillars, a much appreciated species, feed on the leaves. Before cooking the
spines are singed off. The black fruit is cooked and eaten with coconut. The seeds are much sought
after by guinea fowl.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Staner & Boutique 1937, Renier 1948, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983,
Keay 1989, Ambougou 1991, Burkill 1994, Katende et al. 1995, Kibungu Kembelo 1995, Neuwinger
2000, Hawthorne and Gyakari 2006, Meunier et al. 2010, Harris et al. 2011
334
Markhamia tomentosa
(Bignoniaceae)
Common name Nsasa (Kongo)
Description A shrub or tree up to 13 m high with the
branchlets and young foliage densely covered with very
short yellowish hairs. Leaves have 5 – 6 pairs of leaflets
10 – 21 cm long and 3.7 - 7 cm wide. Flowers are 3.5 – 4
cm long with purple streaks inside the corolla.
Ecology Present in old, fringing, transition and savanna
forests of West Africa and south to Angola.
Uses Timber is pale brown, hard and good for carpentry.
It is used for making mortars and musical instruments in
Kongo Central. Flowers are visited by honeybees. In
southern Nigeria small diameter wood is used for knife
handles. The tree is sometimes grown as an ornamental.
It has a number of medicinal uses. The bark can be used
for tanning.
Propagation Fresh seed germinates well.
Remarks A second species, M. lutea, though uncommon,
is reported to be present. It has only 3 – 4 pairs of
leaflets. It is found from Ghana to East Africa, where it is
used extensively for agroforestry.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927, Renier
1948, Irvine 1961, Liben 1977, Burkill 1985, Pauwels
1993, Katende et al. 1995
335
Megaphrynium macrostachyum
(Marantaceae)
Synonym Sarcophrynium arnoldianum
Common names Dingungu, bindiondi (Kongo)
Description A
forming extensive
high each bearing
long by 12 - 30 cm
perennial semi-woody herb,
clumps, with stems to 2.5 m
a single large leaf 30 - 60 cm
wide.
Stems bearing fruit (left) and flowers (above).
Ecology Found in damp places in primary or
secondary forest from Sierra Leone to western
Cameroon and in all countries around the Congo basin.
PlantIn
Kintudi
Uses
Kongo Central the split stems are used for making baskets and mats and the leaves are widely
used to wrap chikwangue. The leaves are often traded in markets. They are also used for thatching
houses and as packing material for various foodstuffs. Before they open, the young shoots are cooked
as a vegetable. The fruit
flesh is also edible. The
leaf sap is used to treat
epilepsy and a leaf extract
to treat poisoning in Ivory
Coast.
Left: Young shoots being
prepared
for
cooking.
Photo: T.K. Naliaka
References
Gillet
&
Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927,
Renier 1948, Daeleman &
Pauwels 1983, Konda et
al. 1992, Burkill 1997,
Neuwinger
2000,
Nsimundele 2004
336
Melia azedarach
(Meliaceae)
Common names Lilas de Perse (Fr.), Persian lilac, syringa, China berry
Description A fast growing, usually deciduous, shrub or small tree up to 15 m tall. Bark is smooth and
reddish brown. Leaves have 3 - 9 of toothed leaflets 3 – 8 cm long and 1 - 3 cm wide with one terminal
leaflet. Fruits are fleshy yellow-orange and oval, in clusters which persist on the bare tree. Flowers and
fruits are produced throughout the year.
Ecology Planted on roadsides, gardens and in villages in Kongo Central and widely planted in the
tropics and sub-tropics. It is drought resistant and moderately termite resistant.
Propagation The seeds germinate easily but can also be soaked in water for 24 hours before being
sown in a nursery or direct on site. Transplant when they reach 30 – 45 cm. Store seed in a cool place.
Management The tree grows rapidly and can be pollarded or coppiced and pruned. It produces
suckers and may become a nuisance. When grown for timber, remove side branches up to 6 m high.
Uses The bitter bark is widely used as an anthelmintic and an infusion of the leaves is also used to treat
intestinal worms. Both bark and leaves are used to reduce fever. Dried leaves and twigs can be used to
protect clothes, books and leather items. Leaves can also be placed between mats and supporting
boards to control bed bugs. An extract of the leaves in water is effective in controlling grasshoppers.
The tree is not eaten by locusts or termites and an infusion of the leaves will control insect attack on
vegetables. Fruits are known to be very poisonous to humans, livestock and poultry, and especially to
pigs, but sheep and goats eat them with relish. The fruits produce a fat used in making soap, paint
manufacture and to treat rheumatism. The wood resembles mahogany and makes good construction
timber durable in exposed situations. It is used for building poles, tool handles and in making musical
instruments. It is also used for firewood and charcoal. Leaves can be used as green manure.
Remarks Eating 6 – 8 fruits can cause nausea, spasms and death in children.
References De Wildeman 1903, Gillet 1927, Staner & Boutique 1937, Renier 1948, Staner & Gilbert
1958, Pauwels 1993, Mbuya et al. 1994, Katende et al. 1995, Stoll 2000, Hirt & M’pia 2001
337
Melinis minutiflora
(Poaceae)
Common names Leka mbwa (= dog’s bed), fwetete (Kongo)
Description A perennial tufted grass
with stems up to 2 m long and
reaching up to 1.5 m high. The
leaves are covered with glandular
hairs that secrete a sticky substance
described as smelling of cummin,
linseed or molasses.
Ecology Found on open and often
steep
rocky
hillsides,
wooded
savanna, forest edges and clearings
throughout tropical Africa at altitudes
between 800 and 2,500 m. The grass
has also been introduced to other
tropical countries.
Propagation Can be grown from
seed or cuttings.
Management Cutting at a height of
12 cm encourages lateral spread,
produces a good ground cover and
delays flowering.
Uses The dried plant is used as
bedding material to repel insects
from dogs. The whole plant is
reported to be insecticidal and is
sometimes
cultivated
for
this
purpose. In Tanzania the bruised leaf
is rubbed on livestock or used for
nesting material for poultry to repel
insects. The leaves and shoots are
used in Kongo Central to treat loss of
voice, swelling of the stomach
accompanying
jaundice,
heart
problems and inflamed swelling in
the groin or armpits. It can be used
for grazing but is not very palatable to cattle and is not as productive or persistent as other species. It
plant
will
however quickly cover cultivated land and suppress weeds. The plant is also used to treat insanity,
eczema and as a purgative.
Remarks The grass is sometimes planted in the maize crop to repel stalk borer in eastern Africa.
References Gillet 1927, Staner & Boutique 1937, Renier 1948, Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Bogdan
1977, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1994, Neuwinger 2000, Spore 2002 Vol 98 p 4, Kibungu
Kembelo 2003
338
Melochia corchorifolia
(Sterculiaceae)
Common names Mulumbwa (Tshiluba), herbe à balai (Fr.), chocolate weed
Photo: Bart Wursten. National Botanic Garden of Belgium
Description A highly variable annual or perennial herb, erect or creeping, up to 1 m tall. Leaves are
arranged spirally, blade is variable being narrowly to broadly ovate, up to 6.5 cm × 4 cm and hairy.
Inflorescence is a condensed axillary or terminal cyme. Flowers are bisexual white with a yellow base
inside. Stamens are united almost to the top of the filaments. Fruit is a round, 5-valved capsule, 5 – 6
mm in diameter.
Ecology Widespread in tropical Africa,
Asia and Australia. Mostly found in wet
localities.
Propagatio Use seed. Germination can
be
improved
considerably
by
scarification.
Photo: Phuong Tran
Uses The plant is used as an
anthelmintic. Leaves are sometimes
eaten as a vegetable in West Africa.
Cattle graze the plant. The bark yields a
fibre used for tying bundles or as fishing
lines. Fibres are fine and strong and are used like those of Triumfetta, Urena and Hibiscus. An aqueous
solution of leaves has insecticidal properties. Beans and other pulses, stored in bags treated with the
solution have shown a reduction in the number of Callosobruchus eggs laid and in damage done by this
storage pest.
References Gillet 1927, Staner & Boutique 1937, Renier 1948, Germain 1963, Wild 1972, Williamson
1975, Burkill 2000, Bosch 2004
339
Mentha arvensis & M. suaveolens
(Lamiaceae)
Common names Nkwenta, ndamba, dinkondi (Kongo), menthe (Fr.), corn, field or apple mint
Description These are lowgrowing perennial herbs with
underground stems or stolons.
Stems are 4-angled. Leaves are
small and contain aromatic glands
giving a characteristic smell when
crushed.
A container of mint growing on the
verandah of a house.
Ecology Widely cultivated. The
plants prefer moisture-holding,
fertile soils and are often grown in
containers in the shade.
plant
Propagation Divide the rootstock. Old plants should be repotted every 2 to 3 years. Stems root easily
from the lower nodes.
Management Shoots can be harvested as required, normally starting 40 - 55 days after division.
Uses The leaves are added to flavour foods such as fish, mbika (the seeds of various Cucurbit species),
sweet peppers and also eaten with the fruit of Dacryodes edulis or with fufu (cassava porridge). The
leaves can also be used to make tea. Leaves contain menthol which acts as an antiseptic and
decongestant.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Tindall 1983, Bown 1995
Charcoal making is a popular way of earning money. It has however led to a
serious loss of forest cover in the province.
340
Mentha x piperita
(Lamiaceae)
Common names Ndamba (Kongo) is used for Mentha sp., nsimasatu (Kongo), menthe poivre (Fr.),
peppermint
Photo : Trinto Mugangu
Description A perennial aromatic herb or shrub, 30 – 90 cm tall, with 4 angled, reddish-purple, hairless
stems. The serrated leaves have a strong, characteristic peppermint smell. Flowers are not produced in
the tropics.
Ecology Widely grown in gardens in Kongo Central. The plant tolerates a wide range of soil and climate
conditions. Grown extensively in USA.
Propagation Easily grown from cuttings or pieces of rhizome.
Uses In Kongo Central the plant is used to treat coughs, high blood pressure; and a stuffy nose and as
a decongestant and a tonic. The plant is the source of menthol (peppermint oil), which is well known for
its cooling sensation in the mouth and throat. It is used to flavour toothpaste, foods, drinks and in
cough mixtures and nasal sprays. The oil is obtained by distillation of the fresh or dried shoots and
leaves. In Gabon it is used to make a tisane and as a stimulant and an aid to digestion.
Remarks M. x piperita is derived from 4 other species: M. aquatica (water mint), M. spicata (spear
mint), which is itself derived from M. suaveolens (apple mint) and M. longifolia (horse or longleaf mint).
References Gillet & Paque 1910, Laman 1936, Raponda – Walker & Sillans 1961, Tindall 1968, Uphof
1968, Macmillan 1991, Bown 1995, Burkill 1995, van Wyk 2005, Personal communication - Trinto
Mugangu 30.12.16
341
Merremia dissecta
(Convolvulaceae)
Common names Alamo vine, noon flower
Description
A
perennial
creeper, up to 6 m long, with
deeply lobed leaves, 3.7 – 8.2
cm long and 5.6 – 12 cm wide
on a hairy petiole 2 – 7 cm long.
Flowers are in axillary cymes,
usually white but can be red or
purple. Fruit a globular, papery
capsule 1.5 – 1.8 cm.
Ecology Originally from central
America but widely introduced
to other countries. Often grown
around houses but also in open
grassland and along roadside.
Propagation Can be grown
from seed or cuttings.
Uses Sometimes grown as an
ornamental plant. Plants have
the taste and smell of almonds
and are used as a substitute in
cakes, sweet breads and candy.
In Nigeria the plant is used to
repel snakes and a cold infusion
is used to treat giddiness,
snake-bite and intoxication. The
leaves are poisonous to cattle.
They
have
antimicrobial
properties. The roots are boiled
or baked in ashes and eaten in
parts of Argentina and have a
slightly similar taste to sweet
potatoes.
References Burkill 1985, van
Valkenburg & Bunyapraphatsara
2001, Fayaz 2011
Photo: Melody Lytle, Lady
Johnson Wildflower Center
Bird
342
Merremia tuberosa
(Convolvulaceae)
Common names Rose de
Jéricho (Fr.), wood rose
Description
A
fast
growing, evergreen, twining
climber up to 6 m long. It
grows
from
a
large
underground tuber. The
leaves are 7 lobed. Flowers
are funnel shaped, yellow or
occasionally white. Fruits
are ivory brown.
Ecology Originally from
Central America but now
distributed
throughout
tropical Africa and Sri
Lanka. A serious pest in
USA spread by capsules
which are used for floral
decorations.
Propagation Can be grown from
cuttings or seed.
Uses Grown as an ornamental in
Africa. The flowers and dry fruits are
commonly
used
in
flower
arrangements elsewhere. The tuber
is peeled and boiled in water and
given to treat ovarian cysts.
References Gillet 1927, Renier
1948, Jex-Blake 1957, Burkill 1985,
Brickell 1994, van Valkenburg &
Bunyapraphatsara
2001,
Llamas
2003, Fayaz 2011
Photo of fruits: Kirsten Llamas
343
Microdesmis puberula
(Pandaceae)
Common names Ndomba ndomba fioti, nkubudi, mukubi (Kongo), ichike, iseke (Lingala)
Description A shrub or small tree, 3 – 6 m high,
though it can also grow as a creeper. The twigs and
petioles are covered with down. Leaves are oval to
elliptic, have a pointed tip and are often asymetric at
the base, 5 - 15 cm long and 2 - 6 cm wide. The plant
bears numerous male flowers and a few female flowers.
Flowers are small, 3 - 9 mm, orange-yellow, in clusters.
Fruits are small red or black berries.
Ecology Very common in forest regrowth and forest
remnants from southern Nigeria to Angola and in
Uganda.
Uses Young leaves are eaten as a vegetable in Kongo
Central. The fruits are also edible. There are numerous
medicinal uses of the plant. An extract from the boiled
roots is used to treat rheumatism. Mbambi edible
caterpillars feed on this tree. Wood is brown, hard,
flexible, of fine structure and easily worked, taking a
lustrous polish. It is used for spring traps, knife
handles, combs, spoons, bed frames, chairs and
walking-sticks. In Equateur province the plant is used to
treat neuralgia, epilepsy and diarrhoea.
References De Wildeman 1934, Renier 1948, Léonard 1962, Keay 1989, Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1997,
Mabberley 1997, Nsimundele 2004, Konda ku Mbuta et al. 2012
344
Milicia excelsa
(Moraceae)
Synonyms Chlorophora excelsa
Common names Nkamba (Kongo), nkambala
or iroko (commercial names), chêne d’Afrique
(Fr.), African teak
Description A large tree which can grow 30 50 m high with a straight bole. Buttresses are
either small or absent. The bark is pale ashgrey to nearly black. Leaves in young trees
have a rough upper surface.
Ecology Found in secondary, lowland rainforest
and moist savanna; often left standing in
cultivated land. Present throughout tropical
Africa, from Guinea Bissau to Mozambique
Propagation Collect the fruits after they fall
naturally and soak them for 6 hours in water.
Squeeze the seeds out and allow them to sink
to the bottom. Pour off the debris and dry the
seeds. Seed germinates easily when fresh. If
dried, they can be stored for up to one year
before germination falls off to 50%. Young trees
transplant well but must be at least 3 cm in
diameter
at the base of the stem and 25 cm long,
Tree
preferably even greater. This usually takes two
years from sowing. Young trees should be planted
as part of a mixed forest rather than in pure
stands. They do not like grass competition but
may be suited to planting under bananas.
Traditionally the tree was often planted near
villages in Kongo Central for timber and to attract
Bisu (Imbrasia petiveri) edible caterpillars.
Right: Young tree growing in an
Acacia auriculiformis plantation
Management Young trees coppice vigorously. A
mass of root suckers may arise from the base of
the stump, especially after a bush fire and these
can replace the parent plant if thinned to one or
two. Suckers will arise from roots accidentally
severed and as the roots are very close to the surface, and run for great distances (e.g. 50 m) this is
probably an important means of regeneration in cultivated land.
Uses The wood makes an excellent timber, hard and durable yet easy to work, and taking a good
polish. The heart-wood is ant proof and resistant to water and fungal diseases. It is widely used in
cabinet making and for canoes. In Kongo Central it seedling
is also used for charcoal making and boundary
marking. Bisu (Imbrasia petiveri) edible caterpillars feed on the leaves. It is possible to see whether
caterpillars are present by looking for the droppings below the tree, but to get to the caterpillars means
climbing the tree - not an easy job when it is often such a tall unbranched tree!
345
Mondo drum made from Milicia excelsa for calling villagers from fields
The bark also makes a good charcoal. In Kongo Central a decoction of the leaves is taken for gallstones
and the latex is used as a purgative. The latex is reported to have antiseptic and healing properties and
is applied to sores, tumours and inflamed areas of the skin. The latex blended in a mortar can be used
in place of cement. The smoke produced by burning the wood is used to treat ulcers. A plant extract
has been found to be active against the wood termite Reticuli tremis. The tree is fairly fire resistant
when mature. Young leaves are cooked and used as a
vegetable. Older leaves can be used instead of
sandpaper. The fibrous bark is used for roofing houses
and for dyeing leather and cloth. A fungicidal chemical,
chloropherine, has been obtained from the wood.
Remarks Seedlings are often attacked by the gall bug
Phytolyma lata (see right). Young trees finally outgrow
this pest but if transplanted into an existing woodland
providing some shade, e.g. Acacia auriculiformis, may not
be so severely attacked. Resistant plants can be raised
from stem or root cuttings.
Gall
Imbrasia petiveri edible caterpillar
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927, De Wildeman
1934, Hauman 1948, Renier 1948, Leloup 1956, Irvine 1961,
Watt & Breyer Brandwijk 1962, Nsimundele 1996 - 68,
Williamson 1975, Okigbo 1978, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983,
Keay 1989, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Iwu 1993, Pauwels 1993,
Beentje 1994, Msanga 1998, Ofori 2007, Meunier et al. 2010
346
Toy trucks made by children
Nsafu transporter
Building the cab
347
Millettia eetveldeana
(Papilionaceae)
Common names Mbwenge,
mwengete (Kongo)
Description A tree which
may grow to 20 m. Leaves are
composed of 7 – 12 pairs of
leaflets, each 3.8 – 7.5 cm
long and 1.8 – 3 cm wide.
Left: The tree is often found in
flower throughout the year.
Ecology A tree of primary
and secondary forests, forest
borders, gallery forests, dry
forests, woody savanna and
fallows in D.R. Congo, Angola,
Zambia and Mozambique.
plant
Propagation
Cuttings grow well, sprouting after one week. Millettia
seeds germinate without prior treatment.
Uses Commonly used to make live fences, and for furniture and hut
Malombaloka (Antheua sp.)
construction. Wood is yellow and very hard. The bark soaked in
feeding on Millettia eetveldeana
water is taken as a laxative. Although rotenone and other chemicals
with insecticidal properties are present in Millettias, several edible
caterpillars, probably all Notodontids (Miengete, Mfundi and Malombaloka), feed on the leaves. Bees
collect both pollen and nectar from the flowers. In Kongo Central the plant has a number of medicinal
uses.
Left: Mfundi (Antheua sp.) edible
caterpillars.
References
Butaye
1909,
Hauman et al. 1954, Cobbina &
Reynolds 1988, Pauwels 1993,
Neuwinger 2000, Latham 2003
348
Millettia griffoniana
(Fabaceae)
Synonym Lonchocarpus griffonianus
Common names Mbota masa (Kongo), bobwote, igogo (Lingala)
Millettia griffoniana flowering in July at Kilueka
Description A tree or shrub, 10 – 20 m tall. Leaves compound with 3 - 5 pairs of leaflets 5 – 10 cm
long and 2 – 4 cm wide. The strongly scented, lilac to violet flowers, up to 1.5 cm long and appear with
the new leaves in the dry season. The fruit pods, which are rarely produced, are 4 – 8 cm long and 2 –
3.5 cm wide, pale brown and do not split open for some time. Curved stipules, 2 mm long, distinguishes
it from M. thonningii.
Ecology Grows beside water, particularly on river banks, from Nigeria to Angola. It is common in Kongo
Central.
Propagation M. thonningii is easily grown from seed or stumps.
Uses In Kongo Central the bark is used to treat stomach ache. In Gabon the flowers are used as a soap
substitute for washing clothes and the leaves as a fumigant. The tree is a handsome ornamental tree.
Root bark has anti-inflammatory properties. Millettia sp. are important honeybee plants in the dry
savanna.
References Renier 1948, Hauman et al. 1954, Raponda-Walker & Sillans 1961, Keay 1989, Pauwels
1993, Burkill 1995, Hepburn & Radloff 1998, Nsimundele 2004, Hawthorne & Jongkind 2006, CJB
(accessed 4.5.16).
349
Millettia laurentii
(Papilionaceae)
Common names Kiboto, ntoka (Kongo), mokonge (Lingala), bois noir, wenge (commerce)
Description
branch A large tree reaching a height of 30 m. The trunk is pale grey with slight, rounded
buttresses at the base. The compound leaves are made up of 4 - 9 pairs of opposite leaflets with one
terminal leaflet. Flowers are borne above the canopy between March and December. The fruit is a pod
containing 2 - 4 seeds. An endangered species.
Ecology Occurs naturally in central Africa. Grows on firm clay soils in closed and gallery forests,
wooded savanna and is often planted in towns for shade.
Propagation Can be grown from large cuttings and from
seed.
Uses The dark-brown marbled wood is of excellent quality,
very hard, dense and strong. It is used for house
construction, making bowls, furniture and carving. It is also
exported for cabinet-making, panelling, parquet floors etc.
The wood is resistant to fungus and insect attack. It takes a
good polish. The tree is ornamental and has been
extensively planted along avenues in Kinshasa. In Kongo
Central a decoction of the bark is used to treat pimples, for liver flowers
infections, diabetes and rheumatism. A
decoction of the leaves is also used to treat liver problems and diabetes. Poison is extracted from the
tissues for arrows, for catching fish and making insecticides, but also for expelling intestinal worms and
as a medicine for reducing fever. Bees were
seen collecting nectar in December. N'boto
(Coeliades libeon), Ntesi and Munsona (the
latter a Platysphinx species) edible caterpillars
feed on the leaves. Though caterpillars eating
this plant are edible they can cause illness if not
well cooked or are eaten in large quantities.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Renier 1948,
Dartevelle 1951, Hauman et al. 1954,
Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Daeleman & Pauwels
1983, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Pauwels 1993,
Kibungu Kembelo 1995, White & Abernethy
1997, Latham 2003
Munsona caterpillar feeding
350
Millettia versicolor
(Papilionaceae)
Common names Mbota, lubota (Kongo), bontshoko, bosoko (Lingala), bois d'or (Fr.)
Description
tree A tree 20 - 30 m high but often found as a shrub 3 - 4 m high. Leaves comprise 5 pairs of
leaflets with a terminal one. Leaflets are 8 – 15 cm long and 3.5 – 5 cm wide. The underside of the leaf
is covered with fine silky hairs. The flat pods split suddenly throwing seeds up to 15 m away.
Ecology Often found in savanna in the process of reforestation and in secondary forests, where it is
common at the forest edge. The tree grows back well after fire. Also present in Gabon, Central African
Republic and Angola.
Propagation Grows easily from cuttings.
Uses Thin straight branches are planted as fences
around compounds and the tree is also planted for
shade. The fine golden-brown wood is hard and does
not rot. It is used for carving and for tool handles.
The wood is also suitable for making charcoal. The
wood was used for wheels and wheel hubs. The
flowers are attractive to bees and are produced all the
year round. Nsanga or Mimbota mbota (Antheua
insignata), Bwenge and Munsona (Platysphinx sp.)
edible caterpillars feed on the leaves. The young
leaves are pounded and boiled and taken in small
amounts for intestinal worms and kidney problems.
The twigs and roots are also used to treat intestinal
worms.
Remarks The tree is a common constituent of the
nkunku – a traditional forest formed either
accidentally or by design around villages in Kongo Central comprising fruit trees, Milicia excelsa, oil
flower
palms etc.
References Butaye 1909, Gillet 1927, Drachoussoff 1947, Reneier 1948, Hauman et al. 1954,
Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Aumeeruddy & Pinglo 1988, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Pauwels 1993, Kibungu
Kembelo 1995, White & Abernethy 1997, Göhre et al. 2016
351
Mimosa pigra
(Mimosaceae)
Synonym Mimosa pellita var. pellita
Common names Kikoke (= hook; the plant has hook like spines)(Kongo), alanganya, alankagna
(Lingala), cat’s claw
Description A shrub up to 4 m tall, sometimes climbing. The stems have spines up to 7 mm long. The
compound leaves are sensitive, having 25 - 40 pairs of leaflets 4 – 6 x 0.5 – 1.25 mm. Flowers are
mauve or pink. The brown pods, 3.5 - 8 x 0.8 – 1.2 cm, are clustered together, covered with bristles,
and break up transversely into segments 3 - 6 mm long. The margins persist as an empty frame.
Ecology Found at the edge of forest and in damp places.
Uses In Kongo Central the juice
used to be put in the nostrils of
hunting dogs to enable them to
follow the scent better. Where the
plant is common, the defoliated
stems and branches are left to
dry and can then be used as
firewood. The root yields 10%
tannin. The plant is used in
tropical Africa as a tonic and for
diarrhoea, gonorrhoea and blood
poisoning. The seed is emetic and
also acts as an expectorant. It is
used for dental troubles. The leaf
contains mimosine, which is used
as a purgative and a tonic. In
Thailand beekeepers report that
the flowers are a pollen source
for bees.
References Butaye 1909, Gillet & Pâque 1910, Gilbert & Boutique 1952, Pauwels 1993, Agroforestree
Database (Accessed 11.10.12)
352
Mitracarpus hirtus
(Rubiaceae)
Synonym M. villosus
Common names Mbanda nzazi, bana ba nzazi (Kongo), button grass
Description
A small, annual, much branched herb growing 10 - 50 cm tall. The stem is 4 angled, hairy,
plant
sparsely branched and woody at the base and is segmented into nodes with each node bearing a pair of
leaves. The flower is composed of a round head, 1 - 1.8 cm in diameter, arising from the leaf axil, and
bearing small white flowers.
Ecology A common weed often associated with villages, on roadsides, waste places, in cultivated land
and grassland savanna throughout tropical Africa.
Uses The whole plant, and particularly the leaves, are used to treat fungal skin infections and
eruptions, epilepsy and colds in
children in Kongo Central. The liquid
from crushed leaves is considered to
be fungicidal and is widely used to
treat herpes, skin mycosis and
ringworm. The plant, or a water
extract, rubbed on the face, is
reported to cure eczema and stubborn
ulcers.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910,
Staner & Boutique 1937, Daeleman &
Pauwels 1983, Akobundu & Agyakwa
1987, Burkill 1997, Neuwinger 2000,
Kibungu Kembelo 2003
Right: A plantation of Mitracarpus
hirtus grown by ANAMED Kinshasa
A village blacksmith making up a smoker from scrap metal
for use when harvesting honey
353
Momordica charantia
(Cucurbitaceae)
Common names Lumbusu (Kongo), bitter gourd, balsam pear, African cucumber
Description A hairy, herbaceous creeper bearing tendrils which enable it to climb. Stems may reach 4
m long. When the old stems die new shoots are produced from the base. The stem is hollow and
angled. The alternate leaves are lobed, up to 5 cm long, and roughly toothed. Petioles produce an
unpleasant smell when crushed. Flowers are yellow, up to 8 cm long, and arise from the leaf axils. The
fruit is yellow when ripe, oblong, warty, with longitudinal ridges. It splits to expose red seeds.
Ecology A common creeper of cultivated fields and fallows throughout the tropics. It grows well in hot
humid conditions up to 500 m altitude on rich soils with good water-holding capacity.
Propagation Extract seeds from pods and dry them in the sun
before sowing.
Uses In Kongo Central, tender shoots and leaves are crushed,
boiled and eaten with peanut butter and tomato sauce, though
they can be bitter. The bitterness can be reduced by changing
the cooking water or peeling and soaking overnight. The leaves
of Momordica foetida are also eaten. In Kongo Central a
decoction made from the seeds of M. charantia is used to treat
stomach pain. The plant is also used to treat skin eruptions,
mastitis, tuberculosis, tooth decay, heavy periods and
prolonged crying in babies. Elsewhere in the Congo the leaves
are used for colic and the seed for roundworm. The main use
of the plant in West Africa is as a laxative, to expel intestinal
worms, and to treat stomach pain and fever. The plant is
known to have insecticidal properties. In Asia the plant is
cultivated for its edible fruits and tender shoots. The fruits are
sometimes used as a substitute for soap when washing clothes
and the leaves can be used to clean metal. Bees visit the
flowers for nectar and pollen.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, De Wildeman 1934, Staner &
Boutique 1937, Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Morton 1967,
Burkill 1985, Akobundu & Agyakwa 1987, Robinson & Decker-Walters 1997, Martin et al. 1998,
Amponsah et al. 2002, Schippers 2002, Kibungu Kembelo 2003
354
Mondia whitei
(Apocynaceae)
Synonym Chlorocodon whitei
Common names Kimbiolongo, ntubungu (Kongo)
plant
Description A trailing or climbing plant with thin hairy stems from 3 to 6 m long. Leaves are large,
opposite, softly hairy and heart shaped. The roots are yellow and strongly aromatic. Stems, roots and
leaves produce white latex. The roots grow just beneath the ground surface covering large areas.
Ecology A forest creeper which grows in high rainfall areas throughout tropical Africa. It is occasionally
planted and grown on a trellis or pergola in Kongo Central.
Propagation The plant can be grown from seed or from cuttings taken from roots or shoots.
Uses The leaves (nlondo in Kongo) are eaten as a vegetable. They are chopped in large pieces, dried
and then cooked with peanut butter. The fleshy bark of the root is eaten raw, or occasionally after
drying, to freshen the mouth, as an aphrodisiac and an appetizer. The roots are also eaten to ease
coughing, stomach-ache and haemorrhoids. Root infusions are used in Zimbabwe for constipation,
anorexia, bilharzia and as an aphrodisiac. The roots have a vanilla-like odour and a sweet after-taste
and have possible use as a spice. The plant yields a fibre up to 1.5 m long.
References Gillet & Pâque
1910, De Wildeman 1934,
Renier 1948, Watt & BreyerBrandwijk 1962, Nsimundele
1966 – 68, Daeleman &
Pauwels
1983,
Mukoko
Matondo 1991, Konda et al.
1992, Beentje 1994, Maundu
1999, van Wyk & Gericke
2000, Kibungu Kembelo 2003,
Nsimundele
2004,
Nzuki
Bakwaye et al. 2013
Fruits on a plant growing on a trellis
355
Monodora angolensis
(Annonaceae)
Common names Mpeya (Kongo), faux muscadier
Description A small to medium sized tree up to 20 m high with a diameter of up to 40 cm which
branches low down. The leaves, which are smaller than those of M. myristica, are 4.5 – 20 cm long and
2.8 – 5 cm wide, and have short petioles, 2 – 8 mm long. Flowers are fragrant with petals 3 – 6 cm long
and 1.5 – 3 cm wide. Fruits are round to conical 5.5 – 8 cm long and 5 – 7 cm wide at the base.
Ecology Grows in humid forests in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Uganda, Tanzania, Gabon and
Congo (Brazzaville).
flower
Propagation M. myristica is grown from seed, which is planted after soaking for 12 hours in cold
water. Wild seedlings may also be transplanted. Seed cannot be stored.
Uses The aromatic seeds of both this tree and of M. myristica are used as a substitute for nutmeg to
flavour meat, soup and vegetables. They are used as a tonic, stimulant and to aid digestion. The seeds
are also used to protect clothes from insect damage. The wood is used for tool handle and for building.
In Kongo Central the seeds, together with the following dried plants:- Pentadiplandra brazzeana, Piper
nigrum, Securidaca longipedunculata, Xylopia aethiopica, Aframomum melegueta and Croton mubango
are finely ground, sieved and taken with a little water to treat hernias. Leaves are used to treat colic
and constipation. Crushed seeds are used as a substitute for soap. The pulverized bark, together with
seeds of Aframomum melegueta and Garcinia kola, are rubbed in to treat pain in the joints and lower
back.
References Butaye 1909, Gillet & Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927, De Wildeman 1938, Renier 1948, Boutique
1951, Bouquet 1969, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Pauwels 1993, Moore 1994, Katende et al. 1995,
Kibungu Kembelo 2003, Harris et al. 2011
356
Monodora myristica
(Annonaceae)
Common names Mpeya, bendo bendo, mukasa (Kongo), faux noix muscade, muscadier de calabash
(Fr.), African nutmeg, calabash nutmeg
Description A tree up to 30 m tall with
a trunk of up to 60 cm diameter.
Branches are horizontal. Bark is thin and
smooth.
Leaves are alternate, often
wider towards the tip, thick, 7 - 50 cm
long and 2.5 – 14.5 cm wide. Flowers
are borne singly, on stalks up to 5 - 25
cm long, appearing at the base of young
shoots when the new leaves appear.
Fruit is a berry, 15 cm in diameter, which
becomes brown and woody. Numerous
shiny seeds, 2 cm long, are embedded in
the white sweet smelling pulp.
Ecology Originally from West and
Central Africa. It is sometimes cultivated.
Propagation The fruit must be ripe and
dry before the seeds can be extracted. The
tree can be grown from seed or wild
seedlings. Soak the seed for 12 hours
before planting in pots. Seeds soon lose
viability.
Management The tree can be pollarded,
or lopped. It requires pruning from time to
time.
Photo: Van Swearingen
Uses In Kongo Central the aromatic seeds
are ground and added to food, giving a
flavour similar to nutmeg. They are also
used to treat colic and constipation, as a
stimulant, as an insect repellent and to
cure headaches and sores. The seeds are
frequently sold in West Africa. The tree is
sometimes grown for its attractive flowers. The wood is hard but easy to work and is suitable for
carpentry and turnery. It is also used for firewood and charcoal. The bark is used to treat haemorrhoids,
stomach-ache, fever pains and eye
diseases.
References Gillet 1927, Irvine
1961, Nsimundele 1966 - 68,
Katende et al. 1995, de Guzman &
Siemonsma 1999, Harris & Wortley
2008, Ghöre et al. 2016
357
Morinda lucida
(Rubiaceae)
Common names Nsiki (Kongo), brimstone tree
Description A tree 15 - 20 m high,
usually having a crooked trunk and bearing
a dense crown of slender, but also crooked
branches. The bark is grey and flakes off.
Leaves are opposite, 7 – 15 cm long. The
characteristic green fruits remain on the
plant for a long time before eventually
turning black.
Young tree near Kintenda village
Ecology Found especially in forest
regrowth and sometimes in areas liable to
flooding, where it may be abundant. It is
present from Senegal to Uganda and south
to Angola.
Propagation The tree can be grown from
seed or cuttings
Uses In Kongo Central, a decoction of the
leaves is taken to relieve colic, diabetes,
rheumatism and intestinal worms. For
smallpox the leaves are crushed and boiled
and then a bath is taken in the water. A
decoction of the root bark is also used as a
wash to treat smallpox. Washing in water,
in which pounded bark
has been soaked, is used
to treat haemorrhoids. It
istreealso an important
medicinal tree in West
Africa.
Elsewhere
in
Congo and West Africa
the tree is a source of
green, yellow and red
dyes and is sometimes
planted for this reason.
The yellow, hard wood is
used for house-building,
posts and planking, but
must be well seasoned. It
is also used as firewood.
Roots are used as
chewsticks.
Remarks “Nkunku n’siki
vwaangi”
(Kongo
proverb) = At first the
bush is protected, then
the Nsiki tree appears
until at last the forest is
created.
leaf
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927, Delaude et al 1971, Keay 1989, Mukoko Matondo 1991,
Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1997, Kibungu Kembelo 2004, Pousset 2004, Zimudzi & Cardon 2005
358
Morinda morindoides
(Rubiaceae)
Common names Kimeso nkama (Kongo)(Meeso nkama = 100 eyes), kongo bololo (Lingala)
Description A climbing, hairless shrub to 10 m high with attractive, scented, white flowers.
plant
Ecology Found in high forest, dry deciduous forest and coastal scrub from Senegal to west Cameroon
and Bioko and across the Congo basin to Sudan.
Propagation The shrub can be grown from seed or cuttings.
Uses
In
Kongo
Central, the leaves
are boiled up in
water and the liquid
drunk as a cure for
malaria, diarrhoea,
diabetes, stomachache and to expel
intestinal
worms.
This liquid is also
applied rectally to
get rid of intestinal
worms. The bark
and roots are used
to
treat
painful
joints, diabetes, skin
eruptions,
wounds
and haemorrhoids.
The leaves and roots
are
reported
to
contain
several
quinine-like
compounds.
References Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Delaude & Breyne 1971, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Mukoko
Matondo 1991, Burkill 1997, Kibungu Kembelo 2003, Makumbelo et al. 2008
359
Moringa oleifera
(Moringaceae)
Common names Ben ailé (Fr.), drumstick tree, horseradish tree
Description
A small, fast growing tree, often forked near the base, and up to 8 m high, with sparse
leaf
foliage (see centre photo on the front cover of Volume 2). The white, sweet smelling flowers are borne
throughout the year.
Ecology Native to northern India but now grown widely throughout the tropics, though uncommon in
Kongo Central. It grows well in poor, free-draining, sandy soils, and withstands long periods of drought.
Propagation Seed germinates easily and grows rapidly. Cuttings also grow easily even when grown in
poor soil. Cuttings are normally used when establishing a
hedge.
Management Can be grown as a hedge. Coppices well and
the tree is best pollarded to increase the production of
leaves.
Uses The leaves are edible fresh or cooked and are used in
soups and sauces. 100 g of young leaves contain 9.4 g
protein and are also rich in calcium, iron and phosphorus and
vitamins A and C. The leaves are therefore useful in
combating malnutrition. Leaves can also be dried. This is best
done under shade and for 3 days, after which they are
powdered and stored. Green pods can be cut into short
pieces and cooked as a vegetable. Seeds can be fried and
eaten as nuts. Flowers and roasted seeds are also highly
nutritious and are consumed in many countries. The oil from
the seeds can be used for cooking, for lubricating sewing
machines etc., soap making and in lamps. After oil extraction
the pulp can be used as fertilizer or as feed supplement e.g.
in poultry food. Whole or pounded seeds can be used to
purify water. The residue of seed cake, after extracting the oil, can
fruitalso be used for this purpose. The
plant has been found to contain a number of antibiotic substances and powdered seed has been
incorporated into an ointment to treat common bacterial infections of the skin. Leaves are reported to
cure diarrhoea, anaemia and ulcers. Leaf tea is given for diabetes. Seed oil is used for gout, stomach
disorders and rheumatism. Roots can be used as a substitute for horseradish. Bees are reported to
collect nectar from the flowers.
References Greenway 1944, Robyns 1951, Crane et al. 1984, Keay 1989, Beentje 1994, Folkard &
Sutherland 1994, Burkill 1997, Hirt & M'pia 2001, Pousset 2004
360
Mucuna pruriens
(Papilionaceae)
Common names Dinkundi, mokendi, makondia (Kongo), pois pouilleux, poil à gratter (Fr.), velvet
bean
Description An annual hairy vine, with compound leaves.
The vines can grow to 10 m and the canopy may be as high
as 1 m above the soil surface. The leaflets are asymetric 5 13 cm long. Flowers are purple, in drooping racemes
containing many flowers; each flower is 3.5 - 4 cm long. Fruit
pods are densely hairy and 4 - 7 cm long. The brownish hairs
detach easily and are highly irritating to the skin. Seeds are
brownish with black mottling. Velvet beans shed significant
quantities of leaves before reaching maturity, and these
decay gradually in a litter layer below the actively growing
plants. Pod production is variable, but can easily reach more
than 2 t/ha, especially if the vines have the opportunity to
climb trees etc. Velvet beans fix atmospheric nitrogen which is
converted by the rhizobia on the roots to an available form
that is stored in the leaves, vines, and seeds. In Congo the
plant showed good nodulation with a high percentage of
effective nodules.
Ecology Sometimes found in secondary forest. Plants are
tolerant to drought, low soil fertility, and high soil acidity.
They thrive best under warm, moist conditions in areas with
plentiful rainfall.
Propagation Use seed. The plant also roots from cuttings.
Management Velvet bean dies naturally after producing
seed, about 45 - 60 days after flowering.
361
Uses The seeds are eaten in Kongo Central. The water used for boiling the seeds must however be
discarded. Both the green pods and the mature beans can be boiled and eaten. The beans can also be
roasted and ground to make a coffee substitute. An infusion of the leaves is used to treat colic. Velvet
beans are widely grown elsewhere as a fallow crop to improve soil fertility and to smother weeds They
are also grown as a forage crop. The plant is well known for its ability to control nematodes when used
in rotation with a number of commercial crops. The oil obtained from the seeds, or wet sand, is
reported to be effective in reducing the irritating effect of the hairs. The seeds are also ground up and
used to treat Parkinson's disease.
The species has been used to prevent the growth of Imperata cylindrica and to provide a green manure
for maize, cassava, and sorghum. Farmers use animal-drawn tools to knock over and cut up the green
manure/ cover crop, leaving it on the surface. With another farmer-designed, animal-drawn instrument,
they then clear a narrow furrow in the resulting mulch into which the next crop is planted. As a result
there is no need to plough. There has been rapid spread of mucuna in Benin in recent years for
suppression of Imperata cylindrica. Soils on the plateaux of southern Benin and Togo are nearing
exhaustion. Researchers introduced mucuna cover cropping to alleviate the problem of low nutrient
supply to maize, the staple crop. Some 14,000 farmers now grow the crop in Benin. Farmers who
adopted mucuna cover cropping benefited from higher yields of maize with less labour input for
weeding: maize following mucuna yields 3 - 4 t/ha without application of nitrogen fertilizer (similar to
yields normally obtained with recommended levels of fertilization at 130 kg N/ha); whilst yields on plots
previously planted with maize and cowpea was 1.3 t/ha. Mucuna as an intercrop or as a sole crop
provides more than 100 kg N/ha to the following crop of maize.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927, Hauman et al. 1954, Nsimundele 1966 - 68, Skerman
1977, Duke 1981, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Drachoussoff 1993, Burkill 1995, Pousset 2004
362
Murdannia simplex
(Commelinaceae)
Synonym Aneilema sinicum
Description A robust, erect or
sprawling perennial herb up to
1.3 m tall, sometimes having a
tuberous rootstock. The linear
leaves are grooved, 20 cm x 1
cm, sheathing the stem at the
base. The blue flowers are
produced in terminal racemes.
Individual flowers have 3 pale
mauve to blue rounded petals.
All flowers face the same
direction. The flower buds
exude a sticky liquid.
Ecology Sometimes present
along roadsides. Widespread in
tropical
Africa
and
in
Madagascar and Asia, often in
damp places.
Uses According to some people
the tubers are edible, to others
they are poisonous and used as
a fetish. In Ghana the plant is
grown as an ornamental. In
Kenya it is grazed by all
domestic stock. It is used
medicinally in Tanzania.
References
De
Wildeman
1934, Renier 1948, Williams
1949, Burkill 1985, Blundell 1987, Baumann
2005, CJB (Accessed 22.5.2015), Wikipedia
(Accessed 22.5.2015)
Both photos: Robert von Blittersdorf
eastafricanplants@senckenberg.de
363
Musa spp.
(Musaceae)
Common names Dinkondo di ngala (Kongo)(dessert bananas), ngyoka (plantains)
Description A large perennial herb, 2 – 9 m tall,
growing from an underground rhizome. There are
many local varieties grown.
Ecology Dessert bananas are commonly grown in
home compounds in Kongo Central. Deep friable
loams and soils which are not compacted are
preferred. High organic matter and fertility assure
good yields. Bananas require an adequate water
supply.
Propagation By suckers. Remove old roots and
diseased parts, place suckers in a sack and dip in
boiling water for 30 seconds to control nematodes
and stem borers. For planting the best method is to
dig out a hole 60 x 60 x 60 cm add about 5 buckets
of compost and mix with top soil in the base of the
hole. Plant the sucker in the pit at the beginning of
the rains and add household waste material and
manure from time to time.
Left: Dessert bananas
Right:
fruit Banana flowers are visited by bees
throughout the day for nectar and pollen
Management Remove all dead leaves. There
should be 6 to 8 healthy leaves remaining on
the plant for adequate fruit development.
Remove excess suckers. Cut out old stems
below
ground
level after harvest
flowers and cover the base with soil to reduce
borer/weevil infestation. Chop up the stem to encourage it to
dry out or rot down quickly. Adding mulch and compost every 6
months improves yields significantly. Several hybrid varieties,
resistant to black sigatoka disease, have been developed.
Plantains Photo: Luc Pauwels
Uses The main use is for the edible fruit. Bananas contain
vitamin B6 and riboflavin and are easy to digest, especially
when completely ripe. Dessert bananas can also be made into
flour. Small, green fruit are peeled, plunged in hot water for 4 –
5 minutes and sun-dried before being pounded to flour. In
Kongo Central the young unopened leaves (nsoko mankondo)
were traditionally eaten as a spinach. A fine fibre is sometimes
extracted from the stem and used for string. The suckers are
used to treat oedema and sprains. The root is used to expel
parasitic worms. Bees forage for nectar and pollen, though not
all nectar is available to bees. Nectar secretion is increased by
rain and damp soil. The flavour of honey is astringent, like
tamarind. Plantain bananas can be fed to poultry.
References De Wildeman 1903, Butaye 1909, Gillet & Pâque 1910, Castagné 1983, Daeleman &
Pauwels 1983, Crane et al. 1984, Drachoussoff 1993, Nakasone & Paull 1998, Raemaekers 2001
364
Musanga cecropioides
(Urticaceae)
Synonym M. smithii
Common names Nsenga, kimbongo (Kongo),
mobambo (Lingala), parasolier (Fr.), umbrella tree
Description A tree 20 m tall with a straight bole
often having prop roots. Leaves are compound, up
to 60 cm across, with 12 - 15 shiny lobes, each up
to 45 cm long, on a hairy leaf stalk. Leaf-sheaths at
the base of the stalk are red-brown and hairy, up to
30 cm long. Male trees have flowers with more than
50 round, pink stamen heads. Female trees have
pairs of yellow-green succulent flower heads, 2 - 3
cm long, on a 12 cm stalk. The fruit head is about
12 cm long, green and fleshy. The tree grows very
rapidly.
Ecology Found in secondary forests, often a
tree
pioneer
species on heavy, damp, fertile soils after
clearing. It will not grow in shade. The tree’s
range is from Guinea to Angola.
leafPropagation Usually direct sown on site.
Seed can be broadcast. The soft yellow fruit
falls to the ground when ripe. Mash the fruit
in water. Seeds sink and can then be dried.
Seed can only be stored for 2 months and
must be kept in a cool place.
Uses In Kongo Central the root sap is used as
a disinfectant and to encourage scar
formation on wounds. Fruit is edible. The
wood ash is used as salt and a lye for soap
making. The tree canopy produces a dense
leaf-litter and makes a good shade tree for
coffee. Wood, called corkwood, is very light,
soft and coarse grained. Used for rafts, fence
palings, rough partitions, and for roof
insulation. It can also be used for making
household implements such as stools, musical
instruments, walking sticks, trays and baskets
etc. Used as a cork substitute and for paper
Male flower
making. The aerial roots yield large amounts
of liquid (up to 2.5 litres each) which can be
drunk instead of water. The flowers are reported as a bee forage in Kongo Central and in Gabon.
Nsenga edible caterpillar feed on the leaves.
References De Wildeman 1903, Gillet & Pâque 1910, Hauman 1948, Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Daeleman
& Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1985, Lobreau-Callen 1988, Keay 1989, Ambougou 1991, Peters et al. 1992,
Pauwels 1993, Katende et al. 1995, Kibungu Kembelo 1995
365
Mussaenda arcuata
(Rubiaceae)
Common names Nsilu nsilu (Kongo), Esobi (Lingala), liane de Kisanji (Fr.), savanna gooseberry
Photo: Quentin Luke
Description A shrub to 2
m tall or a creeper
growing up to 8 – 10 m
long where not subject to
annual burning. Stems
yield a white sticky
substance. Leaves are
opposite,
simple
and
entire 5 - 13 cm long and
2 – 7.5 cm wide. Clusters
of bright yellow starshaped
flowers
are
produced at the ends of
branches. The corolla is
pleated, yellow, with a
brown, inner, central star,
without the large coloured
sepal characteristic of this
genus. Fruits become
yellow when ripe, 1 – 2.5
cm long and 0.5 – 1 cm
wide, and contain many
small seeds in a slightly
sweet pulp.
Ecology Present throughout tropical Africa in savanna woodland. It grows in forest near streams, on
rocky outcrops and in evergreen forest.
Propagation Cuttings grow well.
Seeds also germinate easily but are
small and difficult to separate from
the pulp.
Management The plant comes into
flower after 1 – 2 years.
Uses Fruits are picked when yellow.
Squeeze out the inner pulp and
discard outer skin. Though some
people report that the taste is insipid
others report it tastes like a mixture
of kiwi fruit and figs. The fruit can
be made into jam. Leaves are
sometimes eaten as spinach in
Ubangi. The roots and leaves have
medicinal uses.
References Renier 1948, Hallé
1966, Vivien & Faure 1996, Burkill
1997, Danforth & Noren 1997, Göhre et al. 2016
Photo: Roy Danforth
366
Myrianthus arboreus
(Urticaceae)
Common names Muntusu (Kongo), bokamu (Lingala), arbre à pain indigène (Fr.), giant yellow
mulberry
Description A tree up to
20 m high with a short
trunk. Stilt roots are often
present. The compound
leaves are arranged spirally
and have 5 leaflets with a
common stalk. Leaflets have
toothed margins and are
from 16 – 30 cm long. Male
flowers are yellow, female
green. The fruits are from 6
– 10 cm in diameter. The
wood is yellowish-white,
soft and fibrous. In Central
Africa trees can be found
flowering throughout the
year.
Ecology Found in primary
and
secondary forests, often in damp places, on heavy soils, from Sierra Leone to Angola, and in
plants
Uganda and Tanzania. It requires a high rainfall and will
grow from sea level to an altitude of 1,200 m.
Propagation Remove seed from the fruit and dry. It is
best to soak the seeds before planting. Seed germinates
readily after 4 weeks. Bud grafting and stem cuttings can
also be used for propagation.
Uses The fruit pulp is edible and slightly acid. Ripe fruits
are picked and eaten or green mature fruits can be picked
and stored. If fruits are left until they fall they are generally
rotten. When cut the aerial roots produce sap which can be
drunk. Young leaves are sometimes eaten in Kongo
Central. They are also used as a wound dressing. The
yellow wood is light and used for making household
utensils but is difficult to work. It is suitable for firewood.
In the Congo the seeds are eaten after cooking.
Male flowers
The kernel is rich in oil and amino acids. The
seeds are very much appreciated for making
soup in Nigeria. Lye can be extracted from the
wood-ash for making soap. The tree has
numerous medicinal uses. The sap from the
leaves is used to heal wounds and a decoction
of root bark and leaves is taken to relieve
coughing. The fallen leaves form a thick layer
of humus, building up fertility. Nitrogen levels
are improved by the mycorrhiza associated
with the roots. Flowers are reported to be
visited by bees in Gabon.
2004,
fruits Okafor 2004, Pousset 2004, Meunier et al. 2010
367
References Butaye 1909, Gillet 1927,
Hauman 1948, Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Burkill
1985, Keay 1989, Ambougou 1991, Pauwels
1993, White & Abernethy 1997, Nsimundele
Napoleonaea vogelii
(Lecythidaceae)
Synonym N. angolensis
Description A small to
medium sized tree to 10 m
high. Bark is pale, rough
and gnarled. Branches are
twisted. Leaves alternate, c
12 x 4 cm. Flowers which
smell like vanilla, are
produced amongst the
foliage and on branches
and trunk. The woody
fruits are brownish to
reddish, with a pitted skin
and contain 4 – 6 seeds in
gelatinous pulp.
Napoleonaea vogelii
flowering on the trunk.
Photo: Bart Wursten
Ecology
Present
in
undergrowth in Kongo
Central. Also found near
streams or seashore from Guinea to Angola.
Uses The fruit is edible and has a pleasant flavour. Timber is hard, yellow-white to pale brown but it’s
small size limits its usefulness. The wood takes a fine polish but is not durable. Used for firewood and
tool handles. Twigs contain saponin and are used as chew-sticks in Ghana and Nigeria. Inner bark and
roots are roasted and used
to treat coughing and
asthma in Liberia and Sierra
Leone. A root decoction is
used to treat fever in
Nigeria. In Nigeria the
leaves, bark, seeds, twigs,
fruit and roots are used to
treat
diabetes,
fever,
coughing and catarrh.
References Renier 1948,
Liben 1971, Pauwels 1993,
Burkill 1995, Vivien & Faure
1996, White & Abernethy
1997, Tolu Odugbemi 2006,
Harris & Wortley 2008,
Fayaz 2011
Napoleonaea imperialis in
the botanic garden at
Kisantu.
368
Nauclea diderrichii
(Rubiaceae)
Common names Kienga ki masa, ngulu masa (Kongo), bois d’or (Fr.), brimstone tree, West African
boxwood, bilinga (commerce)
Description A large tree, up to 40 m tall. It
has deep roots. Leaves are shiny, oval up to
15 cm long, often rounded at the base on a
petiole 1 cm long with a pair of distinct leafy
stipules at the base. Small green-whiteyellow flowers are borne in solitary terminal
heads 3 cm across. Fruits grey-brown and
round, diameter 2.5 cm, containing many
tiny seeds in a white pulp. The outer skin is
spiky. This species is now vulnerable.
Ecology The tree grows in swamps and
marshes and is found in damp sites in high
rain-forest. Present from Sierra Leone to
Cameroon and in the Congo basin and into
Uganda and Mozambique. It grows best in
unshaded sites.
Propagation Can be grown from seed planted in a
nursery. The fruit becomes soft as it ripens. It is
crushed and dried and the seeds removed. Sow within
two months. Germination occurs within 14 - 21 days
with a germination rate of 50 – 75%. Germination is faster when the seeds have been soaked in water.
Prick out the seedlings after 1.5 – 2 months, when they are 10 – 15 cm long and have 4 – 6 leaves.
Plant
them
in
seedbeds
at
a
spacing of 25 cm, but
care should be taken
to avoid damaging or
wilting of the soft
stems. The seedlings
can then be planted
out after 12 months,
being reduced to
stumps first. Planting
out is done at a
spacing of 3 m × 3
m. The tree is also
easy to propagate by
cuttings.
It
regenerates well in
large forest gaps and
along roads in the
vicinity of mother
trees.
369
Management The tree is fast growing. The young saplings are often multi-stemmed, and the
secondary stems must be eliminated in the early years by pruning. The plant coppices well.
Uses Heart wood is yellow to golden brown, darkening on exposure. It is coarse textured, hard, strong
and not attacked by decay or termites. The wood is commercially valuable and can be used for heavy
construction, furniture, mortars and canoes. Timber lasts well below ground. It is also used as fuel
wood and for charcoal production. The fruit pulp is edible, but not much eaten and is mainly used as a
famine food. The root, bark and wood are used for making a yellow dye. The tree is widely used in local
traditional medicine. The roots are reported to have diuretic properties and used for the treatment of
anaemia. Bark decoctions are drunk for the treatment of hepatitis, and also drunk or used as a wash for
intestinal worms.
References De Wildeman 1903, Butaye 1909, Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Hallé 1966, Daeleman &
Pauwels 1983, Katende et al. 1995, Vivien & Faure 1996, Burkill 1997, Opuni-Frimpong & OpuniFrimpong 2012, Agroforestree database (Accessed 24.10.12)
Preparing cassava flour for the day’s meal
370
Nephelium lappaceum
(Sapindaceae)
Common names Poilus, ramboutan (Fr.), rambutan
fruit
Rambutan growing in the botanic garden at Kisantu
Description An evergreen, bushy tree to 20 m high. In good cultivars the flesh is plump, sweet and
juicy. Rambutan trees grown from seed may be either male (40 - 60%), or hermaphrodite that function
as female or truly hermaphrodite trees. The last type are the most desirable and may be found more
frequently in certain cultivars. Bees are important for pollination.
Ecology A moist, hot climate with well distributed rainfall is required. A dry period of at least one
month is needed to start flowering but thereafter, during fruit set and growth, adequate moisture is
required. The tree tolerates many soil types, including poorly drained ones, but a deep, well drained
loam is preferred.
Propagation Seedling trees fruit in 5 - 6 years, but wherever possible trees should be propagated
vegetatively by marcot or
budding as a high proportion
of seedlings are likely to be
male and the fruiting of the
remaining females can vary
widely.
Rootstocks are
grown from seed.
Rambutan seedlings being
grown for budding near
Kisantu
Seed must be washed and
dried and then sown in beds
immediately. Germination is
reduced if more than two
days elapse from the time
the seed is removed from
the
flesh.
Rambutan
nursery
371
seedlings should be transplanted when they are about 15 cm tall with minimum disturbance to the
roots. They should be transplanted into well manured, shaded beds and spaced at 30 cm. They are
ready for budding when the seedlings are 12 - 18 mm in diameter and producing new growth.
Choose good fruit-bearing trees for the bud-wood. However these should not have borne fruit in the
present season. Shoots should have plenty of dormant buds and be taken 3 - 4 months after harvesting
the fruit. Best buds come from one-year-old wood of finger thickness. It may be necessary to cut off the
leaflet blades on the shoots beforehand to encourage buds to form. Put the bud-wood in shade with the
lower end in water. Keep the bud-wood moist while transporting and bud on a dull, cloudy day. Shade
the budded seedlings.
Management The rambutan can
be grown mixed with other trees,
bushes and herbaceous plants.
Early pruning and training to form
an open centre is recommended.
Prune back twigs that have borne
fruits
and
remove
suckers.
Mulching is important. Ring-barking
or girdling branches or the trunk of
trees in late summer increases the
flowering and fruiting of trees that
flowered
poorly
in
previous
seasons.
Uses One of the best fruits of the
East. The flesh is white and juicy
with good flavour. The seed is
edible when cooked and can also
be used to make soap or candles.
The wood tends to split during
seasoning but is hard, strong, easy
Fruits
to work and finishes well. It lasts well if used for internal carpentry work but may be attacked by fungi.
Young shoots are used to dye silk green.
References Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Garner & Chaudhri 1988, Nakasone & Paull 1998
Good friends!
372
Newbouldia laevis
(Bignoniaceae)
Common names Mumpesempese (Kongo), boundary tree
flowers
Description A shrub or small tree
from 3 - 8 m high with branches that
grow vertically and having attractive
flowers.
Ecology The tree grows naturally in
wooded savanna from Senegal to
D.R. Congo.
Newbouldia laevis growing around a
home compound.
Propagation Easily grown from
seed or cuttings.
Uses Frequently grown as a hedge
or
boundary
marker
around
compounds. The wood is palebrown,
even-textured
and
moderately durable and used for
posts and tool handles. It makes
good firewood. A decoction of the
roots is used to control intestinal
worms in Kongo Central. There are
numerous medicinal uses for this
plant and indications are that a
mouthwash, prepared from mature
leaves, may be effective in stopping
the growth of the bacteria causing
dental caries.
References Butaye 1909, Gillet &
Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927, Renier
1948, Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Liben 1977, Burkill 1985, Pauwels 1993, Neuwinger 2000, Okeke 2003
bush
373
Nicotiana tabacum
(Solanaceae)
Common names Fumu (Kongo) (from the Portugease fumo), tabac (Fr.), tobacco
Description An annual or short lived perennial herb growing 1 – 3 m high.
Ecology Tobacco does not grow well on water-logged soils or soils with a high salt content. It thrives in
a warm climate and needs sufficient rainfall while the plants are young.
plant
Tobacco being grown on a site where charcoal had been made
Propagation Seed is long lived and should be sown thinly in a fine seedbed. One teaspoon is sufficient
for 30 sq. m. Sowing is best carried out using a watering can. Place the seed in the can, add water, stir
and then use a fine spray.
Uses Though usually grown for smoking the plant can be used as an insecticidal spray. The highest
concentration of nicotine is in the stalks and leaf ribs. Sprays are most effective when the temperature
is above 30°C. Food crops should not be
eaten until 4 days later. The plant also acts as
an insect repellent and a fungicide. Nicotine
spray is effective against aphids, cabbage
worms, caterpillars, flea beetles, grain weevils,
leaf miners, mites, stem borers, thrips and
rust disease in beans. Soak 1 kg crushed
tobacco stalks and leaves in 15 litres water for
one day. Add some grated soap (this will help
the liquid stick to the sprayed plants). Filter
out the solid material. Spray immediately
using a fine nozzle. Clean out all utensils
carefully after use. Nicotine is a very toxic
organic poison. It is important not to
allow the spray to come in contact with
the skin during application. Tobacco is
also a useful bee plant providing both pollen
and nectar. Though the honey from tobacco is
unpalatable by itself it is normally brought in with nectar from other plants which mask the unpleasant
flowers
taste.
References Gillet 1927, Purseglove 1968, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Crane et al. 1984, Stoll 2000
374
Nymphaea lotus
(Nymphaeaceae)
Common names Longalonga, kilongalonga (Kongo). (This name is also used for N. maculata and N.
nouchali), koto (Lingala), nénuphar (Fr.), water-lily
lotus rhizome and roots anchored in wet mud.
Description A perennial aquatic herb withNymphaea
a long tuberous
The floating leaves are round, 12 - 40 cm in diameter, shiny green above and pale, often tinged dark
purple, below. They are sharply toothed at the margins. Flowers are solitary, white, cream or pink and
up to 20 cm in diameter, borne on stems up to 2 m long. Stamens are yellow.
Ecology Widespread throughout tropical Africa.
It is invasive in undisturbed water.
Propagation Can be grown from seed or
rhizome.
Uses In Kongo Central the leaves are used to
treat scabies and itch, migraine, alcoholism and
addiction to tobacco, browning of the hair,
oedema, rheumatism, epilepsy, skin eruptions
and mental disorders. The plant ash has been
used to make salt. In some areas people eat the
rhizomes, flower receptacle and seeds. The
rhizomes are eaten raw or cooked in stews and
sauces. They can also be ground and made into
flour. Roots are slimy, promote urination, and
are narcotic and sedative. Bees collect pollen
and nectar from the flowers. They are also
known to collect abundant pollen and some
nectar from N. nouchali (right). Plants can be
found flowering throughout the year.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, De Wildeman 1934, Staner & Boutique 1937, Renier 1948, Hauman
1951, Arkinstall 1979, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Akobundu & Agyakwa 1987, Fichtl & Adi 1994, Burkill
1997, Kibungu Kembelo 2003
375
Ochna afzelii
(Ochnaceae)
Common names Kidimbi, kidimbi ki nseke, ngo nti (Kongo)
Photo: Jean-Luc & Pauline Alliez
Description A shrub or small tree 3 – 8 m tall. Bark is smooth with a reddish slash. Leaves 3 - 15 cm
long by 1 – 6 cm wide. The yellow flowers are borne in clusters. The red sepals enlarge up to 18 mm
long around the fruits.
Ecology Found in savanna woodland and forest margins. Widespread in tropical Africa from Guinea to
Cameroon and from Sudan to Uganda.
Propagation Ochna species can be grown from seed or cuttings taken from young branches.
Uses The leaves are eaten fresh as a
salad. The wood is light-brown, hard
and heavy, and used for tool handles
and furniture. In Kongo Central, the
bark is used for dyeing and the inner
bark is used to treat anaemia. It is
first dried then put in boiling water
and a small amount is given to the
patient. Elsewhere in Africa the root
and stem bark is used medicinally to
treat coughs, dysentery, parasitic skin
diseases and inflammation of the
gums. Fruits are reported to be edible.
Kwesu
(Imbrasia
eblis)
edible
caterpillars feed on the leaves.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910,
Renier 1948, Irvine 1961, Watt &
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Nsimundele
1966 – 68, Bamps & Farron 1967,
Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Peters et
al. 1992, Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1997
flower
376
Ocimum americanum
(Lamiaceae)
Synonym O. canum
Common names Dingwansi
(Kongo),
American
basil,
camphor basil.
Description A bushy, semiwoody aromatic herb to 40 cm
high. Stem and branches are
square in section, yellowishgreen, densely covered with
white hairs when young, less so
when older. Leaves are simple,
on a petiole up to 2.5 cm long;
leaf-blade is lanceolate to
elliptic, 2.5 - 5 cm long and 1 2.5 cm wide, with glands on
both surfaces. Inflorescence is
up to 15 cm long, composed of
3-flowered cymes. Fruit is
composed of 4 distinct black
nutlets.
Ecology Often present in
villages and cultivated areas,
occasionally sub-spontaneous
throughout tropical Africa.
Propagation
seed.
Grown
from
Uses Used as a condiment,
especially to remove the muddy
taste and to mask the
unpleasant smell of some fish.
An infusion of the leaves is also drunk.
The leaves have a milder flavour than
O. basilicum or O. gratissimum. They
are also used as a remedy for
intestinal worms. Ocimum species are
important honeybee forage in the dry
savannas. Honey is very light and has
a fine flavour.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910,
Gillet 1927, Staner & Boutique 1937,
Renier 1948, Daeleman & Pauwels
1983, Siemonsma & Kasem Piluek
1993, Burkill 1995, Hepburn & Radloff
1998, Kibungu Kembelo 2008
Photo: Christian Bauer
377
Ocimum basilicum
(Lamiaceae)
Common names Dizulu (Kongo), basilic commun (Fr.), sweet basil
Description An annual
bushy, branching, aromatic
herb, woody at the base,
growing up to 1 m high.
Leaves are light to purplishgreen with toothed margins,
and 3 - 8 cm long. Flowers
small, pale blue, mauve or
purple, borne in loose
flowering heads, up to 30
cm long.
Ecology Widely distributed
in the tropics and commonly
cultivated in gardens and
around
compounds
in
Kongo Central. Grows best
in loam or sandy loam soils
with
plant adequate drainage and
high light intensity, up to 1,000
m altitude.
Propagation Sow seeds in
containers or seed-beds and
transplant when 5 - 8 cm high.
Space 30 - 45 cm apart. It can
also be grown from cuttings.
Management When plants
reach 50 - 70 cm, pinch out the
growing point to encourage
branching. Harvest just before
flowering. Cut the plant back to
10 - 15 cm from the ground.
Uses Leaves are strongly
aromatic and are used, both
fresh and dried, as a condiment
for flavouring soups and sauces.
They are also mixed with hot
peppers. The plant flowers
throughout the year providing
bees with pollen and nectar. In
Kongo Central the plant is used
medicinally to treat gastritis and
haemorrhoids. An infusion of
the leaves can be taken to
assist digestion. The leaves can
be used to kill leaf miners in
avocados and other fruit trees.
Soak 100 g leaves in 1 litre
water overnight. The leaves are
then ground up and strained
and 1 ml soap solution is added
before spraying.
plant
References Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Tindall 1983, Fichtl & Adi 1994, de
Guzman & Siemonsma 1999, Stoll 2000, Kibungu Kembelo 2003, Pousset 2004, Kibungu Kembelo 2010
378
Ocimum gratissimum
(Lamiaceae)
Synonym O. suave
Common names Dinsusu, dinsusunsusu, dinkondi (Kongo), baumier (Fr.), tree basil, fever plant
Description A branched, erect, woody
shrub up to 2 m tall. The leaves are larger
than those of O. americanum and O.
basilicum.
Ecology Frequently planted in vegetable
beds and around village compounds. The
plant is found throughout tropical Africa.
Mama Thérèse beside O. gratissimum
growing behind her house at Kasangulu.
Propagation By seed or cuttings.
Uses The strongly scented leaves are used
to flavour meat, especially chicken, and
soups. The leaves and shoots, together with
other plants, are used to treat diabetes,
sciatica,
haemorrhoids,
migraine,
rheumatism, dental caries, coughing,
asthma, eye problems and colds. The
leaves are also rubbed between the palms
and snuffed as a treatment for blocked
nostrils. The oil, obtained from distilling the
plant, can be used in an ointment to treat
acne. The plant is burnt as
agratmosquito repellent in
southern
Africa.
The
flowers are important for
bees as they are produced
over long periods. This and
other species of Ocimum
are frequently rubbed onto
hives, especially around the
entrance, to attract bees.
References Gillet & Pâque
1910, De Wildeman 1934,
Renier 1948, Watt & Breyer
- Brandwijk 1962, Arkinstall
1979, Howes 1979, Fichtl &
Adi 1994, Bown 1995,
Kibungu Kembelo 2003,
Pousset 2004, Göhre et al.
2016
close
379
Olax gambecola
(Olacaceae)
Synonyms O. viridis, Ptychopetalum alliaceum
Common names Kiwaya, kubi (Kongo)
Both photos: Quentin Luke
Description A small shrub, 1 – 2 m high, with a characteristic smell. Leaves are 7 – 17 cm long and 3
– 7 cm wide. Flowers are produced in short racemes. Fruits are 7 to 10 mm. in diameter, sweet and
edible when ripe.
Ecology Present in old and isolated forests and in gallery forests from Sierra Leone to Angola and
across the Congo basin to Uganda.
Uses The plant is valued as a condiment. The leaves
and fruit have a strong taste of garlic. The seeds are
grated and also added to dishes as a substitute for
garlic. The bark when soaked in water with fish
removes the taste of mud. The fruits are eaten.
Elsewhere in D.R Congo the plant is used to treat
pneumonia and leprosy. The powdered bark is used
to treat stomach ache, and the leaves are used to
ease childbirth.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927,
Staner & Boutique 1937, Louis & Léonard 1948,
Renier 1948, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Pauwels
1993, Burkill 1997, White & Abernethy 1997,
Nsimundele 2004, Hawthorne & Jonkind 2006, Biloso
2010, Kibungu Kembelo 2010
380
Oncinotis tenuiloba
(Apocynaceae)
Common names Nyonsinyonsi, yonsiyonsi (Kongo), magic rope
Photos: Bart Wursten National Botanic Garden of Belgium
Description A large, strong, forest shrub or creeper growing to 30 m with glabrous stems which yield a
milky latex. Leaves are opposite, shiny, tough and thinly leathery, the base sharply wedge shaped and
the tip markedly pointed, 6 – 14 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. Numerous open panicles of flowers up to 10
cm are produced in the leaf axils. The calyx is 2 cm long and the corolla tube is 4 cm with recurved
yellow-green lobes up to 7.5 cm long. Seed is 1 cm long and has white bristles 4 cm long.
Ecology Found in forest
throughout tropical Africa.
Uses In Kongo Central the
latex, diluted in water, is
drunk to increase milk flow
by nursing mothers.
Remarks O. glabrata and O.
hirta are also present in
Kongo Central.
References Gillet & Pâque
1910,
Renier
1948,
Daeleman & Pauwels 1983,
FTEA
2002
(Accessed
27.4.13)
381
Oncoba dentata
(Achariaceae)
Synonym Lindackeria dentata
Common names Nkaka kisani, mbamba, pangia ya nsania (Kongo), lompondju (Lingala)
Description A shrub or small tree 6 – 10 m tall. Leaves are round and coarsely toothed, though not
always so, 8 – 28 cm long and 4 – 14 cm wide on a petiole 4 – 18 cm long. The fragrant white flowers
are produced in a panicle 7 – 10 cm long. Fruit capsule is orange when ripe, 2 – 3 cm in diameter,
having numerous spurs. It contains a few shiny black seeds with a red aril.
Ecology Often found in disturbed areas such as old fields and in secondary forest from Guinea to
Cameroon, Sudan, D.R. Congo and
Angola.
Uses The stems are used in house
building. In Equateur province a
decoction of the bark is used as an
anthelmintic. The pulverized leaves
are used to kill lice. Around Yangambi
a decoction of the leaves is used as an
enema for colic. In Uele a maceration
of the root bark is used for abscesses
in the gums. The seed yields an oil
which is used in Ubangi to treat yaws
and leprosy. A leaf decoction is used
in Ubangi to kill fleas. A root decoction
is drunk and root ash is rubbed on
areas of oedema in Ubangi. In Congo
(Brazzaville) a leaf decoction is used
to treat mental problems and in
Photo: David Harris/Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh
equatorial Africa a root decoction is
used to relieve headaches. The plant yields a vegetable salt. Seed oil is applied to skin infections.
Oncoba species are important honeybee forage in the equatorial zone of Africa.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Staner & Boutique 1937, Renier 1948, Bamps 1976, Daeleman &
Pauwels 1983, Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1994, White & Abernethy 1997, Hepburn & Radloff 1998,
Neuwinger 2000, Harris et al 2011
382
Oncoba welwitschii
(Flacourtiaceae)
Synonym Caloncoba welwitschii
Common names Kisani, kisania, nsani, ntela (Kongo), bosake (Lingala)
Description A shrub or tree to
5 – 6 m tall. The leaves are
ovate in shape ending in a long
point. They are flat or very
broadly rounded at the base.
Flowers are large (5 cm across)
and showy, with 3 - 4 broad
overlapping sepals and 5 - 13
white petals. The numerous
stamens are bright orange.
Fruits are covered with slender
spines up to 5 cm long.
Ecology Very common in
secondary forest in Kongo
Central. Also present in Nigeria,
Cameroon,
Gabon,
Angola,
Malawi and Mozambique.
tree
Propagation and management The tree can be grown from seed and coppices well.
Uses Poles are used for house construction and charcoal
and the fruit pulp is eaten in Kongo Central. The leaves
are eaten by Nsani (Cymothoe caenis), Mimpemba and
Matambungu edible caterpillars. Though the former is not
one of the tastiest species it is available in large
quantities in January and again at the end of the rain
season. The flowers are frequently visited by bees,
though some people report that the nectar produces a
bitter honey. The plant has a number of medicinal uses.
In Kongo Central the flowers and fruits are used to treat
mental illness, asthma, gallstones and intestinal worms.
The fruits, boiled with pineapple juice, are given to
Fruit
pregnant women to reduce colic pains. The leaves are also used to treat fleas in poultry. In Congo
(Brazzaville) the leaves and bark are made into poultices to mature abscesses and into plasters for
bronchial infections and rheumatism. Pounded leaves are applied to reduce swellings in bone fractures
before fixing splints. Powdered leaves are sprinkled on the severed umbilical cord of new-born babies.
Pulped bark with palm oil is used to treat
itch, and juice extracted from the bark is
used to expel parasites. Root scrapings
are rubbed on to kill body lice. The seed
oil has been used in Congo for leprosy,
and
contains
chaulmoogric
and
hydnocarpic acids.
Remarks Some people say the wood
should not be used to make beehives or
top bars as it can kill the bees. Leaf pulp
is used to repel bees during honey
harvest in the Central African Republic.
Cymothoe caenis edible caterpillars
Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1994, Kibungu Kembelo 2010
383
References Butaye 1909, Gillet &
Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927, Staner &
Boutique 1937, Renier 1948, Nsimundele
1966 – 68, Bamps 1976, Aké Assi et al.
1981, Keay 1989, Ambougou 1991,
Ongokea gore
(Olacaceae)
Common names Ntuti, ntieti, samu (Kongo), boleko or isano oil
Both photos: Bart Wursten
Description A tree up to 40 m tall with a straight, cylindrical, unbuttressed bole. Leaves alternate, 4 –
11 cm long and 2 – 5 cm wide. Flowers are produced in panicles 5 – 15 cm long. Fruits are 2 – 4 cm in
diameter and contain one seed. The fruits are enclosed in a persistent, leathery green calyx which splits
into 2 – 4 segments. In D.R. Congo fruiting is abundant in September.
Ecology Found in primary forests and in forests liable to flooding. Present from Sierra Leone to eastern
D.R. Congo and south to Angola.
Propagation Germination is slow and
may take several months, sometimes
more than one year.
Uses The wood is hard and elastic
and used for furniture and general
carpentry, but only after it has been
well dried out. It tends to split easily.
The seeds, after being burnt to
charcoal, were ground to powder and
traditionally used as make-up. The oil,
known as boleko or isano oil,
extracted from the seeds is used as a
purgative and to expel intestinal
worms. It is quick drying and used in
making soft soap, lubricants and as a substitute for linseed oil. It is also used for making paints and
varnish. Fruit is edible when ripe and is also used as bait for cane rats. In D.R. Congo the leaves are
pulverized and rubbed near children with respiratory trouble so that the fumes are inhaled. Flowers are
attractive to bees but the honey is not palatable.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927, Louis & Léonard 1948, Renier 1948, Nsimundele 1966 68, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Keay 1989, Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1997, Neuwinger 2000, Louppe 2007
384
Oplismenus hirtellus
(Poaceae)
Common name Tudama dama (Kongo), basket grass
Description A rampant grass found in forests and damp places. Leaves 12 x 2 cm.
Photo: Luc Pauwels
Ecology Present in forest undergrowth. It tolerates dense shade.
Propagation The seeds are
sticky and adhere to animal fur
and to clothing. The plant can also
be propagated from runners.
Uses Livestock eat the grass and
it makes a good ground cover for
shady places.
References Gillet & Paque 1910,
Renier 1948, Johnson 2005
Photo of inflorescence: Forest & Kim Starr
385
Opuntia ficus-indica
(Cactaceae)
Common names Figuier de Barbarie (Fr.), prickly pear, Indian fig
Description An upright shrub, forming a dense, impenetrable mass, 4 – 6 m tall. The flat cladodes
(modified stems) are elliptical to egg shaped, 25 – 40 cm long and 15 - 20 cm wide. The cladodes may
have sharp spines,
but these are often
absent, or if present,
no longer than 1.5
cm
long.
Yellow
flowers, 5 – 8 cm in
diameter, are borne
on the upper edges
of
the
cladodes
throughout the year.
Fruits are 5 – 9 cm
long and 3 – 6 cm
wide. When ripe the
spiny skin can be
slipped off leaving
the sweet edible pulp
below.
Ecology Sometimes
cultivated in gardens.
Originally
from
tropical America. It has become a troublesome weed in some countries, but biological control methods
are effective to some extent. It can grow in very hot dry areas on poor soils.
Propagation Cladodes can be
planted at any time in the
growing season. Remove them
from the plant and then leave
them in a dry sunny place for a
couple of days to ensure that
the base is thoroughly dry and
has begun to callous.
Both photos: Van Swearingen
Uses Fruit is sweet and edible.
The plant is widely used for
erosion control and as a
boundary. Honeybees visit the
flowers for nectar and pollen.
The honey is aromatic and white. It granulates slowly to a fine creamy constituency.
References Renier 1948, Pauwels 1993, van Wyk & Gericke 2000, Ruffo et al 2002
386
Oryza sativa
(Poaceae)
Common names Loso (Kongo), riz (Fr.), rice
Description Upland rice is grown, a manystemmed grass to about 1 m high, bearing a
loose head of grain.
Ecology Originally from Asia. Yield is affected by
sunlight, as the number of shoots produced by
each plant is determined by having sufficient days
of unclouded sun. On acid soils a phosphorus
deficiency is frequently seen.
Left: Rice growing in Nkondi village, Manianga
Propagation Use seed that has been stored for
3 - 6 months. Sow in lines across the contour to
facilitate weeding. Plant to ensure that flowering
takes place during the rain season and harvest in
the dry season.
Management Upland rice cultivation is
A rainfed crop growing in Nkondi village,
the usual method used in Kongo Central,
Manianga
especially in Manianga district. This is
normally done on burnt forest land on
hillsides where it is planted in a shifting
cultivation system. The system can be
improved by planting 3 m wide strips of
leguminous cover crop (e.g. Canavalia
ensiformis or Desmodium gangeticum)
across the slope to control erosion and
rotating with maize and groundnuts in the
first year followed by cassava in the
second.
Above and left : Tata Masola, Pamba harvesting rice
Above and left: Tata Masola, Pamba
harvesting his rice crop near Nkondi
Uses In Kongo Central rice is especially given to
those who are ill or to newly weaned children and is
thought to have reduced child mortality. An
important food crop, often used for special occasions.
In Kongo Central a decoction of the roots, leaves and
seed husk is taken for madness and beri beri. A
decoction of the seed, with some salt, is taken for
rehydration when suffering from diarrhoea.
Remarks R-66, an improved variety developed by
INEAC, can raise yields and increase incomes by 50
to 80%.
References Gillet 1927, Mukoko Matondo 1991,
Drachoussoff 1993, Raemaekers 2001, Pousset 2004
harvest
387
Oxalis corniculata
(Oxalidaceae)
Common names Nsa lwasa (Kongo), yellow sorrel, creeping wood sorrel
Both photos: John Tann
Description A variable herb up to 30 cm tall. The roots are swollen and have a loose sheath covering
them, similar to an onion. The plant has narrow creeping stems that root at the nodes. The trifoliate
leaves are subdivided into rounded leaflets. Some varieties have purple leaves. Fruit is a narrow
cylindrical capsule, 1 – 2 cm long, opening explosively.
Ecology A common weed found in gardens with acid soil. Also on open waste ground in damp places.
Widespread in warm climates.
Uses Leaves are eaten as a
vegetable in Kongo Central and
have a similar taste to sorrel.
Leaves are also reported to taste
like lemon and can be used to make
a drink. Infuse for about 10
minutes, sweeten and then chill.
The plant is rich in vitamin C and is
used to treat scurvy and also to aid
digestion. The leaves are refreshing,
anti-scorbutic and anti-dysenteric. If
eaten in large amounts over a
length of time they can inhibit
calcium absorption. In D.R. Congo
the plant is also used to reduce fever, to prevent tooth decay and to treat snake bite. The young fruit
pods as well as the leaves are eaten in Tanzania and Zanzibar. The plant has shown positive action
against Staphlyococcus aureus.
Remarks The plant contains oxalates which can cause problems, especially if eaten in large amounts.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927, Staner & Boutique 1937, Renier 1948, Wilczek 1958,
Nsimundele 1966 - 68, Williamson 1975, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1997, Kibungu Kembelo
2010, Wikipedia (Accessed 22.10.12)
388
Oxyanthus speciosus
(Rubiaceae)
Common names Kinsungwa, kinsungu (Kongo)(from nsunga = pleasant smell or aroma), café de la
brousse (Fr.)
Description A coffee like shrub or tree 2 – 15 m tall. The bark is smooth and the branches arch and
hang down. Leaves are ellliptic with a rounded base and pointed apex, 8 – 26 cm long and 2 – 12 cm
wide with triangular stipules 8 – 16 mm long. Flowers are white, up to 6 cm long, narrowly tubular,
fragrant, and produced in dense axillary cymes. Corolla tube is 2 – 6 cm long. Fruits are 5 cm long. The
plant has a pleasant smell even when dried. Two subspecies are present in Kongo Central.
Ecology An understorey shrub of old forest, secondary and gallery forest. Present from Senegal to
Mozambique and widespread over the Congo basin to Kenya and Zimbabwe.
Uses An ornamental shrub worth
cultivating. In Kongo Central the
leaves were traditionally soaked in
palm wine to give it an attractive smell
and make it more intoxicating. Nsungu
or Nsuangu edible caterpillars feed on
the leaves. The flowers are visited by
honeybees. A paste of the bark and
leaves is taken for coughs in Ubangi.
In Lulonga a maceration of the bark is
used as an enema to aid childbirth. In
Tanzania and Malawi the poles are
used for building and firewood. In
Ghana twigs make favourite chew
sticks. Dried bark is used as a scent in
Sierra Leone.
References Butaye 1909, Gillet & Pâque 1910, Staner & Boutique 1937, Renier 1948, Irvine 1961,
Uphof 1968, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Pauwels 1993, Beentje 1994, Burkill 1997
389
Pachira glabra
(Malvaceae)
Synonym Bombacopsis glabra
Common names Nguba nguela,
nguba ya mputu (Kongo), noyer
d’Amérique (Fr.)
Description A small tree from 6
to 8 m high with glossy leaves
and
large,
fragrant,
white
flowers. The fruit contains 10 - 20
seeds with an average weight of
1.8 g each.
Pachira glabra with fruit
Ecology Often planted as a
hedge around home compounds.
It is a hardy tree growing well on
sandy soils. Introduced from
Central America. It is also grown in West Africa,
Sudan
plant and Zambia.
Propagation Grown from cuttings but seed
germinates readily and seedlings can be
transplanted easily.
Right: Freshly collected seeds
Management In Kongo Central it is common
as a hedge around homes. In Zambia trees
commence to bear fruit in their third year and
reach maximum production after seven years. Yields seeds
of 4.5 kg per tree can be obtained.
Uses The seeds are eaten
raw or roasted. They have a
high oil content (45%) and
can be used for making
soap. The young leaves are
eaten in Gabon. Honeybees
were seen collecting nectar
from
the
flowers
in
November.
References Gillet 1927,
Robyns 1963, Anton-Smith
1964, Burkill 1985, Pauwels
1993, Nsimundele 2004
Fruit shell, seeds and young plants
390
Pancovia laurentii
(Sapindaceae)
Common names Nkila nkumbi (Kongo), mutendu, mutindi (Lingala)
Description A tree up to 20 m tall. Leaves are grouped in a rosette at the ends of branches. Petiole 10
– 18 cm long and the rachis is 20 – 40 cm long, Leaflets are sub-opposite, 12 - 24 x 2.5 – 5 cm.
Inflorescence borne on the stem, up
to 30 cm long. Fruit is a 3 sided
winged berry, 2.5 x 3.5 cm, in heavy
drooping bunches growing from the
trunk. Fruit pulp is orange with 3
brown seeds in each fruit.
Ecology Primary and gallery forests
and also present in Cameroon, Gabon,
Congo (Brazzaville).
Uses The fruits are edible and much
sort after, though reported to be sour.
Timber is white. The root and bark are
used in Equateur province to treat
impotence and sterility.
References Renier 1948, Hauman
1960, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983,
Pauwels 1993, Vivien & Faure 1996,
Nsimundele 2004, Kibungu Kembelo
2008, Konda ku Mbuta et al. 2012
Inflorescence on stem
Photo: Jean-Luc & Pauline Alliez
391
Panda oleosa
(Pandaceae)
Description A tree 10 - 35 m tall with a mature trunk diameter up to 1 m, fluted or shortly buttressed
at the base. The crown is tall and elongated. Leaves are very variable in size, alternate, 10 – 30 cm long
and 4 – 13 cm wide. Young leaves are vivid red-pink. Inflorescence is a raceme 15 – 35 cm long. Fruit is
round, hard and green to pale yellow, 5 – 6 cm in diameter. Flesh is deep reddish-orange. The stone
inside is hard with 3 openings each containing a seed bent at right angles. Most trees produce fruits
every year and fruits may persist on the tree for several months.
Ecology Found in riverine and periodically flooded forest. Panda oleosa occurs from Liberia east to the
Central African Republic and D.R. Congo.
Propagation Germination can take from 8 months to 3 years
and germination may be only 5%.
Management Seeds germinate slowly, starting after 10 months
and may continue for up to 4 years. In Gabon the fruit stones are
collected on the forest floor and the seeds are extracted after
cutting open the hard wall with a chopping-knife, which is a
dangerous task.
Photos: Roy Danforth
Uses The timber is valued for carpentry in Mayumbe. The seeds
are pounded and added to sauces as for Irvingia gabonensis. An
oil is extracted from the seeds for use in cooking. The seeds may
also be eaten after cooking. Various parts are used in traditional medicine. The nectar from the flowers
is collected by honey bees.
References Staner & Boutique 1937, Robyns 1958, Busson 1966, Pauwels 1993, Vivien & Faure 1996,
Burkill 1997, White & Abernethy 1997, Lemmens 2007, Kibungu Kembelo 2010, Harris et al. 2011
392
Pandanus candelabrum
(Pandanaceae)
Common name Kenge (Kongo)
Description A plant growing to 10 m high. The
branched stems have aerial stilt roots. Leaves are
up to 2 m long and 6 cm wide. Flowers are white
and heavily scented. Fruits (below left) are 16 –
20 cm long. The genus Pandanus has not been
sufficiently studied to date and a revision of the
species name may be required.
Ecology Grows on river banks, in river beds and
in damp places. Sometimes planted in villages.
Pandanus spp. are found throughout tropical
Africa.
Propagation Seed or cuttings grow easily in
plant soil.
moist
A lady on her way home with a basket made from
the leaves.
Uses The leaves (makenge) are tough and strong. Once
the spines and midrib have been removed, they may be
Photo: Quentin Luke
dried entire or cut into strips. They are used for making
mats (mfubu see page 451) and baskets for carrying
food. The wood is yellowish and porous, breaking up into fibrous strands and used as a poor quality
firewood. The plant has various medicinal uses.
References De Wildeman 1903, Gillet & Pâque 1910, Renier 1948, Purseglove 1972, Daeleman &
Pauwels 1983, Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1997
393
Panicum maximum
(Poaceae)
Common names Nkanda diadia (Kongo), herbe de Guinée (Fr.), buffalo grass, Guinea grass
Photo: Reinaldo Aguilar
Description A tufted perennial grass 0.5 – 4.5 m tall. Leaves are 15 – 100 cm long and up to 35 mm
wide. The much branched panicles are loose, 15 – 60 cm long and up to 25 cm wide, the lowermost
branches being in a distinct whorl. It is a very variable species.
Ecology The grass is native to tropical Africa extending to the subtropics of South Africa. It occurs at
forest edges, in bush, as a pioneer grass covering the land cleared from forest and in grassland with
scattered trees, where it tends to grow in light shade under trees. It is drought resistant.
Propagation Can be grown from seed or by splitting the tufts. Seed is often difficult to obtain. Space
splits 2 x .5 – 1 m in wet weather. Stems root easily from the nodes.
Management Rotational grazing produces good yields without detriment to the plant. It is not suited
to sustained close and frequent grazing.
Uses The shoots are used for making brooms and baskets. The flower spike was traditionally made into
necklaces by women. Guinea grass is a palatable, good quality tropical grass, both in pure stands and in
mixtures, which is either grazed or stall fed to cattle, sheep or goats. It retains its value even when
mature. It can also be dried, ground and used in mixtures with legumes for poultry and pig foods. It is
suitable for drying for hay or for making silage. The stems are used for thatching. The seed is used for
bird feed. When fed to guinea pigs with Euphorbia heterophylla the ingestion, digestibility, fecundity,
birth weight and weaning weight are all significantly improved.
References De Wildeman 1903, Gillet & Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Bogdan 1977, Chen &
Hutton 1992, Burkill 1994, Kouakou et al. 2015
394
Paramacrolobium coeruleum
(Caesalpiniaceae)
Synonym Macrolobium coeruleum
Common name Lubese (Kongo)(Mbese = the seeds are used in the game of ossicles).
Description A large, buttressed,
evergreen forest tree 15 – 35 m tall.
Bark surface is nearly smooth. Leaves
alternate, compound with 3 – 5 pairs of
leaflets; leaflets opposite, 2 – 15 cm × 1
– 6 cm. Inflorescence is a terminal, flattopped panicle. Flowers bluish. Fruit an
oblong, flattened pod 10 – 20 cm × 3.5
– 6 cm, containing 3 – 8 seeds. Seeds
are rectangular, flattened, 1.5 – 2.5 cm
long and glossy dark brown.
All photos: F.J. Breteler
Ecology Present in forests on firm soil
and beside rivers. Present from Guinea
to Kenya and south to northern Angola.
Occurs in lowland rainforest and in
gallery forest in wooded and open
savanna areas.
Propagation Soak seeds in cold water for 1 – 2 days or in boiling
water for a few minutes. This accelerates germination. Seedlings
should be planted out in the full sun and in fertile soils to obtain
good growth. They are planted at a spacing of 3 m × 3 m in
either pure stands or together with other moderately fast growing
timber species.
Uses The wood is hard, fine
grained, water resistant and of
good quality. It is used for doors,
door frames, furniture, railway
sleepers and gongs. It is suitable
for heavy flooring, toys, turnery,
carving, veneers and plywood.
The seeds are especially kept for
the game of mbese. In Bas-Uele
the gum from the bark is mixed
with sugar cane juice and taken as
a laxative. The tree has been used
as shade tree in cocoa plantations
in Sierra Leone. In Kenya the bark
is used as rough fibre.
References Butaye 1909, Gillet & Pâque 1910, Staner & Boutique 1937, Renier 1948, Wilczek et al.
1952, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Pauwels 1993, Lemmens 2010
395
Parinari capensis
(Chrysobalanaceae)
Common names Nsudi nfuni, itchwakudi (Kongo), dwarf mobola plum
Description A low growing bush, 20 – 60 cm tall with very long branched, rhizomes which are thick
and woody. The erect branched stems are covered with yellow or silvery hairs on the upper surface.
Leaves are very variable, have short petioles, 2 – 3 cm long and are 5 – 11 cm long, with a dense white
cover of hairs on the lower surface. Inflorescence is terminal, or axillary. The calyx is cup-shaped. Fruit
is a drupe 2.4 – 2.8 cm long, yellow when mature, but black and spotted with light brown corky patches
when dried.
Ecology Found in poor savanna soils. Present in South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Angola
and Botswana.
Propagation Bury ripe fruits
and allow flesh to rot. Immerse
seed in boiling water for 15
minutes and allow it to cool and
soak for 12 hours. Seed is
viable for up to 2 years. Sow in
pots or use root suckers.
Uses Fruit pulp has a pleasant
taste is soft and edible raw or
cooked. The seeds are also
edible. Flowers are a bee
forage.
References Hauman 1952,
Daeleman & Pauwels 1983,
Katende et al. 1995, Malaisse
1997, van Wyk & Gericke 2000
Photo: Aluka
396
Parinari excelsa
(Chrysobalanaceae)
Synonym P. holstii
Common names Banga (Kongo), forest mobola plum
Photo: H.J. Ndangalasi TanzaniaPlantCollaboration
Description A much branched evergreen tree up to 40 m tall. The bole may have a diameter of 1 m.
Bark is grey, finely grooved, becoming rough, cracked and scaly. The dark branchlets are dotted with
pale lenticels. Young shoots and lower stalks all have pale woolly hairs. Leaves are alternate, 6 – 8 cm
long, usually with a long pointed tip, narrowing to a short stalk, dark green, shiny above, pale brown,
softly hairy below. The terminal white flowers are easily recognised. Each flower is very small, 4 mm
across, with 5 cream white petals, on branched stalks beside the leaves. Fruit is a fleshy drupe,
sometimes round, up to 4 cm long, green brown with paler specks and contains 1 – 2 seeds. Bark slash
has a smell like sour milk and exudes a watery sap. The tree is fast growing.
Ecology The tree has a wide distribution in Africa being found from sea level to 2,100 m. Also present
in Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi and Zambia.
Uses The ripe fruits are edible and much appreciated. In Kongo Central the bark is used medicinally to
assist wound healing particularly after circumcision. The rough woody outer coat is removed to expose
the soft fleshy pulp. The taste is similar to avocado. Fruits contain 38% sugar. The seed is also edible
and may be roasted with other foods. Wood produces a good quality timber for heavy construction
being strong and tough. It is also used for tool handles and mortars as well as for charcoal and
firewood. As with the previous species the flowers are an important bee forage.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, De Wildeman 1934, Hauman 1952, Hauman Letouzey & White 1978,
Burkill 1985, Ambougou 1991, Hepburn & Radloff 1998, Ruffo et al. 2002, Nsimundele 2004, Malaisse
2010
397
Paropsia brazzaeana
(Passifloraceae)
Common name Kisudi ki nkandi (Kongo)
Description A small shrub with many stems growing to 1.5 – 3 m high from a rhizome. Leaves are 6 –
10 x 2 – 4 cm, oval, alternate with short petioles, brownish, hairy and with prominent veins below. Leaf
margins have sharp teeth, each tipped with a small, dark gland. Flowers white, scented, 1 – 3 together.
Fruit is a capsule, approximately 1.2 – 1.8 cm in diameter, with 6 to 7 brown seeds surrounded by and
orange jelly.
Both photos: Jean-Luc & Pauline Alliez
Ecology Grows in savanna and secondary forest. Also present in Cameroon, Central African Republic,
Congo (Brazzaville), Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana where it is found in woodland, forests
and thickets on Kalahari sands or clay soils.
Uses A root bark decoction is reported to be very
effective in treating amoebic dysentery. A vapour
bath of the same decoction and drinking the sap
from the leaves is used to treat rheumatism. Leaf
pulp is also rubbed on the painful area to treat
rheumatism. In South Africa an infusion of the root
is used to treat gonorrhoea and as a gargle for
toothache. Paropsia grewioides is reported to be
visited by honeybees in Gabon.
References Renier 1948, Watt & BreyerBrandwijk 1962, Wild 1972, Bamps 1976,
Ambougou 1991, Pauwels 1993, Neuwinger 2000,
De Ruijter 2007
398
Paspalum notatum
(Poaceae)
Common names Pasipolomo (Kongo), Bahia grass
Description An aggressive creeping perennial turf forming grass with stolons and rhizomes forming a
dense cover. The stolons are firmly pressed to the ground; culms 15 – 70 cm high. The leaves
gradually taper to a fine point.
Photo: Jean Lejoly
Ecology An introduced grass but now widely cultivated. It grows well in the open or in shade. It is
tolerant to both drought and flooding covering the ground quickly and rooting deeply.
Propagation Plant using seed or rhizomes. The rhizomes root freely from the nodes. Rhizomes should
be planted densely 15 – 25 cm apart.
Management The grass is hard wearing and persistent. It needs little maintenance.
Uses An excellent turf grass for lawns. It is also grown as a livestock fodder, especially liked by poultry
and rabbits. Makaka edible caterpillars feed on the grass. It is valued for erosion control and because of
its low growing habit, prevents fire damage when planted around homes. The grass makes a good
garden manure when composted.
References Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Uphof 1968, Bogdan 1977, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill
1994, Kibungu Kembelo 1995
399
Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa
(Passifloraceae)
Common names Goki dimputu (Kongo), maracuja, grenadille (Fr.), yellow passion fruit
Tata Mansita with a plant growing over an arbour
Description This species has yellow, as opposed to purple,
fruits when ripe, and is more vigorous, with larger leaves than
P. edulis. The most important pollinators for passion fruits are
bees.
Ecology Originally from tropical America. It grows at lower
elevations than other forms of P. edulis, from sea level to 600
m. Passion fruits require a well drained soil and a well
distributed rainfall. Rainfall however should be minimal during
flowering as it causes the pollen to burst open and hinders
the activity of pollinating insects.
fruit
Propagation
The plant is grown from seed. Wash the seeds from the
pulp, dry and sow them within 3 months. Germination rate can be up to
85%. Transplant the seedlings into tubes when they have from 2 to 4
leaves and place them in the shade for 1 - 2 months. Gradually provide
more sunlight and transplant into the field when they have reached 25 50 cm high and have been hardened off in full sunlight for 1 - 2 months.
Right: Passion-fruit concentrate bottled in D.R. Congo
Management Provide a trellis support or a frame for the vine to grow
over.
Uses The fruit juice has a unique taste and is an excellent source of
provitamin A. It is also perhaps the best source of niacin. Vitamin C
content is fair. The juice from some vines may have a poor flavour so
these vines should be removed.
Reference Gillet 1927, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Martin et al. 1987,
Robyns 1995, Nakasonne & Paull 1998
juice
400
Passiflora quadrangularis
(Passifloraceae)
Common names Barbadine, maracuja
Description A strong perennial creeper
with fleshy tuberous roots. Stems are
quadrangular and winged. Flowering
occurs on vigorous shoots approximately
9 months from planting and fruit is
produced 60 to 80 days later. Fruits are
yellowish-green, 20 – 30 x 10 - 15 cm. A
third species, P. foetida, is edible, grows
in the savanna and is a good bee-forage.
Ecology Native to tropical South
America. Often grown over a trellis in
where it provides a shady spot near the
house. The plant prefers a moist soil, rich
in humus.
Propagation Seed or cuttings can be
used. Seed germinates after 2 - 4 weeks.
Transfer seedlings to sachets at the twoleaf stage when the plant is 4 - 5 cm tall.
Plant out after 4 months spacing at 4 - 5
m and train over a trellis support which
permits the fruit to hang underneath.
flower
only
the stem and main branches. The plant has a
useful life of 5 - 6 years.
Management Outside the area of origin
poor fruit set is often reported. Hand
pollination is recommended to ensure a
reasonable crop. It may be necessary to
cover the fruit to protect it from birds,
bats or rats. Cut the shoots back after
the fruit has been harvested, retaining
Uses The flesh as well the juice from the fruit are
edible. The flesh is usually eaten with other fruits as it
rather bland. The juice can also be mixed with that of
sweet orange, paw-paw or guava. The green unripe
fruits may be boiled and eaten as a vegetable. The
taste of the juice is insipid compared with the purple
or yellow passion fruit.
flower
Photo left: Ton Rulkens
References Gillet 1927, Renier 1948,
Purseglove 1968, Crane & Walker 1984,
Dupriez & De Leener 1989, Macmillan 1991,
Robyns 1995
401
Paullinia pinnata
(Sapindaceae)
Common name Ngudi nkayi
ludimi
lumbwa,
(Kongo),
lukaka, mopumba (Lingala)
Description A semi-woody
creeper with ridged stems 5 –
6 m long. Leaves are borne on
a winged stalk and are
composed of 5 leaflets 5 – 10
cm long by 3.5 - 6 cm wide,
the terminal leaflet being the
largest. The flowers are
produced on a stalk up to 10
cm long throughout most of
the year. Fruits are three
lobed and up to 3 cm long and
contain bright red seeds in a
white substance.
Ecology
Widespread
in
tropical
Africa
and
Madagascar. It grows in damp
places in forest regrowth.
Propagation
seed.
Grown
from
Uses In Kongo Central the ash
from burning the leaves is
used as a wound dressing. A
decoction of the leaves is used
to treat gonorrhoea. The main
use of the plant in Africa is to
stop bleeding. Twigs are
commonly used as chewsticks.
Leaves are widely used to
treat colic, diarrhoea and
dysentery.
In
Equateur
province the pulverized leaves,
Photo: Stefaan Dondeyne
together with hot ashes are
rubbed on the chest to treat breathing problems. A decoction of the root with maize gruel is drunk to
treat bloody diarrhoea and as an enema or drunk to treat paralysis. A poultice of the leaves is used for
fractures. Seeds are eaten in Katanga. They are known to have high starch content. Stems can be made
into ropes.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910,
Staner & Boutique 1937, Renier 1948,
Hauman 1960, Irvine 1961, Busson
1965, Nsimundele 1966 - 68, Uphof
1968, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983,
Malaisse 1997, Burkill 2000, Konda ku
Mbuta et al. 2012
Photo: H.J. Ndangalasi Tanzanian Plant
Collaboration
402
Pauridiantha dewevrei
(Rubiaceae)
Common names Zamba di nkanka, papaya mfinda, safi di nkanka, makaku (Kongo)
Shrub bearing fruit photographed in November
Description A shrub from 2 – 8 m high. Stems are covered with a mat of soft hairs. Leaves are 8 – 19
cm long and 2.3 – 5 cm wide. From 6 – 20 flowers are born in the leaf axils. Individual flowers are very
small, yellow-orange. Fruits yellow or reddish, turning black when mature.
Ecology Found in forest regrowth and secondary forest in
Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon and both Congos.
Uses The thin branches are used in house construction and for
firewood. A palm wine extract of the stem bark is drunk to treat
hernias in Congo. Very small quantities of the extract of the bark
or fruits are drunk or used in an enema to treat colic by the
Mongo people in Congo. The fruit is reported to be edible and is
also ground up in water and the filtrate used in an enema to treat
convulsions in children. Bees were seen collecting nectar in
November at Selu.
Remarks The wood is perishable. Four other species are present
in Kongo Central.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, De Wildeman 1934, Renier 1948, Hallé 1966, Bouquet 1969, Pauwels
1993, Burkill 1997, Neuwinger 2000
403
Pentaclethra eetveldeana
(Mimosaceae)
Common names Nseka, kiseka, nsombo nseka, nseka mfusila, nsambu, mvanza fioti (Kongo)
Description
Flower A tree growing from 15 to 30 m tall.
Ecology Grows in secondary forests in Gabon, Cabinda and Mayombe and is common in Kongo Central.
Propagation Seed germinates unevenly but with a high percentage. It is best shallow planted direct
into the field to avoid damaging the tap-root.
Management The tree coppices well in the forest fallow.
Uses The seeds, which contain oil of similar quality to that of P. macrophylla, are sometimes eaten in
D.R. Congo. In Kongo Central they were traditionally carbonized and used during mourning. The tree is
an important source of fuel-wood and charcoal. The white wood is hard, strong, durable and attractive,
but is not resistant to insect attack and is
liable to warping. It is used as a
construction timber and for pestles and
mortars. In Kongo Central the liquid
obtained from soaking the bark in water is
used to relieve itching. A decoction of the
leaves is taken for colds and stomachache. Minsangula edible caterpillars feed
on the leaves and bees forage for nectar in
March. In Gabon there are reports that it
produces a toxic honey causing nausea
and colic, however this has not been
reported in Kongo Central.
Right: Minsangula (Achaea sp.) caterpillars
being sold in a village market.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Denis
1932, De Wildeman 1934, Drachoussoff
1947, Renier 1948, Gilbert & Boutique
1952, Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Allen & Allen
1981, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983,
Ambougou 1991, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Pauwels 1993, Kibungu Kembelo 1995, Latham 2003
Minsangula
404
Pentaclethra macrophylla
(Mimosaceae)
Common names Ngansi, panza (Kongo), oil bean tree
Description A fast growing tree to 25 m
high. The tree nodulates, has good natural
regeneration after fire and is termite
resistant.
Ecology Secondary forests from Senegal
to Angola. Growth can be good where
rainfall is adequate, even on relatively acid
soils. It tolerates waterlogging, though the
tree prefers a medium/loamy, well drained
soil. The tree grows back well after fires.
Left: A young tree growing in secondary
forest
Propagation Seed should be planted as
soon as possible after harvest. Soaking in
water for 24 hours improves germination.
Seed is normally planted direct into the
field, as seedlings are difficult to transplant
because of the long tap-root.
Uses The timber is hard, strong but
difficult to work. It is used for mortars and
other utensils. It makes good charcoal and
firewood, though the latter
gives
tree off an unpleasant smell.
The seeds produce oil of panza
which prevents iron rusting and
is also used to protect the feet
from jiggers (ntenda Tunga
penetrans). The charcoal was
traditionally used to mark the
faces of women in mourning.
Seed pods can be used for fuel
and, when burnt to ash, yield a
lye used for making soap. The
flowers are an important source
of nectar for honey bees which
collect throughout the day. The
leaves are shed during the dry
season and it is believed that
the mulch improves soil fertility. Minsendi (Imbrasia obscura) and Minsangula (Achaea sp.) edible
Seed
caterpillars feed on the leaves. A
decoction of the leaves is drunk to treat
diarrhoea.
Imbrasia obscura feeding on
Pentaclethra macrophylla
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Renier
1948, Gilbert & Boutique 1952, Irvine
1961, Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1995,
Kibungu Kembelo 1995, Ladipo & Boland
1995, Pousset 2004, Agroforestree
Database (Accessed 8.3.2013)
405
Pentadiplandra brazzeana
(Pentadiplandraceae)
Common names Nkenge kyasa, nke kyasa, kiasa (Kongo)
leaf
Description A climbing shrub with vine-like branches, 3 – 20 m long. Leaves are 5 - 15 cm long and 1
– 7.5 cm wide. Flower heads grow from leaf axils and individual flowers are white with red and blue
spots near the top. Fruits are mottled grey, 2 - 4 cm in diameter having a short stipule. The large roots
smell and taste like horseradish.
Ecology Common in
forests around villages
in Kongo Central.
Uses The fruit is
edible,
sweet
and
peppery. The roots and
leaves are also edible.
The root bark is used
to relieve pain being
rubbed on the affected
area. The bark is also
used to treat various
illnesses
including
asthma,
psoriasis,
rheumatism, epilepsy,
colic
and
haemorrhoids. The sap
is used to reduce
inflammation.
The
plant is also used as a
remedy for lumbago, diarrhoea and to cure scabies in dogs.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Hauman & Wilczek 1951, Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Daeleman &
Pauwels 1983, Mbemba & Remacle 1992, Neuwinger 2000, Kibungu Kembelo 2003, Pousset 2004
406
Pereskia aculeata
(Cactaceae)
Common names Groseiller des Barbades (Fr.), Barbados cherry, lemon vine
Photo: Vania Viana-Brazil
Description A climbing, spiny shrub growing to 10 m tall. The fleshy leaves are alternate, yellowish,
succulent, 8.5 – 10 cm long and 3.5 – 4.5 cm wide. Spines arise from the leaf axils in young growth or
areoles in older growth. The numerous white or rose coloured waxy flowers, are fragrant and borne in
panicles. The juicy fruits are about 2 cm diameter and often have leaf like scales on the surface.
Ecology An introduced plant from Central America and
the Antilles. This plant is a declared weed in South
Africa where it does extensive damage to forest areas
by smothering indigenous trees.
Propagation Can be grown from seed or cuttings.
Management Handle plants with rolled up newspaper
or tongs. Can be invasive and difficult to eradicate.
Uses The fruits are edible, containing numerous small
seeds, and have an excellent citrus-like flavour. The
leaves can be used as a vegetable or in a salad. The
plant can be grown to strengthen a hedge.
References Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Pauwels 1993,
Llamas 2003, Fayaz 2011, Wikipedia (Accessed
26.12.12)
Photo: Jim West
407
Persea americana
(Lauraceae)
Common names Divoka, savoka (Kongo), avocatier (Fr.), avocado pear
Description An evergreen tree, originally from tropical America, growing from 6 - 15 m tall.
Ecology
Avocados
can be grown on
sandy-loam soils, but
are sensitive to poor
drainage
and
waterlogging.
A
rainfall of between
1,250 – 1,750 mm
should be evenly
distributed.
Dry
conditions
are
preferred
during
flowering.
Mexican
races
are
more
tolerant to water
stress
and
low
humidity and also to
a
humid,
warm
climate with optimum
temperatures around
25 - 28 °C.
Propagation
The
tree can be grown
from seed but is best
grafted.
Seed
remains viable for 2 3Leaf
weeks but can be stored for longer if kept dry. Quicker and better germination can be obtained if the
seed coat is removed. Transplants are made with a ball of earth around the roots. Guatemalan and
West Indian races produce the
best rootstocks, however they
are not compatible with West
Indian
scions.
Seeds
are
planted in nurseries, 35 cm
apart and should not be
covered with more than 1 cm of
soil. Stocks should be side
grafted with terminal tips 6 cm
long or older stocks may be
shield budded. Budded and
grafted
plants
can
be
transplanted after about 18
months.
Uses Mainly grown for its
edible fruits which are a very
good source of highly digestible
oil containing unsaturated fatty
acids. Some varieties are good sources of phosphorus and riboflavin and excellent sources of vitamin A.
Some contain useful amounts of protein. It is the most nutritious of all fruits. Bees are known to
increase yields of fruit and nectar secretion
fruit is abundant when humidity is high. The honey produced is
dark with a strong flavour.
References Gillet 1927, Robyns & Wilczek 1951, Purseglove 1968, Crane et al. 1984, Martin et al.
1987, Pauwels 1993, Fichtl & Adi 1994, Nakasone & Paull 1998, Jones 1999
408
Petersianthus macrocarpus
(Lecythidaceae)
Common names Kivinsu (Kongo), abalé,
wulo (Fr.), stinkwood tree
Description A tree growing from 20 to 30
m high. Fruits are 4.5 – 6 long by 4 – 7.5
cm wide and have four characteristic wings.
Ecology The tree grows in dense, usually
secondary forest. Found from Guinea to
Congo and south to Angola.
Propagation Grows from seed which is
reported to germinate after about a month.
Management The tree coppices well.
Uses The red-brown timber is resistant to
termites and used for heavy-duty carpentry,
mortars, house-building and for canoes and
paddles but it has a foul smell when freshly
cut. It makes a good fuel wood. Mvinsu
(Imbrasia epimethea), Minsongo (Imbrasia
alopia), Nsila and Mbambi edible caterpillars
feed on the leaves.
tree
Right: fruiting branch
Mvinsu caterpillars are very much
sought after and when a young colony
are found the tree is often marked to
signify it has been claimed and must
not be removed. The root, stem and
particularly the bark are used
medicinally
as
a
laxative,
purgative
and
abortive.
fruits
Elsewhere in D.R. Congo the plant is used as a counter
irritant. Bees often nest in the tree and the flowers are
reported as a bee forage in Gabon.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Staner & Boutique 1937,
Renier 1948, Irvine 1961, Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Liben
1971, Keay 1989, Ambougou 1991, Iwu 1993, Pauwels
1993, Burkill 1995, Kibungu Kembelo 1995
Left: Mvinsu edible caterpillars on a branch at Ndembo
mission. Two generations are reported to appear each
year.
mvinsu edible caterpillars
409
Phaseolus lunatus
(Papilionaceae)
Common names Deso
mangongo,
mambambi
(Kongo), haricot de Lima
(Fr.),
lima,
butter,
Madagascar or sugar bean
Description An annual or
perennial herb. The vines,
pods and seeds are very
variable in form. Pole
types twine and usually
grow from 1.8 to 4 m tall
and have an enlarged taproot. Bush types are
generally annual and only
30 - 90 cm tall. Leaves are
trifoliate and often hairy
on the lower surface. The
flowers are white, pink or
mauve. The pods contain
3 - 4 seeds.
Plants growing on a trellis at Kimbambu
Ecology Occasionally grown in
Kongo Central. The plant thrives in
humid as well as drought prone
areas. It requires well drained
soils. At high temperatures serious
shedding of blossom and pod drop
may occur. Climbing types should
be grown over a support or bush.
Propagation Seed
after 5 to 6 days.
germinates
Management Plants can be
grown on a trellis and are
replanted after 3 years. Rotate
crops with cereals to reduce
eelworm infection as they can
affect yields very badly. The plants
produce mature seeds 90 to 110
days after planting.
Fruiting plant
Uses The seeds are eaten while still immature, being taken from the
pods as the green colour fades. Mature beans are usually eaten
boiled, fried in oil or baked. The pods and leaves can also be eaten
when young and tender. The shed leaves help to restore fertility. Due
to the presence of poisonous cyanogenetic glycosides in some
varieties (often the dark-seeded types - white seeded varieties are
usually safer) care should be taken in preparation. The beans should
be soaked in several changes of water first and then boiled for 10 –
15 minutes. The crop may be fed to livestock. In Kongo Central an
infusion of the seeds is drunk by women having painful periods. In the
central highlands of Angola the flowers are an important bee forage.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Staner & Boutique 1937, Renier
1948, Hauman et al. 1954, Portugal-Araújo 1974, Kay 1979, NAS 1979,seeds
Smartt 1979, Burkill 1995,
Raemaekers 2001
410
Phaseolus vulgaris
(Papilionaceae)
Common names Deso (Kongo), haricot vert (Fr.), French bean, pole bean
Description Two main varieties are
recognized: a) Dwarf or bush types
which are early maturing, 20 - 60 cm in
height, with lateral and terminal
inflorescences and determinate growth.
b) Climbing or pole types, with
indeterminate growth, up to 3 m in
height.
Left: Pole beans
Ecology Pole beans are frequently
grown as a dry season crop in the valley
gardens. The plant has a wide range of
tolerance. Most varieties are adapted to
growing up to 1,000 m in soils with a pH
range between 5.5 and 6.5. Acid soils
pods
should be avoided as they reduce the activity of the
Rhizobium nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Moderately heavy loam
soils are suitable. Pole beans give better results than dwarf
varieties in the rain season.
Propagation Pole beans are planted direct, 1 - 3 cm deep.
Recommended planting is 4 - 6 seeds at each site, spaced
40 - 50 cm apart in rows spaced 100 – 120 cm apart. Bush
beans are generally sown singly at 15 – 25 cm spacing.
Management Weeding is important until the plant flowers. Theplant
crop is grown on wigwams or trellises
up to 2.5 m high. Sticks or bamboo poles should be in place soon after the seed germinates. Beans can
be harvested from 70 - 90 days after planting and should be picked before the pods split open.
Uses Grown mainly for
dried
seeds
though
elsewhere the young leaves
are eaten as a vegetable.
The leaves may also be
dried and stored for later
use.
Remarks The name deso
is used for all Papilionaceae
species with edible seeds.
References Daeleman &
Pauwels 1983, Tindall 1983,
Raemaekers 2001
Dwarf beans growing in Manianga district
Dwarf beans growing in Manianga district
411
Phoenix reclinata
(Arecaceae)
Common names Dinsongo (Kongo), dattier sauvage (Fr.) dwarf date palm, wild date palm
Description A palm tree usually
up to 10 m tall. The mature trunk
often bends over. Leaves are up to
3 m long growing from a fibrous
leaf sheath, producing a crown of
about 25 leaves which arch over.
Leaflets are narrow, shiny and
folded, up to 68 cm long, stiff and
pointed. Male and female flowers
are on different plants. Fruit is
yellowish-brown and 1.3 – 1.7 cm
long.
Ecology Found throughout tropical
Africa. In Kongo Central it is
common in some swamps. It is
sometimes
grown
as
an
ornamental.
Propagation Can be grown from
seed or suckers. Remove the fruit
pulp and dry the seed before
storage. Germination is good with
fresh seed.
Uses Fruits are edible and very
nutritious even though they only
have a thin layer of flesh. They are
dipped quickly in boiling water
before eating. The timber is used
for making doors, beds, roofing
and windows. It is strong and
resistant to decay and termite
attack. It is also used for firewood.
The tree is sometimes planted to
Photo: Anny Mandungu
protect river banks. Leaves are
used for thatching and making
mats and baskets. A dye is obtained from the roots. The terminal ‘cabbage’ is cooked and eaten, though
some people find it bitter. The sap is very sweet and used for making palm wine. This can be extracted
from the base of the stem.
The fruits and roots are
used
to
treat
haemorrhoids. Traditionally
the spines were placed in
the soil around gardens to
deter thieves. The flowers
provide large amounts of
pollen and nectar for
honeybees.
References Gillet & Pâque
1910, Gillet 1927, Renier
1948, Daeleman & Pauwels
1983, Pauwels 1993, Fichtl
& Adi 1994, Burkill 1997
Photo: Karl Gercens
412
Phyllanthus amarus
(Phyllanthaceae)
Common names Ntetanteta (Kongo), herbe au chagrin (Fr.), black catnip, carry me seed
Description An erect
annual herb up to 60 cm
tall.
Branchlets
are
flattened
and
often
slightly winged. Leaves
are alternate and crowded
along lateral branchlets. 1
– 2 flowers are produced
in the axils of the leaves.
They are pale green,
often flushed red. Fruit is
a 3 lobed hanging capsule
2 – 2.5 mm in diameter.
Ecology Common on
roadsides, cultivated land,
waste places in forest and
savanna.
Widely
distributed in Asia and the
West Indies. Probably
native to Western India
and Pakistan.
Uses In Kongo Central
the plant is used to treat
amabiase,
a
parasitic
disease
caused
by
Entamoeba
hystolitica.
The roots have been shown to have strong activity against snails. Plant extracts are also poisonous to
fish and frogs, though livestock graze the plant. A black substance is obtained from the stem and leaves
which is used to dye cotton and as a substitute for ink. The plant is used to ease acute pain in the
bowels. Leaves are rich in potassium and are used to promote urination.
Remarks Phyllanthus species
are widely used to treat
jaundice. They are also used
as purgatives.
References Gillet & Pâque
1910, Daeleman & Pauwels
1983, Burkill 1994, van
Holthoon 1999, Nsimundele
2004, Oudhia 2008
Photo: Phuong Tran
413
Physalis angulata
(Solanaceae)
Common names Bobo, kindokiela (Kongo)
Description An annual, much branched herb, up to 100 cm tall with stems which are sharply angled
and hollow. Leaves are arranged spirally on stalks 2 – 11 cm long. The leaf blade is 4 – 15 cm long and
2.5–10 cm wide. The solitary flowers are produced in the axils. The calyx has 5 lobes and is 3 – 5 mm
long. Fruit is a yellow berry 10 – 16 mm in diameter, containing many seeds, enclosed in a membranous
envelope.
Ecology The plant is common throughout tropical Africa. It grows best in moist, fertile soils, is tolerant
of partial shade and occurs widely as a weed of crops and pastures, and in waste areas. It is native to
tropical America.
Propagation The plant is easily propagated by seed which should be shallow planted.
Uses The crushed leaves together with the fruit are used in Kongo Central to treat itch, scabies and
smallpox. Fruits are sometimes eaten mixed with vegetables in Congo. The leaves can be eaten as a
salad, although the taste is bitter. In larger quantities the plant is poisonous to cattle and sheep, and it
gives the meat a musk-like smell.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, De Wildeman 1934, Staner & Boutique 1937, Renier 1948, Daeleman
& Pauwels 1993, Mairura 2008, Burkill 2000
414
Physalis peruviana
(Solanaceae)
Common names Groseiller du Cap (FR.), Cape gooseberry, Peruvian cherry
Description An annual or
perennial trailing to erect herb
up to 80 cm tall. Flowers are
small, yellow and borne in the
leaf axils. Fruits are round
orange berries, 1 – 2 cm in
diameter, enclosed in a papery
calyx.
Ecology Originally from Peru
but
now
widely
grown,
particularly in South Africa. It
grows in waste areas, at forest
edges. Plants can be intercropped with maize. They
thrive in full sun and are fairly
drought resistant but do not
like waterlogged conditions.
They should not be grown in
ground previously used for
tomatoes or potatoes.
Propagation The berry is
crushed, dried out in the sun
and the seeds extracted. Sow
seeds
0.5
cm
deep
in
a
seed-bed,
choosing
seed
from
strong
plants
with
large fruits. Sowing is normally
plant
done at the beginning of the dry season. Transplant seedlings to 10 cm apart in the nursery when they
have developed 2 - 3 leaves. Cuttings also take very easily. Transplant into the field after 2 - 3 months,
with a ball of soil around the roots.
Management Plant out 80 - 100 cm apart and if
possible provide support stakes 1 m tall. If the plants
have not produced flowers by the time they are 30 cm
tall pinch out the growing point to encourage branching.
The fruits are ready to pick when they turn golden yellow
and the calyx has a papery texture. Ripe fruits can be left
on the plants for 2 - 3 weeks. This improves the flavour.
The plants should be well weeded. Cut them down at the
beginning of the rain season as rain causes the fruit to
rot. Plants can be grown for 2 - 3 seasons. It is useful to
provide mulch to avoid rain splash damage to the lower
fruits.
Uses The fruit has a sweet, slightly acid distinctive taste and has a high vitamin C content. It can be
eaten raw, cooked or preserved. Each plant will produce 500 gm
fruit- 1 kg fruit. The fruit makes very good
jam. Bees collect pollen and small amounts of nectar during the long flowering period. Leaves are used
fresh as a vegetable and are not normally dried for storage. The plant has various medicinal uses.
References Renier 1948, Watt & Breyer Brandwijk 1962, Martin et al. 1998, FAO 1982, Baker 1986,
Dupriez & De Leener 1989, Fichtl & Adi 1994, Katende et al. 1995
415
Phytolacca dodecandra
(Phytolaccaceae)
Common names Tidi, tiri, mayoko (Kongo), épinard sauvage (Fr.)
Description A fast growing shrubby or woody climber to 7 m high and 15 m long. Nodes are up to 10
cm apart and stems can be 9 mm in diameter. Leaves are usually hairless, 4 – 15 cm long and 2 – 10
cm wide, oval to elliptic and have slender petioles, 1 – 5 cm long. The central flower stalk may grow 40
cm long with the scented flowers being red, white, yellow or green.
Ecology Found in closed forest, wooded savanna and on cultivated land up to an altitude of 2,000 m.
plant
Widespread from Guinea to west Cameroon and in Madagascar and South Africa.
Propagation Use seedlings or cuttings.
Uses Sometimes cultivated as a vegetable in Kongo Central, though elsewhere the plant is regarded as
being highly poisonous. The leaves are also reported to be poisonous to livestock. The young leaves
are coarsely cut and cooked before eating. The fresh leaves have a protein content of up to 6%. In
Kongo Central they are also used to treat scabies. Dried leaves are applied to cuts and swellings. The
fruits are a good soap substitute and are especially used for this purpose in northern Kenya and
Ethiopia. Fruits can be collected when still unripe and dried for later use. They contain saponin and
produce a good lather which acts as a poison to snails, and it has been noticed that water snails
carrying bilharzia are reduced downstream from where people wash their clothes with these berries.
The juice can also be used for killing mosquito larvae in ponds. The fruits contain a red substance which
changes in sunlight and is used as a substitute for ink. Leaves are the source of a yellow dye. The roots
are used in small quantities as a remedy for round- and tape-worms. Where common, both pollen and
nectar are collected by bees, and the plant is also reported as a bee forage in Ethiopia and Gabon.
Remarks The older leaves and berries are very poisonous.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Balle 1951, Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962,
Wild 1972, Kokwaro 1976, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Ambougou 1991, Konda et al. 1992, Mbemba &
Remacle 1992, Bekele-Tesemma et al 1993, Fichtl & Adi 1994, Burkill 1997, Nsimundele 2004
416
Picralima nitida
(Apocynaceae)
Common names Obéro, demouain à gros fruits, ebam (Fr).
Foliage of a tree in the Kisantu botanic garden
Description A shrub or tree up to 35 m tall, but usually smaller. Seeds are flattened, 2.5 – 4.5 cm
long, smooth, brown to orange, embedded in soft white to orange pulp. The tree can be found
flowering and fruiting throughout the year.
Ecology An understorey tree in rainforest, also
in mature secondary forest and semi-deciduous
forest along river banks. It occurs from Ivory
Coast east to Uganda and south to Cabinda
(Angola).
Uses The wood is pale yellow, hard, elastic and
takes a good polish. It is used for tool handles,
walking sticks, pestles and mortars, carving and
canoe paddles. Spoons or dippers are also
made of the hard shell of the fruit. The seeds,
bark and roots are widely used to reduce fever
and as a remedy for malaria. The bark is taken
as a laxative. The seeds, in particular, contain
the alkaloid akuammine, and are extensively
used for pain relief and to treat chest and
stomach problems, pneumonia and intestinal
worms. Usually, the seeds or bark are crushed
or chewed and eaten for this purpose, or a
decoction from the roots, seeds or bark is
drunk. In D.R. Congo the bark is used to cure
coughing or typhoid fever.
References Gillet 1927, Staner & Boutique 1937, Renier 1948, Burkill 1985, Nyunaï & Njifutié 2006
417
Piliostigma thonningii
(Caesalpiniaceae)
Synonym Bauhinia thonningii
Common names Pied de boeuf (Fr.), camel's foot tree
Description A bush or tree
from 3 - 6 m high with a
short twisted trunk and
branches.
Leaves
are
characteristically twin lobed
and
hairy
underneath.
Flowers are white and
sweet-scented.
Ecology Found in wooded
savanna throughout tropical
Africa. Often associated with
Annona senegalensis.
leaves
stored for several years if kept cool, dry and insect free.
Propagation Seed is sown
direct after being soaked in
cold water for 24 hours.
Germination rate is normally
good. The seed can be
Management The tree grows fairly fast and can be coppiced or
pollarded.
Right: The fruits remain on the tree for a long time.
Uses The wood is hard but easy to work though liable to termite
and insect borers. It is used for house posts, pestles, handles of
implements, furniture and general carpentry, though its small size
limits its usefulness. Twigs and roots are used as chewsticks. The
wood burns well, is long lasting and picks up well from sleeping
embers burning with a hot flame and little smoke. The bark is
stripped off for roofing ties, fencing and bridge building. Fibre can
be extracted for use as rope. The gum from the trunk is used for
repairing boats. The plant has a number of medicinal uses. For
example, the fresh leaves are applied to wounds to assist healing.
Bark
is
used
for
colds and
toothache.
Fruits can
be used as
a
substitute for soap. The pulp surrounding the
fruitbiscuit-like and chewed by
seeds is edible,
children or eaten during famine. The leaves,
crushed green pods and seeds can also be eaten.
Young leaves are chewed to relieve thirst. Pods
and seeds produce a blue dye and roasted seeds
a black dye. The flowers are reported to be
visited by bees and are known to be an
important bee forage in the highlands of Angola.
References
Wilczek et al. 1952, Portugal-Araújo 1974, Peters et al 1992, Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1995,
flower
Katende et al. 1995, Pousset 2004
418
Piper guineense
(Piperaceae)
Common names Kapidi, nkefu (Kongo), boloko, bololoko (Lingala), West African black pepper, bush
pepper
Description An evergreen
creeper or vine up to 23 m
long which climbs using
adventitious roots growing
from the stem. Older stems
have corky ridges. Leaves are
4.5 – 16.5 cm long and 2 –
12 cm wide with a long
pointed tip, the base being
round or narrowed, often
unequally. Fruits red, orangeyellow or brown 3 - 6 mm on
short stalks.
Ecology Found from Guinea
to Uganda and Angola in
damp
sites
and
valley
bottoms.
Sometimes
cultivated or left growing on
trees.
Propagation The plant can
be grown from seed or
cuttings.
Uses The fruit bunches are
aromatic and widely used as
a spice and condiment in the
same way as black pepper,
though they are not as
strong. The fresh fruits are
eaten raw for their spicy taste
and to treat colds. The dried
fruits are pounded and sieved
and added to sauces and hot
peppers. The powder is also
added to coffee or tea.
Leaves are used as a
condiment. The plant is also
used medicinally to aid digestion and relieve wind. The roots are used to treat bronchitis. A decoction of
the bark is used as an enema to treat intestinal problems. The peppercorns are used as an ointment for
the skin, particularly to ease rheumatism. The
plant has anti-microbial and insecticidal
properties.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, De Wildeman
1934, Balle 1948, Renier 1948, Uphof 1968,
Burkill 1997, Ruffo et al. 2002, Kibungu
Kembelo 2003, Nsimundele 2004, Biloso &
Lejoly 2006, Kibungu Kembelo 2010
419
Piper nigrum
(Piperaceae)
Common names Kapidi (Kongo), poivre (Fr.), pepper
Description A perennial climbing vine
which may grow to 10 m but is normally
pruned to about 4 m. Leaves are 8 - 20
cm long, alternate, oval and pointed.
Flowers are mostly bisexual. Fruits are 3
- 6 mm, red when ripe, turning black
when dried. Piper guineense has shorter
leaves and fruit spikes and a more
branched habit than P. nigrum. There are
numerous improved varieties.
Ecology Grown widely in the tropics. It
requires a hot, wet climate but cannot
stand water-logging. Shade and a fertile
soil, rich in compost or other organic
material, is required. Plants are very
susceptible to drought.
Propagation Normally grown from
cuttings taken from young stems or stem
shoots about 50 cm long. These are
grown in moist soil under shade and
produce roots after about 2 months. The
plant can also be grown from fresh seed.
Management The plants are grown on
mounds and planted so that they climb up trees. The latter may need to be pruned to reduce excessive
nigrum Two or three stems are allowed to develop and each stem needs to be pruned back to 10
shading.
nodes until the fruit has been produced. To stagger production the stems can be pruned in rotation
allowing 3 - 4 week intervals. Weeding and mulching are beneficial. Plants remain productive for up to
30 years.
Uses Fresh or dried fruits, either whole
or crushed, are hot spices used in
cooking. As with the previous species
pepper is known to stimulate digestion
by increasing the flow of saliva and the
digestive juices. In the past peppers
were also used to relieve wind and as a
worm remedy. To prepare black
pepper, fruits are left in heaps
overnight and then dried on mats in the
sun the following day. They should be
raked regularly and are ready after 4 –
5 days. Pepper oil is distilled from the
fruits and used in perfumes.
References Gillet 1927, Purseglove
1968, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983,
Dupriez & De Leener 1989, de Guzman
& Siemonsma 1999
420
Piper umbellatum
(Piperaceae)
Common names Kilemba kimfinda (Kongo), itolombo (Lingala), cow foot leaf
Description A perennial herb or scrambling shrub up to 1.5 m tall, branching from low down. The
stems grow from a woody rootstock. Leaves are alternate, almost circular, up to 36 cm across.
Inflorescence is a spike up to 15 cm long, with 2 – 8 together. Fruit is a 3 angled fleshy drupe 0.5 – 1
mm, brownish containing one seed.
Ecology Moist shady places and widespread through the tropics. It is often planted near dwellings.
Propagation Can be grown from stem cuttings producing roots from the nodes.
Uses The leaves, which have a peppery taste, are eaten as a vegetable. When fresh leaves are crushed
they produce a smell like celery. Plant ash produces a vegetable salt. Soaked in water the leaves are
used to treat toothache. In tropical Africa the leaves are widely used medicinally to soften the skin, to
treat wounds and as an antiseptic. They are employed in poultices on swellings, boils and burns. A
decoction of the leaves or roots is taken to relieve jaundice, malaria, urinary and kidney problems,
syphilis, menstrual problems and stomach-ache, and is also applied on wounds and inflamed tumours.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Staner & Boutique 1937, Balle 1948, Renier 1948, Daeleman &
Pauwels 1983, Mbemba et al. 1992, Burkill 1997, Domis & Oyen 2008
421
Piptadeniastrum africanum
(Mimosaceae)
Synonym Piptadenia africana
Common names Singasinga (Kongo), African greenheart, dabema (commerce)
tree
Description The tree grows to 45 m high and has large thin buttresses reaching from 3 to 5 m up the
trunk. Young branches are covered with dense brown hairs. Leaves are composed of 10 - 12 pairs of
pinnae borne on red petioles. Flowers are yellow-white on branched spikes each one 4 - 11 cm with a
hairy brown stalk. Fruits are flat, dark-brown 12.5 cm long.
Ecology Grows in lowland forests from Sierra Leone to Angola and Uganda.
Propagation Can be grown from seed or wild seedlings. The winged seeds are collected from the
forest floor. Seeds germinate after 1 - 2 weeks but lose their viability very quickly. Seedlings grow
slowly and are normally transplanted after 6 – 12 months.
Uses The bark is used as a soap substitute and ash from both pods and bark is used for making soap.
The root contains a large amount of saponin. The wood is used as a general purpose timber though the
sawdust irritates the throat and lungs. It is of good quality, durable in fresh water, to some extent
termite resistant, but has a bad smell. It is especially good for heavy construction and flooring. The bark
is sometimes used to cause abortion but this is known to be very dangerous. The gum is used as an
ordeal poison. Minsendi and Nsinga edible caterpillars feed on the leaves. Bees visit the flowers, which
are produced during the dry season.
Remarks The tree has other medicinal uses in Africa but great care should be taken when
using any part.
References Renier 1948, Gilbert & Boutique 1952, Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Allen & Allen 1981,
Ambougou 1991, Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1995, Katende et al. 1995, Kibungu Kembelo 1995, Neuwinger
2000, Meunier et al. 2010
422
Pithecellobium dulce
(Mimosaceae)
Common names Mkwaju wa kihindi (Swahili), Madras thorn, Manila tamarind
Description A thin shapeless shrub or tree 4 – 15 m tall, armed with short spines at the base of each
pair of leaves. Bark pale and smooth with horizontal marks, bole short, young branches thorny,
drooping. Leaves are borne on thin petioles having two pairs of asymmetric, oval leaflets each up to 5
cm long, the tip being rounded or notched. Small cream-yellow flowers have bunches of green-white
stamens. Fruit is a heavy pod, about 12 cm long, spirally twisted and constricted between the seeds.
These are red when mature, splitting to release glossy black seeds almost covered with the fleshy red
and white, sweet, edible aril.
All photos : Luc Pauwels
Ecology Originally from Central America but now widely grown in the tropics. Grows in most soils
including poor sands and wet salty soils. Very drought resistant. The tree can withstand heavy browsing
or being cut for fodder.
Propagation Can be grown from wild
seedlings, direct sowing or from
cuttings. No treatment necessary or can
be soaked in cold water for 6 hours.
Seed germination is very good (95%)
after 2 weeks. Grown from seed which
takes 2 weeks to germinate though
improved
trees
are
grown
by
marcotting, grafting or budding.
Management Fast growing, it coppices
well and can be trimmed when grown as
a hedge. Withstands heavy pruning and
browsing by goats but the spines forms
are usually avoided by cattle.
Uses The wood is reddish-brown, fine
textured, hard, heavy, strong though
423
brittle. When used as firewood it
produces a lot of smoke and
does not give much heat. The
pulp around the seeds is edible
and the tree also has medicinal
uses. It is a useful bee forage
providing both nectar and
pollen. The fast honey flow
produces a thin white honey. In
Ghana it has been introduced as
a hedge plant. The bark is used
for tanning. Pods and leaves are
eaten by livestock.
References Irvine 1961, Allen
& Allen 1981, Little 1983,
Rochelau et al. 1988, HendroSunarjono & Coronel 1991,
Mbuya et al. 1994, Burkill 1995,
Leo 2007, Pauwels (personal
communication
9.6.15)
Agroforestree
Database
(Accessed 25.7.16),
Photo: B. Navez
424
Plumbago zeylanica
(Plumbaginaceae)
Common names White plumbago, Ceylon leadwort
Description A straggling shrub from 1 – 2 m high, occasionally climbing to 4 m. Leaves alternate,
widest about or below the middle, 70 x 25 mm. White flowers are borne at the ends of the branches.
The flower calyx is cylindrical, over 10 mm long, and covered with long glandular hairs. When the fruit
is ripe the glands become very sticky, the calyx breaks off easily and clings to fur, clothing and even
skin.
Ecology Native to South East Asia. The plant grows best in full sun or partial shade on acidic soils and
is widespread throughout the tropics.
Propagation Can be grown from
seed, cuttings or division.
Uses Sometimes grown as a
medicinal plant and also as an
ornamental. The active chemical is
plumbagin, an antispasmodic. It
contains vitamin K and has antibiotic
properties. It is used to treat scabies
in Kongo Central. It is also
sometimes used to treat tuberculosis
and leprosy, but its high toxicity
makes it difficult to use. The flowers
are reported to be visited by bees.
References
Watt
&
BreyerBrandwijk 1962, Wild et al. 1972,
Kokwaro 1976, Burkill 1997, van
Wyk et al. 1997, Neuwinger 2000,
Agnew 2013, Heinze et al. 2016
Photo: Colin Reid
425
Polygala acicularis
(Polygalaceae)
Common name Lunsambinsambi (Kongo), bosasobe (Lingala)
Description A shrubby, erect annual herb to
1.5 m high, often woody at the base. Leaves 1
- 6 cm long. The numerous blue flowers are
born terminally in January.
Ecology The plant is found in valleys by
water. It is recorded from tropical Africa in
bushland, savanna, swamp on granite soil and
in cultivated land. Altitude range 350 – 1,600
m. Also present in northern Nigeria, Sudan,
Uganda and Angola.
Propagation Can be grown from seed.
Uses In Kongo Central the leaves, stem and
roots are used to treat diabetes, mental
disorder, haemorrhoids, migraine, gastritis,
dysentery, epilepsy, intestinal worms and
coughs. Roots are boiled and the liquid is
drunk for stomach ache. The powdered root is
said to be effective in treating sore throats. In
Gabon the roots are also used to perfume
ointment. The powdered or fresh bark is
applied to septic sores. Polygala species are
important honeybee forage in north Africa.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Petit 1958,
Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1997,
Hepburn & Radloff 1998, Neuwinger 2000,
Kibungu Kembelo 2003
Papa Maketa with young Rambutan plants in the botanic garden at Kisantu
426
Portulaca oleracea
(Portulacaceae)
Common names N’dya ngulu, n’labanlaba (Kongo), pourpier (Fr.), purslane, pigweed
Description A fleshy, much branched, annual herb, with shoots growing up to 30 cm long. Leaves are
either alternate, more or less opposite or in whorls, 10 – 30 mm long by 5 – 12 mm wide. Flowers are 4
– 6 mm long. Fruit is an ovoid capsules 4 mm long.
Pollination The bisexual flowers open very briefly and
honeybees collect pollen and are likely to contribute to
pollination.
Ecology Originally from Asia but now common in
waste places in the tropics and sub-tropics. It has
been cultivated in southern Europe as a salad plant for
a long time. It can become a serious weed remaining
alive after weeding.
Uses The succulent leaves are eaten raw or cooked,
with other foods or on their own. Livestock also eat
the plant. It is rich in ascorbic acid, iron and calcium
and is widely used medicinally in Africa. In Kongo
Central the leaves and shoots are boiled and given to
women during pregnancy to relieve abdominal pain.
They are also used as a diuretic, to treat rheumatism,
fever, disorders of the urinary tract, as a sedative and
for intestinal worm infestation.
Photo: Ton Rulkens
References Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Hauman 1951, Busson 1965, Nsimundele 1966 - 68, Daeleman &
Pauwels 1983, Crane & Walker 1984, Burkill 1997, El Jack 2004, Kibungu Kembelo 2010, Malaisse 2010
427
Pseudospondias microcarpa
(Anacardiaceae)
Common names Nyibu (Kongo)
Description Tree 6 – 20 m high with a usually short trunk, 3 - 18 m tall, twisted and strongly
buttressed. Bark falls off in large flakes. Leaves are compound having 5 - 21 leaflets, each 5 - 17 cm
long and 2.5 - 6 cm wide. Male and female flowers are produced separately. Fruits ellipsoid 3 - 3.5 cm
long, blue-black when ripe. Parasitic Loranthaceae are often found growing on this tree.
Tree in flower and with fruit at Kisantu botanical garden in August
Ecology Grows in dense fringing and secondary forests, in damp sites and often on stream banks
occurring throughout West Africa and south to Angola and in Uganda and Malawi.
Propagation The tree can be grown from seed which should be soaked for 12 hours in water before
planting. Seed can be stored for up to 5 months, but is best kept in the dried whole fruit. Wild seedlings
or cuttings can also be used. The young trees can be planted out in damp areas.
Management The tree is fast growing and can be coppiced or pollarded.
Uses The fruits are sweet and edible, but taste of turpentine. Wood is soft to moderately hard and grey
or greenish, liable to warp, perishable and liable to borer attack. It is sometimes used for poles and
planks. In Kongo Central the bark is used to treat dysentery and pain in the abdomen. Tannin is
produced in both bark and leaves. Bees visit the flowers in January and August. Pseudospondias species
are known to provide bee forage in Gabon. The tree provides a dense shade.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927, Van Der Veken 1960, Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Burkill
1985, Lobreau-Callen 1988, Ambougou 1991, Peters et al. 1992, Pauwels 1993, Katende et al. 1995,
Latham 2003, Nsimundele 2004, Harris et al. 2011
428
Psidium guajava
(Myrtaceae)
Common names Fulunta (Kongo), goyavier (Fr.), guava
Description A shrub growing from 6 to 10 m high. In Kongo Central fruits are yellow with pink flesh.
Ecology Grows throughout
the
tropics,
sometimes
becoming a serious weed.
Found from sea level to
1,500 m. The plant is
adapted to a wide range of
climate and soil conditions.
It can tolerate temporary
water-logging
and
high
temperatures.
Propagation Select a good
variety and propagate by air
layering. The tree may also
be grown from suckers,
which can be induced by
cutting the root 60 - 90 cm
from the trunk.
Management
Trees come into bearing two years after transplanting and are in full bearing after 8
fruit
years.
Uses The edible fruits are variable in size and flavour, ranging from sweet to tart. Ripe juicy types are
eaten fresh, or the flesh can
be stewed. Guavas contain 2
- 5 times the vitamin content
of fresh orange juice and are
an important source of
vitamin C. Guavas are also a
good source of vitamin A,
iron,
calcium
and
phosphorus. Eating ripe fruit
guards against scurvy. The
wood is hard and used for
making tool handles. In
Kongo Central an infusion of
the leaves is used to control
intestinal worms and to treat
colic and fever. Eating unripe
guava fruits or drinking an
infusion of the leaves can be
Psidium guineense = Nkisu (Kongo), faux goyavier (Fr.) another
effective in treating ordinary
introduced species, is now frequently found growing wild.
diarrhoea. The flowers are
frequently visited by honey
bees and provide heavy yields of pollen and moderate amounts of nectar. The honey produced is light
yellow, has thin viscosity and a pleasant flavour. In some countries the leaves are used for dyeing and
tanning.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Renier 1948, Purseglove 1968, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Ambougou
1991, Bekele-Tesemma et al. 1993, Iwu 1993, Pauwels 1993, Lakshmi & Mohana Rao 1998, Hirt & M’pia
2001, Nsimundele 2004, Pousset 2004
429
Psophocarpus scandens
(Papilionaceae)
Common names Kikalakasa (Kongo), bangassu, boonga, boussaka (Lingala), African winged bean
Description A perennial
woody climber up to 6 m
long. Leaves composed of 3
leaflets, 2.5 – 12 cm long
and 1.8 – 10 cm wide, on a
petiole 5 – 18 cm long.
Flowers are blue, reddish or
violet-blue, 1.6 – 2.4 cm
long. Fruits are 3.5 – 8 cm
long, 1 – 2 cm wide,
rectangular in cross section,
winged and contain 5 – 8
seeds.
Ecology Occurs in the
savanna and in riverine and
gallery forests, on waste
ground and around swamps
throughout Central Africa from Cameroon, to Angola and in Tanzania,
Mozambique and Mauritius.
plant
Propagation The surface of the seed needs to be scratched or
scarified before planting to aid germination. Seed germination remains
good for a long period. Plant at a spacing of 50 x 50 cm.
Management Can be grown over a trellis in which case one or two
seeds are planted near the base of a support stick. The crop grows
well in association with sweet potatoes. Early weeding is important.
Leaves are usually picked before fruit is produced and can be dried
and powdered for later use.
Uses A valuable vegetable. Leaves, pods, sprouts, beans and tubers are all edible. Fresh leaves contain
7% protein or 39% when dried.
flower
They can be dried, made into a
flour and mixed with other
flours. The seeds can be
roasted and make a good flour
very rich in protein (33%).
Leaves are known to assist milk
production in nursing mothers.
In Ubangi fresh leaves are
made into a pulp and applied as
a poultice for lumbago. Plant
sap is used for healing sores
and, together with Lannea
welwitschii, as a mouth-wash
for infections.
Photo: Rudy Schippers
Remarks The growing of this
vegetable has been encouraged
in D.R. Congo, especially in and
around Kinshasa, for its value in
promoting lactation in breast
feeding mothers.
References Renier 1948, Hauman et al. 1954, Mbemba & Remacle 1992, Burkill 1995, Paulus 1997,
Nsimundele 2004, Schippers 2004
430
Psorospermum febrifugum
(Hypericaceae)
Common names Kisokosoko (Kongo)
young
fruits
Description A shrub or small tree to 6Flowers
m high.and
Bark
is grey
to brown, rough and rather corky, flaking
or peeling in strips. Flowers are creamy-white, about 8 mm in diameter and sweet-scented. The stems
are covered with rusty coloured hairs. Fruits are about 8 10 mm in diameter.
Ecology A common and widespread shrub of the savanna found from Guinea to Ethiopia and in
Mozambique.
Uses The bark, and particularly
the root bark, is crushed, mixed
with water or palm oil and rubbed
on to treat scabies. The resin is
used to repel mites. It is also
used to treat sores in domestic
rabbits and ticks on cattle. In East
Africa a decoction of the roots
and leaves is drunk to cure
leprosy. Bees collect nectar from
this plant, which can often be
found in flower. The bark can be
used as an insecticide. The fruits
are eaten in Tanzania.
References Butaye 1909, Gillet
& Pâque 1910, Renier 1948,
Bamps 1970, Kokwaro 1976,
Coates Palgrave 1983, Dupriez &
De Leener 1993, Pauwels 1993,
Burkill 1994, Latham 2003, Göhre et al. 2016
fruit
431
Psychotria calva
(Rubiaceae)
Common names Kibofula, kimbafuela (Kongo), faux Ipéca (Fr.)
Description A smooth-stemmed, straggling shrub with dense foliage growing to 8 m high.
Ecology Grows beside streams, on the edge of closed forest or in savanna woodland. Found from
Senegal to western Cameroon.
Psychotria calva growing at the edge of woodland near Sombala
plant
Propagation The plant can be grown from seed, collected after it falls.
Uses Leaves are eaten as a vegetable. The bark is used as an emetic. A maceration of the leaf is
rubbed in or drunk to relieve headaches and depression. A root decoction, made up together with roots
of Phyllanthus muellerianus and Harrisonia abyssinica, is taken for coughs or whooping cough elsewhere
in Africa.
References Butaye 1909, Gillet & Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927, De Wildeman 1934, Renier 1948,
Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1997, Neuwinger 2000
Hot peppers being dried
(see page 109).
432
Pteridium centrali-africanum
(Dennstaedtiaceae)
Synonym P. aquilinum subsp. centrali-africanum
Common names Kisielele, nteko, ntekwatekwa, nkungambwa (Kongo), fougère (Fr.), bracken
Description An erect fern,
from 1 to 3 m high, growing
from
long
subterranean
rhizomes.
The
plant
reproduces from rhizomes as
well as from spores. The stem
is thick, rounded and hairy.
The compound leaf is up to
45 cm long, triangular in
outline and lobed. Each leaf is
about 12 cm long, with
approximately 21 pairs of
leaflets.
Ecology A common weed of
field crops in the forest zone
often
found
in
dense
concentrations
along
the
edges of slopes on clay soils.
Uses The young shoots are
cooked as a vegetable with
onions etc. They are also used
medicinally to ease chest
pain, painful joints, and
haemorrhoids. In northern
Angola
the
leaves
and
rhizomes are used to treat
epilepsy. The rhizomes are
consumed by some people and constitute an
important food among the Maoris in New
Zealand. They have also been used to treat
tapeworms. Rubber has been obtained from
the plant in USA. Young growth can be
grazed by livestock, if no other food is
available, but it is toxic if eaten for more than
3 weeks.
Munsuka
(Gonimbrasia
anthinoides) and N'teku edible caterpillars
feed on the leaves. Pteridium centraliafricanum is also the food plant of Nyodes
prasinodes edible caterpillar in Katanga.
Remarks
Warning
The
plant
is
probably
carcinogenic and may also cause
beriberi.
References Renier 1948, Watt & BreyerBrandwijk 1962, Uphof 1968, Wild 1972,
Arkinstall 1979, Malaisse & Parent 1980,
Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Akobundu &
Agyakwa 1987, Konda et al. 1992, Kibungu
Kembelo 1995, Biloso & Lejoly 2006, Göhre et
al. 2016
plant
433
Pterocarpus angolensis
(Papilionaceae)
Common names Nkoso, lukungu nseke (Kongo & Yaka), African teak, bloodwood
Description A shrub or small tree 4 – 5 m tall. Leaves are compound having 12 – 20 leaflets, each 4.5
– 7 by 2.5 – 3.8 cm. Red
sap exudes from cuts
which dries in a red mass.
Orange-yellow,
sweet
scented
flowers
are
produced
before
the
leaves in large branched
sprays. The circular fruits,
5 – 10 cm in diameter,
are
distinctive,
and
densely covered with stiff
brown hairs. The pod
contains one seed and
has a wavy papery wing.
Ecology In Kongo Central
the tree is found in the
savanna. It prefers well
drained sandy soils. It is
widespread in wooded
grassland
throughout
Central
and
southern
Africa.
Propagation Use seed or
large cuttings (2 m long).
Collect pods and remove
seed. Soak in water for 1
– 2 days then plant out
direct as the tree has a
long taproot. Germination
takes 20 – 30 days.
Growth is slow to start
with but later becomes
faster. Seed germination
30 - 70%.
Management Light is important for good growth. The tree can be coppiced and is fire resistant.
Uses The heartwood is a long lasting and an attractive golden red-brown colour. It is easily worked and
takes a good polish. The timber is used for construction and furniture. It is also used for firewood,
charcoal, tool handles, carving, beehives and poles. The tree fixes nitrogen and is planted for soil
conservation. The inner bark is fibrous and used for making baskets. The bark is also used for dyeing.
In Namibia and Zimbabwe the heartwood from the roots is ground to powder and used as a red dye for
palm leaf fibres to make woven baskets. Flowering trees are an important honey source. Pterocarpus
species are important honeybee forage in equatorial and savanna zones of Africa. In Lindi, Tanzania the
trees are preserved in the forest for bee forage.
References Renier 1948, Hauman et al. 1954, Smith 1957, Williamson 1975, Pauwels 1993, Mbuya et
al. 1994, Venter & Venter 1996, Malaisse 1997, Hepburn & Radloff 1998, Aubrey 2003, Lalika &
Machangu 2008, Takawira – Nyenya 2008
434
Pueraria phaseoloides var. javanica
(Fabaceae)
Common names, Kudzu tropicale (Fr.), tropical kudzu, puero
Description
A
robust climbing or
trailing
perennial
herb, growing from
a deep tap-root and
up to 10 m long,
with stems usually
covered with rustybrown hairs. Leaves
are trifoliate. The
plant roots at the
nodes. Leaflets 5 –
12 cm long and up
to 11 cm wide.
Flowers are borne in
long
axillary
racemes. Corolla up
to 2 cm long, usually
whitish
with
a
mauve blotch. Pods
linear, straight or
slightly
curved,
compressed and up
to 11 cm long, with 10 – 20 seeds. Seeds dark brown.
Ecology Native to tropical S.E. Asia. It has been introduced to many tropical countries where it has
become naturalized. Grows where rain is more than 1500 mm and can withstand a 2 – 3 month dry
season. It will tolerate acid soils and prefers heavy rather than sandy soils. It can withstand temporary
waterlogging for 2 -3 months. Shade tolerant.
Propagation Use runners with roots
or divide the crowns. It can also be
sown from seed but seed setting can
be a problem in some areas. Soak in
hot water for 24 hours. Plants which
are allowed to grow into trees produce
more seed. Cowpea rhizobium strain
CP 756 is required for successful
inoculation. Plant at wide spacing or on
hills.
Management Slow growing in the
first 2 – 4 months and may need
protection from weeds. After 4 – 5
months plants form a dense mass 60 –
80 cm high. It can be grown with
Panicum maximum.
Uses Originally introduced to D.R. Congo as a cover crop in oil palm plantations. A valuable cattle
fodder, remaining green well into the dry season, cover crop and green manure, well adapted to tropical
Africa. It is also used for erosion control. The tuberous root is edible, though rarely eaten. The stem
yields fibres which can be used as twine, rope or coarse string. Cattle may take time to become used to
it. It can be made into hay. Honeybees are reported to be the main pollinators and collect nectar in May
in Kongo Central. The leaves can be fed to rabbits.
References Renier 1948, Bogdan 1977, NAS 1979, Allen & Allen 1981, Crane & Walker 1984, Halim
1992, Burkill 1995, Bakenga et al. 2000, Raemaekers 2001
435
Punica granatum
(Lythraceae)
Common names Mukomamanga (Swahili), pomegranate
Description
A
deciduous shrub or
small crooked tree, up
to 6 m tall, often much
branched
near
the
base; branches often
ending in a spine, but
also
with
axillary
spines. Flowers are
produced at the end of
the twigs, and are
waxy, red or paleyellow. Fruits are 6 - 12
cm in diameter varying
in colour from yellowgreen to black-violet,
and
have
leathery
skins.
Ecology
An
easily
grown plant, it prefers
a well-drained fertile
soil in a sheltered sunny position. It does not fruit well in humid conditions. The best fruits are produced
where a cool period is followed by a hot dry season.
Propagation
Best
to
use
hardwood or root cuttings, or air
layering. For air layering separate
the rooted branches from the
mother tree after 3 - 4 months
when they are properly rooted.
These come into bearing quickly.
For cuttings use hardwood cuttings
of pencil thickness, more than 6
months and less than 2 years old.
These are taken from suckers at
the base of a main stem of a tree
that was not grafted and is of an
improved type. Remove leaves
from the cuttings. Push almost the
entire length into the soil, leaving
the top bud exposed. Plant out
after 9 months in the nursery.
Uses The fruit is eaten fresh or the juice is extracted to prepare a refreshing, thirst-quenching drink
called grenadine. In Asia the juice is also thickened to syrup and used as a sauce.
References Sudiarto & Rifai 1991, Wikipedia (Accessed 8.11.2011), SEPASAL (Accessed 8.11.2011).
436
Pycnanthus angolensis
(Myristicaceae)
Common names Kilomba, nlomba, kunda mavondu (Kongo), faux muscadier (Fr.), false nutmeg,
African nutmeg
Description A tree
growing to 30 m.
Branches are bunched
together at the top. The
leaves are usually eaten
by insects, so are rarely
found entire.
Ecology
Found
in
secondary forest on clay
soils or in valleys. Trees
require an open site.
Present from Guinea to
Angola
and
across
Africa to Uganda and
Tanzania.
Propagation Seed is
collected from below
the parent tree and is
sown in pots after
soaking in cold water
for 24 hours.
Treewhite
in forest
Uses Timber is uniform, greyish
to dull
pink, soft and light. It is easy to saw, plane and
cut into planks. It polishes and glues well.
Widely used in house construction, for walls,
doors and window frames. The wood is liable to
be attacked by fungi, borers and termites but
makes good firewood. In Kongo Central the
latex from the bark is used to heal wounds and
leaf
to stimulate lactation. The twigs, roots, seeds and
leaves are also used medicinally. The seeds are an
important source of fat and are extensively used for
illumination and soap making. N'lombela edible
caterpillars, which feed on the leaves, are a special
food reserved for elders.
Remarks The tree is invasive and fast growing.
References Butaye 1909, Renier 1948, Gilbert &
Troupin 1951, Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Keay 1989,
Pauwels 1993, Katende et al. 1995, Burkill 1997
Fruit showing nutmeg-like aril: Photo: David
Harris/Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
flowers
437
Quassia africana
(Simaroubaceae)
Common names Munkadinkadi, yombo, nkari nkari (Kongo)
Description A shrub up to 4 m high. Bark is
greyish green. Branches and branchlets are
glabrous. Leaves are alternate, and compound with
5 - 7 opposite leaflets, 5 – 20 cm long and 2 – 8 cm
wide. Petioles are 4 - 10 cm long. The terminal
leaflet is slightly larger than the lateral leaflets.
Inflorescence is terminal, 12 – 20 cm long. Petals
are whitish to yellowish with a pinkish tinge. The
plant flowers throughout the year.
Ecology Present in lowland rainforest in the
transition zone from evergreen to semi-deciduous
forest. Found from western Cameroon to D.R.
Congo and Angola.
Roots being sold in a local market.
Uses All parts are very bitter. In Kongo Central a
decoction is used to kill lice. It is also used to make
up lotions to treat oedema. The wood is used as a
tonic and to reduce fever. In Manianga the leaves
and roots are used to treat hernias. Roots are used
in Equateur to expel intestinal worms and to treat
severe menstrual pain. An infusion of the root is used to treat bronchial illness and to reduce fever. The
whole plant is used to treat syphilitic chancres. An
ointment is made of the root bark with palm oil for
dealing with lice. Extracts of Quassia species are
used as insecticides in horticulture.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Staner &
Boutique 1937, Renier 1948, Gilbert 1958,
Nsimundele 1966 - 68, Arkinstall 1979, Daeleman
& Pauwels 1983, FAO 1986, Burkill 2000, Konda
ku Mbuta et al. 2012
Left & above: Quassia amara, a species
introduced from Brazil, which is used to treat
stomach disorders and as an insecticide.
438
Raphia gentiliana
(Arecaceae)
Synonym R. gilletii
Common names Koko, ba di
magusu (Kongo), raffia
Uses The leaf stems are used for
making hammocks, beds and
various
items
of
furniture.
Traditionally raffia fibres from the
young leaves were used to weave
mbari, a loin cloth worn for
dances. The palm is tapped for
palm wine. Honeybees collect
nectar and may be responsible for
pollination.
Remarks After flowering the
palm dies. There are many
vernacular names for species of
Raphia but these are not always
used for the same species.
References Butaye 1909, Gillet &
Pâque
1910,
Gillet
1927,
Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Crane
& Walker 1984, Pauwels 1993,
Nsimundele 2004
Koko flowering at Matolo’s farm
near Kasangulu and (below)
growing in secondary forest near
Kintudi village
fruiting
Above : Immature fruits
439
Left: The “Bimango” hive designed by a
commercial beekeeper from Brazzaville and
made up from Raphia gentiliana leaf stems.
hive
Right: A young mechanic with his Izuzu truck
made from Koko palm stems.
truck
Roof made of Raphia palm leaves
440
Raphia matombe
(Arecaceae)
Common names Tombe, ba di matombe
(Kongo), raffia
Ecology A small palm found in damp and
swampy sites.
Uses The leaf stems are used to produce
village furniture and the palm is tapped for
palm wine. Fibre is extracted from the young
leaves, which is used to make mats, fabrics
and string. The kernel is eaten while still
gelatinous as a vegetable. The heart of the
trunk can also be eaten in times of scarcity
(Personal communication – Gracia Matondo).
Honeybees collect nectar from some species
and may be responsible for pollination.
Remarks R. laurentii is also present in
Kongo Central.
Reference Gillet & Paque 1910, Purseglove
1972, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Crane &
Walker 1984, Pauwels 1993, Nsimundele
2004
A bed and cupboard being made up near
Mbanza Nzundu by Papa Antoine
bed
Papa Antoine
441
Raphia sese
(Arecaceae)
Common names Nsaku (Kongo = knife with a long blade), ba di magangu (Kongo).
Description A palm which grows in dense
clumps up to 10 m tall. Female flowers are
produced at the base and male flowers higher
up the spike.
Ecology Found in certain marshy sites. It is also present in the central forest zone of D.R. Congo.
442
Uses The pulp around the seeds is edible and contains a yellow-orange oil composed of over 70%
unsaturated fatty acids (compared with 55% for palm oil). The fruits are piled up and covered with
branches and foliage until mature. The scales surrounding the flesh are then removed by soaking or by
boiling the fruits in water. The
flesh is eaten as a condiment
and to regulate sugar intake
for diabetes. The leaf stalks
were traditionally used to
make nsaku (a knife with a
long blade). Wine is also
obtained from the stems.
Honeybees collect nectar from
some species and may be
responsible for pollination.
Left: The peeled fruits and
nuts.
References Gillet & Paque
1910, Renier 1948, Crane &
Walker 1984, Pauwels 1993,
Kanika et al. 2004, Biloso &
Lejoly 2006, Kibungu Kembelo
2010
Konda ku Mbuta (left) with fruits after removal of the outer scales.
The flesh is eaten with cassava. The nuts are discarded.
443
Rauvolfia mannii
(Apocynaceae)
Synonym R. obscura
Common names Kilungu, ndungu zi matebo, ndungu zi misitu (Kongo), zumbu (Yaka dial.), musitu
(Manianga)
Description A shrub or small tree 1 -2 m high. Leaves from 4.5 – 9 cm long and 1.5 – 3 cm wide. The
flowers are fragrant. The red heart shaped fruits are 6 – 10 mm long.
Ecology Commonly found in secondary forest. Occurs from Liberia to Kenya and south to Angola and
Malawi.
Uses The roots are boiled in water and used to treat abdominal pain in Manianga. Elsewhere in D.R.
Congo dried or fresh roots in palm wine or water are taken to treat gastro intestinal disorders,
poisoning, jaundice, gonorrhoea or female sterility. Root powder is applied to wounds to improve
healing. Root powder, fruit pulp or pulped seeds are rubbed on the head to kill lice and to other parts of
the body to kill skin parasites. A root decoction is taken to treat fever and diabetes. Rauvolfia species
are important bee forage plants in wet savanna and equatorial zones in Africa.
References Renier 1948, Arkinstall 1979, Pauwelss 1993, Hepburn & Radloff 1998, Schmelzer 2007
444
Rauvolfia vomitoria
(Apocynaceae)
Common names Kilungu (Kongo), zumbu (Yaka)
Description A common shrub or small tree growing from 4 to 6 m high with whorled branches and
branchlets.
Ecology Grows in secondary forest and tropical savanna. Found from Guinea to Sudan and south to
Angola and Mozambique.
plant Fruits are collected when ripe and dried. The seed is then sown direct into the field fairly
Propagation
soon afterwards as it only retains its viability for about a month. The tree can also be grown from
cuttings.
Management Seedlings transplant easily
and grow quickly. Plants can be grown as a
hedge. The tree can be coppiced or
pollarded.
Uses An important medicinal tree, the
pulverized root bark was traditionally
exported from the Congo to treat arterial
hypertension. The root yields reserpine which
produces a long sedative reaction. The root
bark is now used in Kongo Central to treat
intestinal worms, insanity and the latex from
young leaves for stomach pain. A decoction
of the bark can be used as an insecticide.
The tree has many other medicinal uses in
Africa, e.g. the root bark is also used to treat
dental caries, abscesses and external
parasites and the boiled roots and leaves are
used to treat intestinal worms or as a purgative. The tree is widely planted as an ornamental. The wood
is white and fine grained but has little economic importance, though it is suitable for firewood. A yellow
dye can be produced from the bark. Bees are reported to visit the flowers. Dindeengula edible
caterpillars feed on the leaves.
References Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Daeleman
& Pauwels 1983, Ambougou 1991, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Pauwels 1993, Mbuya et al. 1994, Katende
et al. 1995, White & Abernethy 1997, Neuwinger 2000, Raemaekers 2001, Schmelzer 2007
445
Renealmia africana
(Zingerberaceae)
Common names Susa (Kongo)(= Urine; the smell of the plant is similar to urine)
Description A perennial herb with leafy stems 1 – 1.5 m tall growing from a rhizome. Flowers are
white, fruits red, ripening to black.
Photos above and left: Thea Lautenschlaeger
Ecology Humid forest in S. Nigeria, west
Cameroons, Fernando Po, and extending over
the Congo basin. Common in some areas.
Photo right: Dried fruits in Kisantu market
Uses The plant and seeds have a pungent, aromatic taste and are used medicinally. The leaves are
bruised and soaked in water and used as a lotion to treat urticaria and sudden fevers. It is reported to
be an ornamental plant in Gabon. The plant is also used to treat curvature of the spine. A species of
edible caterpillar is reported to feed on this plant.
References Gillet & Paque 1910, Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 2000,
Neuwinger 2000, Konda ku Mbuta et al. 2012
446
Rhabdophyllum arnoldianum
(Ochnaceae)
Synonym R. arnoldianum var. arnoldianum
Common names Kikomba, mpakasa, mukubi, mvuma, (Kongo), linuku, lopanzanzoko (Lingala)
Both photos: David Harris/Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh
Description A tree 3 – 10 m tall. The trunk is
often fluted and irregular in diameter. Bark is
reddish and fibrous. Leaves are 7.5 – 13 cm long
and 2.5 – 4 cm wide. Inflorescence is a raceme 8 –
18 cm long composed of 20 or more flowers. Fruits
are 6 – 9 mm long. When in fruit the calyx turns
pink and from a distance the tree appears to be
covered with pink flowers, as with some Ochna
species.
Ecology Present in secondary and swamp forest in
Cameroon, Sudan, Gabon and both Congos.
Uses The very hard wood, which is termite
resistant, is used for building and making wooden
hoes. The branches are used as brushes. The
charcoal is used by blacksmiths. The young leaves
are edible and were traditionally sold in markets in
Kongo Central.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Renier 1948,
Bamps & Farron 1967, Pauwels 1993, Harris & Wortley 2008, Kibungu Kembelo 2010, Harris et al. 2011
447
Ricinodendron heudelotii
(Euphorbiaceae)
Common names Kingela (Kongo), cork wood tree
Description A fast growing tree
with a straight trunk 20 - 35 m tall.
Branchlets have a dense covering
of brown hair when young. Leaves
are compound having 5 to 7
leaflets. Fruit is produced after 7 10 years. The tree is deep rooting
and can live for 200 years.
Ecology Common in fringing,
deciduous and secondary forests in
tropical Africa. Found from Guinea
to Angola and from East Africa to
Sudan. It grows in acid, well
drained soils. It thrives in hot
humid climates but can also
withstand drought. As long as it is
not subjected to heavy competition
for light, it grows well in a range of
soil,
moisture
and
drainage
conditions. Sometimes planted as
an enclosure.
Propagation Easily grown from 1
m long cuttings but also from seed
which is sown direct into the field.
Wild seedlings can be transplanted
and grow well. Nuts are removed
from decayed fruits and sown in
shaded nurseries. As the shells
surrounding the nuts are very
hard, emergence takes place after
many months but after that growth
is rapid. Transplant seedlings when
they reach 0.5 m high. The young plants are often attacked by insects.
tree
Management
The tree can be pollarded or coppiced and can be grown with other orchard plants
(bananas, palms and seasonal crops) as it has a deep root system which does not compete with crops.
Uses Wood is white and soft, light,
buoyant and perishable. It is used for
coffins, rough planks, drums, funeral
horns (nsukulu) and mortars. The
wood ash is used as a cooking salt,
for making soap and in the indigo
industry. The kernels are sometimes
eaten after boiling in water or in a
sauce in a similar way to groundnuts.
The nut contains 15 - 45% edible oil
and the tree could become a major
source of cooking oil. The sap from
the bark is used to treat diarrhoea
and an infusion of the bark is used as
an enema.
Leaves and shoots
produce a high quality sheep and
goat fodder with an average of 16%
Flowering branch
protein. It has no known toxicity. The
tree was traditionally planted to
attract Mvinsu (Imbrasia epimethea) caterpillars in Kongo Central. Minsendi, Mimpemba, Kaba
(Lobobunaea phaedusa) and Bisu (Gonimbrasia dione) edible caterpillars also feed on the leaves. If
448
Imbrasia epimethea caterpillars are found on a tree planted in a village, they belong to the owner of the
tree. It used to be a custom to plant these trees on or near graves in Kongo Central. Leaves are used as
wrapping material and for mulching. Being deep rooting it is useful for erosion control and soil
improvement. Edible mushrooms are commonly produced at the base of the trees. Bees work the
flowers in the early morning, probably for nectar.
Tree with unripe fruit
Remarks To store the nuts they should be removed from the decayed fruits picked up under the trees.
They are then put into boiling water for an hour and a quarter in order to soften the shells. Kernels are
removed from the split nuts and
smoked, after which they will keep
for several years.
References Butaye 1909, Gillet &
Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927, De
Wildeman 1934,
Renier 1948,
Léonard
1962,
Busson
1965,
Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Dupriez & De
Leener 1989, Kibungu Kembelo
1995,
Anigbogu
1996,
Mapongmetsem & Tshiegang 1996,
Shiembo et al. 1997, Sunderland et
al. 1999, Neuwinger 2000, Latham
2003, Meunier et al. 2010
Gonimbrasia dione
449
Ricinus communis
(Euphorbiaceae)
Common names Mpuluka (Kongo), ricin (Fr.), castor oil plant
Description
A
shrub 2 - 3 m high,
often branching at
the base. Leaves are
alternate,
dark
green or red on long
leaf stalks. Male and
female flowers are
borne
separately.
The fruit is a spiny
capsule containing 3
seeds.
Ecology Originally
from North and East
Africa. It is present
throughout
the
tropics and often
cultivated.
Photo: Dinesh Valke
Propagation Seeds
remain viable for 2
to 3 years. Even
germination
is
obtained by pouring
boiling water over them and leaving them to soak for 24 hours.
Uses Castor oil, extracted
from the seeds, is sometimes
used as a drastic purgative,
but its use for this purpose is
not recommended. It is used
to treat body vermin and
parasitic
skin
diseases.
Women apply the boiled
leaves to their breasts to
stop the flow of milk. In
northern Angola the crushed
leaves are either taken orally
to treat nausea or applied to
the head as a compress for
headaches. The burnt seeds
were traditionally made into
powder and applied to the
skin when mourning for the
dead. The oil burns with a clear light. It can be used in insecticides, for wood preservation and in antimalarial sprays. Castor oil is used commercially in paints, varnishes, lubricants, greases, hydraulic fluids,
soap, printing ink and various chemicals. After extracting the oil, the cake can be used as a fertilizer.
Bees occasionally collect nectar from glands on the young leaves.
Warning Keep the seeds away from children. They contain ricin a lethal toxin.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Crane & Walker 1984, Iwu 1993, Pauwels
1993, Burkill 1994, van Wyk et al. 1997, Göhre et al. 2016
450
Rinorea oblongifolia
(Violaceae)
Common name Nkuta kani (Kongo)
Photo: David Harris/Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
Description A shrub or small tree up to 13 m tall. Leaves are large, 14 - 28 cm long and 4 – 10 cm
wide on a petiole 1.5 – 5 cm long. Flowers are greenish-yellow and waxy, 5 – 7 mm, in terminal flower
heads 5 – 10 cm long. Sepals are mauve or brown. Fruits are oval, 2.3 cm x 1.6 cm.
Ecology Grows in the undergrowth of lowland rainforest. Trees are often found together in groups near
water. They are also found in seasonally flooded forest. Present from Sierra Leone to Gabon and D.R.
Congo and from Sudan to Uganda.
Uses The wood is coarse and yellow and is used for building. Stems are used as walking sticks and for
spoons and combs. A root extract is drunk as a purgative in the Central African Republic. Traditionally
the fruits were crushed in water and applied to the hair to keep wild animals away.
References
Irvine
Taton 1969, Keay
Pauwels 1993, Burkill
Neuwinger 2000, Harris
2011
1961,
1989,
2000,
et al.
Making up a mat (mfubu) from
Pandanus candelabrum leaves.
451
Rivina humilis
(Phytolaccaceae)
Common names Rouge plant, baby peppers, blood berry
Photo: Tatiana Gerus
Description An erect, perennial herbaceous plant or creeper, 0.4 – 2 m tall. Leaves variable, up to 15 x
9 cm. Inflorescence a raceme 4 – 15 cm long. The small flowers have white or green to pink or purplish
sepals. Fruits are berries 2.5 – 5 mm in diameter and stay on the plant for a long time.
Ecology Originally from southern USA, central and South America but now widespread throughout the
tropics. Sub-spontaneous around Kisantu.
Propagation Can be grown from seed in moist well drained soil in shade or sun.
Uses Planted as an ornamental for shady areas. The juice from the berries has been used as a dye or
an ink substitute.
References Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Williams 1949, Jex-Blake 1957, Fayaz 2011, Wikipedia (Accessed
15.3.2016)
452
Rothmannia octomera
(Rubiaceae)
Description A shrub up to 5 – 6 m tall. Leaves 9 – 29 cm long and 5 – 11 cm wide. Leaves and stems
are covered with soft hairs. Flowers upright with a yellow corolla tube 14 – 19 cm long with triangular
lobes 2.5 – 7 cm long. Flowers remain open for more than one night. Fruits up to 11 cm long, dark
green with white markings.
Photo: Jean-Luc & Pauline Alliez
Ecology Present in secondary
forest and forest regrowth. Also
found in Cameroon, C.A.R. and
Gabon.
Propagation Can be grown from
seed, semi-hardened cuttings or
air-layering.
Uses Root pulp is rubbed on to
treat bronchitis and pulmonary
complaints. Pulverised leaves are
eaten in bananas. The fruit is used
by the Igbo in Nigeria to colour the
skin black. An ornamental plant.
References FWTA 1943, Sillans
1953, Bouquet 1969, Burkill 1997,
Pauwels 1993, Neuwinger 2000,
Fayaz 2011, Harris 2011
453
Rourea coccinea subsp. coccinea
Synonym Byrsocarpus coccineus
(Connaraceae)
Common name Futi, mutseke n’singa
(Mayumbe)
Description A scrambling or climbing
shrub with prominent and numerous
corky spots or breathing pores on the
bark. Leaves are compound with 11 –
13 leaflets, becoming larger near the
apex, reddish-orange and delicate
when young, turning light green later.
Leaflets are 0.5 – 4.5 cm long with a
rounded apex. Flowers are scented,
small and white or pinkish. Fruits are
over 1.2 - 1.8 cm long, yellow or red,
splitting down one side, releasing a
black seed almost surrounded by a
bright yellow fleshy aril.
Ecology Grows in savanna thickets
and secondary forest from Guinea to
west Cameroon and widespread in
tropical Africa.
Uses In Kongo Central the crushed
leaves are used as an emetic. The
leaves and roots are used in Ghana,
Nigeria and Sierra Leone to treat piles,
flatulence, venereal diseases, urinary problems, swellings and tumours, jaundice, intestinal worms, cuts
photo
and bruises, earache, sore throat, muscular and rheumatic pains and sores in the mouth.
References Renier 1948, Troupin 1952, Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Burkill 1985, Neuwinger 2000
Professor Luc Pauwels with Kibungu Kembelo, past director of Kisantu Botanic Garden,
collecting herbarium specimens of Amoora rohituka.
454
Rumex usambarensis
(Polygonaceae)
Common name Oseille chinoise
Description A weak shrub, sometimes
almost a climber, with oblong leaves having
pointed tips and outward pointing lobes at
the base. The flowers are carried as a
complex red panicle about 7.5 cm across.
Left: Rumex usambarensis growing in a
compound at Teki village near Kisantu
Ecology It is sometimes cultivated and
grows best in soils rich in humus. Present in
Central, East and southern Africa and
introduced into D.R. Congo. Common in
grassland and woodlands between 900 and
2,400 m in East Africa.
plant The leaves are eaten raw or as a vegetable.
Uses
Raw stems are chewed for their sour and salty
taste. The stems are roasted and eaten with sugar
or salt in Kenya. They should be peeled or cleaned
before eating. In Kenya, the roots are used to
treat scabies and in Uganda are a source of dye.
The fresh leaves, sap and roots are used
medicinally to treat diabetes, conjunctivitis, pain,
colds, coughs, diarrhoea, bilharzia and asthma and
to aid digestion.
References Goode 1974, Katende et al. 1999,
Maundu et al. 1999, Neuwinger 2000
harvested
455
Rungia congoensis
(Acanthaceae)
Common name Kinzonzi (Kongo)
plant
Description
A small creeping, herbaceous plant growing to 20 cm tall, finely pubescent stems 30 cm
long. Internodes 2 – 4 cm long. Leaves 2.5 – 4 cm long and 1.5 – 2 cm wide, glabrous, opposite,
petioles 1-3 cm long, wedge shaped at the base. Flowers 1.5 – 4 cm long, axillary, terminal, with or
without peduncle. Fruits finely pubescent, 5 mm long.
Ecology Grows in cool shady sites. Also present in southern Nigeria, Cameroon and Gabon
Uses The leaves are eaten as a vegetable in Kongo Central. The dried leaves are also ground and
mixed with simsim paste and eaten with meat, beans and squash as for Ocimum gratissimum.
References Renier 1968, Heine 1966, Terra 1966, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983
456
Saba comorensis
(Apocynaceae)
Synonym S. florida
Common name Dimputu (Kongo)(Mputu = Europe = something which is better).
Description An extensive forest creeper growing from 20 – 50 m long, scrambling over trees and
bushes at the forest edge. All parts exude white milky latex when cut. Bark is smooth and brown. It has
brown tendrils up to 12 cm long.
Leaves are large oval to oblong
leathery and glossy with a rounded
to heart shaped base 7 – 16 x 4 –
8.5 cm and a rounded tip. Flowers
are in dense terminal bunches, white
with a yellow throat, sweet scented
and 3.5 cm long. Fruits are round
berries 2.5 – 7 cm with a thick green
skin which turns yellow or orange
with age containing sweet-sour pulp.
The skin dries to a hard brown shell.
The numerous seeds are contained
in the brown pulp.
Ecology Common at forest edges
and in thickets of riverine forest and
rain forest. Widespread in West,
Central and East Africa to Ethiopia
and southern Somalia and also
present in Mozambique. It is found
on alluvial sandy clay or on rocky
ground.
457
Propagation Seeds germinate easily after passing through an animal’s gut.
Left: Latex oozing from a cut in the stem.
Uses The latex is hard and resinous and
sometimes used to adulterate that of
Landolphia owariensis. Children use it to
make balls. The edible fruits are very
popular. They are cut open, the seeds are
sucked and the pulp eaten. The pulp has a
sweet-sour taste, similar to tamarind. An
infusion made from the leaves is used to
relieve back-ache and hypertension. A boiled
root decoction is drunk to treat rheumatism
and infertility in women. The flowers are
reported to be visited by bees. Rubber used
to be extracted from the plant during the
1939 - 45 war.
References Gillet & Pâque
1910, Gillet 1927, Renier
1948, Daeleman & Pauwels
1983,
Beentje
1994,
Katende et al. 1999,
Maundu 1999, Neuwinger
2000, Ruffo et al. 2002
Photo: Robert Copeland
Leaves of a Marantaceae species grown for wrapping chikwangue
458
Sabicea africana
(Rubiaceae)
Synonym Stipularia
africana
Common name Tungwa
(Kongo)
Description A shrub 0.5 4 m high. The leaves are
large, up to 20 cm long
and 11 cm wide, densely
hairy below. The fruit is
fleshy, up to 1.5 – 1.7 cm
long and 1.3 – 1.4 in
diameter.
Ecology Found in swamps
and wet places from Sierra
Leone to Congo.
Uses The flesh of the fruit
is edible. The plant is
grown as an ornamental in
Gabon. A decoction of the
whole plant is drunk for
severe bleeding in Congo
(Brazzaville). The plant is
a source of vegetable salt
in Ubangi.
References Renier 1948,
Irvine
1961,
Pauwels
1993,
Burkill
1997,
Neuwinger 2000
Photo: Bart Wursten
459
Saccharum officinarum
(Poaceae)
Common names Munse, mukuku (Kongo), canne à sucre (Fr.), sugar cane
Ecology Frequently grown in small plots,
especially around homes. It requires high
temperatures, fertile, and if possible heavy
soils, with a high rainfall. Adequate manuring
is required.
Propagation Stem cuttings from immature
canes, 8 - 12 months old, are used for
planting. The canes should be topped a week
before cuttings are taken and only the top
third of the cane taken for best production.
They should have 3 buds. Space at 1.5 - 1.8
m x 60 cm planting at an angle of 45° or flat
in the base of a furrow. Planting should be
done early in the rain season.
Management Sugar cane is a perennial crop.
The first crop takes 15 - 16 months to mature.
After harvest the stumps are left to produce
two to four further crops, each taking about a
year to mature.
Uses Mainly grown for chewing which
promotes salivation with a cleansing action as
with a chew-stick. The juice is extracted to
prepare malafu or lungwila (a milky, heady
beer).
cane
Sucrose is extracted to produce sugar and
molasses for local use or commercial sale.
Industrial alcohol is made from molasses and
can be used as a motor fuel. Molasses is also
used to make yeast and as a stock food. Under
certain conditions the treatment of molasses
with urea converts sugars into a protein
substitute which can be eaten by ruminants.
The fibrous residue, bagasse, is used as a
stock feed, often with molasses, but can also
be used to make paper, cardboard and fibre
board. Bees forage for sap exuding from cut
stems and burnt canes.
Remarks A variety, called Minsengo, is
preferred for making minsanga beer.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Purseglove
1972, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Crane et al.
1984, Burkill 1994
Right: Extracting juice from small pieces of
cane with a hand-operated press.
Sugar cane juice extraction
460
Salacia pynaertii
(Celastraceae)
Synonym Salacia elegans var. pynaertii
Common name Mbondi (Kongo)
Salacia pynaertii in cleared forest near Kintudi village
Description A strong-growing creeper from 2 to 40 m long. Leaves are 3.5 – 18 long and 1.5 – 8 cm
wide, opposite, with short petioles 2 – 12 mm long. Flowers are yellow to brown 3 – 4 mm in diameter.
Fruits are globular, 1.5 – 3 cm in diameter.
Ecology Found in secondary and swamp forest. With the reduction in the length of the forest fallow
and possible over-collection this plant has become rare in some areas of Kongo Central.
Propagation The plant can be grown from
cuttings.
Photo of fruit: Ehoarn Bidault
Uses Eaten as a vegetable in Kongo Central.
There was an important market for this plant
at Kinzala, on the road to Kimvula. The fresh
leaves contain over 3% protein and are
usually pounded and cooked with peanuts
(together with caterpillars or mushrooms and
local tomatoes) or with pumpkin seeds
(together with mushrooms, caterpillars or
flying ants). The fruits of this and several other related species are eaten.
References Renier 1948, Adriaens 1951, Wilczek 1960, Mbemba and Remacle 1992, Peters et al. 1992,
Nsimundele 2004
461
Sansevieria trifasciata
(Dracaenaceae)
Common names Lunyokanyoka, kula nyoka (= snake; the markings resemble those of some
snakes)(Kongo), sansévière (Fr.), bowstring hemp, mother-in-law’s tongue, leopard lily, snake plant
Description Plants grow 50
– 80 cm tall, taper at both
ends and have a thick
fibrous texture. Leaves have
a
semi-transparent
and
pinkish-tinged margin. The
plants grow in a rosette
from a thick underground
rhizome. Flowers are cream
and arranged in small
clusters and borne on a
spike. The flowers are
fragrant and soon drop.
Fruits are slightly 3 lobed,
round, red or orange.
Ecology Grows in clumps in
shady places, by streams,
on rocky outcrops and on
termite mounds in grassland
and forest from Senegal to
Central African Republic and
south to D.R. Congo.
Propagation by division or
by leaf tip cuttings.
Uses Leaves contain about
2% fibre which is sometimes
extracted to make rope or
bowstrings. In India up to
1,500 kg of a fine white
fibre
per
hectare
are
obtained. In South Africa
Sansevieria species are also
used to treat haemorrhoids.
Plants are sometimes grown as ornamentals.
Remarks A number of species has been described from West Africa but they are all similar in
appearance. S. liberica is perhaps the commonest and most widespread species.
References Morton 1961, Purseglove 1972, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Macmillan 1991, Burkill 1995,
van Wyk et al. 1997
462
Santiria trimera
(Burseraceae)
Common names Mpangi nsafu, nkaka nsafu (Kongo)
Description A medium
sized forest tree up to 26 m
tall with winged buttresses
or stilt roots. The compound
leaves have 7 – 9 leaflets,
15 – 19 cm long and 5 – 7
cm wide. Bark is normally
quite smooth and grey with
a strong turpentine smell.
Flowers are yellow. The
round fruits are purplish
black to black, about 2 cm
in diameter and also have a
smell of turpentine.
Ecology Present in the
lower storey of closed
forests from Sierra Leone to
Cabinda and D.R. Congo
(Mayombe, Kongo Central
and the Central Forest
zone).
Both photos: Carel Jongkind/Fauna & Flora International
Uses In Kongo Central a decoction of the leaves is used to treat asthma, liver problems and coughs.
The resin is used to treat rheumatism. The greyish to yellowish brown timber is fine grained and even
textured. Wood is sometimes used for carving and domestic articles. In Gabon the aerial roots are used
to decorate axe handles and hunting bows. The bark is aromatic smelling like balsam and yields an
oleo-resin. In Congo (Brazzaville) powdered bark with salt and palm oil is given to children for whooping
cough, and is also used to expel intestinal worms. Bark decoctions are used in massages, vapour baths
for fever pains and for eczema. The fruits are eaten in some countries but taste and smell of turpentine.
References Troupin 1958, Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Burkill 1985, Pauwels 1993
463
Sarcocephalus latifolius
(Rubiaceae)
Common names Kienga,
kilolo ki kienga (Kongo)
Description
A
climbing
shrub or small tree 1 - 5 m
high. It has deep roots.
Ecology Grows best in
medium loamy, acid, well
drained soil. There are two
forms one growing in the
savanna and the other in the
forest. The tree is common
throughout West Africa and
across the Congo basin to
Uganda.
Fruit
Right: A rooted cutting at the
Kavwaya nursery.
Propagation The tree can be grown
from seed or cuttings but the seeds
are even smaller than those of
Eucalyptus. When the fruit is ripe it
falls to the ground. Gather them
together and allow the outer coat to
decompose or the fruits can be
mashed and floated in a pail of water.
The seeds will then separate and sink
to the bottom after which they can be
collected and dried. Store in a sealed
container in a dry place and plant
within 2 months. Before planting
immerse seed in hot water, allow it to cool and soak for 24 hours. Wild seedlings can also be
transplanted.
Cutting
Left: Bunaea alcinoe feeding on the leaves
in January.
Uses The wood is yellow and suitable for
carving, furniture-making and veneers. It is
also used for making charcoal, for firewood
and for live stakes for fencing. The bark is
an effective worm remedy. In Kongo Central
the roots are used for the treatment of
abdominal pains and diarrhoea. They have
been found to contain a substance similar to
the pain-killer tramadol. Elsewhere they are
used to treat fevers. The fruits are edible
Bunalc
but
not particularly liked. Bees visit the flowers from October to December. Makedi kedi ( Bunaea
alcinoe) and Munsona (Platysphinx sp.) edible caterpillars feed on the leaves.
References Butaye 1909, Gillet & Pâque 1910, Renier 1948, Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Arkinstall 1979,
Katende et al. 1995, Kibungu Kembelo 1995, Burkill 1997, Latham 2003, Boumendjel et al. 2013
464
Sauvagesia erecta
(Ochnaceae)
Common name Nkaka kizionzi (Kongo)
Photo: D. Solano, INBio 'Darwin Initiative Project 162/12/020'
Description A scrambling annual or perennial herb, 5 – 60 cm tall, often with elongated branches from
near the base. Stems are red or tinged with purple, wiry and angular. Leaves are toothed, 1 – 6 cm
long. Flowers are axillary, usually solitary having white to pinkish petals. Fruit is a capsule approximately
3.5 - 7 mm long.
Ecology Found in damp sites throughout wetter areas of tropical Africa, often as a weed in rice.
Uses The leaves and young shoots are used in soup. The whole plant is mucilaginous and used
medicinally in Gabon and Nigeria for its diuretic effect. It is also used in Nigeria to treat opthalmia.
References Gillet & Paque 1910, Renier 1948, Bamps & Farron 1967, Burkill 1997, Neuwinger 2000
465
Scadoxus multiflorus
(Amaryllidaceae)
Synonym Haemanthus multiflorus
Common names Boule de feu (Fr.), African blood lily, fireball lily
Photo: Marissa Rose
Description A fleshy herbaceous plant with a large bulb, 6.5 cm in diameter, bearing strap like leaves,
25 cm long by 8 cm wide, in a whorl from the base. These appear during the rain season. The
inflorescence is an umbel of red flowers 15 cm in diameter, borne on a spotted stalk 20 – 40 cm tall.
This appears in the dry season while the bulb is still leafless. Fruits are orange 5 – 8 mm diameter.
Ecology Found in savanna woodland, along forest margins and in secondary forests throughout tropical
Africa. Also present in the Arabian peninsula. It will grow well even in heavy shade. The soil must be
well-drained, rich and light, with plenty of leaf-mould or well-rotted compost.
Propagation is by seed and offsets. The seed should be sown as soon as it is ripe. Clean the pulp off,
with care as the seed underneath is soft and fleshy. Press the seed gently into the soil, do not cover it
but leave the tops just visible or level with the soil surface. Offsets should be removed after flowering
and replanted immediately. Rootstocks are planted just below the ground and are best left undisturbed
in the same position for many years.
Management This is a good ornamental for shady gardens or it can be grown in large containers in
the shade. It does not seem to mind competition from tree roots. Keep damp but not waterlogged.
Uses The crushed bulbs are used to treat scabies in Kongo Central. Honeybees collect abundant pollen
from the flowers. Elsewhere in Africa the bulb is used to treat dropsy and wounds. The plant is often
grown as an ornamental.
Remarks The plant is poisonous. The genus Scadoxus contains alkaloid-rich, strongly toxic species.
References Renier 1948, Nsimundele 1966 - 68, Burkill 1985, Fichtl & Adi 1994, Roodt 1998, Llamas
2003, Baumann 2005, Fayaz 2011
466
Schwenckia americana
(Solanaceae)
Common names Lunzila
nzila, tumpu di nkombo
(Kongo)
Description
A
slender,
erect, annual herb, woody at
the base, much branched and
growing from 30 to 60 cm
tall. Leaves are alternate, the
lower leaves being larger
with petioles up to 1 cm long.
Leaf blades ovate, 4 cm long
and 2.5 cm wide with a blunt
tip. Upper leaves are small
and without stalks. The white
flowers are borne at the top
of the stems.
Ecology Common in waste
places and a weed in
cultivated land from Senegal
to Cameroon and elsewhere
in Africa. It is also found in
tropical America.
Propagation The plant can
be grown from seed.
Uses In Kongo Central, the
root and leaves are used to
treat
diabetes,
protein
malnutrition
in
young
children, sciatica, chest pain,
gastritis, hernias, rheumatism
and asthma. A decoction of the leaves is used to ease pain
in pregnant women and as a purgative for children.
Elsewhere in Africa the plant is used as a purgative and to
treat anxiety, colic, constipation, conjunctivitis, convulsions
with fever, measles, chicken-pox, oedema and respiratory
diseases in children.
Warning It is reported that all parts of the plant can cause
the destruction of red blood cells.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Renier 1948, Delaude et
al. 1971, Arkinstall 1979, Akobundu & Agyakwa 1987,
Burkill 2000, Neuwinger 2000, Kibungu Kembelo 2003
467
Sclerocroton cornutus
(Euphorbiaceae)
Synonym Sapium cornutum
Common names Ntiti, kititi, ntiti mbwela (Kongo)
Ripening fruit on a tree at Mbanza Nzundu
Description A shrub or small tree from 1.5 to 12 m high. Leaves 10 – 13 cm long and 4.5 - 6 cm wide.
Male flowers are catkin like, 3 – 16 cm long, several in each bract. Female flowers are 1 mm. The ribbed
and horned fruits turn yellow then red on ripening.
Ecology The shrub is commonly found in secondary forest, closed forest and wooded savanna,
especially on sandy soils. Present from Sierra Leone to Liberia and from Cameroon to Angola. Plants
prefer well drained soils. A useful species for re-afforestation.
Propagation Can be grown
from seed.
Management
coppices well.
The
tree
Right: Male flowers
Uses In Kongo Central a
decoction of the leaves is
taken for coughs and river
blindness. Crushed leaves are
applied to insect or snake
bites. Host plant for Ntiti, Nsatiti, Nsila and Kaba (Lobobunaea phaedusa) edible caterpillars. Bees
collect nectar from the male flowers throughout the day.
References Renier 1948, Léonardruits
1962, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Pauwels 1993, Latham 2003
468
Sclerosperma mannii
(Arecaceae)
Common names Mabondo (leaves like
feathers), ba di mabondo, gangu, ba di
magangu (Kongo)
Description A virtually stemless palm
producing suckers and arched leaves up to
1.5 m long.
Ecology
The plant grows beside rivers and in damp
plant
places. Found from Ghana to Cameroon and in Gabon
and Angola.
Propagation Can be grown from suckers split from the
parent plant.
Uses Leaves are used for roofing houses, matting and
for hut walls. The unripe fruits are soft and jelly-like
and can be eaten but become hard with age. Leaf ash
is applied to the eyelid to treat eye worm (loa loa filariasis).
leaf
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Renier 1948, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Tereshima et al. 1992,
Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1997, Nsimundele 2004, Brink 2011
House near Madimba roofed with leaves of Sclerosperma mannii
469
Scoparia dulcis
(Plantaginaceae)
Common names Kyesekyese (Kyese = happiness) (Kongo), balai doux (Fr.), sweet broom weed
Description A tough, erect,
leafy, much branched, shrubby
herb to 60 cm high. The stem is
more or less woody, ribbed and
hairless.
The
leaves
are
opposite, or 3 to a node, oval or
spear-like, 1.2 – 4.5 cm long
and 0.2 – 0.9 cm wide, the
upper half widely toothed and
wedge shaped at the base. The
leaf blade has a smooth surface,
though the lower surface has
some glandular dots. The
inflorescence is a slender
raceme with 1 or 2 flowers in
the upper leaf axils. The flowers
are white or tinged with blue.
The fruit is a round capsule.
Left: Scoparia dulcis growing at
the side of a house in Nsumba
village
Ecology Native to Central
America, now commonly found
in waste and damp places
throughout the tropics.
Propagation Can be grown
from seed.
plant
Uses A medicinal plant used to treat toothache and dental caries. The juice is used as
an enema against intestinal worms. When
the plant is chewed the leaf is at first bitter
but then becomes sweet. It is also used as
a sweetener when taking unpleasant tasting
medicines. There are numerous other
medicinal uses for this plant in Africa (e.g. a
decoction of the leaves is taken to treat
stomach ulcers, or dropped into the ears to
treat inflammation). It is also used to treat
diarrhoea and colic in children. The plant is
sometimes used as a broom. Honeybees
visit the flowers for nectar.
Remarks Kyesekyese means joy in Kikongo
– probably a reference to the sweet taste of
the leaves.
References Renier 1948, Akobundu &
Agyakwa 1987, Fischer 1999, Burkill 2000, Neuwinger 2000, Pousset 2004
470
Photo: Phuong Tran
Scorodophloeus zenkeri
(Caesalpiniaceae)
Common names Kiwaya, ngakala (Kongo), arbre à ail (Fr.). Kiwaya is also used for Olax gambecola
and Hua gabonii.
Description A tree growing from 25 –
40 m high and up to 80 cm diameter.
The whole tree, but especially the bark,
has the smell of garlic, particularly after
rain. Bark in young trees is smooth, pale
yellow-grey becoming flaky later. Trees
may have a slightly fluted base. The
leaves are composed of 5 – 10 pairs of
alternate,
asymmetrical
leaflets.
Individual leaflets, 3.5 – 4.5 long and 1.3
– 2 cm wide, are sessile and rounded at
the top, unequal at the base. Flowers are
borne in tight bunches 5 – 8 cm long.
The fruits are small pale-green pods 7.5
– 13.5 x 3 - 5 cm.
Ecology The tree is present in
Cameroon, Gabon and in D.R. Congo in
Mayombe, Kasai, Forestier Centrale as
well as Kongo Central province. Trees are
found in forests on firm soils, and are
often gregarious.
Uses The bark (see below left) has a
garlic flavour and is used as a
condiment. The leaves are also edible. In
Kongo Central the bark is used, together
with Aframomum melegueta, in the
treatment of haemorrhoids. The bark is
also used to treat weight loss
Tree diabetes in combination
and
with other plants. The seeds
are used to treat hookworm
infection
and
heavy
and
prolonged periods. The Mongo
people also use the bark,
stems,
twigs
and
trunk
medicinally. In Gabon an
infusion of the bark is used to
treat
constipation
and
powdered bark is used to treat
headaches.
leaf
References De Wildeman 1934, Renier 1948, Wilczek et
al. 1952, Hulstaert 1966, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983,
Pauwels 1993, White & Abernethy 1997, Kouokam et al.
2002, Kibungu Kembelo 2003, Nsimundele 2004
bark
471
Sechium edule
(Cucurbitaceae)
Common names Christophine, chouchoute (Fr.), chayote, vegetable pear
Description A vigorous, climbing, perennial herb with a large tuberous root. The plant may grow 10 15 m long in one season. Fruit is a one-seeded, fleshy berry, commonly pear-shaped, furrowed, yellowgreen and 7 - 20 cm long. Male and female flowers are separate but on the same plant. Fruits exposed
to sun are light yellow but in the shade are dark green.
Ecologyplant
Originally from Southern Mexico and Central America but now grown throughout the tropics,
though not very popular in Africa. It does best in rich well-drained soils and is not tolerant of waterlogging. It is susceptible to drought and high wind. Tolerant to high temperatures, though relatively cool
nights appear to encourage fruit development. It produces well in light shade.
Propagation A mature fruit is planted to a depth of two thirds of its length in prepared planting holes,
with the widest end downwards or on its side. Plant rows at 100 - 120 cm with plants at 60 - 75 cm. It
can also be grown from stem cuttings 15 - 20 cm long. These must be shaded and kept moist. Plants
require supports of poles or a trellis. Tubers do not develop until the second year.
Management Fruits are ready for harvest at 100 - 120 days from planting and the harvesting period
continues over a long period. Replace plants after 3 years because of disease problems. If tubers are
dug up individually the plant will continue to grow and produce more tubers.
Uses Young leaves are eaten as a vegetable. They are rich in vitamins A and C, the B vitamins, calcium
and iron. The immature fruits, young leaves and shoots, and tuberous roots are eaten elsewhere. Fruits
vary in flavour from bland to sweet or starchy. The tuberous roots can be cooked as a staple food. They
are a good source of easily digestible starch. The flowers are reported to be very attractive to honey
bees and are produced throughout the year.
References Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Portugal-Araújo 1974, Tindall 1983, Crane et al. 1984, Dupriez &
De Leener 1989, Siemonsma & Kasem Piluek 1993, Robinson & Decker-Walters 1997
472
Securidaca longipedunculata
(Polygalaceae)
Common names Nsunda, nkama nsunda (Kongo), violet tree
Description An attractive tree from 4 to 5 m tall. The root bark is strongly scented. Fruits are more or
less a round nut, usually veined, occasionally smooth, bearing a single, oblong, rather curved, wing up
to 4 cm long. The wing is purplish-green when young becoming pale, straw-coloured when mature.
Branch with
fruita savanna shrub on sandy or rocky soils, but sometimes found in forest. Present from
Ecology
Usually
Sudan to South Africa and westwards to Senegal.
Propagation Seed should be soaked in
cold water for 24 hours. Sow direct into
final planting site. The seed can be stored
for long periods at room temperature if
kept dry. Seedlings do not transplant
easily. The tree can be propagated from
cuttings of the root shoots.
Management The tree is slow growing.
Right: Tree in flower in October
Uses The Kongo name indicates that this
plant has a hundred uses. The root is
boiled and the vapour inhaled to treat
fever. The root is rubbed in to treat
rheumatism. The roots are also made into a drink to treat chest pain. Decoctions are taken for chest
complaints while the roots are chewed for toothache. A hot water poultice of the roots is reported to
give relief from the symptoms of rheumatism. flower
The volatile oil of the roots contains large amounts of
methyl salicylate, better known as Wintergreen oil. Seeds are rich in oil which is used as a snake
repellent, being applied to bracelets and anklets. A fibre, obtained from the branches, is of excellent
473
quality, especially from the young annual shoots, and is used for making string. Poles are resistant to
rot and termites. The wood is suitable for firewood and charcoal. The flowers are known as an
important source of nectar and pollen in Ethiopia. The young leaves are eaten in Malawi.
Remarks There are two varieties in the province, var. longepedunculata and var. parvifolia.
Warning Great care should be taken
with all medicinal uses of this plant as
it can be highly poisonous.
Left: Root and branch of Securidaca
longipedunculata
References Renier 1948, Petit 1958, Watt
& Breyer-Branwijk 1962, Nsimundele 1966 68, Delaude & Breyne 1971, Williamson
1975, Coates Palgrave 1983, Daeleman &
Pauwels 1983, Pauwels 1993, Fichtl & Adi
1994, Mbuya et al. 1994, Malaisse 1997, van
Wyk et al. 1997, Dery & Otsyina 2001,
Kibungu Kembelo 2003, Pousset 2004, Fichtl
2013
Root and shoot
Cane rats, (nsisi in Kikongo or nsimbiliki in Lingala), are often hunted or trapped for
food. Here two young trappers prepare to catch rats at Boko Buansa, near Kavwaya.
474
Securidaca welwitschii
(Polygalaceae)
Common name Bilengu (Kongo)
Plant photographed in the Kisantu botanic garden
Description A climbing shrub or creeper, 10 – 15 m long. Leaf blade is 6 - 13 cm long and 2 - 5.5 cm
wide, glabrous (or nearly so) and having a pointed tip. Petiole is up to 5 mm long. The flowers are
similar to S. longipedunculata but smaller with wing sepals 2 - 4 mm long. Fruit is also similar but the
wing is narrower and less oblique.
Ecology Present in evergreen
forest from Guinea across
Central Africa to Uganda and
Angola.
Uses The leaves are eaten as a
vegetable being reported to be
more tender than Gnetum
species. The sap can be drunk
in place of water. The plant is
used medicinally in Gabon and
the Central African Republic.
Securidaca
species
are
important
bee
forage
in
northern wet and dry savanna
zones in Africa.
Photo: Matthew Walters www.africanplants.senckenberg.de
References Petit 1958, Williamson 1975, Burkill 1997, Hepburn & Radloff 1998, Neuwinger 2000,
Kibungu Kembelo 2010
475
Senna alata
(Caesalpiniaceae)
Synonym Cassia alata
Common names Bwalu, bawu bawu (Kongo), dartrier (Fr.), ring-worm bush
Senna alata at Mbanza Ntadi village in Manianga
Description A shrub, 1.2 - 2 m high, with large compound leaves, having 8 - 14 pairs of leaflets each
10 - 15 cm long and 4 - 6 cm wide. The yellow flowers are borne in dense erect spikes up to 20 cm
long.
Ecology Native to tropical America where it grows on rocky hillsides, but is also found throughout
tropical Africa and South East Asia. Present in villages and forest clearings in the forest zone, nearly
always as an escape from cultivation.
Propagation Sow seeds direct into the final planting site.
Uses The plant is sometimes grown as an ornamental. The juice from the leaves, which contains
chrysophanic acid, is traditionally used to treat inflamed swelling of the lymph node in the armpit or
groin, pustular sores, scurf and other skin diseases. Leaves are pounded and applied to fungal skin
infections, to relieve constipation and as a wound disinfectant. A compress of leaves is applied to the
head to relieve headaches. The root is boiled with sugar cane juice and used to treat stomach pain. The
plant is also used to treat fever. In Tanzania the plant is grown around hut sites to repel ants.
References Gillet 1927, Staner & Boutique 1937, Renier 1948, Wilczek et al. 1952, Daeleman &
Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1995, Phillips & Rix 1997, Hirt & M'Pia 2001, Pousset 2004, Göhre et al. 2016
476
Senna didymobotrya
(Caesalpiniaceae)
Synonym Cassia didymobotrya
Common names Peanut cassia, popcorn senna
Description A fast growing
shrub or small tree, branching
from the base, and 2 - 5 m tall.
Leaves alternate, 15 - 30 cm long
with 8 - 15 pairs of leaflets each
3 – 5 x 1.1 – 1.5 cm. Compact
flower heads appear from the
upper leaf axils. The cup shaped
flowers are golden yellow.
Unopened flowers are covered by
dark-brown to bronze bracts.
Fruit pods flat, 9 - 12 x 1.5 – 2.3
cm.
Ecology An introduced plant. It
is common throughout East Africa
up to 2,100 m, especially beside
ditches and roadsides. Also found
in Ethiopia, Sudan, Zambia,
Zimbabwe, Malawi, South Africa
and Mozambique.
Propagation Can be grown from
seed.
Uses Sometimes grown as an
ornamental. A decoction of the
leaves, stems and roots is widely
used in East Africa as a purgative.
A decoction of the roots is used
to treat mental illness in
Tanzania. The roots provide an
antidote to poisoning caused by
the stem and leaves. The leaves
have a strong smell, like that of
peanut butter, which repels bees.
This is used in Tanzania to smoke
out bees when collecting honey.
Cassia and Senna species fix
nitrogen and can also be used for
green manure.
plant
Remarks All parts of the plant are known to be
highly poisonous.
References Wilczek et al. 1952, Watt & BreyerBrandwijk 1962, Wild et al. 1972, Kokwaro 1976,
Pauwels 1993, Coates Palgrave 1996, Neuwinger
2000, Llamas 2003
477
flower
Senna occidentalis
(Caesalpiniaceae)
Synonym Cassia occidentalis
Common names Mansambi nsambi, linuaka nuaka, n’zungu n’tu, tete bwangila, zekeke (Kongo), fula
(in Manianga), lembe, okasa (Lingala), African coffee, coffee senna, stink weed, stinking pea
Description A glabrous bush or undershrub, either annual
or a short-lived perennial, up to 1 m tall. All parts emit a
strong smell but especially the leaves when crushed. Leaves
are 12 - 20 cm long with 3 - 5 opposite leaflets. A solitary
stalked gland is present near the base of the petiole.
Ecology Common around villages, a weed of waste places
and rough grazing land and found throughout tropical
Africa.
Propagation Can be grown from seed.
Uses In Kongo Central the heated plant is applied to the
place affected by rheumatism or to the head for headaches.
The roots, soaked in water, are used as a purgative for
children and to treat gonorrhoea and its complications. The
plant is used to treat abdominal pains and intestinal worms
in Manianga. In northern Angola the root and leaves are
used to treat abdominal pain and the liquid from crushed
leaves is applied to treat eye infection. The leaves are
reportedly eaten as a vegetable in Kongo Central.
Elsewhere the plant is widely used to treat haematoria
(blood in the urine). It is reported to suppress Striga weed
attacks and to improve the fertility of exhausted groundnut fields. The roasted seed is sometimes used
as a coffee substitute.
Both photos: Tony Rodd
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927, Staner & Boutique 1937, Wilczek et al. 1952, Arkinstall
1979, Konda ku Mbuta et al. 1992, Burkill 1995, Neuwinger 2000, Tolu Odugbemi 2006, Konda et al
2012, Göhre et al. 2016
478
Senna siamea
(Caesalpiniaceae)
Synonym Cassia siamea
Common name Casse du Siam (Fr.), Siamese tree senna, Siamese cassia
Description A tree up to 10 m high. It commences to flower after 2 - 3 years and flowers throughout
the year.
Ecology
From
South East Asia,
but now widely
grown
in
the
tropics. Prefers a
deep well drained
soil, but will grow
on
degraded
laterite soils so
long as drainage is
good.
Propagation
Normally by seed
which will remain
viable for 2 - 3
years.
Remove
seed from ripe
pods on the tree.
Fresh seed can be
sown without pretreatment but must
be sown in a site
with full sun, as the
slightest
shade
considerably reduces germination. Germination is up to 75% after 4 - 29 days. Older seed should be put
in boiling water and allowed to cool. Seedlings grow slowly but are ready for planting out after 5
months. Often seedlings are grown until well established and then cut back to stumps before planting.
Young plants are fire sensitive.
Management Plant out at 1 - 3 m spacing for firewood production and at 25 - 50 cm spacing for
windbreaks. Once established the trees grow fast, even on infertile soils. The tree coppices easily and in
good conditions can yield timber in a 4 -7 year rotation.
Uses The tree is sometimes planted around cattle paddocks, as a fire break and as an under-storey tree
in re-afforestation schemes to encourages timber trees to develop straight trunks. Produces a good
charcoal but makes rather smoky firewood. Grown as a shade tree along roads, and in coffee and cocoa
plantations. It is also grown as a windbreak. The tree is valuable for reforestation of eroded, infertile
soils and is reported to fix nitrogen. The wood is hard, resistant to termites, strong, durable and takes a
good polish but is difficult to work. Heartwood makes an attractive timber and is used for cabinetmaking. Young trees are used for building-poles etc. An important nectar source for bees in Venezuela
and also known to be visited by bees in Gabon.
Remarks Not suited to being grown with other crops because of root competition. The seeds, pods and
leaves are highly poisonous to pigs.
References Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, NAS 1980, Little 1983, Crane et al 1984, Lobreau-Callen 1988,
Pauwels 1993, Mbuya et al 1994, Agroforestree Database (Accessed 17.5.2013).
479
Senna spectabilis
(Caesalpiniaceae)
Synonym Cassia spectabilis
Common name Mbwenge mputu (Kongo), yellow cassia
Description A deciduous tree growing from 3 to 9 m high. It is reported to be easier to raise, less
susceptible to pests and diseases and more drought resistant than S. siamea.
Ecology Native to tropical America. The tree is often associated with villages or old village sites in
Kongo Central, covering an extensive area and excluding almost everything else. It grows well on deep,
moist, acid, sandy loam but will even grow on black cotton soil if not too dry. It will grow up to an
altitude of 2,000 m.
Cassia spectabilis in flower at Mbanza Nzundu in January
Propagation Use seedlings or sow direct into the field. Pour boiling water over seed and soak for 24
hours before planting. Seed can be stored for up to 2 years. Can also be grown easily from cuttings.
Management The tree is fast-growing on good sites and can be coppiced.
Uses The wood is widely used for firewood. In Kongo Central the tree is reported to improve soil
fertility though it is an invasive plant in crop land. Leaves are known to produce a mulch rich in
nitrogen. Often used as a hedge and fire break. It can provide shade in coffee plantations and is useful
as a windbreak. Poles provide firewood and charcoal. The wood is hard, heavy, durable and termite
resistant. It can be used for tool handles. Bees are reported to visit the flowers, though in Argentina,
they are said to be poisonous to bees.
References Renier 1948, Wilczek et al. 1952, IITA 1978, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Pauwels 1993,
Burkill 1995, Agroforestree Database (Accessed 17.5.2012)
480
Sesamum indicum
(Pedaliaceae)
Synonym S. orientale
Common names Wangila (Kongo), sésame (Fr.), sesame, simsim
Description An annual herb to 1.5 m high. Some varieties have pods which do not shatter on ripening.
Ecology Native to Africa and India and
often grown as a cash crop in areas
with a short dry season. It is
moderately drought resistant once
established. Weeding is important
when the plants are young. Can be
grown up to an altitude of 1,500 m.
Fertile loam soils are preferred and
plants will not tolerate water-logging.
Propagation Grown from seed which
is broadcast on well cultivated land.
Sowing in rows 50 cm apart makes
weeding easier. Plants should be
thinned out to 10 cm apart in the row.
Plant seed 2 – 5 cm deep.
Management The crop normally takes
3 - 4 months to ripen and is cut when
the lowest capsules on the stem begin
to open and before the plants are fully
ripe. If harvesting is delayed, much of
the seed may be lost. Pests may be a
serious problem.
matebo, are eaten as a vegetable when young and
used to thicken soup. They are also used as a remedy
plant
for coughs and sore eyes. The ash obtained from
burning the stems is used medicinally and as a
vegetable salt. The plant contains sesamin, a
substance known to have insecticidal properties.
Flowers provide bees with nectar and pollen. The
nectar secretion is higher the day after rain has
fallen. The plant is an important honey source and
worth cultivating for this purpose.
Right: Sesamum radiatum
References Renier 1948, Godin & Spensley 1971,
Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Crane et al. 1984, Iwu
1993, Fichtl & Adi 1994, Burkill 1997, Martin et al.
1998, Raemaekers 2001
481
Uses The seed is either eaten as a
food after being ground and cooked or
oil is extracted from it for cooking. The
seed is high in calcium and phosphorus
and therefore is a valuable food for
children. The leaves of this species, S.
alatum and S. radiatum = Wangila
Sesbania sesban
(Papilionaceae)
Common names Nongu nongu, mangamba (Kongo), river bean, Sesbania,
Description A much branched, short
lived, soft-wooded shrub or small tree
1 - 6 m tall. Each leaf has 10 – 40
pairs of leaflets and each being be up
to 2.7 cm long. There are up to 20
yellow flowers with purple spots in a
raceme up to 15 cm long. Fruit is
produced in bunches of thin brown
pods to 25 cm long.
Ecology Common along stream and
swamp banks. Tolerates waterlogging,
acid and saline soils. Widely distributed
and cultivated in tropical Africa.
Propagation Wildlings or direct
sowing. This species is a prolific seeder
with a germination rate of 65% in 16
days. No treatment is necessary, but
immersing the seeds in hot water then
soaking for 24 hours can increase the
germination rate. Seed can be stored
for long periods if kept in a cool dry
place. Best direct sown at site. Space
rows 2 – 10 m apart with an in row
spacing of 25 – 50 cm. May be
necessary to inoculate with correct
rhizobium strain if normal nodulation
does not take place.
Both photos: Phuong Tran
Management Very fast growing and can be pruned or coppiced when young. Should not be planted
with nematode sensitive crops like bananas and Irish potatoes.
Uses Wood is soft and lightweight and not
durable. The debarked stems are used as laths
for light roofs. The thicker stems are used for
construction or as firewood. It is an excellent
forage and green manure plant and can also be
grown as a thick hedge. Leaves contain a
saponin and the plant can be used as an
insecticide. The plant fixes nitrogen. It is grown
to provide shade and as a support for pepper or
as a windbreak. Leaves and flowers are edible.
Remarks Some types tolerate acid soils. The
tree may harbour root-knot nematodes.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Hauman et
al. 1954, Skerman 1977, Allen & Allen 1981,
Pauwels 1993, Beentje 1994, Mbuya et al. 1994,
Burkill 1995, Katende et al. 1995, Maundu &
Tengnäs 2005
482
Setaria megaphylla
(Poaceae)
Synonym S. macrophylla
Common names Kangeni, kangiya (Kongo), horse grass, buffel grass
Description A coarse, erect, robust perennial grass, growing in clumps up to 3 m high, reproducing by
seed. The stems are stout and cane like and have very coarse roots. Leaves are large and strongly
pleated, usually about 1 m long and 10 cm broad. The flower head is dense, stiff, with horizontal
branches with densely crowded spikelets, bearing bristles.
Ecology
photo Grows in moist shady places on forest margins. Found alongside rivers, in low lying areas of
forest and dense bush where there is plenty of moisture. A weed of field crops in the forest zone of
West Africa. Found in high rainfall areas of tropical and sub-tropical Africa and also in America and
India.
Propagation Sometimes planted as an ornamental. Clumps can be divided or seed collected once the
flowers have dried. Remove the dried heads and shake in a paper bag to extract the seeds.
Uses The leaves are sometimes used for wrapping chikwangue. They are also used to feed rabbits and
pigs. It is a good forage appreciated by all stock but if cut for stall-feeding avoid allowing it to wilt as
there is the risk of producing poisonous hydrocyanic acid. Grass for forage should be cut or grazed
when young. The stalks are sometimes used in hut building. The whole plant can be burnt to produce a
vegetable salt. The leaves and roots are used medicinally to ease the pain from snake bite and from
bruising, to treat epilepsy, gonorrhoea and circulatory diseases and a decoction of the root is given to
pregnant women to ease delivery. The plant is also used to treat diarrhoea, migraine, coughing and
drowsiness. The grass can be used for erosion control and colonising soil deposited by erosion.
References Renier 1948, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Akobundu & Agyakwa 1987, Burkill 1994,
Neuwinger 2000, Hankey & Mashinini 2002, Nzuki Bakwaye et al. 2013
483
Shirakiopsis elliptica
(Euphorbiaceae)
Synonym Sapium ellipticum
Common names Kiaka, loniangu, kingelumi, nkuzi, muaza (Kongo)
Description A shrub or tree up to 25 m tall producing white latex. Leaves 3 – 19 cm long and 2 – 6.5
cm wide with slightly toothed margins. Flowers are borne on a spike 4 – 17 cm long.
Photos: Bart Wursten
Ecology Secondary forest, and periodically flooded forests. From Guinea to Ethiopia and south to the
Cape in South Africa. Also present in Gabon.
Propagation The tree can be grown from seed extracted from the
capsules and also using wild seedlings. The seeds are often
attacked by insects so should be collected as soon as they are ripe.
Management The tree can be coppiced and pollarded.
Uses A forest tree which produces good quality white wood which
can be cut into planks. The wood is moderately tough and strong
but coarse and fibrous and does not last in the ground. It is liable
to borer attack. Used for making tools and furniture. The latex can
be used as glue. An infusion of the bark is used to treat scabies
and itching. Pounded roots are taken as an emulsion against
stuttering. The root is eaten with leaves and water to expel
intestinal worms. Bees collect pollen and nectar and the flowers are very attractive to bees.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Léonard 1962, Nsimundele 1966 - 68, Wild
et al 1972, Kokwaro 1976, Coates Palgrave 1983, Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1994, Fichtl & Adi 1994,
Katende et al. 1995, Neuwinger 2000, Schmelzer 2007
484
Sida rhombifolia
(Malvaceae)
Common names Kembela, lumvumvu (Kongo), ikoluonda (Lingala), wireweed, Queensland hemp
Description A variable, erect, short-lived, perennial shrub up to 1.5 m high. Leaves are much larger
than in S. acuta, up to 8 cm long and 3.5 cm wide, with petioles up to 5 mm long. Flowers are white to
pale yellow arising in the axils of the leaves. Fruit is a capsule with 8 - 10 carpels. The beak of each
capsule is rather shortly bent, not straight and pointed.
Ecology A common plant in the tropics, especially in disturbed land around villages and on roadsides.
plant
Propagation Can be grown from seed.
Uses The viscous sap from the crushed leaves was traditionally used to repair clay pots in. The sap is
also used to treat burns. The whole plant and especially the leaves and roots are used with other plants
to treat diarrhoea, bed-wetting, chest pain, contraction of fingers or arms and gonorrhoea. The leaves
are widely used as a healing dressing on sores, ulcers, cuts and lumps. The whole plant is used for
making brooms. The wood tar obtained when the plant is burnt, as for charcoal, can be used as a black
dye. The fibre extracted from the stem is of good quality, soft, lustrous and of even texture. It can be
either spun with silk or used as string and as a substitute for jute. Bees were seen collecting nectar and
pollen in March in Kongo Central.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Renier 1948, Hauman 1963, Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Akobundu &
Agyakwa 1987, Fichtl & Adi 1994, Burkill 1997, Kibungu Kembelo 2003, Latham 2011
A group of charcoal makers at Kavwaya.
The charcoal makers have become tree
planters, growing mainly fast-growing
indigenous trees in their food crop farms
to re-establish the forest fallow once the
crops have been harvested.
Charcoal makers
485
Smilax anceps
(Smilacaceae)
Synonym S. kraussiana
Common names Kikalala, baka nlele (Kongo, baka = tear; nlele = loin cloth), West African sarsaparilla
Description A prickly perennial climber
growing from an underground rhizome, up
to 5 cm in diameter. The plant is similar to a
yam plant, but has long twining tendrils. The
stem is tough, fibrous and covered with
short, curved spines. Leaves are alternate,
about 12 cm long and 7 cm wide and sharply
pointed. Leaves are smooth on both surfaces
with 3 conspicuous veins that radiate from
the base. The flower head is umbrella
shaped on a short stalk with many small and
greenish-white individual flowers. Fruit is a
small round berry ripening to purple or
black.
Ecology A tough aggressive weed which
often grows in cassava farms in the savanna.
It tears ones clothing when working in land
infested with this plant. Widespread in
tropical Africa and in South Africa.
Uses In Kongo Central the leaf is used to heal
photo
mouth ulcers especially after a long illness. The
young leaf is laid on the tongue and kept in the
mouth for as long as possible (about an hour) and
then replaced with a fresh leaf. Traditionally it was
said that giving children who have not yet learned
to speak something to drink on a leaf of Kikalala
would enable them to do so shortly after. Elsewhere
in Africa the leaves and rhizome have many
medicinal uses, including wound and abscess
dressings. In Nigeria the leaves are eaten. The
rhizomes are also edible. The plant has similar
properties to sarsaparilla (Smilax officinalis). The
stem fibres are widely used for tying in Central Africa. The plant is resistant to termite attack.
Photo :
References Gillet & Paque 1910, Renier 1948, Morton 1961, Daleman & Pauwels 1983, Akobundu &
Agyakwa 1987, Burkill 2000, Neuwinger 2000, Vande weghe 2004
486
Solanecio angulatus
(Asteraceae)
Synonym Crassocephalum bojeri
Common names Lulaka lu ngombi (= cow’s tongue), ngondi longo (= That which destroys marriage),
kimandi nsusu (Kongo)
plant
Description A creeper which grows up to 3 m long.
Ecology A weed of cultivation. Edible species of Solanecio and Crassocephalum normally grow wild or
are occasionally cultivated. They grow well in shade in contrast to almost all other leafy vegetables. C.
crepidoides is found particularly in wetter regions.
Uses Leaves of S. angulatus are coarsely cut and cooked as a vegetable. Whole young plants and the
semi-succulent leaves of C. crepidoides are slimy and are eaten as a vegetable and in soups and sauces,
as is C. rubens elsewhere. The plant is used to cure fever. Bees collect pollen and nectar from this and
other
species
of
Crassocephalum,
where
plentiful, and because of the
long flowering period it is
probably useful for building
up the strength of colonies
and producing honey.
Bunguni - an edible species
of Crassocephalum
References Renier 1948,
Goode 1974, Grubben 1977,
Burkill 1985, Dupriez & De
Leener 1989, Stevels 1990,
Lisowski 1991, Konda et al.
1992, Peters et al. 1992,
Fichtl & Adi 1994, Schippers
2002
Crassoc
487
Solanum aethiopicum
(Solanaceae)
Common names Binsukula, biwansi (Gilo
group) and kinsumba or musoso, (bilolo in
Lingala)(Shum or Nakati group), tomate
amère (Fr.), garden egg or scarlet eggplant
Description A perennial or annual herb, up
to 2 m tall, often much-branched. Binsukula
normally bears 1 to 3 fruits, ranging from 2 to
8 cm, white to green when immature, turning
orange to red when ripe. There are three
varieties present in Kongo Central with long,
short, plum-shaped or round fruits. Kinsumba
has small round fruits, borne either singly or
in clusters. There is a large fruited variety (30
mm diameter) - both leaves and fruit of which
are eaten and a small fruited variety (20 mm
diameter) of which only the leaves are eaten.
Plants are pollinated by bees.
Left: Kinsumba growing in a valley garden at
Kavwaya
Ecology Widely cultivated usually in valleys in
the dry season. Soils should be fertile, deep
and well drained. Compost should be used if
available. Binsukula thrives in full sun.
Kinsumba grows best in warm humid
conditions losing its leaves during dry periods.
Propagation Seeds from fully ripened fruits
should be washed and dried on cloth or paper, not dried in direct sunlight. Sow in a nursery and
transplant after about 5 weeks. Binsukula is planted out 50 - 100 cm between plants in rows 75 - 100
plant
cm
apart and Kinsumba 20 –
30 cm between plants in
rows 60 – 75 cm apart.
Management The crop
should be mulched if grown
during the dry season. Bees
are important for pollination.
Uses Both the leaves and
fruits of some varieties of
Kinsumba are eaten. With
others only the leaves are
eaten. Protein content of
fresh leaves is just over 4%.
They are a good source of
vitamins. The boiled leaves
can be dried and powdered
for later use in sauces and
groundnut stews. Only the
fruits of Binsukula are eaten.
They are dried in the sun
and ground to powder to be
used in soups or used as a
medicine for high blood pressure.
Binsukula growing at Ladi
References Renier 1948, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Mbemba & Remacle 1992, Schippers 2002
488
Solanum lycopersicum
(Solanaceae)
Synonym Lycopersicon esculentum
Common names Lumantu (Kongo), tomate (Fr.), tomato
Description A variable sub-spontaneous herb growing up to 2 m, most plants being a degenerate form
of improved varieties. The tap-root is vigorous with extensive fibrous roots. The most common variety
cultivated has small fruits.
tomatoesRequires a fertile, well drained soil able to hold water well. Adequate manure should be added
Ecology
to get a good crop. Tomatoes will grow in slightly acid soils. It is commonly grown in dry season
vegetable gardens in the valleys as it is susceptible to blight and other leaf diseases during the rain
season. As far as possible avoid soils where tomatoes have been grown before.
Propagation Tomatoes may be up to 25% self-pollinated. Select seed from plants with good growth
habit, which produce early fruit of good shape and colour. Put the seeds in a plastic container and leave
for 3 days to allow the jelly-like coat around the seed to ferment. Sieve and wash the seeds before
drying. Sow seeds in a nursery at the end of the rain season and transplant out when seedlings are 8 10 cm tall. Do not water plants during the week before transplanting, other than 12 hours prior to
lifting. Plant in rows 70 - 90 cm apart with 30 - 38 cm between plants. The seedbed should also be in
soil where tomatoes have not been grown before to avoid nematode damage.
Management Water should be applied to the base of the plant, not over the leaves to avoid blight and
other leaf diseases. Avoid digging deeply when weeding as the plant has shallow feeder roots which are
easily damaged. Plants should be staked to allow air to circulate. Applying a decoction of the leaves of
Tabernanthe iboga to the soil has been effective in reducing root-knot eelworm (Meloidogyne) infection.
Uses An important vegetable. Ripe fruits are commonly quite acidic and are used either fresh or cooked
in soups, with fish and meat or other vegetables. Tomatoes are a good source of vitamin A and C,
particularly when fruits are allowed to ripen on the plant. The plant is sometimes crushed and applied to
wounds.
References Gillet 1927, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Tindall 1983, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Siemonsma
& Kasem Piluek 1993, Tabula et al. 2005
489
Solanum macrocarpon
(Solanaceae)
Common names Nkeka
(Kongo), fausse tomate
(Fr.), Gboma egg plant
Description A perennial
branched herb to 150 cm.
Ecology
Cultivated
especially in West Africa
but also grown in many
tropical areas. The plant
is fairly drought resistant
and requires full sun and
well manured soil.
Propagation
Collect
seed from fully ripe fruit
and ferment this in water
for 24 - 36 hours. Wash
and dry the seed. Plant in
nursery beds and then
transplant when 6 - 8 cm
high and space 50 - 50
cm both ways. Good soil
fertility is important.
Management Harvesting
of the leaves starts one
week after the flowers
appear. The whole shoot
plant the terminal bud is picked. Frequent harvesting keeps the plants low growing. Choose varieties
including
which shoot again quickly for best yields.
Uses Both the young leaves and fruit are eaten, the fruit being used as a meat substitute. It is an
important market vegetable in West Africa. The fruits are sold in the Ivory Coast and Ghana, but the
young leaves, particularly from dark varieties, are much appreciated and more widely used in other
areas. They can be harvested over a long period. Fruits can be eaten raw but are more frequently
cooked or fried. The leaves are added to soups and sauces; the flowers are also edible. The leaves are
rich in calcium. However leaves should not be eaten too often, especially the bitter varieties, and should
be cooked well. The water in which the leaves are cooked should be discarded. Host plant of Munsona
sona, the Death’s head hawkmoth (Acherontia atropus), which, though the caterpillar is edible, is a pest
to beekeepers.
Right: Mature fruit is cut in pieces and dried for
about a week. It can then be soaked in water and
cooked as a vegetable.
References Gillet 1927, De Wildeman 1934,
Renier 1948, Grubben 1977, Daeleman & Pauwels
1983, Tindall 1983, Schippers 2002, Latham 2003
Preparation
490
Solanum melongena
(Solanaceae)
Common names Mbolongu (Kongo), aubergine (Fr.), eggplant
Description A short lived perennial herb with a branching habit, 0.5 - 1.5 m high. It has a deepgrowing, vigorous tap-root. The plant is normally grown as an annual. A variety with fruits which remain
green is common.
plant
Aubergine growing in a valley garden
Ecology Probably originated in India but now cultivated throughout the tropics. Requires well drained,
preferably sandy soils, but with good moisture retaining properties. Soils should be deeply cultivated
beforehand. Mulching is beneficial. Excess rainfall checks growth and flower production. The plant can
be grown up to an altitude of 1,200 m.
Propagation Seeds are often soaked in water for 24 hours before planting. Sow in a shaded, sheltered
seed-bed and transplant when 8 - 10 cm high. Plant out at 50 - 60 x 50 - 60 cm.
Management Terminal shoots can be removed when the plants are established to encourage lateral
branching. Support may be needed for some plants.
Uses Mature and immature fruits are eaten after slicing, soaking in salty water which is then discarded
and then frying in butter or beaten egg or by roasting.
Reference Gillet 1927, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Tindall 1983
491
Solanum scabrum
(Solanaceae)
Common names Kinsumba (Kongo), morelle noire (Fr.), African or black nightshade
Description A woody herb with strong green or purple stems and more-or-less toothed wings. Plants
are usually about 60 cm high but can grow to 120 cm or more. There are both small and large leaved
cultivars with different leaf shapes and the leaf colour can be either green or dark-purple. Leaves vary
from 4.5 to 22 cm long and 3 to 16 cm wide. It is also the only species whose berries remain on the
plant at maturity. The dark purple fruits, 10 – 16 mm in diameter, have a distinct bloom when young
and become glossy when they get older.
plant
Ecology
Occasionally grown. It is by far the most common species in West Africa and many different
varieties can be seen, often of local importance only. It is cultivated in several locations in the humid
highlands and somewhat less in the lowlands of Africa. It is mainly found in the high rainfall areas,
especially at medium and higher altitudes.
Propagation Grown from seed or cuttings. Seed can be sown either direct or in a nursery and
transplanted. Manure or ashes should be added to the soil for good germination.
Uses Leaves and fresh shoots are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. They are bitter, but this can be
reduced by changing the cooking water once. Dried leaves can be stored and added to soup. If dried in
the shade nutrient loss will be minimal. The fruits are not eaten.
References Martin et al. 1998, Burkill 2000, Fontem & Schippers 2004
492
Sorghum bicolor
(Poaceae)
Common
names
Ntidi, masasi mantidi
(Kongo),
sorgho
(Fr.), sorghum
Description
An
annual plant growing
from 1 to 4 m high.
The panicles are
fairly
compact,
cylindrical and erect.
The grains are large,
white and chalky;
tending to shatter
when ripe and not
storing
well.
A
number of varieties
are present.
Pollination
Spikelets
in
the
panicle contain 1
sterile flower and 1
bisexual flower. Self
or cross-pollination is
normally by wind.
Photo: Luc Pauwels
Ecology
A
few
plants
are
occasionally grown
in gardens. Widely
cultivated in East
and West Africa and
in the Sudan. Suited to warm to hot climates and will grow in a wide range of soils, even in temporarily
waterlogged areas and deep cracking soils.
Propagation Seed germinates after about 7 days.
Uses Though sorghum is not widely cultivated for food in Kongo Central it is a staple food in other
countries. The seed is used to make a thick, heady, bitter beer. With some strains the grain can be
mixed with wheat flour to produce a palatable well risen loaf. The stems and shoots are sometimes
chewed for their sweet taste during times of famine but this can be dangerous, especially when the
plants are stunted due to drought, as they contain larger amounts of hydrocyanic acid at these times.
The seed is also used for poultry food and the leaves and stems are used for forage. A few people eat
the seed when short of food. It is then boiled and eaten as for maize grain.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, De Wildeman 1934, Staner & Boutique 1937, Renier 1948, Purseglove
1968, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Crane & Walker 1984, Burkill 1994
493
Spathodea campanulata
(Bignoniaceae)
Common names Munsasa, nsasa mpwatu, masamasa, zowa zowa (Kongo), tulipier du Gabon (Fr.),
tulip tree, flame tree
Description A tree up to 20 m
high with a fluted bole, short
branches and a compact
crown. Flowering commences
after 3 - 4 years and lasts 5 - 6
months each year. Under
favourable conditions, the tree
may flower throughout the
year. The tree is shallow
rooting and liable to wind
damage. The seeds are winddispersed.
Ecology Found throughout
tropical Africa in deciduous and
secondary forest, and wooded
savanna. It is able to grow on
heavily eroded soils. The tulip
tree is also widely planted in
tropical and subtropical regions
outside Africa.
Propagation
Use
seeds,
cuttings or root suckers.
Remove mature fruit pods
before the seeds are released
and dry them. Seeds should be
sown as soon as possible under
a thin layer of sand and
protected from heavy rain.
Larger diameter cuttings (up to 10 cm) give the best results.
Management The tree coppices well and growth is reported to be excellent.
Uses The tulip tree is planted as an ornamental and shade tree. It is used for soil improvement, reafforestation, erosion control and
land rehabilitation, and as a live
fence. The wood is used for
carving and making drums but is
of poor quality, liable to rot and
makes poor firewood. In Kongo
Central the leaves are soaked in
water and used to treat urethritis.
The bark has laxative and
antiseptic properties. The seeds
are eaten in many parts of Africa.
The tree has many medicinal uses
both where it is native and
introduced. Medical research has
concentrated on its effect on
diabetes,
malaria
and
schistosomiasis.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Renier 1948, Nsimundele 1966 - 68, Portugal-Araujo 1974, Liben
1977, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1985, Bekele-Tesemma 1993, Hepburn & Radloff 1998,
Msanga 1998, Bosch 2002, Meunier et al. 2010, Agroforestree Database (Accessed 20.2.2012).
494
Sphenostylis stenocarpa
(Papilionaceae)
Common names Mpempo, mpempu (Kongo), African yam bean, haricot igname africain (Fr.)
Description A vigorous, perennial, climbing vine, reaching 3 m long, with trifoliate leaves, the leaflets
being 3 - 12 cm long and 0.8 - 5 cm wide. The conspicuous flowers are mauvish-pink, purple or
greenish-white, 1.6 - 4 cm long. The seed pods are linear, flat, 10 - 20 cm long and 0.5 – 0.8 cm wide,
containing 20 - 30 seed. The plant produces small spindle-shaped tubers, about 5 - 7.5 cm long. Seeds
are produced after 4 – 5 months, tubers after 8 months.
Ecology Originally from Ethiopia. Both wild and
cultivated types now occur in tropical Africa as far
south as Zimbabwe. It grows in fertile highland
areas, poor, sandy lowland areas and swamps
providing bradyrhizobia is present to aid nitrogen
fixation. It tolerates high humidity but not shade.
Found in grassland, wooded grassland and also in
marshy and disturbed ground from 200 – 1950 m.
Propagation Can be grown from seed or tubers.
It is often planted along with yams and beans,
using the same stakes as the yam for support,
though sometimes left to trail on the ground.
Plants are said by some to perform better when
inter-planted than when grown alone.
Both photos: Bart Wurtsen
Uses The seed (Madeso mapempo) and the tuberous roots (bikwa bimpempo) are eaten in Kongo
Central. Seeds must be soaked in water for up to 12 hours before cooking. Seeds also need lengthy
cooking to be safe (4 – 6 hours). They are made into a meal or eaten whole with palm oil and spices or
mixed with maize or yams. They contain 26 – 29% protein and several amino acids. The leaves are also
edible but not commonly eaten. Tubers contain 11 – 19% protein. They may weigh up to 500 g and are
succulent, sweet, white, mild-flavoured and crisp. They can be steamed or boiled or eaten raw. (NAS
vol. 2 Vegetables 2006). The tubers and seeds store well.
References Gillet 1927, Greenway 1944, Renier 1948, Hauman et al. 1954, Terra 1966, Kay 1973,
Duke 1981, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1995, Malaisse 1997, Amoatey et al. 2000, Schippers
2002, NAS 2006, Kibungu Kembelo 2008
495
Spondias mombin
(Anacardiaceae)
Common names Mungyenge (Kongo),
hog plum
Description A tree which grows to 25 m.
Flowering occurs during the dry season.
Fruiting starts after about 5 years though
cuttings may produce earlier. The tree has
a bushy habit on drier sites.
Ecology Originally from West Africa or
tropical America but now present from
Senegal to Angola. The tree is often found
on the sites of old villages in western D. R.
Congo. It does well in a variety of soils,
including shallow sands, gravel and heavy
clay, but grows best on rich, moist,
relatively heavy soils.
Propagation Ripe fruits are collected from
the ground, but this must be done as soon
as they fall before they rot or are eaten by
animals. Seed normally germinates well
after 35 - 75 days. Cuttings, 50 - 70 cm
long, grow more easily and produce fruit
earlier. They should be taken from wood of
the previous season or earlier. Plant to a
depth of 30 cm in their final position. Best
varieties are multiplied by budding. When
Tree as a hedge, 1.5 – 2 m long stakes can
grown
be used for planting.
Management For fruit production plant at
7.5 – 9 m each way. Growth can be fast in
fertile soils reaching 7 m in less than 5 years.
Large trees can produce 100 kg fruit per
year. Insect larvae may attack fruits.
Uses The fruits can be eaten fresh, dried or
boiled and are also used commercially in
syrups, ice creams and jellies. They have an
acid, turpentine taste, though the flavour
fruits
Tree in flower
496
varies considerably. A drink
can be made from the fresh
juice which becomes less
acid if kept overnight. The
fruit is high in vitamins A and
C. The seeds are also edible.
The leaves can be used as a
fodder for cattle and the
fallen fruits are eaten by
pigs. The tree makes a good
shade tree. It can be grown
as a fence and the stakes
are used for yam poles. The
flowers are reported to be a
honey source in Gabon and
Central America. Wood is
white to grey and mainly
used for firewood. It is
stringy, difficult to saw and attacked by termites. Poles are used for house posts and branches for tool
handles. Wood ash is used in the indigo
industry. Plant extracts have antibacterial
properties. In Kongo Central a decoction of the
leaves is used to treat rheumatism. Crushed
and soaked in water the leaves are also used
to treat asthma. The plant is widely used
medicinally elsewhere in Africa.
Remarks There is a large variation in fruit
type, therefore select those that are sweet and
that have a large proportion of flesh. A related
species S. cytherea (Manga zi nsende or
nzuza) is cultivated around Kisantu. The fruits
have a soft fibrous flesh and are best eaten
while still fresh and firm.
Left: Spondias mombin stakes planted as a
hedge around a house.
References Butaye 1909, Gillet & Pãque
1910, Renier 1948, Van Der Veken 1960, FAO
1982, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Crane et al.
1984, Burkill 1985, Aumeeruddy & Pinglo
1988, Lobreau-Callen 1988, Dupriez & De
Leener 1989, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Pauwels
1993, Burkill 2000, Nsimundele 2004,
Agroforestee Database (Accessed 29.4.2013)
Spondias cytherea, la pomme de Cythère, bearing fruit in January.
Fruits can be as large as mangoes.
497
Staudtia kamerunensis var. gabonensis
(Myristicaceae)
Synonym S. gabonensis
Common name Nsusu menga, mundi (Kongo)
Photos: David Harris/Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
Description A tree up to 35 m tall. Easily recognised by the fluted trunk which is pale brown. The bark
produces a red juice, like blood, when cut. Leaves are alternate, simple, 8 - 16 cm long and 2 – 5 cm
wide. Male and female flowers are separate. Fruits are similar to those of Pycnanthus, 2 – 3.5 cm long,
in clusters of up to 20, somewhat fleshy when ripe, yellowish, and contain one seed.
Ecology Present in primary forests on firm ground and in gallery forests. It is also found in Cameroon,
Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and Congo.
Propagation In tests seeds started to germinate 60 – 80 days
after sowing, with a germination rate of 48 – 64%. It is slow
growing and does best if planted in secondary forest.
Uses The tree produces a good general-purpose, weather proof
timber used in house construction and for furniture. It is also
used as firewood. In spite of its hardness, the wood is relatively
easy to work. Its main draw-back is the slow growth of the tree,
requiring long cutting cycles for sustainable harvesting. In Kongo
Central the bark is used to stop bleeding. Elsewhere in D.R.
Congo bark decoctions are given to children to drink, or as an
enema, against coughs, and applied as a rub to treat skin problems, oedema and wounds. They are
used as a gargle against mouth infections. Bark sap is applied to snakebites. Sap from the bark, diluted
with water, is taken for diarrhoea. It is also used in wound healing and to treat painful eyes. The root is
chewed and the sap is swallowed by children to treat coughing. The seeds yield a yellow, aromatic fat
used as an ointment for scabies. Seeds are also used as bait for porcupines and palm rats. The seed aril
is edible.
References Renier 1948, Gilbert & Troupin 1951, Nsimundele 1966 - 68, Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1997,
White & Abernethy 1997, Harris et al. 2011, Oyen & Louppe 2012
498
Steganotaenia araliacea
(Apiaceae)
Common names Mumvumbimvumbi, kula mvumbi, kula ndosi (Kongo)(Mvumbi = corpse, embalming
material), pop-gun tree, carrot tree
Description A shrub or small tree
from 5 - 8 m high. The trunk is
crooked and the branches are stout.
Bark is thick and corky. Leaves are
borne on a common stalk, 15 - 40 cm
long, which is swollen at the base
and clasps the stem. The leaves are
crowded at the end of the branches,
each having 5 - 9 leaflets. The white
flowers are produced in compound
heads before the leaves appear.
Ecology Found in woody savanna
throughout tropical Africa, especially
at low altitudes and on rocky
outcrops.
Propagation Wild seedlings or
cuttings are used for propagation.
Seeds are difficult to collect.
Management The tree is fastgrowing and can be coppiced and
pollarded.
leaves
Uses In Kongo Central
the leaves, shoots and
roots are used for postnatal pain, for kidney
problems and for sores
and hernias. The leaves
are put on the bed of
someone with lumbago.
Traditionally the wood
was burnt below a corpse
that was to be preserved.
Wood is soft and brittle
and mainly used for
firewood, carving and
farm tools. The whole
plant
is
aromatic,
resembling fennel or
carrot, and is used to
perfume garments. The
plant is known to be
strongly
emetic.
In
northern
Angola
a
decoction of the leaves is
used to treat thrombosis and of the bark and roots to improve fertility. Bees are reported to collect
pollen and nectar in Ethiopia. Children
flowers use the hollowed-out stems as pea-shooters.
References Gillet & Paque 1910, Renier 1948, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Pauwels 1993, Fichtl & Adi
1994, Katende et al. 1995, Burkill 2000, Neuwinger 2000, van Wyk & Gericke 2000, Kibungu Kembelo
2003, Ghöre et al. 2016
499
Sterculia tragacantha
(Sterculiaceae)
Common names Nkondo mfinda (Kongo), African tragacanth, parasol tree
Description A shrub 5 - 6 m high or a tree to 25 m high. The trunk is sometimes buttressed and has a
long cylindrical bole, unbranched until near the top.
shoot
Shoot from a stake planted in a hedge in Manianga district.
Young shoots have dense star-shaped hairs. Bark is corky and deeply fissured into diamond-shaped
patterns. Leaves are simple, alternate and variable, 10 - 20 cm long and 5 – 12 cm wide, smooth and
shiny above but having yellow-red hairs below. Red-purple to pink flowers are produced in loose heads.
Fruits are borne in groups of woody, yellow-brown, hairy pods exposing up to 8 seeds.
Ecology Found in dense, moist forests, gallery forests and bush fallows. Widespread in tropical Africa,
from Guinea to Angola and in Zambia
and Tanzania.
Propagation The seeds can be collected
and stored for several weeks. The tree
can also be grown from large cuttings.
Management The tree regenerates
easily after being cut down.
Photo: © W.D. Hawthorne
Uses The timber is used for housebuilding, poles, stools and fences. Seeds
are roasted and eaten whole like peanuts
or roasted, pounded and cooked with
vegetables such as peas or pumpkins. The bark yields gum tragacanth which is used by blacksmiths in
smelting iron and for repairing utensils. The young leaves are eaten in Katanga province and in Ghana.
Fibre from the bark of the trunk and branches can be used for rope. The bark and leaves are used to
treat coughs and colds, gonorrhoea, fever, tapeworms, ulcers, whitlows and snake-bite. The leaves are
used to ease childbirth and a decoction of the bark is used as an emetic and expectorant. Bees are
reported to visit the flowers in Manianga and in Gabon.
References Gillet 1927, Dalziel 1937, Renier 1948, Irvine 1961, Germain 1963, Ambougou 1991,
Pauwels 1993, Malaisse 1997, Burklill 2000, Neuwinger 2000, Ruffo et al. 2002
500
Streptogyna crinita
(Poaceae)
Common names Nkansu ngo (= claw of the leopard), nzefo za ngo, kansingo (Kongo)
Description A perennial grass with culms 30 – 150 cm high, growing from scaly rhizomes. Leaf blades
are spear shaped, 10 – 40 cm long and 1 – 3.6 cm wide. Flower spike is up to 20 cm long with dark
green to brown, overlapping spikelets, 20 – 30 mm long, bearing strongly barbed awns up to 25 mm
long.
Ecology Present in the ground layer of forest. Found from Senegal to Bioko and across tropical Africa
and also in India and Sri Lanka. Sometimes found in shaded crop land. A noxious weed, particularly
when fruiting, as the awns catch in clothing and hairy legs, and on animal fur where they are difficult
and painful to remove.
Uses Commonly used to catch mice and rats. The flower stalks are rolled up together and stuffed down
their holes.
Remarks The seeds form balls which cling strongly to clothing. Birds caught in these balls are unable
to extricate themselves and often die.
References Gillet & Paque 1910, Renier 1948, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1994
501
Strophanthus sarmentosus
(Apocynaceae)
Common names Kuku kinia, bikuku bi kiula (Kongo), spider tresses, poison arrow vine
Fruit of a Strophanthus species
Description A large deciduous forest creeper, up to 40 m long, producing a clear or white latex.
Leaves elliptic or ovate, 2 – 15 x 1.5 – 7 cm, opposite and pointed at the tip. The large purple-violet
flowers are fragrant. Fruits consist of 2 pods, 10 – 28 cm × 1.5 – 4.5 cm, tapering to a point, with a
thick, hard wall and contain many seeds. These are known to be poisonous.
Ecology Occurs from Senegal east to the Central African
Republic and southern Uganda, and south to Angola
(Cabinda). It occurs in rain forest, gallery forest and
thickets, from sea-level up to 1,400 m altitude.
Propagation The plant does not grow easily from rooted
stems, and produces less fruit in cultivation than in the wild.
Uses The stems are used to make hoops for harvesting
palm oil and wine. The seeds were used in the preparation
of an arrow poison. The plant sap is used to coagulate
Funtumia rubber. The stems are used to make screens in
houses. In Kongo Central the seeds of S. hispidus and S.
welwitschii are used medicinally as a heart tonic. The plant is
used in local medicine throughout West Africa. In Congo
(Brazzaville) the stems and leaves are used to make steam
baths and infusions to treat rheumatism. In the 1950s a
seed extract was used to combat rheumatoid arthritis in the
United States and Europe. In Nigeria the stems are used to
make bows and the bark to make ropes, hats and mats.
Photo: Karl Gercens www.KarlGercens.com
References Livingstone & Livingstone 1865, Gillet & Pâque 1910, Irvine 1930, Renier 1948, Irvine
1961, Nsimundele 1966 - 68, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1985, Bongers et al. 2005, Beentje
2006, Fayaz 2011
502
Strychnos cocculoides
(Strychnaceae)
Common names Kala nkonki, konki (Kongo), bush orange, monkey orange
Description A shrub or small tree to 6 m, branching low down. Twigs and branches have curved
spines. Bark is pale grey-brown, thick, corky with deep vertical fissures. Flowers are small and greenishwhite. The round fruits, 6 – 11 cm in diameter, are edible (resembling an orange in shape and size),
brown or orange, with a tough skin and sweet-tasting pulp.
Ecology Present from Gabon to East Africa and South Africa in savanna and open forests, especially in
drier areas on rocky hills from 0 – 2,000 m altitude.
Propagation The tree can be grown from seed or root suckers. Seeds are squeezed out of the pulp
and then put in water. The empty seeds and pulp float and can be skimmed off. The seeds should be
dried and remain viable for 6 months. Soak in cold water for 24 hours to hasten germination.
Germination of seed is good but slow, reaching 75% after 8 weeks. Root suckers are produced when
the root is damaged.
Management Slow growing. The tree coppices well. Trees are often left in cultivated land for their
fruit.
Uses The fruit pulp is edible and is also used to prepare a non-alcoholic sweet-sour drink. Young stems
were traditionally used for making pipes for smoking. Honeybees were seen collecting nectar from the
flowers of this and other species of Strychnos. Timber is used for firewood and building poles. The wood
is white, pliable and tough and is suitable for tool handles. The fruit is used to make a dye, which also
provides protection from insects. The tree is sometimes planted to form a boundary around home
compounds and as a barrier or support. The bark, leaves, roots and fruit are used medicinally.
Remarks Strychnos pungens (nbumi), S. spinosa (nbumi, kala konki) and S. variabilis are also present.
References Butaye 1909, Gillet & Pâque 1910, Renier 1948, Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Wild 1972,
Kokwaro 1976, Leeuwenberg & Bamps 1979, FAO 1983, Pauwels 1993, Mbuya et al. 1994, Malaisse
1997, Msanga 1998, Nsimundele 2004, Agroforestree Database (Accessed 15.1.2013)
503
Stylosanthes guianensis
(Papilionaceae)
Common names Stylo, Brazilian lucerne
PlantA 1perennial, erect or sub-erect branching herb from 30 - 120 cm high which becomes
Description
woody with age. Leaves are composed of 3 hairless or slightly hairy oval leaflets, 0.5 to 4 cm long and
0.2 - 1.5 cm wide. Flowers are reddish to orange-yellow in compact groups of up to 40 flowers each.
The one-seeded pods are flat, light brown, ending in a tiny spiral beak. The seeds are yellowish brown.
The tap-root is vigorous, extending to 1 m.
Ecology Originally from South and Central America and introduced into Central Africa around 1947. The
plant withstands drought and temporary water-logging and should be grown in full sunlight. It prefers
coarse-textured soils and will grow in highly acid conditions.
Propagation Seed should be put in
boiling water for 10 seconds and then
broadcast at 3 - 5 kg/ha and lightly raked
in. It can be grown with grass or maize in
alternate rows but should be sown
beforehand as it germinates slowly. Stylo
has been proved to be the best legume to
establish in Imperata infested land. First
burn the Imperata and then scatter seed
and superphosphate, if available, over the
area. Alternatively the seed is fed to cattle
which are then allowed to graze young
Imperata regrowth while it is palatable,
for example after burning.
Uses It is a good forage crop with 12 18% crude protein but sometimes may
have poor palatability. Bees collect pollen
and nectar at the end of the rain season.
Remarks Use cultivars which are resistant to anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides).
Plant1977,
2 Fichtl & Adi 1994, Raemaekers 2001
References Renier 1948, Bogdan 1977, Skerman
504
Symphonia globulifera
(Clusiaceae)
Common names Kisongi, nsongi, nsempe (Kongo), hog gum tree, doctor's gum, Karamanni wax
Description The tree is very conspicuous in flower. The short horizontal branches, at the top of the
tree, are crowded along their whole length with numerous flowers looking like red berries clustered at
the ends of upright shoots.
Ecology Grows beside rivers and in swampy locations in the rain forest from Guinea-Bissau and Sierra
Leone to Tanzania and Angola. Also widely dispersed in south and central tropical America.
Propagation
Collect the seed from the ground, immerse in hot water and allow to cool and soak
flower
overnight before planting. Sow the seed direct on site, transplant wild seedlings or sow seed in pots.
The seed loses viability quickly. Seedlings develop a long tap-root and are therefore not particularly
easy to transplant.
Management The tree can be grown as a pure stand, without other species, to protect water sources,
swamps and river banks. It can be lopped or pollarded.
Uses The heavy wood is a substitute for mahogany and used to make furniture, boats, house-hold
utensils and paddles. It lasts well in water and is resistant to insect and fungal attack. The bark contains
a yellow resin which is strongly adhesive and water resistant called karamanni wax. This is used for
joining wood, caulking boats, attaching knives to handles and patching calabashes etc. It is also used to
protect the feet against jiggers. In Kongo Central the fruit pulp is used to control intestinal worms. The
bark is used to treat coughs in children. The tree is often debarked for medicine, and is therefore
becoming scarce. Nsongi edible caterpillars (Rhypopteryx poecilanthes) feed on the leaves and the
flowers are reported to be visited by bees. They are also attracted to the resin.
Remarks Bees often collect the resin. A Kikongo proverb states Kisoongi go kifudidi bituuntu, kisiwu
kikyeele = When the kisongi flowers it indicates the start of the dry season.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Renier 1948, Irvine 1961, Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Uphof 1968, Bamps
1970, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Keay 1989, Burkill 1994, Katende et al. 1995, Latham 2003
505
Synedrella nodiflora
(Asteraceae)
Common names Madya manlumba (Kongo)(= rabbit’s food), nodeweed, starwort, synedrella
Description A straggling semi-woody annual herb normally growing to 50 cm high, but may reach 1 m,
from a fibrous rootstock.
plant
Ecology A common weed, found in farmland, waste places and roadsides. It grows throughout the
tropics.
Management It is difficult to remove,
once established, and even blunts slashing
knives.
Uses Livestock, especially rabbits, eat the
leaves and in Indonesia the young leaves
are also eaten as a vegetable. A decoction
of the leaves is taken as a laxative, to treat
heart problems. Various parts are used to
treat conjunctivitis, diarrhoea, wounds,
oedema, leprosy, hypermenorrhea, ulcers,
wounds, coughing, ear troubles, mouth
sores and stomach complaints. Eating the
leaves prior to delivery is reported to ease
childbirth, especially for a first-born child.
References Renier 1948, Abbiw 1980,
Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1985,
Akobundu & Agyakwa 1987, Neuwinger
2000
Photo: Dinesh Valke
A blacksmith with some of the tools he makes for
farmers
506
Synsepalum dulcificum
(Sapotaceae)
Common name Punga (Kongo)
Description A shrub or small tree, 2 – 3
m high. Leaves 8 – 15 x 4 – 6 cm.
Ecology Present in fringing forests and
damp localities. Requires an acidic soil and
adequate moisture.
Propagation Can be grown from seed.
Management Slow growing.
Uses Fruits are edible. A relatively
tasteless berry which makes sour foods
e.g. lemons, taste sweet. The effect lasts
for about an hour. The fruits can also be
used to improve the taste of stale food.
The wood is used for firewood. Twigs are
used as chewsticks in Ghana.
References Renier 1948, Burkill 2000,
Nsimundele 2004, Kibungu Kembelo 2010
Photo: Roy Danforth
Photo: Tony Rodd
507
Synsepalum stipulatum
(Sapotaceae)
Common name Blacksmith’s charcoal wood
photo
Description A tree up to 15 m tall. The bark is greenish-brown or reddish-brown, rough and finely
fissured and peels off in scales. When the bark is cut the wood appears pink or dull brown and produces
a small amount of white latex. The leaves may be up to 25 cm long and 6 cm wide, though they are
usually much smaller. The white flowers are produced in clusters in the axils of the leaves and on the
older twigs. Fruits are more or less round, 12 mm in diameter. The wood has a pleasant smell when cut.
Ecology Found in lowland rain forest and throughout the Congo basin.
Uses The wood is very hard and grey. It can be cut into planks. Small stems are used for tool handles.
The wood makes good charcoal. The fruit is edible and has a persistent sweetness. A decoction of the
bark is used to stimulate milk supply in nursing mothers. The bark is also used to treat earache.
Remarks Bees are known to visit S. longecuneatum, in Gabon.
References De Wildeman 1934, Renier 1948, Keay 1989, Ambougou 1991, Burkill 2000, Neuwinger
2000, Nsimundele 2004
508
Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense
(Myrtaceae)
Common names Kikulu, nkulu (Kongo), water-berry
Description A tree or shrub growing to 20 m high. The bark is smooth when young but becomes black
and rough with age. A red watery sap is produced when cut. Young leaves are reddish-purple but
mature leaves are green. The white flowers have a honey-sweet smell attracting many insects. Fruits
are 8 - 12 mm in diameter.
flower
Tree in flower in February near Luzumu
Ecology The tree is widespread in tropical Africa, preferring water courses and swampy areas, but it
also grows in well drained soils.
Propagation The tree can be grown from seed. Ripe fruits are picked
or collected from the ground and then soaked in water for 6 hours.
Seeds are squeezed out and must be sown immediately. Germination is
good and very fast. Sowing into pots is recommended. The tree also
produces suckers which may be transplanted.
Management The tree can be coppiced and pollarded.
Uses The wood is used for firewood, charcoal and timber (both for
furniture and general construction), poles, posts, tool handles and
carving. The timber is red, hard and strong and though easily worked
and very durable, is liable to split. Very ripe fruits are edible and are
picked from the tree or collected from the ground. The bark is used for
tanning and for making a black dye. The bark, roots and leaves are used
medicinally, particularly to treat diarrhoea. It is the food plant for Nkulu
(Mfinda) and Bubuta edible caterpillars. Bees collect nectar from the
flowers of both subspecies of Syzygium guineense.
References Irvine 1961, Portugal-Araújo 1974, FAO 1983, LobreauCallen 1988, Pauwels 1993, Beentje 1994, Mbuya et al. 1994, Katende
et al. 1995, Kibungu Kembelo 1995, Penge et al. 1988, Biloso & Lejoly
2006, Meunier et al. 2010, Agroforestree Database (Accessed 1.5.2013)
509
Nkulu cocoon
Syzygium guineense subsp. macrocarpum
(Myrtaceae)
Common name Nkisu (Kongo)
Description
Normally
found as a small tree or
shrub.
The
main
difference between this
species
and
subsp.
guineense is the large
fruits, 12 - 30 mm in
diameter, which turn
purple when ripe. The
leaves are borne on
stalks which may be up
to 3.8 cm long.
Ripe fruit is produced in
November. Photo taken
near Kasangulu
Ecology A tree or shrub
of the savanna regions
subject to annual fires.
Widespread in tropical
Africa.
Propagation As for S. guineense subsp. guineense.
Uses The fruit is edible and has a good taste. The fruits are sometimes fed to fruit bats when
transporting
them
to
market (see p. 295). The
flowers are reported to be
visited by bees and the
tree is known as a bee
forage in Gabon and the
central
highlands
of
Angola. Host plant of
Bubuta and Nkulu (Nseke)
edible caterpillars in Kongo
Central
and
of
Lobobunaea saturnus and
Gonimbrasia
richelmanni
edible
caterpillars
Katanga.
in
References
PortugalAraújo 1974, Malaisse &
Parent 1980, LobreauCallen 1988, Keay 1989,
Pauwels 1993, Kibungu
Kembelo
1995,
Nsimundele 2004
Syzygium guineense flowering in August
510
Syzygium jambos
(Myrtaceae)
Common name Pommier-rose (Fr.)
Description A shrub or small tree from 7.5 to 10 m tall. The white juicy, aromatic flesh of the fruits is
low in acid, sweet and crisp when ripe.
flower
Ecology Native to the Indo-Malaysian region. It grows well on most soils so long as they are not
waterlogged. Young plants need shade and a moist environment. Established trees are hardy but not
very drought resistant.
Propagation The tree grows easily from seed, providing these are fresh. It can also be grown from
layers or cuttings. Roots appear after 6 months on layered trees and these come into bearing after 3 - 5
years compared with 3 - 7 years for trees grown from seed.
Management The fruit does not store well
and bruises easily when transported.
Uses The tree makes a good hedge plant.
The rose-scented fruits can be eaten raw but
are best cooked. They have a high pectin
content and can be mixed with other more
strongly flavoured fruit to make jam. The
flowers provide good bee forage capable of
giving high yields of amber coloured honey
with a mild taste. The leaves can be eaten by
livestock. The wood is hard but not durable
in the ground and is readily attacked by
termites. However it produces good charcoal
and firewood.
fruit
References Irvine 1961, FAO 1982, Crane et al 1984, Garner & Chaudhri 1988, Veheij & Coronel 1991,
Nakasone & Paull 1998
511
Syzygium malaccense
(Myrtaceae)
Common names Mazenya (Kongo),
pommier de Malaisie (Fr.), Malay apple
Description Trees grow from 6 - 8 m
tall. Stamens are numerous and on
falling form a red carpet below the tree.
Fruits are white at first, turning red when
mature, 5 - 7 cm long and 3 - 5 cm wide.
The skin is thin and covers a white,
sweet, juicy flesh, with a scent of rose
and apple. Flowers and fruits are often
produced throughout the year.
Left: Syzygium malaccense in a
compound at Kasangulu
Ecology Originally from Malaysia.
Frequently grown in villages. It does not
tolerate long periods of drought or large
temperature fluctuations.
Propagation Easily grown from seed.
Best results are obtained by budding on
to seedling stock. Space at 8 - 10 m.
tree
Uses The tree is mainly grown for its fruit, but it also
makes a good shade and ornamental tree. The fruit can be
eaten raw, cooked or made into preserves. Heartwood is
hard, heavy and difficult to work but is used for furniture.
The wood makes good charcoal. Bees are very much
attracted to the flowers.
Remarks Trees are often attacked by
flower
termites.
References FAO 1982, Pauwels 1993
fruit
512
Tabernaemontana crassa
(Apocynaceae)
Synonym Conopharyngia durissima
Common names Munkodinkodi, mpoki (Kongo).
Photo: Museum of Life and Science in Durham, NC
Description A tree or shrub up to 10 m tall. Leaves are opposite, simple and entire, 13 – 40 cm long
and 6 – 20 cm wide. The sweet-scented flowers are produced in the forks of the branches. Fruits
consist of 2 separate pods 5 – 12 cm in diameter, each splitting into two halves containing several to
many seeds.
Ecology Found in gallery forests, forest regrowth and swamp forest. Present from Sierra Leone to the
Central African Republic, Congo (Brazzaville) and D.R. Congo.
Propagation It can be propagated by seed and probably also by semi-ripe cuttings.
Uses. Like many latex producing plants, it is thought to encourage lactation in Congo (Brazzaville) and
D.R. Congo. A decoction or maceration of the fruit is used as an enema to treat testicular swellings. A
decoction of the stem bark is taken to treat diarrhoea. The wood is suitable for general carpentry,
plywood and boxboards. It is occasionally used in Liberia to make mortars for rice. The latex from the
bark produces an inferior rubber that remains sticky and which is used occasionally. The plant is
considered ornamental, because its flowers are showy and sweet-scented. The leaves are eaten by the
cultivated edible tiger snail Achatina achatina.
References Renier 1948, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1985, Pauwels 1993, Neuwinger 2000,
Mairura & Schmelzer 2006
513
Tabernanthe iboga
(Apocynaceae)
Common names Iboga, bois sacré, bois amer (Fr.), bitter grass, sacred wood
Description A shrub from 2 to 5 m tall. Stems are up to 10 cm in diameter. White latex is present in all
parts. Leaves opposite, 10 – 18 cm long and 4 – 8 cm wide. Inflorescence is produced in small flowered
cymes. Fruit is a berry, 5 - 6 x 1 cm, with the seeds in a spongy, white pulp.
Ecology Present in gallery forests and forest regrowth in Central Africa. It is also cultivated in several
countries in West Africa.
Propagation Use fresh seed or cuttings. Scarification prior to sowing increases the germination rate
considerably.
Uses The root and shoots, which contain ibogaine, a hallucinogen, are taken as a tonic and aphrodisiac.
Internationally the plant is used to treat drug addiction, though ibogaine is known to affect muscle
coordination, making standing and walking difficult. The root is very important in the initiation
ceremonies in Gabon, which has expanded to southern Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and both Congos.
The root bark is eaten whole, or crushed and ground, rolled into small balls, sometimes mixed with
other ingredients. A root decoction is also taken as a tonic to combat tiredness, hunger and thirst when
it is necessary to overcome physical stress. In Congo (Brazzaville) a root macerate in palm wine is taken
to soothe coughs, and the root decoction is drunk to treat urinary infections. In traditional medicine, the
latex is taken as an anthelmintic and warmed leaves are rubbed on the gums to calm toothache, as they
have an anaesthetic activity. Applying a decoction of the leaves of Tabernanthe iboga to the soil has
been effective in reducing root-knot eelworm (Meloidogyne) infection.
References Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Nsimundele 1966 - 68, Pauwels 1993, Tabula et al. 2005,
Bourobou Bourobou 2006
514
Tacca leontopetaloides
(Taccaceae)
Common names Ngoma kiula (= Frog’s drum) (Kongo), East Indian arrowroot, African arrowroot lily
Description An erect perennial herb up to 1.5 m high with a tuberous rhizome. The tuber is round, up
to 12 cm in diameter, and can weigh 200 – 700 g. The plant has 1 – 3 very large, much divided leaves,
up to 90 cm long and 60 cm wide, on a green and slightly mottled stalk 25 – 130 cm high. The green
flowers are interspersed with long thread-like filaments on an erect stalk. The oval ridged fruit, 3.5 x 2.5
cm, contains numerous pale brown seeds.
Ecology Grows in light, friable soil in shade-free thickets and grass savanna in tropical Africa, Asia and
the Pacific basin. It is sometimes cultivated in the southern Pacific.
Uses Though tubers are very bitter and poisonous they are edible after careful preparation. They can
be stored for long periods. They contain 21 – 30% starch which can be extracted in a near pure state.
Tubers are dug up when the leaves have died down, washed, grated, mixed with water and the liquid
filtered through cloth several times. Alternatively, the grated pulp may be soaked in water for a week to
remove the bitterness and toxic matter. The starch is then dried in the sun and made into porridge in
times of famine. The dried starch can be stored for several months. To prepare the starch, water is
heated in a pan until it forms a porridge (boko boko) or as a tapioca. The starch is also used in
preparing good halwa (local Turkish delight). The cooked starch is easily digestible and is suitable for
patients with digestive problems. Sometimes the leaves are used as a vegetable. In traditional medicine
the tubers and their starch are used against dysentery, diarrhoea and oedemas.
Remarks Great care should be taken when eating this plant as it can be highly toxic.
References Gillet 1927, Greenway 1944, Williams 1949, Morton 1961, Busson 1965, Nsimundele 1966
- 68, Purseglove 1972, Williamson 1975, Lisowski et al. 1976, Peters et al. 1992, Burkill 2000, Ruffo et
al. 2002, Kokwaro 2009, Wikipedia (Accessed 13.9.2012).
515
Talinum fruticosum
(Talinaceae)
Synonym T. triangulare
Common names Sansa banzenza, guele guile, mulembwa (Kongo), lipopi (Lingala), grassé (Fr.),
waterleaf
Description A perennial herb, 30 - 60 cm. tall, erect or semi-prostrate.
Ecology A common weed
throughout the tropics. Moist,
humid conditions encourage
optimum
growth
and
development. The plant grows
well in shade or in cloudy
weather. It prefers a well
drained fertile soil, but will
grow on infertile soils too.
Grows wild in open ground,
on roadsides in villages and in
forest clearings. It is also
cultivated occasionally.
Propagation Easily grown
from 10 cm long cuttings
which are normally planted in
the dry season and should be
shaded until established. The
lowest pair of leaves should
be removed. Seed can also be
used. It is mixed with sand
and sown in a well-prepared
nursery bed. The seedlings
are transplanted when 5 - 8
cm high and spaced at 15 x
15 cm. Watering is required
daily in the first week.
Photo: IITA Image Library
Management
The
plant
takes 21 - 45 days from
sowing to harvest. Harvesting
can continue at 1 - 2 week
intervals for 2 months. Cut
the stem just above ground
level. Flowers need not be
pinched out. The plant has
little problem from pests or
diseases, though it is a host
plant for eelworms.
Uses A leaf vegetable frequently sold in markets. It is cooked as a vegetable, used in soups and sauces
and sometimes eaten raw. It is slippery and rich in protein and mineral salts. The plant is often dried
out before cooking. Blanching or cooking in plenty of water removes nearly half the soluble oxalic acid
content, which can otherwise cause stones in the urinary tract. Discard the water before use. The fresh
leaves have a protein content of 1.9%. The plant also contains hydrocyanic acid and should only be
eaten in small quantities. It is used in the Congo as a laxative.
References Gillet 1927, Hauman 1951, Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Tindall 1983, Dupriez & De
Leener 1989, Mbemba & Remacle 1992, Burkill 1997, Martin et al. 1998, Schippers 2002, Nsimundele
2004, Biloso 2010
516
Tamarindus indica
(Caesalpiniaceae)
Common names Mukwaya (Swahili), tamarind
Description A tree from 6 to 12 m high with rough grey bark and a rounded crown. Flowers are yellow
or striped with dark red or brown. Fruits are 5 - 16 cm long, fleshy and covered with a brown or grey
skin. Fruits contain a sticky brown pulp and may be either sour or sweet. The tree is slow growing but
long lived and remains productive for 150 years. It commences production after 10 years. Improved
varieties have been developed.
Ecology A very adaptable species native to
Africa. Widely cultivated in open sites at
low altitudes in the tropics. Tolerates poor
to slightly acid soils which should be well
drained. The tree is drought resistant,
preferring a long dry period. It produces
more fruit in such conditions.
Photo: Mike Bush
Propagation Use seed or wildlings. Seed
germination is normally up to 90% in 40 50 days. Collect pods from the trees as
soon as they mature and then rub on wire
mesh to remove pulp. Separate heavy,
seed by floating in water. Seed from dry
fruits do not germinate well. Dry in the sun.
Seed can be stored for up to 2 years. Soak
the seed in cold water for 12 hours or rub
with sandpaper before planting. Seed is best direct sown in the field or in containers, as a long taproot
is developed if the plants stay in a nursery bed for more than 4 months. Avoid transplanting bare rooted
stock. Trees can also be grown from branch cuttings or by budding. These give better production.
517
Management Slow growing. Can be pollarded or coppiced. Allow fruits to mature on the tree as unripe
fruits have a highly acidic and fibrous pulp.
Uses The sweet/acid fruits are eaten fresh, especially by children and the pulp is said to prevent scurvy.
Individual trees produce from 10 to 50 kg fruit pods per year. The pulp is also a very good source of
calcium and phosphorus and an unusually good source of riboflavin. The pulp can be mixed with thin
maize porridge to make a refreshing drink. A pleasant drink (which is laxative) can also be made by
combining the pulp with sugar and soaking it in cold water. It is stirred well and left to mature for few
days in a cool place. The purgative effect of the fruit is said to be removed with cooking. The fruit
darkens with time and, mixed with sugar, tastes like dried dates. In Tanzania the overripe fruit is used
for cleaning brass. Oil is extracted from the seeds. Crushed seed can be used for fodder.
The flowers, young leaves and
crushed seeds are also edible, and
are used in a variety of relishes and
side dishes. The wood is elastic,
suitable for tool handles and easy to
treat with preservatives. The
sapwood is pale yellow. The
heartwood is dark brown, tough,
hard, cross grained and difficult to
work and liable to crack in
seasoning. The wood makes good
charcoal producing plenty of heat. It
is also used for fuelwood. Twigs are
used as chew-sticks. Honeybees
collect pollen and nectar and the
tree is an important honey source.
The honey is golden to dark brown
with thin viscosity and a slightly acid
flavour. Useful as a shade and
avenue tree. Valuable as a firebreak
as no ground cover will grow in its shade. It is believed that a piece of bark, soaked together with some
maize grains, and fed to poultry encourages them not to wander far!
References Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Wilczek et al. 1952, Williamson 1975, Skerman 1977, FAO 1982,
Espina & Ordetx 1983, Crane & Walker 1984, Fichtl & Adi 1994, Mbuya et al. 1994, Burkill 1995,
Hepburn & Radloff 1998, Msanga 1998, Ruffo et al. 2002, van Wyk 2005
Cane rat trap
518
Tarenna grevei
(Rubiaceae)
Synonym Ixora brachypoda, I. radiata
Common names
Description Usually a shrub up to 6 m tall with leaves 15 – 20 cm long and 7 – 10 cm wide. The
scented flowers are borne in a terminal head. Corolla tube 5- 7 cm. Fruit red or orange, 1 cm long.
Ecology Present in gallery and swamp forest from Senegal to Angola and across to Sudan and south to
Zambia.
Uses The plant is used medicinally to treat migraine, fatigue and stiffness. It is also used to expel
intestinal worms. The timber is hard. The small fruits are reported to be edible. Probably a bee forage
as another species, I. foliosa is known as a bee forage plant in Cameroon.
References Renier 1948, Irvine 1961, Burkill 1997, Raponda-Walker & Silans 1995, Neuwinger 2000,
Bridson & Verdcourt 2003, Arbonnier 2004, Fayaz 2011, Ingram et al. 2011
519
Tephrosia vogelii
(Papilionaceae)
Common names Bwalu, mbaka (Kongo), mpanga (Lingala), fish poison bean
Description A much branched shrub 1 to
4 m tall. Leaves composed of 12 – 28
elliptic leaflets 4.5 – 7 cm long and 2.5 –
3.8 cm wide. Pods are 5 – 10 cm long.
Ecology Found throughout tropical Africa.
It occurs in forest fallow and secondary
forest but is often planted in villages
around fields, among bananas and in
swampy areas. It is well adapted to sandy
soils.
Propagation Can be grown from fresh
seed planted direct into the field. The
germination rate can be up to 80% after
one week. Stored seed should be soaked in
hot water before planting.
Management The plant coppices easily.
Uses The plant fixes nitrogen and does not
need prior inoculation. It also produces
abundant leaf litter having high nitrogen
content. In Zambia the plant is grown for
three years as a fallow crop and results in
greatly improved crop yields. In Malawi
even after a one year fallow maize yields
were increased by 20%. After a two year
fallow this rises to 40% (Personal
communication - Stephen Carr). In Kenya a
6 month fallow of Tephrosia vogelii
accumulated high amounts of nitrogen,
plant
potash and calcium. Another study in western Kenya found that soil erosion was also much reduced
under a Tephrosia fallow. The leaves as well as the seeds are effective as an insecticide against aphids,
thrips and stalk borer in maize. They contain rotenone, though the concentration of the poison varies
with individual plants. 100 g leaves are beaten to a pulp and then soaked in 1 litre of water together
with 100 g soap. The mixture is left to stand for one day. The liquid is then strained off and a small
amount shaken down the funnel of the maize plant from a stick or sponge when the plant reaches knee
height. The application is repeated every 7 - 10 days. The powdered plant material has been found to
be 87.5% effective in repelling maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) in stored maize. The liquid can also be
used to control fleas and mites in the hair and ticks on dogs. Dried leaf powder is also used against
ticks. The stems can be used for staking beans and yams, and for firewood. The whole plant can be
used as a broom. The leaves are used medicinally.
References Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Hauman et al. 1954, Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Allen & Allen
1981, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Egli & Kalinganire 1988, Mukoko Matondo 1991, Msanga 1998,
Pauwels 1993, Stoll 2002, Pousset 2004, Agroforestree Database (Accessed 21.1.2013)
520
Terminalia catappa
(Combretaceae)
Common names Madamé (Lingala), badamier (Fr.), Indian almond
Description A fast growing deciduous tree, 10 to 35 m high, having horizontal branches produced in
definite layers. Leaves are large, 15 – 32 cm long and 10 – 18 cm wide, and fall at the end of the rain
season. The extensive root system binds and stabilizes poor, loose soils.
Ecology Originally from
Southeast Asia. Grows
throughout West Africa in
the higher rainfall areas.
It also tolerates some
drought. It is planted as
a shade or ornamental
tree in villages and along
roads.
Propagation is by seed.
Germination is good but
can take 2 months. Soak
seeds for 24 hours
before planting. Seed
retains viability for only a
few months.
Management The tree
is
medium
to
fast
growing and can be
pollarded
but
not
coppiced. Older trees do
not sprout easily if cut
down too low.
Uses The seed kernel yields
between 50 - 60% of an edible
oil similar to groundnut oil.
Though good to eat, the kernel
is difficult to separate from the
hard seed coat. The flesh of
the fruit is also edible but is
often fibrous and not very
tasty. The trunk is used to
make gongs and the timber is
a valuable source of firewood.
Both leaf and bark yield a
black dye. The bark is rich in
tannin. Wood is moderately
heavy and strong and used for
boat- and house-building and
making boxes and plywood. It
is very susceptible to attack by
termites.
References Gillet 1927, Liben
1968, Burkill 1985, Pauwels
1993, Mbuya et al. 1994,
Agroforestree
Database
(Accessed 24.1.2013)
plant
521
Terminalia superba
(Combretaceae)
Common
names
Ndimba
(Kongo), limba (commercial name)
Description A tree which grows
from 30 to 40 m high with a long
straight trunk and a spreading
open crown. Leaves 9 – 16 cm
long and 4 – 9 cm wide. The
winged fruits are distinctive.
Ecology Grows in secondary
forest, savanna woodland and
farm land where the soil is not
waterlogged and can sometimes
be found growing in pure stands.
It is also planted as an avenue
tree and grows best in full
sunlight.
Propagation The tree is usually
grown
from
seed
which
germinates in 2 - 3 weeks. No pretreatment
is
required.
The
seedlings are cut back to stumps
after 15 months and transplanted
into the field. They are also
planted
extensively in
lines
through scrub or under very light
shade. Seedling regeneration is
good on cleared land. The tree
produces large amounts of seed
and seedlings spring up freely on
abandoned farm land.
tree
Management Trees can grow to 5 m in the second year on good soil and compare well with fastgrowing conifers. The tree coppices well.
Uses Timber is light yellowish-brown, strong,
medium hard, and splits and works easily. It is
used for shingles, paddles, door frames, coffins,
canoes, boxes and bowls but is not resistant to
decay, termites or borers. If a filler is used it is
easy to stain and polish. The wood glues easily
but splits when nailed. It makes a good fuel wood.
A yellow dye can be obtained from the bark. Bisu
(Imbrasia petiveri) and Minsendi edible caterpillars
feed on the leaves.
Right: Seedling in a farmer’s
tree nursery at Sona Bata
Remarks Both sapwood and heart wood are
attacked by beetles.
leaves
References Renier 1948, Leloup 1956, Irvine 1961, Liben
1968, Uphof 1968, Burkill 1985, Pauwels
1993, Kibungu Kembelo 1995
522
Tetracarpidium conophorum
(Euphorbiaceae)
Synonym Plukenetia conophora
Common names Makasu nsinga
(Kongo), conophor nut
Description A vigorous climbing
vine, 3 – 6 m long, branching freely,
which may cover its support tree. It
resembles a pepper vine with
pointed, shiny green leaves, 18 x 10
cm. Very small white flowers are
produced in clusters. Fruit (below
right) is a 4 – 5 lobed, partially
winged, pod containing 4 – 5 large
nuts (below left).
All photos: Roy Danforth
Ecology Present in secondary forest
m Sierra Leone to D.R. Congo and
cultivated in Sierra Leone, Cameroon
and Nigeria. It grows well on forest
soils in deep shade.
Propagation Can be grown from
seed.
Management Train vines up trees
for support. Vines start producing
after 5 years.
Uses The nuts are eaten after being
boiled or roasted, to reduce the
bitterness. They also yield 48 – 60%
of a quick drying oil used for cooking
and medicinal purposes. The pressed
cake can be used as a fodder cake.
Remarks The fruits travel well and remain in
good condition after harvest so have potential for
distant markets.
References Renier 1948, Danforth & Noren
1997, Nsimundele 2004, Kibungu Kembelo 2010,
Termote 2012
523
Tetracera alnifolia
(Dilleniaceae)
Synonym T. alnifolia subsp. alnifolia
Common names Kiziazi, nziazi, nziazia (Kongo), liane à eau (Fr.), water tree
Description A woody creeper up to 20 m long and up to 10 cm. in diameter. Leaves are 4 - 16 cm long
and 3 - 8 cm wide, often recurved, on a petiole up to 2 cm long. Flowers are white in large, terminal
panicles 15 - 25 cm long. The oval fruits are dull red and woody. Seeds are few, shiny black, with an
orange aril, enclosing the seed. There are four other species of Tetracera present in Kongo Central.
Ecology The plant is found both in swamp forest and on firm ground. Sometimes found trailing in
grassland, thickets or forest margins. Also present from Senegal to west Cameroon and into Angola.
Uses Stems yield abundant sap which can be drunk. Traditionally people in Gabon planted the vine in
the savanna for use in times of water shortage. In Kongo Central the vine is used for tattooing. Nzyazi
caterpillars feed on the leaves. In Manianga the sap is used to “purify” breast milk and to treat
abdominal pain. It is given to a child immediately after birth and regularly to twins to strengthen them.
The young leaves are sometimes eaten as a vegetable. Tetracera species are important bee forage in
the equatorial zone in Africa.
Reference Renier 1948, Boutique 1967, Arkinstall 1979, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1985,
Hepburn & Radloff 1998, Burkill 2000
524
Tetradenia urticifolia
(Lamiaceae)
Common names Mutizo (Kongo), ginger bush.
Description A shrub or small tree normally growing to 3 m high. Bark is light grey to brown, smooth
and sometimes peels when old. The soft leaves are opposite, have a strong smell, are 7 cm long and 6
cm wide, and covered with fine dense hairs on both surfaces. The leaf margin is coarsely toothed. Leaf
stalks are up to 2 cm long. Flowers are very small, mauve, pink to white, in large dense, much branched
racemes up to 20 cm long. Male and female flowers are borne on different plants. The shrub grows
rapidly.
Ecology The species is known from forest margins, woodland and bushland, mainly on rock outcrops
and also from near human habitation and cultivated land. It occurs in an area of East and Central Africa
centered on Uganda. It is sometimes planted as a hedge around compounds. The plant prefers deep
well-drained soils.
Propagation Planted by cuttings 20 - 50 cm long.
Uses The leaves are used as an antiseptic to treat wounds and insect bites in D.R. Congo. They are
widely used elsewhere as an insecticide and also for mulching. In Rwanda the plant is sometimes grown
as a wind break and on contour banks to check erosion. In Malawi the plant is said to be a powerful
remedy for intestinal worms. In Kenya the crushed leaf is used against cataracts by the Pokot. The plant
has many other medicinal uses in Africa. Bees were seen collecting nectar from T. tanganyikae in the
highlands of southern Tanzania, though it is said that the quality of the honey is poor.
References Watt & Breyer - Brandwijk 1962, Williamson 1975, Coates Palgrave 1983, Egli &
Kalinganire 1988, Beentje 1994, Phillipson & Steyn 2008
525
Tetrapleura tetraptera
(Mimosaceae)
Common name Mbaka (Kongo), Aidan tree
All photos: Quentin Meunier
Description A deciduous tree up to 25 m tall and up to 1 m diameter, with a slender crown. Bark is
thin, grey-brown, with shallow vertical fissures. Leaves are 25 – 30 cm long, with 6 – 13 pairs of pinnae.
Small,
yellow-pink-brown
flowers are borne on spikes.
Fruit is a woody pod with 4
wings smelling of caramel,
especially
when
rotting
below the tree. The wings
contain a soft sugary pulp.
Seeds are set free when the
pod rots. They are hard,
dark-brown, 9 mm long.
Ecology
Present
in
secondary
and
fringing
forest from Senegal to west
Cameroon, and also in
Sudan and Tanzania.
Propagation Use seedlings
or wildlings. Separate the
seeds from the fruit by
hand. Store seed with ash to
reduce insect damage. Soak in cold water for a few hours before planting. Germination is usually good
taking place in 1 – 4 weeks. Trees should remain in the nursery for 6 months to a year as they remain
weak until well established.
Management The tree can be coppiced or pollarded.
526
Uses Sap wood is white
and shows ripple marks.
The medium hard heart
wood
is
pale
red,
darkening to red-brown,
durable, easy to work but
liable to split. The wood
has an unpleasant smell
when fresh. It is used
locally for house posts,
doors and window frames,
general carpentry and
sometimes for canoes and
paddles. Also used for
firewood and charcoal.
The fruits are dark red
brown to black, 15 – 25
cm long with 4 wings, of
which two are hard and
woody, and two are
hollow and filled with a
sugary pulp. The fruits are
commonly traded for food,
cosmetic and medicinal use. Tests have shown good results in controlling the snail hosts of
schistosomiasis. The trunk yields a soluble gum, similar to commercial gum arabic. The flowers are
known to be a good honey source.
References Gilbert & Boutique 1952, Ambougou 1991, Pauwels 1993, Burkill 1995, Katende et al.
1995, Vivien & Faure 1996, Meunier et al. 2010, Harris et al. 2011
Bundles of Eremospatha haullevilleana on their way to market (see page 220)
527
Tetrorchidium didymostemon
(Euphorbiaceae)
Common names Nsusa (Kongo), uenge (Lingala), arbre à savon du Gabon
A tree with male flowers in October
Description Tree or shrub from 4 to 25 m high with zig-zag branchlets. The slender yellow male
flowers are distinctive. Abundant white latex is produced when the bark is cut.
Ecology Common in secondary forests from Senegal to Tanzania, and south to Angola.
Uses The wood is hard
and resistant and used in
building. However it does
not last in soil or damp
places. Its bark is reported
to keep insects away. The
leaves were traditionally
eaten as a vegetable in
Kongo Central. They are
also
used
to
treat
swellings, particularly in
the legs. The juice from
the leaves is taken for
stomach pain. Latex is
used to treat threadworms and leprosy. Grated
bark is used as an
ointment
to
treat
rheumatism and lice. Twigs
are used as chew-sticks and also sucked for the sweet sap in the bark. The latex acts as a strong
fruit
purgative.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Renier 1948, Léonard 1962, Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Keay 1989,
Peters et al. 1992, Burkill 1994, Pauwels 1993, Neuwinger 2000
528
Theobroma cacao
(Sterculiaceae)
Common names Cacaoyer (Fr.), cocoa
Description A tree growing from 5 - 10 m high.
Ecology Introduced into Mayombe
forest area in Kongo Central in 1887.
Frequently planted in villages. It
requires a well-drained, well-aerated,
deep soil with good supplies of organic
matter and nutrients.
Propagation Planting Forastero type
cuttings in fermented sawdust in
baskets or polythene bags covered
with polythene sheet is recommended.
The leaf area should be reduced and
shade provided. Young plants grow
best under shade and need this until
well established. Shade can be
gradually reduced to zero in the third
year.
Management Plant out trees at a
spacing of 3 x 2.5 m. The young trees
should be well weeded. Pruning should
produce an inverted cone with 3 or 4
main
branches.
If
grown
for
commercial use the pods must be
harvested when exactly ripe. This is usually at the end of the rain season and lasts for about 3 months.
plant
They are heaped together or put in baskets, covered with banana leaves and allowed to ferment for 4 7 days. The pods are then transferred to a box for 2 - 3 days and to a third box for a further 2 to 3
days.
Uses The fruit pulp is eaten fresh before the fruit becomes completely ripe. Some people like it quite
hard but others prefer it soft. Commercially the fruit is processed to make drinks and confectionery.
References Germain 1963, Purseglove 1968, Drachousssoff 1993, Pauwels 1993, Raemaekers 2000
The whole family help with the peanut harvest at Boko Buansa
529
Thonningia sanguinea
(Balanophoraceae)
Common names Sasabu (A corruption of Sasuba = to cure or comfort)(Kongo), m’bila-na-mabele
(Lingala), ground pineapple
Photo: Sylvain Gatti
Description A parasitic plant of trees and perennial woody plants, producing a yellowish tuber, 4 – 7
mm in diameter, which becomes bulb-like, 20 – 35 mm in diameter, at the point of attachment to the
host’s roots. Male flowers 8 – 16 mm long, female flowers c. 3.5 mm long. Only the scaly flower-heads
appear above ground.
Ecology Recorded in West Africa from Sierra Leone to west Cameroon, and occurring widely
throughout the rest of tropical Africa.
Uses In Kongo Central the scaly buds were used to touch either side of the abdomen to cure
incontinence at night. Elsewhere in D.R. Congo the plant is used to treat dysentery and gonorrhoea.
The plant is used medicinally in Congo (Brazzaville) in a plaster to mature abscesses, and crushed and
diluted in water it is taken as a mouth-wash for dental caries, gingivitis and mouth-infections. When an
infant is feverish the sap is applied to the stomach after it has been pricked with the scales from the
flower-head. The rhizome is used in Congo to make an infusion taken for rheumatism. The plant is also
used in Congo for paralysis. Sap expressed from the flower-heads is used as an eye-instillation for
children with rickets and premature babies.
Remarks The plant is a parasite of plantation crops, e.g. rubber, oil-palm and cacao. The host plant is
not normally killed, but becomes less vigorous.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Renier 1948, Staner 1948, Burkill 1985, Wikipedia (Accessed
29.10.2016)
530
Tithonia diversifolia
(Asteraceae)
Common names Kituntu ki nkadi, nkadi nkadi (Kongo), Mexican sunflower, tree marigold
Description A bushy, much branched perennial growing to a height of 3 m.
Ecology Originally from Central America, the plant is sometimes abundant along roadsides. It is also
used as a hedge to surround village plots. It spreads from gardens to cropland, waste places and
roadsides.
plant
Propagation
Seeds should be planted shallowly under grass mulch. Cuttings 20 – 30 cm can also be
used or clumps can be divided.
Management When used as a hedge, the plant is cut to 1 - 1.5 m high. Otherwise it should be cut
back to ground level at the end of the season.
Uses Bees collect nectar from the flowers but nectar
secretion varies with altitude and soil type. A light amber
honey is produced which granulates quickly. Grown as a
hedge plant. If the leaves and stems are dug into the soil it is
reported to improve fertility, particularly in combination with
an application of rock phosphate, and has been shown to
increase yields of maize and Brassica crops. In Kenya a 6
month fallow of Tithonia diversifolia accumulated high
amounts of nitrogen, potash and calcium. It has also been
used for livestock fodder and can make up to 25% of the
total diet for guinea pigs when fed with Pennisetum
purpureum. It is reported that if the leaves are boiled in
water the liquid can be either painted on to trees or poured
down holes to control termites. In northern Angola the
crushed leaves are applied to as a compress to relieve
abdominal pain.
Photo: Jean-Luc & Pauline Alliez
References Crane et al 1984, Akobundu & Agyakwa 1987, Ambougou 1991, Lisowski 1991, Roothaert
et al 1997, Agroforestree Database (Accessed 8 .12.2012), Latham 2014, Noumbissi et al. 2014, Göhre
et al. 2016
531
Trachyphrynium braunianum
(Marantaceae)
Common names Kulu ntete (Ntete = An elongated basket used by porters), ngididi (Kongo).
Description A perennial, woody herb with creeping rhizomes and bamboo-like sub-woody stems to 4.5
m high, forming thickets. Leaves are very variable in size, 5.5 – 20 cm × 2 – 10 cm. The inflorescence is
terminal, spike-like, up to 20 cm long, simple or sometimes branched at the base. Flowers are 2 – 2.5
cm long, white, sometimes tinged pink or purple. Fruit is an orange-yellow capsule about 1.5 cm × 1.5
cm, containing 1 to 3 glossy black or brownish seeds, with a brownish white aril.
Ecology Present in gallery forests or in bush, near water. Common from Guinea to Bioko and across
Central Africa to Sudan and Uganda. It occurs from sea level up to 1,200 m altitude.
Propagation Reproduces naturally by seeds or suckers.
Uses The leaves are used to wrap chikwangue and sea salt and the split stems are used to make
baskets and as ties in house building. The stems are also used as rafters before the thatch is placed.
Stems are widely used for plaiting mats, strainers, beehives and traps for fish and rats. The fruits are
edible. The flowers are visited by honeybees. A decoction of the twigs is drunk for hernias and stomachache, and the heated and pulped leaves are used as a poultice for dried and cracked soles on the feet.
Sap from the root, often mixed with that of other Marantaceae, is given for the treatment of insanity,
and a mixture of the roasted and pulverized root with salt and seeds of Aframomum melegueta is
rubbed into scarifications for the treatment of rheumatism. In D.R. Congo a poultice of the leaves is
applied to inflamations.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1997, White & Abernethy 1997,
Kémeuzé 2010
532
Treculia africana subsp. africana
(Moraceae)
Common names Nsungi, nzaza (Kongo), arbre à pain d'Afrique (Fr.), baimi, bolimbo (Lingala), African
breadfruit
Description A fast-growing tree to 35 m tall. Fruits may be 35 cm in diameter and weigh up to 12 kg.
Ecology Primary forests beside
water and in gallery forests.
Altitude range 0 – 1,200 m.
Found in high forest and often
planted. Present from Senegal
to Angola and into Uganda and
Mozambique. Also present in
Sudan.
Propagation
Remove
the
seeds from the rotting fruit.
They should be planted as soon
as possible in pots or direct into
the field.
Uses The seeds are edible and
are much appreciated. The fruit
is allowed to rot, or is soaked in
water, so that the seeds can be
extracted. They taste like
groundnuts and can be eaten
raw, roasted, boiled or fried.
They can also be ground and added to stews or made into soup. Seeds contain 73% carbohydrate, 16%
Fruit
protein and 6% oil. The timber, known as African boxwood, is white to yellow-white, fine-grained and
used for furniture, carving, turnery and
inlay work. It can also be used for papermaking. It is suitable for firewood and for
charcoal-making. The tree protects the soil
by attracting dew, causing the soil to
remain moist throughout the dry season.
The leaves are used medicinally to treat
tooth decay.
fruit
Left: Seeds extracted from a fallen fruit
Remarks The nutritive value of the seed is particularly
good. The composition of fats is well balanced, the
seed
protein content is of good value both for infant and adult nutrition and the carbohydrate part is also of
good composition.
References Gillet 1927, Hauman 1948, Renier 1948, Bijttebier 1981, Pauwels 1993, Katende et al.
2000, Burkill 1997, Nsimundele 2004, Meunier et al. 2010
533
Trema orientalis
(Ulmaceae)
Common names Mundia nuni, kidia nuni (= that which birds eat), kiwandu ki mfinda (Kongo), esesu,
pesu, wendende (Lingala), charcoal tree
Description
LeavesA short-lived shrub with slender branches, 4 - 5 m high. The asymetric leaves, up to 16
cm long, alternate evenly along the branches, the edges being finely toothed all round. Small clusters of
white flowers are borne throughout the year in each axil. Fruit is small, fleshy and black when ripe,
containing a single black seed.
Ecology Found in secondary forest, preferring high rainfall areas and common in forest and riverine
margins where it quickly invades clearings and disturbed soils. Here it often produces almost pure
stands but may also be associated with Harungana madagascariensis. Present throughout Asia and
tropical Africa and in Madagascar.
Propagation Can be grown from seedlings or cuttings. Germination rate of fresh seed is about 30%.
Seed should be planted as soon as possible, as it quickly loses viability.
Management The tree is fast-growing, competing well with weeds. It can be coppiced.
Uses In Kongo Central an infusion of the leaves and
bark is used to treat toothache. The leaves, bark and
stem are used to treat dermatitis, mental disorders,
dehydration, asthma and epilepsy. The leaves and
fruits are reported to be eaten in D.R. Congo. Bisu
(Imbrasia petiveri) and Mvinsu (I. epimethea) edible
caterpillars feed on the leaves. The poles are used for
building and, though the timber is resistant to
termites, it has poor durability. The branches are used
for firewood and charcoal. The leaves, pods and seeds
are suitable for livestock fodder. Bees visit the flowers.
The plant fixes nitrogen and can be used for soil
conservation. The shrub has been used as a shelter
crop for young Milicia excelsa, coffee, and cacao trees
Flowers
fruits
and is said to indicate good cacao-growing soil. A black dye is obtained
fromand
theunripe
bark and
a brown dye
from the leaves. The bark also yields a strong fibre. The bark and leaves contain saponin, and have
been used for de-worming and as a cough medicine.
References Hauman 1948, Renier 1948, Nsimundele 1966 - 68, Williamson 1975, NAS 1980, Daeleman
& Pauwels 1983, Pauwels 1993, Katende et al. 1995, Burkill 2000, Neuwinger 2000, Kibungu Kembelo
2003, Meunier et al. 2010
534
Trichoscypha oddonii
(Anacardiaceae)
Common name Biyoyo, panga ya singama (Kongo)
Description A small
unbranched tree, (or
with few branches), 5 –
15 m tall. The tree has
a crown of composite
leaves, each up to 2 m
long, at the top of the
main stem. Flowers are
born in panicles, 15 –
25 cm long, on the
trunk. The fruits are 4
– 5 cm long and turn
red when ripe.
Ecology
Found
in
dense humid forests.
Present in Cameroon,
Gabon and in D.R.
Congo (Mayombe and
Kongo Central).
tree
Uses The fruits, which are produced in
February and March, are edible but
rather sour. The pink coloured timber
has very fine grain and works well.
References Renier 1948, Van Der
Veken 1960, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983
Right: Tree with immature fruit at
Kisantu botanic garden.
Triodd fruit
535
Triclisia dictyophylla
(Menispermaceae)
Synonym
gilletii
T.
Common
names Kinwani
(Kongo),
efiri
(Lingala)
Description A
climbing plant or
scrambling
shrub
with
stems that can
be up to 30 m
long and 10 cm
in
diameter.
Leaves up to 32
cm long and 27
cm wide. Fruits
c. 2.5 cm long.
Present
forests
Liberia to Central African Republic and southern Ethiopia and south to Angola and DR Congo.
Ecology
in old
from
Propagation A dioecious species, both male
and female plants need to be grown if fruit
and seed are required.
Photo of fruits: Carel Jongkind
Uses The plant is usually harvested from the wild for
medicinal use. In Equateur province the leaves,
stems, root and stem bark are all used medicinally
and are sometimes sold in local markets. A methanol
extract of the stem bark has shown strong activity
against Plasmodium falciparum, one of the causes of
malaria, and a significant effect against Trypanosoma
brucei, which causes sleeping sickness.
References Renier 1948, Troupin 1951, Daeleman &
Pauwels 1983, Pollard 2008
Leaves being sold in a local market.
536
Trilepisium madagascariense
(Moraceae)
Synonym Bosqueia angolensis
Common name Nsekeni (Kongo)
Description Tree to 35 m high. Bole is short and twisted with smooth grey bark. Cuts in the trunk
plant
produce abundant white latex which later turns red to violet in contact with the air. Leaves have a short
stalk and are simple, alternate, tough and leathery, dark shiny-green above, 6 - 14 x 3 - 6 cm, with a
narrow tip, 1 - 1.5 cm long. Male and female flowers develop in a bell-shaped receptacle about 1.5 cm
long from which the stamens hang out. Fruit is about 2 cm long turning purple-black when ripe.
Ecology Primary and secondary forests often beside water.
Occurs from Guinea to Ethiopia and south to Angola and
South Africa. Also present in Madagascar and the Seychelles.
Propagation The tree can be grown from seed, wild
seedlings or cuttings.
Photo: J. Quicho Tanzania Plant Collaboration
Management The tree can be pruned, coppiced or lopped.
Uses Leaves are coarsely cut and cooked in water, oil and
peanut butter and eaten as a vegetable. The fruit is also
edible. During times of famine the roasted seeds (kimpundi)
are eaten. The wood is whitish with pink blotches, and
though perishable in the ground, is used for construction,
cabinet-making, knife handles and to make torches for
lighting in the house. The abundant pale brown, watery
latex is used for dyeing material, baskets and other items
and for making indelible ink. The tree has a number of
medicinal uses. Bees are reported to visit the flowers.
References De Wildeman 1903, Gillet & Pâque 1910, De
Wildeman 1934, Hauman 1948, Renier 1948, Keay 1989,
Konda ku Mbuta et al. 1992, Peters et al. 1992, BekeleTesemma 1993, Pauwels 1993, Beentje 1994, Burkill 1997, Neuwinger 2000, Nsimundele 2004
537
Tripsacum andersonii
(Poaceae)
Common name Guatemala grass
Description A tufted or
spreading perennial grass,
with leaves growing up to
120 cm. Flower stems are
rarely produced.
Ecology Origin probably
Central America but now
grown in D.R. Congo, Ghana,
Ivory Coast, Kenya, Rwanda
and Madagascar. It grows
vigorously even at high
altitudes, in partial shade
and on a wide range of soils,
as long as there is sufficient
soil moisture.
Propagation By division of
the plant or using rhizomes.
It is rather slow to establish.
Plant out along the contour
for soil conservation and
fodder production.
Management For fodder
cut at a height of 10 – 15 cm
when leaves reach 100 cm or
at six week intervals.
Uses Grown to control soil
erosion and as a fodder
plant. It is possible to
harvest up to 195 tons fresh
fodder (40 tons dry fodder)
per ha in 13 months. When
regrowth was cut at 4, 6, 10
and 12 weeks after the
previous harvest, plants gave
9.8, 9.1, 5.0, and 2.2 %
digestible protein when fed
to cattle.
plant
Remarks Few farmers grow this grass at present but it has good potential as a livestock fodder and for
erosion control when planted close together along the contour.
References Bogdan 1977, Chen 1992
538
Tristemma mauritianum
(Melastomataceae)
Common name Nsa masa (Kongo)
Description An erect herb or shrub up to 2 m high, with thick square stems and covered with bristles.
Leaves on stalks 1 – 4 cm long, opposite, oval, up to 12 cm long. The plant is usually short lived. Fruits
contain soft white sections.
Ecology Common in damp places. Usually found
in marshy places, but occasionally among rocks.
Found from Senegal to Uganda and Sudan and
south to Angola.
Uses The sweet fruits are eaten, especially by
children. In Equateur province the bark and
leaves are used to treat epilepsy, headaches and
retarded ability to walk in children.
References De Wildeman 1934, Renier 1948,
Goode 1974, Burkill 1997, Katende et al. 1999,
Konda ku Mbuta et al. 2012
539
Triumfetta cordifolia
(Tiliaceae)
Common names Mpunga, mpungala (Kongo)
Description An erect, semi-woody shrub or liana up to 5 m high, with hairy or sometimes smooth
stems. Leaves vary in size up to 20 cm long and 18 cm wide. Flowers small, white to yellow-orange.
Ecology A common weed
in cultivated crops and
forest or bush regrowth in
wet areas. Present from
Senegal to Angola.
Triumfetta cordifolia
in flower in August
Propagation By cuttings
from leafy stems. Plant in
moist soil.
Management
Earthing
up, mulching and shade
are beneficial. The stems
are cut at harvest leaving
one or two buds at the
base. Plants can be
harvested for many years.
The bark may be stored
after peeling from the
stems.
packaging. The leaves are edible. The bark from
leafy stems contain substances that give stews a
typically
plant sticky consistency. These substances are
extracted by softening the bark in hot water, and
then kneading it in a little clean water. During the
kneading process the sticky agents are released into
the water which is then added to the stew. The
flowers are reported to be a good bee forage
providing nectar and pollen. In Gabon bees forage
during December, July, August and October.
Uses
Stem
fibres
(lupungala, lupunga) were
at one time an important
item of commerce, being
used for rope, sacking or
References Renier 1948, Wilczek 1963, Daeleman
& Pauwels 1983, Akobundu & Agyakwa 1987,
Dupriez & De Leener 1989, Ambougou 1991, Peters
et al. 1992, Raemaekers 2001
Extracting fibre from the stem
540
Turraea vogelii
(Meliaceae)
Synonym T. zenkeri
Common names Munkomo (Kipindi), mutsiobokoko (Kimbala)
Turraea vogelii flowering in December
Description A climbing shrub, finely hairy, becoming hairless. Leaves 7 – 16 cm long and 3 – 9 cm
wide. Fruit a flattened capsule 20 – 35 mm in diameter, finely wrinkled, yellow green splitting into 10
recurving valves. Seed black with an orange aril.
Ecology Found in gallery forests, forest edges, fallow land and on river banks. Ivory Coast to Angola
and in Uganda.
Uses. Its bladder like fruits contain a bitter liquid which is used to treat filariasis and headaches.
Pollination is possibly by bees.
References Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Eggeling & Dale 1951, Staner & Gilbert 1958, CJB/SANBI
(Accessed 6.11.2015)
541
Uapaca guineensis
(Phyllanthaceae)
Common names Kidianga, samfi (Kongo), sugar plum, false mahogany, rikio (commercial)
Description A much
branched evergreen tree
to 18 m tall supported
on prominent stilt roots.
It has a dense rounded
crown of large leaves 10
- 25 long and 5 - 17 cm
wide,
which
are
produced in bunches at
the end of the branches.
Numerous, yellow-green
male flowers (see left),
are
surrounded
by
golden-yellow
bracts.
The female flowers are
similar but are borne on
different trees and have
a single flower. Fruits
are about 2 cm diameter
and contain 2 – 4 seeds.
Ecology Present in both swamp forests and on firm ground from Sierra Leone to the Central African
Republic and south to Zimbabwe.
Propagation Sow only fresh seed in pots or use cuttings or wildlings. Shade is probably needed while
plants are young. Seed set and germination is often poor.
Management The tree can
be coppiced or pollarded.
Growth is rapid if the plant is
in the open and on dry land,
reaching 5 m after 6 years.
Both photos: G. Baumann
West African Plant Database
Uses Fruits are eaten raw
and have a taste similar to
avocado. The tree produces
good timber which is used for
firewood, charcoal, furniture,
shade, and for soil and water
conservation. Wood is pale
red, long lasting, easy to
work
and
suitable
for
carpentry,
especially
furniture. The tree is sometimes planted in coffee and cocoa plantations. Roots are widely used as an
aphrodisiac, to treat male impotence and female sterility. Fruits are sweet and in Nigeria, are made into
a refreshing drink. Uapaca species are important honeybee plants in the northern dry savanna and the
equatorial zones of Africa.
References Renier 1948, Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Pauwels 1993, Katende et al. 1995, Vivien & Faure
1996, Hepburn & Radloff 1998, Ruffo et al. 2002, Nsimundele 2004, Kitambala 2008, Harris et al. 2011
Breteler 2013
542
Uncaria africana
(Rubiaceae)
Common names Kikoke ki masa (Kongo), liane à hameçons (Fr.)(= creeper with fish hooks)
Uncaria africana flowering at Kilueka in October
Description A climbing shrub up to 6 m high, with large, hook-like spines on the stems. Leaves are 6 –
12 cm by 2.5 – 6 cm. Flowers are pale yellow in strongly scented terminal heads, 5 cm across, which
increase in size until mature. The fruit is filled with very small black seeds. These are dispersed by wind.
Ecology Grows beside water in secondary forest. Present from Guinea-Bissau across Africa to Sudan,
Tanzania and Angola.
Propagation U. gambir can
be grown from seed or
preferably cuttings.
Uses The plant has a variety
of medicinal uses. In Gabon
a bark extract is drunk for
colds. In Sierra Leone a
concentrated decoction of
leaves
is
used
as
a
mouthwash
to
treat
toothache and the leaves for
inflammation of the lungs.
The root and bark are
soaked in water and drunk
for stomach disorders, while the decoction boiled in bone soup is drunk for strength by the Dorobo.
References Gillet & Paque 1910, Holland 1922, Renier 1948, Irvine 1961, Hallé 1966, Daeleman &
Pauwels 1983, Beentje 1994, Burkill 1997, White & Abernethy 1997, Neuwinger 2000, Kokwaro 2009
543
Uraria picta
(Papilionaceae)
Common names Nkongolo (Kongo) (= rainbow; the flower spike is sometimes seen in a half circle),
ifembe, indela (Lingala)
Description
A
woody,
singlestemmed,
fibrous
herb up to 1.8 m
tall.
Stems
are
covered with short
hairs. Lower leaves
are ovate, 2 – 8 cm
long and made up of
1 – 3 leaflets, the
upper ones, ovatelanceolate, 7 – 25
cm and of 5 – 9
leaflets. The corolla
is pink, bluish or
reddish. Pods 5 - 9
mm. long, of 3–6
segments, each 2–3
mm. wide, shining,
brown to blackish
then
whitish-grey.
Seeds
yellowishbrown, compressed,
oblong-ellipsoid.
Ecology Found in
grass
savanna,
roadsides and open
spaces. Widespread
from West Africa and
Sudan
south
to
Mozambique, Malawi
and Angola. It is also
present in Asia and
northern Australia.
Uses
Cattle
are
reported to graze
the plant. Leaves are
considered to be
antiseptic. A leaf preparation is used to treat stomach cramp. It is sometimes grown as a cover or green
manure and even as an ornamental. The Teke people in Congo (Brazzaville) use the sap to treat
haemorrhoids.
References Gillet & Paque 1910, Renier 1948, Hauman et al. 1954, Bouquet 1969, Burkill 1995, Burkill
2000, Neuwinger 2000
544
Urena lobata
(Malvaceae)
Common names Dinkambwala, dinkambwadi, nkolokoso, mpungala fioti, (Kongo), lotiti moindu
(Lingala, Congo jute
Description A fibrous woody shrub up to 3 m high. Leaves variable, even on the same plant, up to 7
cm long.
Ecology A weed of cultivated crops, usually near settlements. It grows in full sunlight usually on fertile,
well drained soils and is found throughout the tropics and sub-tropics.
Urena lobata growing near water at Kavwaya
Propagation Grown from seed.
Management The plant can be cut twice
per year for fibre production, in which case
it is normally grown as an annual crop. It
requires a fertile soil and, as it exhausts the
soil, should be rotated with other crops.
Uses Occasionally
cultivated for its fibre.
plant
The fibre is strong, fine, soft and lustrous. It
has good spinning properties and can be
used for cordage, textiles, carpets, packing
materials, upholstery and, mixed with other
fibres, for sacking. The plant is resistant to
termites and water. It makes a strong
paper. Various parts of the plant are used
medicinally. Young leaves are eaten in
Gabon and the plant can be used as a
livestock fodder. The flowers are an
important bee forage providing nectar over
a long period.
References Gillet 1927, Renier 1948,
Hauman 1963, Morton 1964, Busson 1965,
Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Akobundu &
Agyakwa 1987, Ambougou 1991, Burkill
1997
545
Usteria guineensis
(Loganiaceae)
Common names Impete, isake (Lingala)
Usteria guineensis in flower at Kinsinga village in January
Description A scrambling shrub or creeper with slender stems, up to 12 m high. Leaves opposite,
variable, 2 – 14.5 cm long and 1.8 – 9.5 cm wide on a short petiole which is sometimes purple coloured.
Flowers strongly scented, pale green to pale yellow or cream, sometimes spotted with purple. Capsules
up to 5.8 cm long.
Ecology Common in secondary forest
and thickets throughout West Africa and
south to Angola
Uses Sometimes grown as an
ornamental plant. In West Africa a
decoction of the roots or fruits is taken
to treat coughs and colds.
References Renier 1948, Irvine 1961,
Leeuwenberg & Bamps 1979, Pauwels
1993, Burkill 1995, Neuwinger 2000, de
Ruijter 2007
Photo right: Adjima Thiombiano
www.africanplants.senckenberg.de
546
Uvaria brevistipitata
(Annonaceae)
Common names Mankondo ma nsemfu? (Kikongo)
Description A shrub. The leaves are 5 – 17 cm long and 3 – 7 cm wide with a petiole 5 – 7 mm. The
solitary flowers are 1.5 cm long. Fruits are 2 – 2.2 cm long containing 8 – 12 seeds.
Photo taken at Kinanga village
Ecology Present in clearings in forest with Marantaceae
species. The plant is only known from Kongo central.
Uses The bark is used to make cord. An aqueous decoction of
the root bark is drunk to stimulate appetite. A decoction of the
root bark is also used to dye material. The fruit is reported to
be edible. A root extract together with a leaf extract from
Harungana
madagascariensis
is
reported to be
effective
in
treating
HIV/AIDS.
References De Wildeman 1934, Boutique 1951,
Compère 1970, Lebrun & Stork 1991, Bashengezi 1997,
Malaisse 2010
Fruit photographed at Ndembo Mission
547
Uvaria scabrida
(Annonaceae)
Common names Mantusa? (Kongo)
Description A much branched, twining creeper or climbing shrub, up to 20 m long and 20 cm in
diameter. Leaves 4 – 27 cm long and 2.2 – 9 cm wide on a petiole 3 – 5 mm long. Flowers smell like
pineapple. Fruits 4 – 6 cm in diameter.
Uvaria scabrida with fruit. Photo taken in secondary forest near Kasangulu in February
Ecology Present from Liberia to Angola in rain forest, fringing or riverside forest, clearings.
Uses The bark fibre is used for fish nets. An aqueous decoction of the root bark is taken to stimulate
the appetite. The fruits are reported to be edible. In the Ivory Coast the plant is used for the treatment
of insanity. Fruits are reported to be edible.
References Renier 1948, Boutique 1951, Hutchinson & Dalziel 1972, Burkill 1985, Martin et al. 1987,
Lebrun & Stork 2003
548
Vernonia amygdalina
(Asteraceae)
Common names Mundudindudi, mukarikari, nlulu (Kongo), nlulunlulu (Ngala), bitterleaf
Description A shrub 3 - 5 m tall. Edible
varieties are variable and have long oval,
greyish leaves. Some of the cultivated
varieties are almost free of bitterness.
Ecology Often grown in villages. It will
grow in poor soils and is resistant to
termites. Present in the savanna or
forest margins, often forming thickets
and is widely distributed in tropical
Africa.
Propagation Usually planted from
cuttings but can also be grown from
seed. Collect the fruiting heads and
shake the seed out into a plastic bag.
Sow in a seedbed and transplant after a
few months.
Management The habit of the shrub
depends on how it is used. It develops a
shrubby habit if the branches are first
lopped for pole production and the stem
is then pruned to form a head. A dense
bushy habit is obtained if the stems are
pruned severely on a regular basis to
stimulate leaf production.
Uses In Kongo Central, the leaves are
pounded, soaked in water and taken to
treat liver infections and intestinal
worms. Crushed leaves are also applied to skin infections (e.g. scabies). The pith of the stems is known
tobush
be an effective medicine against worms. The leaves, which are often very bitter, are eaten as a
vegetable in some countries, though not in Kongo Central. The bitterness can be lessened by pounding
and boiling or, with young leaves, by soaking in several changes of water. They are added in small
amounts to soup or eaten as
spinach. The shoots can be
used to clean the teeth. Bees
were seen collecting nectar in
August. It is an important honey
source in Ethiopia producing a
dark aromatic honey. The wood
can be used as fuel. It is not
attacked by termites.
References
Renier
1948,
Nsimundele
1966
68,
Daeleman & Pauwels 1983,
Burkill 1985, Dupriez & De
Leener 1989, Mukoko Matondo
1991, Pauwels 1993, Fichtl &
Adi 1994, Kalanda & Lisowski
1995, Martin et al. 1998,
Maundu et al. 1999, Neuwinger
2000, Schippers 2002, Kibungu
Kembelo 2003, Pousset 2004,
Meunier et al. 2010, SEPASAL (Accessed
7.12.2013), Latham 2014
flower
549
Vigna subterranea
(Papilionaceae)
Synonym Voandzeia subterranea
Common
names
Nguba
nsamba (Kongo), Bambara
groundnut
Description A dense-growing
annual herb to 40 cm tall.
Leaves trifoliate, each leaflet 3
– 8 cm long and 2 – 4 cm
wide. After pollination the
peduncle extends and the
round pods, 2.5 cm in
diameter, containing usually
one seed, are pushed under
ground.
Ecology Bambara groundnut
is cultivated in most of Africa.
It will produce a crop in
relatively poor, sandy soils.
The plant requires bright sun,
frequent
rain
and
high
temperatures but is however
also
drought
tolerant.
Excessive
rainfall
during
fruiting depresses yields.
Propagation Seed should be
shelled and planted at a
spacing of 32 x 20 cm.
Management
The
crop
should be earthed up to promote seed production. From planting to harvest normally takes 4 months.
Production can be from 500 – 1,000 kg per ha.
Uses The seeds are cooked
with maize (sometimes after
soaking
plant overnight) or alone,
mashed, fried and used in a
stew. Dried seeds can be
roasted and ground into flour.
Unripe seeds can be eaten
fresh, fried or grilled. Nuts
have high nutritional value
with no toxicity. Ripe seeds
can contain from 16 - 21%
protein, 4.5 - 6.5 % fat and
50 - 60% carbohydrate
forming a balanced diet.
Eating
large
amounts
however tends to give
stomach discomfort. Careful
preparation is needed as the
seeds can be bitter. The plant
nodulates and fixes nitrogen.
seed
References Renier 1948, Hauman et al. 1954, Van Den Abeele & Vandenput 1956, Daeleman &
Pauwels 1983, Maundu et al. 1999, SEPASAL 1999, Nsimundele 2004, Brink et al 2006,
550
Vigna unguiculata
(Papilionaceae)
Common names Nkasa, nkasa zikongo, nkasa zimbwenge, mbwenge (Kongo), niébé, haricot
kunde, dolique mongette (Fr.), cowpea
Description A bushy or trailing annual or perennial up to 1 m long.
Ecology The crop is commonly grown together with cereals. It requires a well drained soil, but is often
badly affected by nematodes in sandy soils.
Propagation Seed retains its viability providing it is protected from insect damage. Where cowpeas or
their relatives have not been grown before, inoculation with rhizobia gives better yields. 17 - 28 kg seed
are required per ha.
Management Pests are often a problem. The green
pods should be harvested before they ripen and
shatter. Jatropha curcas oil can be used at a
concentration of 10% as an insecticide to control
thrips and aphids.
Uses Dried seeds are an important food legume in
Africa. Normally they are cooked together with
vegetables, spices and often palm oil to produce a
thick bean soup which is then eaten with the staple
food. Protein content is 22 - 25%. The seed can also
be used as a coffee substitute. Leaves and fruits are
used as green vegetables and may also be dried and
stored for later use. The plant may be cut back to
produce a succession of new shoots. Fresh immature
seeds and the immature seed pods are also
sometimes eaten as a vegetable. Leaves can be used
for livestock feed. Fibres from the stems are used for
tying, making fishing lines, nets, woven material and
clothing. In Kongo Central the roots are reported to
be edible and can be used as a vegetable.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Hauman et al.
1954, Van Den Abeele & Vandenput 1956, Kay 1979,
Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Burkill 1995, SEPASAL
1999, Nsimundele 2004, Habou et al 2012 & 2014
551
Vigna vexillata
(Papilionaceae)
Common name Nkasa zimadeso (Kongo)
Both photos: David Watson
Description An annual or perennial twining herb growing from a woody rootstock. It scrambles over
other plants. The stems are up to 3 m long and are usually hairy. Leaves are trifoliate, spear-shaped,
pointed at the tip and hairy on both surfaces (similar to French bean leaves). The terminal leaflet, 6 x
12 cm, is larger than the other two. Flowers are 2 - 3 cm long and have a lilac-mauve keel which is
twisted to one side. Fruit pods are straight 4 – 14 cm long and covered with fine bronze hairs.
Ecology Common throughout tropical Africa, from Nigeria
to East Africa and south to Malawi and Zambia. Also
present in South Africa and South America. Commonly
found in grassland and bushland. Found from sea level to
2,200 m in East Africa in grassland and bushland and at
forest edges. Especially widespread in central and western
areas of East Africa.
Propagation Seed is produced after approximately 90
days growth.
Management The plant grows and spreads well during
rains and is effective in weed suppression but is not fire
resistant. The plant grows back slowly after cutting.
Uses A leaf decoction is used in D.R. Congo to treat
itching. Seeds are eaten in Kongo Central. Leaves are eaten
in Kenya as a spinach. The plant provides a palatable feed
for livestock in the rain season, even though hairy, but in tests only produced 309 kg/ha DM of feed on
unfertilized plots. It does not last well into the dry season. The swollen tuber is eaten in Tanzania, D.R.
Congo and Zimbabwe.
References Renier 1948, Hauman et al. 1954, Skerman 1977, Blundell 1987, Burkill 1995, Nsimundele
2004, Baumann 2005
552
Vitex doniana
(Lamiaceae)
Common names Fiolongo (Kongo), prune noire (Fr.), black plum, West African plum
Description A medium-sized tree, up to
10 m high, with a heavy rounded crown.
Leaves are composed of 5 leaflets, 7 - 15
cm long, with petioles 6 - 14 cm long.
Flowers are small, blue or violet, only a
few being open at a time. Fruits are
oblong, 1 - 2 cm long, green when young,
turning purplish-black on ripening and
containing starchy black pulp. The seeds
are contained in a stone.
Ecology The tree requires a high water
table. It grows on a variety of soils, often
alluvial and is able to survive bush fires. It
occurs beside rivers and in secondary
forests. Its range extends from Senegal to
Cameroon and into South Africa.
Propagation The tree is most easily
grown from cuttings, especially root
cuttings. The tree regenerates naturally
from seed. It is thought forest fires induce
germination because they help break the
hard coat of the stone. Remove the skin
and pulp from around the stones when ripe with a knife. Wash and dry. Soak the stone for 24 hours in
water, changing the water after 12 hours. Germination is good but sporadic.
Management Growth
rate is medium. The tree
can be grown in fields
and along boundaries
and can be coppiced.
fruit
Uses The black fruit is
sweet and is usually
eaten
raw.
It
is
occasionally
sold
in
markets. It is a good
source of vitamins A and
B. Leaves may be eaten
when young or used as
a herb in cooking. The
light, strong, termite
resistant, whitish to light
brown timber is used for
furniture, mortars for
pounding
cassava,
boats, house poles and
crates. It can also be used for firewood and charcoal. The leaves, pods and seeds can be used for
flower
fodder. The bark, leaves and roots are used medicinally and the
bark for making a dye. The leaves are
used to treat diarrhoea and dysentery. The fruit is used to improve fertility and to treat anaemia,
jaundice, leprosy and dysentery. The young tender leaves are pounded and the juice squeezed into the
eyes to treat eye troubles. Kelekele edible caterpillars feed on the leaves. Bees visit both flowers and
ripe fruit and the tree is a favourite place for hanging beehives in Ethiopia.
References Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, FAO 1983, Bekele-Tesemma et al.
1993, Pauwels 1993, Msanga 1998, SEPASAL 1999, Meunier et al. 2010, Sanoussi et al. 2012,
Agroforestree Database (Accessed 30.1.2013)
553
Vitex madiensis
(Lamiaceae)
Common names Kifilu, kifilungu (Kongo)
Description A small tree
or shrub 1.5 – 3 m high.
The leaves, comprised of
3 stiff leaflets up to 15 cm
long, are fragrant when
crushed. The leaf edge
has
shallow
rounded
teeth. Flowers are pinkish
white with violet blue
lobes. The fruit is 1.5 cm
long, shiny green at first
becoming black when
ripe.
Ecology A common tree
of the savanna from
Guinea to Uganda and
south to Mozambique.
Propagation
Collect the fruit when
Tree
soft and ripe, dry in the sun and
remove the dry pulp. Sow seeds direct
into the field or transplant wild or
nursery grown seedlings.
Management The tree stump sprouts
readily after being cut down.
Right: Flowering twig
Uses The sweet fruits are eaten and
are good for quenching thirst. They have a higher
flowersiron content than oranges, are rich in sugars but low
in vitamin C. A decoction made from
the young leaves is taken for
coughs, colds, diarrhoea, dysentery
and haemorrhoids. In Kongo Central
the boiled roots are used to treat
diabetes and anaemia. In Manianga
the bark is used for diarrhoea and
the leaves to treat coughs. Bisu
(Gonimbrasia dione) and Kaba
(Lobobunaea
phaedusa)
edible
caterpillars feed on the leaves. Bees
are reported to collect nectar from
the flowers in November. Cattle feed
on the leaves.
References
Gillet
1927,
De
Wildeman 1934, Renier 1948,
Delaude & Breyne 1971, Arkinstall
1979, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983,
Mukoko
Fruit Matondo 1991, Pauwels 1993, Katende et al. 1995, Burkill 2000, Neuwinger 2000, Latham
2003, Nsimundele 2004, Göhre et al. 2016
554
Voacanga africana
(Apocynaceae)
Common names Munkodinkodi (Kongo), Voacanga d’Afrique (Fr).
Description A shrub or small tree 2 – 10 m in height, branching low down and with a low spreading
crown. Leaves 7 - 40 x 3 - 20 cm, are opposite, dark green and glossy above. Flowers cream or brown.
Fruits are borne in pairs, slightly wider than long, approximately 5 cm in diameter.
Ecology Grows in the understorey of
secondary forests, in swampy forests
and beside streams in the savanna.
Found from Senegal to Cameroon and
in Uganda and Egypt.
Propagation Pick ripening fruits from
the tree. The paired lobes are opened
by hand to release the pulp and about
20 seeds. Squash the pulp in water
gently to release the seeds and dry
them in the sun. They can be stored in
a cool place for up to 12 months.
Soaking the seed overnight may hasten
germination, which is generally good
but slow, reaching 50% after 4 weeks
and 90% after 7 weeks.
Management
The
related
species
Voacanga thouarsii can be coppiced or
pollarded.
fruits Photo of flowers (right): Jean-Luc & Pauline Alliez
Uses The plant has important medicinal uses and the
seeds are exported principally to Germany, where they
are used to extract a drug to treat heart diseases and
lower blood pressure. The plant is also a source of a
drug to treat cancer. The sticky sap can be used as glue.
It can be mixed with that of Ficus species for the same
purpose. Bunsambi edible mushroom grow on
the dead trunk (see page 568). The bark contains
Photo:
Jean-Luc
& Pauline
fibre which
is used
in Nigeria
for Alliez
making yarn. A
decoction of the root or bark is taken for heart
problems and gonorrhoea and the plant is also
used for treating sores, furuncles, abscesses,
fungal infections, river blindness and eczema in
the Congo (Brazzaville). The bark of both V.
africana and V. thouarsii is used to treat stomach
ulcers.
Photo: David Harris/Royal Botanic Garden
Edinburgh
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Gillet
Renier 1948, Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk
Nsimundele 1966 - 68, Bouquet 1969,
1985, Iwu 1993, Pauwels 1993, Katende
1995, Msanga 1998, Pousset 2004
555
1927,
1962,
Burkill
et al.
Whitfieldia elongata
(Acanthaceae)
Synonym W. longifolia
Common name White candles
Description A straggling shrub 1.5 – 3 m tall, rarely a creeper. Shoots are slightly angular and
constricted below the node. The stems contain pith. Leaves are 13 – 22 cm long and 4.5 – 9 cm wide.
Conspicuous white flowers, 6 – 8 cm long, with petal-like calyx, are produced in terminal panicles.
Photos: Bart Wursten
Ecology Present in shady, damp and gallery forests from southern Nigeria to Angola, and in Sudan and
Tanzania.
Uses The stems are used to
make spindles for spinning in
southern Nigeria. The pulped
leaves, after being passed
through fire, are rubbed on the
chest for bronchitis in Congo
(Brazzaville) and eaten to aid
conception. A leaf decoction in
palm wine is drunk in Congo for
stomach complaints and food
poisoning. In Tanzania the
leaves are used to relieve
headaches. The leaves are
used as a black dye in D.R.
Congo. The root is chewed for
snake bite.
Remarks W. brazzae and W. thollonii are also present in Kongo Central.
References Renier 1948, Burkill 1985, Pauwels 1993, Neuwinger 2000, Kokwaro 2009
556
Xanthosoma sagittifolium
(Araceae)
Common names Langa (Kongo), tannia, new cocoyam
Description A perennial herb growing from 1.3 - 2.5 m high from a large corm. The plant generally
appears larger and coarser than taro. The stem is short and leaves are borne on large stalks. Leaves are
arrow shaped, from 45 - 90 cm long, have sharp pointed tips and a prominent marginal vein. A corm is
produced at the base of the plant and this produces 10 or more lateral cormels (detachable vegetative
buds) 10 - 25 cm long.
Tannia being grown for leaves
Ecology The plant grows best in tropical conditions with high rainfall and deep, well drained soils which
do not become waterlogged. However it can also be grown up to 2,000 m altitude and is more tolerant
to shade and poor soils than Colocasia. Originally from tropical America but now grown in Africa, Asia
and Polynesia.
Propagation Small cormels or the top of the original corm, with one or more buds are used for
planting. They should weigh about 150 g. Plant at the beginning of the rains, preferably on ridges, with
the bud pointing downwards, 7.5 - 10 cm deep. If pieces of the rootstock are used, leave the tip above
ground. Space at 100 x 100 cm.
Management Harvesting is done when the leaves turn yellow, 9 - 12 months after planting. The corms
can be left in the ground until required. They can be harvested and the parent plant left to continue
producing for up to 6 years. Yields from a pure stand may vary from 20 – 35 t/ha.
Uses In Kongo Central the main use is for the leaves, particularly the young leaves, which are cooked
and eaten as a vegetable after removal of the main rib. They have a protein content of 2.5% of fresh
weight. The cormels are edible after boiling or baking.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927, Renier 1948, Kay 1973, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983,
Tindall 1983, Burkill 1985, Raemaekers 2001
557
Xylopia aethiopica
(Annonaceae)
Common names Nsombo, mukala, mukwa (Kongo), poivrier de Guinée (Fr.), kimba or West African
pepper
Description A shrub or
tree to 40 m tall producing
clusters of pod like fruits up
to 7 cm long. These are
aromatic and pungent.
Ecology Grows in swamp
and fringing forest in the
savanna
region
from
Senegal to Tanzania, and in
Congo, Angola and Zambia.
It is a shade loving species.
Propagation Collect ripe
fruits, spread them out on
plastic
sheeting
and
separate the seeds when
dry. Soak the seeds for 24
hours before planting in
pots or direct into the field.
Management The tree
can
be
coppiced
or
pollarded.
plant
Uses The poles are especially used for house
construction as the wood is resistant to termite attack.
The dried fruits are peppery and used as a spice in
stews. They are also used in making ginger beer and to
ease pain, to treat rheumatism, stomach-ache, and
malaria. In some places they are sold in the markets.
Formerly they were exported to Europe. Elsewhere in
Africa a decoction of the seeds or bark is used to relieve
coughing and to treat bronchitis.
Photo of fruits (right): David Harris/Royal Botanic
Garden, Edinburgh
The wood is light yellow in colour and
moderately heavy. It is used for
general carpentry and for making
charcoal. The ground up fruits, called
nkuba nkuba or nkuya nkuya, are
mixed with cayenne peppers and used,
together with kola nuts, to repel
weevils. The fruit is sometimes put into
water to purify it. The flowers are
produced in the dry season and are
attractive to bees. Nsyangi edible
caterpillars feed on the leaves.
References Gillet & Pâque
Renier
1948,
Boutique
Nsimundele 1966 – 68, Burkill
Macmillan
1991,
Pauwels
Katende et al. 1995, Nsimundele
Pousset 2004
Dried fruits as sold in the market
558
1910,
1951,
1985,
1993,
2004,
Zanthoxylum gilletii
(Rutaceae)
Common names
Nkonko
nkumanga, nsende nsende,
nungu tsende (Kongo), ekondo
(Lingala), African satinwood
Description A deciduous tree
growing to 35 m high with a
straight trunk which bears
large corky thorns. Leaves are
borne in terminal clusters and
comprise 20 pairs of leaflets
and a terminal one 20 – 30 cm
long. Flowers are creamy-white
in terminal clusters 20 – 30 cm
long. Fruits are round and red,
4 – 6 mm in size. Each fruit
contains one black, shiny seed.
Male and female flowers are
borne on different trees.
plant
Ecology Grows in evergreen forests in West Africa, Sudan, East Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Congo and
Angola. The tree is planted in pure stands, individually, or
sometimes as a hedge.
Propagation Can be grown from seed though germination is
often poor. Pick the red-brown fruit from the tree before the
capsules open and dry in the sun for 1 – 2 days. Shake out the
seed but do not leave in the sun. Seeds can be stored for up to 2
months but add wood ash, as they are susceptible to insect attack.
Seedlings need full sunlight and grow well in old farmland. Stem
cuttings and air layering have given good results.
Management The tree coppices well.
Uses A valuable timber tree though the yellow scented wood is
sometimes difficult to work. It takes a good polish and finishes
well. It is durable except when in contact with the ground. It is
used to make pestles and mortars, in house construction, interior
carpentry and doors etc. It bends well when steamed. The oil from
the seeds is reported to be edible. The bark contains a poisonous
resin, and when soaked in water, is used to kill lice. The liquid is
also used to treat tiredness, anxiety and headaches. The bark is
bark as a pain-killer and to
chewed
relieve toothache. The leaves, finely
crushed and steeped in lemon juice,
are believed to cure snake bites. The
young terminal shoots, without the
leaves, are sweet smelling and are
used to flavour sauces. Bees collect
pollen and nectar from the flowers in
January.
References Butaye 1909, Gillet &
Pâque 1910, Renier 1948, Gilbert
1958, Nsimundele 1966 – 68,
Kokwaro 1976, Dupriez & De Leener
1989, Pauwels 1993, Katende et al.
1995, Burkill 1997, Meunier et al.
2010
Leaf
559
Zea mays
(Poaceae)
Common names Sangu, sasi (Kongo), mais (Fr.), maize
Description A stout annual up to 3 m.
Distinct races are adapted to different areas.
The Yangambi centre released ZE-169 which
has potential to produce 3 t/ha of grain.
Ecology In the dry season the crop is
grown along water courses. In the rain
season it is planted with the new crop of
cassava. It will grow in a wide range of
conditions. Essentially a crop of warm
countries with adequate moisture. Grows
best on well drained, well aerated, deep,
fertile loams. It is often the first crop
planted after the forest fallow. The crop is
grown extensively where the bush fallow
system is maintained.
Propagation Seed is normally planted with
groundnuts or sweet potatoes and without
fertilizer. The cobs are often eaten while
they are still soft.
Left: Male flower head – a good
source of pollen for bees
Management Stalk borers are a major
maizeThey can be controlled by tobacco or Tephrosia vogelii leaf solution (see pages 333 and 465)
pest.
which is poured down the centre funnel into the plant.
Uses The production of green
maize and dried grain are
important crops in Congo Central,
providing food in January and
February when there is little else
available. The flour is used in
making various drinks and also in
combination with cassava flour. It
is also used to make a coarse
bread. The sheaths around the
cob are sometimes used to stuff
mattresses.
Bees
frequently
collect pollen from the male
flowers during the rains and
sometimes honeydew from the
leaves. The latter may be
gathered in sufficient quantities to
give a honey flow.
References Gillet & Pâque 1910, Gillet 1927, Van Den Abeele & Vandenput 1956, Howes 1979,
Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Crane et al. 1984, Drachoussoff 1993, Stoll 2000, Badu-Apraku. & Fakorede
2006
Shelling
560
Zingiber officinale
(Zingiberaceae)
Common names Tangawusa, tangawisi, tangawisa (Kongo), gingembre (Fr.), ginger
Description An erect herbaceous
perennial from 30 cm to 1 m high.
The aerial part is produced from
an aromatic branched rhizome that
grows horizontally just below the
soil surface. Ginger is usually
cultivated as an annual plant being
harvested 9 - 10 months after
planting.
Ecology Originally from South
East Asia, ginger is cultivated in
the tropics from sea level to 1,500
m with an annual rainfall between
1,500 – 2,500 mm. A short hot dry
season benefits the plant. It
tolerates partial shade, though it
can be grown in the open, and can
be grown with pigeon peas or
interplanted with tree crops. Soils
should be deep, well-drained, easy
to work and rich in humus. Ginger
isplant
a heavy feeder and is usually among the first crops grown after clearing the forest. It does not stand
waterlogging.
Propagation Ginger is planted from fresh, firm pieces of rhizome (setts), 2.5 - 5 cm long, having at
least one good bud. The rhizomes are best stored until they sprout. The crop is normally grown in
raised beds. Space 20 - 30 cm between plants and plant at a depth of 7 cm. Provide mulch after
planting, even sawdust can be used. At planting time the soil must be moist and must not dry out once
the setts are planted. Do not plant ginger in the same land again for at least 3 - 4 years to avoid soil
borne pests and diseases.
Management New shoots appear after 10 - 20 days and weeding should be carried out 2 or 3 times,
earthing the plants up at the same
time. The crop matures when the
leaves turn yellow. Content of the
essential oil, pungency and fibre
increase with age. Harvest carefully to
avoid damaging the rhizomes. For
preserved ginger the crop is harvested
before the fibre content and pungency
develop too strongly. The rhizomes are
cleaned, soaked in water and scraped
to remove the outer skin and then sun
dried for 4 - 5 days.
Uses The fresh roots are chewed and
sucked to relieve thirst and a popular
root
drink is made from ginger extract. In Kongo
Central the rhizomes are used, with other plants, to treat
coughing, haemorrhoids, abdominal pain and intestinal worms. The root is also taken as an aphrodisiac.
The main use elsewhere is as a spice or food additive. African ginger is darker than Jamaica ginger and
more pungent.
References Renier 1948, Purseglove 1972, Nair 1980, Burkill 2000, de Guzman & Siemonsma 1999,
Kibungu Kembelo 2003
561
Some unidentified plants used as vegetables in Kongo Central
Kimfwila Possibly a species of Tylophora
(Apocynaceae). A wild vegetable from the
forest. Prepared as for Gnetum africanum.
kimfwila
Kinkiadi A forest creeper also prepared
as for Gnetum africanum.
kinkiadi
Luamba A shrub fairly common near
Madimba. The young shoots are eaten. It
was found growing on hard clay soil on a
steeply sloping site in secondary forest.
luamba
Nkaka A forest creeper which is eaten fresh with nsaki
(pounded cassava leaves cooked with palm oil and
peppers). It is a popular vegetable.
Nkaka
562
Some edible wild mushrooms
*Bubwaka bwaka is found on oil palm trunks and
other trees in dense shade. These mushrooms can be
pink or white.
Bwaka bwaka
Bufwa ngudi growing on the end of a dead oil
palm trunk in shade.
Bufwa ngudi
Bulongo (Lentinus squarrosulus) appears between
April and December. These were growing on the
stumps of Hallea stipulosa and Hymenocardia acida
Bulongo
Bundolo (Termitomyces sp.) Found growing in
shade among fallen leaves.
563 Bunsambi
A large Termitomyces mushroom from Kimbao
564
Termitomyces microcarpus
565
Some mushroom collectors
Children with Termitomyces letestui (Both photos)
566
Termitomyces aurantiacus
Termitomyces letestui
567
And some sellers
Termitomyces aurantiacus (with orange cap) on
left and T. mammiformis (grey cap) lower
centre
Termitomyces mammiformis
Mushroom market in Kinshasa
568
Bunsambi (Polyporus tenuiculus) grows on dead
tree trunks (particularly Voacanga africana) and
can be found throughout the year. It is cooked
with simsim or seeds of pumpkin or squash.
Bunsambi
Lumvumvu (Lentinus squarrosulus) Grows on
dead wood in the forest.
Photo: Jacques Miaglia
Lutumbula or Lutumbulu is found
in large quantities in the savanna at
the start of the rains. The
mushroom is very popular being
used as a substitute for meat and
vegetables. Eating large amounts
however is believed to cause illness.
Lutumbula
Nkaka bu bwaka bwaka The “grandfather” of
Bwaka bwaka, on a dead Dacryodes edulis tree.
*The prefixes Bu and Lu are interchangeable
See
also
Kaka
bu Dracaena
bwaka mannii (p. 208) for Bukutu kutu (Auricularia cornea Syn. A. polytricha) and Elaeis
guineensis (p. 213) for Lumiengi (Psathyrella cf. tuberculata).
References Struyf in Gillet & Pâque 1910 p 9, Daeleman & Pauwels 1983, Eyi Ndong et al. 2011
569
Traditional processing of cassava in Kongo Central
Cassava growing in the village of Kilueka
Peeling harvested cassava
570
Retting of the tubers
Cleaning the tubers after retting
571
The cleaned tubers ready to be dried in the sun
Dried tubers being carried to the market at Lemfu
572
Sieving and draining the cassava flour softened by retting.
After pounding, the flour is packed for the first (partial) cooking
573
First partial cooking
Packets after the first cooking in preparing chikwangue
574
Chikwangue after the first cooking
Shaping chikwangue after preliminary cooking
575
Packing chikwangue in the leaves of Haumania liebrechtsiana (Nzomfi) which are then tied with fibres
from oil palm leaf stems.
Packing chiwangues with the leaves of Lasimorpha senegalensis (Kilodi)
576
Chikwangues cooked and ready to eat
Extraction of fibre from the leaf stalks of oil palm for tying chikwangue
577
Cassava flour after being cleaned, crushed, pressed and drained ready for sale in Kinshasa market
Cassava flour for the preparation of chikwangue being sold in town
578
Haumania liebrechtsiana (Nzomfi) is being grown around homes for packing chikwangue.
Photo taken at Kilueka. Augustin Konda ku Mbuta on left.
The leaves of Lasimorpha senegalensis (Kilodi) are also used. The plant grows in damp places
579
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596
Glossary
Aflotoxins = Naturally occurring mycotoxins produced by species of Aspergillus fungus. Aflatoxins are
toxic and among the most carcinogenic substances known.
Agroforestry = The integrated planting of trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock for mutual
benefit.
Air-layering = A method of propagation. A stem is partially cut or scraped and then enclosed in a moist
rooting medium held in place with a plastic bag to allow rooting. The new plant is separated once it is
growing well. (see photo on page 291).
Areole = A spine bearing cushion in the family Cactaceae
Aril = The fleshy structure surrounding, or partly surrounding some seeds.
Axillary = Arising from the leaf axils.
Bolting = Early flowering.
Budding = The insertion of the bud of an improved variety below the bark of the rootstock.
Calyx = The outer part surrounding the petals of a flower.
Carpel = The female part of the flower.
Chewstick = The thin stem of a tree used as a toothbrush.
Chikwangue = A savoury preparation made from the flour of the root of cassava. The flour is pulverised
to powder, made into a thick paste, and then left to ferment. It is then wrapped in a banana (or other
large leaf) leaf, tied up well, and steam cooked in water. In this form, it can be kept for up to 3 weeks.
See pages 507 -516
Cleft grafting = The top of the rootstock is cut off and divided and the scion wood inserted and fastened
in with a strip of plastic.
Coppiced = Tree is cut down just above ground level and sprouts and grows back again.
Corm = A short underground storage organ.
Cormels = Detachable corms formed by the original corm.
Corolla = The second whorl of floral organs, being inside or above the calyx and outside the stamens. It
may consist of free petals or of a joined tube and petal lobes.
Culm = Stem of a grass or sedge.
Cultivar = A cultivated variety.
Cyme = An inflorescence where a central flower is followed by flowers produced from axillary buds
below the central flower. Cymes may be simple or compound.
Determinate = A plant with finite growth normally ending in flowers.
Dioecious = Having male and female flowers on separate plants.
Direct planted = Planted direct in the field rather than in a nursery.
Drupe = A fleshy fruit containing a stone.
DM = Dry Matter.
Epiphyte = A plant which grows on another plant but does not obtain nourishment from it.
597
Essential oil = An oil is “essential” in the sense that it carries a distinctive scent, or essence, of the
plant.
Grafting = System of asexual propagation often used for fruit trees. This involves taking a bud or scion
from one plant and inserting it into the rootstock of another.
Hemiepiphyte = A plant which may be an epiphyte for part of its life but is rooted in the soil for another
part.
IITA = International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
INEAC = Institut National pour l’Etude Agronomique au Congo
Indeterminate growth = A plant which carries on growing.
Indigo = A blue powder obtained from some plants which is used as a dye.
Invasive = A non-native plant which spreads rapidly.
Kino =
Lanceolate = Spear shaped.
Marcot = see Layering
Mbese = A traditional game using cubes or tablets.
Monoecious = Having bisexual flowers or male and female flowers on the same plant.
Nganga nkisi (Kongo) = Herbalist
Nitrogen–fixing = The process whereby bacteria, either free living or in nodules on plant roots, convert
atmospheric nitrogen to ammonium thus benefitting associated plants.
Nkisi (Kongo) = A general name for a spirit, or for any object that spirit inhabits. It is frequently applied
to a variety of objects used throughout the Congo Basin thought to contain spiritual powers or spirits.
Nkula (Kongo) = A red ointment used to colour the face in traditional ceremonies.
Nkunku = Traditional system for reafforestation involving the scattering of a variety of tree and creeper
species in an area and protecting them from livestock, fire and felling for 10 – 15 years decided by the
chief. (see Nsimundele et al. 2010 for a detailed description).
Nodulate = The roots of leguminous plants often have nodules housing nitrogen fixing bacteria.
Panicle = An inflorescence in which the main axis has several side branches which are also branched.
Pappus = Bristles or hairs around the base of the corolla found in some Asteraceae
Petiole = Leaf stalk
pH = a measurement of the soil acidity or alkalinity. Numbers below 5 indicate an acid soil. Numbers
above 5 indicate an alkaline soil.
Phyllode = A flattened green leaf stalk which has the same purpose as a leaf.
Pinna = The first division of a compound leaf, as with a feather.
Pollarded = Cutting the tree at about head height to produce a crown of many branches which can then
be cut regularly. This is commonly done with some trees to produce fodder for livestock.
Pondu = Cassava leaves
PRONAM = Programme National Manioc, D.R.Congo.
598
Pubescent = Downy, covered with a dense mat of short hairs.
Raceme = Flowers borne on short stalks off a central stem with the youngest flowers being produced at
the top.
Rhizobia = Nitrogen fixing bacteria.
Rhomboidal = Almost square shaped but slightly flattened so that two opposing angles, including that
attached to the petiole, are more acute than the other two.
Rootstock = The lower part of a plant with a strong root system onto which a good scion or bud is
grafted. Generally used for fruit trees.
Scarification = Seed is nicked with a knife or put in hot or boiling water for a short time to hasten
germination.
Scion = Piece of a plant grafted or budded onto a rootstock. It later forms the main fruit bearing part of
the plant.
Sepals = A single part of the outer whorl of the flower, the calyx, usually green protecting the corolla.
Sessile = without a stalk.
Sett = A piece taken from a large tuber having dormant buds and used for planting.
Side grafting = The scion is grafted into the side of the rootstock and the original plant allowed to grow
until the graft has taken.
Spadix = An unbranched inflorescence with a thick or fleshy axis.
Spathe = A large sheathing bract surrounding the inflorescence.
Spike = An inflorescence composed of a single stem with sessile flowers spaced alternately along it.
Stock = see Rootstock
Stolon = A vegetative shoot which spreads along the ground surface and roots at the nodes.
Stumping = Cut back to older wood before planting out.
Sub-spontaneous = Spreading naturally.
Tilth = A good tilth implies porous, friable soil texture.
Top bars = Strips of wood 3.2 cm wide, with strips of beeswax inserted on the lower surface, in a Top
Bar bee hive.
Ugali (Swahili) = a thick porridge.
Uji (Swahili) = a thin porridge.
Umbel = Inflorescence with branches arising from more or less one point on the stem. Umbrella like.
Vegetative = Grown from the leaves, stems or roots rather than seeds.
Wildlings = Seedlings collected from the wild.
599
Index of general photos
Kalumba, Alphonse making a basket with stems of Eremospatha haullevilleana
Village near Mbanza Nzundu
Map of the Cataractes & Lukaya districts, Kongo Central province
Traditional forest fallow near Mayenga village
Preparing land for planting in Manianga district
Kisantu botanic garden staff
Some edible insects
Planting cassava after clearing the forest
A young charcoal maker learns his father’s trade
A rat trap maker on his way to Buba market to sell a trap
Mural on the wall of Maluku hospital
Collecting water from a protected spring
Fr. Justin Gillet – sign at the entrance to the Kisantu botanic garden
The old ferry at Luozi
Yam pieces sold hot in the market at Selembao
En route to Kinshasa
Village in Manianga
Papa Nsimba constructing a house in Kongo Central
Dry season vegetable garden
Ox ploughing in Manianga
Planting cassava after burning the forest fallow
Traditional collapsible seat
ADERUKI farmers group near Kikola in their cassava field
Sleeping mats being taken to market
Chief Lutangu and helpers during the nsafu harvest at Koma village
Road repairs!
Fruit bats are caught and traded for food in some markets
Crickets (Nzenze) Brachytrupes membranaceus for sale
Making a bed from oil palm leaf stems
Uncontrolled fires are a major problem to regenerating forest fallow (Nkunku)
Tata Paul and Tata Masikidi with a good fire break near Mbanza Nzundu
Collecting leaves from a Moringa oleifera tree
A lady on her way to market
Market scene
Many valuable indigenous trees can be grown from cuttings
Charcoal making is a popular way of earning money
Toy trucks made by children
Preparing cassava flour for the day’s meal
Good friends!
Papa Maketa with young Rambutan plants in the botanic garden at Kisantu
Hot peppers being dried
Making up a mat with leaves of Pandanus candelabrum
Prof. Luc Pauwels preparing a herbarium specimen at Kisantu
Leaves of a species of Marantaceae grown for wrapping chikwangue
Young trappers prepare to catch rats at Boko Buansa, near Kavwaya
A group of charcoal makers at Kavwaya
Some unidentified plants used as vegetables
600
Front cover volume 1
5
6
12
21
45
48
64
66
71
80
96
135
138
146
150
160
172
178
189
223
226
231
232
288
294
295
295
301
304
304
Cover of volume 2
321
321
326
340
347
370
372
426
432
451
454
458
474
485
562
Index of edible caterpillars
Scientific name
Kikongo name
Page
Acherontia atropus
Anaphe infracta
Anaphe panda
Anaphe sp.
Antheua insignata
Antheua sp.
Antheua sp.
Bunaea alcinoe
Cymothoe caenis
Gonimbrasia alopia
Gonimbrasia anthinoides
Gonimbrasia dione
Gonimbrasia eblis
Gonimbrasia melanops
Imbrasia epimethea
Imbrasia forda
Imbrasia obscura
Imbrasia wahlbergia
Lobobunaea phaedusa
Munsona sona
Platysphinx sp.
Rhypopteryx poecilanthes
Munsona
Nsongi
Bata bata
Bidiaka
Biswangi
Bubu
Bubuta
Bwenge
Dindeengula
Kelekele
Kiswangi
Makaka
Masela
Matambungu
Mbambi
Mbidi
Mfundi
Mimpemba
Minkelele
Minsamba
Minsangula
Minsendi
Minsundi
Mukenga
N’boto
Ndienga
Nkombo nseke
Nkulu (mfinda & nseke)
N’kumbi
N'lombela
Nluti
Nsanzungu
Nsatiti
Nsenga
Nsila
Nsinga
Nsofi
Nsuangu
N’kankiti
Nsanga, mimbota bota
Malombaloka
Miengeti
Makedi kedi
Nsani
Minsongo, malemba
Minsuka
Bisu
Kwesu
Minsendi
Mvinsu, nvinsu
Ngala, n’kwati
Minsendi
Minsendi
Kaba
601
168,490
94
95
30,33,93-96,302
274,309,351
348
316
48,104,183,204,464
383
25,60,161,183,409
25,60,433
59,67,345,448,522,534,554
12,30,123,142,331,376
316
12,224,240,268,409,448,534
168,224
11,12,316,320,405
319
12,54,104,170,183,240,273,316,321,448,468,
554
168,349,350,351,464
505
85
256
256
235
509,510
351
445
553
256
399
33
383
240,268,344,409
105
309,348
33,57,319,383,448
40
40
33,216,404,405
31,33,54,58,221,320,321,334,422,448,522
311
122
350
170,171,331
25,161
256,302,316,509,510
94,95
437
58
147
468
365
409, 468
422
216
389
Scientific name
Kikongo
Kikongoname
name
Nsungu
Nsyangi
Ntedi
Nteku
Ntesi
Ntiti
Nziemo
Nziozu
Nzyazi
Page
Page
389
558
235
433
350
468
316
309
524
602
About the book
Plants and plant products are of direct
importance to the rural population in
most of Africa. Collected locally, they
are used for building, packaging, as
food and medicine, for feeding livestock
and for crop protection. In addition
edible insects, an important part of the
diet in much of Central Africa, feed on
certain plants. Bees gather nectar and
pollen from selected plants in order to
produce honey which, as well as being
much appreciated, is a valuable source
of income in the province. Knowledge of
the uses, and even of the local names,
of many of these plants is being lost.
This publication provides information
gathered locally, as well as from the
available literature, for over 460 plants
growing in Bas-Congo province of the
Democratic Republic of Congo.
ISBN 978 0 9554208 7 0