Edited by
Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Published by
Edited by
Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Pro-Vice-Chancellor & Dean of Faculty of Science & Environment
Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya University Chitrakoot
2013
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ISBN: 978-81-83520-04-1
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PREFACE
India has over 3000 year old medicinal heritage whose main resource base was medicinal
plants. We have perhaps one of the richest ethno botanical traditions in the world. Over 8000
species of plants of diverse habitats from orchids and ferns to trees, grasses, shrubs, climbers
are used by local communities in different ecosystems from Ladakh to Kanyakumari and
stretching to Northeast hills to Kutchh of Gujarat. Plants also became intricate part in various
spheres of the human society. About 70% population of India inhabit in rural and remote
areas of the forest and utilize a large number of flora for their routine requirements.
Ayurveda is the ancient (before 2500 BC) Indian system of health care and longevity. It
involves a holistic view of man, his health, and illness. Ayurvedic treatment of a disease
consists of salubrious use of drugs, diets, and certain practices. Medicinal preparations
are invariably complex mixtures, based mostly on plant products. Around 1,250 plants
are currently used in various Ayurvedic preparations. Many Indian medicinal plants have
come under scientific scrutiny since the middle of the nineteenth century, although in a
sporadic fashion. The first significant contribution from Ayurvedic materia medica came
with the isolation of the hypersensitive alkaloid from the sarpgandha plant, valued in
Ayurveda for the treatment of hypertension and insanity. This was the first important
ancient-modem concordance in Ayurvedic plants. With the gradual coming of age of
chemistry and biology, disciplines central to the study of biologic activities of natural
products, many Ayurvedic plants have been reinvestigated.
In the early development of modern medicine, biologically active compounds from
higher plants have played a vital role in providing medicines to combat pain and diseases.
For example, in the British Pharmacopoeia of 1932, over 70% of organic monographs
were on plant-derived products. However, with the advent of synthetic medicinal and
subsequently of antibiotics, the role of plant derived therapeutic agents significantly
declined in the economically developed nations.
In the last two decades, there has been a new trend in the preparation and marketing of
drugs based on medicinal plants. These preparations, labeled herbal drugs or
phytomedicines, are single plant extracts or fractions thereof and are distinct from the pure
chemical entities of molecular drugs. These new plant-derived products are carefully
standardized, and their efficacy and safety for a specific application have been
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demonstrated. Thus, plant-based therapeutic agents continue to have scientific, social, and
commercial significance and appear to be gathering a momentum in health-relevant areas.
Indian medicinal plants are the essence of Ayurveda and Ayurvedic treatments, when
used judiciously. Their role cannot be confined to mere duration of disease but they
also used being of human body. Hence, Ayurvedic drugs are rightly called the elixirs of
life. Ayurvedic Herbs played important role in Ayurvedic treatment, from ancient time to
this most modern time.
Indian Medicinal Plants/herbs shows good result on disease cure. Ayurveda is the
medical/Health care system which uses this as treatment base with theoretical principles. We
need to research many things to find out the pharmacological action of it.
The advent of development exploitation of mineral and metal resources, construction of
minor and major dams for hydro-electric or thermal plants, development means of
communication, reckless hacking and cutting of forests tracts for rehabilitation and
agricultural purposes are having telling effect on the plant resources of Central India. The
forest area are gradually shrinking due to population explosion and increasing demand on
forest resources for sustenance of human at large. A large number of medicinal plants
may then disappear prematurely before their inventorization, assessment and utilization
of potentials for human welfare. Sustainable utilization and conservation of medicinal
plants is the demand of the time.
This workshop aims to discuss and practices all the issues pertaining to medicinal plants
research, documentation, utilization. conservation activities, standardization, quality
control, tissue culture, biotechnology, biochemistry, phytochemistry and chemical
characterization taking place in various Universities, Institutions, Colleges and their
impact on medicinal plants.
Thirty five abstracts related to chemistry, bio-chemistry and Ayurveda were presented
and discussed in the workshop. An excellent practice (tissue culture, identification of
plant, instrumental techniques etc.), Harbal garden & pharmacy visit and marvelous field
visit was also orgnised during the workshop.
I hope the proceeding will catalyze activities for further research and practices of all the
issue pertaining to Indian medicinal plants.
Prof. I.P. Tripthi
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We humbly present our gratitude to Honourable Vice-Chancellor Prof. K. B. Pandeya
and Padamshri P. Puslpanghan for grateful inauguration of the National Workshop on
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal plants amidst a September
gathering.
We record our special thanks to right Honourable Vice-Chancellor Prof. K. B. Pandeya
for his keen interest in the workshop and an encouraging foreword for the proceeding.
We are very thankful to Dr. R.R. Rao (FNA), Vaidya Jamuna Prasad, Dr. Bharatandu
Prakash for her splendid address delivered in the inaugural ceremony. Our sincere thanks
are also to Honourable Sant Chola Baba, Satianusuia Ashram Chitrakoot and Dr. K.V.
Billore, Prof. T.R. Sahu & Dr. N.C. Shah for the valedictory address in the workshop.
The proceedings are outcome of cooperation of the authors, reviewers and many people
at different stages in different capacities. We are obliged to Prof. Aroop Kumar Gupta,
Presently Vice-Chancellor & Dean, Agriculture Faculty, Prof. S. S. Sengar, Dean, Art
Faculty, Prof. R.C. Singh, Dean, Management Faculty, Er. K.P. Mishra, Dean, Eng. &
Technology, Dr. Ajai Kumar, DSW and Prof. K.D. Mishra, Director, Research
Directorate for encouragements. We wish to thankfully acknowledge the support and
cooperation of Dr. Ravindra Singh, Dr. Vandana Pathak, Dr. Shudhakar Mishra, Dr. S.K.
Chaturvedi, Dr. Sadhana Chaurasia, Dr. R.L.S. Sikarwar, Dr. Sachin Upadhyaya,
Dr. Vijay Pratap Singh, Dr. S.P. Pathak, Dr. Rakesh Shrivastava, and Dr. Reetu Sharma.
We also thank to our departmental colleagues and students for their active cooperation.
The conference was financial supported by various organizations and we again record our
thanks to University Grant Commission-New Delhi, DRDO-New Delhi, M.P. Council of
Science & Technology-Bhopal and Bundelkhand Extended Region Chaper (NASI)
Chitrakoot.
Our thanks are also due to Academy Press Allahabad for excellent and timely printing
and to Shri Bramhanand and Shri Vishnu Kumar for appreciable computer layout, and
keen interest in the publication.
We deeply appreciate the sacrifices made by our family members who granted us the
time we required to organize the conference and to complete the publication of this scale.
We specially mention our researches & Post Graduate students Sarika Singh, Arvind
Dwivedi, Sanjay Saxena, Neelesh Dwivedi, Priyanka Gupta, Noopa Dwivedi, Mahendra
Mishra, Atul Dwivedi, Arti Kamal, Ruchita Tripathi, Chinmayee Mishra, Kailash,
Anjnay etc. for their patience and cooperation.
Prof. I. P.Tripathi
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CONTENTS
PART-I
IDENTIFICATION AND CONSERVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
1.
PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MEDICINAL PLANT IN HERBAL DRUGS
P. Pushpangadan, Vipin Mohan Dan, T P Ijinu and V. George
2.
MEDICINAL
PLANTS
of
INDIA:
DIVERSITY,
CONSERVATION
BIOPROSPECTION- A PRIORITY AGENDA FOR 21ST CENTURY
DR. R.R.Rao
3.
UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN INDIA
Dr. K. V. Billore
4.
WHY THE INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS COULD NOT FIND THEIR PLACE IN THE 50-60
MODERN MEDICINE? AN OVERVIEW
N.C.Shah
5.
MEDICINAL PLANTS IDENTIFICATION AND IMPORTANCE OF HERBARIA IN 61-66
MEDICO-BOTANY
Dr. K. V. Billore
6.
PROSPECTS OF CULTIVATION OF SOME IMPORTANT MEDICINAL PLANTS
S.K. Tewari, Shweta Singh, S.K. Sharma AND R.S. Katiyar
67-78
7.
PHYTO-PHARMACEUTICALS AND AYURVEDIC NORMS
Sanjeev Kumar Ojha: CH V Rao: Sri Krishna Tewari
79-86
8.
CHITRAKOOT-AN EMPORIUM OF BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY
R.L.S. Sikarwar
87-93
PART-II
1-12
AND 13-40
41-49
TISSUE CULTURE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
9.
ROLE OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE IN CLONING AND CONSERVATION OF 94-108
PHYTODIVERSITY OF SOME ECONOMIC MEDICINAL PLANTS OF INDIA
A. K. Sharma, Kavita Arora and Meena Sharma
10.
IN VITRO APPROACHES FOR MASS PRODUCTION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
Pragati Misra and Pradeep Kumar Shukla
109-116
11.
IN VITRO CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN INDIA
Reetu Sharma and S P Mishra
117-122
12.
THE WONDER PLANT AMARANTHUS–PHARMACOGNOSTIC PROPERTIES AND
APPLICATIONS
Kavita Niraj, Ravindra M.Samartha and Puneet Gandhi
123-129
PART-III MEDICINAL PLANTS IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE- AYURVEDA, UNANI
AND HOMEOPATHY
13.
ANTI-DIABETIC PLANTS
Dr Prakash L Hegde
130-133
14.
THERAPEUTIC USES OF COMMON MEDICINAL PLANTS
Prof (Dr) G.S.Tomar
134-139
15.
MORINGA OLIFERA OR SAHIJAN – A MIRACLE PLANT OF MEDICINAL VALUE
Dr. Vinod Kumar
140-144
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16.
IDENTIFICATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS HOW & WHY
Dr. Keshav Dutt Pandey
17.
THE NEED OF THE ERA : CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION OF COMMON 148-153
MEDICINAL PLANTS
Dr. Anugrah Narain Singh
18.
ROLE OF BRIHATYADI TAILA GANDUSHA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF KRIMIDANTA 154-156
(DENTAL CARIES)
Dr. Satya Prakash Pathak, Dr. Dheeraj
19.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF AYURVEDIC DRUG STANDARDISATION
Dr.Rakesh Kumar Srivastava and Dr.Poonam Pathak
145-147
157-160
PART-IV PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MEDICINAL
PLANTS
20.
IODINE CATALYZED DIRECT ACCESS TO A LIBRARY OF 2-ARYL-3HYDROXYALKYLQUINOLINES
Vivek Parashar Pandey, Sarvesh Kumar Pandey,. Rama Pati Tripathi
21.
An Ancient therapy in Modern Sight for Diabete : A forgotten Doctrine
176-180
I. P. Tripathi, Mahendra Kumar Mishra, Atul Dwivedi, Ruchita Tripathi, Arti Kamal Chinmayi
Mishra, Priyanka Gupta, Noopa Dwivedi
22.
STUDY OF ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT (API) NICOTINAMIDE BASED 181-189
BINARY DRUG PRODUCTS
H. Shekhar and Vishnu Kant
23.
SOME IMPORTANT MEDICINAL HERBS USED BY TRIBES OF CHITRAKOOT
Dr. Sadhana Chaurasia, Dr. Ravindra Singh & Anand Dev Gupta
190-194
A\
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195-198
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161-175
199-206
PRASENTATION & SLIDES
26.
SHORT TERM STORAGE OF TWO IMPORTANT MEDICINAL PLANTS THROUGH 208-211
ALGINATE ENCAPSULATION OF APICAL AND AXILLARY MICRO-CUTTINGS
Arun K. Kukreja
27.
PLANT TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
Dr. Rajesh Saxena, Dr. K.K. Tripathi & Mr. Ankit Agrawal
212-213
28.
BIODIVERSITY: TOOL FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOPROSPECTING
Prof. T.R.Sahu
214-216
29.
SIGNIFICANCE OF IN VITRO TECHNIQUES IN THE CONSERVATION OF BACOPA
MONNIERI AND PRODUCTION OF BACOSIDES
Prof. Tejovathi Gudipati
217-221
PART-VI
PHOTOGRAPHS
PART-VII WORKSHOP DETAILS
ABOUT THE EDITOR
International Science Congress Association
222-227
228-230
231
x
PART I
IDENTIFICATION AND
CONSERVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 1-12
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF
MEDICINAL PLANT IN HERBAL DRUGS
P. Pushpangadan, Vipin Mohan Dan, T P Ijinu and V. George
Amity Institute for Herbal and Biotech Products Development, Trivandrum
ABSTRACT
The prospects of exploring biodiversity for new medicines, foods, crops, insecticides,
pesticides and other commercially valuable genetic and biological products and processes
are booming, thanks to the rapid development in Biotechnology - particularly genomics,
proteomics, enzymatic and transgenic technologies – Herbal Technology and Information
Technology. And, this exploration of biodiversity for commercially valuable genetic and
biochemical resources is termed as “bioprospecting”.
Bioprospecting involves
investigation of genetic resources or biochemicals for new commercial leads and includes
three major areas such as “chemical prospecting, gene prospecting and bionic prospecting”.
20th Century witnessed a radical shift in the driving force of the world from the traditional
military power to the industrial and financial powers. In 21st century we are witnessing yet
another revolutionary driving force, ‘the knowledge’. According to Mashelkar (2001) ‘The
21st century will be a ‘Century of knowledge… and a nations’ ability to convert knowledge
into wealth and social good through the process of innovation will determine its future’. A
new thinking centered on the concept of knowledge engineering for building up future
‘knowledge societies’ and ‘knowledge industries’ is gaining attention and acceptance both
nationally and internationally. Four technologies namely, Biotechnology (BT), Information
Technology, Herbal Technology and Nano-technology are going to be the most powerful
instruments of the 21st century that would control the world trade and economics.
Generating new knowledge and converting it into useful products, process and services
using the latest advances made in S&T, and subsequent transfer of such products and
technologies to industry and commerce with appropriate safeguards of IPR protection are
some of the key strategies that countries like India should focus on to achieve economic
prosperity and sustainable development.
Phytochemistry is the study of secondary metabolites in different plant parts.
Secondary metabolism is an enigmatic process controlled and conditioned by a variety of
factors. The finger print of secondary metabolites from the same speceis may vary
depending on the stage of development and growth, edaphic and environmental factors.
It is therefore essential to know the chemical constituents of therapeutically important
medicinal plants before they are used in preparation of medicines. Marker compounds
can play a useful role in characterization of medicinal plants and quality control of
finished products.
Key
words :
Phytochemistry, bioprospecting, biotechnology, nanotechnology,
metabolomism, phytonutrients, nutrigenomics, pharmacogenomics
[Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants]
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INTRODUCTION
The history of human culture and
civilization is all about the management
and utilization of natural resources around
him.
Living close to nature, the
traditional societies of the world have
acquired unique knowledge about the use
of wild flora and fauna, most of which are
not known to the people who live away
from the natural ecosystem (forests). This
knowledge is so invaluable for developing
new kinds of food, cosmetics, drug and
pharmaceuticals and other chemicals of
industrial importance. The year 2011 is
declared as the International Year of
Chemistry. Also the year 2011 is the
100th anniversary of Nobel Prize Awarded
to Madam Curie, an opportunity for us to
celebrate the contribution of women in
science. The year 2011 is also the 100th
anniversary of the founding of the
International Association of Chemical
Sciences.
Man first used his own legs powered
by his own muscle power. After that he
adopted animal power and later he
discovered steam engine which he used to
his best advantage. In 19th century he
discovered electricity and automobile. In
19th century the prime driving force was
the traditional military power which in
20th century shifted to industrial and
financial powers. The 21st century is
witnessing still another driving force – the
knowledge. The 21st century will be the
century of knowledge – a nation’s ability
to convert knowledge into wealth and
social good through the process of
innovation will determine its future. A
new thinking centered on the concept of
‘knowledge engineering’ for building up
future
‘knowledge
societies’
and
‘knowledge industries’ is now gaining
attention and acceptance both nationally
and internationally (Mashelkar, 1999).
Generating
new
knowledge
and
converting it in to useful products,
production processes and services using
modern science and technology, and
subsequent transfer of such products and
technologies to industry and commerce
with appropriate safeguard measures for
intellectual
property
rights
(IPR)
protection are some of the key strategies
that the Third World nations like India
should focus on to achieve economic
prosperity and sustainable development.
21st century is now acclaimed as the
Century of Biology. The advancements
made in physical sciences if applied
appropriately can transform bioresources
of nations to economic power.
The
centuries old traditional wisdom using
plants for medicine for the prevention and
treatment of diseases by ethnic
communities is known as ethnomedicine.
The ethnomedicine of India functions
through two social steams. One is local
folk stream which is prevalent in rural and
tribal villages of India. The carriers of
these traditions are millions of house
wives, thousands of traditional birth
attendants, bone setters, practitioners
skilled in acupressure, treatment of eyes,
snake bites etc. and the traditional village
level herbal physicians “the vaidyas” or
tribal physicians in the tribal areas. These
local health traditions thus represent an
autonomous, community supported system
[Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants]
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of health delivery at the village level which
run parallel to the state supported system.
The potential of ethnomedicine is largely
not noticed because of the dominant
western medicine.
Biodiversity thus represents (1) a
priceless resource with many actual uses
and potential values to humanity and (2) a
complex self-sustaining ecological system
that helps, maintain the integrity and
resilience of biosphere. These two
complementary perceptions would lead to
the surmise that biodiversity is an
invaluable natural resource, which needs
to be conserved and sustainably utilized
for the benefit of the present as well as the
future
generations
of
humankind.
Humankind has tapped only a fraction of
this great nature’s genetic library.
Bioprospecting is the systematic search
for genes, natural compounds, designs and
whole organisms of forest/wildlife with
potential for product development.
Bioprospecting has three important facets
like
‘chemical
prospecting,
gene
prospecting and bionic prospecting’
PLANT METABOLITES – PRIMAY
AND SECONDARY
Plants synthesise the primary
metabolites like carbohydrates, proteis and
fats at all times wherever they are, but the
secondary metabolites are synthesised only
when they are required. The secondary
metabolite production is controled and
conditioned by a variety of factors such as
edaphic, climatic, altitudinal and the
association
of
other
plants
and
microorganisms.
The
secondary
metabolites
are
maily
phenolics
(Flavonoids, cumarins and tannins),
alkaloids, saponins, terpenes, glycosides
and steroids. It is found that most plant
derived drugs belong to the classes such as
steroids and terpenoids. The second major
category belongs to the group of glycosides
particularly saponins, flavonoid glycosides,
digitalis glycosides etc. The third major
category belongs to the class of alkaloids,
some well known examples being quinine,
atropine,
morphine,
berberine,
camptothecine, vincristine, vinblastine etc
and the other minor categories include the
salicylates, vitamins etc.
HERBAL TECHNOLOGY
All technologies used for the
manufacture of value added plant products
can be called herbal technology. A multidisciplinary team consisting of botanists,
ethnobiologist,
pharmacognosists,
pharmacists,
ethnopharmacologists,
phytochemists, biochemists, and ayurvedic
scientists are included in this programme.
The R&D involved is essentially a blend of
traditional knowledge/ wisdom and the latest
S&T knowledge and tools with the objective
of developing scientifically validated,
standardized and IPR covered diverse herbal
products such as health foods/ functional
foods/ nutraceuticals, primary health care
products and cosmaceuticals. Herbal drugs
are best suited for primary health care,
infectious diseases, Degenerative &
Gerontological
Conditions,
Metabolic
Disorders etc. Developments of products
based on ethnic and indigenous knowledge
are herbal drugs, herbal drinks, herbal beer,
herbal dyes, herbal lipstick, nutraceuticals.
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HERBAL PRODUCTS DEVELOPED
BY NATIONAL BOTANIC
RESEARCH INSTITUTE (NBRI)
NBRI has started developing a number
of value addedd herbal drugs from 1999
onwards. Some of the most important
among them are (1) NBIRA (Fermented
herbal health drink) (2) A novel herbal
brain tonic for improving memory and
treatment of amnesia and cognition (3)
Herbal formulation for anti pyretic,
relapsing fever and dengue conditions
(4)‘NBIRASOF’ - Health protective herbal
soft drink (5) Herbal oro-dental care for
halitosis
and
mouth
ulcer
(6)
Antihyperlipidemic and slimming herbal
composition(s) (7) A novel anti-diabetic
herbal formulation (8) Antiulcer herbal
composition (9) Development of an
anticough, antitussive and throat soothing
herbal formulation (10) Antidiarrhoeal
herbal formulation (11) Herbal ointment
for cuts burns and wounds (12) Herbal
Gulal (13) Neem based products. They
also developed a herbal functional lipstic
with 17 shades (Luvstic-Figure 1).
Figure 1: Luvstic Developed by NBRI
NBRI also developed a number of
custom
made
nutraceuticals
and
functional foods giving specific attention
for optimal growth and development of
brain and general health. The most
important
among
them
are
the
nutraceutical for (1) pregnant and
lactating mothers (2) infants and growing
children (3) diabetics and old persons.
Antioxidant functional foods were also
developed in different value added herbal
products. All these products have been
patented and a good number of them have
been transferred to industry.
NUTRACEUTICALS
A food or part of food that provides
medical-health benefits including the
prevention and/or treatment of disease is
called a functional food. Such products
may range from isolated nutrients, dietary
supplements and diets to genetically
engineered ‘designer’ foods, functional
foods, herbal products and processed foods
such as cereals, soups and beverages.
Some other nutraceuticals with
antioxidant properties are soy isoflavones &
soy health products, marine algae, spices,
carotenoids, vitamin E etc. These antioxidant
functional foods help to promote optimal
defence against oxidative stress.
The promotive, preventive, corrective
/restorative and curative approach in
healthcare and medicinal plants possessing
such properties are indeed the strength of
Indian Systems of Medicine. The increasing
evidence /realisation of the health hazards
associated with the harmful side effects of
many synthetic medicines and also the
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hazards associated with indiscriminative use
of modern medicine such as antibiotics,
steroids and other synthetic drugs have given
a new impetus to the study of medicinal
plants with a view to develop novel herbal
drugs. The increasing popularity in plant
based drug is now felt all over the world
leading to a fast growing market for plant
based drugs, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals,
functional foods and even cosmaceuticals.
This has led to the rapid spurt in demand for
health products like herbal tea, ginseng, Noni
health care products and such novel
products. The health promoting and disease
preventing/curing properties of these
products have been well established.
NUTRACEUTICALS AND
FUNCTIONAL FOODS
The role of food and nutrition is now
fairly well understood. With the
advancement in science, molecular biology
and genetic engineering, our ability to
understand and manage health at molecular
level is increased manifold. It is now
scientifically demonstrated that it is
possible for one to achieve a high level of
health and well being if one takes right
food and nutrition that suits one’s genetic
constitution. Molecular biologists are now
busy in designing individualized food,
customized food based on one’s genetic
makeup called ‘nutrigenomics’. It has
become very clear that traditional food and
nutritional recipes, now called ethnic food
are best suited for the people living in that
particular locality or in similar agroclimatic
conditions. Towards the end of the 20th
century, this understanding led the health
scientists and nutritional experts to
scientifically investigate the traditional
foods and that have led to the discovery
that the traditional food and other
traditional nutritional recipes can be best
suited for maintaining a healthy life. It has
also led to the development of designer
food that suited different groups and also
different categories of people suffering
from what is now called life style diseases
like diabetes, obesity, cancer, arthritis,
hypertension etc. Functional foods or
medicinal food or pharma food or
nutraceuticals are the best treatment regime
for curing or managing such diseases. In
future, one may first go to genomic expert
who will make a genomic profile and
based on the genomic profile the dieticians
will prescribe a new diet regime or a
‘Rasayana’ therapy of Ayurveda or advise
for a proteomic therapy or a gene therapy.
TRADITIONAL DIETS AND
NUTRACEUITCALS
The key to the development of health
foods/pharma foods or nutraceuticals lies
in the value addition in the traditional
natural diets. India has over 5000 years of
heritage of health science wherein food has
been given an important role in
maintaining healthy life. People living in
different agroclimatic regions of the
country had experimented and made a
variety of food and diet and health care
poducts, which is now termed as ethnic
foods and ethnic nutritional diets.
Ayurvedic medicine as explained earlier
deals with an unique system of
management called ‘Rasayana Therapy’
which is essentially a combination of food
and medicinal herb recipes intended to
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rejuvenate the whole body system and
make it fully healthy and functional.
Phytonutrients/ phytochemicals have
tremendous impact on the health care
system and may provide health benefits
including prevention and treatment of
diseases and physiological disorders.
Polyphenols are one of the most widely
distributed groups of phytochemicals that
are responsible for the health promoting
effects of nutraceuticals. They range from
simple phenols to highly polymerised
tannins. They protect plants from oxidative
damage and they also play the same role in
humans protecting the tissues from
oxidative decay there by acting as
antioxidants. The outstanding feature of
these phytonutrients is their ability to block
specific enzymes that cause inflammation.
They also modify prostaglandin pathways
and thereby protect platelets from clumping.
NUTRACEUTICALS IN AYURVEDA
The Acharyas of ancient India who
codified systems of medicine namely
Ayurveda and Siddha seemed to have an
indepth knowledge and understanding
about the delicate relationship between
food, nutrition and health. They also had
a clear understanding of the delicate
cellular mechanisms of the body and the
deterioration of the functional capacity of
human beings. These ancient medical
masters had developed certain dietary and
therapeutic regimes to arrest/delay ageing
and rejuvenating whole functional
dynamics of the body system. This
revitalization and rejuvenation is known
as the ‘Rasayan Chikitsa’ (Rejuvenation
therapy) in Ayurveda. It is specifically
adopted to increase the power of
resistance to disease (enhance immunity)
and improve the general vitiation and
efficiency of the human being.
‘Rasayana’ therapy is done for a particular
period of time with strict regimen on diet
and conduct. Rasayana drugs are very
rich
in
powerful
antioxidants,
hepatoprotective
agents
and
immunomodulators. Rasayana is one of
the eight clinical specialities of the Indian
classical Ayurveda, aimed for the
rejuvenation and geriatric care. Rasayana
is not a drug therapy, but is a specialized
procedure practised in the form of
rejuvenation recipes, dietary regimen
(Ahara Rasayana) and special health
promoting conduct and behaviour ie.
‘Achara rasayana’.
Sushruta while
defining rasayana therapy says that it
arrests ageing (‘Vayasthapam’), increase
life span (‘Ayushkaram’), intelligence
(‘Medha’) and strength (‘Bala’) and
thereby enable one to prevent disease.
There are over 30-35 medicinal plants
mentioned in different treatise of
Ayurveda and Siddha having rasayana
properties. The important among them
are Sida cordifolia, S. cordata, Abutilon
indicum, Tinospora cordifolia, Acorus
calamus, Ocimum tenuifolium (syn. O.
sanctum), Withania somnifera, Emblica
officinalis, Asparagus racemosus, Piper
longum, Commiphora mukul, Semicarpus
anacardium, Centella asiatica, Curcuma
longa,
Chlorophytum
borivilianum,
Chlorophytum tuberosum, Dactylorhiza
hatagirea, Morinda citrifolia etc.
In ‘Ayurveda’ the term ‘Rasayana’
therapy thus refers to the use of plants or
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their extracts as rejuvenators or as an
elixir to enhance longevity, to improve
memory, intelligence, good health,
promote youthfulness, improve the texture
and luster of the skin/body, improve the
complexion and voice, promote optimum
strength of the body and sense organs.
Rasayana materials can be special
foods/nutritional items, medicinal herbs or
a combination of all these three. Thus the
use of the medicinal plants as a source of
dietary supplement or as a nutraceutical is
well documented for centuries.
The ancient Ayurvedic physicians
treated every individual as unique.
According to them, normally there cannot
be two individuals with same constitutional
nature. That they referred as ‘Prakruti’ and
therefore, the treatment is prescribed only
after diagnosing the constitutional nature of
the individual. This constitutional nature
of the individual is based on the ‘Tridosha’
philosophy. The various permutationcombination of the ‘dosha’ in conjunction
with ‘triguna’-the qualitative nature could
offer
countless
variation
in
the
constitutional nature of the individual and
an experienced physician can very well
diagnose it. Interestingly, the modern
molecular geneticists also now speak a
language similar to this i.e., genomic
composition – i.e., DNA finger print is
unique to an individual and we are now
talking about gene profiling to understand
the genetic predisposition and then suggest
treatment to correct it, either by proteomic
therapy or using other substances that can
alleviate the defects or even the genomic
therapy- proteomics, metabolomics and
genomic methods for correcting disorders
or treating diseases and nutrigenomics,
genetically designed nutrition or food
items. The ancient Ayurvedic masters had
advised to consume specific food that suit
to the constitutional nature of the
individual whom they have categorized
into7 major groups. They have insisted
certain dos and don’ts with regard to food
and
nutrition
according
to
the
constitutional nature of the individual
(Prakruti). Modern molecular biology and
genetic engineering is offering genetically
modified nutrition/food that suit to the
constitutional/genomic background of the
individual or designer drug suited to the
individual – known as Nutri genomics and
pharmacogenomics respectively. With the
perfection of technology of mapping the
human genome, it is now possible to get
the DNA profile of individuals and then
develop customized nutrition and treatment
regimen.
STANDARDIZATION OF HERBALS
Standardization of herbal raw drugs
includes preparation of passport data of
raw plant drugs (Crude drugs), correct
taxonomic identification & authentication,
study on the medicinal part: root, stem,
bark, leaves, flowers, fruits, nuts, gum,
resins etc., collection details: location,
stage & development/ growth of the plants,
time, pre-processing, storage, etc.,
organoleptic examination of raw drug evaluation by means of sensory organs:
touch, odour taste, microscopic &
molecular
examination,
chemical
composition (TLC, GLC, HPLC, DNA
fingerprinting), biological activity of the
whole plant, and shelf life of raw drugs.
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This is followed by well defined Good
Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and
scientific validation including toxicity
evaluation,
chemical
profiling,
pharmacodynamics – effect of drug in the
body, pharmacokinetics – absorption,
distribution, metabolism, mechanism of
action and execution, proper dosage form,
proper presentation and packing and proper
claim of therapeutic merits – compared
with other drugs. This should be followed
by good survey of literature (Ancient &
Modern), development and observation of
norms of: Good Agricultural Practices
(GAP), Good Collection/Harvesting and
Post Harvest Handling Practices (GCP/
GHP & GPHP), Good Laboratory
Practices (GLP), Good Clinical Practices
(GCP), Good Manufacturing Practices
(GMP) and Good Marketing Techniques
(GMT).
(10) Fulfilment of ethical and cultural
obligations for the heritage of healing.
The
spin-offs
and
potential
contributions
of
Ayurvedic
Pharmacoepidemiology are expected to be
sizeable: (1) Usage safety records for
Ayurvedic drugs, (2) Data useful for herbal
drugs registration, (3) Adverse drug
reactions registry for rational therapeutic
precautions, (4) Drug dosage adjustments
in special age or disease groups of patients,
(5) Pharmacoeconomics of Ayurveda visà-vis marketing and rational drug policy,
(6) Discovery of novel beneficial effects as
leads for further research, (7) ‘quality of
life’ (QOL) studies with Rasayana
Dravyas, (8) Patterns of drug usage across
the systems of medicine, (9) Drug
interactions likely due to concomitant
administration of intersystem drugs and
Biotechnology
is
becoming
increasingly transdisciplinary and one of
the most powerful technologies of the 21st
century which has revolutionalised the Life
Sciences and has grown as a separate
discipline encompassing a number of other
disciplines like Cell Biology, Immunology,
Molecular Biology, recombinant DNA
technology and bioinformatics.
The
development of Biotechnology is making
visible impacts in varied areas such as
biology,
medicine,
agriculture,
environment, human genome project,
animal and plant genome projects etc.
Revitalizing
Ayurveda
through
integrated
scientific
research
and
development initiatives is very much
important not only in terms of improving
the healthcare standards and quality of life
of our own people, but also in view of the
enormous potentials and benefits this
system could offer India to become a
global leader in the global herbal
drug/pharmaceuticals industry.
The
practitioners of both Ayurvedic and
modern medicine need to accept and
appreciate these as the real challenges and
should work in a synergetic way so as to
take Ayurveda and other traditional Indian
systems of medicine to the pedestals of
global medicine.
MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biological system is just not an
assembly of tissues, cells, genes or
proteins, but what is important is the traffic
and cross talk between them – system
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biology.
The Ayurvedic Masters of
ancient India had a clear understanding of
the delicate cellular mechanism of the body
and the deterioration of the functional
capacity of human being. To arrest such
deterioration of the functional efficiency
and to revive and revitalize the body
system, the Ayurvedic masters developed
an elaborate rejuvenation therapy known as
‘Rasayana’ therapy. ‘Rasa’ in Sanskrit
means the essence and ‘ayana’ means to
circulate in the body without any
obstruction. ‘Rasayana’ is one of the eight
clinical specialties of Ayurveda that is
aimed for the rejuvenation and geriatric
care. Rasayana is not a drug therapy, but a
specialized procedure practiced to cleanse
the body from the toxic and other
microbial substances.
In Rasayana
Therapy, with the help of special diet and
nutritional agents comprising of highly
powerful antioxidants, the body is
rejuvenated
by
providing
greater
immunity, vitality, longevity and by
improving all faculties to attain
youthfulness of the whole body.
PHARMACOGENOMICS
Pharmacogenomics is the study of the
hereditary basis for differences in
response of populations to a drug
(Patwardhan etal, 2004). The same view
was expressed by the ancient Ayurvedic
master Charaka, some 4000 years ago.
Charaka observed that ‘Every individual
is different from another and hence should
be considered as a different entity. As
many variations are there in the universe,
all are seen in human beings. Patwardhan
(2003) referred it as the Ayugenomics and
explained that it has quite clear
similarities with the pharmacogenomics
that is expected to become the basis of
designer medicine.
An “in-depth study and analysis” of
the constitutional concept of Ayurveda
namely ‘Prakruti’ with that of the modern
genotype will yield highly valuable
insight in understanding the functional
dynamics of the human health and can
lead to the development of a customized
treatment regimen. Less than 20% of the
plant species have been evaluated
chemically or biologically (Cordell,
2003). Approximately 21,200 alkaloids
have been isolated and described out of
which hardly 70% have been evaluated in
a single bioassay. Out of about 5000
compounds which enter advanced
pharmacological development only one
will become a drug. (Cordell, 2005). It is
also now a well established fact that drug
discovery for a single entity drug is an
inefficient and extremely expensive
process and the best choice is to develop
phytomedicine or pharmacomedicine
which involve activity guided isolation of
fractions of selected traditional polyherbal
formulations
and
their
various
permutation combinations. This way one
could develop effective therapeutic
remedies gaining increasing acceptance
and popularity. Such an approach could
lead to the development of evidence based
herbal formulations. Automation and
application
of
nanotechnology,
proteomics and metabolomics may further
advance nutraceutical research and
development.
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‘Golden Triangle’ refers to the
converging
of
Ayurveda,
modern
medicine and modern sciences to form a
real discovery engine (Fig. 1) that can
result in newer, safer, cheaper and
effective therapies.
Ayurveda (Traditional wisdom)
Systems
Biology
Approach
Modern Sciences
(Technological advances)
(Golden Triangle,
Mashelkar 2003)
Modern medicine
(Evidence based clinical
trials/practices)
New technologies are constantly being
developed to isolate and identify the
components responsible for the activity of
plants. But these technologies should
consider and possibly use the fact that the
biological activity of plant extracts often
results from additive or synergistic effects
of its components. Another possibility is
the qualitative and quantitative variations
in the content of bioactive phytochemicals,
which are currently considered major
detriments in its use as a medicine.
Different stresses, locations, climates,
microenvironments and physical and
chemical stimuli, often called elicitors,
qualitatively and quantitatively alter the
content of bioactive secondary metabolites.
Enzymatic pathways leading to the
synthesis of these phytochemicals are
highly inducible (Ebel and Costa, 1994).
This is particularly true for phytochemicals
that are well documented for their
pharmacological activity, such as alkaloids
(Facchini, 2001), phenylpropanoids (Dixon
and Palva, 1995) and terpenoids (Trapp
and Croteau, 2001) whose levels often
increase by two to three orders of
magnitude following stress or elicitation
(Darvill and Albershelm, 1984). Thus,
elicitation-induced, reproducible increases
in bioactive molecules, which might
otherwise be undetected in screens, should
significantly improve reliability and
efficiency of plant extracts in drug
discovery while at the same time
preserving wild species and their habitats.
Molecular biologists and genetic engineers
are currently engaged in designing food
and medicinal plants with desired genetic
make up so as to make custom made
nutritional
composition
food
or
therapeutically desirable agents in plants –
known
as
nutrigenomics
and
pharmacogenomics or proteomic approach
to healthcare. Another emerging research
area in medicinal plants is the
metabolomics and systems biology.
Metabolomics is considered as a key
technology in the systems biology
approach to study the mode of action in the
therapeutic activity of traditional medicine
and medicinal plants (Roos et al, 2004;
Rao etal, 2004 and Mei Wang et al 2005).
By measuring the activity of living
organisms (which can be anything from a
cell culture, animals to patients) for
extracts with different composition,
possibly one may identify a compound or a
combination of compounds that correlate
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with the activity. Thus systems biology
approach is a major challenge for the
coming years in studying medicinal plants
(Verpoorte et.al., 2005).
ADVANTAGES OF HERBAL DRUGS
Herbal drugs are comparatively safer
and modern drugs can produce serious side
effects. Drug induced or chemical induced
(Iatrogenic) diseases fourth leading causes
of death in USA and other developed
nations (JAMA, 1998). Side effects of
modern drugs kill more Americans annually
than the world war 2nd and Vietnam War
combined (Newyork Times, 2003). Around
2600 people died in the Twin tower tragedy
on 11th September, 2001 causing global
repercussions. It is however not recognized
that the same number die in USA from the
effects of modern prescription drugs every
10 days (JAMA, 1998). Health care policies
largely market driven by the pharmaceuticl
industry diverting attention from health
preservation to illness cure. Prevention and
iradicatio of diseases undermine the
economic basis of this industry. There is no
satisfactory modern drugs available for
most of the degenerative disorders
characteristic of graying population and for
remerging resistant infections. Herbal drugs
are best suited for primary healthcare,
infectious
diseases,
degenerative
gerontological
conditions,
metabolic
disordes and other conditions of liver
diseases, cancer and immunostimulant and
microcirculatory disorders.
AIHBPD AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT
Amity Institute for Herbal and Biotech
Products Development (AIHBPD) was
established in 2006 with a view to develop
scientifically validated and standardized
herbal drugs. Keeping in view of the vision
of the Founder President of Amity Group of
Institutions Dr. Ashok K Chauhan, the
Institute is focusing all its resources and
energy to develop novel nutraceuticals,
cosmaceuticals and phytomedicines. Under
the leadership and guidance of the authors
the Institute has developed 18 novel herbal
products combining traditional wisdom with
the knowledge and tools of modern science
and technology. Patent applications on all
the 18 novel products have been filed and
steps are being taken for the mass production
of nutraceuticals and cosmaceuticals so that the
fruits of our research are made available to our
fellow citizens.
CONCLUSION
21st century is witnessing still another
driving force – the knowledge. The 21st
century will be the century of knowledge –
a nation’s ability to convert knowledge into
wealth and social good through the process
of innovation will determine its future. A
new thinking centered on the concept of
‘knowledge engineering’ for building up
future
‘knowledge
societies’
and
‘knowledge industries’ is now gaining
attention and acceptance both nationally and
internationally. Plants synthesise the
primary metabolites like carbohydrates,
proteis and fats at all times wherever they
are, but the secondary metabolites are
synthesised only when they are required.
The secondary metabolite production is
controled and conditioned by a variety of
factors such as edaphic, climatic, altitudinal
and the association of other plants and
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microorganisms. The third major category
belongs to the class of alkaloids, some well
known examples being quinine, atropine,
morphine,
berberine,
camptothecine,
vincristine, vinblastine etc and the other
minor categories include the salicylates,
phenolics, coumarins, vitamins etc. Modern
biotechnology particularly the disciplines
like Cell Biology, Immunology, Molecular
Biology, recombinant DNA technology and
bioinformatics.
Phytonutrients/phytochemicals have tremendous impact on the
health care system and may provide health
benefits including prevention and treatment
of diseases and physiological disorders. New
technologies are constantly being developed
to isolate and identify the components
responsible for the activity of plants.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors express their sincere
thanks to Dr. Ashok K Chauhan, Founder
President of RBEF and Amity Group of
Institutions & Shri. Atul Chauhan,
President, Ritnand Balved Education
Foundation
for
facilities
and
encouragement. We also express our
thanks to Smt. Vijayalekshmi for the help
in preparing the manuscript.
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Physiol. Plant Mol.Biol. 52:689-724.
Vaidya, A. (2002) Reverse Pharmacology
approach. CSIR NMITLI Herbal drugs
development programme, 2002.
Vaidya, A. et al
(2003) Ayurvedic
Pharmacoepidemiology – a new discipline J.
Assoc. Phis. India. 3, 51.528.
Verpoorte, Y.H. Choi, H.K.Kim (2005).
Ethnopharmacology and system biology: A
perfect holistic match. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 100: 53-56.
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 13-40
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
MEDICINAL PLANTS OF INDIA: DIVERSITY,
CONSERVATION AND BIOPROSPECTION- A PRIORITY
AGENDA FOR 21st CENTURY
DR. R.R. Rao
FNASc., FASc., FNA, INSA Honorary Scientist,
No. 328, B-4, Kendriya Vihar, Yelahanka, Bangalore-560064
raocimap@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The use of plants to alleviate human suffering is as old as the evolution of human
civilization itself. Mention of medicinal virtues of hundreds of plants in India has been
made in the ancient works like Charaka samhita, Susruta samhita, Rigveda and Astanga
Hridaya. India also possesses a great heritage of other ancient systems of medicine such
as Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy. More than these systems there also exist in India a
vast knowledge of tribal and folk medicine among the numerous ethnic tribes and all
these collectively add to the rich diversity of medicinal flora in India. Indian region
encompassing a broad range of ecological habitats and innumerable adivasi tribes in all
states, hosts for about 50% of the total higher plant species in India. A few important
medicinal plant species occurring at various phytogeographic regions of the country
including altitudinal zones, such as tropical, temperate and subalpine regions are listed.
The numerous adivasi tribes occupying the different forested areas have depended on
surrounding flora for all their ailments and consequently hundreds of medicinal plants are
in usage for one or the other ailments. A few important medicinal plants reported through
ethnobotanical surveys are also enumerated. Although considerable amount of literature
have accumulated on the subject during recent years, the authors emphasize the urgent
need for further exploration in the region for documenting all medicinal plants of the
region for their effective utilization. Discussing the various threats for medicinal flora,
the authors opine that cultivation of medicinal plant species appears to be the only
solution to save the vanishing medicinal flora. The problems and benefits of cultivation
of medicinal plants are also highlighted. Finally, the author stresses the need to intensify
the inventorization of medicinal plants and develop a comprehensive database on the
State-wise medicinal plants of India. Study of infraspecific and genetic diversity in
medicinal plants, which is least attempted is advocated at least for those medicinal plants,
which are in high demand and needing commercial cultivation. Discussing the utilization
of the bio resources, the author outlines the immense opportunities for bioprospection of
the medicinal plants. Recent developments in molecular biology and biotechnology have
made it possible to scan the biodiversity for molecules with potential for commercial
application. Problems and prospects associated with the bioprospection of medicinal
plants in India are discussed.
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INTRODUCTION
During the last few decades there has
been a greater interest in scientific study
and wider application of medicinal plants
to alleviate human suffering. Although
more than 7500 medicinal plant species
are reported to occur in Indian region with
tremendous amount of infra-specific
biodiversity in them, the medicinal plants
sector largely remains neglected. The use
of plants to alleviate human suffering is as
old as the human civilization itself.
Mention of medicinal virtues of hundreds
of plants in India has been made in the
ancient works like Charaka samhita,
Susruta samhita, Rig-Veda and Astanga
hridaya. India also possesses a great
heritage of other ancient systems of
medicine such as Siddha, Unani and
Homeopathy. Apart from these systems,
there also exists in India a vast knowledge
of tribal and folk medicine among the
numerous ethnic tribes and all these
collectively add to the rich diversity of
medicinal flora in India. Although the
diversity of medicinal plants in India is
enormous with their heritage as old as
5000 years, the medicinal plants sector is
still mostly unorganized. It is attempted to
discuss the enormous diversity of
medicinal plants in India.
During recent decades, the rich
biodiversity of medicinal plants in India is
under considerable threat from a variety of
human generated factors and most of the
high valued medicinal plants in trade are
exclusively collected from wild, critically
endangering them in their natural habitats.
Several high value medicinal species like
Podphyllum hexandrum, Aconitum sp.,
Janakia
arayalpathra,
Trichopus
zeylanicus, Garcinia gummiguta, Utleria
salicifolia, Myristica malabarica, Aquilaria
malaccensis,
Dioscorea
deltoidea,
Pterocarpus
santalinus,
Rauvolfia
serpentina, Saussurea lappa and Taxus
wallichiana etc, having high economic
potential have already become critically
endangered in the region. The paper also
highlights the various attempts for
conservation of medicinal plants. Utilization
of medicinal plants through Bioprospection
is also much neglected in India, which is
discussed at some length in this paper.
MEDICINAL PLANTS DIVERSITY
The use of plants to alleviate human
suffering is as old as the evolution of
human civilization itself. Mention of the
medicinal virtues of plants in India has
been made even in the epics like the
Ramayana and Mahabharatha. Around the
world many billions of people still use
plants as their primary source of medicine.
Much of these uses are based on
knowledge
passed
down
through
generations. In addition, nearly 40% of
the modern medicines are derived from
natural products. For example, aspirin is
made from an organic molecule derived
from Willow trees; Quinine a treatment
for malaria is derived from bark of the
Cinchona tree; Rosy periwinkle is the
source of alkaloids used to treat childhood
leukemia and Hodgkin’s disease.
India also possesses a great heritage
of other ancient systems of medicine such
as Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy. Apart
from these systems, there also exists in
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India a vast knowledge of tribal and folk
medicine among the numerous ethnic
tribes and all these collectively add to the
rich diversity of medicinal flora in India.
Nearly 550 ethnic tribes dwelling in
different forest regions have vast amount
of traditional knowledge about plants,
particularly medicinal plants. Again, a
vast majority of these species are
represented by numerous subtypes or
populations depending upon the climatic
and edaphic conditions. Indian region
being one of the mega diversity regions of
the world supports an enormous
biodiversity of ancient lineage. It is
estimated that over 50,000 species of
plants are accounted for in this region,
which represent roughly 11% of the
known plant species of the world. Nearly
18,500 species of flowering plants
belonging to 2,250 genera and 315
flowering plant families occur here. This
includes nearly 8000 species which are
used as herbal remedies for a variety of
ailments under different systems of
medicines. According to FRLHT’s reports
in Ayurveda-1689; Folk medical system4775;
Homeopathy-491;
Modern
medicine-200; Siddha-1563; Tibetan-343
and Unani-843 plants are mentioned.
Medicinal plants diversity in India is very
high. Although rough estimate of the total
number of medicinal plant species in India
is reported to be around 8000 species, the
infra specific diversity of these species is
least known. The medicinal plans
diversity in different biogeographic
regions in India is highlighted. It is
roughly estimated that West Himalaya
harbors 1500 species of medicinal plants,
East Himalaya 3000, Western Ghats 3500,
and Eastern Ghats 1500, Andaman &
Nicobar Islands 750 species. Further, it is
shown that Karnataka hosts for about
1495 medicinal species while Tamil
Nadu, 1574; Kerala, 1500; Andhra
Pradesh, 1100 species. While on one side
we have not been able to evaluate the
infra specific diversity in most of these
medicinal plants for identifying the elite
types (which is expected to be very high),
many species and populations are facing
the threat of extinction due to several
anthropogenic reasons. Medicinal uses of
a few important species like Costus
speciosus, Sassurea obvollata, Gymnema
sylvestre, Aegle marmelos, Phyllanthus
amarus, Aloe vera, Abrus precatorius,
Thymus vulgaris, Rhus semialata,
Tinospora
cordifolia,
Rauvolfia
serpentina, Celastrus paniculatus, Mucuna
pruriens, etc., are very high. Himalaya and
Western Ghats are the treasure houses of
many reputed medicinal plants like
Rauvolfia serpentina, Gloriosa superba,
Cassia angustifolia, Withania somnifera,
Chlorophytum sps., Catharanthus roseus,
Andrographis
paniculata,
Pyllanthus
amarus, Trichopus zeylanicus, Janakia
arayalpathra,
Utleria
salicifolia,
Aristolochia tagala, Piper barberi, Adenia
hondala, Garcinia sps, Thotea siliquosa,
Caryota urens, Adhatoda beddomei,
Myristica
malabarica,
Coscinium
fenestratum etc. (in Western Ghats) and
Taxus wallichiana, Picrorhiza kurrooa,
Aconitum spp, Saussurea obvallata,
Berberis
sp.,
Ephedra
gerardiana,
Podophyllum hexandrum and a few others
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(in Himalayas) which offer immense
prospects for bioprospection of medicinal
flora.The most ancient and celebrated
treatises on Hindu medicine are no doubt
the Ayurveda. The authoritative works
like Charaka samhita, Susruta samhita,
Rigveda and Astanga Hridaya marks the
early base of herbal science in India. As
many as 4000 plants are collectively
mentioned in these early works. Added to
this, India also possesses a great heritage
of other ancient systems of medicine such
as Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy.
Nearly 2500 species of plants are used in
one way or other by some of these
systems. In addition to these traditional
systems, there also exists in India a vast
knowledge of tribal and folk medicine,
which utilize around 7500 species of
plants as medicinal. Some of the
ethnobotanically important species have
also provided leads for production of
modern
drugs
by
pharmaceutical
companies (table-1). In fact, it is
estimated that in India 90% of the
prescriptions contain plant products
(Husain, 1983, Natesh,2001 ).
The
Ayurvedic and other traditional systems of
Indian medicines fully depend on wild
plants for preparation of drugs. In recent
times, wild medicinal plants have also
found their way even in allopathic
medicines.
Madagascar
periwinkle
(Catharanthus
roseus),
Sarpagandha
(Rauvolfia serpentina), Acorus calamus,
Gloriosa superba, Podophyllum spp. are
only a few standing examples. The
rhizomes of Acorus calamus with
insecticidal and sedative properties are
being used in as many as 51 different drug
preparations (Ayensu, 1983).
There is an urgent need to intensify
the inventiorization of medicinal plants
for developing a comprehensive, State
wise databases on medicinal plants of
India with as many parameters like correct
names, synonyms, vernacular names,
names of ethnic communities using the
plants, distribution in the region, threat
status, conservation initiatives and
ailments for which used and detailed
mode of application, etc. Study of infraspecific and genetic diversity in medicinal
plans, which is least attempted is also
advocated for at least those medicinal
plants, which are in high demand and
needing commercial cultivation.
The Indian region supports almost all
types of habitats for luxuriant growth of
medicinal plants. Over 8000 species
reported to be medicinal are found in
different ecosystems in the country. While
on one side we have not been able to
evaluate a vast majority of these
medicinal plants for identifying the elite
types, many species are facing the threat
of extinction due to several anthropogenic
reasons. Already a number of reputed
medicinal species such as Aquilaria
malaccensis,
Dioscorea
deltoidea,
Podophyllum hexandrum, Pterocarpus
santalinus,
Rauvolfia
serpentina,
Saussurea lappa and Taxus wallichiana
have become endangered.
Although the diversity of medicinal
plants in India is enormous with their
heritage as old as 5000 years, the
medicinal plants sector is still mostly
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unorganized. In spite of the tremendous
diversity in medicinal plants, India is still
listed as a leading importer of medicinal
plants (Table 12). The reasons for this are
many. Unsystematic collection of the
medicinal plants from the wild during
different seasons and from different places
is one such major reason. Immature
harvest, unscientific production of the
drugs and adulteration through some
cheaper substitutes all add to this.
Evaluation of the elite populations
through scientific studies and their largescale cultivation can only reverse this
situation. The recent establishment of a
“National Medicinal Plant Board” by the
Government of India with the objective of
co-ordination of all matters related to
medicinal plants, including drawing up of
policies and strategies for medicinal plants
is a big boost for this industry in India.
The diversity of medicinal plants in India
is mainly discussed with reference to 3
major phytogeographic regions, which are
also
considered
as
‘hot-spots’of
biodiversity (Myers, 1988).
DIVERSITY OF MEDICINAL
PLANTS IN HIMALAYAN REGION
The Himalayan bio-geographic zone
is the richest and unique botanical region
in India and encompasses a broad range of
ecological habitats varying from grassy
meadows to dense humid evergreen
forests; disturbed secondary formations to
almost virgin and relict types as in `Sacred
Forests'. A mixture of tropical, temperate
and alpine forests each type depicting its
own
characteristic
biodiversity
is
represented in this region. About 50% of
the total number of flowering plant
species of India occur in this region,
which also include nearly 40% of endemic
taxa. This region being the `Sanctuary of
Primitive Angiosperms’ is considered as
the cradle of Flowering Plants where
some groups of angiosperms have
originated and diversified (Takhtajan,
1969; Rao, 1994). The Himalayan region
has always been considered as a store
house of many life saving drug plants.
Based on several ethnobotanical and other
publications, the medicinal plants in this
region cover almost 50% of the total
medicinal plants of India, i.e, ca 4000
species. Further, the varying habitats,
from tropical to alpine flora support the
growth of numerous medicinal plants,
many of which have not been critically
evaluated. Some of the important
medicinal plants of the region are Coptis
teeta,
(Mishmiteeta) Paederia foetida
(Gandhali), Podophyllum hexandrum
(Papra)
Nardostachys
grandiflora
(Jatamansi),
Panax
pseudo-ginseng
(ginseng), Picrorhiza kurroa (Kutki)
Alpinia
galanga
(Bara
kulapjan),
Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Rheum emodi,
Berberis spp, Aconitum heterophyllum,
Elaeocarpus sphaericus, Acorus calamus,
Atropa acuminata, Costus speciosus,
Mucuna prurita, Rauwolfia serpentina,
Swertia chirayata, S. hookeri, Valeriana
hardwickii, Berginia ciliata, Mahonia
nepalaensis, Saussurea obovallata, S.
graminifolia,
Solanum
khasianum,
Ephedra girardiana and many others
(Rao, 1994). With the increasing demand
for medicinal plants, most of the raw
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materials are being exploited from the wild
source leading to the depletion of wild
populations of important medicinal plants
like Aconitum ferox, A. heterophyllum,
Acorus calamus, Panax pseudo-ginseng,
Podophyllum
hexandrum,
Valeriana
wallichii, Taxus baccata, etc
DIVERSITY OF MEDICINAL
PLANTS IN NORTHEAST INDIA
North-East India encompasses a
broad range of ecological habitats varying
from grassy meadows to dense humid
evergreen forests; disturbed secondary
formations to almost virgin and relict
types as in sacred forests. About 50 % of
total higher plant species of India occur in
this region with maximum number of
endemic taxa. The region being the
‘Sanctuary of Primitive Angiosperm’ is
also the “Cradle of Flowering Plants.” The
rich species diversity is largely
attributable to the diverse geographical
area, varied topography, climate and soil
variability and invasion of plant species
from the surrounding countries. The
region is the transitional zone between the
Palaeo-artic, Indo-Malayan and IndoChinese biogeographical zones as well as
the confluence of the Himalayan region
with the peninsular India. It is therefore
no surprise that the region acts as a
storehouse of vast number of medicinal
plants apart from the other groups of
economically important species.
The medicinal plants diversity in
Northeast India is quite enormous.
Although no data is available on the exact
number of medicinal plants occurring in
Northeast India, a recent publication by
the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing
(Anonymous 2002) has listed 419 species
of medicinal plants from Arunachal
Pradesh, 228 species from Assam, 86
species from Manipur, 74 species from
Meghalaya, 83 species from Mizoram, 86
species from Nagaland, 73 species from
Tripura and 70 species from Sikkim.
Listing
of all medicinal plants of
Northeast India is avoided here nor it is
required too in this discussion. Only a few
major ones confined to different forest
types are listed. It may be noted from that
Arunachal Pradesh tops the list with
maximum number (419) of medicinal
plants followed by Assam, Nagaland,
Mizoram, Meghalaya, etc.
ETHNOBOTANICALLY
IMPORTANT MEDICINAL PLANTS
The
numerous
adivasi
tribes
occupying the different forested areas in
northeast region depend on the
surrounding vegetation for all their
ailments. Only a few seleced medicinal
plants
among
different
ethnic
communities are enumerated in table 2.
As evident from the table 2, the tribals
have known the use of medicinal plants
for all major diseases like malaria,
leprosy,
pneumonia,
tuberculosis,
Typhoid, night blindness, ulcers, cancer,
skin diseases, hypertension, jaundice, eye
diseases, lever disorder, kidney troubles,
gynecological disorders etc. Scientific
evaluation and authentication of these
leads can certainly result in patentable
drugs. Practically every ethnic tribe uses
hundreds of medicinal plants for their day
to day life. While some of these medicinal
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plants have been documented by
ethnobotanical surveys (Borthakur 1976;
Dagar 1989; Dutta and Nath 1999; Gogoi
and Borthakur 2001; Jain 1965; Jain et al.
1973; Jain and Tarafder 1970; Kotoky and
Das 2000; Megoneitso and Rao 1983;
Neogi et al. 1989; Pal and Jain 1989; Rao
1981a; Rao and Jamir 1982a, 1982b;
Sarma et al. 2001; Siddique et al. 1989),
there still remains vast treasure of
medicinal plants wealth to be explored.
Many of the medicinal plants like
Aconitum, Coptis, Swertia, Picrorhiza,
Taxus, Valeriana and a few others have
high pharmaceutical importance offering
immense scope for their commercial
cultivation and trade in the region. Although
it is not possible to list out all the medicinal
plants of northeast India, it is estimated that
about 1500 species of medicinal plants
occur in the region. A few important
medicinal plants occurring in tropical,
temperate and sub-alpine regions of
northeast India are enumerated below.
A. Medicinal plants occurring in
Tropical & sub-tropical region
The tropical and subtropical region in
northeast India is extremely rich in
medicinal plant resources (Rao, 1994). A
few important species are Abroma
augusta, Abrus precatorius, Acorus
calamus, Adhatoda zeylanica, Adiantum
lunulatum, Allium chinense, Alpinia
bracteata, Alpinia galanga, Alysicarpus
monilifer, Amomum sublatum, Anaphalis
adnata, Aristolochia tagala, Asparagus
racemosus, Atropa acuminata, Begonia
palmata, Boehmeria malabarica, Bonnaya
reptans, Borreria articularis, Brassica
campestris, Careya arborea, Centella
asiatica, Centranthera grandiflora, Citrus
medica, Cinnamomum tamala, Colocasia
esculenta,
Costus
speciosus,
Crassocephalum crepidioides, Curcuma
angustifolium,
Curcuma
domestica,
Curcuma Montana, Curcuma zeodaria,
Cyclea bicristata, Dendrocalamus hamilonii,
Dichrocephala bicolor, Dioscorea deltoidea,
Dysoxylum procerum, Embelica officinalis,
Entada purseatha, Garcinia cowa, Garcinia
lancifolia, Gerbera macrophylla, Glochidion
khasicum, Gloriosa superba, Habenaria
acuifera, Hedyotis scandens, Hodgsonia
heteroclita, Hydrocotyle javanica, Imperata
cylindrica, Iphigenia indica, Ipomoea
aquatica,
Kaempferia
rotunda,
Leucosceptrum canum, Hydnocarpus kurzii,
Hyoscyamus niger, Lycopodium clavatum,
Mangifera indica, Mesua ferrea, Mimosa
pudica, Mucuna prurita, Musa paradisiaca,
Nerium indicum, Nepenthes khasiana,
Ocimum sanctum, Oxalis corniculata,
Paederia foetida, Panicum maximum, Piper
brachystachyum, Piper griffithii, Piper betle,
Plectranthus coetsa, Plumbago zeylanica,
Polygonum
capitatum,
Polygonum
perfoliatum, Pouzolzia hirta, Psidium
guajava, Punica granatum, Rhus semialata,
Rauvolfia serpentina, Rubia cordifolia,
Sarcandra glabra, Schima wallichii,
Spilanthes acmella, Vetiveria zizanioides.
B. Medicinal plant species in
Temperate region
Although the medicinal plant
resources in temperate region are much
less, some of the high valued medicinal
plants are encountered in this region.
Some of the high valued medicinal
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species are Artemisia nilagirica, Berberis
asiatica, Berberis wallichiana, Bergenia
ciliata, Brugmansia suaveolens, Daphne
cannabina, Datura stramonium, Ephedra
gerardiana, Habenaria commelinifolia,
Hoya globulosa, Gaultheria fragrantissima,
Gentiana kurroo, Illicium griffithii,
Mahonia nepalensis, Mahonia pycnophylla,
Myrica esculenta, Panax pseudo-ginseng,
Plantago
major,
Sarcandra
glabra,
Saussurea lappa, Taxus wallichiana.
C. Medicinal plants confined to Subalpine and alpine zones
The alpine region in north east India
is limited to some high altitudes in
Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh and
contain many important drug plants like
Aconitum
chasmanthum,
Aconitum
deinorrhizum, Aconitum ferox, Aconitum
heterophyllum, Coptis teeta, Swertia
chirayita, Swertia hookeri, Swertia ciliata,
Nardostachys grandiflora, Picrorhiza
kurrooa,
Podophyllum
hexandrum,
Rheum australe, Rheum nobile, Valeriana
hardwickii, Valeriana jatamansi.
In spite of the rich diversity of
medicinal plants in the northeast, a large
number of medicinal plants such as
Swertia chirayita, Nardostachys jatamansi,
Valeriana wallichi, Gentiana kurrooa,
Rubia cordifolia, Rheum sp. and Ephedra
gerardiana which occur in North-East
India are imported from various other
countries. The reasons for this are many.
Unsystematic collection of the medicinal
plants from the wild during different
seasons and from different places is one
such major reason. Immature harvest,
unscientific production of the drugs and
adulteration through some cheaper
substitutes all add to this. Evaluation of
the elite populations through scientific
studies and their large-scale cultivation
can only reverse this situation. The recent
establishment of a “National Medicinal
Plant Board” by the Government of India
with the objective of co-ordination of all
matters related to medicinal plants,
including drawing up of policies and
strategies for medicinal plants is a big
boost for this industry in India.
Table 1: Some Drugs from Himalayan Medicinal Plants:
Species
Saussurea costus
Abies webbiana, Ephedra, Inula
racemosa
Podophyllum hexandrum
Nardostachys jatamansi,
Valeriana wallichii
Nardostachys jatamansi,
Viola, Abies spectabilis
Berberis aristata
Picrorhiza kurrooa
Product
Koflet (Syrup)
Kuftone (Cap.)
Manufacturer
Himalayan Drug Co.
Dharmani Drug Res. & Trg. Instt.
Liv.-10(Syrup)
Livosin (Syrup)
Mentat (Syrup)
Allens Labs (Pvt.) Ltd.
Octin Expectorant (Syrup)
Myncil Pharmaceuticals
Orthoherb (Cap.)
Pilex (Tab.)
Pedzer (Tab.)
Tredeptone (Tab.)
Walter Bushoell Ltd.
Himalayan Drug Co.
Lyovak Laboratories
Swastik Formulation (P) Ltd.
Allins India Marketing (P) Ltd.
Himalayam Drug Co.
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Eulophia dubia
Swertia chirayita
Aconitum spp.
Pee-Eee-Forte(Tab.)
Trepeptone (Tab.)
Pyopil (Liquid)
Aimil Pharm. Pvt. Ltd.
Swastik Formulation (P) Ltd.
Amulet Pharmaceutical
Table 2: Herbal Drugs used by adivasi tribes for certain ailments:
Diseases
Scabies
Diarrhoea and Dysentery
Tribe
Madahi (Assam)
Chakma, Singpho &
Tangsa (AP)
Ao (Nagaland)
Madahi (Assam)
Bodo (Assam)
Fever
Chakma, Singpho &
Tangsa
Madahi (Assam)
Tribals of Sikkim
Pneumonia
Chakma, Singpho &
Tangsa
Garo (Meghalaya)
Malaria
Chakma, Singpho &
Tangsa
Species/plant parts
Leaf paste of Centella asiatica and
Ageratum conyzoides, Alternanthera
sessilis, Commelina benghalensis,
Impatiens balsamina, Ricinus communis
and Sida rhombifolia (Sarma et al. 2002);
rhizome paste of Curcuma aromatica
(Tripathi & Goel 2001).
Powdered tuber of Aristolochia saccata
mixed with water, roots of Aristolochia
tagala, rhizomes of Curcuma caesia
chewed raw, seeds of Rhus semialata in
the form of paste (Nath & Bordoloi 1993).
Young shoots and leaves of Acacia
gageana (Rao & Jamir 1990).
Leaves of Clerodendrum viscosum,
Leaves of Oxalis corniculata, Leaf juice
of Houttunia cordata Fruit of Spondias
pinnata boiled with Channa punctatus
(Sarma et al. 2002).
Leaf juice of Clerodendron infortunatum
(Sarma et al. 2001)
Infusion of Aquilaria agallocha and
Croton caudatus mixed together and
given orally (Nath & Bordoloi 1993).
Paste from tender leaf of Ziziphus
mauritiana and flowers of
Tabernaemontana divaricata.
Stem tip of Corchorus capsularis (Sarma
et al. 2002)
Leaf decoction of Azadirachta indica
(Arvind & Jain 1996).
Seeds of Citrus limon with a few Piper
nigrum seeds are boiled and extract is
given (Nath & Bordoloi 1993).
Bruised leaves of Chenopodium
ambrosioides are kept on forehead (Rao
1981b).
Root bark of Prunus communis and the
leaves of Stereospermum chelonoides
(Nath & Bordoloi 1993).
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Cholera
Bodo (Assam)
Bone fracture
Chakma, Singpho &
Tangsa (AP)
Angamis (Nagaland)
Gynecological disorder
Chakma, Singpho &
Tangsa
Arthritis
Bodo (Assam)
Hypertension
Chakma, Singpho &
Tangsa
Colic disorders
Garo (Meghalaya)
Jaundice
Chakma, Singpho &
Tangsa
Khasi & Garo (Meghalaya)
Bodo (Assam)
Nagas (Nagaland)
Leprosy
Small-pox
Tuberculosis
Chakma, Singpho &
Tangsa
Khasi & Garo (Meghalaya)
Garo (Meghalaya)
Chakma, Singpho &
Tangsa
Bark paste of Terminalia bellirica,
Spondias pinnata and Psidium guajava
with fruit of Terminalia chebula and
Emblica officinalis (Gogoi & Borthakur
2001).
Leaves of Pothos cathartii and webera
corymbosa mixed with coconut oil (Nath
& Bordoloi 1993).
Paste from leaves of Alternanthera sessilis
with leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Rao
1990)
Stem bark of Croton oblongifolius for
women as emmenagogue (Nath &
Bordoloi 1993).
Roots of Imperata cylindrica and
Achyranthes aspera and long pepper;
rhizome of Acorus calamus and Zingiber
officinale (Gogoi & Borthakur 2001)
Roasted tender leaves of Clerodendrum
colebrookianum with Allium sativum and
salt (Nath & Bordoloi 1993).
Fresh and dried rhizomes of Alpinia nigra
(Tripathi & Goel 2001).
Fresh root of Zehneria umbellata with
Luffa acutangula seeds (Nath & Bordoloi
1993).
Rhizome of Curcuma zedoaria mixed
with water (Rao 1981b).
Fruit of Averrhoa carambola with roots of
Musa balbisiana and Lens esculentus;
juice of Cuscuta reflexa; powder of dry
fruit of Terminalia chebula (Gogoi &
Borthakur 2001).
Rhizome paste of Curcuma angustifolia
(Tripathi & Goel 2001).
Leaf paste of Plumbago zeylanica as
plaster (Nath & Bordoloi 1993).
Juice of Rhizome of Costus Speciosus
(Rao 1981b).
Fruits of Amomum aromaticum; rhizome
paste of Curcuma aromatica (Tripathi &
Goel 2001).
Decoction of seeds of Myristica fragrans
together with few seeds of Piper longum
(Nath & Bordoloi 1993).
Rhizome of Alpinia galanga (Tripathi &
Goel 2001).
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Blood purifier
Bodo (Assam)
Cough
Chakma, Singpho &
Tangsa
Mizo tribe
Eye diseases
Ao (Nagaland)
Mikirs (Assam)
Garo (Meghalaya)
Boil, Liver trouble
Madahi (Assam)
Bodo (Assam)
Kidney trouble
Bodo (Assam)
Garo (Meghalaya)
Itching
Madahi (Assam)
Conjunctivitis
Tribes in Assam &
Meghalaya
Madahi (Assam)
Bodo (Assam)
Worms
Madahi (Assam)
Gastric trouble
Madahi (Assam)
Bodo (Assam)
Night blindness
Garo (Meghalaya)
Ulcers
Garo (Meghalaya)
Bark juice of Terminalia arjuna; powder
of dried fruit of Terminalia chebula and
Emblica officinalis; bark juice of Saraca
asoca (Gogoi & Borthakur 2001).
Decoction of aerial portion of Artemisia
nilagirica, Meshed aerial part of
Elsholtzia eriostachiya var. pusilla is
rubbed on the chest (Nath & Bordoloi
1993).
Rhizome paste of Rhynchanthus
longiflorous (Tripathi & Goel 2001).
Leaves of Maesa chisia slightly warmed
and kept on eyes; latex of Ficus indica
mixed with Ficus benghalensis is dropped
in eyes (Rao & Jamir 1990).
Leaf juice of Boerhavia diffusa (Arvind &
Jain 1996).
Rhizome of Kaempferia rotunda (Tripathi
& Goel 2001).
Rhizome juice of Curcuma longa (Sarma
et al. 2002).
Leaf juice of Bryophyllum pinnatum
(Sarma et al. 2001).
Leaf juice of Bryophyllum pinnatum
(Sarma et al. 2001).
Bark decoction of Cinnamomum
obtusifolium (Rao 1981b).
Bark paste of Heteropanax fragrans
(Sarma et al. 2002).
Paste of rhizome of Curcuma amada
(Tripathi & Goel 2001).
Leaf juice of Tabernaemontana divaricata
(Sarma et al. 2002).
Leaf juice of Ocimum sanctum mixed
with honey (Gogoi & Borthakur 2001).
Leaf juice of Nyctanthes arbortristis
(Sarma et al. 2001).
Juice of Centella asiatica (Sarma et al.
2001).
Juice of Hydrocotyle javanica; rhizome
juice of Curcuma longa; juice of
Tinospora cordifolia; shoots of
Clerodendrum viscosum (Gogoi &
Borthakur 2001).
Juice of unopened Pitchers of Nepenthes
khasiana (Rao 1981b).
Leaves of Smilax macrophylla (Rao
1981b).
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Asthma
Adi tribe
Tribes in Mizoram
Mikirs (Assam)
Cancer
Khasi & Garo (Meghalaya)
Pyorrhea & Gum trouble
Meitei & Rongmei
(Manipur)
Folk of Manipur
Jaintia (Meghalaya)
Typhoid
Skin diseases
Khasi (Meghalaya)
Khasi & Jaintia
(Meghalaya)
Diverssity of Medicinal
Western Ghats:
plants
in
Western Ghats or ‘Sahyadris’form a
chain of mountains parallel to west coast
almost stretching from Tapti River in the
north to Kanyakumari in the south, covering a
total area of about 160,000 km2 and
is
considered as a storehouse of several
promising economically important plants
including medicinal plants. The medicinal
plant diversity in Western Ghats is of a very
high order. Apart from the well established
medicinal plants like Rauvolfia serpentina,
Gloriosa superba, Cassia angustifolia,
Withania somnifera, Chlorophytum sps.,
Catharanthus
roseus,
Andrographis
paniculata, Phyllanthus amarus, etc. the region
particularly the Southern Western Ghats
harbours many ethnobotanically important
species like Trichopus zeylanicus, Janakia
arayalpathra, Utleria salicifolia, Aristolochia
tagala, Piper barberi, Adenia hondala,
Garcinia sps., Thottea siliquosa, Caryota
urens, Adhatoda beddomei, Myristica
malabarica, Coscinium fenestratum, etc with
Seeds of Amomum sericeum; rhizome of
Curcuma amada (Tripathi & Goel 2001).
Juice of rhizomes of Globba multifolia
(Tripathi & Goel 2001).
Seeds of Hornstedtia costata (Tripathi &
Goel 2001)
Fruit juice of Xeromphis spinosa (Rao
1981b).
Roots of Achyranthes aspera (Arvind &
Jain 1996).
Centella asiatica (Arvind & Jain 1996).
Roots of Cissampelos pareira (Arvind &
Jain 1996).
Leaves of Cannabis sativa (Arvind & Jain
1996).
Leaf paste of Valeriana hardwickii
(Arvind & Jain 1996).
many curative properties (table 3). The region
is known as the ‘Emporium of medicinal
Plants. ’ Due to varied physiographic and
physiognomic factors, medicinal plant
diversity is very high both in terms of species
diversity as well as infra specific diversity.
Roughly, 1800 species of medicinal plants
from out of the total of 6000 species of
Western
Ghats
are
reported
(Yoganarasimhan, 1996, 2000). A few
important ones in this category are listed
(Table- 4 ) The floristic diversity of wild
aromatic plants in Western Ghats is also
incompletely known. While medicinal plants
have received some attention, other groups
such as the essential oil yielding plants (which
are also of medicinal valaue) of the region are
least studied. There are more than 200 such
aromatic species in different ecosystems of
Western Ghats and are predominantly spread
among Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Rutaceae,
Zingiberaceae, Lauraceae, Oleaceae and
Poaceae (table–5 & 6). While species
diversity is assessed to some extent, infra
specific diversity in these aromatic species is
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least known. Nevertheless, many species like
Hyptis sauveolens, Blumea lacera, B.
hieracifolia, B. membranacea, Cymbopogon
flexuosus, Ocimum basilicum, Plectranthus
mollis exhibit remarkable morphological
variations in the region. Western Ghats with a
wide variety of ecological habitats certainly
provides for numerous ecotypes / chemotypes
in some of these medicinal plants.
Authentication and development of value
added products from these drug plants after
critical
scientific
evaluation
and
pharmacological trials can certainly boost the
regional economy. Pharmaceutical companies
must take a lead in R & D activities on these
medicinal plants and establish scientifically
sound pharmacopoeias for the drugs
developed from these plants.
Table 3: Some Noteworthy Medicinal Plants of Western Ghats: (*-Endemic Plants)
Species Name
Trichopus zeylanicus *
Family
Trichopodaceae
Utleria salicifolia *
Periplocaceae
Vateria indica *
Dipterocarpaceae
Adenia hondala*
Artocarpus hirsutus *
Passifloraceae
Moraceae
Cinnamomum travancoricum*
Lauraceae
Cinnamomum wightii *
Lauraceae
Coscinium fenestratum
Menispermaceae
Aristolochia tagala
Piper barberi *
Pterocarpus santalinus *
Aristolochiaceae
Piperaceae
Papilionaceae
Strophanthus wightianus *
Thottea siliquosa
Apocynaceae
Aristolochiaceae
Ochreinauclea missionis *
Rubiaceae
Uses
Fruits are anti-stress, anti fatigue, energy
boosting, Immuno-modulating properties.
Tuber for treating asthma, debility due to
tuberculosis, intestinal ailments and bleeding due
to ulcers.
Resin for leprosy, asthma, ulcers, gonorrhea,
anemia, dysentery, cough, chronic bronchitis
and skin eruptions.
Tuber for hernia, hydrocele.
Fruits, barks and leaves for treating diarrhoea,
skin diseases, haemorrhage and poisons,
hydrocele, pimples and cracks.
Bronchitis asthma, mouth diseases, dental
diseases, chronic cold, thirst, vomiting and
carminative.
Barks, leaves and oil for treating paralytic
disorders,
abdominal
disorders,
cough,
gynecological
disorders,
stimulant
and
carminative.
Stem is anti inflammatory and anti septic, to treat
bleeding piles, cough, ulcers, janudice, liver
disorders, diabetes, fever, snake bite and general
debility.
Snake bite
Post delivery complaints.
Chronic fever, defects of vision, leprosy, scorpion,
spider poisoning, ulcers, bleeding piles, general
debility and mental aberrations.
Seeds for cardiac troubles and body pains.
Roots for treating dysentery, cholera, chronic
sores and ulcers.
Bark used for leprosy, skin diseases jaundice,
rheumatism and constipation.
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Myristica malabarica *
Myristicaceae
Smilax zeylanica
Smilacaceae
Syzygium travancoricum *
Myrtaceae
Ventilago bombeiensis *
Eulophia cullenii *
Rhamnaceae
Orchidaceae
Table
4: Medicinal Plant species
diversity in Western Ghats
Species
Trichopus zeylanicus
Utleria salicifolia
Janakia arayalpathra
Myristica malabarica
Adenia hondala
Artocarpus hirsutus
Cinnamomum travancoricum
Cinnamomum wightii
Piper barberi
Vateria indica
Ochreinauclea missionis
Syzygium travancoricum
Hydnocarpus alpina
Michelia nilagirica
Mahonia leschenaultii
Gardenia obtusa
Cinnamomum wightii
Atalantia wightii
Garcinia cambogia
Ilex denticulata
Microtropis ramiflora
Gymnosporia montana
Rhus mysorensis
Scutia circumscissa
Plecospermum spinosum
Pterolobium hexapetalum
Xeromphis spinosa
Toddalia asiatica
Ziziphus spp.
Acacia spp.
Sagearaea dalzelli
Dysoxylum malabaricum
Holigarna arnottiana
Syzygium mungudam
Family
Trichopodaceae
Periplocaceae
Periplocaceae
Myristicaceae
Passifloraceae
Moraceae
Lauraceae
Lauraceae
Piperaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Rubiaceae
Myrtaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Magnoliaceae
Berberidaceae
Rubiaceae
Lauraceae
Rutaceae
Clusiaceae
Aquifoliaceae
Leguminaceae
Celastraceae
Anacardiaceae
Rhamnaceae
Ulmaceae
Caesalpiniaceae
Rubiaceae
Rutaceae
Rhamnaceae
Mimosaceae
Annonaceae
Meliaceae
Anacardiaceae
Myrtaceae
Aril of seeds used to cough, bronchitis, fever,
burning sensation, sprains and sores.
Roots for veneral diseases, skin diseases, sores,
swellings and abscess.
Diarrhorea, diabetes, haemorrhage, vomi-ting,
maggots in ear.
Resin used as Anti fertility agent.
Rhizomes as tonic and aphrodisiac and
treating stomatitis and heart disorders and
poisons.
Memeylon malabaricum
Diospyros paniculata
Humboldtia vahliana
Buchanania lanceolata
Myrstica malabarica
Nothapodytes foetida
Maesua nagassarium
Aphanamyxis polystachya
Semecarpus anacardium
Butea monosperma
Hymenodictyon orixense
Phyllanthus amarus
Mucuna pruriens
Asclepias curassavica
Celastrus paniculatus
Abrus precatorius
Cissus quadrangularis
Plumbago zeylanica
Tylophora indica
Gymnema sylvestre
Withania somnifera
Centella asiatica
Ocimum sanctum
Boerhavia diffusa
Tinospora cordifolia
Bacopa monnieri
Wrightia tinctoria
Strychnos spp
Pterocarpus marsupium
Mallotus philippensis
Knema attenuata
Dioscorea spp.
Anamirta cocculus
Alagium salviifolium
Gmelina arborea
Ichnocarpus frutescens
Helicteres isora
Entada purseatha
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Melastomaceae
Ebenaceae
Leguminosae
Anacardiaceae
Myristicaceae
Icacinaceae
Clusiaceae
Meliaceae
Anacardiaceae
Papilionaceae
Rubiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Papilionaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Celastraceae
Papilionaceae
Vitaceae
Plumbaginaceae
Asclepiadaceae
-doSolanaceae
Apiaceae
Lamiaceae
Nyctaginaceae
Menispermaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Apocynaceae
Loganiaceae
Fabaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Myrsticaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Menispermaceae
Alangiaceae
Verbenaceae
Apocynaceae
Sterculiaceae
Mimosaceae
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Aristolochia indica
Alstonia scholaris
Zanthoxylum rhetusa
Acrocarpus fraxinifolius
Gluta traancorica
Stephania japonica
Elaecarpus spp.
Narenga alata
Murrya paniculata
Aristolochiaceae
Apocynaceae
Rutaceae
Caesalpiniaceae
Anaacardiaceae
Menispermaceae
Elaeocarpaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Table 5: Diversity of aromatic and
medicinal species in Western Ghats
Family
Genus
Species
Rutaceae
10
18
Asteraceae
7
10
Zingiberaceae
6
12
Lauraceae
2
5
Lamiaceae
17
47
Myrtaceae
1
3
Oleaceae
1
9
Geraniaceae
2
2
Verbeneaceae
1
1
Lamiaceae
1
2
Ericaceae
1
1
Flindersiaceae
1
1
Chenopodiaceae
1
1
Burseraceae
2
2
Euphorbiaceae
1
1
Apiaceae
1
1
Poaceae
1
3
Total
56
120
Table 6: Diversity of Wild Aromatic
and medicinal species of Western Ghats
S.No.
Name of the species
Family
1
Acalypha fruticosa
Euphorbiaceae
2
Acronychia pedunculata
Rutaceae
3
Alpinia calcarata *
Zingiberaceae
4
Alpinia malaccensis *
Zingiberaceae
5
Amomum masticatorium *
Zingiberaceae
6
Anisochilus carnosus
Lamiaceae
7
Anisochilus paniculatus *
Lamiaceae
8
Anisochilus robustus *
Lamiaceae
9
Anisomeles heyneana *
10
Anisomeles indica *
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
11
Anisomeles malabarica *
Lamiaceae
12
Artemisia nilagirica var.
nilagirica *
Asteraceae
13
Atalantia monophylla
Rutaceae
14
Atalantia racemosa
Rutaceae
15
Becium filamentosum
Lamiaceae
16
Blumea lacera *
Asteraceae
17
Blumea lanceolaria *
Asteraceae
18
Blumea mollis *
Asteraceae
19
Boswelia serrata*
Burseraceae
20
Calamintha umbrosa*
Lamiaceae
21
Centratherum punctatum*
Asteraceae
22
Chenopodium ambrosioides*
Chenopodiaceae
23
Chloroxylon swietenia *
Flindersiaceae
24
Cinnamomum gracile
Lauraceae
25
Cinnamomum iners
Lauraceae
26
Cinnamomum sulphuratum*
Lauraceae
27
Cinnamomum verum
Lauraceae
28
Clausena dentata *
Rutaceae
29
Clausena heptaphylla
Rutaceae
30
Clausena willdenovii*
Rutaceae
31
Commiphora caudata*
Burseraceae
32
Curcuma aeruginosa*
Zingiberaceae
33
Curcuma aromatica *
Zingiberaceae
Curcuma neilgherrensis*
Zingiberaceae
35
34
Cymbopogon coloratus*
Poaceae
36
Cymbopogon flexuosus*
Poaceae
37
Cymbopogon martinii*
Poaceae
38
Endostemon viscosus*
Lamiaceae
39
Eryngium foetidum*
Apiaceae
40
Gaultheria fragrantissima
Ericaceae
41
Geranium nepalense
Geraniaceae
42
Globba ophioglossa
Zingiberaceae
43
Glycosmis pentaphylla*
Rutaceae
44
Gomphostemma eriocarpon*
Lamiaceae
45
Hedychium coronarium *
Zingiberaceae
46
Hedychium flavescens *
Zingiberaceae
47
Hyptis suaveolens *
Lamiaceae
48
Isodon coetsa
Lamiaceae
49
Isodon wightii
Lamiaceae
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50
Janakia arayalpathra
Asclepiadaceae
91
Plectranthus aromaticus
Lamiaceae
51
Jasminum auriculatum *
Oleaceae
92
Plectranthus barbatus *
Lamiaceae
52
Jasminum azoricum var.
travancorense *
Oleaceae
93
Plectranthus coleoides *
Lamiaceae
94
Plectranthus deccanicus
Lamiaceae
53
Jasminum cordifolium
Oleaceae
95
Plectranthus malabaricus *
Lamiaceae
54
Jasminum malabaricum*
Oleaceae
96
Plectranthus mollis *
Lamiaceae
55
Jasminum rigidum
Oleaceae
97
Plectranthus subincisus
Lamiaceae
56
Jasminum ritchiei
Oleaceae
98
Plectranthus zeylanicus *
Lamiaceae
57
Jasminum sambac
Oleaceae
99
Pleiospermum alatum
Rutaceae
58
Jasminum scandens
Oleaceae
100
Pluchea tomentosa *
Asteraceae
59
Jasminum sessiliflorum
Oleaceae
101
Pogostemon benghalensis *
Lamiaceae
60
Kaempferia galanga *
Zingiberaceae
102
Pogostemon heyneanus
Lamiaceae
61
Kaempferia rotunda *
Zingiberaceae
103
Pogostemon mollis
Lamiaceae
62
Laggera crispata *
Asteraceae
104
Pogostemon paniculatus *
Lamiaceae
63
Lavandula Gibson
Lamiaceaea
105
Salvia coccinea *
Lamiaceae
64
Lavandula bipinnata
Lamiaceaea
106
Salvia leucantha *
Lamiaceae
65
Cyathocline purpurea
Asteraceae
107
Salvia plebeian
Lamiaceae
66
Pimpinella adscendens
Asteraceae
108
Scutellaria violacea *
Lamiaceae
67
Leonotis nepetiifolia*
Lamiaceae
109
Scutellaria wightiana *
Lamiaceae
68
Leucas ciliata*
Lamiaceae
110
Sphaeranthus indicus
Asteraceae
69
Leucas lavandulifolia *
Lamiaceae
111
Syzygium aromaticum *
Myrtaceae
70
Leucas marrubioides
Lamiaceae
112
Syzygium cumini
Myrtaceae
71
Leucas stelligera *
Lamiaceae
113
Syzygium lineare
Myrtaceae
72
Leucas vestita var. vestita *
Lamiaceae
114
Thymus vulgaris *
Lamiaceae
73
Limonia acidissima *
Rutaceae
115
Toddalia asiatica var. floribunda *
Rutaceae
74
Limonia crenulata
Rutaceae
116
Toddalis asiatica var. gracile
Rutaceae
75
Mentha arvensis*
Lamiaceae
117
Vitex trifolia *
Verbenaceae
76
Mentha spicata *
Lamiaceae
118
Zanthoxylum ovalifolium *
Rutaceae
77
Murraya indica *
Rutaceae
119
Zanthoxylum tetraspermum
Rutaceae
78
Murraya koenigii *
Rutaceae
79
Murraya paniculata *
Rutaceae
80
Neolitsia zeylanica
Lauraceae
81
Ocimum americanum
Lamiaceae
82
Ocimum basilicum *
Lamiaceae
83
Ocimum gratissimum*
Lamiaceae
84
Ocimum kilimandscharicum*
Lamiaceae
85
Ocimum tenuiflorum *
Lamiaceae
86
Orthosiphon diffuses *
Lamiaceae
87
Orthosiphon thymiflorus *
Lamiaceae
88
Paramignya monophylla
Rutaceae
89
Pelargonium graveolens
Geraniaceae
90
Plectranthus amboinicus *
Lamiaceae
120
Zingiber zerumbet *
Zingiberaceae
*Marked ones are introduced in the CIMAP Conservatory
CONSERVATION OF MEDICINAL
PLANT WEALTH
The Indian biodiversity including the
medicinal plants diversity is under
considerable threat from a variety of
human generated factors like (a) habitat
loss, fragmentation and degradation, (b)
spread of invasive aliens species, (c) over
exploitation of species, (d) forest clearance
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for agriculture expansion, township,
(e)selective removal of specific groups of
plants,(f) dependence of plant based
industries soley on wild medicinal plants
(g) shifting cultivation (h) spread of certain
invasive alien weeds like Mikania,
Parthenium,
Eupatorium,
Synedrella,
Cassia etc.(i) Road construction on Hills
creating accessibility of remote areas and
(j) modernisation leading to change of life
style and cultural values of local tribals.
Based on current trend globally an
estimated 3400 plants and 5200 animal
species are facing the threat of extinction.
Several highly valued medicinal plant
species like Coptis teeta, Ephedra
gerardiana, Gentiana kurroa, Picrorhiza
kurroa, Swertia chirayita, Aconitum
spp., Nardostachys jatamansi, Rheum
emodi, Dioscorea spp., Rauvolfia
serpentina etc. which were common and
abundant in the recent past in the
Himalayas have all become scarce in the
region due to indiscriminate and excessive
removal from their habitats (Table 7 & 9).
Habitat destruction during recent
years has certainly brought about a
perceptible decline in the medicinal plant
diversity. Selective removal of medicinal
plants from their wild is another major
threat to the diversity. Due to substantial
increase in demand for certain medicinal
plants the local herbal drug dealers have
been over exploiting the forest resources.
Many a time, these herbal resources are
exploited in unplanned manner leaving no
room for regeneration of these species and
thereby resulting in virtual extinction of
certain vital species from the area. In a
recent workshop on Conservation
Assessment
and
Management
Prioritization (CAMP) for medicinal
plants of northeast India, 51 extremely
rare medicinal plants were critically
assessed using IUCN criteria (Ved et al.
2003). Of the 51 taxa assessed, 47 are
shown to be threatened in one or more
states of northeast region. Of these, 6 are
threatened at global scale (Red listed).
These are Amentotaxus assamica, Coptis
teeta, Gymnocladus assamicus, Nepenthes
khasiana, Piper pedicellatum and Piper
peepuloides. Medicinal plants Trade is
stated to be a potential threat for 42 taxa
(about 32 are in national trade while 10
are traded globally).
Therefore,
cultivation of medicinal plant species
appears to be the only solution to save the
vanishing medicinal flora.
India, in spite of high population and
mounting pressure on land and other
natural resources has shown keen interest
and concern for the conservation of nature
and natural resources. Some of the earliest
legislation to protect our biota are the
Madras Elephant Preservation Act of 1873
and the fish preservation act of 1879.
Soon after independence a Board for wild
life was established in 1952, which was
later came to be known as the Indian
Board for Wildlife. India also happens to
be a signatory for some of the major
International Conventions on Biodiversity
such as the CITES programme,
UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB)
programme, the Water (prevention and
control of pollution) act 1974, the Forests
(conservation) act 1980, the Air
(prevention and control of Pollution) act
1981 and the Environment (protection) act
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1978. However, the major step towards
conservation
and
utilization
of
bioresources shown by India is by taking
an active part in the recent Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD) during the
earth summit at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in
1992. The CBD, which came in to force
on 29 December 1993, has become almost
an International law as regards the
biodiversity and its conservation is
concerned.
The establishment of the Ministry of
Environment & Forests under the
Government of India to deal with the
issues of the biodiversity conservation and
environment of the country itself speaks
for the India’s sincere concerns for
protection of the biodiversity. The
enactment of the Indian Wildlife
Protection act of 1972 and the UNESCO’s
Man and Biosphere Programme have
resulted in the declaration of large forest
areas as protected for in situ conservation
of Flora and Fauna. Today, there are 89
National Parks, 496 Wildlife Sanctuaries
and 13 Biosphere Reserves representing
the major ecosystems in different
biogeographic zones of the country. These
cover almost three fourth region of the
country. Five of the existing protected
areas in India have also been recognized
as World Heritage Sites. These sites
represent Moist Alpine, Montane forests,
Inland and Coastal Wetlands. The recent
establishment of a “National Medicinal
Plant Board” by the Government of India
with the objective of co-ordination of all
matters related to medicinal plants,
including drawing up of policies and
strategies for medicinal plants is a big
boost for this industry in India. Thirty-two
medicinally important species, which are
in high demand, have been identified for
cultivation and development (table 8).
But yet, there are many more such
medicinal plants which are to be brought
under commercial cultivation.
Conservation of biodiversity and the
sustainable use of genetic resources have
been the priority issues for a number of
countries including India over the past
decade. We have begun to realize that
rapid rate of development at all costs has
generated forces that are threatening to
destroy the very substratum of life on
earth. Inspite of the hectic efforts of
taxonomists during the last 50 years or so
even the correct assessment of the species
biodiversity is not yet complete. On one
side the interest in taxonomy is waning
and on the other side diversity is being
diminished
due
to
developmental
programmes. While
we
know
substantially the species diversity, genetic
diversity studies are least attempted.
Considering the large flora and fauna of
our country, it is necessary to select at
least a few species and species of
economic importance from different zones
for studies on their genetic diversity.
While our conservation efforts are
confined to declaring certain areas as
protected (in situ) or shifting a few
endangered species to Botanic Gardens
and Zoos (ex situ) no serious efforts are
made to study the “reproductive
bottlenecks” in endangered/rare species to
overcome the problems and multiply
them. . It is high time that we should not
only study and catalogue the diversity but
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also sustainably utilize them for human
benefits. Fortunately, a number of
advanced biotechnologies are also
available with us.
A wedding of
biodiversity with biotechnology is urgently
needed so that the Indian biodiversity of
medicinal plants can be quickly scanned
for
Bioprospection
and
product
development before we loose them forever.
Table 7: Some high value medicinal
plants of Himalaya harvested from wild
Table 8: Thirty two species prioritized
by National Medicinal Plants Board
Species
Trade name
Amala
Emblica
officinalis
Withania
somnifera
Species
Trade name
Saraca asoca
Ashwagandha Aconitum
heterophyllum
Aegle
marmelos
Bael
Bacopa
monnieri
Ashok
Atees
Phyllanthus
amarus
Bhumiaml
aki
Brahmi
Santalum
album
Chandan
Swertia
chirayita
Chirayita
Tinospora
cordifolia
Giloe
Trade name
Botanical name
Gymnema
sylvestre
Gudmar
Commiphora
wightii
Guggal
Kuth root
Poshkar root
Atees root
Kutaki root
Salam panja root
Sugandhbala root
Aasmani booti, Somlata stem
Birmi leaf
Chora root
Hauber Hindi
Seski herb
Harar fruit
Bahera fruit
Amla fruit
Chaksu seed
Kaunch beej
Laltang leaf
Kalazira, Vilayatizira
Shingoo zira
Tejpat leaf
Reetha fruit
Thuth root
Malkangani seeds
Pakhanbhed rhizome
Revand hindi rhizome
Brahmi whole herb
Singli mingli tubers
Kakarsingi galls
Bankakri rhizome
Meda/Mahameda( rhizome)
Daruhaldi root
Anardana seed
Banfsha (whole herb)
Dhava phool
Cheeta mool
Safed musli root
Kapur kachri rhizome
Patisan rooli root
Timroo fruit
Vacha rhizome
Saussurea costus
Inula racemosa
Aconitum heterophyllum
Picrorhiza kurrooa
Dactylorhiza hatagirea
Valeriana jatamansi
Ephedra gerardiana
Taxus wallichiana
Angelica glauca
Juniperus communis
Artemisia maritima
Terminalia chebula
Terminalia bellirica
Emblica officinalis
Cassia absus
Mucuna pruriens
Physochlaina praealta
Carum carvi
Bunium persicum
Cinnamomum tamala
Sapindus mukorossi
Salvia moorcroftiana
Celastrus paniculatus
Bergenia ciliata
Rheum emodi
Centella asiatica
Dioscorea deltoidea
Pistacia khinjuk
Podophyllum hexandrum
Polygonatum spp.
Berberis spp.
Punica granatum
Viola spp.
Woodfordia fruiticosa
Plumbago zeylanica
Asparagus adscendens
Hedychium spicatum
Heracleum lanatum
Zanthoxylum armatum
Acorus calamus
Plantago
ovata
Isabgol
Nardostachys
jatamansi
Jatamansi
Gloriosa
superba
Kalihari
Andrographis
paniculata
Kalmegh
Garcinia
indica
Kokum
Saussurea
costus
Kuth
Kutki
Solanum
nigrum
Makoy
Mulethi
Chlorophytum
borivillianum
Musali
safad
Coleus
barbatus
Patharchur
Piper longum
Pippal
Berberis
aristata
Rasaut
Crocus sativus
Saffron
Cassia
angustifolia
Senna
Ocimum
sanctum
Tulsi
Picrorhiza
kurrooa
Glycyrrhiza
glabra
Rauvolfia
serpentina
Sarpgandha
Asparagus
racemosus
Shatavari
Embelia ribes
Vai Vidang
Aconitum ferox Vatsnabh
Table 9 : Some Endangered medicinal
plants of Himalaya
Plant
Aconitum
heterophyllum
Angelica glauca
Arnebia benthamii
Atropa acuminata
Berberis aristata
Berberis lycium
Coptis teeta
Dactylorhiza
hatagirea
Trade name
Atees
Part Used
Tuber
Choru
Laljari
Atropa
Darhaldi
Kilmor
Mishmitita
Salampanji
Root
Root
Root, Leaf
Root
Root
Rhizome
Root
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Delphinium
denudatum
Dioscorea
deltoidea
Eulophia dubia
Hydnocarpus
kurzii
Inula racemosa
Nardostachys
jatamansi
Nephenthes khasiana
Panax pseudoginseng
Picrorhiza kurrooa
Polygonatum
Jadwar
Root
Kins
Tuber
Salam misri
Dalmurgi
Root
Bark
Pushkarmool
Jatamansi
Root
Rhizome
Tiew-rakot
Ginseng
Juice
Plant
Kutki
Mahameda
Rhizome
Root
verticillatum
Paeonia emodi
Rheum australe
Saussurea costus
Acorus calamus
Chandrayan
Revanda-chini
Kuth
Vach,Calamus,
Ghorabach
Costus speciosus
Keu, Kust
Swertia chirayita
Chirayatah
Podophyllum
Indian Podophyllum,
hexandrum
Ban Kakri, Papri
Taxus wallichiana Himalayan yew,
Primi leaves
Bergenia stracheyi Ratanjot, Balchar
Aquilaria
Agar
malaccensis
Root
Rhizome
Root
Rhizome
Tubers
Plant
Rhizome
Leaves, bark
Plant
Resin
Table-10: Agro-technology Packages for Medicinal Plants developed in India
Species
Anethum graveolens
Withania somnifera *
Psoralea corylifolia
Atropa belladonna *
Bacopa monnieri *
Phyllanthus amarus *
Chamomilla recutita
Swertia chirayita
Costus speciosus *
Duboisia myoporoides*
Commiphora wightii
Hyoscyamus muticus*
Heracleum candicans
Dioscorea deltoidea*
Boswellia serrata
Rauvolfia serpentina*
Cassia angustifolia*
Asparagus racemosus
Chlorophytum borivillianum
Common Name
Anise
Ashwagandha
Babchi
Belladona
Brahmi
Bhoomyamalaki
Camomile
Chirayita
Costus
Duboisia
Guggul
Henbane
Heracleum
Indian medicinal yam
Salai guggul
Sarpagandha
Senna
Shatavari
Safed musali
Species
Andrographis paniculata *
Saussurea lappa
Picrorhiza kurrooa
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Piper longum
Centella asiatica
Melissa officinalis
Mucuna pruriens
Azadirachta indica
Papaver somniferum *
Catharanthus roseus *
Inula racemosa
Artemisia annua *
Ocimum sanctum *
Valeriana jatamansi
Solanum viarum
Plantagoovata *
Ammi majus *
Dioscorea floribunda
Common Name
Kalmegh
Kuth
Kutki
Liquorice
Long pepper
Mandukaparni
Melissa
Mucuna
Neem
Opium poppy
Periwinkle
Pushkar
Quinghao
Tulsi
Valerian
Solanum
Isabgol
*Agro-technologies developed by CIMAP
Cultivation of medicinal plants
Medicinal
plants
cultivation,
particularly those which are in high
demand has a great potential. Evaluation
of the elite populations of the medicinal
plants through scientific studies and their
large-scale cultivation certainly can boos t
the economy of the region. Also,
Standardisation of the agro-technology
and nursery technology for some of the
selected medicinal plants must be initiated
in the region. The climate of Indian region
is suitable for cultivation of a wide variety
of medicinal and aromatic plants on
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commercial scale. Yet, there exists no
medicinal plant centres, herb gardens in
its true sense. Only recently, the Forest
Department of Arunachal Pradesh has
taken up cultivation of a few medicinal
plants (Pandey, 1988; Hegde and
Ingalhalli, 1988; Hegde, 1988; Deori and
Haridasan, 1988). But for a large country
like India, where diverse ecological
habitats prevail, this attempt, though
praiseworthy, is very inadequate. Such
centers need to be established in all
ecological zones such as tropical zones,
sub-tropical zones, temperate zones and
sub alpine and alpine zones in order to
accommodate the unique medicinal plant
species of these zones. This activity
should be taken up closely with the help
of local people. While this programme
provides employment opportunities to the
local people, at the same time ensures the
safety of these dwindling plant resources.
Cultivation of medicinal plants has
several benefits. Firstly, this would ease
the stress on the natural populations.
Cultivation of medicinal plants can assure
a constant supply of the required
medicinal plants to the user industries.
Once the elite populations are identified,
only such populations can be cultivated
for production of the raw material for
industries. However, this requires the
cultivation protocols, which again for a
vast majority of the medicinal plants is
lacking.
Development
of
agrotechnologies of the high valued medicinal
plants as has been done for a few plants
(Table 10 ) and their adoption by the
local farmers certainly can boost the
regional economy. Some of the high
altitude medicinal plants are very highly
priced and therefore tempts the local
people to gather these from the wild,
which has already endangered several
populations.
Selection of superior germplasm for
cultivation is another extremely important
issue, which requires extensive scientific
investigations. The species has to be
evaluated
over
its
entire
range
morphologically,
genetically
and
chemically so as to identify the superior
variety and superior location for
cultivation. Analysis of active ingredients
from all wild populations for the selection
of the elite variety is a prerequisite.
Medicinal plants can be cultivated as
cash crops sometimes along with the food
crops. Cultivation of medicinal plants in
the high altitudes is a profitable business
(Table 11). As per existing rate, per
hectare return of Aconitum heterophyllum
is Rs. 5,50,000, Rs. 3,52,800 for A.
balfourii, Rs. 71,500 for Picrorhiza
kurrooa
and
Rs.
3,52,800
for
Podophyllum
hexandrum
(Nautiyal,
1995). However, it may be noted that
maturation time for the harvest of the drug
in case of alpine herbs extends from 3 to 6
years and the farmers therefore are to
adopt the inter-cropping system in order
to earn regular annual income. Intercropping is recognized as potential option
for medicinal plants cultivation. Crops
like Potato, Pulses in the hills can be intercropped. Pulses can also improve the soil
fertility.
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Table-11: Market value of Some Medicinal plants
Species
Acorus calamus
Aconitum atrox
Aconitum balfourii
Aconitum heterophyllum
Angelica glauca
Arnebia benthamii
Bergenia ligulata
Berberis aristata
Chlorophytum spp.
Dactylorhiza hatagirea
Eulophia dubia
Inula racemosa
Lilium polyphyllum
Nardostachys jatamansi
Picrorhiza scrophulariflora
Polygonatum verticillatum
Podophyllum hexandrum
Swertia chirayita
Thalictrum foliolosum
Valeriana hardwickii
Viola biflora
Withania somnifera
Plant Part
Rhizome
Tuber
Tuber
Tuber
Root
Root
Rhizome
Root
Tuber
Root
Root
Root
Plant
Root/rhizome
Root
Root
Tuber
Plant
Root
Root
Plant
seed
The forest departments in each state
must come forward to save some these
medicinal plant species having high
economic potential. Programmes on largescale cultivation, development of agrotecchnology, ban on their collection from
wild and regular monitoring the populations
are certain priority actions recommended.
INVENTORIZATION OF
MEDICINAL PLANTS DIVERSITY
VIS-À-VIS BIOPROSPECTION
Bioprospection
and
Sustainable
utilization of medicinal plants is much
neglected
in
India.
Biodiversity
prospecting, particularly on medicinal and
aromatic plants, can certainly result in
some lead/novel molecules of great
economic significance. As ecological
Rate (Rs./Kg.)
20.00
60.00
60.00
2000.00
65.00
120.00
15.00
30.00
1000.00
1000.00
700.00
30.00
24.00
100.00
60.00
16.00
60.00
100.00
50.00
90.00
400.00
300.00
diversity in India is very high, a greater
genetic diversity in the widely distributed
taxa is also expected. Scanning of the
entire biodiversity in some short listed
species
(through
cross
cultural
ethnobotanical investigation) particularly
at the population level making use of the
modern biotechnological tools can be
highly rewarding. Bioprospection of tree
flora, particularly of Western Ghats,
where important antitumor plants like
Aphanamixis polystachya, Nothopodytes
nimmoniana,
Mesua
nagassarium,
Semecarpus anacardium etc exist, would
be rewarding. Nothopodytes foetida is
shown to contain 0.1% camptothecine, an
antitumor/anticancer drug. While the
opportunities are limitless, constraints are
also too many. Lack of trained manpower
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(field
botanists
and
taxonomists),
enormous diversity in vast number of
species, lack of basic knowledge of
medicinal plants, lack of much needed cooperation between field botanists and
biotechnologists are some such major
constraints. The author feels that serious
and meaningful efforts should be initiated
to overcome these constraints so that the
medicinal plant wealth of the country is
properly and profitably utilized at least in
the 21st century.
Medicinal flora of India as stated
above is quite diverse. However, what we
know is far less than what we are yet to
explore and evaluate. We need to intensify
the ethnobotanical exploration and bring
out a comprehensive list of medicinal
plants of India. A comprehensive database
on the state wise medicinal plants of India
with as many parameters like correct
names, synonyms, vernacular names, tribe
names using the plant distribution in the
region, threat status, conservation
initiatives and ailments for which used
and detailed mode of application, etc. is
an urgent agenda for action. Another
urgent task in this direction relates to the
evaluation of infra specific diversity with
in a given species. Indian region with a
varied topography climate, rainfall and
soil types offers scope for extreme
variations within a species, particularly a
wide spread species. Some of these habitat
specific populations could be elite-types
needing
cultivation
and
commercialization. Investigations on
infraspecific diversity and genetic
diversity of at least a few commercially
important medicinal plants like Berberis
asiatica, Bergenia ciliata, Illicium
griffithii, Myrica esculenta, Panax
pseudo-ginseng,
Plantago
major,
Saussurea lappa, Taxus wallichiana,
Aconitum
chasmanthum,
Aconitum
heterophyllum, Coptis teeta, Swertia
chirayita, Swertia ciliata, Nardostachys
grandiflora,
Picrorhiza
kurrooa,
Podophyllum
hexandrum,
Rheum
australe, Rheum nobile, Valeriana
jatamansi are needed, so as to identify the
‘elite’ types for popularization and
commercial cultivation. Bioprospection of
some of the high valued medicinal plants
and other unique ethnobotanical leads in
the region is urgently called for. Some
such important species could be Panax
pseudo-ginseng,
Coptis
teeta,
Dactylorrhiza sp., Swertia chirayita,
Nepenthes khasiana, Aconitum spp., etc.
Investigation of the tree flora as medicinal
plants is much neglected .The Tropical
trees are well known for their variability.
Bioprospection/chemoprospection of such
medicinal trees (Nothapodytes foetida,
Mesua
nagassarium,
Aphanamixis
polystachya, Semecarpus anacardium,
Butea monosperma, Hymenodictyon
orixense) for commercial isolation of
biochemicals and novel molecules.
Nothapodites foetida (Icacinaceae) – an
evergreen tree in Western Ghats is found
to
contain
camptothecine,
an
antileukaemia and antitumoral compound.
Camptothecine (0.005%) was earlier
found only in Camptotheca acuminata
(Nyssaceae) occuring in China, whereas
our species contains 0.1%, highly
promising for treatment of cancer. The
oppurtunities for Bioprospection of
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medicinal flora in India is quite enormous
because of the enormous diversity in
medicinal plants, enormous habitat
variation resulting in vast infra-specific
diversity in medicinal and aromatic plants.
Therefore Bioprospection of the diversity
in high Himalayas, cold deserts and
Western Ghats could be rewarding.
Added to this, we have excellent
biotechnologists, field taxonomists and
well equipped laboratory facilities. The
Field botanaists or ethnobotanists have a
great role in Bioprospection at the species
level. Ethnobotanists can scan the entire
biodiversity and shortlist medicinal
species for bioprospection at molecular
level (anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, antimalarial, neutraceutical). Field
botanists can also help in correct
identification and in collection of required
plant material, Field botanists can suggest
species for bioprospection based on field
knowledge about species (some unique
characters of plants like highly aromatic,
edible, poisonous and other unique
morphological
traits.
But
the
constraints for Bioprospection are also too
many. Lack of much required cooperation
between taxonomists and molecular
biologists; ( some of the excellent field
botanists are poor in biotechnology and
good biotechnologists are poor in field
knowledge), shortage
of
required
number of good taxonomists / field
botanists, vast array of flora with
enormous infra-specific variation in taxa
spread over vast extension of the
geographical boundaries of the country,
incomplete knowledge of our medicinal
flora,
lack
of
comprehensive
ethnobotanical
databases
among
biodiversity rich developing nations for
comparative ethnobotanical study and
huge cost involved in bioprospection work
are some of them.
Table-12: Raw Material Imported by Pharmaceutical Industries in India:
Name of the Species
Rheum emodi
Swertia chirayita
Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Commiphora myrrha
Commiphora mukul
Myristica fragrans
Nardostachys jatamansi
Valeriana wallichi
Gentiana kurrooa
Paeonia officinalis
Carum carvi
Crocus sativus
Syzygium aromaticum
Rubia cordifolia
Ephedra gerardiana
Part used
Root
Whole plant
Bark
Exudate
Gum, resin
Kernel, seed, aril
Rhizome
Root, rhizome
Rhizome
Root, rhizome
Seed, fruit
Style + stigma
Flower bud
Root
Stem
Source
N. Africa, Algeria, Arabia
Nepal, Bhutan
Sri Lanka, Singapore
Africa, Arabia
Pakistan
Sumatra, Singapore, Sri Lanka
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Europe, W. Asia, Afghanistan
Iran, Egypt, Spain
Indonesia, Tanzania, Sri Lanka
Nepal, Bhutan, Afghanistan
Nepal
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In India, only a few medicinal plants
are cultivated. More than 90% of the
medicinal plants are gathered directly
from the wild. Agro-technology packages
are developed for some medicinal plants
mainly by Central Institute of Medicinal
and Aromatic Plants and other CSIR
institutes (table-10). Recently, with the
establishment of a separate board for
medicinal plants this activity has been
strengthened.
PRODUCTION PROCEDURES OF
DRUGS:
Just like selection of a superior
variety of medicinal plants for cultivation
is important for high content of active
principles (alkaloids), adoption of proper
production procedures of drugs is also
crucial for production of quality drugs.
Production procedures of medicinal plants
includes all those steps like a) Harvesting
the material during proper season, b)
Proper handling of the harvest, c) Proper
drying: either shade/sun drying to avoid
infection of Aspergillus fungus, d) Proper
grading of the material (based on size,
quality, etc.), e) Proper storage conditions:
under light or away from the light, dry or
moist conditions, f) Destoning, g)
Pulverizing / grinding, h) Labeling as
organically grown or otherwise, i) Proper
labeling and packing for export.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
During the last few decades there has
been a greater interest in scientific study
and wider application of medicinal plants
to alleviate human suffering. Although
more than 7500 medicinal plant species
are reported to occur in Indian region with
tremendous amount of biodiversity in
them, the medicinal plants sector largely
remains neglected. Several medicinal
plants, though occur in Indian region, are
imported from other countries including
adjacent Nepal and China as shown in
Table 12. On the other end of the
spectrum, a number of reputed medicinal
plants such as Aquilaria malaccensis,
Aconitum spp. Dioscorea deltoidea,
Podophyllum hexandrum, Pterocarpus
santalinus,
Rauvolfia
serpentina,
Saussurea lappa and Taxus wallichiana
and many more as discussed above have
already become critically endangered
calling the attention of biologists for
conservation. There is a great need for a
thorough holistic study of medicinal
plants involving botanists, agronomists,
biotechnologists, medicinal plant traders,
economists, etc. for developing medicinal
plants trade in the country. Among many
others (1) conservation of medicinal
plants, (2) systematic evaluation and
identification of elite populations of
medicinal plants for large scale
cultivation,
(3)
development
of
agrotechnologies, (4) production practices
of the drugs and (5) co-operative farming
of selected demand-oriented medicinal
plants in different biogeographic regions,
etc are some urgent issues. The author
also recommends the development of
standard pharmacopoeias for several of
the drugs already developed from
Himalayan plants. Cultivation practices of
medicinal plants require the development
of agrotechnologies as developed by
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some of the important
CIMAP for
medicinal species like Artemisia annua,
Catharanthus
roseus,
Andrographis
paniculata, Glycerhiza glabra, Phyllanthus
amarus, Coleus barbatus and a few others.
Economics of cultivation of some
medicinal plants such as Catharanthus
roseus, Asparagus racemosus, Aconitum
spp. Valeriana jatamansi, Rauvolfia
serpentina, Artemisia annua, Plantago
ovata, Picrorrhiza kurrooa, Glycerhiza
glabra, Costus speciosus, Chamomilla
recutita, Withania somnifera, Atropa
belladonna,
Phyllanthus
amarus,
Andrographis paniculata is profitable. The
author hopes that the establishment of
Indian Medicinal Plant Board certainly
boosts the large scale cultivation of
medicinal plants in the country in the
coming years, elevating the status of
Indian position in the international trade
of medicinal plants. Some future studies
on medicinal plants must focus on the
Complete
Inventorization
and
Documentation of Medicinal Plants State
wise , Development of comprehensive
Databases using parameters like Correct
name, vernacular names, ethnic tribes,
distribution, threat status, ailments for
which used, tribal resource person, crosscultural
aspects,
exploring
the
infraspecific diversity and generation of
trained man power for shouldering this
responsibility, development of agrotechnology and commercial cultivation of
all medicinal plants in high demand,
imposing ban on collection of medicinal
plants from wild, Safeguarding
the
interests of indigenous forest people and
their
associated
cultures
and
acknowledging the tribal wisdom on
medicinal plants for benefit sharing and
lastly most importantly ,
the
Bioprospection of high valued medicinal
plants and product development.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author is thankful to the Indian
National Science Academy, New Delhi
for awarding a position of INSA
Honorary Scientist, during the tenure of
which this work was done.
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 41-49
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION OF MEDICINAL
PLANTS IN INDIA
K. V. BILLORE
Consultant, Maharashtra State Horticulture & Medicinal Plants Board,
Sakhar Sankul, Shivaji Nagar, PUNE-411005.
ABSTRACT
India is bestowed with unique diversity of ethnic culture, natural resources and bioedaphic and topographical features. Owing to the rich plant biodiversity, particularly the
medicinal plants and ancient cultural background, India ranks one of the few countries in
the world which is utilizing the enormous indigenous medicinal wealth in a big way since
Vedic era. The importance of herbals both as medicine, cosmetics, dyes etc. has been
overlooked for quite some time. However, in the recent past, the medicinal plants are
looked upon not only as a source of affordable health care but also as a source of income
developing in to an industry itself. The extensive use of medicinal plants from wild has
brought about its serious depletion in nature. Medicinal plant sector in India is vast and
complex. Utilization and Conservation of medicinal plants are most important
components of medicinal plants sector. Consumption of medicinal plants is more than its
production. In the present communication various aspects of consumption & data related
to utilization & conservation of medicinal plants in India have been discussed in detail.
Conservation strategies & Conservation measures have also been given.
INTRODUCTION
The relationship between the ‘Plants’
and ‘human beings’ is as old as human
civilization. The plants provide three vital
basic needs of life i.e. ‘Food’, ‘Cloth’ and
‘Shelter’ to Man. The fourth most important
basic need is medicine, which is provided
by the plants and used by man since
thousands of years. Regarding medicinal
properties, it has been postulated in
Ayurveda that "there is no substance
(including plants) in the universe which
cannot be used as drug when used rationally
and with definite objective."
The use and cultivation of medicinal
plants in the past was a part of our culture
and therefore not much importance was
given earlier. Now it is a new concept to
use them variously and cultivate them on
large scale.
The enormous use of
medicinal plants in the recent past from
the wild source has brought about
depletion and extinction of some of the
medicinal plants species. It has become a
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serious matter of concern for the Indian
System of Medicine, which mainly rely on
rich medicinal plant biodiversity and bio resources. The unregulated harvesting,
trade, fluctuating prices etc. has largely
affected the medicinal plants sector in the
country. This sector has direct impact on
the manufacture of the life saving drugs,
health care system and also economy of
our country. Under the circumstances the
natural resource is depleting day by day
because of the excessive utilization of
natural resources. Hence, it is necessary to
conserve our medicinal wealth. In the
present paper an attempt has been made to
present an overview of the Utilization and
Conservation strategies in the country.
Let us know in brief the status of
medicinal plant wealth at global and
domestic level.
plants, information on propagation and
seed storage is globally available for less
than 10% species only.
GLOBAL SCENARIO OF
MEDICINAL PLANT
India is one of the Mega biodiversity
Countries in the world with two
biodiversity Hot Spots out of 18 Hot Spots
in the world.. It is rich in all the three
levels of Biodiversity i.e. Species, Genetic
and Habitat diversities. All the known
types of Ecosystems - Ranging from Area
with - 57°C to temperate, evergreen
forests with high rainfall, tropical forests,
arid to dry deserts and coastal conditions.
It is a Habitat paradise for the growth of
varieties of Medicinal Plants distributed in
± 17000 flowering plants. Nearly 50008000 species are used in Local Health
Tradition (LHT) and codified systems.
About 25000 plant based formulations are
used in rural folk medicine. India with
such a unique biodiversity has great
potential for medicinal plants as we have
yet to explore and exploit medicinal
There are an estimated 30000 Spp. of
Med. Plants Worldwide. Of these, 1/3rd
are tree species with 5000 genera
distributed in1000 families, while shrubs,
climber and herbs constitute two third of
the total species. Nearly 90 % of Med.
Plants species obtained from wild are used
by ‘eco-system people' living in the forest
areas. Only 10% of the World’s known
medicinal plants are in national and global
trade. It is indicative of vast repository of
knowledge of plant medicine available for
Global use, before it is lost. About70% of
World’s known medicinal plants occur in
Tropical forests while remaining 30%
occur in temperate and Alpine areas. Out
of world’s estimated 30000 medicinal
The extent of threat to medicinal
plants species is not so far known,
however, estimations are there. According
to IUCN- ‘Threatened Plants Database’
(Walter & Gillett 1998) approx. 32000
Spp. of plants are threatened with
extinction i.e. 13% of estimated 2.5 lacs
including higher plants & Bryophytes on
the earth. Nearly 28 % of plants are
estimated to be used in ethno-medicine
(Farnsworth & Soejarto 1991). Putting
together the above two estimates, out of the
2.5 lakhs species, roughly 9000 species of
medicinal plants are threatened globally.
DOMESTIC SCENARIO OF
MEDICINAL PLANTS
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properties of unexplored species. Rich
bio-resource of the country represents 7 %
of world Bio-diversity.
The 16 forest types distributed in
varied conditions is the main ‘source’ of
Medicinal plants covering 23 % (76
million ha) of Geographical area.70% of
Medicinal Plants are found in Tropical
Areas in deciduous/ scrub areas, while
30% are found in high altitude areas with
high medicinal value. Quality of Source
material depends on origin, period, growth
and maturity of the plant collection. 80 95 % of medicinal plants collected are
from wild which is 61% of the total
resource. Medicinal plants are collected
mostly by unskilled Tribals / lcoal people
unsustainably as destructive harvesting to
earn more and more through various
agencies. Other main source of Medicinal
Plants is from Cultivation. Quality of
Cultivated Material is usually better,
though costly. Organic farming is preferred
UTILIZATION OF MEDICINAL
PLANTS
The medicinal plants are utilized
variously by different agencies/ stakeholders
in various ways not only for manufacturing
medicines or as drugs but also in various
industries like Cosmetics, Toiletries, Dying
& Tanning etc. There is a large sector of
people almost everyone all over the world
use medicinal plants or are associated with
medicinal plants, directly or indirectly.
Medicinal Plant Sector in the country has to
address diverse issues to a large number of
varied stakeholders comprising of GOs &
NGOs. In Government sector the relevant
Depts. & organizations of central / State
Govt. are the stakeholders. Following are
some of the stakeholders in NGOs:
1. Traders and Manufacturers.
Consumers: Commercial and noncommercial.
2. Forest dwellers, Adivasis, Collectors
/ Middle men and Cultivators /
Growers of Medicinal plants.
3. Relevant NGOs engaged in various
activities of the sector.
4. Scientists / Researchers and Research
Institutions and Laboratories.
5. Ecosystem dependent communities –
Traditional / Folk healers.
6. National, International organizational
networks related with Medicinal plant
sector.
The manufacturing sector consumes
the highest volume of medicinal plants,
apart from the practitioners and other
users of ISM&H.. There is also a large
segment of non commercial users
generally based on regional ecosystems.
There is,' however, no reliable data
available on the extent of consumption of
specific raw materials. The estimation of
actual or even fairly estimated demand of
raw material is a difficult task because the
basic data on source, consumption and the
demand per annum of the raw drugs is
usually not provided by the traders and
manufacturers. If at all it is provided, it is
far from realistic.
In order to assess the raw material
requirement of medicinal plants by
domestic commercial users three sources
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can be referred namely: a) Report
"Demand study for selected Medicinal
Plants" prepared by Center for Research,
Planning and Action (CERPA), New
Delhi, (2001-2002) commissioned by
Govt, of India (GOI), DoISM&H, with a
view to generate baseline information, b)
Report of the Task force "On conservation
& sustainable use of Medicinal Plants"
commissioned by Planning Commission,
GOI (2001). c) Interpolations carried out
by foundation for Revitalization of Local
Health Traditions (FRLHT) based on the
annual turnover of herbal industry. The
data on domestic use of medicinal plants
is given below:
ESTIMATED DEMAND FOR MEDICINAL PLANTS:
Basis of Study
(No. of Plants & year)
Source - Particular
a) Study Commissioned by DoISM&H,
GOI, Report "Demand study for
selected Medicinal Plants" prepared by
CERPA, New Delhi (2001-2002)
b) Task Force on Conservation and
Sustainable Use of Medicinal PlantsPlanning Commission, GOI, March 2000
c) Estimates prepared by FRLHT
(basedon National Draft Policy on
ISM, 2001 and DGCIS data
Total 1200 Plants (1999-2000)
Plants not included in the study
(1999-2000)
162 Plants Studied (1999-2000)
Plant raw material for domestic/
industrial consumption + Exports
excluding extracts
Domestic
Demand
(in tonnes)
Value
(Rs. crore)
198054-71
1099.18
7723741
428.68
120816.80-
670.50
2,40,000
Not given
1,28,000
384 +
463 384 + 463
- Total 847
Source: Compiled from above sources.
DOMESTIC USER'S PROFILE
Manufacturing Units:
The major users of the medicinal
plants are the manufacturing units and the
practitioners. The exact data regarding
number of licensed pharmacies and their
structural break up in terms of large
medium and small companies are not
available at single place since it is
available in the respective states. The
information gathered through secondary
sources is given in following the table:
Sr.
No.
Source
User
Category
CERPA Report and
Manufacturing
1 ISM Policy of
Units(ISM)
GOI2002
Numbers
over
8343
CERPA Report and Codified
2 ISM Policy of
practitioners
GOI2002
(licensed)
Folk
3 LSPSS Reports
Practitioners
Source: Reports cited above
over
5,00,000
1,00,000
The number 8343 of ISM manufacturing
units is dominated by Ayurveda (7149)
manufacturing
units
followed
by
Homeopathy (615), Siddha (309) and
Unani (270). Presently there are over 9000
mfg. units. According to an estimate there
are 6965 small/ very small manufacturing
units (turnover Rs. 1-5 crore); 25 under
the category of medium manufacturing
units (turnover Rs. 5-50 crore) and 10
large pharmacies with over Rs. 50 crore
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turnover. The requirement of individual
pharmacy varies depending upon the total
number of quantity of high and low values
of medicinal herbs used by them.
Traditional birth
attendants
Normal deliveries
Bone setters
Common
ailments
Orthopaedics
REGISTERED PRACTITIONERS:
Visha Vaidhyas
Natural poisons
Practitioners are another major
category of users of medicinal herbs after
the manufacturing units. The number of
registered practitioners in the ISM&H is
given below:
Other specialists
Registered ISM Practitioners In India
Indian System of Medicines
Ayurveda
Siddha
Unani
Naturopathy
Homeopathy
Total
No. of Practitioners
427504
16599
42445
429
194147
681124
Source : National Policy on ISM&H, 2002, Govt. of India
In the following table Medical System wise usage of medicinal plant/ raw
materials being used is given:
System-Wise Usage Of Medicinal Plants
System
Ayurveda
Folk
Homoeopathy
Modern
Siddha
Tibettan
Unani
Percentage
81.70%
67.97%
14.90%
06.38%
56.72%
23.77%
52.29%
Folk Practitioners: The folk practioners
and other healers also constitute a bulk
consumer of medicinal plants as follows:
Traditional
Carrier
Housewives &
Mothers
No. of
Practitioners
Subjects
Home remedies;
food
and nutrition
Millions
Herbal healers
700,000
300,000
60,000
60,000
Skin, respiratory,
About 1 per
mental illness
300
arthritis, dental,
Herbal
wounds, liver
Healers
fistula, piles
Source : Export of Indian Medicinal Plants Products, Dr.
P.E. Rajasekharan, Division of Plant Genetic Resources,
IIHR, Hessaraghatta, Bangalore
The above brief account and data on
utilization of Medicinal Plants clearly
indicate that the medicinal plants are
being utilized in large quantities,
enormously by a large section of
stakeholders as compared to its production
both in nature (in situ) & away from their
natural habitat(ex situ). Conservation of
natural resources is the need of the hour.
CONSERVATION
The World Conservation strategy
(IUCN, UNEP & WWF 1980) defines
conservation as “the Management of
Human use of the biodiversity so that it
may yield the greatest sustainable benefit
to present generation while maintaining
its potential to meet the needs and
aspirations of future generations”.
Two
important
International
Conventions to address biodiversity
conservation and regulation of trade are:
CITES – The Convention on International
Trade of endangered Species (1975), which
is the tool for monitoring or restricting the
Trade of threatened species. CBD – The
Convention on Biological Diversity
(1993), the first international legal
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instrument to address biological diversity
conservation and the sustainable use.
The most accepted and scientific
means of Conservation is by - In- situ and
Ex- situ methods. According to a study
(FRLHT, Trade database -2003) conducted
in Peninsular India (Maharashtra, T.N.,
A.P., Kerala, Karnataka) and North India (J
& K and H.P.) revealed that Fourteen (14)
Species are endemic to India , which are
threatened Globally and deserves higher
conservation priority. About 100 Species
of traded Medicinal Plants are under
various levels of threat (IUCN - now
WCU), out of which 16 are Critically
Endangered (CR), 30 are Endangered (EN)
and 39 are Vulnerable (VU).
In situ Conservation:
Conservation in its Natural habitat.
Forests are the Natural Gene Banks,
Conserving Plants in natural Habitat (MoEFGOI) in the following conservatories:
(1) Biosphere Reserves - 26 ; Established-20
(2) Wild life Sancturies - 448 (1,15,903 Sq.km.)
(3) National Parks -85 (34,819 Sq.km.)
For an effective in-situ conservation
measure: i) It would be necessary to
prevent poaching of medicinal plants by
enforcing the available legislation, and
regulation of harvesting from wild. ii) It
would also be necessary to educate the
farmers and community living adjacent to
the forest areas on the importance and
value of medicinal plants. iii) Special
efforts will be needed to educate the
farmers and tribals living in the vicinity of
the forest areas regarding scientific
methods of harvesting, storage and
transport of the raw materials, through
awareness camps, training pogrammes.
Besides this, iv) it should be supplemented
with regulatory measures to ensure quality
control and also to stop illicit poaching.
The natural habitat of medicinal
plants viz. the forests are under severe
stress on account of exploitation, illicit
cutting, destructive harvesting and
growing demand of the medicinal plants.
It is therefore depleting day by day unless
more serious measures are taken for their
conservation.
Ex Situ Conservation:
Conservation outside habitats. Such
conservation of medicinal plants is done in
Gardens, Arogya Van and through
Cultivation, Gene banks, Cryo-preservation
etc. Following are some of the important ex
situ
conservation
measures,
being
implemented in the country:
• No. of Botanical Gardens in India over 140 (incl. over 33 in Univ.)
• Five herbal gardens of
CCRAS:
Guggulu Herbal farm, Mangliawas
(Rajasthan) , about 15000 plants of
Guggulu are cultivated. Other 4
herbal gardens - at Tarikhet, Jhansi,
Pune, Itanagar.
• Artificial tropical forest conservation
along with medicinal and aromatic
plants in TBGRI, garden Coimbatore,
is a unique combination of ex situ and
in situ conservation (under Field Gene
Bank Programme, 1992-1999).
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• Under G-15 countries programme,
DBT established 3 National Gene
Banks for Germ plasm Conservation
(DNA Library, Tissue Culture /
Cryopreservation etc.) at (i) CIMAP,
Lucknow (ii) NBPGR, Delhi (iii)
TBGRI, Trivendrum.
Cultivation of Medicinal Plants:
Brief cultivation activities in India are as
follows:
•
•
Total Area Under Med. Plants
Cultivation - ± 1,11,000 ha (nearly 34 %).
Agro techniques of Medicinal Plants :
No. of
species
traded
Propagation
methods of
Med. plants
known
Agrotechnics&
AgroEconomics of
Med. Plants
880
Species
313 Species
108 Species
Procurement - wild or cultivated :
•
No. of
species
traded
Species
occur in
wild
(cultivation
not known)
880
538
Species from
cultivation
Species
source
both in
(not known wild &
found wild) cultivated
212 (42imported)
88
Export / Import :
•
No. of
spp.
export
ed
Species
cultivat
ed only
48
5
Harves
ted
from
wild
14
Species
both in
wild &
cultivat
ed
Exotic
spp.
(import
ed)
24
5
Ban on Exports of Medicinal Plants:
The habitat loss by export of
medicinal plants collected from wild
sources may lead to severe and
irreplaceable loss of genetic stock of
many species. The Ministry of
Environment and Forests has, therefore,
notified 29 species, which are banned and
can’t be collected from wild source for
export from India. Following are the
Species:
Plants, Plant portions and their
derivatives and extracts obtained from
the wild prohibited for exports:
1. Cycus beddomei (Beddom's cycad)
2. Vanda coerulea (Blue vanda)
3. Saussurea costus
4. Paphiopedilium species (Ladies
slipper orchid)
5. Nepenthes khasiana (Pitcher plant)
6. Renanthera imschootianu (Red vanda)
7. Rauvolifia serpentina (Sarpagandha)
8. Ceropegia species
9. Frerea indica (Shindal Mankundi).
10. Podophyllum hexandum ((emodi)
Indian Podophyllum).
11. Cyatheaceae species (Tree ferns).
12. Cycadacea species (Tree ferns).
13. Dioscorea deltoidea (Elephants Foot)
14. Euphorbia species (Euphorbias)
15. Orchidaceae species (Orchids)
16. Pterocarpus santalinus (Redsanders).
17. Taxus wallichiana (Common Yew or
Birmi leaves).
18. Aquilaria malaccensis (Agarwood).
19. Aconitum species
20. Coptis teeta
21. Coscinium fenestrum (Calumba wood).
22. Dactylorhiza hatagircu
23. Gentiana kuroo (Kuru, Kutki).
24. Gnetum species
25. Kampheria galenga
26. Nardostachys grandiflora
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27. Panax pseudoginseng
28. Picrorhiza kurrooa.
29. Swertia chirata (Chirayata)
COSERVATOIN ACTIVITIES AT A
GLANCE
The issues of Conservation are
addressed by a Number of Govt. Depts.
Including DoE&F and NGOs. However,
National
Medicinal
Plants
Board
(NMPB), play an important role in
supporting & promoting in situ & ex situ
conservation activities including creating
awareness. The schemes of NMPB cover
all the areas of Medicinal Plants Sector
incl.
Nursery/
Cultivation/
R&D/
Marketing etc. for Forest, public, GOs /
NGOs, Institutions etc.
The Conservation activities can be
implemented in 3 major Areas i.e. i)
Awareness Campaign, ii) In situ & iii) Ex
situ conservation.
i) Awareness Campaign
It an important component of
conservation for bringing awareness about
the identity of surrounding Medicinal
Plants (MP), their importance in our life
and their role in cultivating
and
generating income (as a profession). It is
necessary to sensitize general public,
farmers/cultivators, forest personals and
other stakeholders about MP. The
campaign for awareness for conservation
of MP is done: - by conducting, districtwise / village-wise, lectures, meetings,
seminar, workshops for public & all
stakeholders in all the states through
audio-visual electronic and print media.
ii) IN- SITU Conservation:
Through the schemes of NMPB- the
state forest dept. conserve the MP rich
area as ‘Medicinal Plants Conservation
Area’ (MPCA) and Herbal gardens.
• An outlay of Rs. 32.30 cr has been
allocated for In situ conservation
activities by NMPB (in the 5yr plan)
• Conservation of 39653.82 ha is done in
Forest Areas all over the country which
includes :
• 19,481.82 ha under resource augmentation
• 12,727 ha area under In- situ
conservation and 7445 ha – under
MPCA (38 nos.)
iii) Ex-Situ Conservation:
The Govt. under DoAYUSH through
NMPB
has
constituted
centrally
sponsored schemes of National Mission
on Medicinal Plants (NMPB), with a total
outlay of 630.00 cr for 11th 5year plan.
The above scheme primarily supports
Market Driven cultivation of MP on
private lands – with forward and
backward
linkages.
The
scheme
Implemented in 26 states through National
Horticulture Mission (NHM) and NMPB.
NHM through Mission Directors in 19
states & NMPB through CEO in 7 States
and NMPB supported cultivation of MP
(up to 31Dec.) in 1 1, 33,902.72 ha.
Which include: 83419.72 ha under
National Mission on MP and 50,483 ha
under Contractual Farming (2002-2008).
Ex-situ
conservation
include
establishment of medicinal plants gardens
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all over the country: i) Herbal Gardens255, ii) School Herbal Garden – 1798,
iii) Home Herbal Garden – 11,420.
Besides, Conservation through Germ –
plasm, Gene Banks, Cryo-preservation &
projects on RET species etc.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Anonymous, (1970) Charaksamhita. Commentary
by Shashtri, K.N. et al. Chaukhamba Vidya
Bhavan, Varanasi
Anonymous, (1977) Convention on International
Trade in Endangered species of Wild Fauna
and Flora. Govt. of India Press, New Delhi.
Anonymous, (1982) Ashtangahridayam edit.
Kunte, A.M. et al. ibid.
Anonymous, (1989) Plant Genetic Resources –
their conservation in situ for human use –
FAO, UN, Rome.
Anonymous, (1998) Medicinal plants – A Global
Heritage. Proceed. International Conference
on Med. Plants for survival,Bangalore. Intl.
Dev. Res. Centre – (IDRC), New Delhi.
Anonymous, (2001-02) Demand study for selected
Medicinal Plants. Min. H & FW, GoI,
DoISM&H, and WHO, New Delhi. Centre
for Res., Planning & Action (CERPA) Vol. I,
II. New Delhi.
Anonymous, (2002) Cultivation Practices of some
commercially important Medicinal plants.
Edit Billore K.V.&Singh,VK et al. Nat. Med.
Plants Board, DoAYUSH, Min. H & FW.
GOI, New Delhi.
Bhava Mishra. Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Edit. B.S.
Sastri & Pandey G.S. (Commentary.
Chunekar, K.C.) (1988).8th Edn. Chaukhamba
Bharati Academy, Varanasi.
Billore, K.V. (1989) Some Threatened Medicinal
Plants of Rajasthan and their Conservation.
Ind. For. 115 (8):595-599.
Dutta, R. & Jain Pushp (2000) CITES listed Med.
Plants of India – An identification Mannual.
TRAFFIC-India/WWF-India, New Delhi.
Jain S.K. (1981a) Conservation of Threatened
Plants in India in Plant Conservation Bull
1: 1-13. POSSCEF, BSI.Calcutta.
The utilization and harvesting of
Medicinal plants (MP) from natural
resources has to be sustainably managed.
The Forest Department (MoEF) at the
centre and State Forest Department
together with National Medicinal Plants
Board (NMPB) has to formulate a System
and Regulations for harvesting of
medicinal plants from wild and for
Collection of MP, plant parts sustainably
region wise. Cultivation of MP has to be
increased all over the country, to meet the
demand. The NMPB has to be
strengthened and given more power.
Conservation measures to be implemented
strictly. For effective in-situ conservation,
it would be necessary to prevent poaching
of medicinal plants by enforcing the
available legislation, and regulation of
harvesting from wild. It would also be
necessary to educate the farmers and
community living adjacent to the forest
areas on the importance and value of
medicinal plants. Special efforts will be
needed to educate the farmers and tribal.
A separate agency under NMPB
consisting of three major players i.e. Dept,
of AYUSH, Ministry of Environment &
Forests, and Ministry of Agriculture could
be constituted for policy framing,
implementation and regulations of M P
sector.
Grateful thanks are due to the
Managing Director and the Project
Manager (Spl. Proj.) MSHMPB, Pune for
facilities & encouragement.
REFERENCES
[Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants]
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 50-60
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
Why the Indian medicinal plants could not find their
place in the modern medicine? : An Overview
N.C.Shah
Founder & Ex. Director,
Herbal Research & Development Institute, Uttarakhand
& Retd. Head Botany & Pharmacognosy Division, CIMAP (CSIR)
Founder Secretary. cum Treasurer, Society of Ethnobotanist (lndia).
MS-78, Sector-D, Aliganj, Lucknow-226024.
e-mail: shahncdr@gmail.com Phone: 0522- 2326489
ABSTRACT
Indian medicinal plants could be well defined as the herbs used in Indigenous system of
Medicine in India like; Ayurveda, Unani –Tibb, Tibetan Medicine, and in Cosmeceuticals,
and nutraceuticals, etc. and also in the folk-medicine in the tribal areas. In this paper only
the Ayurvedic and & Unani drug plants are taken for discussion.
THE AYURVEDIC & UNANI
MEDICINAL PLANTS
At the Vedic times, the plants used in
Rig-veda and Atharva veda were
numbered only 168, Sharma (1969).
However, there are no records of plants
used in Mohanjodaro (Indus civilization)
except, Peepal, Ficus religiosa, found as
an emblem in the excavation.
the Table-1. However, the number of Indian
Medicinal plants at present used in India in
the indigenous system of medicine and in
folk medicine are about 5000 above.
THE MIGRATION OF ARYANS
AND THE HISTORY OF RIG-VEDA :
Fly Agaric, Amanita muscaria?,
stated to be used as Soma by the Aryans
before coming and reaching India,
Wasson (1971).
It is stated about 2500 B.C. the
Aryans migrated from Central Asia
towards South-West under two flanks, one
went to Iran, known as Indo-Iranian
Aryans and other came to Afghanistan
(Aryan) about 2000BC and they reached
(present) India about 1500 BC.
The number of plants used in Vedic
age and by Caraka, Sushruta and
Vagbhatta, etc and the plants used in
Unani-Tibb
system of medicine, in
different period of time have been shown in
It is mentioned by Wasson (1982) that
up to Hindukush and Afghanistan ‘Fly
Agaric’ was available possibly, for some
time and then it gradually depleted and was
not available to Aryans to be used as Soma.
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Later, due to its scarcity the Aryans
used its surrogates or substitutes in their
religious functions, rites and drink and
also in their sacrificial-fire, ”Homa’. They
began to use Ephedra sp., Tamarix sp.
and Peganum harmala, in their first home
Iran (Damania (2004) and in their second
home India, they used, a number of
plants like Ephedra, Sarcostemma sp.
Periploca aphylla etc. in different periods,
and
in different parts of the country.
According to Wasson (1968, 1971), the
following hymn clarifies this fact:
+
+
2
a
2 + 2
&8 ( &
#5
Z,
&,,
b ' c + [$
The Soma, which the Brahmans (the
priest) know, no other person knows and
the people think that they have drunk
‘Soma’ actually, they are not drinking the
true ‘Soma". (Further, the present ‘soma’ is
being ground and then prepared, however,
earlier one was first squeezed with fingers
by the ladies then processed. It means they
had changed the plant, which was being
ground and not being squeezed.)
The Findings of the Russian
Archaeologists: According to Russian
archeologist Sarianidi (2003), for the
first time, the monumental temples of
Aryans, were excavated and discovered,
in which intoxicating beverages of the
Soma-Haoma type were prepared for cult
ceremonies. The Soviet archeologists
further uncovered, a massive shrine of the
migrating Aryans of about the size of a
football field, in this a sacred-fire place, a
‘Havan kunda’ was also found, in which
remains of ‘Sacrificed’ horses were also
found (The Ashwamedhh Yaggya). And,
for the first time, the chariot remains with
horses were also recorded.
Big vessels were also uncovered, in
which ‘soma’ drink were kept. A
pounding-hole was found in which the
ingredients of ‘soma’ drink were pounded.
According to Prof Sarianidi, the
ingredients were the poppy (possibly
seeds), cannabis and ephedra for making
the Soma-Haoma drinks, were used.
(They abandoned the
use Amanita
muscaria as it was not readily available.)
Further, thickets of these plants were also
found in excess in the vicinity of the
excavated temples of Margiana, Sarianidi
(2003). And on basis of an interview by
Victor Sarindini in Discovery Channel,
(2010 November).
Possibly, when the Aryans left for the
Hindu-Kush Mountains, access to cannabis
and poppy became difficult and possibly
later, when poppy and cannabis plants
were not available, only ephedra were used
as a surrogate or substitute. It also depicts,
possibly, the use of Fly Agaric, was
abandoned due to non availability of the
material, when they had reached the site of
excavation during their migration.
Eventually, when they reached Indian
plains availability of Ephedra was also not
possible then they continued to use other
substitutes, just a formality, in different
parts of the country and in different periods
of times. The plants they used as Soma in
their ritual consecrations as surrogates and
substitutes are discussed in the text and also
Tabulated, in chronological order.
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The Sanskrit language: Before
reaching India, the Aryans used to
remember their poetic hymns of Rig-veda
orally known as ‘shruti’ as they did not
have any script to jot down their hymns.
After reaching India, they brought a script
from the Middle- East, where, many
scripts were emerging, and coined one, as
in its original language the roots and
shoots of the languages of Greek and
Latin, Kelt, Teuton and Slavonian, and
thus developed the Vedic Sanskrit.
After Rigveda, the other Vedas such
as Atharva veda, Yajur veda and Samveda,
and other texts like Brahmanas, Puranas,
Samihita, etc. were composed and written
by the Aryans in their new home land. So,
whenever, we read Rigveda, actually we
read about the life of the people in Central
Asia and seldom we find the references of
geographic locations of present India or
any present deities and if there is any,
possibly
these
were
incorporated
afterwards. It is always questioned that
why the Indians have not come forward to
probe into the ‘Soma’ issue, Nene(2004)
and others. Actually, it is the complete
ignorance of the knowledge of Sanskrit
available to the researcher. The westerners,
who had written on ‘soma’ were Vedists
themselves or person like Wasson took the
help of such a Vedist to assist, while in
India no botanist had ever taken any help
from the Vedist, in tackling the matter.
The most recent theory is by Spess
(2000), who proposed that the Soma plant
is Nymphaea and Nelumbo (water lilies
and the lotus plant), which attracts only
our attention but does not do any thing
more. Now, Soma in India is only
venerated in our religious rites and
ceremonies being in the 'Mantras'.
The Modern system of Medicine:
When the Britishers came to India they
studied the Indian medicinal plants so that
they could adopt these in their own
medicines as such many were adopted in
the early British Pharmacopeias.
The modern system of medicine,
actually began with the work of William
Withering with Foxglove, who very
meticulously identified the drug from a
complex folk-botanicals and clinically
studied the plant on his patients. In
1869,Nativelle, a French chemist isolated
a glycoside, Digitoxin from foxglove and
in 1890,Killani studied all the glycosides
of Digitalis in detail and from 1925, the
digitoxin, was used and as such the
modern medicine emerged. Then, the
leading pharmaceutical companies started
looking out for new drugs from the herbal
plants throughout the world for a potential
chemicals, which could pass the FDA
norms and work out efficiently. The
survey also began in India and all the
Ayurvedic and Unani and other wild
growing plants were screened. But, except
Sarpagandha, (Rauvolfia serpentina),
Kutki, (Picrorhiza kurroa), and Guggul,
(Commiphora mukul) , no other plant
could pass the test to be used in modern
medicine. No doubt, Sarpagandha’s
alkaloids reserpine, for some years
reigned the world as a cure for high blood
pressure(hypertension) but due to short
of material and discovery of other
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synthetic
chemical
drugs,
now
Sarpagandha is very seldom used in
modern medicine. However, it is used in
manufacture of Ayurvedic and Unani
medicine in a big way.
Later wards, the modern system of
medicine emerged and in place of crude
drugs, their active chemical constituents
were used, after testing pharmacologically
and clinically approved by the Food &
Drug Authority of each country. Efforts
were conducted to find out any plant from
India which could be adopted in the
modern system of medicine. But, except
Rauwolfia no other plant could be adopted
in the modern system of medicine. And, to
understand why ? We have to study the
working of the Ayurvedic , Unani and
other oriental systems of medicine.
No doubt,there are many effective
Indian Medicinal Plants, which are used in
our indigenous system of medicine but
they could not pass the norms of the
modern drugs.
The Oriental systems of medicine,
which includes Ayurvedic, Unani,
Chinese, Tibetan etc., are actually based
on the
“Theory of Synergism &
Antagonism” promulgated by Takagi et al
(1965) and later Williamson (2001). It is
known that in this system of medicine,
seldom a single drug is used, these are
used in combination of more than three
and even many. This theory explains that
how a single herbal drug or more, work
collectively, with two types of chemical
constituents,
the
synergistic
and
antagonistic . The synergistic ones, work
for
curing the diseases, while the
antagonistic ones cause the side effects or
toxic effects. While, in modern system a
single synergistic chemical is separated
and extracted and the antagonistic ones
are discarded. So, it was or still difficult
to find a single synergistic chemical
constituent in any Ayurvedic or Unani
herbal plant with potential of curing with
least side effects.
The Hypothesis of action of herbs or
herbal medicine : How a herb or a mixture
of herbs and mineral constituents or herbal
or phytomedicine act in treatment in the
traditional system of medicine ? A
hypothesis was propounded by Takagi et al,
(1965) according to them in oriental system
of medicine (which includes, Chinese,
Ayurveda, Unani, Tibetan or Amchi, etc),
the herbs are used in combination with other
herbs and minerals or zoological drugs.
Each herb or constituent bears a number of
individual active or inactive chemical
ingredients and the active chemical
ingredients of each herb, may have different
pharmacological actions or activities such
as : (i) The synergistic ingredients, which
have similar pharmacological activity. (ii)
The antagonistic ingredients, which have
opposite pharmacological activity such as
toxicity and side effects. (iii) The protecting
ingredients, that protects the synergistic
ingredients physically & chemically.
In traditional system of medicine, the
use of a single herbal product is very rare
and several units of plant products with
various ingredient contained in one
prescription
exhibit,
synergistic
&
antagonistic
effect
according
to
physiological condition of patients. The
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same ingredient exhibit quite the opposite
action, when the associates of the
combination changed. The concept of
synergistic interactions are regarded of vital
importance in herbal or phyto-medicines, to
explain difficulties in isolating a single
active ingredient and explain the efficacy of
apparently low doses of active constituents
in a herbal product.
This concept, as a whole or partially
purified extract of a plant offers
advantages over a single isolated
ingredient, also support the philosophy of
action of herbal medicine. The whole
philosophy of action is diagrammatically
shown as under :
Thematic Diagram based On TAKAGI
et al, (1965) Hypothesis and
Modified into a diagrammatic representation By N.C. Shah (2003)
SYNERGISTIC
Chemical
Compounds
ANTAGONISTIC
CHEMICAL
COMPOUNDS
PROTECTOR-CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
(CHEMICALLY OR PHYSICALLY)
Williamson (2001) has documented
the
synergistic
interactions
for
constituents within a total extract of a
single herb, as well as between different
herbs in a formulations and has identified
and measure of synergy. The Positive and
negative aspects of interactions evidence
is divided into experimental, in vitro
instances, as well as clinical examples
where available. Herbs discussed include
Ginkgo biloba, Piper methysticum (Kava-
Kava), Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hypericum
perforatum,
Valeriana
officinalis,
Cannabis sativa, Salix alba, etc., which
are used now a days in the western
countries as phytomedicine.
Synergistic component from two
plants if combined then it is not certain
that their action would be more
synergistic after combination, it may act
as an antagonistic which is evinced from
the following example in which the
combination of Bergenia ligulata and
Dolichos biflorus extracts did not
increased the synergistic effects but it
slowed down the action in vitro
antilithiatic / anticalcification activity by
the homogenous precipitation method.
Also a combination of the extracts of the
two plants was tested while Bergenia
ligulata showed less activity and the
combination was not as active as the
individual extracts, (Garimella et al,
2001).
The synergistic and antagonistic
action could be explained from the
example that when single alkaloid from
Rauvolfia serpentina is used, it has 16 side
effects but if crude drug is taken it has no
side effect. It explains that in the crude
drugs there are number of protective
chemical constituents which protect from
the antagonistic ones.
However, now a days, there are number
of products in the market which are
formulated by mixing different plants having
same pharmacological action and these are
sold under Ayurvedic brand. Though, it
sound well but plants with similar action
may not turn in synergistic way but may turn
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into antagonistic way as a result side effects
& toxic effects Such formulation require at
least toxicological testing.
ETYMOLOGY & PHILOLOGY OF
SANSKRIT AND OTHER NAMES OF
PLANTS
However, based on this concept, in
India the synergistic constituents are
separated from the antagnostic or the toxic
ones, as an example the ‘Gugul lipid’. In
this case only the synergistic chemical
compounds are used in a portion of extract
and is called ‘Allo-ayurvedic medicine’.
The Etymology & Philology of
Sanskrit names of plants and their
synonyms are very certain and perfect.
We get many information in deciphering
these
synonyms.
The
book-Namalingaanusasana or Amarkosa a
Sanskrit
dictionary
compiled
by
Amarasimha in the year 600-700 AD
gives all proper & common noun Sanskrit
names and the in uses of plants, animals,
minerals etc. Amarsimha was among the
‘Navaratnas’ of Samrat Vikramaditya and
a Sanskrit scholar. His work was compiled
in 1600 A.D.
Guggul Extract
Guggul lipid’ is the ethanolic extract
isolates of the ketonic steroid compounds
guggul sterones of the
gum resin,
effective to reduces the elevated serum
blood cholesterol and triglycerides levels.
Discovered by CDRI, in collaboration
with Malti Chemicals. The CIPLA was
licensed for the drug manufacturing
known as 'Guggullip’. It is one of the
example, where without any proper
planning and assessing, the raw material
and the annual availability, the production
was started and then failed.
However, the raw material is already
insufficient in the country to meet the
demand of the indigenous medicines.
However, 'Guggullip' was registered and
patented in India as a new hypolipedaemic agent and was marketed under
the brand name of 'Gugullip' tablets by
CIPLA Ltd Bombay as an ‘AlloAyurvedic drug”
Though, in India it was rarely
available in the market, however, in
foreign countries the drug was marketed
by number of foreign and Indian
companies. Further see Websites
Sanskrit names of plants Etymology
& Philology and their synonyms are very
certain and perfect.
For example we take Turmeric,
Curcuma longa in sanskrit known as
'Haridra' the etymology is two words,
'Hari' and 'Harit', the jaundice, or
'miraculous' and 'Dravya', the 'Jaundice
article, or 'miraculous article. However,
Amarismha mentioned only 5 synonyms
but with a detailed etymology. Though,
Dymock et al (1890-93) mentions 46
Sanskrit synonyms but no details,
however, Shah (2007) could collect only
35 synonyms and tried to decipher these
names or synonyms etymologically. A
few important ones would only be
discussed here.
The analyses of 35 names have
shown that the names are based on the
following characters. 1. Medicinal
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properties; 2. Mode of preparation. and
time of application; 3. As Dye
&
Cosmetic; 4. Abstractive properties; 5.
Loved by the ladies. 6.After the Taboos;
7. After the Deities name; 8. The Habitat.
1. Medicinal properties
Under this those ailments and
diseases are present, which said to be the
curing properties of ailments & diseases,
such as; 'Jwarantika', 'Jwar' means fever
and ''antika' is ending, which ends the
fever; 'Krimighni', Kirmi' means worms
and 'ghani' means the destroyer, which
destroys the intestinal worms or other
worms; Mihagni', 'Miha' means downpouring and 'agni' means fire, i.e., the
inflammation of the body is down poured,
anti-inflammatory.
Vishagni',
'Vish'
means poison and 'agni' means the fire,
which destroys the poison in the body or
an anti-inflammatory.
2. On the mode of preparation
'Gharsini', 'Kasada', 'Kasapa'- All words
denote that the rhizome is ground on stone
to make a paste before application.
3. Used as a dye & cosmetic
'Varnagi' ‘Var' means bride-groom
and 'angi' means to put on. The bridegroom body was/is pasted with turmeric
sent from the bridal house before leaving
to the bridal house for marriage. This
tradition still prevails. 'Varna-datri',
'Varna' means colour and "datri' means
giving as it is used for dyeing and for
body coluring & complexion, hence
called, ‘the one which imparts colour.
'Dirgha–ranga' 'Dirgha' means lasting
, 'ranga' is colour, meaning the colour of
which, lasts for long. 'Shobhna', 'Shobhna'
means brilliant. When it was used by the
ladies on the face and body as a cosmetic,
the face and the body used to glow and
shine. 'Nisha','Shyama' and 'Yamini'-All words denote 'night‘. because it is
applied in the night as a cosmetics so the
words are used.
'Pinja','Pita','Pitika‘-All meaning yellow colour. 'Ranjjini'-'Ranjini' means dyeing & coloring as it
was also used to dye the colour of the
body and face, therefore, and also the
clothes hence called 'Ranjini‘.
Hemragi','Hemragini' 'Kanchini'--All
denotes golden colour. The colour
obtained is 'Swarna-varna' golden colour
or the rhizome.
4. The abstractive properties
'Bhadra'-- It means auspicious or
fortune giving. Possibly, in the earlier
days, it was used as an amulet or gem and
regarded as fortune giving. In Kumaon a
small piece of rhizome is still tied in the
hands of bride and bridegroom as an
amulet. 'Mangalprada' ,'Mangalia'--both
the words mean 'welfare-bestower'
;'Pavitra' -- 'Pavitra' means holy. It is
regarded as an holy article. 'Subhagya', It
means 'good luck', which bestows good
luck to the user, who uses it as an amulet.
5. Loved by the ladies
'Yoshit-priya', 'Yuvati' ‘Yoshit' means
young 'priya' is liked and loved. 'Yuvati'
means young lady. It means, it is liked
and loved by the young ladies.
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"Hridya-vilasani'-- "Hridya' means
heart, and 'vilasani' means that delights or
charms. It charms the ladies.
6. The taboos
Anestha. means the thing which is not
allowed to be offered in the sacrificial
fire, "Yaggya'. Turmeric is never offered
in Yaggya. 7. After the Deities name;
'Shiva', 'Uma', 'Gauri',’Laximi'.
7. The Habitat
Kaveri'–Possibly, 'Kaveri' the river
in Tamilnadu and during those days
turmeric was grown by the side of river
Kaveri. Presently, the best turmeric is
still produced from Tamilnadu.
THE 'RAJ' OF MADHYA PRADESH
In the state of Madhya Pradesh and
its adjoining states a herb is found mostly
its roots are used and these are known as
Bhog raj. Kamraj, Tej raj Hans raj, etc.
etc. So far 21 types of “Raj’ are recorded
to be found but these have been not
collected systematically, identified and
chemically analysed Only 7 species have
been so far identified with Vernacular
names & botanical names and according
to Shah & Singh (1990) these are;
Tej raj
Peucedanam
dhana
(Umbelliferae)
Bhog raj Peucedanum nagpurense (Umbelliferae)
Jal raj
Oenoanthe stolonifera (Umbelliferae)
Hans raj Pimpinella bracteata
(Umbelliferae)
(Boraginaceae)
Kam raj Cynoglossom
lanceolatum
Patta
Nelsonia campestris
(Acanthaceae)
Kam raj
However, stil 14 plant species still
remains to be found identified. These are;
Deoraj, Nag raj, Som raj, Agni-raj, etc
. Even, 10 Raj, vernacular names & botanical
names are still to be found out. Not only this
these are required to be identified, and to
work out the chemistry & pharmacology to
find their potential in medicine. Please note
in my recent visit during this workshop I had
seen that Selagenella botryoptis was being
sold as 'Kamraj', however, this drug is sold as
'Sanjivini' in Uttar Pradesh. When it is put is
water the plant comes to its normal structure.
Psycho-somatic Treatment or Faith
We know certain diseases are psychosomatic. In Amarkantak (MP), there exist
a slab out side the Mahadev temple, near
the source of river Narbada, in which, it is
inscribed that just having a ‘Darshan’ of
the deity,
the ‘Apasmar’, ‘Kushta’
‘Kshaya’,’Prameh’’Jwar-unmad’
Gulmadi’ diseases are ended. Not only
this the demons also leave the patient
immediately. What is this? An utter faith?
Or a psycho- somatic treatment ?
Bupleuram
falcatum syn.
Kamraj (Nepal) Hemlinthostachys zeylanica,
(Ophioglossaceae) Mitra et al (1973)
The Crude drug selling tribals: Not
only in Chitrakoot the crude drugs as
medicine are sold but also in Amarkantak
these are sold. Out side, the Amarkantak
temples, the tribals are seen selling crude
drugs as medicine. And, as such
Dryopteris cochleata (a fern) is found to
be sold .this is much used in various types
of diseases.
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Table 1.Showing the number of medicinal plants used in different period of time by
different physicians
1.Pre-Vedic period or
Indus Civilization
2600-1900 BCA
-
2.Vedic period: Rigveda & Atharvaveda
1000 BCA
‘Peepal’
Ficus religiosa
“Soma’
Amanita muscaria ?168
Caraka
?
Amarsimha
Sushruta
Vagbhatta
Madhava
Chakrapani Dutt
Mahendra Bhogick
Shodal
Madan Pal
Narhari
Bhava Misra
Rajballabh
125-150 A.D.
350-375 A.D.
600-700
800-900 A.D.
Ca 700 A.D.
700 A.D.
1060 A.D
.?
1200 A.D.
1374 A.D.
1600 A.D.
1600 A.D.
1760 A.D.
400-450
?
573
700-800
373
499
750
-
Ibn-sena (Avicena)
Abdul Ariz-ibn-ark-Qaj
Sayd
Mohd.Husain
Azam Khan
Najmul Ghani Khan
Wahid & Aziz
980-1033 A.D.
1252-1307 A.D.
20th century
Late 20th century
1915
1957
719
212
1500 herbs growing in
South India
Above 1000 drug.
2500
88. Unani drugs included
in Unani Tibb.
Kirtikar and Basu
1935
1775
Chopra et al.
1956
Above 3500
3 Post-Vedic period:
Caraka Samhita
Bower’s mss (Navanitakam)
Amar Kosh
Sushruta Samhita
Ashtanga Hridiyam Samhita
Ratnamala
Dravyaguna Sangrah
Dhanwantri Nighantu
Shodal Nighantu
Madan Pal Nighantu
Raj Nighantu
Bhava Prakash Nighantu
Rajballabh Nighantu
4. Unani & Unani Tibb. Medicine
Period :
Al-Qanoon
Kitabu-umdafil-Jirahat Taj Kiratul Hind
Makh-janul-adiva
Muhete Azam’or
Qurabuddine-Azam
Khazan-etul- Adiva
Survey of Drugs
5. Modern Period:
Indian Medicinal Plants
Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 61-66
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
MEDICINAL PLANTS IDENTIFICATION AND
IMPORTANCE OF HERBARIA IN MEDICO-BOTANY
Dr. K. V. Billore
Consultant, Maharashtra State Horticulture & Medicinal Plants Board,
Sakhar Sankul, Shivajinagar, PUNE-411005.
ABSTRACT
Identification and the quest to know the name of a Medicinal plants is a natural instinct. It
is the basic requirement in general and for any study or research studies in particular.
Herbarium provides identity of medicinal plants and authentic preserved voucher
specimens for Medico -botanical Research. In the present communication the importance
& methodology of Identifying Specimens of Medicinal plants and also the Importance of
Herbarium in Medico-botany have been discussed.
INTRODUCTION
The use of plants for medicinal
purpose is known since very early period.
Plant collection and giving name to them
is a natural instinct and is in practice since
Vedic period. Medicine obtained from
plants is one of the four basic needs i.e.
food, cloth, shelter and medicine, fullfilled to a large extent by the plants / plant
products, since time immemorial.
Medicinal Plants collections in India
started since the publication by Garcia de
orta (1565) (La Coloquios) even before
the historic work ‘Species Plantarum’ by
father of Botany Linnaeus (1753). Later,
the medicinal plants were collected along
with the botanical specimens, since
ancient time and were preserved as
herbarium for studies. The explorations
conducted by earlier botanists including
Sir Geo King, Roxb., J. D.Hooker, Dalzell
& Gibs., T. Cooke etc., etc. are even now
preserved. This study of plant identification
and preservation forms the foundation of all
researches involving plant material and its
utility. In the present communication an
attempt has been made to present in brief
the methodology of identification and
importance of Herbarium in Plant studies
and identifying the specimens.
IDENTIFICATION (BOTANICAL)
In traditional sense herbarium methods
are confined only to preservation of
specimens only, but in broader sense it also
includes
identification,
labeling,
incorporation of the specimens both
medicinal or other-wise. Once the
herbarium specimens are prepared and
labeled it is ready for identification. The
specimens to be identified are arranged
according to the broad groups/subgroups
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based on the taxonomic characters and then
placed in the suitable Families as per the
accepted system of Classification for further
taking up identification at generic and
specific level. The plant specimen is then
further studied based on generic characters
to determine the Genus under the families.
The prerequisite for identification is
the general knowledge of the geographic
location, topography of the area and field
observations and information of the
regional floras. Observations in the field
and notes with regards to habitat, altitude
of area, habit, plant’s association, local
uses, if any, and record of such characters
of the plant like aroma, color of flower, &
other plant parts, which are likely to
change or vanish on drying or poisoning
of the plant specimen. Field observations
and experience in the field and herbarium
facilitates identification.
Identification of a plant specimen
involves determination and giving correct
scientific name to a plant as per
International
Code
of
Botanical
Nomenclature
(ICBN).
Usually
identification is considered to be the process
through which a specimen whose name is
not known is recognized by its characters, to
be similar to some known plant, and
accordingly given a name. Or in other
words Identification is the determination of
a taxon as being identical with or similar to
another already known element. The
determination may or may not be arrived at
by the aid of literature or by comparison
with plants of known identity. It involves
keen and critical observation.
In some cases, when the plant
specimen do not match with the existing
specimens of the herbarium and do not fit
in the keys & description in the floras /
literature, in such cases it scrutinized at
regional & national Herbaria, together
with more national and international
Floras / literatures and the opinion of the
experts in the field. With such process of
elimination it may turn out to be a new
distributional record or may be
determined to be a new species. The
specimen is further studied in detail with
reference to the characters of closely
allied taxa and detailed notes &
comparison is noted. For the final scrutiny
of the specimen it is sent to Britain, the
Royal Botanical Garden, and Kew
Herbarium which has collections from all
over the World or may be sent to any
other
international
herbaria.
The
authorities of Kew herbarium give their
opinion & determine the identity or
declare as new species. Such species can
be given a suitable name and published
validly as per the guidelines of the ICBN.
Nomenclature is concerned with the
determination of correct botanical name of
a known plant as per a designated code /
system i.e. International Code of
Botanical Nomenclature. The code has
certain
Principles,
Rules
and
recommendations. Six Principles broadly
forms the basis of Systems of
nomenclature. The rules provide detailed
provisions of the system, and are laid out
in 75 Articles. The aim of rules of
Nomenclature is that one name can be
rightly applied
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For the purpose of identification the
step by step scientific method is to: i)
First study the characters of the plant, ii)
Check them with flora(s) of the area
(region) iii) Work through the family, genus
and species keys and iv) Compare with full
description and illustrations. v) It is then
compared carefully with the earlier identified
specimens of that species (taxon). vi) If
specimen does not fit in the key or match in
herbarium. vii) Efforts are made to consult
floras of adjacent areas and other regional
/national herbaria. The elimination process
may lead to discovery of new Taxon as
described in earlier para. viii) The next
important task in the process of
identification is the use of correct
nomenclature as per International code
(rules) of Botanical nomenclature (ICBN)
as narrated above.
TRADITIONAL METHOD OF
IDENTIFICATION
During Vedic period medicinal plants were
identified and named based on their origin,
morphological characters, smell, therapeutic
action, properties etc. as follows:
i) Origin (Udhbhavbhodahak) – exp.
Ashwattha, Sarpgandha, Varshabhu.
ii) Properties (Gunbhodhak) – exp.
Ashwagandha.
iii) Action (Karmabhodahak) – exp.
Apamarg.
iv) Morphology or Appearance (Swarupbhodhak)- exp Ajashrungi.
Seven parameters were used. Based
on these parameters The plants were
described
using adjectives
during
“Nighantu period”, which resulted in great
number of Synonyms. Due to this many
medicinal plants were known by one name
and vice versa. It was difficult to identify
based on texts (Shastra). According to
some Nighantus forest dwellers, shepherds
living and wandering in forests are best
source for identifying drugs. Even now we
have and we are acquiring knowledge from
them. In earlier days the identity of a plant
drug was based on their ‘names’ & ‘guna’.
The names in ‘Shashtra’ (texts) and those
derived and used by local people
(Apabhransh)
created
difficulty
is
identification. There were confusion due to
communication gap and geological barrier:
Not only names but their ‘Guna’ were
over-lapping being similar to one another i.e.
Sadaphal – This name is used for 1) Bilva 2)
Narikal, Shankhapushpi, Rasana etc. Two
different
plants
under
the
name
Shankhapushpi are described, one from
North India & other from South India.
Likewise many Plants in different regions are
known by the name ‘Rasana’ in Ayurveda.
Modern system adopted: In earlier
period 18th or mid of 18th century, plants
were named by using many words and
thereby confusing their identity. This
problem was solved when Binomial
Nomenclature system was introduced by the
scientist ‘Rivinus’ which was further
developed and adopted by Linnaeus, who
established this system in his monumental
work
“Species
Plantarum”
(1753).
According to this system every plant name
will have two names i.e. i) Generic name ii)
species name, for example Ocimum sanctum
Linn. etc.This System also brought clarity in
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medicinal plants nomenclature and identity
of the plant drugs.
IMPORTANCE OF HERBARIUM IN
MEDICO-BOTANY
A herbarium which is store-house of
plant materials including medicinal plants
peserved according to certain standard
methods, is in fact the main tool of
taxonomy and forms the basis of all
researches in different disciplines. Thus,
Herbarium is of paramount importance.
The rich medicinal flora in the forests
were the laboratories and living herbarium
during ancient period, the tradition of
‘verbal teaching’ as described in
Ayurveda and practical knowledge in
nature was in vogue. But it was disrupted
by the British rule due to non-patronage
and was neglected. As such Ayurveda
suffered a great loss, as the whole chain of
“Guru shishya- parampara” was almost
completely destroyed.
This resulted in a great confusion as
to the identity and nomenclature of the
drugs. As such the controversy prevailed
and most of the present day pharmacists
have to depend on the crude drug
suppliers or the ‘pansaries’ for procuring
raw drugs. Under such a state of
confusion in crude drugs, a need for the
identification or the authenticity of
genuine crude drugs is felt and importance
of Herbaria was realized. The genuine
raw drugs are the starting material or the
basic tool in the field of medicobotany.Herbaria
are
of
immense
importance in Medico-botany mainly in
the field of : (i) Education, (ii) Research,
and (iii) Pharmaceuticals.
(i) Education
The herbaria have a prospective role
in Medico-Botany as it houses preserved
plant specimens of various areas and
provides an up to-date information about
the medicinal flora of our country in
general and about local medicinal plants
in particular. This information will be
useful for the students & public at large,as
follows:
Establishment
of
Herbaria
in
secondary schools / colleges for general
knowledge & information. ii) Herbaria as
an Aid in teaching about plants utility
without going to the field in schools /
colleges (Ayu. Colleges), iii) Educating
public / rural people, and in iv) Govt.
Institutions
(ii) Drug Research
Herbaria cater to the needs of drug
research by way of providing authentic
specimens and the voucher specimens.
The Voucher specimens of the plants
under study is mandatory. Herbarium acts
as a tool in the following areas of medico
botanical researches:
a) Medico botanical explorations and
medico ethno-botanical Research.
b) Study of controversial drugs ;
c) Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry
d) Pharmacological studies;
e) Clinical studies.
(iii) Pharmaceuticals
Herbarium study can
authentic standard materials
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following areas in the field of
pharmaceuticals: (a) Pharmacognosy (b)
Drug standardization (c) Study of
identification of market samples to check
adulteration.
Role Of The Herbarium In Medico- botany
In the foregoing account scope of
herbaria in various disciplines have been
discussed. Following are some of the
examples on the role of Herbarium
studies in medico-botanical research
including pharmaceuticals:
A. M..R. Uniyal and R.K. Issar
(1970) studied and identified some species
of the well known group of Ayurvedic drug
Ashta varga : a group of controversial
drugs of Ayurveda based on field and
Herbarium studies. . According to them
probable “Ashta varga” identified are:
Jivak – Rishbbak Microstylis wallichii Lindl.
1)
Kakoli- kshir - Kakoli Lillium
polyphyllum D.Don.
2)
Kakoli (i) Roscoea procera Wall.
(ii) R. Alpina Royle
3)
Meda Maha Meda : (i) Polygonartum
verticillatum All. (ii) P.Cirricifolium
Royle
4)
Ridhi -Vridhi Habenaria intermedia
D.Don.
* This group was further chemically
studied by V. Shanker et al (1970) for
Polygonatum verticillatum (Meda Mahameda)
* Habenaria & Microstylis spp. (Ridhivridhi) V. Shanker et al (1972) .
B. Usman Ali (1972) – Based on
herbarium and Laboratory studies
identified two new source of ‘Nagkesara’
i.e. fruits of Dillinia pentagyna Roxb. and
tender fruits of Cinna momum ( C.
Wightii & C. macrocarpum) in South
Indian pharmacies. Accepted source is
Mesua ferrea L.
C. K. V. Billore & M. R. Uniyal
(1974), have identified
the three
“Mansis” or the Mansi-traya of AyurvedaJatamansi, Bhutkesi (Gandha Mansi) and
Mura-mansi as Nardostachys jatamansi
DC., Selinium vaginatum C.B.Cl. and S.
tenuifolium Wall. ex DC., respectively
based on field and herbarium studies and
descriptions given in Ayurvedic texts.
D.
V.V.S.
Togunashi,
B.S.
Venkataram and S.N. Yoganarsimhan
(1976) have studied the Ayurvedic drug
Amlavetas and it was found that 3 species
of Rumex, 2 species of Garcinia and one
Citrus species are used as Amla-vetas.
E. M.Y. Ansari and R.S. Rao (1973)
identified a new indigenous source of the
drugs colchicine’ in 6 species of Iphigenia
based on field / herbarium and chemical
studies.
This
biosystematic
study
indicated that out of 6 species, Iphigenia
stellata has maximum percentage of active
principle.
F. S. N. Yoganarsimhan, V.S.
Togunashi, Z. mary and R.C. Nayar
(1979) studied a crude market sample and
found that Nymphoides macrospermum
Vasu is used as “Tagara” in south Indian
Pharmacies. However, actually Valeriana
jatamansi is the Tagara in Ayurveda.
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These examples indicate beyond
doubt that Herbaria play an important role
in the field of Medico-botany. Its scope is
further enhanced as only small
percentages out of a large number of
plants are known to be medicinal. The
Herbaria play a vital role in establishing
the identity of controversial or imperfectly
known Ayurvedic drugs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful to the Managing
Director, and Project Manager(Spl.Proj.)
Maharashtra State Horticulture &
Medicinal Plants Board, Pune , for the
facilities & encouragement.
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 67-78
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
PROSPECTS OF CULTIVATION OF SOME IMPORTANT
MEDICINAL PLANTS
S.K. Tewari, Shweta Singh, S.K. Sharma and R.S. Katiyar
Banthra Research Station, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute,
Lucknow – 226 001, email: sktewari@nbri.res.in
INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants play an important
role in human life to combat diseases
since time immemorial. The rural folks
and tribals in India even now depend
largely on the surrounding plants/forests
for their day-to-day needs. Majority of the
medicinal and aromatic plants are still
collected from wild for preparation of
herbal drugs and perfumes/cosmetics.
Rapid population growth and rising
popularity of herbal drugs and natural
essential oils have brought into focus the
acute scarcity in availability of some of
the plants due to indiscriminate and
unregulated collection, habitat destruction
through expanding agricultural lands,
deforestation and urbanization. Fall in the
supply of good quality, genuine raw
material has resulted in price rise and
deterioration
in
the
quality
of
formulations. With growing demand and
use of medicinal and aromatic plants, the
important species have to be introduced
into commercial agriculture.
The annual world trade in medicinal
plants is around $ 60 billion (Rs. 240,000
crores) and is expected to touch $ 5
trillion by 2005.3 The Indian annual
turnover of herbal material has crossed
Rs. 4000 crores mark, of which Rs. 300 to
400 crores worth is being the export
market. The share of Indian trade in
medicinal and aromatic plants is only 1.5
percent of the world market. India is one
of the major exporters of crude drugs
mainly to the developed countries like the
USA, the UK, Germany, Japan, France,
Switzerland etc. The main crude drugs
having good export opportunities are
Aconite, Aloe, Dioscorea, Ephedra,
Digitalis, Bach, Belladona, Cincona,
Ergot, Isabgol, Opium, Vinca, Senna,
Sarpagandha, etc. Of these senna leaves,
isabgol, husk/seed, and Cassia tora seeds
are in maximum demand. China is the
major producer of herbal plant material in
the world. China earns US$ 5 billion per
year from herbal trade besides meeting its
domestic requirements. Though India has
more potential of production of number of
medicinal and aromatic plants than China,
but because of the production of poor
quality produce, the contribution of India
in the world market is very low.
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CURRENT SCENARIO OF
AVAILABILITY OF RAW
MATERIAL OF HERBAL DRUGS
About 90% of medicinal plants used by
the industries are collected from the wild.
While over 800 species are used in
production by industry, less than 20 species
of plants are under commercial cultivation.
Over 70% of the plant collections involve
destructive harvesting because of the use of
parts like roots, bark, wood, stem and the
whole plant in case of herbs. This poses a
definite threat to the genetic stocks and to
the diversity of medicinal plants if
biodiversity is not sustainably used. Crude
drugs are usually the dried parts of
medicinal plants (roots, stem wood, bark,
leaves, flowers seeds, fruits, and whole
plants etc.) that form the essential raw
materials for the production of traditional
remedies of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani,
Homeopathy, Tibetan and other systems of
medicine including the folk, ethno or tribal
medicines. The crude drugs are also used to
obtain therapeutically active chemical
constituents by specialised methods of
extraction, isolation, fractionation and
purification and are used as phytochemicals
for the production of modern allopathic
medicines or herbal/phytomedicines. An
approximate estimate of area under
cultivation of medicinal plants in India is
provided in Table 1.
Table 1. Area under major medicinal plants in India
S. No. Common name
Botanical name
Producing states
Rajasthan and Gujarat
Estimated
area (ha)
1.
Psyllium
Plantago ovata
2.
Opium poppy
Papaver somniferum Madhya Prades, Uttar Pradesh and
Rajasthan
3.
Senna
Cassia senna
Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh
4.
Coleus
Coleus forskohlii
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra
Paradesh
5.
Cinchona
Cinchona spp.
Darjeeling (West Bengal) and Tamil Nadu
8,000
6.
Ashwagandha
Withania somnifera
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar
Pradesh
5,000
7.
Safed musali
Chlorophytum sp.
Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Uttar
Pradesh
5,000
8.
Periwinkle
Catharanthus roseus Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
and Maharastra
4,000
9.
Khai katari
Solanum spp.
4,000
10.
Sarpagandha
Rauvolfia serpentina Madhya Pradesh
11.
Ipecac
Maharastra
Cephaelis ipecacuanha Darjeeling (West Bengal)
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55,000
20,000
20,000
450
2,500
100
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INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS:
POOR GLOBAL
COMPETITIVENESS
Several medicinal plants have been
assessed as endangered, vulnerable and
threatened due to over harvesting or
unskillful harvesting in the wild. Habitat
destruction in the form of deforestation is an
added danger. The other main source of
medicinal plant is from cultivation.
Cultivated material is infinitely more
appropriate for use in the production of
drugs. Indeed, standardisation whether for
pure products, extracts or crude drugs are
critical and while become increasingly so,
as quality requirements continue to become
more stringent. Given the higher cost of
cultivated material, cultivation is often done
under contract. In the majority of cases,
companies would cultivate only those plant
species which they use in large quantity or
in the production of derivatives and isolates,
for which standardisation is essential and
quality is critical. More recently growers
have set up cooperatives or collaborative
ventures in an attempt to improve their
negotiating power and achieve higher price.
Some of the constraints associated with the
processing of medicinal plants which may
result in reducing their competitiveness in
global markets and which have to be
remedied are:•
Lack of research on development of highyielding varieties, domestication etc.
•
Poor propagation methods
•
Poor agricultural practices
•
Poor harvesting and post-harvest
processing
•
Poor quality control procedures
•
Lack of current good manufacturing
practices
•
Lack of R&D on product and process
development
•
Difficulties in marketing
•
Lack of local market for primary
processed products
•
Lack of trained personnel and
equipments
•
Lack of extension service for latest
technologies and market information
The World Health Organization
(WHO) has released the guidelines for
good agricultural and collection practices
for medicinal plants-an industry. The
guidelines are intended for national
governments to ensure production of
herbal medicines is of good quality, safe,
sustainable and poses no threat to either
people or the environment. The WHO
guidelines on good agricultural and
collection practices (GACP) for medicinal
plants are an important initial step to
ensure good quality, safe herbal medicines
and ecologically sound cultivation
practices for future generations. In an
easy-to-understand style, they cover the
spectrum of cultivation and collection
activities, including site selection, climate
and soil considerations and identification
of seeds and plants. Guidance is also
given on the main post-harvest operations
and includes legal components such as
national and regional laws on quality
standards, patent status and benefits
sharing.
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PROSPECTS OF CULTIVATION
Small farmers on marginal lands are
generally cultivating medicinal and
aromatic plants with low input in
resources. Besides this, information on
several aspects of their agricultural
productivity is also not easily available to
the farmers. Though we have been
practicing the theory of organic farming
for centuries, the modern science based
chemicalized agriculture has pushed it in
background. In this article, theory and
practices of organic cultivation of
medicinal and aromatic plants for stable
production of good quality raw material
without harmful effects on soil health and
environment have been described.
SELECTION OF SITE
The selection of site for cultivation of
medicinal and aromatic plants mainly
depends upon the space available,
physical and chemical properties of the
soil, medicinal plant species and the
micro-climatic conditions (availability of
sunlight, shade etc.). The major area of
the site selected should get sufficient sun
light, especially in the mornings. The
shady area may be used for growing
shade-loving plants. The area should be
safe from grazing by cattle.
SOIL
The majority of medicinal and
aromatic plants prefer moderately well
drained soil. The soil should preferably be
neutral in reaction (pH between 6.5-7.5)
and fertile with balanced water retention
and drainage capacities. The soil should
be rich in organic matter. During recent
years, several recommendations have
emerged for undertaking cultivation of
medicinal and aromatic plants on
marginal/problem soils like saline,
alkaline soils or wastelands. The
cultivation on these soils requires special
agronomic management and amelioration
before starting the cultivation. The plants
have varying degree of tolerance to such
soils and the cropping systems shall be
adopted accordingly.
IMPROVED VARIETIES OF
MEDICINAL PLANTS
Genetic
improvement
through
selection,
classical
breeding
and
biotechnological tools is important for
production of high quality raw material
and herbal drugs. The plant genetic
resources for medicinal plants represent
the basis for health security through herbs.
During past few decades, efforts have
been made by various researchers for
germplasm
collection
and
characterization, describing the variations
in growth and yield, content of the active
constituents etc. Based on these efforts,
several varieties have been released for
some
important
medicinal
plants.
Recently, the National Medicinal Plants
Board (NMPB) in the department of
AYUSH has been supporting the
cultivation of medicinal plants through
several
schemes.
Considering
the
importance of quality of raw material as
one of the important factors for quality of
the herbal products, the Board (NMPB)
has compiled details of improved/new
varieties of medicinal plants, developed and
released by various institutions (Table 2).
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Table 2: Crop wise improved varieties and their characters (NMPB, 2009)
S.
N.
Name of varieties
1.
Aswagandha (Withania somnifera)
2.
Breeders seed
production
sites
Region suitable for
cultivation
Poshita
Tall green leaves & long roots.
Average yield of roots.
CIMAP
Lucknow
Northern Indian Plains
Jawahar Asgandh –
20 (JA-20)
Dry root yield (6-8 q/ ha), Total
alkaloid content (1.20-1.28%)
JNKVV
Mandsaur
Northern-Central Plains,
Madhya
Pradesh
and
Chhattisgarh
Jawahar Asgandh134 (JA-134)
Dry root yield (8-10 q/ha) Total
alkaloid yield (1.02-1.09%)
JNKVV
Mandsaur
Central Indian Plains and
Madhya Pradesh
Ashwagandha
Dry root yield (8-10 q/ha)
Quality parameters: Withaferin
A, Withanolide A, Withnine
IIIM, Jammu
J&K
CIMAP
Lucknow
Northern Indian plains,
Rajasthan, Gujarat and
south India.
Late flowering type, high foliage
yield with 75% higher dry matter
AAU, Anand
Gujarat,
Rajasthan,
Maharashtra & M.P.
AFLT-2
Late flowering, 2.3% sennoside
content in leaves, leaf and pod
yield 1.2–1.5 t/ha.
AAU
Anand
Northern Indian plains,
Rajasthan, Gujarat and
south India.
KKM-1
High leaf yielding variety suited
for rainfed cultivation with
higher dry leaf yield (918 kg/ha),
sennoside content is 2.5%.
TNAU
Killikulum
unit,
Tamilnadu
Trinnel
valley
&
Ramnathpuram
district,
Tamilnadu,
Karnataka,
Gujarat, Rajasthan & Delhi
Senna (Cassia angustifolia syn. Cassia senna)
Sona
Anand
Selection
3.
Main characters
High leaf yield
sennoside content
Late
and
high
Isabgol (Plantago ovata)
Niharika
Long panicle, 120 days maturity
period, high seed yield.
CIMAP
Lucknow
Northern Indian plains,
Gujarat & Rajasthan
Jawahar Isabgol-4
(JI -4)
High
kg/ha
JNKVV
Mandsaur
Gujarat, Maharashtra, some
parts of M.P. & Rajasthan
Gujarat Isabgol-1
(GI-1)
Dwarf and erect plant, 1 ton/ ha
seed yield and early maturing,
GAU
Gujarat
Gujarat,
Maharashtra,
parts of M.P. & Rajasthan
Gujarat Isabgol-2
(GI-2)
1 ton/ha seed yield, moderately
resistant to downy mildew
GAU
Gujarat
Gujarat
Haryana Isabgol-5
(HI-5)
1-1.2 ton/ha seed yield, maturity
period 140-145 days
CCS-HAU,
Hissar
South western Haryana, some
parts of M.P., Maharshtra,
Gujarat & Rajasthan
seed
yield-1300-1500
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4.
Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum)
Kirtiman
(NOP-4)
Latex yield 45-50 kg/ha,
Morphine content is 11.95%,
moderately resistant to downy
mildew.
NDUAT,
Faizabad
Eastern Uttar Pradesh
Jawahar Aphim 539 (MOP-539)
Latex yield 65 kg/ha, Morphine
content 14.85%).
JNKVV
Mandsaur
Central western plains &
M.P.
Jawahar Aphim –
540 (MOP-540)
75 kg/ha latex yield, Morphine
content 13%
JNKVV
Mandsaur
Central Plains & M.P.
BROP-1
Average opium yield 54 kg/ha,
seed yield 10-12 q/ha, Morphine
content 13% more than local
check.
NBRI,
Lucknow
Northern Indian Plains
NBRI-1
Average opium yield 52 kg/ha,
seed yield 10 q/ha, Morphine
content is 12-13% more than
parent plants.
NBRI,
Lucknow
Northern Indian Plains
NBRI-2
Average opium yield 52 kg/ha,
seed yield 12 q/ha, Morphine
content is up to 15% more than
local check.
NBRI,
Lucknow
Northern Indian Plains
NBRI-3
High latex yield (47-58 kg/ ha)
NBRI,
Lucknow
Central eastern U.P
NBRI-6
Average opium yield 55 kg/ha,
seed yield 12 q/ha.
NBRI,
Lucknow
Northern Indian Plains
NBRI-9
Larger capsules, seed yield 14
q/ha, average opium yield 52
kg/ha
NBRI,
Lucknow
Northern Indian Plains
Madakini
Multiple disease resistant, opium
yield up to 64 kg/ha, high
morphine content up to 15%.
NBRI,
Lucknow
Northern Indian Plains
Sweta
Sampada
Shyama
Rakshit
Medium tall, dark green leaves
and
white
flowers.
The
characters of these four varieties
are different and give optimum
yield of morphine content.
CIMAP,
Lucknow
Northern Indian Plains
JA-16
(Jawahar Aphim)
Early-maturing (150-110 days)
Latex yield (60-70 kg/ ha); 1012.5% morphine content.
JNKVV
Mandsaur
Nothern Central India,
M.P. & Chhattisgarh
Trishna
(IC-42)
Medium dwarf, Latex yield -6570 kg/ha); 14.78% Morphine
NBPGR,
New Delhi
Throughout
India
(Northern Central India)
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Chetak 17
(UO 285)
5.
6.
High latex yield- 65-70 kg/ha;
High Morphine content (1213%)
Tall with green leaves
CIMAP
Lucknow
Northern Indian Plains
M.P., Rajasthan, Gujarat,
Haryana and Punjab
CIM-Angana
Tall with purple leaves
CIMAP
Lucknow
-do-
CIM-Kanchan
Tall plants with light green
leaves, high herbage yield
CIMAP
Lucknow
Lower Himalayan Region
HAU, Hissar
Northern Central Plains,
Haryana & Punjab
CIMAP
Lucknow
Northern Indian plains,
Gujarat,
Haryana,
Karnataka, Rajsthan, MP,
Punjab & Central-eastern
India.
Mulhatti (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.)
10.
Root yield 60-75 q/ha after 2.5-3
years, Glycyrrhizin content 67% in rest at 30m age
Brahmi (Bacopa monerii)
Creeping/floating type plants
with light green leaves & purple
flowers.
Mandukparni (Centella asiatica Syn. Hydrocotyl asiatica)
Zandu
(Sel.)
9.
U.P,
CIM-Ayu
CIM-Jagarti
8.
Central
eastern
Rajasthan
Tulsi (Ocimum tenueflorum syn. O. sanctum)
Hariyana Mulhati
No.1 (HM-1)
7.
RAU,
Udaipur
Brahmi
Creeping
herb,
preferably
cultivated as under crop in
orchid produces 1.0 to 1.2 t/ha.,
leaf crop in 3 harvests in a year.
Tri-terpinoid content (1.0%)
Zandu
Foundation
for
Health
Care, Vapi,
Gujarat
Gujarat (Proper moist
climate in high rainfed
tracts)
Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus syn. Vinca rosea)
Prabhat
Dry root yield- 15-18q/ha) Dry
leaf yield- 20-25 q/ha after 2-3
cuts
CCS-HAU,
Hissar
Northern Central Plains
IC- 49581
High biomass yield & high
alkaloid content; serpentine
(0.41% more)
NBPGR,
New Delhi
Central plains
EC-120835
Total alkaloid content is 1.2%
more in leaves.
NBPGR,
New Delhi
Central plains
EC-120837
Alkaloids are 2.49% more in
root
NBPGR,
New Delhi
Central plains
Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata)
Anand Kalmegh-1
(AK-1)
High biomass yield- 3.5 t/ha, AAU Anand & Middle Gujarat
Andrographolide content- 1.20% ZFHC, Vapi
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11.
12.
13.
CIM-Megha
Medium height, bushy, light
green leaves
CIMAP,
Lucknow
All over India
IC-111286
IC-111287
IC-111289
High biomass yield and 1-2%
Andrographolide content
NBPGR,
New Delhi
Northern plains
KI-5
30-35q/ha dry herb yield, 2.15%
Andrographolide content
College
of
Agriculture,
Indore
Middle Gujarat, M.P. &
Chhattisgarh
Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum)
Anand
Safed
Musli-1 (ASM-1)
Blunt end and whitish attractive
colour, high root yield fresh (3-5
ton / ha), sapogenine content
0.62%
AAU,
Gujarat
Northern Central Plains
and middle Gujarat
Jawahar
(JSM-405)
Fresh root yield: 22-24 q/ha,
tuber length- 5-7.5 cm, 2-8%
Saponin
JNKVV,
Mandsaur
Northern Central Plains,
MP and Chhattisgarh.
Kewanch (Mucuna pruriens)
CIM-AJAR
Fast growing, early maturing,
lint less pod
CIMAP,
Lucknow
Northern
Plains,
Rajasthan, M.P., Gujarat
& south India
IC-2533
High seed yield, high L-dopa
content (3.82%)
NBPGR,
New Delhi
Northern
Plains,
Rajasthan, M.P., Gujarat
& south India
Zandu Kewanch-1
High food yield, pods devoid of
stinging hairs, high L –dopa (56% more)
ZFHC,
Vapi, Gujarat
Northern
plains,
Rajasthan, M.P, Gujarat &
south India
IIHR MP 10
IIHR MP 11
Short trichomes, high seed
yielding lines with high L-Dopa
content (4.4-4.6%) with an
average duration of 180 days.
IIHR,
Banglore
Northern
plains,
Rajasthan, M.P, Gujarat &
south India
Aloe/Ghritkumari (Aloe barbadenis L.)
IC-111271
High aloin content (>20%)
NBPGR,
New Delhi
Throughout India
IC-111280
High gel yield (2.45 mg/ml)
NBPGR,
New Delhi
Throughout India
CIM-Sheetal
High aloin content (>20%)
High gel yield (2.45 mg/ml)
CIMAP,
Lucknow
Throughout India
RLAV-18
Average leaf yield: 50t/ha
Aloin 0.02%
IIIM, Jammu
Sub-tropical & arid areas.
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14.
15.
Sarphgandha (Rauvolfia serpentina)
RS-1
Erect, evergreen, roots dull
yellow with specific aroma.
NDUAT,
Faizabad
Northern Indian plains
CIM Sheel
Medium height plant, long roots
and light green leaves
CIMAP,
Lucknow
Northern Indian plains
RI-1
75-90 cm height, seeding to
flowering 115-145 days, 1.5%
total alkaloid content
JNKVV,
Indore
M.P. and Chhattisgarh
Sarpgandha
75 cm height, dry root yield 8001000 kg/ha
IIIM, Jammu
Tropical and sub-tropical
regions of India
IIIM, Jammu
Tropical and sub-tropical
regions of India
Shatavar (Asparagus racemosus)
Shatavar
Dry tuber yield 10 t/ha in 2
years, four types of saponins
The medicinal plants are valued for
the content of secondary metabolites, and
hence, their content and composition are
often more important than the total yield of
the economic part(s). In this context,
cultivation of seeds/planting material of
known genetic origin, with higher
productivity and optimum quality in a
particular edapho-climatic condition is
very important.
PROPAGATION
MANAGEMENT
AND
NURSERY
Medicinal and aromatic plants are
propagated by a wide variety of methods.
For propagation, the most suited method for
the plant should be selected.
For
multiplication through seed, healthy and
vigorous seeds may be sown either in
containers or in prepared soil in open
ground.
Some seeds require special
treatment for breaking their dormancy or
improving germination. Propagation through
cuttings is another popular method of
propagation, suitable for woody perennial
herbs. Some plants that form clump can be
divided into smaller sections and replanted.
Some plants can be sown directly in
the field, while others are first sown in
nursery-beds where seedlings are raised and
then
transplanted.
Proper
nursery
management for raising seedlings and
transplanting them is important. It is
advisable to have soil sterilization of the
nursery bed before sowing. The soil can be
sterilized through the process of solarization.
When seeds are sown in extremely cold
weather, rainy season or hot weather, a low
tunnel of semi-circular shape may be erected
over the seed beds to protect the seedlings
from adverse weather conditions.
FIELD PREPARATION
The soil of the field should be prepared
thoroughly before transplanting. The root
crops and small seeded crops require fine
tilth. The field should be leveled properly
and beds of convenient size shall be prepared
with ease in irrigation and drainage. Deep
ploughing in summers and green manuring
are beneficial before the final field
preparation.
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DIRECT SOWING/TRANSPLANTING
The seedlings should be transplanted
as early as possible after carefully
removing from the nursery beds without
damaging their roots. For better
establishment of the seedlings, it is
advisable to transplant them in the evening
so that they establish themselves within the
night and may recover from the shock of
transplanting
before
the
sunrise.
Transplanting should immediately be
followed by irrigation. Seedlings that fail
to establish or not doing well should be
removed and replaced by new ones.
The direct sowing of crops should
preferably be done in rows spaced at
appropriate distance. The optimum depth
of sowing may be decided on the basis of
the seed size. For direct sowing, presowing irrigation sowing is provided.
When the field is at optimum moisture
level, the rows are opened by cultivator or
hand-hoe. These can be opened in the
evening and left overnight to conserve the
dew moisture. The seeds can be sown and
covered with the soil in early morning.
Widely spaced and large seeds can be
dibbled into the soil. After the seed
emergence, excess plants can be removed
(thinning) to maintain the optimum plant
population at the time of first
weeding/hoeing after first irrigation.
gas slurry, compost, neem cake and other
oilseed cakes, biofertilizers, green manure
and cover crops can substitute the inorganic
fertilizers.
Nutrient
management
in
integrated manner has beneficial effect on
soil organic matter and available plant
nutrients resulting in sustainable crop
production. The application of organic
manures including vermicompost and
biofertilizers has been found beneficial in
several medicinal plants. However, research
work on nutrient requirements of medicinal
and aromatic plants is quite meagre.
Systematic studies need to be initiated to
exploit full potential productivity by proper
fertilization of crops.
IRRIGATION
Watering the plants is very critical as
many plants produce medicinally active
constituents in dry conditions. The object
of irrigation is to keep adequate water
available to the crops, or, if water is in
short supply, to use it most effectively. The
plants should be watered well after
planting and later irrigations shall depend
upon visual observation of the plant. These
are based on early signs of dryness, slight
temporary wilts, foliage colour and dryness
of the soil. Stagnation of water due to
over-irrigation or rains should be avoided
and the general principle shall be ‘light and
frequent irrigation’.
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
WEEDING
While cultivating medicinal plants, one
has to be very careful with application of
chemical fertilizers, as this may reduce the
quality of the herbs. Organic materials such
as vermi-compost, farm yard manure, bio-
The plants growing out of the place
compete with the medicinal and aromatic
herbs for space, nutrients and water. The
field should be kept free from weeds by
hand weeding (removing them by khurpi)
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and hoeing which increases aeration for the
plant roots. Use of herbicides should be
strictly avoided, using alternative weed
management techniques leading to
minimum loss in crop production and least
disturbance to the ecosystem. Use of
mulches smother perennial weeds and
prevent the germination of annual weeds.
Mulches also conserve moisture and lower
the surface temperature.
INSECT- PEST AND DISEASE
Use of synthetic chemicals for the
control of insects and diseases should be
avoided due to their great hazard to humans,
lower forms of the animal life and also to the
active principle of the medicinal herb. Nonchemical, biological methods should be used
to control insects-pests and diseases. These
include conservation and augmentation of
natural enemies of insect-pests and adoption
of all cultural, physical, mechanical and
biological methods. Oils and soaps and
botanical pesticides are fast emerging tools
for the control of insect pests.
HARVESTING AND PROCESSING
Harvesting of herbs requires careful
planning so as to retain their active
ingredients. To prevent the crushing and
deterioration of the plant material, wooden
tray or an open basket should be used for
collecting herbs. The cuts should be made
with a sharp knife or scissors to minimize
damage. The material should be collected
from healthy plants that are free from
disease and insect damage. It is important
to discard any damaged plants as they can
lead to disease or decay in dried plant
material. Only single herb should be
collected at one time and the harvested
plant material should not be mixed to
avoid mistakes in identification. The herbs
should be harvested in dry weather,
preferably on a sunny morning after the
dew has evaporated. Herbs can be
preserved in a number of ways, the most
common and simple being air or oven
drying. A warm, dry place is ideal for
storage and processing. Plain paper should
be used for drying herbs and not the
printed newspaper. Dried herbs can be
stored for many months in a dark glass jar
or a brown paper bag. The underground
parts of the plant are usually collected in
January when the plants become inactive.
After removing the required amount, the
remaining underground part should be
replanted.
Medicinal plants should be harvested
during the optimal season or time period to
ensure the production of medicinal plant
materials and finished herbal products of
the best possible quality. The time of
harvest depends on the plant part to be
used. Detailed information concerning the
appropriate timing of harvest is often
available in national pharmacopoeias,
published standards, official monographs
and major reference books. However, it is
well known that the concentration of
biologically active constituents varies with
the stage of plant growth and development.
This also applies to non-targeted toxic or
poisonous indigenous plant ingredients.
The best time for harvest (quality peak
season/time of day) should be determined
according to the quality and quantity of
biologically active constituents rather than
the total vegetative yield of the targeted
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medicinal plant parts. During harvest, care
should be taken to ensure that no foreign
matter, weeds or toxic plants are mixed
with the harvested medicinal plant
materials. Medicinal plants should be
harvested under the best possible
conditions, avoiding dew, rain or
exceptionally high humidity. If harvesting
occurs in wet conditions, the harvested
material should be transported immediately
to an indoor drying facility to expedite
drying so as to prevent any possible
deleterious effects due to increased
moisture levels, which promote microbial
fermentation and mould. Cutting devices,
harvesters, and other machines should be
kept clean and adjusted to reduce damage
and contamination from soil and other
materials. They should be stored in an
uncontaminated, dry place or facility free
from insects, rodents, birds and other pests,
and inaccessible to livestock and domestic
animals.
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 79-86
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
PHYTO-PHARMACEUTICALS AND AYURVEDIC NORMS
Sanjeev Kumar Ojha, Ch V Rao and Sri Krishna Tewari
CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226001
ABSTRACT
As the knowledge increases the quest for safe medication also increases. The era of
scientific advancement and achievements will also be regarded as era of side effects of
modern drugs. In fact this has brought the scientist and researchers to revisit traditional
medicines, which are supposed to be safer. These drugs are having their roots in botanical
source rather than the chemical moiety. Though primarily seems to be having tall and
anecdotal claims, but are used since many centuries, either in the form of culinary or
alone. These have been got place into the culture, many time also called as Hindu
Medicine. Charaka quotes: “N n aushdhibhutam jagat kinchit” there by meening –
“Nothing in this world is devoid of medicinal properties”
Herbs and spices such as garlic, cloves, cinnamon and cardamom, ginger, garlic, pepper
turmeric, and cumin are have been used for centuries for culinary purposes and are the
foundation of many traditional medicinal practices. Great Indian sages noted the potential
benefit of herbal remedies, Some of spices of current interest are curcumin (found in
turmeric), capsaicin (found in red pepper), cinnamon, and ginger.
Ayurvedic norms for standard drug reveals that it should be efficacious in small quantity,
great potency, kills various disorders, provides relief, easy to digest, tastes good,
energizer, Disease killer, neither side effects and nor harmful, with soothing smell, colour
– consistency and taste, given in proper dose is known as oushadham.
Ayurveda is the Knowledge that describes or indicates the four states of life, the
appropriate and inappropriate, happy or sorrowful conditions along with what is good
and bad for longevity as well as measurement of life itself. Charaka says: “N n
aushdhibhutam jagat kinchit” ie: “Nothing in this world is devoid of medicinal
properties”. In Charak Samhita - approx . 600 plants are described, where as in Shushrut
Samhita –approx. 700 and in Bhav Prakash Nighantoo –approx. 350 plants are described.
Herbal drugs in the form of formulation(s) have been used in India for more than 4000
years.
AIM OF FORMULATION
One must be very clear about aims of
formulations, which are as follows:• Compatibility - To cures disease, and
provides relief.
• Availability - in all season /region
• Palatability - for all Age groups
•
Fixed dose per unit- including
various convenient modes.
•
To obtain more efficacious drug by
synergistic properties (1+1=3)
•
To remove various toxic or untoward
effects
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Table-1 Dosage forms described in
various Ayurvedic texts
S.
Ayurvedic Text
No.
Era
1.
Charaka Samhita
12th BC
2.
Shushruta Samhita
10th BC
3.
Ashtanga Hridaya
6th AD
4.
Chakradutta
9th AD
5.
Sharangadhara
Samhita
Bhaishajya
Ratnavali
14th AD
6.
18th AD
Number of
dosage
forms
128 dosage
forms
129 dosage
forms
90 dosage
forms
90 dosage
forms
75 dosage
forms
98 dosage
forms
DRUG
Derived from French– Drogue
synonymous to dravya that is used for
medicinal purpose or for chikitsa in
ayurveda. WHO (1966) says – drug is any
substance or product that is used to
modify or explore physiological system or
pathological states for the benefit of the
recipient.
Whereas Dravya in ayurveda means
one among the shadpadartha (ie : Dravya
,guna, karma,samanya, vishesh, samavaya)
and substratum of guna and karma (ie
properties and action) and composed of five
proto element (panchamahabhuta) and is
used as diet (ahar) or drug (aushadha). The
range of dravya -Nanaushadhi bhutam
jagata kinchit …..means nothing in this
world is devoid of medicinal properties.
Charak revealed four components of
medicine- Bhishak dravyani upasthata rogi
padachatushtayam.
Qualities of dravya (drug) - These are
following four
1. Bahuta (should be in plenty)
2. Yogatvam (can be used as
combination)
3. Anekvidh kalpana (usable with various
type of combination)
4. Sampad (must have potency to combat
the disease)
AYURVEDIC NORMS FOR
STANDARD DRUG
As mentioned in Charak Samhita
following are the norms for Standard Drug
It should be efficacious in small
quantity, must have great potency, kills
various disorders, provides relief, easy to
digest, tastes good, energizer, disease
killer, neither side effects and nor
harmful, with soothing smell, colour –
consistency and taste, given in proper
dose is known as oushadham.
Alpmatram (Efficacious in small
quantity) Matra (dose) with prefix alpa –
small quantityie amount of drug that is
efficacious without any adverse or side
effect represented in terms of Therapeutic
index, which is
= maximum non-toxic dose/ minimum
effective dose
= lethal dose/effective dose
= LD50/ED50
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Aushadhi is veeryapradhan (have
potency) so consumed in small quantity
not like Ahara which is rasa pradhan
consumed in large quantity. Paracelsus
(1493-1541) says- “All substances are
poisons, there is non that is not a poison.
The right dose differentiates a poison and
a remedy”.
Maha-vegam (with great intensity) it
is better understood by stimulus verses
reaction/response time. It depends upon
pharmacokinetics therefore routes of
administration, dose, latency of onset,
tome of peak action, duration and
frequency of administration should be
considered.
It starts with absorption of drug and
ends up in excretion, in between there are
distribution, metabolism and storage.
Absorption depends on routes of
administration{- may be oral, topical, parentral
or
rectal
(?Basti)}
for
bioavailability and biotransformation ( ie:
metabolism). Where as Excretion ie:
passage out of systemically absorbed drug
through kidney, liver or lungs by means of
urine, faeces, exhaled air, saliva, sweat
and milk.
To alter the drug response Ayurveda
consider certain substances as yogavahi
(ie: carrier of drug or vehicle) and anupan
to facilitate digestion of drug, may be
considered as catalyst or bio-enhancer.
Bahudoshharam (cover wide range
of disease) there exist three types of
dravya, based upon the drug responds
(pharmacodynamics= study of drug
effect) in following three ways:- (1)
Stimulant (2) Depressant and (3) Nutrient,
thus covering wide range of diseases.
The principle of medicine is to make
equilibrium as revealed below:-
Sukham
(Anukul
vedaneeyam)
Feeling of goodness or pleasure since
disease is dukham so disease free
condition is sukham.
Laghu pakam easily digestible
(should early metabolized).
Sukhaswadanam Palatable in quality
(taste) and quantity (amount).
Preenanam Should provide pleasure
Vyadhi nashanam potency to cure
disease
Avikari / avyapad must not have side
effect/adverse effect.
Natiglanikara drug should not
produce any guilty
Gandh- varna- rasotpetam should
have pleasant smell, colour, and taste.
Matravad aushadham given in
proper dose.
STANDARD NORMS OF SINGLE DRUG
Himalaya, the best among the
mountains, is the habitat of medicinal
plants. One should obtain their fruits/
produce grown in proper time, mature
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with taste and potency, replenished with
the sun, air, shade and water in respective
seasons according to need, and which are
uneaten, unpurified, uninjured and
nontoxic. (I) Will explain further the
excellent actions and use of these fruits.
As mentioned in Charak Samhita:-
RELEVENCE OF SHARANGDHAR
SAMHITA
For the first time in the history of hindu
medicine certain norms or guidelines has
been laid for the preparation of Ayurvedic
drugs. Codified by grand son of Royal
Physician to Hammir Deo, the king of
Ranathambore (Now located in Rajasthan)
in 13-14 century AD. This master piece of
work got place among the three subsets
(Laghutrayei). It is regarded as basic book
for Ayurvedic Pharmaceutics. It is
composed in three subdivisions with total
32 chapters and 2600 verses in Sanskrit. Its
speciality lies in the basic preparations and
their derived forms with examples. It has
brought the turning point in the history of
hindu medicine as proper preparation of
drug is mentioned for the first time
specifically. It is simple and easy to
understand and gives further insight for
regulatory norms for drug manufacturing.
Norms are basically of two types viz:
Generalised norms & Specified norms. The
generalised and specified norms for basic
and derived forms of drugs have been
practiced long back.
Specialties of the Sharangdhar samhita
1.
It is devoted to Lord Shiva, Though
Buddhism was at the peak.
2.
It has given a new thought regarding
ayurvedic drug manufacturing ie :
Pharmaceutics.
3.
Got place in Laghutrayie, amongst
others
predominant
in
Nidan
(Etiopathogenesis) & Dravyaguna
(Pharmacognosy).
4.
The disease is caused by 4 factors :-
•
Natural- Like Hunger,Thirst, Old age,
Sleep etc.
•
External(Environmental
&Accidental)
•
Internal (Bodily Disturbances )
•
and Mental (Psychological)
Pharmaceutical ABC of the
Sharangdhar samhita
Amongst 7 chapters of the first
section following are the Pharmaceutics
related topics:A. 1st chapt - About Definitions and
measurements.
B. 2nd chapt - Basic
Pharmacy.
principles of
C. 4rth Chapt - Classification of drugs
according to their specific action, eg;
Deepan,Pachan, etc.
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Rule of generalization
Samshodhan (Purifiers)
Devdaali phal
These are general instructions to be
followed, if nothing is specified eg:-
Cchedan (Scarificant)
Kshar, pippli & marich
Lekhan(Dehydrant)
Honey,hot water,vach
& yava
•
Collection of the medicine - to be
done in early morning
Grahi (Absorbant)
•
Where parts are not mentioned -roots
to be collected
Sunthi, Jeerak, Gaja
Pippli
Stambhan
(Constipating)
Kutaj,Shyonak
•
Where ratio is not mentioned - means
equal ratio
Rasayana
(Rejuvinators)
Guruch, Rudanti,
Guggulu & Haritaki
•
Where pot is not mentioned - Earthen pot
Bajikar (Aphrodasiacs)
•
Where liquid is not specified - Use
water
Nagbala beej,
Kapikacchu
Shukral (Semenogouge)
•
Where oil is not mentioned -use Til Tail
Aswagandha,Moosali,S
ugar, & Shatavari
•
Where mentioned in two places double the quantity
Shukrajanak
(Spermatogenetic)
Milk, Udad, Bhallatak
Sukshma (Subtle)
Saindhav, Honey,
Nimbtail
Vayvayi (Absorb before
digestion)
Bhang, Afeem
Vikashi (Reluctant of
joints)
Supari, Kaudo
Madkari (Intoxicant)
Madhya, Sura
Pramathi
(Decongestant)
Marich & Vacha
Abhishyandi
(Obstructant)
Dadhi
•
•
For Churna, Sneh, Asav, Lehyam - use
Swet Chandan
For Kashaya, Lep -use Rakta Chandan
Table-2 Classification of drugs as per
their action Sharangdhar samhita- It is
given in below table:Group(s)
Example(s)
Deepan (Appetizer)
Mishi (Saunf)
Pachan (Digestive)
Nag Keshar
Deepan Pachan
(Appetizer & Digestive)
Chitrak
Samshaman(Palliative)
Guduchi
Anuloman
(Carminative)
Haritaki
Samshran (Laxative)
Amaltash
Bhedan(Purgative)
Kutaki
Rechan (Cathartics)
Trivritt
vamak (Emetics)
Madanphal
Pancha Kashaya Kalpana
Derived from Sanskrit root ‘kash
himsayam’ with meaning
of - “by
destroying original form” of substance,
either by cutting, crushing, or cooking; to
make it in a palatable form. It is the basic
form of preparation (with alterations rest
can be prepared). They are five in number.
1. Swaras: fresh juice of plant material is
used as such
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2. Kalka: paste of fresh plant material –
Churna (ie- powder) may be dry.
3. Kwath: decoction Boil with water and
reduce to 1/4, 1/8 or 1/16 of the original.
4. Sheet: (cold infusion) Material soaked
in water over night.
5. Phant: (hot infusion) boil the material.
The potency of drug decreases in following
order :- Swaras >Kalka> Kwath> Sheet> Phant
Other forms
•
•
•
•
Ksheer pak-(1:15:15) material is boiled
with milk and water in equal amount,It
can be taken when reduced to half. e.g.
Arjun twak Ksheer pak,Rason Ksheer pak
Usnodak & Aushadh siddha paneeyaeg;Sadang Paneeya for low grade
pyrexia, which contains Nagermotha,
Pittpapada,
Khash,
Shoonthi,
RaktaChandan, Sugandhbala.
Ghana-Boil the decoction till it
becomes solid eg; Guduchi ghana vati
alias Samshamani vati for peripheral
neuritis & Pittaj jawar
Avaleh- ‘Lih Aswadane’ the form of
medicine which can be tasted with
help of tongue.
Sandhan
•
Fermented, Self generated alcoholic
extract with long lasting shelf life.
•
If coarse powder (yavakoot)
directly used it is K/a- Asava.
•
If decoction is used it is termed as Arista.
•
Dhataki provides spores of yeast, as
well as specific color & enhances
other biological activity.
•
A match stick can tell whether the
process is over or not.
•
Distorted one becomes sour, bitter
&acidic chukra
•
In earlier period earthen pots /Sagoan
drum are used but nowadays
fermentors are in use
•
Yeast has replaced the Dkataki puspa.
•
Jaggary can be replaced by Sugar.
•
Sp.gr., ph, suger%, Alcohal% are the
modern parameters to ensure batch to
batch consistancy.
Asavas and Arishtas Siddha Lakshanas
& Precautions
•
Cessation of sounds inside the vessel
•
Light a matchstick and hold it over the
mouth of vessel. If it continuous burning,
the fermentation is complete If the match
is extinguished (because during the
process of fermentation carbon -di- oxide
is produced) the fermentation process is
said to be incomplete.
•
If air passage of the fermentor, is kept
in a water filled jar and the bubbles
Examination of avaleh- Following test has
been mentioned
Increasing order of solidity The
consistency increases as below:Kwath<Rasakriya<Avaleha<Ghana
is
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comes out, than process is
incomplete. Do not powder the
Dhataki pushpa
Churnas – These are the fine powder(s)
of herb or herbs, with following
descriptions
plant extracts generated thereof are
standardized to contain known amount(s) of
biologically active constituent(s). For plants
where markers are not known, bioactivity
guided fractionations are undertaken and
markers are isolated for the purpose of
standardization. Chromatographic techniques
like column, flash, HPTLC, Preparative
HPLC are employed for isolating
constituents. The isolated single chemical
entities are thoroughly characterized using
the conventional spectroscopic (UV, IR,
NMR & Mass spectroscopy) and
chromatographic techniques.
Table-3 Practical
descriptive term
Identification of crude drugs using
pharmacognostic techniques:
•
Sun dry the flowers before use.
•
The prakshepa dravyas should not be
fine powdered, since the sediments
will increase if done so.
•
The alcohol % should be within
permissible limit.
size
and
their
Descriptive
Term
Practical size
Coarse
(2000/355)
All the particles will pass
through a no.2000 sieve, and not
more than 40%through a No.355
sieve
Moderately
coarse
(710/250)
All the particles will pass
through seive No 710 sieve and
not more than 40% through a No
250 sieve.
Moderately
fine (355/180)
All the particles will pass
through a No 355 sieve and not
more than 40%through a No 180
sieve.
Fine ( 180)
All the particles will
through a No 180 sieve,
pass
Very fine
( 125)
All the particles will
through a No 125 sieve
pass
MARKERS
There are phytochemicals developed
through commercially viable processes for
the optimum extraction of herb. These may
or may not be the active constituents. The
•
Isolation
of
markers
for
standardization of herbal products.
•
Bioactivity guided fractionations of
herbs to isolate their bio-active
compounds.
•
Development of extraction procedures
for medicinal plants.
•
Isolation of phytochemicals of high
purity for use as chromatographic
reference standards.
•
Process optimization for supercritical CO2
extraction of selected natural products.
Table 4: List of few medicinal plants
with their marker compound
Botanical
Name
Common
Name
Marker compound
isolation
Adhatoda
vasica
Vasa
Vasicine by HPLC
Andrographis
paniculata
Kalmegh
Andrographolide by
HPLC
Albizzia
Sirisha
Total
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Polyphenols
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by
Spectrophotometer
lebbeck
HPLC
Shatavari
Shatavarin
HPTLC
by
Curcuma
longa
Turmeric
Asparagus
racemosus
Curcuminoids
by
Spectrophotometer
Neem
Total bitters
Gravimetry
by
Emblica
officinalis
Amla
Azadirachta
indica
Bacopa
monnieri
Nir
Brahmi
Total Bacosides by
HPLC/HPTLC.
Gallic
acid
by
HPLC
& Total
Tannins
by
Spectrophotometer
Eclipta alba
Berberis
aristata
Berberis
Berberine by HPLC
Bhringaraja Total
Wedelolactone
HPLC
Boswellia
serrata
Salai
guggul
Boswellic acids by
HPLC
Books Referred:
1. Charaka Samhita
Cassia
angustifolia
Senna
Sennosides
by
Spectrophotometry
2. Shushruta Samhita
Camellia
sinensis
Green Tea
Total Polyphenols
by UV, Catechins
by HPLC
4. Chakradutta
Centella
asiatica
Mandook
parni
Total Asiaticosides
by HPLC
Cinnamomum
cassia
Cinnamon
Polyphenols
&
Coumarin by HPLC
Coleus
forskohlii
Coleus
Forskolin by HPLC
Commiphora
mukul
Guggul
Total
Guggulsterones
3. Ashtanga Hridaya
5. Sharangadhara Samhita
6. Bhaishajya Ratnavali
7. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India
8. WHO GMP Guidelines for herbal drug
9. Drug and Cosmetics act
by
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 87-93
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
CHITRAKOOT-AN EMPORIUM OF BIOLOGICAL AND
CULTURAL DIVERSITY
R.L.S. Sikarwar
Arogyadham (J.R.D. Tata Foundation for Research in Ayurveda and Yoga Sciences),
Deendayal Research Institute, Chitrakoot, Dist. Satna (M.P.)- 485 780
Email: rlssikarwar@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
Chitrakoot (The Hill of many wonders) is a most holy place for the pilgrimage of Hindus
and has been very rich cultural and biological diversity since ancient times. The richness
of biodiversity is described in various ancient literatures. There are several tribal
communities like Kol, Gond, Mawasi and Khairwar inhabit in Chitrakoot region and
utilize wide variety of plant resources for food, fodder, fibre, medicine etc. The
biodiversity of Chitrakoot is reduced to a great extent due to unsustainable human
activities. A detailed study on plant biodiversity, threat assessment, conservation and
ethno botanical study on tribal communities has been carried during 2003-2011. In the
present paper the work carried out during the aforesaid period is illustrated.
INTRODUCTION
Chitrakoot means the 'Hill of many
wonders is indeed a gift of nature and the
gods and located on the banks of river
Paisuni (Mandikini and falls in the
northern vindhyan range of mountains
spread over the states of Uttar Pradesh and
Madhya Pradesh. The Chitrakoot region is
included in the District Chitrakoot of Uttar
Pradesh and the District Satna of Madhya
Pradesh. Chitrakoot Parvat Mala includes
Kamad Giri, Hanumaan Dhara, Lakshman
Pahari,and Devangana are famous
Religious Mountains. It is a town of
religious,
cultural,
historical
and
archaeological importance, situated in the
Bundelkhand region. The major part of
Chitrakoot is situated in the northern
region of Satna district of Madhya Pradesh
and surrounded on north, northwest and
northeast by Karwi (Chitrakoot) district of
Uttar Pradesh and west by Panna District
of Madhya Pradesh. It is lies between 800
52’ to 800 73’N latitude and 250 10’ to 250
52’ E longitude, covering an area of 1584
sq km. The general topography is hilly,
precipitation and undulating cut off by
numerous reveres and rivulets. Mandakini,
Chakara and Jhuri rivers drain the region.
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The Mandakini (a offshoots of the Ganga)
is Holy River that is also known as
Payasuni. The forest of the Chitrakoot
predominantly consists
of tropical dry
mixed deciduous type. The climate of the
Chitrakoot is dry and the maximum
temperature goes up to 49.50c in the month
of May and minimum up to 5 0c in the
month of January. Chitrakoot is a one of
the famous place of pilgrimage of Hindus
in India and surrounded by lush green hills
of legendary Vindhyachal range. Since
times immemorial, it is famous for its
religious importance, elegant environment
and spiritual peace. Chitrakoot is also well
known for its beautiful hill ranges,
historical caves, perennial streams and
varied flora and fauna. Therefore, the
Chitrakoot has been sacred place of
worship for sages and hermits since
antiquity. Chitrakoot’s spiritual legacy
stretches back to legendary ages: It was in
these deep forests that Rama, Sita and his
brother Lakshmana spent eleven and half
years of their fourteen years of exile. The
great sage Atri, Sati Anusuya, Dattatreya,
Maharshi
Markandeya,
Sarbhanga,
Sutikshna and various other sages, seers,
devotees and thinkers meditated; and here
the principal trinity of the Hindu pantheon,
Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, took their
incarnations.
It has been the centre of devotion,
dedication and faith of devout persons of
Lord Rama.
Lord Rama, the most
dignified and the best among the men,
excels as an ideal role model in every
respect and remains a timeless source of
inspiration for mankind since an eon.
The first known mention of the place is in
the Valmiki Ramayana, which is believed
to be the first ever Mahakavya (epic)
composed by the first ever poet. As
Valmiki is said to be contemporaneous
with (or even earlier than) Rama and is
believed to have composed the Ramayana
before the birth of Rama, the antiquity of
its fame can well be gauged.
Valmiki speaks of Chitrakoot as an
eminently holy place inhabited by the
great sages, abounding in monkeys, bears
and various other kinds of fauna and flora.
Both the sages Bharadwaja and Valmiki
speak of Chitrakoot in glowing terms and
advise Rama to make it his abode during
the period of his exile. Lord Rama himself
admits this bewitching impact of this
place. In the 'Ramopakhyana' and
descriptions of holy places at various
places in the Mahabharata, Chitrakoot
finds a favoured place. In 'Adhyatma
Ramayana' and 'Brihat Ramayana' testify
to the throbbing spiritually and natural
beauty of Chitrakoot. Various Sanskrit
and Hindi poets also have paid similar
tributes to Chitrakoot. Mahakavi Kalidas
has described this place beautifully in his
epic 'Raghuvansha'. He was so much
impressed with its charms that he made
Chitrakoot (which he calls Ramgiri
because of its time-honoured associations
with lord Rama) the place of exile of his
yaksha in Meghdoot.
Tulsidas, the saint-poet of Hindi has spoken
very reverently of this place in all his major
works- Ramcharit Manas, Kavitawali,
Dohawali and Vinaya Patrika. The lastmentioned work contains many verses
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which show a deep personal bond between
Tulsidas and Chitrakoot. He spent quite
some part of his life here worshipping Rama
and craving his darshan. It was here that he
had what he must have considered the
crowning moment of his achievements—i.e.
the darshan of his beloved deity Lord Ram
at the intercession of Hanumanji. His
eminent friend, the noted Hindi poet Rahim
(i.e. Abdur Rahim Khankhana, the soldierstatesmen-saint-scholar-poet who was
among the Nav-Ratnas of Akbar) also spent
some time here, when he had fallen from
favour with Akbar's son Emperor Jahangir.
their epics Ramayana and Ramcharit
Manas respectively. According to Valmiki
Ramayana, Chitrakoot is a beautiful and
sacred place where different types of
herbs, shrubs, trees and climbers bearing
variety of fruits, flowers and roots are
available. The richness of biodiversity of
Chitrakoot is described four chapters of
Ramayana. Names of several trees found
on Kamadgiri are also mentioned. He has
also described varied fauna of Chitrakoot.
He has mentioned the names of different
variety of birds, animals and movements
of elephants and deers in the forests.
Kamadgiri, the original Chitrakoot, is a
place of prime religious significance. A
forested hill, it is skirted all along its base
by a chain of temples and is venerated
today as the holy embodiment of Rama.
Lord Rama is also known as Kamadnathji
which literally means fulfiller of all wishes.
The Kamadgiri (Chitrakoot hill) is a sacred
grove, it is clearly mentioned in Ramcharit
Manas as “all the forests of Gods existing
in the universe were filled with envy at the
sight of Rama’s hill forest”.
Goswami Tulsidas has also described
similarly the beauty and diversity of flora
and fauna of Chitrakoot in Ramcharit
Manas “Chitrakoot hill has luxuriant
vegetation of herbs, shrubs, trees and
climbers. He has also mentioned the names
of different variety of birds like blue jays,
koels, parrots, cuckoos, kakavas, partridges,
and animals like elephants, lions, monkeys,
boars and deer’s etc”.
This holy place has provided spiritual
inspiration and energy to many sages and
dignitaries and changed their attitude of
life like Maharishi Valmiki, Goswami
Tulsidas, Abdul Raheem Khankhana,
Tansen and even Aurangajeb etc.
BIODIVERSITY IN ANCIENT
LITERATURE
In ancient time, Chitrakoot was very rich
in biodiversity. Maharishi Valmiki and
Goswami
Tulsidas
illustrated
a
comprehensive account of biodiversity in
Chitrakoot was very rich in respect of
medicinal plants too. It is mentioned in
Valmiki Ramayana that “there are
thousand kinds of medicinal plants are
available in Chitrakoot region that express
them at night like flame of the lamp”.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
A comprehensive study on floristic
diversity was carried out in Chitrakoot
forest area of Madhya Pradesh region
during the year 2003-2011 and covered
almost all seasons. Detailed data of each
plant was recorded with the help of
prescribed field book. The data includes
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date of collection, name of locality, local
name, botanical name, family, altitude,
habit and habitat, type of leaves, colour of
flowers, type of fruits, flowering and
fruiting, distribution, population status,
threats etc. The voucher specimens were
collected, pressed, dried, mounted and
identified with the help of flora and
herbarium specimens and preserved in the
herbarium of Arogyadham, Deendayal
Research Institute, Chitrakoot. The flora
of Madhya Pradesh has been published in
three volumes and one supplement
((Verma et al., 1993; Mudgal et al., 1997;
Singh et al., 2001 and Khanna et al.,
2001) and no work on floristic diversity
of Chitrakoot has so far been carried out.
Sharma and Mamgain (1982) published a
paper on flora of Satna district and listed
392 species of Satna district in which
Chitrakoot was very poorly represented.
types are Mixed forest, Bamboo forest,
Khair (Acacia catechu) forest, Salai
(Boswellia serrata) forest and Kardhawai
(Anogeissus
pendula)
forest.
The
percentage of these forests is given below.
Similarly an ethno botanical survey was
conducted in tribal areas of Chitrakoot region
and the first hand information on medicinal
uses of plants viz. local name of the plant,
part used, mode of preparation, mode of
administration/application, dose, duration
etc. was collected from old and experienced
tribal medicine man and women with the
help of a standard questionnaire. The
voucher specimens of the plants collected
during the survey were properly identified
with the help of floras and preserved in the
herbarium of Arogyadham, Deendayal
Research Institute, Chitrakoot.
Table-1
FORESTS OF CHITRAKOOT
Forests are Tropical dry deciduous mixed
type, 41% area is covered by the forests out
of total area 1584 sq.km. The major forest
3%
11%
Mixed forest
Bamboo forest
24%
58%
Khair forest
Salai forest
4%
Kardhawai forest
RESULT
A detailed floristic study of Chitrakoot
region has been carried out by the author
during the year 2003-2011 and found that
there are over 730 species of flowering plants
excluding cultivated and ornamental plants
are found in Chitrakoot. These 730 species
belongs to 445 genera and 111 families.
Taxa
Monocots Dicots
Total
Families 89
22
111
Genera
344
101
445
Species
558
172
730
The life analysis shows that out of 730
species, trees are 112, shrubs are 71,
climbers are 81 and herbs are 466.
466
112
Trees
71
shrubs
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Herbs
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The flower colour spectrum reveals that
out of 730 species, 196 plants bear yellow
flowers, 28 red, 54 purple, 227 white,40
blue,36 pink,5 orange, 5violet, 77 green
and 15 purple.
The flower colour spectrum reveals that
The 10 dominant families of Chitrakoot
area are as follow:
78
80
60
40
20
0
76
43
32
32
32
26
24
19
18
The Cyperus is the largest genus having
20 species, followed by Indigofera and
Ipomoea-11 species each, Ficus has 10,
Cassia 9, Euphorbia & Fimbristylis 8
each, Grewia, Crotalaria, & Blumea-7
Justicia,
each, Alysicarpus,
Phyllanthus,
and Eragrostis 6 each,
Sida, Corchorus,
Desmodium,
Tephrosia, Acacia,
Dioscorea &
Commelina-5each. Besides 6 Genera
have 4 species, 27 have 3 species each, 68
have 2 species each and remaining 323
genus representing single species.
LOSS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
DIVERSITY
Chitrakoot was very rich in diversity of
medicinal plants.
It is mentioned in
Valmiki Ramayana
that “there are
thousand kinds of medicinal plants are
available in Chitrakoot region that express
them at night like flame of the lamp”. But
at present, the Plant diversity of Chitrakoot
is declining fast due to the degradation of
habitats by heckles and indiscriminate
cutting of forests for timber, fuel wood,
expansion of agriculture, construction of
roads, querying of stones, grazing, invasion
of alien weeds, overexploitation of plants
for medicines etc., the rich biodiversity of
Chitrakoot region has reduced to a great
extent. There are certain high value
medicinal plants like Chlorophytum
tuberosum, Curcuma amada, Operculina
petaloidea, Oroxylum indicum, Alectra
chitrakutensis, Litsea glutinosa, Asparagus
racemosus,
Gloriosa
superba,
Andographis paniculata, Aristolochia
indica, Celastrus paniculatus, Embelia
basaal, Plumbago zeylanica, Uraria picta,
Gymnema
sylvestre
Baliospermum
montanum,
Curculigo orchioides,
Pterocarpus marsupium, Crataeva magna,
Acorus calamus, Eulophia herbacea,
Actiniopteris radiata, Costus speciosus,
Butea monosperma var. lutea,
Abrus
precatorius,
Habenaria
plantaginea,
Citrullus
colosynthis,
Trichosanthes
tricuspidata,
Plumbago
zeylanica,
Arisaema
tortuosum,
Plesmonium
margaretiferum, Gymnema sylvestre,
Cochlospermum religiosum, Terminalia
chebula, Dioscorea bulbifera, D. hispida,
D. pentaphylla, Dioscorea pubera, Tacca
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leontopetaloides, Clerodendrum serratum
Nervillia prainiana, Bacopa monnieri,
Centella asiatica, Smilax zeylanica, Luffa
echinata, Cordia macleodii, Pueraria
tuberosa,
Piper
longum,
Zingiber
zerumbet, Z. capitatum, Momordica dioica
etc. These plants are assessed as threatened
plants under IUCN Red List categories
(2000) not only for Chitrakoot but also for
Madhya Pradesh and Chhatisgarh. (Ved
et.al. 2003). Therefore it is an urgent need
to save the natural habitats and conserve
the in valuable medicinal plants diversity
of Chitrakoot region. Yet certain areas like
Ansuiya forest, Guptagodawari forest,
Mohkamgarh forest, Bagdaraghati forest
and Kamadgiri hill have rich collection of
plants and animals. These areas can be
proposed for in situ conservation.
CONSERVATION OF PLANT
DIVERSITY
The Deendayal Research Institute,
Chitrakoot trying to conserve the
medicinal plants diversity of Chitrakoot in
their herbal garden, situated in
Arogyadham campus. There are about 500
medicinal plants collected from different
forest areas of Chitrakoot are conserved
through ex situ method. Out of which
about 70 plants are
of threatened
categories. The plants are divided in
different groups like herbs, shrubs, trees,
climbers, and tuberous plants.
Some doubtful plants in Ayurvedic point of
view are planted in adjacent beds for easy
identification. The life form analysis
indicates that out of 500 species, 118
species are trees, 78 shrubs, 65 climbers
and 220 herbs. The herbal garden is known
for conservation of endemic and critically
endangered plant Alectra chitrakutensis.
220
250
200
150
118
78
100
65
50
0
Trees
Shrubs
Climbers
Herbs
TRIBAL COMMUNITIES OF
CHITRAKOOT
There are several tribal communities like
Kol, Gond, Mawasi, and Khairwar etc. as
mentioned in Ramcharitmanas still reside
in Chitrakoot forest area. These tribal
communities have their own culture,
traditions, beliefs, customs etc. They are
very poor and illiterate. They inhabit in
and around forest area and utilize a wide
variety of plants for food, fodder, fuel,
medicine, dye, gum, tannin, thatching,
household and farming implements etc.
Their total population is about 0.16
million as per 2001 census which
constitute 19.14% of the total population.
They have small patches of land which are
insufficient food requirements therefore;
forest and its product play an important
role in their daily life fulfilling a large
number of their routine requirements. This
area is largely excluded from urban
culture and the people of this region still
retain many originalities of their culture.
This region is unique in having some
interesting ways of life and beliefs such as
taboos, tattoos, magico-religious-beliefs
etc. related to plants. The surrounding
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plants are an important part of tribal culture
and information about the plants get passed
on from one generation to another
generation only through oral folklore and
many kept secret. It is also seen that the ageold cultural heritage of tribal is fast
changing due to rapid urbanization,
interference of outsiders in the tribal areas
and changes in economic patterns. The
habitats and environment where these
primitive people experienced and learnt
useful plant lore through generations are
also disappearing day by day due to reckless
deforestation and overexploitation of natural
resources. Therefore, it is necessary that
before this knowledge is lost forever it must
be documented properly.
extensive ethnobotanical study on various
tribal communities of Chitrakoot and found
that they have utilize a wide variety of plant
species for the various purposes such as
human medicine, veterinary medicine, food,
dye, gum, fibre, fodder, fish poison,
agriculture implements, house hold
implements and megico-religious beliefs etc.
The collection of minor forest produces
from the forest and selling these produces
in nearby local markets is the main source
of their economy. The tribal people inhabit
in remote and far distant areas of the
forests where no organized modern
medical facilities are available. Besides
they are very poor and of course unable to
by
expensive
modern
medicines.
Therefore, they utilize locally available
plant species for the treatment of human as
well as livestock ailments and diseases.
They are familiar about the medicinal uses
of plants found their village surroundings
and forest areas. But during the
investigation it is observed that the young
generation is not interested to hold this
invaluable
traditional
knowledge
transmitted orally from generation to
generation.
Therefore,
before
this
traditional knowledge is lost forever it
must be documented properly. For keeping
these view in mind we have carried out an
The authors are grateful to Dr. Bharat
Pathak, General Secretary, Deendayal
Research
Institute, Chitrakoot for
providing all necessary facilities.
197
200
150
100
50
0
50 38
50
17 12 7 30 3 19 13 1 15 21 16 32
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Khanna, K.K., Kumar, Anand, Dixit, R.D. &
Singh, N.P. 2001. Supplements to the Flora
of Madhya Pradesh. Botanical Survey of
India, Calcutta.
Mudgal, V., Khanna, K.K. & Hajra, P.K. 1997.
Flora of Madhya Pradesh (Vol.2). Botanical
Survey of India, Calcutta.
Singh, N.P., Khanna, K.K., Mudgal, V. & Dixit,
R.D. 2001. Flora of Madhya Pradesh (Vol.3).
Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.
Ved, D.K., Kinhal, G.A., Ravikumar, K., Karnat,
Mohan, Vijaya Sankar, R. & Indresha, J.H.
(eds.)
2003.
Threat
assessment
&
Management Prioritization for Medicinal
plants of Chhattisgarh & Madhya Pradesh.
FRLHT Bangalore.
Verma, D.M., Balakrishnan, N.P. & R.D. Dixit,
R.D. 1993. Flora of Madhya Pradesh (Vol.1).
Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta
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PART II
TISSUE CULTURE AND
BIOTECHNOLOGY OF
MEDICINAL PLANTS
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 94-108
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
ROLE OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE IN CLONING AND
CONSERVATION OF PHYTODIVERSITY OF SOME
ECONOMIC MEDICINAL PLANTS OF INDIA
A. K. Sharma, *Kavita Arora and Meena Sharma
Tissue Culture Laboratory, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
*Present Address: Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226007, India
ABSTRACT
Biodiversity, particularly phytodiversity is the fundamental basis of human survival and
economic development as it provides food, clothing, shelter, medicine, biomass, energy
and industrial raw materials.
The medicinal plants constitute a large group of plants providing raw materials to be used
in drug formulation and related industries. Because of the availability of all types of
agroclimates, India is one of the richest centres in the world for plant genetic resources.
Amongst the twelve megabiodiversity centres, India rank 10th in the world and 4th
amongst the Asian countries in plant wealth. Out of 17000 flowering plant species in the
country, 2000 have been found medicinally important. Due to high demand, medicinal
plants have been indiscriminately extracted for short-term gain without putting any effort
towards their conservation. In addition, during recent years, revival of traditional/herbal
medicine has also led to over-exploitation of medicinal plants causing great depletion and
even extincition of many medicinally important rare, endangered and threatened (RET)
plant species worldwide. Under existing circumstances, it is warranted to explore
conservation strategie4s in case of medicinal plants throughout the world to achieve the
ultimate goal of their sustainable utilization for the welfare of mankind.
Conservation of phytodiversity is a holistic approach and involves both, in situ and ex
situ methods. Amongst ex situ methods, plant Tissue Culture, as a foremost and
extremely useful facet of Biotechnology, may play a pivotal role. Development of
reproducible regeneration protocols not only forms the basis for successful
micropropagation/clonal propagation, but also for a equally important aspect of
germplasm preservation through in vitro strategies, which will lead to achieve the
ultimate goal of conservation of phytodiversity by establishing 'Germplasm Repositories'
or 'Gene Banks'. In this context, efficient in vitro processes for rapid
micropropagation/cloning and germplasm preservation in case of four important showpropagating RET plants of the Indo-Gengetic plains, namely, Clerodendrum serratum
L.Moon (a rare and threatened shrub), Uraria picta Jacq. DC (a rare endemic leguminous
herb), Operculina petaloidea (Choisy) Oost. (a rare perennial vine) and Embelia tsjeriamcottam Roem. & Schult. DC. (a vulnerable shrub) were developed for rehabilitation in
their natural habitats for conservation and sustainable utilization.
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Introduction
Biological diversity, particularly
phytodiversity is the fundamental basis of
human
survival
and
economic
development as it provides food, clothing,
shelter, biomass, energy and industrial
raw materials. According to Article 2 of
the UN Convention on Biodiversity
(CBD, 1993), biological diversity is
defined as “the variety and variability
among living organisms from all sources,
including inter alia, the terrestrial, marine
and other aquatic ecosystems and the
ecological complexes of which they are a
part, this includes diversity within species,
between species and ecosystems”. Thus,
the three different levels of biodiversity
are: (i) Diversity of ecosystem, (ii)
Diversity of species and (iii) Diversity of
genetic pool within species. The rich
biodiversity of the planet is under threat
due to various factors. The human
population has witnessed a three-fold
increase in the last century and the rate of
fossil fuel consumption has increased by
12-fold during the period. It is estimated
that, the carrying capacity of earth would
saturate by the middle of the current 21st
Century (Myers, 1990).
India is one of the 17 mega
biodiversity countries, and has 26
recognized endemic centres that accounts
for nearly one third of the flowering
plants, though it constitutes 2.4% of land
mass. According to State of Forest Report
1999 (2000), the forest cover in India is
losing at an alarming rate coupled with
various factors, which poses great threat
to the rich biodiversity of the country. The
main causes of habitat loss are agricultural
activities, extraction (including mining,
logging and harvesting) and unplanned
developmental work. According to Wood
et al. (2000) the underlying causes of
biodiversity
loss
are
poverty,
macroeconomic policies, international
trade factors, policy failures, poor
environmental law/weak enforcement,
unsustainable development projects and
local control over resources. This has
resulted in a situation where species are
vanishing at an alarming rate. As per an
estimate about 100 species of plants and
animals are globally vanishing every day.
The tragedy is still worse because many of
the species will be getting extinct without
being utilized or even known. It is
calculated that half of the estimated 13.6
million species on the earth may become
extinct if we do not take appropriate right
measures to save them. Hence, conservation
of biodiversity, particularly phytodiversity
on global scale is the need of hour.
AN OVERVIEW OF
CONSERVATION STRATEGIES
In India out of 47,500 species of
plants one third are endemic to one or the
other part of the subcontinent (BSI, 2000).
Areas rich in endemism are north-eastern
India, the southern parts of peninsular
India, the Western Ghats and the NorthWestern and Eastern Himalaya. Two of
India's great mountain ranges, the Eastern
Himalayas and the Western Ghats have
been designated among the world's
eighteen 'hotspots' of biodiversity. But
most of India's natural vegetation has been
greatly modified by agriculture, forestry
[Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants]
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95
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and urbanization. Over 50% of the land
area is cultivated and all forests,
particularly moist forest types are rapidly
being degraded due to population pressure
and shifting cultivation resulting in loss of
some important wild genetic resources.
Today’s requirement is sustainable
utilization of biological diversity and its
conservation for future, so that our
coming generation should not be deprived
of services and benefits provided by
biodiversity on which they have full right.
Conservation of biological diversity
leads to conservation of essential
ecological diversity to preserve the
continuity of food chains; therefore, it is
important to conserve the whole
ecosystem. This is important to understand
that services provided by ecosystem,
naturally free of cost, can never be
replaced by mankind. The Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD) was the first
legally binding international treaty to
address the conservation, sustainable use
and equitable sharing of benefits derived
from the utilization of biological diversity
in general. In April 2002, the Parties to the
Convention committed themselves to
achieve by 2010 (year proclaimed as the
International Year of Biodiversity) “a
significant reduction of the current rate of
biodiversity loss at the global, regional
and national level as a contribution to
poverty alleviation and to the benefit of all
life on earth”.
Initiatives by India
A number of initiatives have been
taken by our government, research
Institutions and scientists in the country.
India is a member of many international
conventions working for conservation,
like, CBD, Convention on International
Trade and Endangered Species (CITES),
etc. A list of about 1500 flowering and
non flowering plants, have been compiled
that are either very rare or are endangered
and the information is being published in
the form of "The Red Data Books of
Indian Plants". Amongst 28 centres,
National Botanical Research Institute
(NBRI), Lucknow, Tropical Botanical
Garden and Research Institute (TBGRI),
Trivandrum and Forest Research Institute
(FRI), Dehra Dun are the prominent
organizations which are the members of
Botanic
Gardens
Conservation
International (BGCI) in India and actively
involved in conservation programmes.
Conservation strategies
The effects of human activities on
biodiversity have increased so greatly that
the rate of species extinction is rising to
hundreds or thousands of times the
background level. These losses are driven
by increasing demands on species and their
habitats. The world conservation strategy
(IUCN/UNEP/WWF,
1980)
defines
conservation as “the management of human
use of the biodiversity so that it may yield
the greatest sustainable benefit to present
generation while maintaining its potential to
meet the needs and aspirations of future
generations”. The above definition invokes
two
complementary
components
“conservation” and “sustainability”. The
primary goals of biodiversity conservation
as envisaged in the World Conservation
Strategy can be summarized as: (i)
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Maintenance of essential ecological
processes and life support systems on
which human survival and economic
activities depend, (ii) Preservation of
species and genetic diversity and (iii)
Sustainable use of species and ecosystems
which support millions of rural
communities as well as major industries.
Conservation
and
sustainable
utilization of plants must involve a longterm, integrated and scientifically oriented
action programme. This should involve
the pertinent aspects of protection,
preservation, maintenance, exploitation,
conservation and sustainable utilization.
Conservation
of
biodiversity
(phytodiversity) is a holistic approach and
involves both in situ and ex situ methods
of conservation.
In situ conservation:
In situ conservation means "on-site
conservation", i.e., it is the process of
conservation of species in its natural
habitats and ecosystems. Establishment of
biosphere reserves, national parks,
wildlife sanctuaries, sacred groves and
other protected areas are some of the
examples of in situ methods of
conservation. This strategy ensures the
processes of evolution and adaptation
within their environments. There are
many practical problems exist in the
development of such protected areas, like,
cost, maintenance aspects, political and
communal issues and the risk of complete
wipe out of crops protected due to risks
arising from biotic and abiotic stress as
pests, insects, floods, cyclone, etc. Wild
genetic resources, trees and forest species
are appropriate candidates for this method
where success rates of ex situ methods of
conservation are very low.
Ex situ conservation:
Ex situ conservation means "off-site
conservation", i.e., process of protection
of species by removal of either the whole
plant or their reproductive parts for
conservation
in
an
alien/foreign
environment. This includes growing the
plants in botanical gardens/arboreta,
herbal gardens and biotechnological
approaches such as in vitro, cryo and
DNA banks.
Botanical garden and arboreta:
Botanical gardens and arboreta are
the best centres for ex situ conservation of
rare, endangered and endemic plant
species.
International
Union
for
Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources (IUCN) strongly advocated that
botanic gardens of world should be
developed into major global centres for ex
situ conservation of plant genetic
resources. There are eight major botanical
gardens in India and in addition there are
more than 71 small gardens which vary in
size and cater to the local needs. The
Botanical Garden of NBRI, Lucknow and
Indian Botanic Garden, Kolkata today act
as ex situ centres for many endangered
plants. Botanic Gardens Conservation
International (BGCI) is a plant
conservation organization based in
England. It has 800 botanic gardens in
118 countries as members, whose
combined work forms the world's largest
plant conservation network.
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Seed banks:
DNA banks:
These are artificial seed repositories;
where seeds can be stored under
appropriate conditions as a source of
planting material with the purpose of
conservation of plant genetic resources.
The method is suitable for orthodox seeds,
which can be stored for a long time under
low-temperature
and
low-humidity
environment without losing viability and
are easily stored in seed banks. Examples
are small-seeded grain crops and
vegetables. Whereas, recalcitrant seeds
get damaged under low-temperature and
low-humidity. However, seeds may be
stored in low temperature ranges (0-10°
C) for short periods such as 1-5 years.
Examples are the seeds of cocoa, lychee,
large and fleshy seeds, rubber, etc. Seed
banks take up little space, but can be
expensive to run, because of the need to
maintain low temperatures and the
necessity for germination tests, growth
trials and regeneration. They are not
suitable for heterozygous species or
having recalcitrant seeds. National Bureau
of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR),
India has a large collection of long-term
storage of seeds of orthodox species.
Isolated DNA can be stored in vitro at
low temperature of -20°C for short- and
mid-term storage (up to 2 years), and at 70°C or in liquid nitrogen for longer
periods. Actually this is not a practical
method of conservation, but at present is
viewed as a substitute for existing
techniques for the conservation of genetic
resources. However, DNA banks can
complement conservation strategies that
make use of ex situ and in situ
conservation, and they can help to ensure
the optimal use of plant and animal
populations. Still constraints are there in
developing
effective
conservation
strategies for some highly threatened
species in wild, in such cases, DNA
storage may be used as a resort to
conserve the genetic diversity of these
species and their populations in the short
term, until effective methods can be
developed.
Pollen banks:
Pollens can also be stored at low
temperature for longer period of time. It
has advantages not only for conservation,
but also tide over the time difference in
flowering time of two species to be
crossed whose flowering time is in
different seasons.
In vitro tissue banks:
For homozygous plant species, seeds
are ideal material for germplasm
preservation, but certain other species,
particularly heterozygous hybrids must be
propagated vegetatively as also the case
where seeds are recalcitrant or not
produced or the plant is diseased. At the
same time, maintenance of germplasm in
field or glasshouse poses problems, such
as vulnerability to diseases, occurrence of
natural calamities, etc., besides genotypes
requiring diverse agroclimates cannot be
grown only at some selected places.
Furthermore, the old genotypes which
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have either lost the regeneration capacity
or get systemically infected can be
rejuvenated and made disease-free by in
vitro methods, cloned to produce
sufficient plant material and preserved.
Thus, in this context plant tissue culture is
the only hope for germplasm preservation.
There can be five approaches to preserve
germplasm through Tissue Culture for ex
situ conservation.
i. Cryopreservation
Cryopreservation is the storage of
biological material such as buds, shoot
tips, zygotic and somatic embryos, and
cell cultures under aseptic conditions at
ultra-low temperature of -196°C in liquid
nitrogen. At cryogenic temperature, cell
division, metabolic and biochemical
processes are arrested and cell retain their
properties unchanged for a longer period
of time (Niino et al., 1995). Though it has
been found very successful for animal
cells and organs (W lstenholme and
O’Connor, 1970) is still in an
experimental stage in the case of plant
tissue and organs, as it has certain
technical shortfalls (Withers, 1985).
Further, this has yielded quite poor results
and even after 30 years of efforts, we have
few reports of successful regeneration of
plant species after long-term preservation
through cryopreservation.
In case of potato apices, recovery has
been made after several years of their
storage (Mix-Wagner et al., 2003). Recent
reports have shown regeneration to
complete plants from cryopreserved
meristem after 28 years in case of pea and
strawberry has been obtained (Caswell
and Kartha, 2009). In India, NBPGR,
New Delhi has a large cryopreservation
bank with holding capacity of quarter
million samples of small seeded crops. A
total of over 6,000 accessions can be
stored in the in vitro repository. Freezing
and thawing injuries to membrane
structure and function is a potential reason
behind
low
survival
rates
in
cryopreservation (Ashmore, 1997) and
also low regrowth percentages. Besides, it
requires very sophisticated and costly
facilities, which sometimes even difficult
to have in the under-developed and
developing countries where conservation
appears to be most essential.
ii. Limited growth cultures of shoots
Limited growth cultures of multiplying/
proliferating shoots of several important
plants, as in case of medicinal plants,
Rauwolfia serpentina, Atropa belladonna,
Dioscorea deltoidea, D. floribunda, Solanum
khasianum,
S.
torvum,
Rosmarinus
officinalis, Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium
(Chaturvedi et al., 2003), including rare,
endangered and threatened plants of Indogangetic plains, like, Clerodendrum
serratum (an endangered shrub; Sharma et
al., 2009), Uraria picta (a rare endemic
leguminous herb), Operculina petaloidea (a
rare perennial climber) and Embelia
tsjeriam – cottam (a vulnerable straggling
shrub; Sharma et al., 2008) etc.; fruit trees,
Citrus grandis, C. aurantifolia, C. sinensis,
C. karna, C. jambhiri and C. limonia
(Chaturvedi et al., 2001) and woody trees,
Mitragyna parvifolia (Sharma et al., 2007),
Populus deltoides (Chaturvedi et al., 2004a)
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and Azadirachta indica (Arora et al., 2010)
kept regenerative in long-term culture under
culture room conditions, produced normal
plants, even after 5 to 20 years of periodic
subculture in the Tissue Culture Laboratory
of NBRI, Lucknow. A high rate of
multiplication can be achieved through this
method, as from single nodal stem segment
or shoot tip one can have thousands of
plantlets within a shorter period of time. A
large number of plants produced through
this method can be replanted in their natural
habitat providing a moderately good
method of germplasm preservation. A
complete cycle of plants produced through
limited growth shoot culture raised from
nodal stem segment of a 40-year old tree in
case of A. indica is shown in Fig. 1 (a-g).
However, some disadvantages are also
associated with it, as it requires skilled
workers to maintain cultures, subculturing
has to be done within a particular optimum
period of time generally 25-30 days (varies
from species to species). Every time transfer
of shoot/s to new nutrient medium involves
cost of nutrients, growth hormones and agar
(costliest ingredient of the medium) besides
regular maintenance of temperature, light
and humidity in the culture rooms. Most
importantly one has to be cautious enough
to maintain infection-free cultures as
frequent subculturing could multiply the
risk of infection in cultures.
iii. Slow growth/ restricted growth shoot
cultures
In this approach the shoot apices are
cultured on nutrient media with restricted
growth. The growth rate of the in vitro
cultures can be restricted by various
methods including incubation at reduced
temperature and/ or low light intensity
(Withers, 1991), manipulation of nutrient
elements in the culture medium and use of
osmotic
agents
(Westcott,
1981;
Tahtamouni et al., 2001; Moges et al.,
2003) and sub-lethal levels of growth
retardants (Gupta, 2001). Some commonly
used growth retardants are tributyl-2,4dihlorbenzylphosphonium
chloride
(Phosphon D), malic hydrazide, n-dimethyl
succinamic acid (B-9), triidobenzoic acid
(TIBA), 2-chloroethyl trimethylammonium
chloride (CCC) and ancymidol. Sucrose,
mannitol and sorbitol are the osmotic
agents. Sucrose and sorbitol along with
incubation at low temperature and dark
have been used in Allium sativum to store
the bulblets for more than one year which
was accompanied with 100% survival and
recoveries thereafter (Hassan et al., 2007).
While, there are some examples from
herbaceous plants of successful germplasm
preservation by this method, the earliest
being of grape (Galzy, 1969) followed by
that of potato (Westcott et al., 1977). This
method, since long, is in practice at the
International Potato Centre, Lima, Peru, for
germplasm preservation of potato. The
technique has been successfully used in
plant spp., like, apple (Hao and Deng,
2003), Cedrus spp. (Renau-Morata et al.,
2006), Musa spp. (Cha-um et al., 2007),
Eucalyptus grandis (Watt et al., 2000), etc.
In this context, process of slow growth
culture of Glycyrrhiza glabra developed at
NBRI, Lucknow deserves special mention,
where spectacular success was achieved in
preserving its shoot apices under slow
growth conditions for more than 7 years
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without subculture. Normal true-to-type
plants were retrieved from such preserved
shoots (Jain et al., 2006). However, the
minimal growth storage method is
generally meant for short-term to mediumterm storage and it also has certain
limitations, such as, imposition of stress
conditions on explant, vulnerability due to
temperature fluctuations and above all light
requirement, which becomes a major
disadvantage during international exchange
of germplasm leading to death of shoot
cultures in transit for want of light.
iv. Synthetic seeds
Synthetic
seeds
produced
by
encapsulating somatic embryos or other
regenerants may prove to be of great
practical value both in propagation and
storage of germplasm (Redenbaugh et al.,
1986). Synthetic seeds have been
produced with intention of short-term
preservation of genetic resources, as in
Coffea arabica (Nassar, 2003), mulberry
(Pattnaik and Chand, 2000), pineapple
(Soneji et al., 2002), etc. The technology
has widely been used in orchids, e.g.
Geodorum densiflorum (Datta et al.,
1999), Cymbidium spp. (Nhut et al.,
2005). Quantity, quality and efficiency of
somatic embryos to convert into plantlets,
lack of developmental synchrony in
embryogenic systems, limited production
of viable micropropagules are some
considerable factors which limit the scope
of synthetic seed technology. The choice
of coating material for making synthetic
seeds is also an important aspect for
synthetic seed production (Ara et al.,
2000).
v. Innovative method of germplasm
preservation through excised root culture
Innovative and practicable approach
of germplasm preservation through longterm excised root culture has an edge over
other aforesaid methods. In nature, a
number of plants have the propensity to
produce shoot buds from their roots
(Peterson, 1975). However, regenerants
can also be induced to produce shoot buds
with the aging of root cultures (Thomas
and Street, 1972) or by the addition of
growth hormones (Chaturvedi and Sinha,
1979) in plant species, which do not
otherwise produce shoot buds in vivo.
Excised root culture as a system for
germplasm preservation has several
outstanding
features,
like:
simple
incubation conditions with moderate
temperature (25o-35oC), unaffected by
temperature
fluctuations,
no
light
requirement, low maintenance cost, long
intervals between subcultures, which can
be extended to even 4 to 6 months,
economy of space as several metres long
roots can be accommodated in small
containers and potential for producing
enormous propagules (clonal plants) per
culture of roots. Such attributes make this
system also very useful to promote safe
exchange of germplasm over long
distances
across
the
international
boundaries unaffected by lack of light and
temperature fluctuations during transit,
which has been found very damaging for
shoot cultures used for exchange of
germplasm. In this way, plants requiring
different agro climates can be conserved
in terms of their root system as excised
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root cultures at a place where they would
otherwise not grow, safe from pathogenic
infections, grown under aseptic conditions
and can easily be managed in small space
with no elaborate arrangements of airconditioning. Thus, excised root cultures
may constitute ‘Gene Repositories’ for
posterity. However, it is to be evaluated as
to how many plant species, with the
existing knowledge of morphogenesis and
the morphogenetic stimuli available, can
be preserved as their excised root cultures,
how many of them can be induced to
regenerate plantlets and how long the
regenerative potentiality of such excised
root cultures can be retained in long-term
cultures in vitro.
The fundamental principle underlying
this method of germplasm preservation is:
more the organization level of explant
with minimum physical and chemical
stress during incubation the less are the
chances of genetic variability.
In
Brassica
oleracea
shoot
regeneration has been obtained from
segments of excised roots and potentiality
of culture has been retained for five
months (Lazzeri and Dunwell, 1984a).
However, possibility of developing
regenerative excised root cultures appears
to exist in a number of plant species, at
least in those plant species, the root
segments
of
which
have
been
demonstrated to produce regenerants in
vitro, viz., Convolvulus arvensis (Bonnett
and Torrey, 1966), Elaeis guineensis
(Barrett and Jones, 1974), Actinidia
chinensis (Harada, 1975), Phalaenopsis
amabilis (Tanaka et al., 1976), C. sinensis
(Sauton et al., 1982; Burger and Hackett,
1986), Cicorium intybus (Vasseur and
Roger, 1983), B. napus (Lazzeri and
Dunwell, 1984b), S. tuberosum (Espinoza
and Dodds, 1985), Dendrobium sp.
(Sagawa, 1990), P. tremula (Nadel et al.,
1992; Tzfira et al., 1996; Vinocur et al.,
2000), C. aurantifolia (Bhat et al., 1992),
tomato (Jo o and Brown, 1994),
Cephaelis inecacuanha (Yoshimatsu and
Shimomura, 1994), Acacia albida (Ahée
and Duhoux, 1994), Lotus corniculatus
(Akashi et al., 1998), Eleuherococcus
koreanum (Park et al., 2005), etc.
With this background, an innovative
method of germplasm preservation through
long-term regenerative excised root culture
has been propounded in the Tissue Culture
Laboratory,
NBRI,
Lucknow
and
successfully demonstrated for a number of
plant species including herbaceous annuals
to woody perennials as well as trees. The
innovative method was developed
originally for S. khasianum (Normal and its
Spineless strain), in which case the true-tomother type plants were later on
regenerated from even more than 20-yearold cultures, tested so far, and also given
successful field trials, was further extended
to a number of other economic plants,
including trees, namely, S. torvum, S.
surattense, A. belladonna, Kalanchoe
fedtschenkoi, R. serpentina, P. deltoides
and Dalbergia latifolia (Chaturvedi et al.,
1991, 2004b; Sharma et al., 2004).
Recently, success has been achieved in
inducing multiple shoot bud differentiation
in segments of roots taken from 5-year-old
excised root cultures of a multipurpose tree
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– A. indica, established by employing
explants from a 40-year-old tree (Fig. 2a).
The root-regenerated shoot buds developed
into vigorously growing normal green
shoots leading to complete plants (Fig. 2b,
d and e). The root-regenerated plants have
been transferred to field with 100%
survival (Fig. 2f). The clonal fidelity of
plants has been ascertained by histological
studies and molecular analysis using
RAPD technique. Histological analysis
showed that the regenerants have
developed from pericycle cells of root,
which are known to be genetically stable
cells (Fig. 2c). Also, RAPD analysis of
mother tree and progenies, showed
monomorphic banding pattern of bands in
RAPD profiles (Fig. 2g).
CONCLUSION
This complete the cycle of selection of
elite plants, their cloning and preservation
of germplasm in terms of their excised roots
and production of cloned plants of such
preserved genotypes through regeneration
from their root explants, which will
ultimately be useful and rewarding in
developing
“Repositories”
of
their
genotypes as they will not only be preserved
in a pathogen-free state, but will also be
saved from being infected with new
pathogens or destroyed by other natural
calamities. During the process of
multilocational trials, even if the genotypes
do not survive at certain places, their stocks
will be safe in such “Repositories” from
which the cloned plants of such genotypes
can be produced at a fast rate. The process
is invaluable to conserve different
genotypes of this tree of immense medicinal
value and for developing a “Gene Bank” of
its various genotypes growing world over.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We need to wake up before it is too
late and preserve the boon of nature for
present and future. If we still not take
concrete steps to conserve biodiversity,
particularly phytodiversity then for our
mistakes a heavy penalty would be paid
by our successors. Hence, for the survival
of human race on this planet, there is an
urgent need to develop strategies for
conservation of biodiversity, particularly
of genetic resources of our plant wealth.
The integrated approach involving both in
situ and ex situ methods developed for
different plant species will go a long way
to achieve the ultimate goal of
conservation of phytodiversity as they are
complementary to each other.
The authors thank the Director,
National Botanical Research Institute
(NBRI), Lucknow for the facilities
provided. The second author also thanks
the Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR), India, for awarding her
Senior Research Fellowship.
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Figure Legends:
Fig. 1 (a-g) Germplasm preservation of a 40-year-old tree of Azadirachta indica through limited
growth shoot culture.
a.
Axillary bud-break in the nodal stem segment explant leading to regeneration of healthy shoot.
b.
Proliferation of shoots as seen after one year of subculturing.
c.
Rooting of isolated shoots.
d.
Acclimatization
of
in
vitro-rooted
shoots
plantlets
in
inorganic
salt
solution in a pro-tray.
e.
A group of in vitro-regenerated plants grown in potted soil.
f.
Field cultivation of nodal stem segment-regenerated plants after two years of transplantation.
g.
RAPD profile of 1-year-old field-grown plants of neem regenerated from nodal stem segments. Lanes
from left are marker containing Low Range DNA ruler (lane 1) followed by lanes with DNA of the
mother plant (lane 2) and nodal stem segment-regenerated plants (lanes 3-9), respectively.
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Fig. 2 (a-g)
Germplasm preservation of
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. through excised root
culture.
a.
Sustained growth of excised roots in
prolonged culture (2 years).
b.
Direct differentiation of shoot buds/ shoots in
root segment taken from 2-year-old excised
root culture.
c.
A magnified view of longitudinal section (L.S.)
of responded root explant showing endogenous
differentiation of meristemoids from the
pericycle (p) juxtaposed to the vascular tissue of
explant beneath the cortical tissue.
d.
Proliferation of shoots regenerated from
segments of roots taken from 2-year-old
excised root culture.
e.
f.
g.
Rooting of isolated shoots obtained from
cultures of proliferating shoots raised from
segments of roots of 2-year-old excised root
culture.
In vitro-raised plants, regenerated from root
segments of 2-year-old excised root cultures,
as seen after 2 years of transplantation under
field conditions.
RAPD profile of field-grown plants of neem
regenerated from root segments taken from
2-year-old excised root culture. Lanes from
left are marker containing Low Range DNA
ruler (lane 1) followed by lanes with DNA of
the mother plant (lane 2) and 12 rootregenerated plants (lanes 3-14), respectively.
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 109-116
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
IN VITRO APPROACHES FOR MASS PRODUCTION OF
MEDICINAL PLANTS
Pragati Misra and Pradeep Kumar Shukla*
Department of Tissue Engineering, Jacob School of Biotechnology & Bioengineering,
*Department of Biological Sciences, School of Basic Sciences
Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Sciences and Technology (Deemed to be University)
Introduction :
Plants were the first medicines, and
even as modern humans have developed
sophisticated pharmaceutical chemicals to
treat illness, medicinal plants remain an
important tool for treating illness in most
cultures.
Human beings have been utilizing
plants for basic preventive and curative
health care. According to a survey carried
out by WHO, 80% population of
developing countries still rely on
traditional medicines, mostly plant-based
drugs (Anonymous, 1998). Consumer
demand for high quality medicinal herbs
is increasing at a slow, but steady, rate.
Many of these herbs are harvested
exclusively from stagnant to declining
wild populations. The rate of extinction of
medicinally important plant species is
further accelerated by habitat degradation,
illelegal trade practices, loss of
regeneration potential of degraded forests,
policies and regulations. This factor poses
a serious threat to the genetic stock and
the biodiversity of medicinal plants. The
IUCN Red list of threatened plants
published by World Conservation Union
includes 33,798 species, of which 380 are
extinct in the wild, 371 may be extinct,
6,522 are endangered and the remainders
are vulnerable or rare. Species of
medicinal herbs are added to the federal
and state threatened or endangered plant
lists every year. Herb farming can change
this but learning how to grow herbs is
difficult on a large scale as farm crops.
Growing medicinal plants through
micropropagation could be the answer to
the problems that farmers face.
Micropropagation or plant tissue culture is
a method of propagating plants in mass
under sterile, controlled conditions. Plant
tissue culture can be broadly defined as a
collection of methods used to grow large
numbers of plants, in vitro (in test tubes),
in an aseptic and closely controlled
environment. Plant tissue culture is one
area of biotechnology that had a dramatic
impact on agriculture. Plant tissue culture
is the only way to increase the number of
plant within a short time period.
Theoretically, a single cell or piece of
plant tissue can produce an infinite
number of new plants. The main industrial
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goal of plant tissue culture is to produce a
large number of plants in a month instead
of years.
The production of a large number of
plants from very small plant parts
(explants) under aseptic conditions is
referred to as micropropagation or clonal
propagation, and it is one of the best and
most successful examples of commercial
application of plant tissue culture
technology. The potential for this work
was realized by Morel (1960) for rapid
propagation of orchids. In most cases,
clonal propagation is achieved by placing
sterilized shoot tips or axillary buds onto
culture medium that is sufficient to induce
formation of multiple buds. Skoog and
Miller (1957) proposed a concept which
stated that organ differentiation in plants
is regulated by an interplay of auxin and
cytokinin.
The
technique
of
micropropagation involves 4 steps viz.,
establishment of somatic embryos or
shoots cultures, multiplication of shoot
cultures through periodic sub culturing,
induction of rooting and hardening of
plantlets and transfer to soil.
Micropropagation ensures around 10
times multiplication per cycle of 2 weeks
each and 26 cycles can be completed in a
year.
Figure: Adapted schematic showing the classification of plant derived compounds
(Ramachandra and Ravishankar, 2002)
SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF
MICROPROPAGATION
• It is independent of seasonal constraints and
ensures year round, true to type, rapid mass
multiplication for quick bulking of super
elite material for commercial seed
production.
• Micropropagated field-grown plants
give higher yield and exhibit better
quality.
• Micropropagation can be used for
quick spread of genetically improved
materials and rejuvenation of old
varieties or clones of vegetatively
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propagated crops for improving their
yield and quality.
• Rapid spread of new varieties of
vegetatively propagated crops like
sugarcane,
potato,
poplar,
medicinal/aromatic plants for crop
diversification. In the vegetatively
propagated species, multiplication
through vegetative means is very slow.
Moreover,
pathogens
keep
on
accumulating
generation
after
generation, which cause huge losses in
the quantity and quality ultimately
causing decline of the clone or variety.
• Mass production of ornamental plants,
which are otherwise difficult to
multiply through conventional methods
for domestic and international markets.
• Mass cloning of cross pollinated and
seed propagated trees.
• Multiplication of male sterile lines for
hybrid seed production or the
multiplication of F1 hybrids in field,
vegetable and floricultural crops.
• It possesses tremendous potential in
making our environment clean and green.
Banana, Paulownia, Burma dek and
Jojoba etc.
Explant source
Explant is material used as initial
source of tissue culture. Tissue culture
success mainly depends on the age, types
and position of explants [38] because not
all plant cells have the same ability to
express totipotency [10]. The most
commonly used explants are shoot tips,
nodal buds and root tips. Large explants
can increase chances of contamination and
small explants like meristems can
sometimes show less growth.
STERILISATION
Microbial contamination of plant
tissue culture is a common problem.
Common bacterial contaminants are
Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus
and Lactobacillus. In the practice of plant
tissue culture, microorganisms are called
“contaminants” because of their harmful
effects on plant growth in vitro.
Six
potential
sources
of
contamination in the plant tissue culture
lab are:
• Production of disease-free planting
material for obtaining higher yields
with better quality for export market.
•
Air
•
Water
• Interstate/International
germplasm avoiding
pathogens and insects.
•
Growth Media
•
People
•
Equipment
•
Plant Material
exchange
the risk
of
of
• Biotechnology can provide help in
popularization of some non-traditional
medicinal and other crops like White
musli, Aloe vera, Geranium, Mentha,
Microbes multiply and compete with
growing explant for nutrients, while
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releasing chemicals which can alter
culture environments e.g. pH and inhibit
explants growth or cause death. Explants
are cleaned by distilled water and
sterilized using mercuric chloride, ethyl
alcohol, and liquid bleach. Sterilization of
laboratory instruments is carried out by
autoclaving, alcohol washing, baking,
radiations, flaming and fumigation.
TISSUE CULTURE MEDIA
Culture media contains vital nutrients
and elements for in vitro growth of plant
tissues. Choosing the right media
composition is important for successful
tissue culturing.
Functions of medium:
•
Provide water
•
Provide mineral nutritional needs
•
Provide vitamins
•
Provide growth regulators
•
Access to atmosphere for gas
exchange
•
Removal of plant metabolite waste
Medium contains a carbon source
(sucrose), macro and micro nutrients,
vitamins, hormones and other organic
substances. A wide range of media are
available for plant tissue culture, but MS
(Murashige & Skoog, 1962) medium is
commonly used Other media used are
Linsmaier-Skoog (LS) [Linsmier &
Skoog, 1965], Schenk and Hilderbrandt
(SH) [Schenk and Hilderbrandt, 1972],
WPM (Woody plant medium) [Lloyd and
McCown, 1980], and the Nitsch and
Nitsch (NN) [Nitsch, and Nitsch, 1969].
Agar is not essential media component but
is used as gelling agent. It prevents death
of cultured cells due to submerging and
lack of oxygen in liquid medium. The pH
of culture media is normally between 5.06.0, and is also very important as it affects
uptake of ions.
CULTURE BROWNING
Explants in cultures release phenol
compounds, which are oxidised by
enzymes known as polyphenol oxidase,
and cause the media to turn brown.
Browning can be minimized by adding
antioxidants or phenol absorbents for e.g.
ascorbic acid, glutathione, activated
charcoal and polyvinylpyrrolidone or by
transferring explants into new culture
media on regular intervals.
PLANT GROWTH HORMONES
!
"
#
!
$
#
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ROLE OF PHYTOHORMONES IN
PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
which must then be further multiplied,
followed by rooting in a multistage
process.
In
contrast,
somatic
embryogenesis leads to the formation of a
bipolar embryo through steps that are
often similar to zygotic embryogenesis.
Shoot multiplication is widely used for the
clonal propagation using the above
approaches; it has been possible to
produce plantlets of over 70 angiosperms
and 30 gymnosperms. Tissue culture
techniques have been applied for the
propagation of approximately 20% of
7000 known Ayurvedic plant species
(Rajendra and D'Souza, 1999).
MICROPROPAGATED PLANTS
ARE GROWN IN 4 STAGES.
Figure: Relative concentrations of auxin and cytokinin
required for plant growth and development
Asexual multiplication using tissue
culture techniques can be achieved by
three approaches:
1. Enhancing axillary bud break
2. Production of adventitious buds or
Organogenesis
3. Somatic embryogenesis
The first two approaches lead to
plantlets formation via organogenesis
through production of unipolar shoots,
Stage 1 is the initiation stage. A piece
of plant tissue (called an explant) is cut
from the plant, disinfected, and placed on
a medium. The medium contains vitamins,
mineral salts, sucrose, and a solidifying
agent such as agar. The objective of this
stage is to achieve an aseptic culture. An
aseptic culture is one showing no signs of
contamination of bacteria or fungi. Stage
2 is the multiplication stage. A growing
explant can be induced to produce
multiple shoots by including a cytokinin
in the medium. A cytokinin is a plant
growth regulator that promotes shoot
formation from growing plant cells. Stage
3 is the rooting stage. Multiple shoots can
be cut into singular shoots and placed in a
medium that includes an auxin to produce
adventitious roots. Auxins are plant
growth regulators that promote root
formation. Adding auxins to the medium
are not necessary with plants that easily
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root. Stage 4 is acclimatization The
growing, rooted plants are removed from
tissue culture and planted in soil. The
humidity must be slowly reduced over a
period of time to allow the plants stomata
to adjust to an open air environment.
Stomata's are like little mouths on the
cells of the leaf surface that open and
close
according
to
environmental
conditions.
Micropropagation of medicinal plants
is mainly carried with following
objectives: -
and those which are in demand by the
industry, but cannot easily be multiplied
by commercial methods of propagation. It
is the last category of plants, which has to
be given priority for propagation by tissue
culture strategy. There are many
important medicinal plants required by the
Drug India, but are not cultivated in the
real sense of the term. Some important
one’s are Angelica officinalis, A. sinensis,
Gymnema sylvestre, Picrorhiza kurroa
and Garcinia indica.
• Production of medicinal plant
seedlings can be carried continuously
without seasonal variation and
environmental factors.
Micropropagtaion in Stevia: Stevia
rebaudiana Bertoni (Bertoni) is a
perennial herbaceous plant and is part of
the Asteraceae family. It’s the only zero
calorie sugar substitute with a fresh, clean,
green image. It comes from the leaves of
the bushy stevia plant, a native of
Paraguay. Stevia is currently considered
as the “green gold”, as natural sweetener
used to reduce sugar and synthetic
sweetener as aspartame or sucralose.
Besides, Stevia is considered to be
hypoglycemic, hypertensive, diuretic,
cardiotonic. Heavy exploitation, low
propagation response and meagre
systematic cultivation resulted in the
important medicinal plants becoming
extinct and endangered. Very limited
scientific studies have been carried out on
in vitro conservation of the medicinal
plants Handa and Kaul (1996).
A clear distinction should be made
against the medicinal plants which have
been micropropagated on one’s own
choice and the plants which are actually in
demand by the pharmaceutical Industry,
Ayurvedic & Unani system of medicine
Micropropagtaion in Chlorophytum:
Fasciculated roots of Chlorophytum
Borrivillianum is used as tonic and
constitute important ingredient of 20
ayuervedic and unani preparation. The
productionof high quality planting material
• In some plants, seed production is
difficult and many a times seeds do
not show proper germination and
seedling growth.
• Micropropagation is mainly used in
individual
plants
having
elite
characters and protect them against
segregation or mutation.
• In many medicinal pants, planting
material is becoming endangered so
necessary
to
develop
micro
propagation protocols to preserve
germplasm and for distribution during
cultivation in new areas.
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propagated from vegetative parts has
created global trading area, benefited
growers, farmers, nursery owners and
improved rural employment. However,
there are still major opportunities to produce
and distribute high quality medicinal plant
Chlorophytum borivilianum. The main
advantage of tissue culture technology lies in
the production of high quality planting
material that can be multiplied round the
season basis under disease-free conditions.
The genus Plantago comprises 200
species, ten of which occur in India
(Anonymous, 1969). Isabgol, the common
name in India for P.ovata, comes from the
Persian words “isap” and “ghol” that means
horse ear, which is descriptive of shape of
the seed. India dominates the world market
in the production and export of psyllum.
Figure: In vitro culture of Plantago
Fig.: In vitro cultured mass of Chlorophytum
Micropropagtaion in Rouwolfia
Rouwolfia is a wonder drug plant of
India is now endangered. It yields around
50 alkaloids, of which its characteristic
medicinal property is due to Reserpine Its
seeds have poor viability and poor
germination
Figure: In vitro culture of Rouwolfia Micropropagtaion in Plantago
Micropropagtaion in Bacopa
Bacopa monnieri L. Penn. commonly
known as
“Brahmi” is an important
medicinal
herb
of
the
family
Scrophulariaceae. It is the foremost brain
tonic herb of the Indian System of Medicine
and other traditional systems, used primarily
as a nerve tonic, to treat insomnia and
nervous tension. Microropagation is rapid,
in vitro clonal multiplication method of elite
clones and also helps in dissemination and
ex situ conservation of this endangered
medicinal plant.
With the release of new drugs like
Memory Plus in the market, there is going
to be over exploitation of the natural
populations of B.monneri that must meet
the present requirement of 0.1 million
quintal/year of the herb. (Ahmad, 1993).
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There is thus an immediate need for
assessing
the
natural
populations,
developing protocols for micro propagation,
regeneration and agronomical practices. The
characteristics of rapid vegetative growth,
available morphological variation and short
sexual life cycle raise the possibility of
using
Bacopa
monnieri
in
the
developmental
studies
related
to
bioprospection,
morphogenesis
and
secondary metabolism.
Bacopa monnieri L. Penn., commonly
known as Brahmi, has been used in Indian
System of Medicine for centuries for
everything from snakebite to headache. It
is used most often as a brain tonic and a
memory enhancer. The demand of Bacopa
is met from natural population, which leads
to put heavy strain on existing natural
population and hence slow depletion of this
important herb. Tissue culture techniques
can be used to attain rapid multiplication of
the elite clones and germplasm
conservation of Bacopa monnieri
REFERENCES
Ahmad R U (1993) Medicinal plants used in ISM
– Their procurement, cultivation, regeneration,
and import/export aspect: a review. In: Govil J
N, Singh VK and Hashmi S (eds) Medicinal
Plants: New Vistas of Research, Part 1 (pp 221258). Today and Tomorrow Printers and
Publishers, New Delhi.
Anonymous (1998) In The Wealth of India: A
Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and
Industrial Products. Vol. 2, CSIR: 116-118.
New Delhi, India
Gamborg, O.L., T. Murashige, T.A. Thorpe and
I.K. Vasil. 1976. Plant-tissue culture media.
Journal of the Tissue Culture Association, 12,
473-478.
Handa, S.S., Kaul, M. K. (1996) Supplement to
cultivation and utilization of medicinal plants.
Regional Research Laboratory, CSIR, Jammu
Tawi 819.
Lloyd, G.B. and B.H. McCown, 1980.
Commercially feasible micropropagation of
mountain laurel (Kalamia latifolia) by use of
shoot tip culture. Proc. Int. Plant Propagators
Soc. 30, 421-437.
Morel G. 1960. Producing virus-free Cymbidium.
Am. Orchid Soc. Bull. 29: 495-97.
Murashige T (1974) Plant propagation through
tissue cultures. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol.
25:135-166.
Murashige T and Skoog F. 1962. A revised
medium for rapid growth and bioassays with
tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia Plantarum
15: 473-97.
Nitsch, J.P. and C. Nitsch, 1969. Haploid plants
from pollen grains. Science, 163, 85-87.
Rajendra K and D’Souza L (1999) In vitro
propagation of Ayurvedic plants. In : Khan I A
and Khanum A (eds) Role of Biotechnology
in Medicinal and Aromatic plants Vol 2: 207237.Ukaaz Publication Hyderabad
Ramachandra Rao, S. and G.A. Ravishankar,
2002. Plant cell cultures: Chemical factories of
secondary
metabolites.
Biotechnology
Advances, 20, 101-153.
Linsmaier, E.M. and F. Skoog, 1965. Organic
growth factor requirement of tobacco tissue
cultures. Physiol. Plant, 18, 100-127.
Schenk, R.V. and A.C. Hilderbrandt, 1972.
Medium and techniques for induction and
growth of monocotyledonous dicotyledonous
plant cell cultures. Canadian Journal of
Botany. 50, 199-204.
Skoog F and Miller C. O. 1957 Chemical
regulation of growth and organ formation in
plant tissue cultured In Vitro. Symp. Soc. Exp.
Biol.11: 118-31.
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 117-122
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
IN VITRO CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY OF
MEDICINAL PLANTS IN INDIA
Reetu Sharma and S P Mishra
Dept of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture
Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya VishwaVidyalaya Chitrakoot, Satna, M.P.
Email-reetu00sharma@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Medicinal plants continue to be an important therapeutic aid for alleviating ailments of
humankind. Advancements made in synthetic chemistry along with the discovery of
antibiotics and cortico-steroids and their artificial synthetics caused rapid decline of plant
based medicines particularly in the developed nations during the century. The developing
nations depend on the other hand mostly on plants for their medicine. In recent times,
however, due to the increasing realization of the health hazards and toxicity associated
with the indiscriminate use of synthetic drugs and antibiotics, there has been a renewal of
interest in the use of plants and plants based drugs throughout the world. The preventive
and promotive aspects of the Eastern traditional systems of medicine particularly that of
India and China are finding increased popularity and acceptance through out the world
and scope for developing plant based drugs assumes greater significance at a time when
modern medicine has failed to provide cure for a number of dreadful diseases.
Considering the rapid loss of medicinal plants various measures has been initiated in
India for conserving and sustainably utilizing the medicinal plant genetic resources.
According to the Red List of threatened species 44 plant species are critically
endangered, 113 endangered and 87 vulnerable (IUCN, 2000). Many medicinal plants are
also in trouble from over harvesting and destruction of habitat. Population growth,
urbanization and the unrestricted collection of medicinal plants from the wild is resulting
in an over-exploitation of natural resources. Therefore, the management of traditional
medicinal plant resources has become a matter of urgency. An ever increasing demand of
uniform medicinal plants based medicines warrants their mass propagation through
plant tissue culture strategy. Tissue culture technology is potent and has opened extensive
areas of research for biodiversity conservation. Tissue culture protocols have been
developed for a wide range of medicinal plants, which includes endangered, rare and
threatened plant species.
Key words : Red list, Endangered, Medicinal Plants, Plant Tissue Culture
INTRODUCTION
In view of the tremendously growing
world population, increasing anthropogenic
activities,
rapidly
eroding
natural
ecosystem, etc the natural habitat for a great
number of herbs and trees are dwindling.
Many of them are facing extinction. To
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cope up with alarming situation, the recent
exciting developments in biotechnology
have come as a boon. One of them is the
use of plant tissue culture technique. Most
of the plant raised through seeds are
highly heterozygous and show great
variations in growth, habit and yield and
may have to be discarded because of poor
quality of products for their commercial
release. Likewise, majority of the plants
are not amenable to vegetative
propagation through cutting and grafting,
thus limiting multiplication of desired
cultivars.
Moreover
many
plants
propagated by vegetative means contain
systemic bacteria, fungi and viruses
which may affect the quality and
appearance of selected items. In recent
years, tissue culture has emerged as a
promising technique to obtain genetically
pure elite populations under in vitro
conditions rather than have indifferent
populations. Tissue culture has now
become a well established technique for
culturing and studying the physiological
behavior of isolated plant organs, tissues,
cells, protoplasts and even cell organelles
under precisely controlled physical and
chemical conditions. Most of the
medicinal plants either do not produce
seeds or seeds are too small and do not
germinate
in
soils.
Thus
mass
multiplication of disease free planting
material is a general problem. In this
regard the micropropagation holds
significant promise for true to type, rapid
and mass multiplication under disease
free conditions. Besides, the callus
derived plants exhibit huge genetic
variation that could be exploited for
developing
superior
clones/varieties
particularly in vegetatively propagated
plant species. In terms of the number of
species individually targeted, the use of
plants as medicines represents by far the
biggest human use of the natural world.
Plants
provide
the
predominant
ingredients of medicines in most medical
traditions. There is no reliable figure for
the total number of medicinal plants on
Earth, and numbers and percentages for
countries and regions vary greatly
(Schippmann et al., 2002). Estimates for
the numbers of species used medicinally
include: 35,000-70,000 or 53,000
worldwide (Schippmann et al., 2002);
10,000- 11,250 in China (He and Gu,
1997; Pei, 2002; Xiao and Yong, 1998);
7500 in India (Shiva, 1996); 2237 in
Mexico (Toledo, 1995); and 2572
traditionally by North American Indians
(Moerman, 1998).
The United Nations Conference on
Environment
and
Development
(UNCED), held recently at Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil helped to place the loss of
biodiversity and its conservation on the
global agenda. Resulting in biodiversity
becoming a household wood. Biodiversity
is a new term for species-richness (plants,
animals, microorganisms) occurring as an
interacting biotic component of an
ecosystem in a given area.
CURRENT STATUS OF
BIODIVERSITY OF IMPORTANT
MEDICINAL PLANTS IN INDIA
Medicinal plants as a group comprise
approximately 8000 species and account
for about 50% of all the higher flowering
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plant species of India. Millions of rural
mass use medicinal plants. In recent years
the growing demand for herbal products
has led to a quantum jump in volume of
plant material traded within and outside
the country. Very small proportions of the
medicinal plants are lichens, ferns, algae
etc; the majority of the medicinal plants
are higher plants. Though India has rich
biodiversity and one among the twelve
mega diversity centers, the growing
demand is putting a heavy strain on the
existing resources causing a number of
species to be either threatened or
endangered category. About 90% of
medicinal plants used by industries are
collected from the wild. While over 800
species are used in production by
industry, less than 20 species of plants are
under commercial cultivation. Over 70%
of the plant collections involve destructive
harvesting because of the use of parts like
roots, bark, wood, stem and the whole
plant in case of herbs. This poses a definite
threat to the genetic stocks and to the
diversity of medicinal plants. Recently
some rapid assessment of the threat status
of medicinal plants using IUCN designed
CAMP methodology revealed that about
112 species in southern India, 74 species in
Northern and Central India and 42 species
in the high altitude of Himalayas are
threatened in the wild.
IN VITRO CONSERVATION
STRATEGIES USED FOR THE
PROPAGATION OF MEDICINAL
PLANTS
Micropropagation/Clonal propagation
techniques using shoot tip and nodal
segments are must for mass-scale
multiplication and conservation of
endangered or threatened
medicinally
important species within short period and
limited space. The plants produced from
this method are true to type. Propagation
through tissue culture provides solution for
mass propagation of plants in general and
threatened plants in particular. There is a
need to conserve plants with medicinal
values. Due to ever growing demand, the
availability of medicinal plants to the
pharmaceutical companies is not enough to
manufacture herbal medicines. The
powerful techniques of plant cell and tissue
culture,
recombinant
DNA
and
bioprocessing technologies have offered
mankind a great opportunity to exploit the
medicinal plants under in vitro conditions.
Micropropagation:
In
clonal
propagation, plants are multiplied using
nodal segments and shoot meristems as
explants. For rapid in vitro clonal
propagation of plants, normally dormant
axillary buds are induced to grow into
multiple shoots by judicious use of
growth regulators cytokinins and or auxin
and cytokinin combinations. Shoot
number increases logarithmically with
each subculture to give greatly enhanced
multiplication rates. As this method
involves only organized meristems, hence
it allows recovery of genetically stable
and true to type progenies (Murashige,
1974; Hu and Wang, 1983).
Organogenesis: For the regeneration
of a whole plant from a cell or from a
callus mass cytodiffrentiation is not
enough and there should be differentiation
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leading to organogenesis. This may occur
through
shoot
bud
differentiation
(organogenesis) or through somatic
embryogenesis. In the former, shoot buds
(monopolar structures) are formed while in
the later, somatic embryos (bipolar
structures) are formed both leading to
regeneration of whole plant. Callus
mediated organogenesis depends on
various factors. The type of callus, growth
regulators used for induction of callus and
also callus developed from the type of
explant.
The
cells,
although
undifferentiated, contain all the genetic
information present in parent plant. By
suitable manipulation of growth regulators
and contents of the medium, it is possible
to initiate the development of roots, shoots
and complete plant from callus cultures.
Somatic Embryogenesis: Somatic
embryogenesis is the process of formation
of embryo like structure from somatic
tissue. The somatic embryo may be
produced either directly on the explant or
indirectly from callus or cell suspension
culture. For the first time, Haccius (1978)
defined somatic embryogenesis as a nonsexual developmental process, which
produces a bipolar embryo from somatic
tissue. The first report of plantlet
regeneration via in vitro somatic
embryogenesis was in Daucus carota
(Reinert, 1958; Steward et al., 1958). This
pathway has offered a great potential for
the production of plantlets and its
biotechnological
manipulation.
In
addition to the development of somatic
embryos from sporophytic cells, embryos
have been induced from generative cells
such as in the classic work of Guha and
Maheshwari (1964) with Datura innoxia
microspores. Tissue culture technique
has been used successfully for in vitro
mass propagation of various medicinal
plants.
Table-: In vitro cultured important medicinal plants.
Plant species
Explants
Nature of Response
Reference
Bacopa monnieri
Leaf explants &
Nodal Segments
Mass propagation
Mohapatra and Rath (2005)
Calastrus paniculatus
Nodal segments
Shoot culture
Sood & Chouhan (2009)
Clitoria ternatea Linn
Nodal segments
Shoot culture
G.R. Rout (2005)
Ginkgo biloba
Apical &
Nodal segments
Shoot culture
Tommasi & Scaramuzzi (2004)
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Nodal segments
Axillary bud culture
Vadodaria et al (2007)
Gymnema sylvestre
Seeds
Seed culture
Komalavalli & Rao (2000)
Holostemma ada-kodien
Nodal segments
Bud culture
Martin (2002)
Oroxylum indicum
Nodal segments
Shoot culture
Dalal & Rai (2004)
Picrorhiza kurroa
Nodal segments
Mass propagation
Martin et al (2006)
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Saussurea lappa
Shoot tip
Shoot culture
Johnson et al (2007)
Swertia chirata
Shoot tip
Shoot culture
Balaraju et al (2009)
Tylophora indica
Nodal segments
Mass propagation
Faisal et al (2007),
Sharma & Chandel (1992)
Tinospora cordifolia
Nodal segments
Mass propagation
Gururaj et al (2007)
REFERENCES
Balaraju, K., Agastin, P. and Ignacimuthu, S.
(2009) Micropropagation of Swertia chirata
Buch- Hams. Ex Wall: a critically endangered
medicinal herb. Acta Physiologia Plantarum.
31(3): 487-494.
Bhatt, R., Arif. M., Gaur, A.K. and Rao, P. B
(2008) Rauwolfia serpentine: Protocol
optimization for in vitro propagation. African
Journal of Biotechnology. Vol 7 (23), pp.
4265-4268.
Chaturvedi, H. C. (1979) Tissue culture of
economic plants in progress in plant research,
vol 1, edited by T. N. Khoshoo & P. K. Nair
(Today and Tomorrow’s printers and
Publishers, New Delhi) 265.
Dalal, N. V. and Rai, V. R. (2004) In vitro
propagation of Oroxylum indicum Vent. A
medicinally important forest tree. Journal of
Forest Research. 9(1): 61-65.
Faisal, M. and Anis, M. (2003) Rapid mass
propagation of Tylophora indica via leaf callus
culture. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture,
75(2): 125-129.
Faisal, M., Ahmad, N. and Anis. M. (2007) An
efficient
micropropagation
system
for
Tylophora indica: an endangered medicinally
important plant. Plant Biotechnology Reports.
1(3): 155-161.
Guha, S. and Maheshwari, S.C. (1964) In vitro
production of embryos from anthers of Datura.
Nature. 204: 497.
Gururaj, H. B., Giridhar, P. and Ravishankar, G. A.
(2007). Micropropagation of Tinospora
cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. F &
Thoms: a multipurpose medicinal plant.
Current Science. 92(1):23-26.
Haccius, B. (1978) Question of unicellular origin
of zygotic embryos in callus cultures.
Phytomorphology. 28: 74- 81.
D.H. and Dixon, K.W. (Eds.). Conservation into
the 21st Century, Proc. 4th International
Botanic Gardens Conservation Congress,
Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Perth,
Australia, pp. 21- 27.
Hu, C. Y. and Wang, P.J. (1983) Meristem shoot
tip and bud cultures. In: Evans, D.A., Sharp,
W.R., Ammirato, P.V. and Yamada, Y. (Eds.).
Handbook of Plant Cell Culture, Vol. 1.
Macmillan, New York. Pp 177-227.
Johnson, T. S., Narayan, S. B. and Narayana, D. B.
A. (1977) Rapid in vitro propagation of
Saussurea lappa, an endangered medicinal
plant, through multiple shoot cultures. In vitro
cellular and developmental biology. 33(2):
128-130.
Komalavalli, N. and Rao, M. V. (2000). In vitro
micropropagation of Gymnema sylvestre- A
multipurpose medicinal plant. Plant Cell,
Tissue and Organ Culture. 61(2): 97-105.
Martin, K. P. (2002) Rapid propagation of
Holostemma ada-kodien Schult., a rare
medicinal plant through axillary bud
multiplication and indirect organogenesis.
Plant cell Reports, 21: 112-117.
Martin, G., Geetha, S. P., Raja Sudhakaran, S.,
Raghu, A. V., Balachandran I., Ravindran, P.
N. (2006) An efficient micropropagation
system for Celastus paniculatus Willd. A
vulnerable medicinal plant. Journal of Forest
Research, 11(6): 461-465.
Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native North American
food and medicinal plants: epistemological
considerations. In: Prendergast, H.D.V., Etkin,
N.L., Harris, D.R. and Houghton, P.J. (Eds).
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Plants for food and medicine. Proc. Joint
Conference of the Society for Economic
Botany and the International Society for Ethno
pharmacology, London, 1-6 July 1996, Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK, pp. 69-74.
Mohapatra, H. P. and Rath, S. P. (2005) In vitro
studies of Bacopa monnieri: An important
medicinal plant with reference toits
biochemical variations. Indian Journal of
Experimental Biology. 43(4): 373-376.
Murashige, T. (1974) Plant propagation through
tissue cultures. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 25:
135−166.
Pei Shengji. (2002) A brief review of ethnobotany
and its curriculum development in China. In :
Shinwari, Z.K., Hamilton, A. and Khan, A.A
(Eds.). Proceedings of a workshop on
Curriculum
Development
in
Applied
Ethnobotany, Nathiagali, 2-4 May. W.W.F.
Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan, pp. 41.
Reinert, J. (1958) Uber die Kontrolle der
Morphogenese and die Induktion Von
Adventivembryonen and Gewebek Ulturen aus
Korotten. Planta. 53: 318-333.
Rout, G. R. (2005) Micropropagation of Clitoria
ternatea Linn. In vitro Cellular &
Developmental Biology Biology- Plant, 41(4):
516-519.
Schippmann, U., Leaman, D.J. and Cunningham,
A.B. (2002) Impact of cultivation and
gathering of medicinal plants on biodiversity:
global trends and issues. Inter- Department
Working Group on Biology Diversity for Food
and Agriculture, Food and Agricultural
Organisation of the United Nations, Rome,
Italy.
Sharma, N & Chandel, K. P. S (1992) Effects of
ascorbil acid on axillary shoot induction in
Tylophora indica (Burm.F.) Merill, Plant Cell
Tissue Organ Culture, 29: 109.
Shiva, V. (1996) Protecting our biological and
intellectual heritage in the age of biopiracy.
The Research Foundation for Science,
Technology and Natural Resources Policy,
New Delhi, India.
Sood, H. and Chauhan, H. S. (2009) Development
of a low cost micropropagation technology for
an endangered medicinal herb (Picorhiza
kurroa) of North-Western Himalayas. Journal
of Plant Sciences, 1-11.
Steward, F.C., Maper, M.O. and Smith, J. (1958).
Growth and organized development of
cultured cell 11. Organization in culture grown
from freely suspended cells. Amer. J. Bot. 45:
705-708.
Thorpe, T.A. and Patel, K.R. (1984) Clonal
propagation: Adventitious buds. In : Vasil,
I.K.(Ed.). Cell Culture and Somatic Cell
Genetic in Plants. Vol. 1. Academic Press,
New York, pp.49-60.
Toledo, V. M. (1995) New paradigms for a new
ethnobotany: reflections on the case of
Mexico. In: Schultes, R. E. and. Von Reis, S.
(Eds.). Ethnobotany: evolution of a discipline.
Chapman and Hall, London, UK. pp. 75-88.
Tommasi, F. and Scaramuzzi, F. (2004) In vitro
propagation of Ginkgo biloba by using various
bud cultures. Biologia Plantarum. 48(2): 297300.
Vadodaria, H. K., Samantaray, S. and Maiti, S.
(2007) Micropropagation of Glycyrrhiza
glabra Linn. An important medicinal plant.
Journal of Cell and Tissue Research. 7(1):
921-926.
Xiao,
P.G.
and
Yong,
P.
(1998)
Ethnopharmacology and research on medicinal
plants in China. In : Prendergast, H.D.V.
Etkin, N.L. Harris, D.R. and Houghton, P.J.
(Eds.). Plants for food and medicine. Proc.
Joint Conference of the Society for Economic
Botany and the International Society for
Ethnopharmacology, London, 1-6 July 1996,
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. pp. 31-39.
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 123-129
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
THE WONDER PLANT AMARANTHUS
PHARMACOGNOSTIC PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS
Kavita Niraj, Ravindra M.Samartha and Puneet Gandhi
Department of Research in Medical Biotechnology,
Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Bhopal, India.
ABSTRACT
Amaranthus, a dietary plant, rich in natural polyphenols specially anthocyanins, has been
the focus of interest of scientific investigators for its antioxidant and chemopreventive
properties. However. its applicability in various forms for clinical use is an area which is
still unexplored. Here we present a review of literature along with our work on two
Amaranthus sps .for possible clinical use.
Introduction
Recent decades have witnessed a
resurgence of interest in traditional plant
based treatments. The World Health
Organization has recommended that
indigenous plants be used as alternative
medicine in the management of various
diseases, particularly in developing
countries where safe modern drugs, health
centers and resources are limited or
lacking (WHO, 2002). Dietary plants and
products such as grains, nuts, cereals, soy,
spices, flaxseed oil, fruits, vegetables, and
herbs contain various phytochemical
constituents,
such
as
phenolics,
carotenoids, alkaloids, nitrogen and
organosulfur compounds, and vitamins
and many of them have already been
studied extensively for their potential
chemopreventive efficacy (Park et al.,
2010). Some of these free radicalscavenging molecules, such as phenolic
compounds,
nitrogen
compounds,
vitamins, terpenoids and some other
endogenous metabolites, are rich in
antioxidant activity (Cai et al., 2003;
Cotelle et al., 1996; Larson, 1988; Shahidi
& Naczk, 1995; Velioglu et al., 1998;
Zheng & Wang, 2001). Among them
phenolic compounds or polyphenols are
the most numerous with more than 8,000
phenolic structures currently identified
(Tsao, 2010) and constitute one of the
major groups of compounds acting as
primary
antioxidant
free-radical
terminators (Agrawal, 1989). Plant
polyphenols are important components of
human diet and are considered to possess
chemopreventive
and
therapeutic
properties (Azmi et al., 2006). A strong
relationship between total phenolic
[Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants]
International Science Congress Association
123
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content and antioxidant activity in fruits,
vegetables and grain products has been
reported by various groups (Dorman et
al., 2003; Velioglu et al., 1998; Samarth
et al., 2008). Flavonoids, as one of the
most diverse and widespread groups of
natural compounds, are probably the most
natural phenolics (Shimoi et al., 1996).
These compounds possess a wide
spectrum of chemical and biological
activities including radical-scavenging
properties. Recently, anthocyanins along
with other phenolics have attracted much
interest since they are major antioxidants
in our diet and may impart health benefits
linked to their antimicrobial, antiinflammatory
and
anticarcinogenic
activities, insulin secretion ability and
neuroprotective effects (Han et al., 2007).
Anthocyanins belong to the parent class of
molecule -flavonoids. They are a group of
reddish-blue, water-soluble pigments
common in many flowers, fruits and
vegetables and they can be included in the
category of natural additives (Roobha et
al., 2011).They are widely spread
throughout the plant kingdom and they
can occur in almost all tissues of higher
plants, including roots, stems, leaves,
flowers, and fruits and are considered to
be a group of major natural pigments in
plants. Among different plants or even
cultivars in the same plant, the total
anthocyanin content varies considerably,
affected by genetic make-up, light,
temperature and agronomic factors
(Routray and Orsat, 2011). One such
herbaceous plant with abundance of
anthocyanins is Amaranthus.
The wonder plant
Amaranthus sps. (Tambdi Bhaji/Lal Saag)
is native to a large part of India and forms
an integral part of the Goan diet. Grain
amaranth
belongs
to
the
order
Caryophyllales, family Amaranthaceae,
sub-family
Amaranthoideae,
genus
Amaranthus. The scientific plant name –
Amaranth signifies in Greek “immortal”,
“everlasting” or “non-wilting”. The name
could be poetically connected with a story
of renaissance or “rediscovering” of
amaranth crop. Its mild spinach like
flavor, high nutritive value, ability to
grow in hot weather at low cost, have
made it a very popular vegetable (Jerz et
al., 2007). A classic 19th-century work of
herbal/eclectic medicine, King's American
Dispensory,
lists
Amaranthus
hypochondriacus as an astringent, which
is a substance that constricts animal
tissues, thus tending to close pores or
blood vessels (Buskirk and Winfred,
2005). According to the practitioners of
Ayurveda, the root is used to treat uterine
diseases (Marx, 2007).
POTENTIAL OF VEGETATIVE
PARTS
An antiviral protein that imparts high
resistance to sunnhemp rosette virus has
been purified from the dried leaves of A.
tricolor (Roy et al., 2006). Three galactosyl
diacylglycerols
(1-3)
with
potent
cyclooxygenase and human tumor cell
growth inhibitory activities have also been
isolated from the leaves and stems of A.
tricolor (Jayaprakasam et al., 2004). Goan
folklore suggests that the plant is a good
liver tonic and therefore is recommended as
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a staple diet for diabetic and anemic
patients. The plant is well known for its
purple betalain pigments, such as
amaranthine and isoamaranthine. Clemente
and Desai (2011), evaluated the
antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, hematological
and antioxidant effects of aqueous extract of
Amaranthus tricolor on alloxan-mediated
diabetes in rats and showed A. tricolor to be
a potential natural source of ingredients for
the
management
of
antioxidants,
hyperglycemia, associated lipidemia and
overall health status of diabetic patients and
that the plant may be used as a prospective
food supplement. Al-Dosari (2010), tested
the ethanolic extract of Amaranthus tricolor
for its efficacy against CCl₄-induced liver
toxicity in rats and evaluated its
hepatoprotective activity via measurement
of various liver toxicity parameters, lipid
profile and histopathological evaluation. He
suggested
that
A.
tricolor
has
hepatoprotective effect which appears to be
due to its antioxidant properties. According
to Baig and Saleem (2009), its aqueous
extract and ethanolic plant extracts possess
hepatoprotective
activity
which
is
comparable to silymarin. A. tricolor has
significant antioxidant activity in vitro (Rao
et al., 2010) which is compareable to other
well characterized, standard antioxidants
such as ascorbic acid and may be due to the
presence of phytochemicals such as,
steroids, flavanoids, alkaloids, terpenoids,
tannins and phenols (Bharti et al., 2011).
Leaves of A. tricolor and a protein isolate
from the seeds of A. mantegazzianus exhibit
potential
antitumor
properties
(Jayaprakasam et al., 2004; Barrio and
An˜o´n, 2010).
Potential of Seeds:
The seeds of Amaranthus are nutritious
and are an important source of proteins
and vitamins, especially, provitamin A (βcarotene). Amaranthus contains proteins,
vitamins (C and E), provitamin A and
minerals, such as Ca and Fe (Gopalan et
al., 1989). A. caudatus and A. paniculatus
seeds are antioxidant (Gandhi and
Maudar, 2010). This is the reason that
Amaranthus sps. is receiving special
attention in developing countries as an
alternative to tackle protein deficiencies in
diet.
The
observed
diverse
pharmacological properties appear to be
due to the antioxidant activities of A.
tricolor, which may pave the way for
development of a new drug to be used for
fighting various diseases. Two varieties of
Amaranthus
caudatus
seeds
were
investigated by Conforti et al., (2005) for
characterization of antioxidant and
antidiabetic properties along with their
phenolic content while Pasko et al.,
(2009) did similar work with seeds of
Amaranthus cruentus.
Evaluation by in vivo assays:
The extracts of Amaranthus have been
found to have protective effects in animal
model system. The essential oil of
Amaranthus spp. lowers cholesterol in
hamsters and the seed of A. esculantus
lowers cholesterol in rats (Berger 2003).
Amaranthus pretreated irradiated animals
exhibited a significant increase in GSH
content and decrease in LPO level in liver
tissue of Swiss albino mice (Maharwal et
al., 2003). This could be due to enhanced
utilization of the antioxidant system as an
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attempt to detoxify the free radicals
generated. The less depletion of liver GSH
in Amaranthus pretreated, irradiated
animals could be due to the higher
availability of GSH, which increases the
ability to cope up with free radicals
produced by radiation. The increased GSH
level suggests that protection by
Amaranthus may be mediated through the
modulation of cellular antioxidant levels
(Maharwal et al., 2005). Amaranthus leaf
extract acts as a potent antioxidant which is
indicated by the fact that it helped to
maintain a higher level of GSH and reduced
the LPO content in the experimental
animals as compared to controls. Samarth et
al., (2008) have reported A. paniculatus
extracts to moderate radical scavenging
activity (IC50= 548 micrograms). The
protective effect of Amaranthus can be
attributed to its antioxidant property which
is bestowed by the presence of provitamin
A ( -carotene), vitamin C and riboflavin
(Vietmeyer, 1983) that remove the free
radicals from the body by the scavenging
mechanism.
Escudero et al., (2011) investigated
bioactive compounds and antioxidant
activity in flour and protein concentrate
from A. cruentus seeds and studied their
effect on lipid content and liver
histoarchitecture of Wistar rats. They
concluded that the presence of phenols
provoked an increase in the antioxidant
defenses and thus played a protective role
in liver. Several mechanisms, including a
potent antioxidant activity, immune
response and enhanced recovery of bone
marrow have been suggested with
Amaranthus extracts (Malick et al., 1978).
Sangameswaran and Jayakar (2008)
observed
anti-diabetic
and
antihyperlipidemic effect with methanol
extract of Amaranthus spinosus L. stem in
streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Evaluation by in vitro assays
The extract from Amaranthus sp. used in
Mediterranean diet efficiently inhibits
activation of both NF-kB and AP-1 thus
showing
some
anti-inflammatory
properties in HUVEC culture (Staliñska et
al., 2005). In a study by Kumar et al.,
(2011), the -amylase inhibition assay by
CNPG3 revealed that the methanol extract
of A. caudatus showed significant
inhibition of -amylase enzyme activity in
all the in vitro antioxidant models. MeAc
at 10, 50, 100µg/ml concentration showed
44.01±0.12, 65.56±0.18 and 74.98±0.11
percentage inhibition of -amylase activity
respectively and IC50 value was found to
be 19.233µg/ml. This study indicates that
the whole plant of A. caudatus possess
antioxidant properties, can inhibit the
activity of -amylase at low concentrations
and can serve as a free radical inhibitor or
scavenger. Gandhi et al., (2011) tested the
antiproliferative activity of A. cruentus
aqueous extract on human peripheral
lymphocytes and have suggested that it can
be used as an inexpensive, biocompatible
and alternate to other commercially
available anti-proliferative therapeutics.
Clinical Applications
Whole amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus)
seed flour, its air-classified fractions and
extruded blends of these with wheat and
oats were studied with the purpose of
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evaluating their potential as components
in the development in infant formulas
(Sanchez-Marroquin et al., 1986). The
50:50 and 60:40 blends of whole
amaranth, as well as of the protein-rich
air-classified fraction, were found to be
highly suitable for utilization in infant
formulas.
Mburu et al., (2011)
determined the nutritional and functional
properties of Amaranthus cruentus grain
grown in Kenya for preparation of a
ready-to-eat product that can be
recommended for nutritional interventions
as infant complementary food. Such
studies are useful for developing a
complementary product of adequate
nutritive value that can be prepared using
locally
available
resources
and
technology. Steeping and steam pre
gelatinization of amaranth grain produced
a ready nutritious product with improved
solubility during reconstitution, suitable
for infant feeding. Chávez-Jáuregui et al.,
(2010) evaluated the effects of defatted
amaranth snacks (Amaranthus caudatus
L.) on plasma lipids in moderate
hypercholesterolemic patients. The intake
of 50 g of extruded amaranth daily during
60 days did not significantly reduce LDLc in moderate hypercholesterolemic
subjects; furthermore there was a
significant reduction in HDL-c. Studies
with greater number of subjects and
greater quantity of this food are necessary
to test the effects of amaranth on lipid
metabolism in humans.
A word of caution
Although
Amaranthus
has
been
documented for its various medicinal
uses, a recent project undertaken by Singh
and Sahi (2008), identifies Amaranthus to
be an aeroallergen. Also the first case
report from the country on A. paniculatus
seed flour causing anaphylaxis has been
recently presented (Kasera et al., 2013).
Although food allergy is reported only in
3-4%, individual immune response should
be checked out before including any
dietary plant as staple food.
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PART III
MEDICINAL PLANTS IN INDIAN SYSTEM
OF MEDICINE- AYURVEDA, UNANI
AND HOMEOPATHY
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 130-133
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
ANTI-DIABETIC PLANTS
Dr Prakash L Hegde
Professor and Head, Dept of Dravyaguna
SDM College of Ayurveda, Hassan, Karnataka
drprakashhegde@yahoo.com
“Jagatyevamanoushadham…”
Acharya Charaka has clearly said that
there is no plant which is not medicinal in
this universe which opens a door for
research. Because till now approximately
7500 plants only are used for medicine out
of more than 50,000 plants in India.
Medicinal plants were mentioned first in
the Vedas. Rigveda which is considered as
the oldest Veda has reference of more
than 67 plants. Plants like Apamarga,
Soma etc are mentioned.
The medicinal plants which were
initially used for rituals were later utilised
for medicinal purpose gradually and their
uses were documented after observing
their efficacy. The next important
documentation is found in Atharvaveda.
Ayurveda which is regarded as Upaveda
of Atharvaveda mainly has its roots in
Atharvaveda. In Charaka Samhita the first
samhita, we get references about
approximately 500 medicinal plants and
many
are
classified
under
50
mahakashaya varga based on their
important
pharmacological
actions.
Charakacharya clearly said that Ayurveda
has not been developed in a day or two
but which were gradually documented by
the observations made by Cow herds or
shepherds and they are used clinically.
Ayurveda speaks about both single drug
therapy and compound formulations,
which are administered to the patients that
are suitable in the given condition. But at
present, the complete scenario has
changed and Ayurveda is becoming very
popular among the western world and
catering the large population. Lots of
research works are being carried out at
present to get a lead in this regard.
These medicinal plants have played an
important role in Indian culture and festivals
since Rigveda. It is estimated that out of
250,000 higher plants all over the world,
more than 80,000 have medicinal value.
India occupies unique position among
world’s 12 biodiversity centres as it has rich
heritage of medicinal plants. In India about
20,000 plants have been identified as having
good medicinal value & 7500 species are
used by traditional communities.
LIST OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
Sl
No
1
Book Name
Rigveda
[Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants]
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No of Plants
Mentioned(Appr)
67
130
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2
Charaka
500
Pitta Prameha
3
Sushruta Samhita
700
Ashtanga Sangraha
600
Sl
No
Name
4
Drugs/
Preparation
5
Bhavaprakasha Nighantu
550
1
Ashwattha
6
Dhanvantari Nighantu
500
Neelameha
(Indicanuria)
7
Sodhalanighantu
490
2
Haridrameha (Biluria)
Aragwadha
8
Madanapala Nighantu
450
3
Amlamehina
Nyagrodha
9
Kaiyyadeva Nighantu
455
4
Ksharameha (Alkalinuria) Triphala
10 Raja Nighantu
698
5
11 Priya Nighantu
500
Manjishtameha
(Haemoglobinuria)
Manjishta,
Chandana
6
Shonitameha
(Haematuria)
Guduchi
Anti-diabetic Drugs: Whenever antidiabetic drugs are mentioned there is a
doubt whether it is a Pramehahara dravya
or Madhumehahara dravya.
Pramehahara Dravya:
In Sushruta
Samhita – Chi . 11/9 Acharya Sushruta has
enlisted drugs for 20 types of Prameha:
Kaphaja Prameha:
Sl
No
Name
Drugs
preparation
1
Udakameha (D. insipidus)
Parijata Kashaya
2
Ikshumeha (Alimentary
glycosuria)
Agnimantha
3
Sura Meha (Acetonuria)
Nimba
4
Sikata Meha (Lithuria)
Chitraka
5
Shanairmeha (Obstruction) Khadira
6
Lavanameha
Patha, Agaru,
Haridra
7
Pishtameha (Chyluria)
Haridra,
Daruharidra
8
Sandrameha
(Phosphoturia)
Saptaparna
9
Shukrameha (Spermaturia) Durva, Karanja,
Kakubha
10 Phenameha
Haritaki,
Aragwadha
/
Vataja Prameha
Sl
No
Name
Drugs/Preparation
1
Sarpirmeha
Chitraka
2
Vasameha (Lipuria)
Agnimantha
3
Kshoudrameha (D.
mellitus)
Khadira,
Kramukha
4
Hastimeha (Polyuria)
Shirisha
MADHUMEHA CIKITSA:
In Sushruta Samhita Chikitsasthana
Acharya Sushruta has
13th Chapter,
emphasized the usage of Bhallataka (
Semecarpus anacardium) and Tuvaraka
(Hydnocarpus laurifolia).
Mode of Action: The drugs used in
Madhumeha (Diabetes mellitus) are
mainly Tikta (Bitter) and Kashaya
(Astringent) Rasa. Here Tikta (Bitter) is
light and dry in nature which reduces
heaviness and unctuousness of Madhura
(Sweet) rasa and Kashaya (Astringent)
gives strength to Urinary bladder so that it
can accommodate more quantity of urine,
which reduces frequent micturition.
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Most of the drugs used in treatment
of Madhumeha (Diabetes mellitus) are
having chemical
constituents
like
Terpenoids, Alkaloids, Bitter glycosides,
Flavonoids and Phenolics.
• Therapeutic administration: Decoction
– 50 ml twice a day before food.
HARIDRA (Curcuma longa): Reputed
drug from the classical texts. Regarded as
efficacious drug in all kinds of Diabetes.
Commonly Used Drugs in
Madhumeha(Diabetes mellitus) :
• Useful Part - Rhizome
bitter taste.
JAMBU (Eugenia jambolana): Most
reputed anti diabetic drug in Ayurveda.
• Therapeutic Administration: Powder
of Rhizome – 5 gm twice a day with
water before food.
• Useful Parts: Seed, Fruit & Bark
which are having Kashaya Rasa
(Astringent taste)
• Therapeutic administration:
• Seed Powder – 10 g twice a day
before food. Fruit – Edible, Bark –
Decoction 40 ml
BIMBI (Coccinia grandis):
• Useful Part: Root which has Kashaya
Rasa (Astringent)
• Therapeutic administration:
• Root Powder – 10g /twice a day
before food.
KARAVELLAKA(Momordica charantia):
• Useful Part: Fruit having bitter taste.
• Therapeutic Administration:
• Fruit Juice – 10 ml/twice / before
food or fruit powder 5 gm before
food twice a day.
ASANA (Pterocarpus marsupium): Most
commonly used drug now a days and
many preparation are prepared from this
plant.
• Useful Part: Heart wood having
Kashaya Rasa (Astringent)
which has
• Nishamalaki :Haridra (Termeric) and
Amalaki (Indian gooseberry) mixed
in equal quantity and taken 10 g
twice a day.
AMALAKI (Phyllanthes emblica)
• Useful Part: Fruits
• Therapeutic administration: Juice – 5
ml twice a day
MESHA SHRINGI (Gymnema sylvestrae):
• Useful part - Leaves having bitter
taste.
• Therapeutic Administration: Powder
of dried leaves – 10gm twice a day.
NIMBA (Azadirachta indica): A
classical medicine for Madhumeha which
is very bitter in taste.
• Useful parts are Leaves & Stem.
• Therapeutic Administration: Juice of
leaves – 10 ml twice a day or Powder
of leaves and Bitter gourd Powder –
5g each may be taken
GUDUCHI
(Tinospora
cordifolia):
Regarded as immune booster which really
effective in Diabetes.
• Useful part: Leaf, Stem & Whole plant
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• Therapeutic administration: Guduchi
may be used in the form of Decoction
– 40 ml, Juice – 10 ml or Powder – 10g
CONCLUSION
• Many research works are taking place
in finding out effective and safe
herbal medicine for Diabetes and still
plenty of opportunities are there to
reach an increasing demand to use the
natural anti diabetic agents
• The literature pertaining to anti
diabetic herbs are scattered in
different classical texts and efforts
are to be made to bring all those
under one roof.
• Constitutions of individuals are
different, so probably this would be
the reason for mentioning many
plants
in
one
context
like
Madhumeha (Diabetes mellitus).
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 134-139
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
THERAPEUTIC USES OF COMMON MEDICINAL PLANTS
Prof (Dr) G.S.Tomar
Head,Deptt. of Kayachikitsa
SLBSS Govt . Ayurvedic College,Handia,Allahabad
INTRODUCTION
The antiquity of medicinal plants
goes back to the period of Vedas where
certain Vedic Samhitas mention the use of
many herbs. Rigveda, the oldest literary
document presents the knowledge about
medicinal plants in AushadhiSukta.
(RV.10:47.1-23) According to Rigveda
the Vedic physician was one whom the
medicinal plants themselves offered their
services. There is description of four herbs
viz. Somvati, Ashwavati, Urjayanti
&Udojasa inRigveda. Apart from this
more elaborate description is available in
Atharvaveda. After vedic period these
plants were further regarded as the seats
of specific divine powers in Upanishadas
which
reflects
their
importance.
Upanishadas elaborates that Aswattha
(Pipal)is
the
seat
of
Lord
Vishnu(Krishna),Vata (Vargad)
of
Brahma,Bilva (Bel) of Shiva, Kadambaof
Krishna, Tulsi&Amala of Lakshmi and
Neemof Shitala respectively. Moreover
the properties and therapeutic utility of
these plants have discussed in thorough
detail in Classical period in different
AyurvedicSamhitas
and
subsequent
writings.
Until 19th century men was solely
dependent on medicinal plants for
opposing his agony. In spite of
tremendous advancement in the field of
western medicine, the scope of herbal
medicine still remains because of its
safety index and easy availability.
Ayurveda elaborates the nature as a whole
as the tool of its treatment. It is further
verified by Charaka in the following
statement.
“NanaushadhibhutamJagatiKinchit”- C.
S. 1:69
Charak proclaims that there is nothing
on the earth which is not a medicine. Apart
from this, it is equally famous saying of our
ancient Maharshisthat :
“AmantramAksharamNasti,
NastiDravyamanaushadham
AyogyahPurushamNasti,
YojakastatraDurlabhah”
Which reflects that there is no matter
in the universe which is not having
medicinal property.These inferences hint
towards the fact that the nature has rich
treasure of valuable remedies in the form
of plants, animals & minerals. Therefore,
these are considered as the three resources
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of Ayurvedic therapeutics. It is not only
sufficient to know the power of healing
hidden in these resources but it is equally
important to know about the form of use,
its doses & time of administration to
achieve maximum benefit of these
medicaments.
More than 70% population of our
country resides in the villages and is
dependent on these plants for their day to
day ailments. Not only this, there are certain
diseases where western medicines give only
a symptomatic relief and have a limited
scope, these herbal drugs prove to be
beneficial on current scientific parameters.
The most common examples of the same
are Liver diseases, Diabetes, Hypertension,
Arthritis and Asthma. Apart from this, these
herbs are having a magic healing power in
geriatric health care too. Therefore, most of
the popular MNCs are attracting towards
this field and are producing herbal remedies
for several diseases.
Present paper deals with the name of
such drugs recommended for various
health problems on one hand & common
kitchen remedies on the other.
ROLE OF SPICES IN HEALTH CARE:
Turmeric, coriander, ginger, cumin,
garlic & cinnamon are few of the common
herbs used in our routine kitchen recipes
and have a significant therapeutic utility.
Scientific studies have shown that these
kitchen remedies are protecting us from
various common disorders.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) has anti
cancer properties as it protects DNA and
stimulates detoxifying enzymes. Apart
from this, it has anti inflammatory,
hepatoprotective, anti bacterial, anti
fungal, and wound healing properties. It
protects us from heart disease as it
decreases LDL and Triglyceride levels.
Coriander
(Coriandrumsativum)
protects against heart disease as it decrease
levels of lipid peroxide and increases the
activity of anti oxidant enzymes thereby
decreases total cholesterol, LDL and TG on
one hand and increases HDL on the other. It
is traditionally used in the treatment of
diabetes.
Cumin (Cuminumcymimum)is also
an anti diabeticremedy, it reduces blood
sugar, glycosylated haemoglobin, plasma
cholesterol, phospholipids, free fatty acids
and triglycerides.
Ginger
(Zingiberofficinale)
has
various beneficial effects such as anti
hyperlipidaemic, anti atherosclerotic. It has
anti cancer, anti fungal, anti emetic, anti
inflammatory and anxiolytic properties. It
protects cells from amyloid injury hence it
protects against Alzheimer’s disease.
Garlic (Allium sativum) has been
found beneficial in heart disease,
hypertension, cancer, arthritis, infections
and alzheimer’s diseases. In clinical trials,
garlic halted progression of arteriosclerotic
plaque volume, reduced total serum
cholesterol and triglycerides, increased
HDL and had anti platelet activity.
Tejapatra
(Cinnamomumtamala)
reduces serum glucose, triglycerides and
total cholesterol in patients with type 2
diabetes. It increases quantity of insulin
and also enhances its effectivity. It is
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traditionally used for the management of
diabetes.
7.
61-70
Virility
Kapikachchhu,
Musali
Dalchini (Cinnamomumzeylanicum)
containscinnamaldehyde which lowers
plasma glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin,
total cholesterol and triglycerides and
increases plasma insulin and HDL. It is an
anti oxidant, anti microbial and enhances
wound healing.
8.
71-80
Strength
Bala, Amalaki
9.
81-90
Memory &
Cognition
Shankhpushpi,
Brahmi
10.
91-100
Locomotion
Sahachara& other
devine remedies.
ROLE OF REJUVENATION
THERAPY (RASAYANAS) IN
PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE :
Rasayana (Rejuvenation therapy) is a
branch of Ashtanga Ayurveda which deals
with promotion of health, longevity and
prevention
of decay and
aging
process.These drugs are basically meant
to regulate the process of metabolism
resulting in nutrition dynamics. Hence,
they are recommended by Shargadhara to
fulfil the bioloss in different age groups.
Table showing Age Specific Biolosses
and suggested Rasayana Remedies
S.
No
Age in
years
Age specific
Biolosses
Suggested
Rasayanas
1.
0-10
Corpulence
Vacha,
Gold
2.
11-20
Growth
Bala, Ashwagandha
3.
21-30
Lusture
Amalki,
Chandan
4.
31-40
Intellect
Brahmi,
Shankhpushpi
5.
41-50
Skin glow
Bhringaraja,
Jyotishmati
6.
51-60
Vision
Jyotishmati,
Triphala
Kashmari,
Haridra,
REJUVENATING REMEDIES FOR
VARIOUS SYSTEMS
Alimentary canal:
Haritaki (Terminaliachebula)
Kutaja (Holarrhenaantidysentrica)
Bilva (Aeglemarmelos)
Mustak (Cyperusrotundus)
Shunthi (Zingiberofficinale)
Liver:
Kalmegha (Andrographispaniculata)
Kutaki (Picrorhizakurroa)
Bhumyamalaki (Phyllanthusamarus)
Daruharidra (Berberisaristata)
Bhringraja (Ecliptaalba)
Pittapapara (Fumariapurviflora)
Makoya (Solanamumnigrum)
Guduchi (Tenosporacordifolia)
Stomach:
Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus)
Bhringaraja (Ecliptaalba)
Amalaki (Emblicaofficinalis)
Ela (Eletariacardemon)
Pancreas:
Jambu (Eugenia Jambolana)
Tejapatra (Cinnamomumtamala)
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Vijayasar (Pterocarpusmarsupium)
Karela (Momordicacharantia)
Kiratatikta (Swertiachirayita)
Sadabahara (Vincarosea)
Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)
Lungs (Respiratory tract):
Haridra (Curcuma longa)
Vasa (Adhatodavasica)
Shirisha (Albizialebbeck)
Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)
Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhizaglabra)
Pippali (Piper longum)
Heart:
Arjun (Terminaliaarjuna)
Pushkarmula (Inularacemosa)
Guggulu (Commiphorawightii)
Brahmi (Bacopamonnieri)
Eyes:
Jyotishmati (Celeastruspaniculatus)
Haritaki (Terminaliachebula)
Vibhitaki (Terminaliabalerica)
Amlaki (Emblicaofficinalis)
Male Genitals:
Kapikachchhu (Mucunapruriens)
Ashwagandha (Withaniasomnifera)
Female Genitals:
Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus)
Ashoka (Saracaasoca)
Joints :
Rasna (Pluchialanciolata)
Nirgundi (Vitexnigundo)
Eranda (Reciniscommunis)
HERBAL REMEDIES FOR
GERIATRIC CARE:
Shankhapushpi (Convolvulus
pleuricaulis)
Some of the most common diseases
of old age include constipation, arthritis,
cataract, diabetes, dementia, depression,
asthma, hypertension, liver & kidney
diseases and cancer. Moreover impaired
body functions, delayed wound healing
and susceptibility to infection are
frequently observed in old age. Common
medicinal plants used for theseailments
are as hereunder –
Mandukaparni (Centellaasiatica)
Constipation :
Rasona (Allium sativum)
Kidney:
Punarnava (Boerhaviadiffusa)
Gokshura (Tribulusterrestris)
Varuna (CrataevaNurvala)
Brain:
Brahmi (Bacopamonnieri)
Vacha (Acoruscalamus)
Guduchi (Tinosporacordifolia)
Madhuyashti (Glycyrrhizaglabra)
Jyotishmati (Celeastruspaniculatus)
Harad – Baheda –Amla(Triphala),
Munakka, Anjeer and Isabgol.
Colitis :
Kutaj, Bel, Nagarmotha.
Hypertension :
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Arjun, Sarpgandha, Pushkarmool,
Guggulu, Shankhpushpi,
Ashwagandha and Punarnava.
Heart Disease :
Arjun, Karbir, Lasun and Guggulu.
Bronchial Asthma :
Kantkari, Vasa, Mulaithi, Tulsi,
Bharangi, Duddhi and Shirish.
Allergy :
Shirish, Haldi and Tulsi.
Acidity :
Parval, Shatavari, Amla, Narial,
Bhangara, Saunf and Badiilaichi.
Osteoarthritis :
Ashwagandha, Guduchi, Saunth,
Shatavar, Hadjod and Kuchala
(Shuddha)
Prostate Enlargement :
Sahijan, Varun, Gokhru and
TrinPanchmool.
U.T.I. :
Chandan, Gokhru, Punarnava,
Varun, Sahijan and Guduchi.
Depression :
Konchbeej and Brahmi.
Sexual Dysfunction :
Ashwagandha, Bala, Konchbeej,
Mushli, Akarkara, Jaiphal, Laung,
Bidarikand and Gokhru.
Parkinsonism :
Kaunch, Brahmi, Jatamansi, Vacha
and Ashwagandha.
Forgetfulness :
Shankhpushpi, Mandukparni,
Guduchi and Mulaithi.
Anaemia :
Anar, Palak, Chukandar, Khajur,
Papita and Kela.
Eye Diseases :
Jyotishmati, Triphala, Mulaithi,
Shatavar.
Skin Diseases :
Tuvarak, Bakuchi, Bhilava and
Vidang (All after purification)
Arthritis :
Bhilava, Kuchala, Rasna, Lasun,
Erand and Nirgundi.
Diabetes :
Vijaysar, Gudmar, Jamun, Maithi,
Sadabahar, Haldi, Tejpatra,Belpatra
and Mamjak.
Obesity :
Vidang, Guggulu, Harad,Arjun and
Pushkarmool.
CONCLUSION
Ayurvedic
literature
contains
the
description of a huge number of medicinal
plants along with their therapeutic utility
and properties. Ayurveda advocates the
prevention from diseases as its prime
objective. Therefore, a vast number of
drugs are recommended for prevention of
diseases and promotion of health. These
drugs are very much effective in the
management of various life style related
disorders too. Hence, the utility of these
plant based medicines is increasing day by
day. Moreover, these drugs are free from
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any untoward effects because they are
having similar biomorphic constitution, so
these are accepted in our body very easily.
REFERENCES
AshtangaHridaya : Edited
NirnaySagar Press(1936)
by
ArunDutt,
ChaukhambhaBharati Sanskrit Series office,
Varanasi(2001)
SushrutaSamhita : Edited by Prof P.V.Sharma,
ChaukhambhaVishwabharati, 1st Ed (2001)
Puri, H.S: Rasayana: Ayurvedic herbs for
longevity and rejuvenation. London, Taylor &
Francis(2003)
CharakaSamhita : English translation and critical
exposition by R.K. Sharma & B. Das,
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 140-144
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
MORINGA OLIFERA OR SAHIJAN – A MIRACLE PLANT
OF MEDICINAL VALUE
Dr. Vinod Kumar
Reader; Head Department of Shalakya Tantra
Govt. Ayurvedic College Handia, Allahabad
E mail - drvinodshalakya@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
Moringa olifera is a beautiful plant of
sub-Himalayan tract of Indian subcontinent.
Etymologically the name moringa is
derived from the Tamil word murunggai or
the Malayalam word muringa. Moringa is
known with various names in different parts
of India ie.- Sahajan or saijhan (Hindi),
Shobhanjan or Shigru (Sanskrit), Drumstick
tree, Horseradish tree, Benzolive tree, and
Ben oil tree (English), Sajna (Bangla),
Murunggai (Tamil), Muringa (Malayalayi),
Shevaga (Marathi), Moonga (Telagoo).
Moringa olifera belongs to order
Brassicales and family Moringaceae of
Angiosperms. Over the past few decades,
many reports have appeared in mainstream
scientific journals elaborating its nutritional
and medicinal properties and its utility as a
non-food product too, surprisingly the
outcome of reports are merely verifying the
therapeutic indications mentioned in the
Ayurvedic literature as ancient as 4000 BC.
Since the ages Sahijan or Shigru has
been a well known for its medicinal,
nutritive economical and ornamental
values. Its rapid growth and versatile uses
turned it into a popular and eco friendly
plant among medical professionals and
farmers. In Indian subcontinent Moringa is
consumed as roasted (seed) nuts, pods
curry, and expressed juice of leaves. Now
India is the largest producer of Moringa
olifera with the annual production of 1.1 to
1.3 million tones of tender fruits of
Sahajan at approx 380 km² of cultivation
area. Andhra Pradesh leads in both area
and production (156.65 km²) followed
by Karnataka (102.8
km²)
and Tamil
Nadu (74.08 km²). While in other states, it
occupies an area of 46.13 km². Tamil Nadu
is the pioneering state for diversified
genetic species.
Ayurvedic literature is very much
enriched with the medicinal properties of
Sahajan. Carak have placed it in to the
Swedopag, Krimighna, Shirovirechanopag,
Katuk Skandha and Haritak Varga
according to pharmacological property,
Acharya Sushruta has grouped it with
Varunadi Gana and Shirovirechan dravya.
In the Samhita period the properties of
Shigru have been explored to a great
extent. Caraka, Sushruta, Bhav Prakash
and Dhanvatari Ninghantu all of these have
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described the basic properties and
therapeutic indications of Shigru. Shigru
Leaves, seed and seed oil were used for the
management various disorders. According
to Sushruta Samhita the pharmacological
properties of Shigru are as followRasa
Guna (Properties) Teekshna
-
Katu - Tikta
Laghu, Ruksha &
Vipak
- Katu
Veerya
- Ushna
Karma (Action)
- Krimighna ( Anti
helminthic), Kushthaghna (Curing skin
lesion), Pramehaghna
( Anti diabetic /
Anti dieresis) and Shirorogaha (Relieving
the Headache )
“Shrigrutailani Teekshnani Laghuni
Ushnaviryani
Katuni Katuvipakani
Saranyanilkapha Krimi Kushtha Prameha
Shirorogapaharani cheti……”
(Sushruta Samhita Sutra Sthan Chapter 45)
Bhav Prakash has added it as the
Chakshushya meaning there by improving,
restoring or maintaining the vision.The
medicated oils containing the seeds of
Shigru are very frequently used for the
purpose of Shirovirechan along with other
drugs. Leaves were very frequently used as
decoction for the treatment of Ashmari
Bhedan, Udar shool, Nasal Disorders,
Shirovirechan, Sandhigat Rogas, Krimi
Rogas and Kushtha Roga.
Shigru: Sar: Katu:
Madhuro Laghu: |
Pake
Teekshno
Deepan: Rochano Ruksha: Ksharastikto
Vidahakrit ||
Medoapachi Vishapleeha Gulma Kandu
Vranan Haret | (CaraK Samhita )
Chakshushyam
Shigrujam
Teekshnoshnam Vishanashanam
Vijam
Avrashyam Kaphavataghnam Tannasyen
Shiroartihat || (Bhav Prakash)
Now a day Ayurvedic physicians are
using the Shigru preparations for the
treatment of Renal Calculus, Arthritis,
Antihelminthic
and
Shirovirechan
procedures very successfully. The powder
of leaves is also effective in the
management of Udar Shool (Peptic Ulcer)
and avitaminosis A.
Many bioactive chemical compounds
have been extracted from the root, leaves, pods
and seeds of Moringa olifera. These are
reported to contain alkaloids, flavanoids,
anthocynins,
proanthocynidins
and
cinnamates. Few important active biochemical
compounds which are the speciality of
Moringaceae family are listed below –
Simple sugar “Rhamnose”
Glucosinolates and Isothiocyanates
Benzyl isothiocyanate
4-(4'-O-acetyl- -L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)
benzyl isothiocyanate
4-( -L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl
isothiocyanate
Niazirinin & Niazirin
Pterygospermin
4-( -L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)
glucosinolate
benzyl
Moriginine
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The Moringa plant contains the alkaloid
called “Moringine” which exerts ephedrine
like effect. Two isomers of 4-Benzyle
isothiocynnate
[4-(4'-O-acetyl- -Lrhamnopyranosyloxy) benzyl isothiocyanate
& 4-( -L-rhamnopyranosyloxy) benzyl
isothiocyanate] have been extracted from all
the parts of Moringa plant. 4-Benzyle
isothiocynnate has been proved to contain
antimicrobial (bacteriostatic & bacteriocidal,
antifungal and anti-helminthic activity) and
anti-inflammatory activity. Pterygospermin
& 4-glucosinolate have antibiotic activity
against Helicobacter pylori. Pterygospermin
was discovered early 1950’s by a team from
the University of Bombay (BR Das),
Travancore University (PA Kurup), and the
Department of Biochemistry at the Indian
Institute of Science in Bangalore (PLN Rao).
Helicobacter pylori are the main culprit in
the occurrence of Peptic ulcer. The
importance of this research could be
understood by the fact that discoverer of
Helicobacter pylori get Nobel Prize of
medicine in year 2005. The presence of
nitrile glucosides like niazirin and niazirinine
produces dose dependent positive and
negative ionotropic effect on heart.
Shigru or Moringa is a highly nutritive
plant. Leaves pods and seeds are edible
and consumed at very large scale in tribal
community. Shigru is very rich in a
number of vitamins and minerals as well as
other phytochemicals such as the
carotenoids (including -carotene or provitamin A). The leaves of moringa alone
are sufficient enough to fulfill the
recommended daily requirement of
Vitamin A, B1, B2, B6, C, Calcium, &
Magnesium (Table 1).
Table -1, Showing the concentration of
Nutrients (source FDA data base for
nutrition USA)
Perticular
Energy
Carbohydrates
Dietary fiber
Fat
Protein
Water
Vitamin A
Thiamine (vit.
B 1)
Riboflavin
(vit. B2)
Niacin (vit.
B 3)
Pantothenic
acid (B5)
Vitamin B6
Foliate (vit.
B 9)
Vitamin C
Calcium
Iron
Magnesium
Manganese
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Zinc
100 Gms of
Leaves & % of
RDA
100 Gms of
Pauds & % of
RDA
64 kcal
(270 kJ)
8.28 gm
2.0 g
37 kcal
(150 kJ)
8.53 g
3.2 g
1.40 g
9.40 g
78.66 g
Equiv 0.378 g
(47%)
0.257 mg
(22%)
0.660 mg
(55%)
2.220 mg
(15%)
0.125 mg
(3%)
1.200 mg
(92%)
40 g
(10%)
51.7 mg
(62%)
185 mg
(19%)
4.00 mg
(31%)
147 mg
(41%)
0.36 mg
(17%)
112 mg
(16%)
337 mg
(7%)
9 mg
(1%)
0.6 mg
(6%)
0.20 g
2.10 g
88.20 g
4 g
(1%)
0.0530 mg
(5%)
0.074 mg
(6%)
0.620 mg
(4%)
0.794 mg
(16%)
0.120 mg
(9%)
44 g
(11%)
141.0 mg
(170%)
30 mg
(3%)
.36 mg
(3%)
45 mg
(13%)
0.259 mg
(12%)
50 mg
(7%)
461 mg
(10%)
42 mg
(3%)
0.45 mg
(5%)
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A clinical study was conducted in year
2004 by department of Shalakya Tantra ,
Govt Aurvedic college Handia, Allahabad
to evaluate the efficacy of “Shigru Patra
siddha Grita” in the children suffering with
the malnutrition and specially Vitamin A
deficiency disorders ie conjunctival
xerosis, night blindness, keratomalacia and
non healing ulcers. The obtained results
were very promising with the very high
success rate of 83.5%. Very high
nutritional value of moringa can be
understood by the fact that 100 gms of
moringa leaves are equivalent to vitamin C
provided by 7 oranges, three times more
Iron than spinach, three times more
Potassium than bananas and four times
more calcium than milk.
There are also a lot of non-medicinal
or non-food uses of moringa. Leaves are
used to produce the organic manure and
bio mass for fields. In some areas bio gas
is also produced and used as alternative
fuel. Crushed leaves and seed powder are
used to remove the impurities of water by
flocculating the impurities. Seed powder as
bio-insecticides is very effective and
popular for organic farming. Ben oil is
extracted from seeds which are used as
lubricant in machines, in the manufacture
of perfumes and hair care products. Logs
for fencing can also be obtained from the
plants. Ropes are manufactured from the
fibers of moringa. Moringa plants are also
planted on the either side of roads for
shadow and ornamental purpose.
Moringa is a nature’s gift to us. It has a
good impact on the health, economy,
environment and society. Especially in
respect to the developing and undeveloped
countries Shihru or Moringa plant can
change the health scenario of society at the
minimum or no cost. Every part of this plant
is useful to mankind. With help of Shigru or
Moringa or “Miracle tree” we can keep the
individual healthy thus society healthy and
finally building the healthy nation.
REFERENCES
Carak Samhita commentary by Chakra Dutta
Chaukhambha Publications Varanasi
Sushruta Samhita Commentary by Dalhana,
Chaukhambha Publications Varanasi
Bhav
Prakash
Ninghantu
Chaukhambha
Publications Varanasi
Dravya Guna Vigyan By Acharya P V Sharma,
Chaukhambha Bharati Academy Varanasi
Badgett BL (1964) Part I. The mustard oil
glucoside from Moringa oleifera seed. Rice
University PhD Thesis (student of Martin G.
Ettlinger), Houston, TX, USA.
Bennett RN, FA Mellon, N Foidl, JH Pratt, MS
DuPont, L Perkins and PA Kroon (2003)
Profiling glucosinolates and phenolics in
vegetative and reproductive tissues of the
multi-purpose trees Moringa oleifera L.
(Horseradish tree) and Moringa stenopetala L.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
51: 3546-3553.
Caceres A, O Cabrera, O Morales, P Mollinedo, P
Mendia (1991) Pharmacological properties of
Moringa oleifera. 1: Preliminary screening for
antimicrobial
activity.
Journal
of
Ethnopharmacology 33: 213-216.
Caceres A and S Lopez (1991) Pharmacological
properties of Moringa oleifera: 3. Effect of
seed extracts in the treatment of experimental
pyodermia. Fitoterapia 62(5): 449-450.
Dahot MU (1998) Antimicrobial activity of small
protein of Moringa oleifera leaves. Journal of
the Islamic Academy of Sciences 11(1): 6 pp.
Das BR, PA Kurup, and PL Narasimha Rao (1954)
Antibiotic
principle
from
Moringa
pterygosperma. Naturwissenschaften 41: 66.
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Das BR, PA Kurup, PL Narasimha Rao (1957)
Antibiotic
principle
from
Moringa
pterygosperma. VII. Antibacterial activity and
chemical structure of compounds related to
pterygospermin. Indian Journal of Medical
Research 45: 191-196.
Das BR, PA Kurup, and PL Narasimha Rao (1957)
Antibiotic
principle
from
Moringa
pterygosperma. Part VII. Anti-bacterial activity
and chemical structure of compounds related to
pterygospermin. Indian Journal of Medical
Research 45: 191-196.
Das BR, PA Kurup, PL Narasimha Rao, and AS
Ramaswamy (1957) Antibiotic principle from
Moringa pterygosperma. Part VIII. Some
pharmacological properties and in vivo action of
pterygospermin and related compounds. Indian
Journal of Medical Research 45: 197-206.
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 145-147
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
IDENTIFICATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS : HOW & WHY
Dr. Keshav Dutt Pandey and Dr. Ashwini Kumar Kushwaha
Department of Dravyguna, SLBSS Govt. Ay College Handia Allahabad
In the way of identification of Indian
medicinal plants manyfold hurdles were
created mainly due to gradual loss of
contact with plants in their natural abode .
The absence of a workable morphological
description of plants, use of only a few
multivocal descriptive terms both old and
newly coined, and their indiscriminate use
by the Nighantu writers during the last few
centuries went on making confusion more
confounded.
In the literary sphere the lexicons and
the Nighantus sprang up which, while
referring to a plant refer to more than one
or rather many which were used as
substitutes at different times and in
different areas due to unavailability or
ignorance of the originals. It is felt that
with gradual obliteration of identities the
practice of substitution continued unabated
and the treatment of both the substituted
and substitutes under the same name or
names was the result. This practice
ultimately resulted in complete merger of
some important unidentified items with
partially similar but different well-known
plant. An insatance of this nature was
detected in the merger of Tilaka and
Tilvaka with Lodhara and cases of similar
nature were found to exist in case of
Murva and Asvakhuraka. Other similar
cases of merger are suspected in Nighantu
description of Aragvadha,Tagara, Balaka
etc. where some of the so called synonyms
may have originally been the names of
altogether different drug items. We find
the same practice in many modern books
on the subject. The authors give big lists of
regional or vernacular names of differents
languages under a particular item, which
are copied from previous publications
without actual verification and some of
which are found on enquires to be the
names of substitutes and adulaterants
rather than of those being actually
described. All these misguided practices
have produced a large numbsr of
multivocal drug names which are the
greatest hurdles.
Each and every plant has got
medicinal property but it is a very
important to identify these plants for
utilizing their hidden potential for
therapeutic purpose. One cannot be a good
physician without this knowledge. Keeping
this fact in the mind Narhari Pandit auther
of Raj –Nighantu has mentioned that the
physician depried knowledge of the drugs,
Literarian without the knowledge of
grammar & an Archier without constant
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practice
became
a
subject
of
laughing.Hence it is quit important to
identify this treasure of medical values.
In Ancient and medieval times, there
was no system of Morphological
descriptionof plants as done now a days ,
this object, however was fulfilled by
carring names
& synonyms. which
indicated the the salient features of the
plants. Name denoted basonyms (mukhya
naam) as well as synonyms (paryaya s)
Roop is a specific character ( svarup or
prakriti) which includes morphology
(akritis) as well as properties & actions
(guna- dharma).
Study of name & rupa together of
medicinal plants constitute the branch
known as
pharmacognosy, which deals without
idenetification of medicinal plants.
Name & synonyms are asigned to
plants on the following seven besis
according to Raj –Nighantu as follows –
1. Rudhi (traditional wage)
2. Prabhava (effect)
3. Desyokti (habitat)
4. Lanchana (morphological characters)
5. Upama (simile)
6. Virya (potency)
7. Itarvahvaya (name prevalent in other
regions or due to other factors)
Ancients were keen observed of nature
& coined exact synonyms to designate
specific character of plants. For instanes
the name karbudara for kachnar coined by
Caraka suggested the varigated character
one of the petal, on which the latin name
Bauhinia varigata.is based .In short there
are following ways of identification of
medicinal plants in Ayurveda
1. Simile with animals:Musakarni (Ipomea reniforms)-> its
leaves look like the ear of rats.
Matasysakala (Picrorhiza kurroa)->
The part and rhizome has fishy scales.
2. On the
examination
basis
of
organoleptic
(a). odour-Vidarigandha- Root having
aroma of Vidari (Desmodium
gangeticum)
Gandha prasarini- It spreds foetid
smell arround
(b). Taste-kautvi & Tikta (Picrorhiza
kurroa)- The part and rizome are
unpalltable and
bitter in taste.Amlika (Temarindus
indica) is a sourfruit.
(c). Touch(solanum
surettense)
duhsparsa because of thorn plant is
difficult to touch kharpatrk
(parijatak) Nyctanthes arbortrististhe leaves are rough in texture
(d) color peet-daru (barberis aristata)
plant have yellow wood and flowers.
Raktpusp(Butea
monosperma)
flower are red in color
3. On the basis of morphology –
4. Root - Satpudi (aspargus racemosus) it
has numerous succulent-tubers on root
Suklakanda (Aconitum heterophyllum) -
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the part used tuber are white in color
Satparvika sadgrantha (vacha) its rhizome
has many nodes . Tanutak - its bark is
very thin
Stem Trivrit(Operculina
turpethum) -trivrit is a climber triangular
and three winged Raktangi and tamramula
-root is red in fresh stage Kalmulika when
half dried coppery when half dried and
black when dried completely
5. Leaf – Saptparn ( Alstonia-scholaris )
its tree is generally with seven leave .
Petiole (dhirghvrint) its tree having leave
with long petiole . Narikale
Skandhaphala, sadaphala , mahaphala fruit
- apperars on trunk and seen round the
year big and full of water having brush
like structure at the top and three eyes .
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 148-153
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
THE NEED OF THE ERA : CULTIVATION AND
PROPAGATION OF COMMON MEDICINAL PLANTS
Dr. Anugrah Narain Singh
Reader and Head, Deptt. Of Dravyaguna
Govt. Ayurvedic College, Handia, Allahabad, U.P.
Preservation of health and prevention
from diseases (C.S.U-5.13) has been the
instinctive necessity of mankind from the
very beginning of the creation. From the
dawn of the living beings or even much
before the creation, plants came into
existence as has been mentioned in
Aushadhi Sukta of R.V.
This indicates the importance of plants
for creator. Knowers of their utility always
try for the better and rational knowledge
resultantly, the knowledge of plants and
their numbers increased accordingly.
Its evidence is ‘ATHARVAVEDA’
in which comparatively more number of
plants (289) have been mentioned than in
‘Rigveda’(67.)
In India medicinal plants are widely
used by all sections of population whether
directly as folk remedies or the
medicaments or the different indigenous
systems of medicine or indirectly in the
pharmaceutical preparations of modern
medicine. The country is richly endowed
with a wide variety of plants of medicinal
value which represents a great national
resource.
Traditionally, practitioners of the
Indian system of medicine- Ayurveda,
Unani, Siddha have made up their own
prescription for their patients, now a days
most of their remedies are manufactured
products. The increasing demand of the
pharmaceutical industries have created
problems of supply and one of the major
difficulties being experienced by Indian
system of medicine is that of obtaining
sufficient quantities of medicinal plants
for the manufacturing of genuine
remedies. In absence of standards for
crude drugs, adulteration and substitution
have been common. To correct this
situation, measures are needed to promote
the cultivation of medicinal plants, to
improve methods of collection, to ensure
effective quality control and to regulate
commerce so as to protect both the
producer and the consumer.
There is also a need to create greater
general awareness amongst the population
as a whole, government officials
(particularly those in agriculture and
forestry), farmers and scientists of the
medicinal and economic value of these
plants. So that this heritage may be wisely
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used and not be exploited, and at the same
time, conserved for the future generation.
RESOURCES OR MEDICINAL PLANTS
Medicinal plants commonly used or
found in various regions, making out the
rough estimates of their availability are
generally classified as- Abundant,
Common or Scares. However even it is of
value in focusing attention on species
which were or might soon become
endangered and on the need for their
cultivation, conservation or substitution in
this regard a regional list of medicinal
plants duly completed and a number of
exotic drug’s species suitable for local
cultivation be prepared and distributed
among farmers to grow them under proper
guidance making useful for both the sides.
CULTIVATION
Considerable expansion is required in
the cultivation of medicinal plants, not
only to meet the requirements of the
health sector and commerce but also to
counteract the harmful effects of over
exploitation of species in short supply.
At state level cultivation at large scale
should be undertaken of a variety of the
most commonly used medicinal plants,
both for demonstration purposes and as a
source of supply as a genuine drug.
Similarly, medicinal plant gardens should
be setup as district level to serve as
demonstration-Cum-Training Centre and
also as nurseries. Even at village level
small medicinal plant gardens would be of
practical and educational value and could
be developed simultaneously with social
forestry programme.
Agricultural universities and other
Research Organisations have a major role
to play in establishing and maintaining
model medicinal plant gardens, in
carrying out researches, in serving as the
reference centres, in providing technical
guidance, in laying down agronomic
practices for farmers and in studying the
economics
of
medicinal
plants
productions. For plants in short supply
they may use Tissue Culture techniques to
large numbers of plants for supply to
cultivators while at the same time
accessing the contents of active principle
of the plants obtained by such means for
their proper efficacy.
The cultivation of medicinal plants
may also be encouraged under the social
forestry schemes by using abandoned land
in shifting cultivation areas and also by
road sides planting of suitable trees.
In this concern many medicinal plants
are being used traditionally since very
beginning as various preparations and
including products from more than one
plant in proper proportion of different
ingredients and processings in treatment
of ailments by local people. To maintain
this heritage and availability of such
plants need to be planted for future
generation. Some of the such plants being
mentioned in short regarding their utility
in various disorders –
1. AMALATASA – Cassia fistula.
Linn.- Caesalpinaceae. It is a small or
medium sized tree with compound leaves
and large, shining, dark green leaflets,
Flowers bright yellow, in very large,
hanging bunches. Fruits 50-60 cm. long,
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black or shining dark brown and almost
cylindrical. The tree is a conspicuous sight
in flowers as well as in fruits and can be
spotted in a forest from long distance. It
sheds it leaves during early summer
(March-May) with full blooming.
The medicinal properties have been
attributed to nearly all parts of the plant,
the fruits are the most important. The pulp
from the fruits, called Cassia pulp, is a
well known laxative. In larger quantities it
causes purging, nausea and gripping.
The timber of the tree is strong and
tough and is suitable for house and bridge
posts and agricultural equipments. Apart
from these it is much favoured for planting
in road-side avenues and in gardens.
2. ASHWAGANDHA – Withania
somnifera Dunal. – Solanaceae.
A small or middle-sized under shrub
upto 1.5m. high, stem and branches
covered with minute star shaped hairs.
Leaves upto 10cm. long, ovate, hairy like
branches. Flowers pale-green, small about
1cm. long, few flowers borne together in
short axillary clusters. Fruits 6mm.
diametre, globose, smooth red, enclosed
in the inflated and membranous calyx, In
drier regions it can be successfully
cultivated.
The dried roots of the plant is used
medicinally as in consumption, sexual and
general weakness and rheumatism. It is
diuretic-promotes urination, acts as
narcotic
and
removes
functional
obstructions of body. The root powder is
applied
locally
on
ulcers
and
inflammations. Experimentally antibiotic
and antibacterial properties have been
found in roots and leaves as well.
It is known as Indian Ginseng.
3. ANTAMULA– Tylophora indica
– Burm f.
Syn. T. asthmatica Wt.Arn.
Asclepiadaceae
–
A twining plant with many long,
fleshy roots, leaves in opposite pairs, 5 –
10 cm. long, ovate, usually pointed at the
tips. Flowers large, dull yellow, purple
within, in short clusters. Fruits 5-10 cm.
long in pairs, pointed at tip, ridged with
many fine ridges.
The dried roots of the plant is used
medicinally as in treatment of dysentery.
An infusion of the drug is given in asthma
and bronchitis. It is good for bringing
about vomiting and thus causes relief in
asthma. It is considered as a best substitute
for Ipecac. So it should be cultivated
profusely for the alleviation of disorders of
respiratory system. The specific name
asthamatica indicates its use in asthma.
4. KOLAKANDA – Urginea indica
Roxb. – Alliaceae
Traditionally known as Jangali Piaz –
is a bulbous plant, bulb 5-10 cm., dull
white or pale, avoid. Lower basal leaves
almost flat, very long, narrow and pointed.
Flowering stem erect, about 45 cm. high.
Flowers light brown, in slender long
bunches. Fruit 1.5 – 2 cm. long, narrowed
on both ends, seeds – black.
The dried outer coats of the bulbs are
removed. The bulbs are sliced and dried
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which is used as drug. It is used in
ailments of heart and in cough and
bronchitis. It promotes urination. It has
some what properties like Digitalis but its
action is very slow, so its larger doses are
needed. Its use is recommended in those
cases which need to be treated with
Digitalis but are sensitive to the drug.
This drug is efficacious as that of
European Urginea maritima Linn. Its
clinical trials have confirmed the efficacy
in chronic bronchitis and bronchial
catarrh. It should be widely cultivated for
the benefit of the society.
5. KALMEGHA - (Desi Chirayata)
Andrographis paniculata Burm f. -Acanthaceae
An erect branched annual herb,
branches sharply four-angled, leaves
lance-shaped. Flowers small, in large,
spreading and sparse bunches. Flowers
rose – coloured, about 1 cm. long. Fruit
capsular 1.5 – 2 cm. long.
large leaf like structure called spathe.
Flowers small pale-green in 5-10 cm. long
cylindric spikes called spadix. Fruits
yellowish in colour.
It can be easily and widely cultivated
with enough economic value.
The dried rhizome is used as
medicine. Due to presence of a volatile oil
it acts as a carminative, it causes relief in
flatulence and feeling of overfulness of
stomach and increases appetite as well. It
is considered as a best household remedy
for colics with flatulence. Its essential oil
contents act as an expectorant that
promote the bronchial secretions so useful
in asthma. On account of its tannins it is
useful in diarrhoea and dysentery. It also
acts as emetic while its larger dose causes
violent vomiting. Its leaves and rhizomes
are used in flavouring drinks, in
perfumery and in making insecticides.
Powdered roots are used as vermifuge.
The whole plant excluding roots is
used medicinally. It is a bitter tonic and is
useful in curing fevers, worms, dysentery,
general weakness and excessive gas
formation in stomach. It is also useful for
children suffering from liver and digestive
complaints. Traditionally villagers use its
leaves for stomach complaints and
itching. Recent experiments have shown
its anti typhoid and antibiotic properties.
7. VASA - (ADUSA) - Adhatoda
vasica Medik
6. VACHA – (Ghoda Vacha) Acorus
calamus Linn. - Araceae
Syn. A. justicea Linn., A. zeylanica
Medik - Acanthaceae
A herbaceous plant with long,
creeping and much branched aromatic
rhizomes. Flowers shoots supported by a
A tall, much branched, dense,
evergreen shrub, with large, lance shaped
leave. Flowers in dense, short spikes,
The oil obtained from rhizomes acts
as a good nerve-stimulent and the
essential-oil free alcoholic extract shows
marked sedative and analgesic properties
that’s why it is very much useful in
mental diseases. In recent days it has been
proved that the rhizome contains (shows)
the antibacterial activity.
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stalks of the spikes are shorter than the
leaves. Leaf like structures called bracts,
present on the spikes are copiousely
veined. Corolla (the whole of Petals) of
the flowers are white with few yellowish
and few purplish markings. Fruits
capsular, 4 seeded.
The fresh and dried leaves of the
plant are used for medicinal purposes. The
leaves contain vasicine as an alkaloid and
some essential oil. Traditionally, it is used
as an expectorant. It is given in form of
juice, syrup or decoction. It softens the
thick, stichy sputum and facilitates it
coming out so brings about the quick
relief in bronchitis. The expectorant
activity is due to stimulation of bronchial
glands. It’s larger dose can however cause
irritation and vomiting.
In agricultural point of view the
leaves of the plant are utilized as green
manure and for yielding a yellow dye.
Due to presence of certain alkaloids, the
leaves are not easily attacked by fungi and
insects. Therefore, it is used in packaging
and storing of fruits. Leaves emit an
unpleasant smell and are spared from
browsing so, it is suitable for planting in
soul reclamation programmes.
8. SAPTAPARNA
(Chhatima)–
Alstonia scholaris R.Br. -Apocynaceae
A large evergreen tree reaching upto
25 mtr. High, having bitter milky juice,
bark rough, dark grey, branches whorled,
base of the tree often fluited or buttressed.
Leaves leathery, 10-20 cm. long 5-7 in a
whorl. Flowers small, greenish white,
spice-scented in many flowered clusters.
Fruits 30 – 60 cm. long narrow and
slender, hanging in pairs and forming
dense clusters.
Its dried bark is of ;medicinal
importance. The drug is considered very
efficacious in chronic diarrhea and
dysentery. It is useful in malarial fever
and brings down the temperature
gradually without causing perspiration
and exhaustion which usually follow other
medicines for malaria. It is also very
much useful in skin diseases.
In high doses it causes paralysing
effect on motor nerves and consequently
there is fall in blood pressure.
In olden days the timber of the tree
was used in making of wooden slates for
school children hence, the specific name
scholaris was originated.
9. KUTAJA
–
Holarrhena
antidysenterica Roth – Apocynaceae.
A tall shrub or small tree, sometimes
upto 10 mtr. high leaves 10-30 cm. long,
ovate, thin, nerves on the leaves are very
conspicuous. Leaf stalks very small.
Flowers white fragrant, 1 – 1.5 cm.
diameter, in large terminal bunches. Fruits
slender, cylindric, 20 – 45 cm. long, 6 – 8
mm. thick, very dark grey with white
specks all lover, seeds about 1 cm. long,
having a tuft of long (2 – 2.5 cm.), brown
hairs at the top. All parts of the plant on
incision give out milky juice.
The dried bark of the plant constitute
the drug “Kurchi” which is chiefly used in
Amoebic dysentery. Either an extract of
the bark is used singly or several other
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preparations
in
combination
with
chemical compounds are used. The bark
of plant also has tonic and febrifuge
properties. The alkaloid conessine present
in the bark has been found to retard the
growth of tubercular bacillii.
Seeds also possess the alkaloids
which are effective in dysentery. Among
leaves certain medicinal properties have
also been attributed.
Apart from medicinal value this plant
is good for a forestation of poor soils as a
pioneer in newly cleared forest areas.
10. BAKUCHI – Psoralea corylifolia
Linn. –Papilionaceae.
It is an erect herb, with densely
gland-dotted branches. Leaves round,
dotted with black glands on both the
surfaces. Flowers small, bluish-purple, 1030 in a bunch, arising in axils of leaves.
Fruits black, roundish or oblong, closely
pitted, seed – one & smooth.
very effective in certain bacteria causing
skin diseases. Thus the drug is very much
useful in Leucoderma and Leprosy as an
external application in the form of
ointment as well as taking internally. The
seeds are also useful for promoting
urination and as anthelmintic. The
anthelmintic and antibacterial activities of
seeds are useful for local application on
leucoderma of non-syphlitic origin. Due
to its use in Leprosy, the drug has been
called in our indigenous system of
medicine as KUSTHANASINI. Roots of
the plant is reported to be useful in carries
of teeth and the leaves in diarrhoea.
Thus, in this concern there should be
general awareness among people for
cultivation and propagation of such plants
which are of great value regarding their
use in various disorders and other social
applications. Now the time has come to
pay much attention to maintain the
balance between stipulated bio-diversities.
The seeds of the plant is of medicinal
value, which contains an essential oil –
With thanks,
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 154-156
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
ROLE OF BRIHATYADI TAILA GANDUSHA IN THE
MANAGEMENT OF KRIMIDANTA (Dental Caries)
1
Dr. Satya Prakash Pathak1, Dr. Dheeraj B.C.2
Lecture, department of shalakya tantra, ASS Ayurveda Medical College, DRI Chitrakoot, Satna, MP
<drspathakkhj@gmail.com>
2
Reader, department of shalakya tantra, SDMCA, Hassan, Karnataka
INTRODUCTION
Materials & Methods
Krimi Danta is chronic degenerative
disease of teeth. It is common disease
found in population, involving any age
group and is mainly caused due to bad
oral hygiene and bad habits like chewing
tobacco, smoking etc.
In the present clinical study patients
are divided into 2 groups with 20 patients
in each group.
Group BT – Gandusha with
Brihatyadi Taila twice a day for 7 days.
Group TT – Gandusha with Tila Taila
twice a day for 7 days.
For the present study Brihatyadi Taila
is selected for Gandusha as it has been
described to be useful in the management
of Krimidanta (Ashtanga Hridaya 22/22)
and other later texts.
Ayurvedic Review
su.ni 16/29
•
•
•
Blackish cavity, mobility in teeth
Discharge
Severe inconsistant pain associated
with inflammation.
MODERN REVIEW
Dental Caries is a disease of calcified
tissues of teeth caused by action of micro
- organisms on fermentable carbohydrates.
Objectives
To evaluate the effect of “Brihatyadi
Taila Gandusha”
• To evaluate the effect of “Tila Taila
Gandusha”(control drug).
• To compare the effect of Brihatyadi Taila
Gandusha with Tila Taila Gandusha.
Inclusion Criteria:
• Patients belonged to the age of 5 to 50
years.
Exclusion criteria:
• Age below 5 years and up to 50 years.
• Patients with complications like
fractured tooth, periodontal abscess.
• Patients with other diseases of oral cavity.
•
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Drug Review
Drug
Brahati
Eranda
Kantakari
Bhumi
kadamba
Tila Taila
Rasa
Katu,
Tikta
Madhura
Katu,
Tikta
Katu,
Tikta
Kashaya
Madhura,
katu,tikta,
kashaya
Pharmacodynamic Properties of Brihatyadi Taila
Guna
Virya
Vipaka
Prabhava
Laghu,
Usna
Katu
Sothahara,
rukshaTikshana
shoolahara,
krimighana
Snigdha,
Usna
Madhura
Sothahara,
tikshana,
shoolahara,
sukshma
krimighana
Katu
Sothahara,
Laghu,
ruksha Usna
shoolahara,
Tikshana
krimighana
Katu
Sothahara,
Laghu,
Usna
shoolahara,
ruksha
krimighana
Usna
Madhura
Vishaghna,
Vyavai,Guru,
Snigdha,
Sukshma
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
Subjective Parameters
•
Dantashula (Toothache)
•
Daurghandhya (Halitosis)
•
Dantaharsha (Odontitis)
•
Srava (Discharge)
•
Paka (Pus formation)
•
AniyamitaRuja (Pain without reason)
Objective Parameter
•
•
•
•
Sotha (Inflammation)
Chhidrata (Cavity Formation)
Krishnata (Discoloration)
Chalatva (Mobility)
OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF THERAPY
Overall effect of the therapy was
assessed in terms of complete remission,
marked
improvement,
moderate
improvement, and mild improvement and
unchanged is observed by adopting the
following criteria.
Dosakarma
Kaphavathara
Kaphavathara
Kaphavathara
Tridoshsamaka
Vataghna
Cured: 100% relief in the complaints
Marked Improvement: 76% to 99% relief
in the complaints
Moderate Improvement: 51% to 75%
relief in the complaints
Mild Improvement: 26% to 50% relief in
the complaints
Unchanged: up to 25% relief in the
complaint
RESULTS
Effects of Brihatyadi Taila Gandusha in
patients of Krimidanta
Result
No of patients
Cured
0
Marked improvement
1
Moderate improvement
6
Mild improvement
12
Unchanged
0
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Effect of Tila Taila Gamdusha in
patients of Krimidanta
Result
Taila Gandusha was provided better
results in Dantasula, Durgandhya,
Dantaharsa, Aniyamitruja, Sotha and
Paka in Krimidanta.
No of patients
Cured
0
Marked improvement
0
Moderate
improvement
1
Mild improvement
8
Unchanged
8
•
Further it can be concluded that there
is no improvement in Chidrata
(Cavity formation), Krishnata
(Discoloration), IOPAR with
Brihatyadi Taila and insignificant in
Chaladanta (Mobility)
•
The present clinical study has
established that Brihatyadi Taila
Gandusha gives better results than
Tila Taila Gandusha.
•
The present clinical study suggests
that maintaining proper oral hygiene
prevents the danta.
•
Earlier management of dental caries
helps in saving the teeth and improve
a productive hours.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the present study,
following conclusions can be drawn.
•
Krimidanta can be correlated with
disease Dental caries.
•
From the results and observation
which were received from this study
it can be concluded that Brihatyadi
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 157-160
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF AYURVEDIC DRUG
STANDARDISATION
Dr. Rakesh Kumar Srivastava1 and Dr. Poonam Pathak 2
Lecture Ayurveda, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, MGCGV, Chitrakoot, Satna, MP
2
Medical officer, Arogyadham, JRD Tata Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy Research Institute, DRI
Chitrakoot, Satna, MP <drspathakkhj@gmail.com>
1
INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda which is an prestigious boon
to the mankind. Global awareness of
ayurveda is striking at summit in recent time.
But now a days ayurvedic therapy
gets disrepute due to substandard drugs.
Therefore standardization of drugs is the
most important challenge in the field of
ayurveda. The term “MANA” means
standardization. The separate section for
standardization has been written in charak
samhita viman sthan” . the term “Viman”
conveys specific parameter.
Knowledge of names, forms,
properties and action of drugs and their
proper interpretation with each other to
make unique identity is known as
“Mankikarn”
Ayurvedic drugs are place as a
second most imp in tetrapad of chikitsa.
Standardization of ayurvedic drugs are
based on their morphological characters
properties, formulation, action, indication,
effect on body.
Standardization is essential for a
physician because without knowledge of
specific feature, measure for drugs, he will
not able to cure the disease properly. The
scope of standaridasation has been
described broadly in Viman Sthan.
Summarising the scope for medical science
Acharya Charak, has listed ten field.
Karan (Physician), Karan (Drug),
Karyayoni (Pathogenesis) Karya (Action
for normalization), Karyaphala (Presuet of
Action) Anubandha (Assessment of
Longevity), Desa (Place site location),
Kala (Time), Pravritti (Therapeutic action)
and upaya (means of action).
Bheshaja Priksha (Method of Drug
Examination) :
Durg standardization is one of among ten
factors. The drug is examined by.
( Q
0
.
)
%
*
( &Z Q
( &
&
(
&
N
(
3Q ( )
%
%8
d
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2
,
>#
efec$
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:
(Nature of Drug)
*
(Quality)
:
(Specific Action)
(Place of Growth)
:
:
5 (Season)
:
(Mode of collection)
&
Z (Storage)
J (
Z (Processing)
:
:
:
(Doses)
N
:
( (Idication)
:
The inherent properties of the individual drug
classified depending upon the superiority of
Panchabhauta composition.
Apart from Guna, it also represent rasa, virya,
vipaka, prabhav and Karma.
Effect of drug in the body.
Medicinal plant growing in particular
geographical region.
Suitable time for abundance to principles
described in Samhitas.
Collection of drug according to principles
described in samhitas.
Method of storage and preservation.
Preparation of drug accoding to pharmaceutics.
Doses according to condition of patient and
diseases.
Pacefication of dosa in particular disease in
specific type of person.
Before advancement of this scientific
era, Ayurvedic drugs were used to be
prepared by vaidya (Ayurvedic physician)
himself for the use of ailing community.
The earlier vaidya well qualified for
trained under Guru-Shishya parampara
system and were well qualified for
identification of drugs and preparing
various formulations.
PROPERTIES OF STANDARD
DRUGS
1. It should be small in quantity but
quick in action.
2. It should be able to eliminate morbid
dosas in large amount but easily.
3. It should be light for digestion,
palatable, pleasing and cuvative of
concerned disease.
4. It
should
not
complication.
cause
serious
5. It should not cause depression.
6. It should possess agreeable smell,
colour, taste.
The dosage of the drug should be
decided according is disease, strength of
the patient and Anni etc. Patency of the
drug should be increase of decrease
according to need by similarity,
dissimilarity, time, processing and
rationale.
All Ayurvedic
depend on five factors-
drug's
action
Rasa
: (Taste
though
components)
Guna
: (Property through quality)
Virya
: (Potency of Dyanamic property)
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Vipaka : (Metabolic properties though
its qualities)
Prabhava: (Specific properties dominating
the rest factors)
Acharya
charak
gives
the
importance of drug as described the
beginning upto fourth chapter as Bheshaja
Chatuska (Quadrulepts on drug)
For the correct knowledge of
drugs. Acharya Charak opinion his view
as no body can comprehend fully about
the plants only by knowing their names
and forms one is the real knower of
medicinal plants who has got rationable
knowledge of their administration after
knowing the name and form. That who
knows
yoga
(Administration
and
formulations) of plants according to place,
time, individual constitution is said as
Best physician.
(f) 9
Z
(g) 9 2&
: Species and parts
selected
: Way in which
preserved.
Z
2. PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
(a) 9
Z
(b) 9 + Y
(c) 9
Z
+(
Z
3. CHEMO-BIODYNAMIC STUDY
(a) 9 2 N Z
(b) 9 + Z
(c) 9 6 Z Z
(d) 9
8 Z
(e) 9
Z
For the purpose of Ayurvedic drug
standardization as Acharya charak says-
<< g
)0 I
0 ==,
RESEARCH METHDOLOGY IN
AYURVEDA :
As
per
Ayurvedi
concept,
Research
methodology
of
drugs
standardization should be following steps-
(f) 9 2&
Z
9 2& Z
9 W Z
9 6Z Z
'( & %
(e) ' ( 2&
:
:
:
Z :
Name of drug
Botanical characters
General properties
Habitate to which
belong.
Z : Season in which
Gathered
: Composition
: Patent & Latent
tasters
: Medicinal properties
: Potential qualities
or Active principles
: Transformed
characters in
Digestion and
metabolism
: Contra-indication if
any
4. PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY
(a) 9
Y Z
(b) 9 hZ
8
. Z1. PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
: Form in which
prepared
: Mode in which
combined
: Way in which
modified
(c) 9 / *
Z
: Mode of
Administration
: Different
pharmacological
action
: Effect,
unexplainable of
any law yet known
6. CLINICAL STUDY
(a) '&
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(b) 9
( 3 (
(c) 9
(d) 9
2
(e) 9 +
(f) '2
* % Z
2 &&
*
)
: Personality to
which administered
: Time and condition
which given
8 : Quality in which it
eliminates or
normalize the dosas.
:
Specified total effect.
Z
> : Significance, if any
in compositon
As per Ayurvedic classics, every
thing is Panchbhautic and constitution of
Dravya is also Panchbhautic. The Bhautic
classification of Dravya and their
pharmacological response can play
important role in the drug standardization.
Bhautic classification of Dravya and their
properties as mentioned in Ayurvedic
seers, the quality of drug standardization
definitely may be improved.
Y
Z
# B B+B A[fe$ B+B ?f?A@"
18
* & N
Z
8 0
&
Befec
Bhautic Classification of Dravyas and their pharmacological respones :
T+
?
A
[
\
@
`
18 Z
J 2
(Growta)
+I
(Compactnes)
) Z
(Heaviness)
(1 ) 8 Z
(Steadyness)
Z
(Retention)
Z
(Strength or
Resistnace)
'X Z
J Y
(Moisture)
(& 2
(Viscosity)
)% & Z
(Burning)
(Digestion of
Suppuration)
2
*
)
(Lequification)
(Lustre)
8 Z
8
(Softness)
(Complexion)
+hZ && Z
(Cohesion)
(Refreshness)
Keeping the above fact in view the
Ayurvedic drug and formulation should be
standardised with necessary quality
control and acceptable dosages.
he Ayurvedic drugs are Less harmful
and more hemogenous to human body
than
chemically
produced
drug.
Anyrvedic treatment much depend upon
N Z
)0
(Roughness)
g& &
(Exhaustion)
(Movement)
) !
(Ungresiness)
Z
(Burning)
& Z
(Burning)
'
8 Z
(Softness)
) 8 Z
(Porosity
hollowness)
I
(Lightness)
'
&
(Widening or
Dilation)
N & Z
(Transformation)
Z
(Lightness)
herbal medicine, biological product and
mineral preparation, so that 85% of the
world population rely on herbal traditional
medicine for primary health care, A
considerable percentage of people of
developing countres are using herbal
medicine
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PART IV
PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL
CHARACTERIZATION OF
MEDICINAL PLANTS
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Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
IODINE CATALYZED DIRECT ACCESS TO A LIBRARY
OF 2-ARYL-3-HYDROXYALKYLQUINOLINES
Vivek Parashar Pandey, Sarvesh Kumar Pandey,. Rama Pati Tripathi*
Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
E-mail address: rpt.cdri@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
A practical, one step and atom economic synthesis of 2-aryl-3-hydroxyalkyl quinolines is
disclosed during reinvestigation of Imino Diels-Alder (IDA) reaction, also called Povarov
reaction (inverse electron demanding [4 + 2]-cycloaddition) with anilines, aldehydes and
2,3-dihydrofuran/3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran using excess of iodine (mild Lewis acid) as
catalyst in methanol under reflux. Out of all catalysts screened, molecular iodine was
found best in efficiency. The mechanistic study revealed that reaction took place by [4 +
2]-cycloaddition between initially formed Schiff base (acts as electron deficient-diene)
formed from aldehyde and aniline and electron-rich dienophile, 2,3-dihydrofuran/3,4dihydro-2H-pyran. In one of the examples (Table 3, Entry 5), tetrahydroquinoline
intermediate was isolated from reaction mixture before the completion of reaction and
characterized. Tetrahydroquinoline intermediate underwent oxidative aromatization
(dehydrogenation) through cleavage of ether linkage to afford 2-aryl-3-hydroxyalkyl
quinolines (4a-s) in good yields (36-59 %).
Key words : Quinolines, Povarov reaction, [4 + 2]-cycloaddition, Anilines, Aldehydes
Iodine.
INTRODUCTION
The Hetero Diels-Alder (HDA)
reaction (Povarov reaction), with an
enhanced synthetic diversity, is one of the
most powerful reactions in organic
synthesis of natural and unnatural
polycarbocycles and polyheterocycles [1-
3]. Quinoline, a privileged fragment is a
ubiquitous subunit in many natural
products with remarkable biological
activities [4]. Apart from their use as
synthons in organic synthesis of nano- and
mesostructures with enhanced electronic
and photonic properties [5], quinolines
possess a wide spectrum of biological
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activities in medicinal chemistry such as
antimalarial [6], antiinflammatory [7],
antiasthmatic [8], antibacterial [9],
antitubercular [10], antihypertensive[11],
and tyrosine kinase inhibiting activities
[12]. Among several variants of HDA the
Povarov reaction (an inverse electron
demanding [4 + 2]-cycloaddition), in
which tetrahydroquinolines13 are formed
by the coupling of electron-deficient Narylimines (2-azadienes) and electron-rich
alkenes has been studied extensively to
access quinolines [14-17]. The reaction is
promoted either by a protic or Lewis acid
catalyst [18] and has been successfully
performed by the coupling of alkenes,
aldehydes, and anilines via in situ imine
formation and subsequent formal [4 + 2]cycloaddition. A wide variety of anilines,
aldehydes and electron-rich alkenes such
as cyclic and acyclic enamines, enamides
and enol ethers, cyclic conjugated dienes
or strained alkenes [19] have been used to
get tetrahydroquinolines [20] which could
be oxidized to respective quinolines.
Tetrahydroquinilones have recently
been prepared by reaction of anilines,
aromatic aldehydes and enol ethers or 2,3dihydrofuran or 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran
using a number of Lewis acid catalysts
such as InCl3 [21], BF3.OEt2 [22], GdCl3
[23], LiBF4 [24], Yb(OTf)3 [25] etc.
Molecular iodine has also been used as
mild Lewis acid catalyst in several organic
reactions including in one of the Povarov
reaction variants where 2,3-dihydrofuran
and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran were used as
electron-rich
dienophile
to
afford
tetrahydroquinolines [26]. In a three
component reaction of 2,3-dihydrofuran or
its equivalents, anilines and aldehydes
there are several reports on the isolation of
isomeric
tetrahydroquinolines[27].
However, to the best of our knowledge
there is no report on the direct assess of
aromatized products, the quinolines except
one by Takaki et al [28] where they
isolated the aromatized product, only as
side product but not as major product. Very
recently during this study Wang et. al. [29]
reported the reaction of naphthalen-2amine, tetrahydrofuran and different
aldehydes to get 2-(3-arylbenzo[f]quinolin2-yl) ethanol derivatives. However, their
method is limited to naphthyl amine only
and the attempts with other aromatic
amines were unsuccessful. Keeping in
view the above facts and guided by the
isolation of the quinoline as side product
by Takaki et. al., we were interested to
reinvestigate the reaction of anilines,
aldehydes and 2,3-dihydrofuran/3,4-dihydro2H-pyran.We were successful in our mission
and finally isolated the desired quinolines as
the sole product. In this communication, we
report a direct access of 2-aryl-3hydroxyalkyl quinolines by reaction of
anilines, aldehydes and 2,3-dihydrofuran/3,4dihydro-2H-pyran catalysed by molecular
iodine. The one pot reaction, generality of
the method, and highly atom economic
nature of this synthetic strategy constitute the
most important feature of the method. The
compounds synthesized herein have great
potential to be exploited in medicinal
chemistry.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To standardize the most optimum
reaction condition, reaction of 4-
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methoxybenzaldehyde (1a, 1.0 mmol),
aniline (2a, 1.0 mmol) and 3,4-dihydro2H-pyran (3a, 1.5 mmol) was carried out
(Scheme 1) under the influence of
different catalysts, temperatures and
solvents for 24 h to get the desired
quinoline derivative 4a. The results are
shown in Table 1.
Scheme
1.
Reaction
of
4methoxybenzaldehyde 1a, aniline 2a and
3, 4-dihydro-2H-pyran 3a
Table 1. Synthetic Results of 4a under
different reaction conditions
Entry Temp. Catalyst (mol %)
(°C)
Solvent Yields
(%)a
1
r.t.
no catalyst
CH3OH
0
2
reflux
no catalyst
CH3OH
0
3
r.t.
I2(5)
CH3OH
5
4
50
I2(5)
CH3OH
10
5
reflux
I2(5)
CH3OH
28
6
reflux
I2(10)
CH3OH
30
7
reflux
I2(15)
CH3OH
45
8
reflux
I2(25)
CH3OH
57
9
reflux
I2(40)
CH3OH
59
10
reflux
CuCl(10)
CH3OH
15
11
reflux
CuCl2.2H2O(10)
CH3OH
30
12
reflux
FeCl3(10)
CH3OH
28
13
reflux
ZnCl2(10)
CH3OH
35
14
reflux
K10
CH3OH
20
15
reflux
I2(25)
CH2Cl2
45
16
reflux
I2(25)
CH3CN
50
17
reflux
I2(25)
C2H5OH
<5
18
reflux
I2(25)
DMF
-
19
reflux
I2(25)
Benzene
<5
20
reflux
I2(25)
H 2O
-
a
Refers to isolated yields by column
chromatography.
Apart from molecular iodine as
catalyst in the above reaction we have
screened, CuCl2.2H2O, FeCl3, ZnCl2 and
montmolnonitrile (K10) as Lewis acid
catalyst which gave the desired quinoline
in varying yields 15-35 % only. Iodine
was successful catalyst as it gave good
yields of the desired quinoline from 28-59
% depending upon the amount used in the
reaction. It was observed that the yield
improved from 28 to 57 % as the catalytic
amount of iodine was increased from 5
mol % to 25 mol % respectively.
However, increasing the amount of iodine
from 25 to 40 mol % resulted only in a
little increase of yield (59 %). It was also
observed that at ambient temperature
reaction afforded only 5 % of the desired
product along with isomeric mixture of
tetrahydroquinolines (Table 1, Entry 3) as
major product. However, with increase in
reaction temperature the yield of desired
product also increased (Table 1, Entry 35). The screening of different solvents in
25 mol % iodine catalysed reaction
proved methanol as the best solvent for
our reaction while dichloromethane and
acetonitrile resulted in moderate yields.
Other solvents afforded either only 2-5 %
(as observed on TLC) or no desired
products. Since increasing the amount of
iodine from 25 to 40 mol % resulted only
little (2 %) increase in the yield of the
desired product, it was decided that 25
mol % of iodine was sufficient to drive
the reaction forward. Furthermore,
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refluxing the reaction after 17 h resulted
in no significant change on TLC. Thus
refluxing the reaction in methanol as
solvent, using 25 mol % of iodine as
catalyst for 17 h was chosen as the most
optimum reaction condition. However in
later cases different optimum reaction
time was observed depending upon the
electronic affects of substituents present in
aryl amine used. The structure of the
quinoline derivative 4a was established on
the basis of its spectroscopic data and
microanalysis. Furthermore, to confirm
the structure of 4a COSY and NOESY
data were recorded.
With
the
optimised
reaction
conditions in hand, we then extended the
scope of reaction with other aldehydes,
anilines and 3, 4-dihydro-2H-pyran
(Scheme 2) and the results are depicted in
Table 2. As evident from Table 2, we did
not observe any significant change on the
course of reaction by varying substituents
in aldehydes. Both the electron-releasing
(like isopropyl) and electron-withdrawing
(methoxy, chloro, fluoro, bromo etc.)
substituents offer almost similar yields of
the hydroxy propyl quinolines. However,
anilines with electron-withdrawing groups
required longer reaction times and
afforded low yields of required products
(Table 2, Entry 7, 12, 13). Another
important observation was made with 3chloroaniline 1d, which on reaction with
4-chlorobenzaldehyde 2d and 3,4dihydro-2H-pyran 3a resulted in two
positional isomeric quinolines 4g in 36 %
and (4g) in 17 % (Table 2, Entry 7).
Scheme 2. Reaction of aldehyde 1a-l,
aniline 2a-g and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran 3a
Table 2. Synthetic results of 4a-m
Entry
Ar
R
Products
Time (h)
Yield (%)a
1
2
1a, 4-MeOC6H4
1b, 4-(1-H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl
2a, H
2b, 4-MeO
4a
4b
17
20
57
44
3
1c, 3, 4-OCH2OC6H3
2b, 4-MeO
4c
16
52
4
1d, 4-ClC6H4
2b, 4-MeO
4d
17
56
5
1a, 4-MeOC6H4
2c, 4-Me
4e
18
56
6
1e, C6H5
2b, 4-MeO
4f
17
61
7
8
1d, 4-ClC6H4
1f, 4, 5-(MeO)2C6H3
2d, 3-Cl
2b, 4-MeO
4g (4g)
4h
23
20
36
17
56
9
1g, 4-(Me)2CHC6H4
2a, H
4i
16
66
10
1h, 4-C6H5CH2OC6H4
2a, H
4j
17
54
11
1e, C6H5
2a, H
4k
18
42
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12
1i, 4-BrC6H4
2e, 4-CF3O
4l
23
48
13
1a, 4-MeOC6H4
2e, 4-CF3O
4m
24
46
a
Refers to isolated yields by column
chromatography.
The scope of 2,3-dihydrofuran (3a) as
substarte in the above reaction was also
investigated. Thus reaction of different
aromatic aldehydes, anilines and 2,3dihydrofuran led to the formation of
respective
2-aryl-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)
quinolines in good yields (Scheme 3), and
the results are shown in Table 3. Here also
the substitutents aromatic aldehydes did
not alter the reaction yields significantly.
Scheme 3. Reaction of aldehyde 1, aniline
2 and 2,3-dihydrofuran 3b
Table 3. Synthetic results of 4n-s
Entry
1
2
a
Ar
1a, 4-MeOC6H4
1c, 3, 4-OCH2OC6H3
R
2b, 4-MeO
Products
4n
Time (h)
21
Yield (%)a
56
2a, H
4o
17
59
3
1d, 4-ClC6H4
2g, 4-Cl
4p
24
53
4
1j, 4-NO2C6H4
2b, 4-MeO
4q
20
41
5
1k, 4-pyridyl
2f, 2-Me
4r
19
47
6
1l, 4-FC6H4
2b, 4-MeO
4s
21
58
Refers to isolated yields by column
chromatography.
On the basis of literature precedents [30] it
was thought that molecular iodine mediate
the reaction as mild Lewis acid. The
tentatively proposed mechanism is shown
in Scheme 4. The Schiff base initially
formed by the reaction of aniline and
aldehyde and reaction is activated by
iodine. The iodine-activated Schiff base is
attacked by electron-rich dienophile (2,3dihydrofuran/3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran)
to
give an intermediate II. The latter
undergoes intramolecular Friedel-Crafts
cyclization to afford tetrahydroquinoline
intermediate III. The unexpected cleavage
of C-O bond by iodine results in
dihydroquinoline V, which is further
aromatised probably by I2/MeOH to give
2-aryl,
3-alkyl-quinoline.
Such
aromatization has earlier also been
observed by us [31]. To support the
mechanism an isomeric mixture of
tetrahydroquinoline
formed
during
reaction of pyridine-4-carboxaldehyde 1k,
2-methylaniline 2f and 2,3-dihydrofuran
3b (Table 3, Entry 5) was isolated and
characterised.
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Scheme 4. Generalised possible mechanism for formation of products 4a-s
Experimental
CONCLUSION
Summarily, we have developed a facile
one-pot, atom economic practical strategy to
access a library of substituted quinolines
through molecular iodine catalysed three
component coupling/ dehydrogenation of
aldehydes,
anilines,
and
2,3dihydrofuran/3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran in good
yields. Our findings constitute an advanced
complement to conventional Povarov
reaction. We are focused on biological
applications of synthesized molecules and
further studies on reaction mechanism and
synthetic applications are currently
underway in our group.
General
Commercially available reagent grade
chemicals were used as received. All
reactions were followed by TLC on E.
Merck Kieselgel 60 F254, with detection
by UV light, /and or spraying a 20 %
KMnO4
aq
solution.
Column
chromatography was performed on silica
gel (100-200 mesh E. Merck). IR spectra
were recorded as thin films or on KBr
pellets with a Perkin Elmer Spectrum RX1 (4000-450 cm-1) spectrophotometer. 1H
and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a
Brucker DRX-300 in CDCl3, CD3OD or
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DMSO-d6 at 300 MHz and 50 MHz
respectively. Chemical shift values are
reported in ppm relative to TMS
(tetramethylsilane) as internal reference,
unless otherwise stated; s (singlet), d
(doublet), t (triplet), m (multiplet), bs
(broad singlet); J in Hertz. ESI mass
spectra were performed using Quattro II
(Micromass). Elemental analyses were
performed on a Perkin-Elmer 2400 II
elemental analyzer. Melting points were
taken in open capillaries and are
uncorrected.
General procedure for iodine
mediated synthesis of 2-aryl, 3-(3hydroxypropyl) quinolines (4a-m)
A mixture of aldehyde 1a-l (1 mmol)
and anilines 2a-g (1 mmol) in methanol
(20 ml) was stirred at 25-35 °C till the
formation of Schiff base, as indicated by
TLC. To the stirring reaction mixture, 3,4dihydro-2H-pyran 3a (1.5 equv) and 25
mol % of iodine were sequentially added.
The stirring reaction mixture was heated
under reflux for different times to
complete the reaction time. After
completion of reaction (TLC), the mixture
was evaporated under vacuum to give a
residual mass. The latter was extracted
with ethyl acetate (2×40 mL), washed
with
saturated
aqueous
sodium
thiosulphate solution (2×10 mL) and dried
over anhydrous Na2SO4, and evaporated
to crude mass, which was purified through
column chromatography (SiO2 60-120
mesh) using a gradient of ethyl
acetate/hexane (2:8-3:7, v/v) as eluent to
give the respective quinolines.
3-(3-Hydroxypropyl)-2-(4methoxyphenyl)quinoline 4a
It was obtained as light yellow solid
in 57 % yield; m.p. 200-203 °C; Rf 0.5
(30:70, EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) max cm1
: 3205, 2740, 1651, 1599, 1498, 1256,
1026, 768; 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSOd6) = 9.10 (s, 1H, ArH), 8.31-8.28 (m,
2H, ArH), 8.08-8.03 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.927.87 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.72-7.69 (d, 2H, J =
8.3 Hz, ArH), 7.23-7.20 (d, 2H, J = 8.3
Hz, ArH), 3.94 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.46 (t, 2H,
J = 5.6 Hz, CH2), 3.01 (t, 2H, J = 7.4 Hz,
CH2), 1.82-1.74 (m, 2H, CH2); 13C NMR
(50 MHz, DMSO-d6) = 163.4, 157.7,
146.8, 138.4, 137.1, 134.9, 132.0, 130.4,
129.4, 129.1, 124.7, 121.0, 115.4, 61.5,
55.9, 33.4, 29.3; Anal. Calcd for
C19H19NO2: C, 77.79; H, 6.53; N, 4.77;
found C, 77.82; H, 6.56; N, 4.75; ESMS
m/z = 294 (M+H)+.
2-(4-Imidazol-1-yl-phenyl)-3-(3hydroxypropyl)-6-methoxyquinoline 4b
It was obtained as brown solid in 45
% yield; m.p. 150-153 °C; Rf 0.5 (30:70,
EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) max cm-1: 3212,
2944, 1620, 1523, 1490, 1230, 1056, 830,
737; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) = 7.98
(d, 2H, J = 7.0 Hz, ArH), 7.85 (s, 1H,
ArH), 7.64 (d, 2H, J = 7.0 Hz, ArH), 7.42
(d, 2H, J = 6.9 Hz, ArH), 7.33-7.28 (m,
2H, ArH), 7.17 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.03 (s, 1H,
ArH), 3.93 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.56 (t, 2H, J =
6.0 Hz, CH2), 2.88 (t, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz,
CH2), 1.80-1.71 (m, 2H, CH2); 13C NMR
(50 MHz, CDCl3) = 158.0, 156.2, 142.6,
140.3, 136.8, 135.3, 135.0, 133.2, 130.6,
130.3, 128.7, 122.0, 121.0, 118.0, 104.2,
61.39, 55.43, 33.41, 29.19; Anal. Calcd
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for C22H21N3O2: C, 73.52; H, 5.89; N,
11.69; found C, 73.56; H, 5.92; N, 11.65;
ESMS m/z = 360 (M+H)+.
C19H18ClNO2: C, 69.62; H, 5.53; N, 4.27;
found C, 69.66; H, 5.56; N, 4.24; ESMS
m/z = 328 (M+H)+.
2-Benzo[1, 3]-dioxol-5-yl-3-(3hydroxypropyl)-6-methoxyquinoline 4c
3-(3-Hydroxypropyl)-6-methyl-2-(4methoxyphenyl)quinoline 4e
It was obtained as brown solid in 52
% yield; m.p. 120-123 °C; Rf 0.5 (30:70,
EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) max cm-1: 3380,
2938, 1624, 1492, 1225, 1037, 769; 1H
NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) = 8.00-7.91
(m, 2H, ArH), 7.33-7.27 (m, 1H, ArH),
7.04-6.86 (m, 4H, ArH), 5.98 (s, 2H,
OCH2O), 3.92 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.54 (t, 2H,
J = 6.1 Hz, CH2), 2.87 (t, 2H, J = 7.4 Hz,
CH2), 2.59 (bs, 1H, OH), 1.80-1.71 (m,
2H, CH2); 13C NMR (50 MHz, CDCl3) =
157.7, 157.3, 147.5, 142.4, 134.8, 133.2,
130.5, 128.4, 122.5, 121.7, 109.6, 108.1,
104.1, 101.0, 61.6, 55.3, 40.8, 33.32, 29.1;
Anal. Calcd for C20H19NO4: C, 71.20; H,
5.68; N, 4.15; found C, 71.24; H, 5.68; N,
4.13; ESMS m/z = 338 (M+H)+.
It was obtained as white solid in 56%
yield; m.p. 130-133 °C; Rf 0.5 (30:70,
EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) max cm-1: 3405,
2930, 1608, 1455, 1248, 1103, 769; 1H
NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) = 7.99 (d, 1H,
J = 8.3 Hz, ArH), 7.87 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.487.41 (m, 4H, ArH), 6.93 (d, 2H, J = 8.4
Hz, ArH), 3.81(s, 3H, OCH3), 3.45 (t, 2H,
J = 6.0 Hz, CH2), 2.84 (t, 2H, J = 7.3 Hz,
CH2), 2.53 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.40 (bs, 1H,
OH), 1.71-1.66 (m, 2H, CH2); 13C NMR
(50 MHz, CDCl3) = 159.4, 159.1, 145.0,
135.9, 135.2, 133.2, 131.1, 130.1, 128.7,
127.4, 125.6, 113.6, 61.4, 55.1, 33.3, 29.2,
21.6; Anal. Calcd for C20H21NO2: C,
78.15; H, 6.89; N, 4.56; found C, 78.18;
H, 6.93; N, 4.52; ESMS m/z = 308
(M+H)+.
2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3-hydroxypropyl)6-methoxyquinoline 4d
It was obtained as white solid in 56 %
yield; m.p. 185-189 °C; Rf 0.5 (30:70,
EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) max cm-1: 3412,
3021, 166, 1434, 1216, 1030, 762; 1H
NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) = 7.95-7.91
(m, 2H, ArH), 7.42-7.27 (m, 5H, ArH),
7.04 (d, 1H, J = 2.61 Hz, ArH), 3.91(s,
3H, OCH3), 3.45 (t, 2H, J = 6.3 Hz, CH2),
2.79 (t, 2H, J = 7.6 Hz, CH2), 2.60 (bs,
1H, OH), 1.73-1.64 (m, 2H, CH2); 13C
NMR (50 MHz, CDCl3) = 158.0, 156.6,
142.4, 139.1, 135.0, 134.0, 133.2, 130.4,
130.2, 128.6, 128.4, 122.0, 104.3, 61.4,
55.4, 33.2, 29.0; Anal. Calcd for
3-(3-Hydroxypropyl)-6-methoxy-2phenylquinoline 4f
It was obtained as yellow solid in 61
% yield; m.p. 205-208 °C; Rf 0.5 (30:70,
EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) max cm-1: 3137,
2729, 1613, 1496, 1223, 1017, 759; 1H
NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) = 8.99 (s,
1H, ArH), 8.18 (d, 1H, ArH), 7.72-7.68
(m, 7H, ArH), 3.99 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.40 (t,
2H, J = 6.0 Hz, CH2), 2.88 (t, 2H, J = 7.5
Hz, CH2), 1.77-1.68 (m, 2H, CH2); 13C
= 159.7,
NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6)
153.4, 143.6, 136.0, 133.8, 132.7, 131.2,
130.1, 129.8, 129.2, 126.8, 123.1, 106.2,
60.2, 56.6, 33.0, 28.5; Anal. Calcd for
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C19H19NO2: C, 77.79; H, 6.53; N, 4.77;
found C, 77.83; H, 6.58; N, 4.75; ESMS
m/z = 294 (M+H)+.
7-Chloro-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3hydroxypropyl)quinoline 4g
It was obtained as brown solid in 36
% yield; m.p. 100-103 °C; Rf 0.5 (35:65,
EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) max cm-1: 3347,
2931, 1605, 1482, 1218, 1086, 766; 1H
NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) = 8.09 (s, 1H,
ArH), 8.03 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.73 (d, 1H J =
8.6 Hz,, ArH), 7.50-7.43 (m, 5H, ArH),
3.55 (t, 2H, J = 6.1 Hz, CH2), 2.89 (t, 2H,
J = 7.5 Hz, CH2), 1.76-1.70 (m, 2H, CH2);
13
C NMR (50 MHz, CDCl3) = 160.1,
146.7, 138.7, 135.9, 134.9, 134.6, 132.2,
130.1, 128.5, 128.1, 128.0, 127.8, 125.9,
61.4, 33.1, 29.1; Anal. Calcd for
C18H15Cl2NO: C, 65.07; H, 4.55; N, 4.22;
found C, 65.10; H, 4.59; N, 4.20; ESMS
m/z = 332 (M+H)+.
5-Chloro-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3hydroxypropyl)quinoline (4g)
It was obtained as brown solid in 17 %
yield; m.p. 120-123 °C; Rf 0.5 (35:65,
EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) max cm-1: 3419,
2929, 1606, 1467, 1219, 770; 1H NMR
(300 MHz, CDCl3) = 8.46 (s, 1H, ArH),
8.04-8.01 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.63-7.46 (m, 6H,
ArH), 3.62 (t, 2H, J = 6.1 Hz, CH2), 2.98
(t, 2H, J = 7.7 Hz, CH2), 1.87-1.78 (m, 1H,
CH2), 1.37 (bs, 1H, OH); 13C NMR (50
= 159.8, 147.1, 138.6,
MHz, CDCl3)
134.7, 134.1, 132.9, 130.5, 130.2, 128.7,
128.6, 128.5, 126.5, 125.7, 61.7, 33.3,
29.3; Anal. Calcd for C18H15Cl2NO: C,
65.07; H, 4.55; N, 4.22; found C, 65.11; H,
4.59; N, 4.19; ESMS m/z = 332 (M+H)+.
6-Methoxy-2-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(3hydroxypropyl)quinoline 4h
It was obtained as yellow solid in 56
% yield; m.p. 140-143 °C; Rf 0.5 (30:70,
EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) max cm-1: 3383,
2797, 1656, 1431, 1217, 1038, 767; 1H
NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) = 8.94 (s,
1H, ArH), 8.18 (d, 1H, J = 9.6 Hz, ArH),
7.70-7.67 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.34-7.20 (m,
3H, ArH), 3.99 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.91 (s,
3H, OCH3), 3.99 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.44 (t,
2H, J = 5.9 Hz, CH2), 2.95 (t, 2H, J = 7.5
Hz, CH2), 1.81-1.72 (m, 2H, CH2); 13C
NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6)
= 164.3,
158.1, 156.1, 153.9, 148.2, 141.0, 138.3,
134.5, 131.4, 129.4, 127.8, 118.1, 116.8,
110.9, 65.0, 61.2, 61.1, 61.0, 37.8, 33.3;
Anal. Calcd for C21H23NO4: C, 71.37; H,
6.56; N, 3.96; found C, 71.39; H, 6.59; N,
3.93; ESMS m/z = 354 (M+H)+.
2-(4-Isopropylphenyl)-3-(3hydroxypropyl)quinoline 4i
It was obtained as brown viscous
liquid in 66 % yield; Rf 0.5 (30:70,
EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) max cm-1: 3367,
2959, 1608, 1490, 1217, 1056, 763; 1H
NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) = 8.13 (d, 1H,
J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.9 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.75
(d, 1H, J = 7.9 Hz, ArH), 7.67-7.62 (m,
1H, ArH), 7.51-7.46 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.43
(d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.28 (d, 2H, J =
8.0 Hz, ArH), 3.43 (t, 2H, J = 6.2 Hz,
CH2), 2.97-2.90 (m, 1H, CH), 2.87 (t, 2H,
J = 7.5 Hz, CH2), 1.75-1.66 (m, 2H, CH2),
1.29 (s, 6H, 2CH3); 13C NMR (50 MHz,
CDCl3) = 160.5, 148.7, 146.3, 138.1,
135.9, 133.3, 129.1, 128.8, 128.7, 127.5,
126.8, 126.3, 61.3, 33.9, 33.3, 29.0; Anal.
Calcd for C21H23NO: C, 82.58; H, 7.59;
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N, 4.59; found C, 82.61; H, 7.63; N, 4.56;
ESMS m/z = 306 (M+H)+.
2-(4-Benzyloxyphenyl)-3-(3hydroxypropyl)quinoline 4j
It was obtained as brown viscous
liquid in 54 % yield; Rf 0.5 (25:75,
EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) max cm-1: 3418,
2934, 1609, 1511, 1456, 1220, 1020, 761;
1
H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) = 8.20 (d,
1H, J = 7.3 Hz, ArH), 8.01 (s, 1H, ArH),
7.82 (d, 1H, J = 7.0 Hz, ArH), 7.69-7.64
(m, 1H, ArH), 7.53-7.33 (m, 7H, ArH),
7.05-6.89 (m, 3H, ArH), 8.01 (s, 2H,
CH2), 3.50 (t, 2H, J = 6.1 Hz, CH2), 2.91
(t, 2H, J = 7.3 Hz, CH2), 2.40 (bs, 1H,
OH), 1.78-1.69 (m, 2H, CH2); 13C NMR
(50 MHz, CDCl3) = 160.0, 158.8, 146.4,
136.8, 136.0, 133.4, 130.2, 129.0, 128.9,
128.5, 127.9, 127.5, 127.4, 126.8, 126.3,
115.0, 69.9, 61.5, 33.3, 29.2; Anal. Calcd
for C25H23NO2: C, 81.27; H, 6.27; N,
3.79; found C, 81.29; H, 6.30; N, 3.76;
ESMS m/z = 370 (M+H)+.
3-(3-Hydroxypropyl)-2-phenylquinoline 4k
It was obtained as white solid in 42 %
yield; m.p. 173-175 °C; Rf 0.5 (30:70,
EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) max cm-1: 3410,
2105, 1636, 1487, 1217, 1056, 766; 1H
NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) = 8.12 (d, J =
8.3 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.02 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.78
(d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.68-7.63 (m,
1H, ArH ), 7.53-7.39 (m, 6H, ArH), 3.46
(t, 2H, J = 6.1 Hz, CH2), 2.87 (t, 2H, J =
7.4 Hz, CH2), 2.12 (bs, 1H, OH), 1.751.66 (m, 2H, CH2); 13C NMR (50 MHz,
CDCl3) = 160.4, 146.4, 140.7, 135.9,
133.1 , 129.2, 128.9, 128.7, 127.6, 126.8,
126.4, 61.4, 33.3, 29.1; Anal. Calcd for
C18H17NO: C, 82.10; H, 6.51; N, 5.32;
found C, 82.13; H, 6.54; N, 5.30; ESMS
m/z = 264 (M+H)+.
2-(4-Bromophenyl)-3-(3-hydroxypropyl)6-trifluoromethoxyquinoline 4l
It was obtained as white solid in 48 %
yield; m.p. 145-148 °C; Rf 0.5 (35:65,
EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) max cm-1: 3380,
2930, 1625, 1519, 1259, 1217, 770; 1H
NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) = 8.16 (d, 1H,
J = 9.1 Hz, ArH), 8.08 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.657.63 (m, 3H, ArH), 7.56-7.53 (m, 1H,
ArH), 7.45 (d, 2H, J = 7.1 Hz, ArH), 3.61
(t, 2H, J = 6.1 Hz, CH2), 2.92 (t, 2H, J =
7.6 Hz, CH2), 1.84-1.74 (m, 2H, CH2),
1.69 (bs, 1H, OH); 13C NMR (50 MHz,
CDCl3) = 159.7, 147.1, 144.6, 139.1,
135.9, 134.1, 131.6, 131.5, 130.4, 127.7,
123.2, 122.8, 116.8, 61.5, 33.0, 29.1;
C19H15BrF3NO2: C, 53.54; H, 3.55; N,
3.29; found C, 57.10; H, 4.96; N, 4.76;
ESMS m/z = 426 (M+H)+.
3-(3-Hydroxypropyl)-2-(4methoxyphenyl)-6trifluoromethoxyquinoline 4m
It was obtained as white solid in 46 %
yield; m.p. 150-154 °C; Rf 0.5 (35:65,
EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) max cm-1: 3411,
2932, 1611, 1516, 1459, 1217, 1063, 770;
1
H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) = 8.15 (d,
1H, J = 9.1 Hz, ArH), 8.02 (s, 1H, ArH),
7.60 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.53-7.47 (m, 3H,
ArH), 7.01 (d, 2H, J = 7.1 Hz, ArH), 3.87
(s, 3H, OCH3), 3.55 (t, 2H, J = 6.1 Hz,
CH2), 2.95 (t, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz, CH2), 1.801.70 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.63 (bs, 1H, OH); 13C
NMR (50 MHz, CDCl3) = 159.9, 147.3,
144.9, 139.4, 135.7, 134.3, 131.8, 131.3,
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130.1, 127.9, 123.4, 122.6, 116.5, 61.7,
55.8, 33.3, 29.3; C20H18F3NO3: C, 63.66;
H, 4.81; N, 3.71; found C, 63.69; H, 4.84;
N, 3.68; ESMS m/z = 378 (M+H)+.
General procedure for iodine
mediated synthesis of 2-aryl, 3-(2hydroxyethyl)-quinolines 4n-s
A mixture of aldehyde 1 (1 mmol)
and aryl amine 2 (1 mmol) was dissolved
in methanol (20 ml) and stirred at room
temperature till the formation of Schiff
base, as indicated by TLC. To this
solution, 2,3-dihydrofuran 3b (1.5 equv)
and 25 mol % of iodine were added and
reaction mixture was refluxed for the time
period specified in Table 3. After
completion of reaction (TLC), the mixture
was evaporated under vacuum. The
residual mass was extracted with ethyl
acetate (2×40 mL), washed with saturated
aqueous sodium thiosulphate solution
(2×10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4,
and evaporated to afford crude mass of
4n-s. The latter was purified through silica
60-120
mesh)
column
(SiO2
chromatography
using
ethyl
acetate/hexane mixture (2:8 to 3:7, v/v) as
eluent.
(s, 3H, OCH3), 3.71 (t, 2H, J = 6.5 Hz,
CH2), 3.02 (t, 2H, J = 6.4 Hz, CH2), 2.04
(bs, 1H, OH); 13C NMR (50 MHz, CDCl3)
= 159.4, 157.7, 157.6, 142.6, 135.7,
133.0, 130.5, 130.3, 130.2, 128.2, 121.8,
113.7, 104.2, 62.3, 55.3, 55.1, 36.03;
Anal. Calcd for C19H19NO3: C, 73.77; H,
6.19; N, 4.53; found C, 73.73; H, 6.21; N,
4.56; ESMS m/z = 310 (M+H)+.
2-Benzo[1, 3]-dioxol-5-yl-3-(2hydroxyethyl)quinoline 4o
It was obtained as pale yellow solid
in 59 % yield; m.p. 210-213 °C; Rf 0.5
(30:70, EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) max cm1
: 3215, 2789, 1639, 1460, 1256, 1027,
767; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) =
9.10 (s, 1H, ArH), 8.30-8.20 (m, 2H,
ArH), 8.12-8.07 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.95-7.90
(m, 1H, ArH), 7.25-7.10 (m, 3H, ArH),
6.16 (s, 2H, OCH2O), 3.86 (t, 2H, J = 6.1
Hz, CH2), 2.87 (t, 2H, J = 6.0 Hz, CH2),
2.12; 13C NMR (50 MHz, CD3OD) =
159.1, 153.1, 151.0, 149.2, 140.3, 136.7,
135.9, 132.1, 131.0, 130.6, 127.6, 126.8,
122.9, 111.8, 111.3, 104.9, 63.1, 36.9;
Anal. Calcd for C18H15NO3: C, 73.71; H,
5.15; N, 4.78; found C, 73.74; H, 5.18; N,
4.74; ESMS m/z = 294 (M+H)+.
3-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-6-methoxy-2-(4methoxyphenyl)quinoline 4n
6-Chloro-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2hydroxyethyl)quinoline 4p
It was obtained as white solid in 56 %
yield; m.p. 140-143 °C; Rf 0.5 (30:70,
EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) max cm-1: 3283,
2936, 1616, 1451, 1238, 1027, 833; 1H
NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) = 7.98-7.94
(m, 2H, ArH), 7.44 (d, 1H, J = 8.5 Hz,
ArH), 7.31-7.27 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.00-6.93
(m, 3H, ArH), 3.93 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.85
It was obtained as light yellow solid
in 53 % yield; m.p. 134-137 °C; Rf 0.5
(35:65, EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) max cm1
: 3236, 2932, 1654, 1596, 1440, 1370,
1060, 836; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3)
= 8.01 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.98 (s, 1H, ArH),
7.75 (d, 1H, J = 2.1 Hz, ArH), 7.62-7.58
(m, 1H, ArH), 7.45 (s, 1H, ArH), 3.74 (t,
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2H, J = 6.2 Hz, CH2), 3.01 (t, 2H, J = 6.4
Hz, CH2), 2.00 (bs, 1H, OH); 13C NMR
(50 MHz, CDCl3) = 159.4, 144.8, 138.4,
136.0, 134.6, 132.5, 131.0, 130.6, 130.2,
128.5, 127.9, 125.6, 62.0, 35.6;
C17H13Cl2NO: C, 64.17; H, 4.12; N, 4.40;
found C, 64.19; H, 4.15; N, 4.38; ESMS
m/z = 318 (M+H)+.
CH2), 2.78 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.56 (bs, 1H,
OH); 13C NMR (50 MHz, CDCl3)
=
156.0, 149.2, 149.0, 145.9, 137.5, 137.4,
129.4, 129.0, 127.6, 126.9, 124.9, 124.2,
62.6, 35.8, 17.8; Anal. Calcd for
C17H16N2O: C, 77.25; H, 6.10; N, 10.60;
found C, 77.27; H, 6.13; N, 10.57; ESMS
m/z = 265 (M+H)+.
3-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-6-methoxy-2-(4nitrophenyl)quinoline 4q
2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-6methoxyquinoline 4s
It was obtained as white solid in 41 %
yield; m.p. 205-208 °C; Rf 0.5 (30:70,
EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) max cm-1: 3450,
3022, 1587, 1483, 1217, 1023, 768; 1H
NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) = 7.98 (d, 2H,
J = 7.0 Hz, ArH), 7.85 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.64
(d, 2H, J = 7.0 Hz, ArH), 7.42 (d, 2H, J =
6.9 Hz, ArH), 7.33-7.28 (m, 2H, ArH),
7.17 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.03 (s, 1H, ArH), 3.93
(s, 3H, OCH3), 3.56 (t, 2H, J = 6.0 Hz,
CH2), 2.88 (t, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH2), 1.801.71 (m, 2H, CH2); 13C NMR (50 MHz,
CDCl3) = 162.8, 160.2, 152.3, 152.0,
147.3, 140.9, 135.8, 135.5, 135.3, 133.6,
128.1, 127.0, 109.5, 66.3, 60.49, 40.51;
Anal. Calcd for C18H16N2O4: C, 66.66; H,
4.97; N, 8.64; found C, 6.63; H, 4.99; N,
8.62; ESMS m/z = 325 (M+H)+.
It was obtained as brown solid in 58 %
yield; m.p. 135-138 °C; Rf 0.5 (35:65,
EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) max cm-1: 3386,
2928, 1661, 1599, 1489, 1379, 1221, 768;
1
H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) = 8.03 (s,
1H, ArH), 7.90 (d, 1H, J = 9.1 Hz, ArH),
7.48-7.43 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.31-7.27 (m, 1H,
ArH), 7.16-7.06 (m, 3H, ArH), 3.90 (s, 3H,
OCH3), 3.66 (t, 2H, J = 6.8 Hz, CH2), 3.93
(t, 2H, J = 6.7 Hz, CH2); 13C NMR (50
MHz, CD3OD)
= 169.1, 164.1, 162.0,
160.8, 146.0, 140.4, 140.2, 140.1, 134.7,
134.6, 134.5, 133.4, 132.7, 126.3, 119.3,
118.9, 108.3, 65.6, 59.2, 39.6; C18H16FNO2:
C, 72.71; H, 5.42; N, 4.71; found C, 72.73;
H, 5.46; N, 4.74; ESMS m/z = 298 (M+H)+.
3-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2-(4-pyridyl)-8methylquinoline 4r
It was obtained as white solid in 47 %
yield; m.p. 145-147 °C; Rf 0.5 (30:70,
EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) max cm-1: 3377,
3020, 1598, 1413, 1217, 1049, 767; 1H
NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) = 8.62 (d, 2H,
J = 5.1 Hz, ArH), 8.12 (s, 1H, ArH),
7.67-7.42 (m, 5H, ArH), 3.83 (t, 2H, J =
6.7 Hz, CH2), 3.13 (t, 2H, J = 6.6 Hz,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
V.P.P. and S.K.P. thank CSIR New
Delhi for the award of SRF and RAship
respectively. We sincerely acknowledge
SAIF division, CDRI for providing the
spectral data and microanalyses. This is
CDRI communication no.
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 176-180
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
An Ancient therapy in Modern Sight for Diabete :
A forgotten Doctrine
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Ayurveda known for its holistic approach and its natural and safe methods for treatment
of diseases. It is potential medicinal system for taking care of present day health needs,
are getting recognized globally. Modern medicine systems are always efforts to
understand and interpret description pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and its
complications as in Ayurveda, in their words. But Ayurveda needs research designed to
test and validate its fundamental concepts as well as its treatments.
INTRODUCTION
The history of exercise pathophysiology
and cure of diseases begins from ancient
time in India. The oldest literature in the
world is sacred Riguveda, it contains
1,028 hymns. Written in Sanskrit, it
includes a history of the Aryans, a view of
prehistoric times, requests for kindness
and blessings from various mythological
gods and goddesses, and divine remedies
for disease and disorders. Health was
mentioned as it was not related to disease
or recovery from disease, rather it was a
condition that reflected the pleasure or
displeasure of the gods. The dates cited
for the Rgveda range from 4000 B.C to
2500 B.C. to 1500 B.C., with the latter
date being most frequently mentioned by
historians (Wilson HH. 1977, Kutambish
P. 1962, Charles M. Tipton 2008).
Further the era (1000 B.C.) of second
sacred texts Atharvaveda comes which
contains the most detailed information
dealing with medicine, health, and
diseases. It includes 20 books by multiple
authors with 731 hymns (Charles M.
Tipton 2008, Gordon BL 1949, Whitney
WD. 1962).
During the late Vedic period (circa
1500–800 B.C.) the tridosa doctrine (also
known as the trihautu doctrine and
considered to be the Indian humoral
theory) was formulated and developed by
Susruta ( Bhatia SL 1977, Kutambish P.
1962) Ayurveda later developed as a
separate system of medical knowledge
and has given the status of Upveda. This
doctrine was introduced to help explain
the meaning of life, death, health, and
diseases. Ayurveda also describes how the
[Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants]
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five elements (panchmahabhut), water,
fire, air, earth, and ether (space) contribute
to the formation of the living and
nonliving beings (Berryman JW 2003).
Ayurveda is a not science of
medicine, but is more than a science; it
seeks to restore an individual’s innate
harmony. Ayurveda (“knowledge of life”
or “knowledge of longevity”) is an
indigenous popular holistic ethnic
medicinal system of India. Ayurveda has
now spread beyond India’s borders to
include the rest of the Indian subcontinent,
Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Mauritius, South
Africa, Japan, Russia, Europe, and North
Americ (Paul G. Shekelle et.al. 2005).
Diabetes Mellitus (Madhumeha) is
characterized by altered carbohydrate,
protein and fat metabolism caused by the
complete or relative insufficiency of
insulin secretion or insulin action.
Diabetes mellitus has become a global
problem in spite of advances in modern
science. India has been projected by WHO
as the country with the fastest growing
population of diabetic patients, estimated
19.4 million (1995) individuals affected
by the disease. This number is expected to
increase to 57.2 million by 2025
(Ramachandran A et.al. 1992).
The description available in Kaushika
sutra of Atharvaveda is considered as the
first reference related to diabetes, by the
name of ‘ASRAVA’ (Athrva Veda; 1-2-4;
2-2-1, 2, 3, 4; 6-44). Sayana and
Kesavabhatta,
the
well
known
commentators of the sacred Vedas
interpret Asrava as mutratisara (excessive
urination). The word Prameha was first
time mentioned in Charaka Samhita,
which is similar to diabetes. The word
Prameha means “to flow”, which is
derived from Sanskrit root “MihSechane”. Meha literarily means to
micturate. The verbal Mehanam signifies
urination. The prefix ‘Pra’ means excess
both in quantity and frequency. According
to Susruta and Vagbhata Prameha is
characterized by excessive flow of cloudy
or turbid urine (Goli Penchala Prasad et.al.
2006).
According
Caused By-
to
Sharaka
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tridosha system, Diabetes can be divided
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An Indian physician Charaka and
Susruta afterward Thomas Willis (17th
Century) describes urine of diabetic
patients taste like honey (madhu).
According to Charaka, he classified
diabetes in three types (tridosha system
Kapha, Pitta, Vata). Further he classifies
these on basis of color, looking and smell
of urine into 20 types.
1. Kapha type (again divided into 10
types).
2. Pitta type (again divided into 6
types).
3. Vata type (divided into 4 types).
ANCIENT CLASSIFICATION
DIABETES IN MODERN VIEW
OF
Modern medicine systems are always
efforts to understand and interpret
description pathogenesis of diabetes
mellitus and its complications as in
Ayurveda in their words.
Ayurveda
describes diabetic patients are two types in
this shloka and modern theory support this/)
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Ayurveda distinguished two types of
diabetes at that period, one affecting the
older and obese, and the other affecting
thin people who did not survive long. The
modern medicinal systems now subdivide
of diabetes into insulin-dependent and
non-insulin-dependent types which are
similar as that period.
Treatment of Diabetes in Ancient
medical system
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Treatment of Diabetes in Modern
Medical system and its Side effects
Diabetes mellitus is a disease as old
as humanity and is one of the major
problems in clinical practice even today.
To tackle this disease, the physician
should identify a target level of glycaemic
control for each patient and provide the
patient with the educational and
pharmacologic resources necessary to
achieve normal sugar level in blood.
The discovery of insulin in 1922
brought in a remarkable change in the
outlook for both type1 and type 2 diabetic
patients who started surviving for longer
periods till they developed vascular
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complications or infections. Insulin
increases glucose uptake in cells by
stimulating the translocation of the
glucose
transporter
GLUT4
from
intracellular sites to the cell surface.
Insulin circulates in blood as the free
monomer and its half life in plasma is
about 5 - 6 min in normal subjects. The
main draw back of insulin is taken
through injection (Krishna Bihari Pandeya
et.al. 2013).
The
development
of
oral
hypoglycemic agents around mid 1950s
provided an option to the physicians as
well as the patient to use either oral
medication or to continue insulin. Often
oral hypoglycemic agents were preferred.
Oral Hypoglycemic drugs are those
drugs that lower blood glucose level and
taken orally. These drugs are synthetic
and complex organic substances. Hence
the search for synthetic oral active drugs
is in demand. Sulfonylureas Drugs,
Biguanides, Others (Acarbose, Guar
Gum). These drugs are effective in
diabetes but having some limitations such
as hypoglycemia occurs with regular use
of
sulfonylurea
compounds
but
occurrences are much fewer than with
insulin therapy. It is prescribed by doctors
that biguanids should not use in patients
with renal diseases. On the other hand the
main side effect of Acarbose is flatulence
(K. A. Wadkar et.al. 2008).
In spite of fascinating advances in
pharmaco-therapeutic agents, world is
seeking for safer and effective remedies.
CONCLUSION
The potential of Ayurvedic philosophy
and medicines needs to be recognized and
converted into real life treatment paradigm.
The classical medicinal system’s core
strength is its holistic approach to health
and disease using natural remedies derived
from medicinal plants and minerals. A
delicate balance between biophysiological
forces (dosha) and constitution (prakriti) is
said to determine health and disease;
several other “players” like “mind” and
“metabolic fire” (agni) play important
roles. Ayurveda’s principle therapeutic aim
is to harmoniously restore that balance.
Ayurveda
has
an
extensive
pharmacopoeia, predominantly herbs and
minerals. Their healing properties are well
summarized in modern texts. Ayurvedic
formulations, often complex with several
herbal-mineral ingredients, are governed
by
well-described
pharmacological
principles of preparation, compatibility
and administration. Although classic texts
contain
descriptions
of
classic
formulations,
traditional
Ayurvedic
practitioners often modify them to suit the
individual constitution (prakriti), which
confers genetic predisposition toward
disease and therapy response, and is vital
to ensure medication safety.
Research is the prime need of
fashionable Ayurveda, but modern
research on Ayurveda has not been very
rewarding for Ayurveda itself. Ayurveda
needs research designed to test and
validate its fundamental concepts as well
as its treatments.
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REFRENCES
Wilson HH. Rig-Veda Samhita (vol. I-VII). New
Delhi, Cosmo Publication, 1977.
Kutambish P. Ancient Indian Medicine-Orient.
Mdras, Longmans, 1962.
Charles M. Tipton, Susruta of India, an
unrecognized contributor to the history of
exercise physiology, J Appl Physiol, 104,
1553–1556, 2008.
Gordon BL. Medicine Throughout Antiquity.
Philadelphia, F. A. Davis, Company, 1949.
Griffith RTH. Hymns of the Atharvaveda (vol.1).
New
Delhi,
Munshiram
Manoharlal
Publishers, 1985.
Whitney WD. Atharva-Veda Samhita (vol. I-II).
Delhi: Motilal Bamarsodass, 1962.
Bhatia SL, A History of Medicine with Special
Reference to the Orient, New Delhi, Office of
the Medical Council of India, 1977.
Berryman JW. Ancient and early influences. In:
Exercise Physiology:People and Ideas, edited
by Tipton CM. New York: Oxford Press, 1–
38. 2003.
Paul G. Shekelle, Mary Hardy, Sally C. Morton,
Ian Coulter, Swamy Venuturupalli, Joya
Favreau, Lara K. Hilton, Are Ayurvedic herbs
for diabetes effective?, The Journal of Family
Practice, 54 (10), 876-886,2005.
Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Dharmaraj D,
Vishwanathan M. Prevalence of glucose
intolerance in Asian Indians: Urban–rural
difference and significance of upper body
adiposity, Diabetes Care, 15, 1348–1355,
1992.
Goli Penchala Prasad, G. Babu, G.K. Swamy, A
Contemporary Scientific Support On Role Of
Ancient Ayurvedic Diet And Concepts In Diabetes
Mellitus (Madumeha), Ancient Science of Life, 25
(3&4), 2006.
Krishna Bihari Pandeya, Indra Prasad Tripathi,
Mahendra Kumar Mishra, Neelesh Dwivedi,
Yogesh Pardhi, Arti Kamal, Priyanka Gupta,
Nupa Dwivedi, Chinmayi Mishra, A Critical
Review on Traditional Herbal Drugs: An
Emerging Alternative Drug for Diabetes,
International Journal of Organic Chemistry, 3,
1-22, 2013.
K. A. Wadkar, C. S. Magdum, S. S. Patil and N. S.
Naik-wade, “Anti-Diabetic Potential and
Indian Medicinal Plants,” Journal of Herbal
Medicine and Toxicology, 2(1), 45-50, 2008.
Charaka Samhita, Ed. Dr. Bramhanand Tripathi,
Vol. – 2, publication- Chaukhamba Surbharati
Prakashan, Varanasi, p.p 279- 297, 2011.
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 181-189
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
STUDY OF ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT
(API) NICOTINAMIDE BASED BINARY DRUG
PRODUCTS
H. Shekhar and Vishnu Kant
Dept. of Chemistry, VKS University, Ara-802301
Email:- hshe2503@rediffmail.com, imvishnukant@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) nicotinamide has also been used as
pharmaceutical excipient. In this communication a bio-molecule Nicotinamide(NA) has
been treated with another pharmaceutical excipient Succinic acid(SUA) as binary drug
system. The system forms 1:2 cocrystal/addition compound/molecular complex followed
by two side by side eutectics E1(1310C) and E2(1220C) and their compositions are at
0.442 and 0.897 mole fraction of NA. Molecular interaction, ordering and stability in the
solid dispersed eutectic, non-eutectic alloys and cocrystal were discussed in the light of
the evaluated value of excess thermodynamic functions. The study covers the driving
force of nucleation during solidification (∆Gv) and critical size or radius (r*) at different
undercoolings for binary pharmaceutical materials. Using heat of fusion data the solidliquid interface energy and roughness parameter (α) of all the alloys are evaluated by
numerical method. Interface morphology of the alloys follows the Jackson’s surface
roughness (α) theory and predicts the faceted growth proceeds in all the alloys of
pharmaceutical materials.
Key words: Solid-liquid equilibrium data, thermodynamic excess functions, interfacial
energy, critical radius, roughness parameter
INTRODUCTION
Nicotinamide
is
an
important
biomolecule for human metabolism.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate (NADP) function as coenzymes
in a wide verity of enzymatic oxidationreduction reactions essential for tissue
respiration,
lipid
metabolism
and
glycogenolysis. Nicotinamide, an active
constituent of Mallotus Japonicus leaves1
(Fig.1) Mueller-Arg (Japanes name,
“akamegashiwa”)
and
extract
of
Amaranthus
gengeticus
seeds
(cv.
Altapati) and pea seedlings (Bangladesh
originated), strong halting activity against
zoospores of the phytopathogenic fungus
Aphanomyces cochlioides has been used in
the treatment of Pellegra, HIV infection,
blue mussel, Diabetes, Alzheimer’s
disease, lowering Cholesterol level, M.
tuberculosis4, distorted tumor cell lines5
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representing leukemia, melanoma, and
cancer of the lung, colon, brain, ovary,
breast, prostate as well as kidney and
inflammatory action6 of skin disorder with
mild
redness,
swelling,
etching,
discoloration, dermis etc. Nishimura has
demonstrated that nicotinamide exhibits
shell opening activity against common
bivalve molluscs. It was first isolated from
liveras an antipellagra factor and is also
synthesized from tryptophan (Fig.2) in
intestines in tissues. It is quite obvious that
isolated nicotinamide cannot fulfill the
demand of pharmaceutical sector. Getting
synthesized nicotinamide can compensate
our needs. Recently solid dispersion
cocrystal
of
nicotinamide
with
Theophylline and Khellin has been
reported for their better drug ability.
Theophylline8, an alkaloid found from tea
and chocolate is used as an anti-asthmatic
and muscle relaxing drug. Khellin,
extracted from the fruit and seed of
herbaceous/medicinal
plant
Ammi
Visnaga9 mainly found in Mediterranean
areas in open field is usually used as drugs
in angina, vitiligo, psoriasis, renal colic,
diuretic, kidney stone, coronary and
bronchial asthma. Pharmacological activity
of Nicotinamide with drugs of different
therapeutic classes such as tolbutamide,
carbamazepine, Rofecoxib, Flurbiprofen,
Halofantrine, Artemisinin, Indomethacine,
Diazapam, Griseofulvin, Progesterone,
Testosterone,
Piroxicam,
Nifedipine,
Ethylparaben, Riboflavin, Furosemide,
Naproxen, Celecoxib, Fenamic acid,
Itraconazole, Ketoconazole, Lamotrigine,
Theophylline, Ibuprofen, Moricizine has
recently been trialed. These days, drug
dose for a patient is vital and challenging
of pharmacists and medical scientists for a
long time and it has been grate dream to
find the most effective form of drug
products with market manufacturability
and to satisfy the safety and efficacy
requirement of pharmaceutical product.
Due to poor solubility, low dissolution
rate10,
moisture
uptake,
lower
permeability, chemical stability, bioavailability, least therapeutic efficacy11
and higher possibility of toxicity of the
drug, multi-component form of drug
product, e.g. solvates, hydrates, salts,
esters and co-crystals are used with great
enthusiasm to maximize the therapeutic
efficacy of many drugs and significantly
the market value of the drug. In addition
these forms of the drug play important role
design of new and better drug products
particularly in the pharmaceutical area.
Recently, solid dispersion systems have
been demonstrated in the pharmaceutical
to improve the drug ability12 and the
dissolution properties of poorly water
soluble drugs. The term solid dispersion
represents to a group of solid products
consisting of at least two different
components containing hydrophilic matrix
and a hydrophobic drug. The matrix can be
either crystalline or amorphous whereas
drug can be dispersed molecularly.
Extensive research has been reported on
various solid dispersion techniques for
drug development involving poorly water
soluble and highly permeable to biological
membranes as with these drugs
dissociation the rate limiting step to
absorption.
These
techniques
are
particularly promising for improving the
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oral absorption/intake and bioavailability
of the drugs. The formulation of drugs as
solid dispersion form offers a variety of
processes
and
a
number
of
excipient/coformer/carrier that allow the
flexibility during formulating oral delivery
systems for poorly water soluble drugs.
Solid dispersions are classified into six
major groups, namely: simple eutectic
mixtures,
solid
solutions,
glassy
suspension, and amorphous precipitation
of a drug in a crystalline carrier, addition
compound/molecular complex/co S crystal
between drug and excipient/inclusior and
combination of these groups. The author
has worked particularly in the area of
eutectic
mixture
and
molecular
complex/co-crystal. With view to search
and achieve a new and better performing
drug candidate, Nicotinamide (NA) an API
as well as the pharmaceutical excipients
with Succinic acid (SUA) has been
selected as binary system for their detailed
investigation such as thermodynamic
excess functions, interfacial energy, Gibb’s
Thomson coefficient, driving force of
solidification, critical size of nucleus and
interface surface structure.
Fig.1. Mallotus japonicas
Fig. 2. Nicotinamide: an oxidative
metabolic product of tryptophan in Human
EXPERIMENTAL
Nicotinamide
(Thomas
Baker,
Mumbai) and Succinic acid (C. S.
chemicals, India) were directly taken for
investigation.
The
melting
point
(experimental value) of nicotinamide was
found 128°C while for Succinic acid was
found 180°C respectively. For measuring
the solid-liquid equilibrium data of NASUA system, mixtures of different
composition were made in glass test tubes
by repeated heating and followed by
chilling in ice and were determined by the
thaw-melt method13. The melting and thaw
temperatures were determined in a
Toshniwal melting point apparatus using a
precision thermometer which could read
correctly up to ± 0.1°C. The heater was
regulated to give above 1°C increase in
temperature in every five minutes.
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Heat of fusion of materials was
measured by the DTA method using
NETZSCH
Simultaneous
Thermal
Analyzer, STA 409 series unit.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Solid-liquid equilibrium
The solid-liquid equilibrium data for
NA-SUA system indicates the formation of
1:2 cocrystal/molecular complex C, two
eutectics E1, E2 and non-eutectics A1-A12.
The melting temperature of the cocrystal
(1430C), E1 (1310C) and E2 (1220C) and
their compositions are at 0.670, 0.442 and
0.897 mole fraction of NA. On addition of
NA in SUA the melting point of the
mixture decreases and attains the minimum
at E1 (the first eutectic of the system). On
continued addition of NA the melting point
rises and attains the maximum at ‘C’
where the compositions of solid and liquid
phase are identical. This is the congruent
melting point of the compound formed in
the system. A further increase in
concentration of NA cause a decrease in
the melting point till the minimum E2 (the
second eutectic of the system) is attained.
A good length of the middle branch of the
curve and the existence of a eutectic point
on both side of the maximum leads the
information regarding the stability of the
cocrystal formation. It is formed by the
reaction between the two components in
the following manner
A+B
AB (liquid)
AB (solid)
THERMODYNAMIC STUDY
The values of heats of fusion of cocrystal,
eutectic and non-eutectic alloys are
calculated by the mixture law. The value of
heat of fusion of binary alloys A1-A12, E1
and E2 is reported in Table 1. The activity
coefficient and activity of components for
the systems under investigation has been
calculated from the equation14 given below
- lnxi γ i =
∆H i 1 1
−
R Te Ti
(1)
where γ i is activity coefficient of the
component i in the liquid phase
respectively, ₄Hi is the heat of fusion of
component i at melting point Ti and R is
the gas constant. Te
is the melting
temperature of alloy. Using the values of
activity and activity coefficient of the
components in alloys mixing and excess
thermodynamics functions have been
computed.
EXCESS FUNCTIONS
In order to unfold the nature of the
interactions between the components
forming the eutectic, non-eutectic alloys
and addition compound, the excess
thermodynamic functions such as integral
excess integral free energy (gE), excess
integral entropy (sE) and excess integral
enthalpy (hE) were calculated using the
following equations15
g
E
= RT ( x NA ln γ
NA
+ x SUA ln γ
SUA
)
δlnγNA
δlnγSUA
E
+xSUA
T
s =−R (xNAlnγNA+xSUA
T
lnγSUA+xNA
δT
δT
h E = − RT
2
x NA
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δ ln γ SUA
+ x SUA
δT
δT
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and excess chemical potential or excess
partial free energy of mixing
g i− E = µ i− M = RT ln γ i
The values of ₄ln₄i /₄T can be
determined by the slope of liquidus curve
near the alloys form in the phase diagram.
The values of the excess thermodynamic
functions are given in Table 2. The value
of the excess free energy is a measure of
the departure of the system from ideal
behavior.
The
reported
excess
thermodynamic data substantiate the
earlier conclusion of an appreciable
interaction between the parent components
during the formation of alloys. The
negative value of excess free energy
indicates the possibility of a stronger
association between unlike molecules
while the positive value in the present
system suggests an association of weaker
nature between unlike molecules and of
stronger nature between like molecules.
The maximum positive gE value16 for all
eutectic and non-eutectic alloys infers
stronger
interaction
between
like
molecules in binary mix. The excess
entropy is a measure of the change in
configurational energy due to a change in
potential energy and indicates an increase
in randomness.
INTERFACIAL INVESTIGATION
The Solid-Liquid Interfacial Energy (σ
σ)
It has been found that an
experimentally
observed
value
of
interfacial energy ‘ ’ keeps a variation of
50-100% from one worker to other.
However, Singh and Glickman17 were
calculated the solid-liquid interfacial
energy ( ) from melting enthalpy change
and values obtained are found in good
agreement with the experimental values.
Turnbull empirical relationship18 between
the interfacial energy and enthalpy change
provides the clue to determine the
interfacial energy value of alloy and is
expressed as:
C∆H
σ=
1/ 3
( N ) ( Vm ) 2 / 3
where the coefficient C lies between
0.33 to 0.35 for nonmetallic system, Vm is
molar volume and N is the Avogadro’s
constant. The value of the solid-liquid
interfacial energy of nicotinamide and
Succinic acid was found to be 5.046 x 10-02
and 4.023 x 10-02 J m-2 respectively and
value of alloys was given in Table 1.
THE
DRIVING
FORCE
NUCLEATION (∆
∆GV)
OF
During growth of crystalline solid
there is change in enthalpy, entropy and
specific volume and non-equilibrium leads
Gibb’s
energy.
Thermodynamically
metastable
phase
occurs
in
a
supersaturated or super-cooled liquid. The
driving force for liquid-solid transition is
the difference in Gibb’s energy between
the two phases. The theories of
solidification process in past have been
discussed on the basis of diffusion model,
kinetic characteristics of nucleation and on
thermodynamic features. The lateral
motion of rudementry steps in liquid
advances stepwise/ non-uniform surface at
low driving force while continuous and
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uniform surface advances at sufficiently
high driving force. The driving force of
nucleation from liquid to solid during
solidification ( GV) can be determined at
different undercoolings (∆T) by using the
following equation19
GV = ∆Sv∆T
It is opposed by the increase in surface
free energy due to creation of a new solidliquid interface. By assuming that solid
phase nucleates as small spherical cluster
of radius arising due to random motion of
atoms within liquid. The value of GV for
alloys and pure components are shown in
the Table 3.
THE CRITICAL RADIUS (R*)
During liquid-solid transformation
embryos are rapidly dispersed in
unsaturated liquid and on undercooling
liquid becomes saturated and provide
embryo of a critical size with radius r* for
nucleation which can be expressed by the
Chadwick relation20
r* =
2σ
2σT
=
∆G V ∆H V ∆T
where is the interfacial energy and
HV is the enthalpy of fusion of the
compound per unit volume, respectively.
The critical size of the nucleus for the
components and alloys was calculated at
different undercoolings and values are
presented in Table 4. It can be inferred
from table that the size of the critical
nucleus decreases with increase in the
undercooling of the melt. The existence of
embryo and a range of embryo size can be
expected in the liquid at any temperature.
INTERFACE MORPHOLOGY
The science of growth has been
developed on the foundation of
thermodynamics, kinetics, fluid dynamics,
crystal structures and interfacial sciences.
The solid-liquid interface morphology can
be predicted from the value of the entropy
of fusion. According to Hunt and
Jackson21, the type of growth from a binary
melt depends upon a factor , defined as:
α =ξ
∆H
∆S
=ξ
RT
R
where ξ is a crystallographic factor
depending upon the geometry of the
molecules and has a value less than or
equal to one. S/R (also known as
Jackson’s roughness parameter ) is the
entropy of fusion (dimensionless) and R is
the gas constant. When is less than two
the solid-liquid interface is atomically
rough and exhibits non-faceted growth.
The value of Jackson’s roughness
parameter ( S/R) is given in Table 1. For
the entire alloy the α value was found
greater than 2 which indicate the faceted22
growth proceeds in all the cases.
CONCLUSION
The solid-liquid equilibrium phase
diagram of NA-SUA system shows the
formation of 1:2 cocrystal with two
eutectic alloys. The activity and activity
coefficient values are very useful in
computing
thermodynamic
excess
functions. Thermodynamic excess Gibbs
free energy values for eutectic and noneutectic alloys are being found positive
which suggest the stronger association
between like molecules. The critical radius
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for all the alloys and pure components are
found in nano-scale and lies between 136.3
to 38.95 nm. Jackson’s roughness
parameter ( ) for all the eutectic and noneutectic alloys is found greater than 2
which predicts the faceted growth leads in
these cases. The small molecule
nicotinamide could emerge as a heralding
therapeutic agent of 21st century not only
in itself but also inform of leading
cocrystals. The nano particles of the
nicotinamide and its cocrystals may
change
the
face
of
molecular
pharmaceutics.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks are due to the Head
Department of Chemistry, V K S
University Ara 802301, India for providing
research facilities.
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N. Yamashita, K. Sakata, H. Ina and K. Ina,
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as an attaching repellent against the blue
mussel, Mytilus edulis, Agric. Biol. Chem.
53(12), 1989, 3351-3352.
T. Shimai, Md. T. Islam, Y. Fukushi, Y.
Hashidoko, R. Yokosawa and S. Tahara,
Nicotinamide
and
structurally
related
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A. S. Girgis, H. M. Hosni, F. F. Barsoum, Novel
synthesis of nicotinamide derivatives of
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Table 1: Phase composition, melting temperature (MP), entropy of fusion (∆S), heat of fusion (∆H),
interfacial energy (σ), and roughness parameter (α), activity coefficient ( )
Alloy
XNA
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
E1
A6
A7
A8
1:2 cocrystal
A9
A10
A11
E2
A12
XSUA
0.097
0.195
0.293
0.342
0.392
0.442
0.492
0.542
0.592
0.67
0.713
0.795
0.876
0.897
0.917
0.903
0.805
0.707
0.658
0.608
0.558
0.508
0.458
0.408
0.33
0.287
0.205
0.124
0.103
0.083
MP
(°C)
169
162
157
148
134
131
133
138
141
143
141
135
128
122
125
∆Η
(J/mol))
19015.79
19708.65
20401.51
20747.94
21101.44
21454.94
21808.44
22161.94
22515.44
23066.90
23370.91
23950.65
24523.32
24671.79
24813.19
∆S
(J/mol/K)
43.022
45.307
47.445
49.283
51.846
53.106
53.715
53.922
54.385
55.449
56.451
58.703
61.155
62.460
62.345
α
5.175
5.450
5.707
5.928
6.236
6.388
6.461
6.486
6.541
6.669
6.790
7.061
7.356
7.513
7.499
σ ⋅ 10>
10>2
(ϑ/µ2)
4.131
4.237
4.342
4.394
4.446
4.498
4.549
4.600
4.650
4.728
4.771
4.851
4.928
4.949
4.968
λνγΝΑ
3.04
2.23
1.741
1.435
1.049
0.873
0.803
0.798
0.763
0.675
0.578
0.36
0.132
-0.01
0.029
λνγΣΥ
Α
-0.019
0.016
0.086
0.049
-0.052
-0.007
0.114
0.284
0.438
0.676
0.79
1.048
1.456
1.558
1.816
Table 2: Value of partial and integral excess Gibbs free energy (gE), enthalpy (hE) and entropy (sE) of NASUA system
Alloy
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
E1
A6
A7
A8
1:2 cocrystal
A9
A10
A11
E2
A12
gNA
E
J/mol
11170.45
8065.86
6225.54
5022.35
3548.96
2932.35
2710.86
2726.33
2627.90
2335.23
1987.78
1221.59
441.37
-23.08
96.69
gSUA E
J/mol
-70.15
56.14
308.89
170.17
-177.61
-23.17
384.34
968.86
1507.63
2337.30
2718.47
3554.77
4855.35
5117.80
6010.25
gE
J/mol
1020.19
1618.04
2042.47
1829.62
1283.20
1283.17
1528.99
1921.41
2170.83
2335.91
2197.49
1699.89
988.71
506.43
587.52
hNA E
J/mol
-7412.67
3914.60
-3656.60
-14202.57
-8411.44
96192.99
15065.94
-868.84
44452.27
105398.87
49076.64
25233.48
28507.24
226481.91
212606.78
hSUA E
J/mol
-342.67
10984.60
3413.40
-7132.57
-1341.44
103262.99
22135.94
6201.17
51522.27
112468.87
56146.64
32303.48
35577.24
233551.91
219676.78
hE
J/mol
-1028.46
9605.95
1341.89
-9550.51
-4112.88
100138.05
18657.50
2369.23
47336.83
107731.97
51105.73
26682.83
29383.92
227210.12
213193.59
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sNA E
J/mol/K
-42.04
-9.54
-22.98
-45.67
-29.39
230.84
30.43
-8.75
101.03
247.75
113.74
58.85
69.99
573.43
533.95
sSUA E
sE
J/mol/K J/mol/K
-0.62
-4.64
25.12
18.36
7.22
-1.63
-17.35
-27.03
-2.86
-13.26
255.66
244.69
53.58
42.19
12.73
1.09
120.81
109.10
264.74
253.36
129.05
118.14
70.46
61.23
76.61
70.81
578.31
573.93
536.85
534.19
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Table 3: Value of volume free energy change (∆Gv) during solidification for NA - SUA system of different
undercoolings (∆T)
Alloy
Undercoolins
1.0
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
E1
A6
A7
A8
1:2 cocrystal
A9
A10
A11
E2
A12
NA
SUA
1.5
0.650
0.651
0.648
0.657
0.674
0.673
0.664
0.651
0.640
0.628
0.626
0.625
0.625
0.632
0.624
0.726
0.539
0.974
0.976
0.972
0.985
1.011
1.010
0.996
0.976
0.960
0.942
0.938
0.937
0.938
0.948
0.936
1.089
0.808
∆Gv (kJ/m3)
2.0
1.299
1.301
1.296
1.314
1.348
1.347
1.329
1.301
1.280
1.256
1.251
1.249
1.250
1.264
1.249
1.452
1.077
2.5
1.624
1.626
1.621
1.642
1.685
1.683
1.661
1.626
1.600
1.570
1.564
1.562
1.563
1.579
1.561
1.815
1.347
3.0
3.5
1.949
1.952
1.945
1.971
2.022
2.020
1.993
1.952
1.920
1.883
1.877
1.874
1.875
1.895
1.873
2.178
1.616
2.274
2.277
2.269
2.299
2.359
2.357
2.325
2.277
2.240
2.197
2.190
2.186
2.188
2.211
2.185
2.541
1.885
Table 4: Critical size of nucleus (r*) at different undercoolings (∆T)
Alloys
Undercoolings
A1
A2
A3
A4
A51
E
A6
A7
A8
1:2 cocrystal
A9
A10
A11
E2
A12
NA
SUA
r*(nm)
1.0
1.5
146.5
144.9
144.0
141.3
137.0
136.3
137.3
139.4
140.7
142.0
141.6
140.1
138.2
136.3
137.4
139.9
149.4
2.0
97.67
96.62
95.60
94.22
91.32
90.88
91.55
92.91
93.82
94.63
94.38
93.37
92.12
90.84
91.61
92.66
99.59
2.5
73.25
72.47
72.00
70.67
68.49
68.16
68.67
69.68
70.37
70.98
70.78
70.03
69.09
68.13
68.71
69.49
74.69
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3.0
58.60
57.97
57.60
56.53
54.79
54.53
54.93
55.75
56.29
56.78
56.63
56.02
55.27
54.50
54.97
55.60
59.75
3.5
48.84
48.31
48.00
47.11
45.66
45.44
45.78
46.46
46.91
47.32
47.19
46.69
46.06
45.42
45.81
46.33
49.79
41.86
41.41
41.14
40.38
39.14
38.95
39.24
39.82
40.21
40.56
40.45
40.02
39.48
38.93
39.26
39.71
42.68
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 190-194
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
SOME IMPORTANT MEDICINAL HERBS USED BY
TRIBES OF CHITRAKOOT
Sadhana Chaurasia*, Ravindra singh** & Anand Dev Gupta*
* Dept. of Energy & Environment, MGCGV Chitrakoot Satna M.P.
** Dept. of Biological Science, MGCGV Chitrakoot Satna M.P.
ABSTRACT
Plants have been an integral part of Indian culture. It is evident that large population in
under developed/developing countries still depends on natural resources for food, cloth,
dyes, oil, detergent, drink, fodder and medicines. WHO’s technical reports
(Anonymous,1978) defined traditional medicines as “the sum of all the knowledge and
practices whether applicable or not, used in diagnosis prevention and elimination of
physical mental or social imbalance and relying exclusively or practical experience and
observation handed down from generation to generation whether verbally or in writing.
Traditional medicine might be considered as a solid amalgamation of dynamic medicinal
know how and ancestral experience. The traditional knowledge about the plant is also
gradually disappearing from tribal/rural population because of the impact of civilization
& modernization.
An effort has been made to identify the medicinal plants of Chitrakoot, and the area
where particular plant is present or present in abundance was enlisted in this article.
Key word- Medicinal herbs, Chitrakoot forest.
INTRODUCTION
There are two systems of health care
in the developing world, one being
traditional and the other is western in
derivation. The concept of traditional
medicine is a conventional term used by
medical scientists to refer to the empirical
medical system used in different cultures
all over the world. Each society has its
own world view of origin, causes,
concepts, practical therapies of sickness
and has also developed the specialists that
know how to apply them (Bhasin 2007).
Adivasis, that is, tribal people or original
settlers, described as a distinct ethno
group living in the planes, forests or hills
are no exceptions for that. They also have
their own systems of medicines dispensed
through the herbalists or senior citizens of
the society along with traditional healers
(Petkar 2002 and Mitra 2007). Madhya
Pradesh has the largest tribal population
of all the states with 14.51% of total tribal
population of the country.
India has vast resources of medicinal
plants. The use of the plants as medicine
is nothing new but according to an
estimate there are more than 25000
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effective herbal formulations exist in the
country (Brahmavarchasva 2005 and
Aneesh 2009). But many of them are
unwrit- © Kamla-Raj 2011 Ethno Med,
5(3): 205-208 (2011) ten. Ahead to this it
can be said that each time a tribal
medicine man dies, it is as if a library has
burned down so there is urgent need of
documentation of native knowledge of the
before its extinction forever. Despite of
fair scope to achieve great global share in
the market of medicinal and aromatic
plants, India is lagging behind in world
trade and is ranked third in the herbal
medicine category.
Area of studyChitrakoot is situated in the northern
region of satna district of M.P. and
surrounded on North, Northwest and
Northeast by Karwi (Chitrakoot) district
Name
- Satavari (Asparagus
racemosus)
Family
- Liliaceae
Useful Parts - Root
Uses
- Treatment of gastric ulcers,
dyspepsia, nervous disorders
and as a galactogogue
of U.P. and west byPanna district of M.P.
It lies between 800 52’ to 800 73’N
latitude, covering an area of 1,584 sq km.
Lard Ram with her wife Sita and brother
Lakshman resided here during their 14
years of exile and spent about 11.5 years
in Chitrakoot. Several tribal communities
like Kol, Gond, Mawasi, etc. reside in
Chitrakootforest area of Majhgawan block
of Satna district of M.P.
METHODOLOGY
The present study on Mawasi tribe of
Chitrakoot region was carried out. The
first hand information about the uses of
plants such as mode of preparation,
administration, doses, duration amount
etc. were collected from old and
experienced medicine man and women
with the help of prescribed Performa.
Name
Family
Useful part
Uses
-
Medhaki (Vitexnegundo)
Verbanaceae
Root, bark and leaves
Headache, gastric, ulcer,
swollen joints & testes and
lactation for breast feeding
women.
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Name- Ikshugandha, Gokharu (Tribulus terrestris)
Family- Zygophyllaceae
Useful part- Roots, barks, leafs, stem, flower, fruits
Uses- Root paste is used for treatment of Cancer
and whole plant paste with milk is used for normal
delivery.
Name- Bhunimba, Kalmegh & Kirayat
(Andrographis paniculata)
Family- Acanthaceae
Usuful part- Whole part of plants
Uses- The decoction of whole plant is useful in
weakness, gastric disorders, malaria & fevers.
Name- Salparni, Guha (Desmodium gangeticum)
Family- fabaceae
Useful part- Whole parts of plant
Uses- Cardiomyopathy, edema.
NameTulsi (Ocimum sanctum)
Family- Lamiaceae
Useful part- Whole parts of plants
Uses- Cancer, hepatic, urinary stone track disease,
nervous disorder, diabetes, leprosy & cough
Name- Nagarmotha (Cyperus rotundus)
Family- Cyperaceae
Useful part- Whole parts of plant
Uses- headache, swelling.
Name- Apamarg, Chichira (Achyranthus aspera)
Family- Acanthaceae
Useful part- Root, leaves, flower & fruit
Uses- Bronchitis, cold, whooping cough & asthma
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Name- Dhatura (Datura metel)
Family- Solanaceae
Useful part- Seed, root, leaves, leaves milk & fruit
Uses- Dog bite, suffering from madness & pain
Name- Safed Madar. Ark (Calotropis gigantea)
Family- Asclepiadaceae
Useful part- Root & leaves
Uses- Cholera, leaves decoction is used in fever
Name- Harjod, Harhjora (Cissus quadrangularis)
Family-Vitaceae
Useful part- Whole parts of plant
Uses- Joint pain, bone facture or dislocation and
earache.
Name- Arand (Ricinus communis)
Family- Euphorbiaceae
Useful part- leaves, seed, root
Uses- Eczema, asthma, rhinitis
Name- Safed bhatkataiya, Kantikari
(Solanum surattense)
Family- Solanaceae
Useful part- Root and leaves
Uses- digestion, cough, dropsy, constipation and
aperient
Name- Safed ghunghachu (Abrus pricatories)
Family- Fabaceae
Useful part- Seed
Uses- Lyprocy
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CONCLUSION
Above fifteen plants are used for
fourty two diseases by the tribal
population of Chitrakoot these fifteen
plants belongs to elevene families. Some
plants like safed ghunghachu and
satawari, tulsi are used for lyprosy,
nervous desorder and diabetes treatment
which are commonly found in urban
population. The study reveals a number of
interesting claims and mode of their
application either as a single plant species
or in combination with some additives.
Further, detailed investigations on
therapeutic used are needed to establish
the medicinal importance of these species.
REFERENCES
Aneesh TP, Hisham M, Sekhar SM, Madhu M,
Deepa TV 2009. International market scenario
of traditional Indian herbal drugs - India
declining. Intl J of Green Pharmacy, 3(3):
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Bhasin V 2007. Medical Anthropology: A Review.
Studies on Ethno-Medicine, 1(1): 1-20.
Brahmavarchasva 2005. Ayurveda Ka Pran:
Vanosadh Vigyan. Haridwar : Shantikunj.
Jain, S.K. 1965a.Medicinal plant role of the tribals
of Bastar, Econ. Bot. 19:236-250.
Jain, S.K. 1965b. On the prospects of some new or
less known medicinal plant resources. Indian
Med. J. 59: 270-272
Mahajan SK, Mishra S 2006. Exploration of
medicinal plants in the tribal areas of
Khandwa (M.P.). National J of Life Sci, 3(3):
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Mitra A 2007. Anti-dialetic uses of some common
herbs in tribal belts of Midnapur district of
West Bengal. Studies on Ethno-Medicine,
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Petkar AS, Wabale AS, Shinde MC 2002. Some
ethnomedicinal plants of Akole and
Sangamner Talukas of Ahmednagar. J of the
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Ray S, Sheikh M, Mishra S 2011. Ethnomedicnal
plants used by tribals of east Nimar region,
Madhya Pradesh. Ind J of Tradnl Knowledge,
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Sikarwar RLS 2007. Floristic diversity of
Kamadgiri (the Chitrakoot Hill) – A most
ancient sacred grove of India. Phytotaxonomy,
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Sikarwar RLS, Pathak B, Jaiswal A 2008. Some
unique ethnomedicinal perceptions of tribal
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Ind J of Tradnl Knowledge, 7(4): 613-617.
Sahu, T.R. 1982. An ethnobotanical study of MP.
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants,2013, pp. 195-198
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
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[Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants]
International Science Congress Association
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206
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PART V
PRASENTATION & SLIDES
International E – Publication
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 208-211
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
SHORT TERM STORAGE OF TWO IMPORTANT
MEDICINAL PLANTS THROUGH ALGINATE
ENCAPSULATION OF APICAL AND AXILLARY MICROCUTTINGS
Arun K. Kukreja
Plant Biotechnology Department
Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR)
PO CIMAP, Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow-226015 INDIA
A large number of medicinal plants synthesize and accumulate important
pharmaceutically active compounds in their underground parts. List of selected plant
species producing pharmaceutically active secondary metabolites in roots
Plant species
Secondary metabolite
Atropa belladonna
Withania somnifera
Rauvolfia species
Valeriana walichii
Picrorrhiza kurroa
Catharanthus roseus
Duboisia myoporidis
Hypericum
Asparagus officinalis
Panax ginseng
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Lycopersicon esculentum
Coleus forskohlii
Hyoscyamus species
Plumbago zylenica
Artemisia annua
Tropane indole alkaloids
Withanolides
Indole alkaloids
Valpotriates
Picrosides
Indole alkaloids
Tropane alkaloids
Hypericin
Triterpenoid saponins
Ginsenosides
Glycyrrhizin
Alkaloids
Forskohlin
Trpane alkaloids
Plumbagin
Artimisnin
Glycyrrhiza glabra and Rauvolfia vomitoria are two such important
medicinal plants that contain variety of bioactive chemical
compounds in their roots.
Presence of these compounds attributes to the various commercial
and medicinal properties of these plants.
Glycyrrhiza glabra…..
Glycyrrhiza glabra is a plant of central, south western
Asia and Mediterranean regions.
A perennial herb of family Fabaceae
Rhizome and roots are the plant part with
medicinal importance.
Commonly known as Licorice (Mulethi)
The pharmaceutical and other commercial
properties of this plant are all due to:
Triterpenoid saponin ‘Glycyrrhizin’
Aglycon glycyrrhitinic acid,
Various flavonoids, essential oils,
polysaccharides, polyamines and fatty acids
Uses in medicinal world
Major constituent of the drugs used for the treatment
of gastric and duodenal ulcers.
Expectorant, anti tussive, demulcent, antiarthritic, anti-dental caries agent and anti inflammatory
in nature.
Uses in other industries
Owing to the fine aroma and sweetness, the licorice
extract is used worldwide as a flavouring agent and
sweetener in confectionery and tobacco industries.
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Rauvolfia vomitoria
[Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants]
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Commercial cultivation of licorice
Need for short term storage and
multiplication………
Commercial cultivation of licorice is difficult .
1.
2.
3.
Poor flowering
poor seed viability
very slow growth rate
Vegetative propagation using underground stem runners is the only implemented
method for the commercial cultivation of licorice.
A large amount of industrial requirement of the plant from all over the world is not being
fulfilled.
Taking into account on the limited availability of this plant for industrial use, an efficient
and commercially feasible micropropagation protocol for the production of genetically
stable and alike plants using liquid culture system was previously established utilizing
small bioreactor set up.
Efficiency of Liquid System for Mass Multiplication of Glycyrrhiza Glabra
and Evaluation of Genetic Fidelity of Micropropagated Plants
International Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry
ISSN 0973-2691 Volume 5 Number 2 (2009) pp. 157–169
Because of inherent problems of regeneration, cultivation of
licorice has not been popularized from commerce point of
view and is restricted to its native places. Thus a large
amount of industrial requirement of the plant from all over
the world is not being fulfilled.
Taking into account on the limited availability of this plant for
industrial use, conservation of Glycyrrhiza glabra plants
employing synthetic seed technology is shown as a means to
ensure stable and secure round the year supply of
genetically uniform and high quality plant material.
Rauvolfia vomitoria…….
(Poison devil’s pepper)
Native to Nigeria, Cameroon, Democratic
Republic of Congo, Ghana, Liberia, Senegal,
Sudan, Uganda.
Occurs naturally in covered forests where
uncultivated periods are prolonged.
Natural
R. vomitoria is associated with palms, Trema
guineensis and Combretum spp.
A
B
C
Morphological response of G.
glabra nodal explants in solid
and liquid cultures
(A) 20 days old culture
(B) 40 days old culture
(C) Complete in vitro raised
plant in two systems
The pharmaceutical and other commercial properties
of this plant are all due to:
Reserpine
Ajmaline
Perakine
Carpanaubine
isoreserpiline
Flowering
Fruits
Alkaloids reported In R. vomitoria
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Geissoschizol (a,b)
Acetyl geissoschizol (b)
10-hydroxy-geissoschizol (b)
11-methoxygeissoschizol (b)
Geissooschizine (b)
Pleicarpiminol (b)
Picrinine (a,b)
Quaternine (b)
Picraline (b)
Deacetyl deformopicraline (a)
Akuammiline (a)
Strictamine (a,b)
Desacetyl- akuammaiine (a)
Akkuamicine (b)
Normascusine B (a,b)
Sarpagine (b,c)
Norajmailine (b)
Norpurpeline (b)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
10-hydroxynortetraphyllicine(b) •
Norscredamine (b)
•
Norrauvomitine (b,c)
•
Endolobine (b)
•
Tetraphyllicine (b)
•
10 methoxy tetraphyllicine(b,c) •
Ajmaline (c)
•
Purpeline (b,c)
•
Seradamine (b,c)
•
Sandwicine (c)
•
Isosandwicine (c)
•
Acetyl ajmaline (c)
•
Mitoridine (b,c)
•
Rauvomitine ( c)
•
Vomalidine (c)
Suaveoline ( c)
•
Carapanaubine(a,b,c)
Iso carapanaubine(b,c)
Rauvoxine ( a,b,c)
Reserpine oxindole (a)
Isoreserpiline indoxyl(b,c)
Kaempferol ( c)
Quercetin ( c)
Reserpic acid ( c )
Gallic acid ( c )
Neonorreserpine ( c )
Ajmalinol ( c )
N-methyl ajmailine ( c )
Ajmalidine ( c )
Ajmalinine ( c )
Neoajmaline ( c )
Vellozimine ( c )
a-leaf, b-stem, c-root, d-bark
Mass multiplication of G. glabra in bioreactor
[Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants]
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Medicinal and commercial importance of R. vomitoria
Synthetic seed Technology…..
Reserpine is used in treatment of hyper tension and
anxiety, stimulates central nervous system (CNS) and
reduces high blood pressure.
The roots are also extensively
sedative, aphrodisiac or antispasmodic.
used
as
a
Synthetic seed technology or alginate encapsulation of explants
(embryogenic / non-embryogenic) is a well established practice and
has been employed in conjunction with micropropagation to
establish in vitro gene banks of various pharmaceutically important
species.
The efficiency of using alginate encapsulated propagules lies in
their small size and relative ease of handling and transportation.
A possible alternative plant species :
It has been reported that alkaloid compositions of cell
suspension and hairy roots of R. serpentina and R.
vomitoria are identical.
Clonal multiplication of Rauvolfia vomitoria using liquid
culture system and growtek bioreactor
a. Plant under natural conditions
in CIMAP farms
b. & d. In vitro growing shoots in
shoot multiplication solid and
liquid medium respectively
Besides, increased productive potential and ease of long or short
term storage gives additional significance.
The main idea behind utilizing synthetic seed technology in present
study is that the technique is endowed with the shared advantages
of clonal multiplication and germ plasm storage and conservation.
Encapsulation and storage of axillary/apical micro cuttings
Methodology followed
0.3 - 0.5 mm micro cuttings with
apical or axillary buds from in
vitro growing shoots
Gelling mixture: MS basal
salts + 3% sucrose + 4 %
sodium alginate
Solution for ion exchange 100
mM CaCl2
c. & e. In vitro shoots in rooting
solid and liquid medium
respectively
Drop wise dispensing under continuous shaking
Allowed to stand for ion exchange (15-20 minutes)
f. & g. mass multiplication in
growtek
Washing with sterile distilled water
h. In vitro raised plants in
earthen pots
Need for mass multiplication and conservation of R.
vomitoria…….
Incubation or storage under normal
moist conditions
Beads were then thoroughly washed with pre
The harsh and heavy collection of R. vomitoria for medicinal
uses coupled with the growth of other invasive and insidious
plant populations resulting in fast decline of natural
populations of R. vomitoria and thus pushing the plant
towards endangered category.
sterilized distilled water and immediately kept for
The selective extraction of the species in order to supply
continuously expanding pharmaceutical market is the major
reason of loss of natural habitat.
sterile filter paper lining soaked with sterile
Therefore, to protect the germ plasm and to keep pace with
the rising demand of this plant, conservation and mass
multiplication of R. vomitoria is the need of present hour.
conditions filter paper lining was frequently (20 d
storage in sterile petriplates (10 beads / pteriplate)
under moist conditions maintained by placing
distilled water at 25 ± 2ºC. To maintain moist
interval) sprayed with sterile distilled water.
[Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants]
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CONCLUSION
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Following 6 months of normal storage at 25 ± 2ºC
the re growth of encapsulated G. glabra micro
shoots, reached 98% within 30 days of incubation
on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mgl-1 IAA.
A
B
C
A. Encapsulated micro shoots on multiplication media
B. Complete plant re grown from synthetic seeds
Healthy plants were established to glass house
with 95% survival.
C. In vitro raised complete plant
Growth response of encapsulated and normally stored
axillary/apical micro cuttings of R. vomitoria
Rauvolfia vomitoria
In vitro repository for germ plasm of endangered plant can
be established for short term.
80
% regrowth of shoots from encapsulated beads
Re growth was characterized by the development
of both shoot and root from single encapsulated
micro shoot.
70
60
50
Multiple shoots
40
Alginate encapsulated micro shoots and re growth of
encapsulated micro cuttings on semi solid MSG
Single shoot
30
Quality plant material of an endangered species can be
produced round the year irrespective of climatic and
geographic barriers.
Handling during transportation to other areas for large scale
plantation become easy.
20
10
Emergence of shoots from encapsulated micro shoots
0
20 days
40 days
Encapsulated and stored explants can be used directly to
inoculate bioreactors (large scale multiplication under in vitro
conditions) to produce quality plant material.
A
Encapsulation of micro cuttings
Rooting
Multiple shoot growth
2
B
D
C
E
A In vitro culture
B Encapsulated apical and
axillary buds
C & D In vitro plant in Growtek
vessel containing medium for
multiple shoot growth and for
rooting respectively (Biphasic
single step method)
E In vitro raised synthetic seed
derived plants in glass house
Hardening of in vitro raised synthetic seed derived plants
[Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants]
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 212-213
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
PLANT TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
Dr. Rajesh Saxena, Dr. K.K. Tripathi & Mr. Ankit Agrawal
Prof. T. S. Murthy Science and Technology Station,
(M. P. Council of Science and Technology)
Dept. of Science &Technology, M.P. Govt.Mahavir Colony, Obaidullaganj, Raisen, (M.P.)
Thrust areas
1.
Conservation of medicinal and aromatic
plants
2.
Plant tissue culture
3.
Mushroom Cultivation
4.
Organic faming
5.
Conservation of Biodiversity
6.
Training activities
Conservation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Plant Tisue Culture
[Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants]
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Mushroom Cultivation
Training Activities
1. Plant tissue culture techniques
2. Low cost mushroom cultivation
3. Organic farming as a green chemistry
4. Application of Organic farming
5. Cultivation of medicinal plants
6. Dissertation work for graduate and
Postgraduate students
Organic Farming
Conservation of Biodiversity
Low Cost Mushroom Cultivation
Duration:
Fees:
3 days
Rs. 1500/person*
* Fee is exempted for SC/ST and BPL card holder
Eligibility:
1. Graduate, Postgraduate
student and Research
Scholars of life sciences
2. Farmers (men/women)
[Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants]
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 214-216
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
BIODIVERSITY: TOOL FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY
AND BIOPROSPECTING
Prof. T.R.Sahu
Dept. of Botany,
Dr. H.S.Gour Central University, Sagar (M.P.)
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
• Biodiversity provides to the humankind enormous
direct economic benefits in the form of timber, food,
fibre, medicines, Industrial enzymes, food flavors,
fragrances, cosmetics, emulsifiers, dyes, plant growth
regulators and pesticides.
• The indirect ecological benefits from biodiversity
include the regulation of the gaseous composition of
the atmosphere, soil formation, processing and
acquisition of nutrients, trophic dynamic regulation of
population etc. / Biodiversity help in maintaining
stability of life on the planet through the interactive
dynamics of ecosystem
BIOGEOGRAPHICAL ZONES IN INDIA
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Strategic position of India having connection with adjustment region.
Situated as tri-junction of 3 natural realms:
– Indo-Malayan, Eurosia, Afro-tropical
Diverse ecological condition
Diverse geographical area of 329 Million Ha (i.e.2.4% of the total land
mass, 7500 km long coastal line)
3 Major bio-geographical Realms:
The oriental, The Paleo-arctic, Ethiopian
This indicate the rich and varied Indian Flora & Fauna a meeting ground of
tropical, temperate and arid biodiversity elements.
4 Mega centers of Endemism with 25 micro centers of endemism with 33%
of endemic species (6000 endemic out of 19500 spp.)
12 Provinces
10 bio-geographic zones
16 Major and 34 subgroups of forest types.
20 Poly-geographical division
• India is one of the 20 mega diversity countries, 12 top
mega diversity countries, 17 LMMDC’s
• Out of 34 Hot spots of the globe India harbors 4 Hot
spots including 2 Hottest Hot Spots.
• Home of 166 species of crops (4 are major-Maize,
Wheat, Rice & Potato)
• 334 species of wild relatives of cultivated plants.
• 8 Phyto-geographical zones.
• 18 Agro-biodiversity hot spots in India (Nagarajen et al
2007) on the basis of crop varieties No. of crop species
and wild relatives.
• 22 Agro-biodiversity region based on endemism of plant
of agro biodiversity importance and their association with
agro-ecosystem, local tribes and cultures.
DISTRIBUTION OF BIODIVERSITY
DISTRIBUTION IS NOT UNIFORM !!!
It increases :
• from pole to equator
• from high to low altitude
• From smaller island to bigger island
This results into patchy distribution of biodiversity
Therefore, need to prioritize conservation area
[Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants]
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TREASURE HOUSE OF BIODIVERSITY
· Tropical Rain Forests -
· Only 7% of the total land surface but > ½ of
the spp. on earth
· 80% of word's Insects live in these forests.
·
Flora of India occur in Western Ghats
(TRF) of Peninsular India
•
REASONS Ø Evolution are optimum
MEGADIVERSITY COUNTRIES & HOT SPOTS
1.Total Mega diversity countries: 20 (Including India)
2.Top Mega-diversity Countries: 12 (Including India)
3.Total Hot Spots
: 34 (4 in India)
4.Hottest Hot Spot
: 08 (2 In India)
Ø Extinction Fewer
Ø Constancy of Environment
Ø Varied Habitats
Western Ghats &
Ø Interaction between organisms, with climate
topography, soil, rock result, Biodiversity.
Ø Certain extra Terrestrial Factors.
Indo-Burma
Ø % of Endemism is more
Biodiversity of any given area is a reflection of both of range of
habitat and diversity of the components exist in them”
Value of Biological Resources
Future
Direct (consumptive)
Indirect (non-consumptive)
Discovery of unknown spp.
•Source of food,fire
•Material for breeding improved
varieties
•Ecological balance: CO2 & O2, reduce
pollution, Check soil erosion, food chain, food
web, nutrient cycle etc.
•Aesthetic value: Green forests, beautiful
flowers, song of birds, colorful butterflies, fishes,
• Drug & Medicines
birds, landscape, ecotourism etc.
•Fibre: Cotton, flax, jute, hemp, sunn
•Useful products: Gums, resins, tannins,
dyes, paper, tea, coffee etc.
•Cultural value: Inspires poets and artists
to compose poems, songs,and to make paintings,
sculptures, photography, etc.
• Right
•Commercial value:-fishes
fodder,
fuel, timbers etc.
to live:
•Recreation: visit to gardens, NP, Sanctuaris,
Zoo etc.
•Scientific value: material for study
GENOME SIZE OF TYPE ORGANISMS
Sr. Organism
No.
1. Bacterium
2. Yeast
Scientific Name
E. Coli
S. cerevisae
Base Pairs
(In Million)
4.8
14.4
3.
4.
5.
Man
Modern Plant
Fruitfly
Homeo sapiens
Arabidopsis thaliana
D. melanogaster
3000
100
170
6.
Worm
C. elegans
90
“The green revolution and genetic selection in plant and
WORLD RANKING OF MEGA-DIVERSITY COUNTRIES (Paine, 1997)
S.No. Countries
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Brazil
Columbia
China
Mexico
Indonesia
India
Ecuador
Peru
Australia
Malaysia
Madagascar
Zaire
South Africa
Venezuela
Costa Rica
Papua New Guinea
Panama
Cameroon
Philippines
Vietnam
No of Fl. Species
55,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
27,500
19,500
18,250
17,121
15,000
15,000
12,000
11,000
23,000
20,000
11,000
10,000
9,000
8,000
8,000
7,000
Mammal
394
359
304
450
436
316
302
344
252
286
105
415
247
305
205
213
218
297
153
213
Bird
1695
1635
1244
1026
1531
1219
1559
1678
751
736
253
1096
790
1296
850
761
926
874
556
761
Like-minded Megadiverse Countries (Cancún initiative)
Out of mega diverse countries decayed so far, 17 of them formed the group of Like Minded Mega diverse
Countries (LMMC’s) On 18 February 2002, the Ministers in charge of the Environment and the Delegates
of Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Peru, South Africa andV
enezuela assembled in the Mexican city of Cancún.
These countries declared to set up a Group of Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries as a mechanism for
consultation and cooperation so that their interests and priorities related to the preservation and sustainable use of
biological diversity could be promoted.
Group of LMMDC are characterised by (a) Rich biological diversity & (b) Associated T. Knowled.
They also declared that they would call on those countries that had not become Parties to the Convention on
Biological Diversity, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, and the Kyoto Protocol on climate change to become
parties to these agreements.
They agreed to meet periodically, at the ministerial and expert levels, and decided that upon the conclusion of each
annual Ministerial Meeting, the next rotating host country would take on the role of Secretary of the group, to ensure
its continuity.
Bolivia
Ecuador
Mexico
Brazil
Indonesia
Nepal
China
India
Peru
Colombia
Kenya
Philippines
Costa Rica
Demo. R. of the Congo
Madagascar
Malaysia
South Africa
Venezuela
animal depends upon diversity among genetic types”
[Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants]
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Hotspots in India
Sr.No
HOTSPOTS
AREA
(K m2)
VEGETATION
(km2)
TOTAL
SPP.
ENDEMIC
SPP.
1
Himalaya
74,1406
18,5427
8500
3160
2
Western Ghat
18,9611
43,611
4500
3049
3
N.E. Indo Burma
23,73057
11,8653
4000
700
4
A. & N. Island
8249
7163
2500
250
(572 Islands)
33-34% of Endemism in flowering plants
Of the total 141 endemic genera in India -114 are monotypic, 131 Primitive living spp.,
1/2 of Aquatic spp. of world.
No family of flowering plant is endemic to India.
“Nature can feed the Needy, but not the Greedy”
Western Ghats- SriLanka
(3049 Endemic spp.)
FOUR INDIAN HOT SPOT
Indo-Burma (7000 Endemic spp.)
Himalaya (3160 Endemic spp.)
Causes of Loss of biodiversity
Men made
Natural
Cutting of forests
Volcanic eruptions
Flood
Quarrying of stones
Diseases
Grazing, Fire
Environmental pollution
Lack of pollinator
Invasive of foreign weeds
Over exploitation of med plants
Draught
Landslides
Degradation and declining of forest resources
Building of new settlements, mining etc.
A ndaman
&
Nicobar
Industrialization
[Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants]
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Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 217-221
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
SIGNIFICANCE OF IN VITRO TECHNIQUES
IN THE CONSERVATION OF BACOPA MONNIERI
AND PRODUCTION OF BACOSIDES
Prof. Tejovathi Gudipati
Principal
Boston College for Professional Studies, Gwalior
(
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According to NMPB (National Medicinal Plant board)
TIFAC (Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment
Council),
DST (Department of Science and Technology) Govt. of India
It is one among the 7 important medicinal plants
recommended for immediate attention.
Included in the list as a highly endangered medicinal plant
in India
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International Science Congress Association
217
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[Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants]
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In vitro Studies-
"
• Cell culture system, is an excellent and alternative
source for the production of secondary metabolites.
In Vitro Manipulations for Bacoside A Production
•By manipulating the physical and chemical environment,
optimum production of important metabolites can be
achieved.
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•How age, light, RPM effect the growth?
Fresh Weight of Callus (in gram)
0.5
#
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
White
0.2
Red
0.15
Green
0.1
Dark
0.05
0
1 week
Figure-: Variation is Fresh and Dry Weight
of the callus with increase in the age.
2 week
3 week
4 week
Duration of Time (in week)
Dry Weight of Callus ( in gram)
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
White
0.04
Red
0.03
Green
0.02
Dark
0.01
0
1 week
2 week
3 week
4 week
Duration of Time (in week)
[Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants]
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S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Concentration of chemical
0.00005%
0.00025%
0.0005%
0.0025%
0.005%
0.0025%
0.01%
0.0125%
Response
Callusing
Callusing
Browning of the explants
Browning of the explants
Browning of the explants
Browning of the explants
Browning of the explants
Browning of the explants
In vitro Studies-
"
• Cell culture system, is an excellent and alternative
source for the production of secondary metabolites.
!
S. No.
Number of in vitro plants developed
Exp. III
Exp. VI
Total number
of plants
raised
Exp. I
Exp. II
1
14
9
11
9
43
2
12
4
19
17
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[Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants]
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Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
• RAPD markers are efficient, quick and detect polymorphism at a very
large number of loci.
• RAPD fingerprinting approach was applied to access the genetic
variability in different accessions of medicinal plants (Panda et al., 2007;
Bhau et al., 2009; Cesar et al., 2010; Khan et al., 2009).
• The technique requires no prior knowledge of the genome.
• It needs only a small amount of DNA.
• Polymorphism can be detected in closely related organisms.
In the present study genetic variability
• 12 accessions of bacopa collected from various regions of Madhya
Pradesh
was analysed by RAPD method using.
• 31 primers of 10mer obtained from ‘Operon Inc., USA’.
• Amplified DNA fragments with each primer for all the 12 accessions
were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis along with a 250bp
ladder.
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[Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants]
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PART VI
PHOTOGRAPHS
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INAUGURAL SESSION
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TECHNICAL SESSION
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FIELD VISIT
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PART VII
WORKSHOP DETAILS
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WORKSHOP COMMITTEES
CHIEF PATRON
Prof. K.B. Pandeya
Honorable Vice Chancellor
PATRON
Dr. Bharat Pathak
General Secretary, DRI
CONVENER
Prof. I.P. Tripathi
CO-CONVENERS/SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Dr. Ravindra Singh, Dr. S.P.Mishra, Dr. Vandana Pathak, Dr. S.K. Chaturvedi,
Dr. R.L.Singh Sikarwar, Dr. Reetu Sharma, Dr. Sadhana Chaurasia, Dr. Vijay Pratap Singh,
Dr. Sachin Upadhayay, Dr. Rakesh Srivastava, Dr. S.P. Pathak
MEMBERS
Dr. Ajay Kumar, Prof. O.P. Pandey, Dr. S.K. Tripathi, Dr Ravi Chaurey,
Dr. R.C. Tripathi, Dr. Bharat Mishra, Dr. Virendra Upadhya, Dr. A.K. Agrawal,
Dr. S.S. Gautam, Dr. G.S. Gupta, Dr. Umesh Shukla
Reception Committee
Prof. S.S. Sengar
Prof. R.C. Sing
Prof. K.D. Mishra
Prof. A.K. Gupta
Dr. K.P. Mishra
Dr. Ajay Kumar
Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Hall Management Committee
Dr. S.S. GAutam
Dr. Pramila Singh
Dr. Jai Shankar Mishra
Mr. Mukesh Soni
Mr. Manish Tiwari
Mr. Rajesh Pandey
Ms. Priyanka Singh
Registration Committee
Dr. Sadhana Chaurasia
Dr. Damyanti Tiwari
Mr. Arvind Dwivedi
Ms. Rosani Pandey
Ms Noopa Dwivedi
Ms Priyanka Gupta
Mr Arti Kamal
Mr. Atul Dwivedi
Reservation & Site Seeing Committee
Dr. Umesh Shukla
Dr. Alok Malveya
Mr. Vishnu KHare
Mr. Ram Swaroop, Yadav
Mr. Shiva Kant Shukla
Mr. Ram Lala Sharma
Mr. Subham Mangal
Mr. Kamlesh Shukla
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Transport Committee
Dr. R.C. Tripathi
Er. Rajesh Khariya
Mr. Rituranjan Dixit
Dr. Manbharan Dwivedi
Mr. Nikhilesh Mishra
Mr. Ajai Tripathi
Mr. Devendra Kumar Pandeya
Mr. Shusheel Maurya
Mr. Anil Maurya
Mr. Vipin Tiwari
Mr. Arvind Garg
Mr. Umesh Kumar Sen
Mr. Sanjay Yadav
Food Committee
Dr. G.S. Gupta
Dr. Anil Agrawal
Mr. Gauri Shankar Kushwaha
Mr. Anurag Agrahari
Mr. Tusharkant Shastri
Mr. Dhananjai Singh
Mr. Sangam Lal Dwivedi
Mr. Rajesh Pandeya
Mr. Vishnu Khare
Dr. Lal Chand Gupta
Mr. Mayank Gupta
Mr. Sudheer Chaturvedi
Mr. Anit Kumar Gautam
Mr. Sandeep Kum. Gupta
Mr. Surykant Shukla
Mr. Sudhakar Singh Prihar
Mr. Mo. Ali
Mr. Surish Pal
Mr. Sumit Tiwari
Media Committe
Dr. Anil Agrawal
Mr. Jai Prakash Shukla
Mr. Manish Tiwari
Mr. Pradeep Pathak
Mr. Vidha Nand Chaturvedi
Gendral Management Committee
Dr. Bharat Mishra
Mr. Laxman Garg
Mr. Sangam Lal Dwivedi
Mr. Surendra Shrivastava
Mr. Rajesh Bunkar
Mr. Raj Kishore Mishra
Accomodation Committee
Dr. Ajay Kumar
Dr. Ravi Chaurey
Mr. Vijay Singh
Dr. Sanjay Tripathi
Mr. Mahendra Kumar Mishra
Mr. Vinod Kumar Kushwaha
Mr. Kailash Patel
Mr. Ashutosh Singh
Mr. Gyan Singh
Mr. Pavan Tiwari
Mr. Aajni K. Mishra
Mr. Satesh Kumar Dubey
Mr. Amit Chaudh
Cultural Committee
Dr. Virendra Upadhyay
Dr. Vivek Phadnish
Mr. Lallu Ram Shukla
Mr. Devidayal Khayaliya
Dr. Dadu Ram
Light & Sound Committee
Dr. Ravi Chaurey
Dr. Shashikant
Mr. Awadh Shrivastava
Mr. Ram Prakash Verma
Mr. Mahesh Singh
Purchase Committee
Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Mr. Ramakant Tripathi
Mr. Shivendra Pandey
Photo & Audio-visual Committee
Dr. S.K. Triapthi
Dr. Abhay Verma
Mr. Anoop Kumar Singh
Mr. Arun Kumar
Mr. Tribhavan Gupta
Mr. Ankush Maurya
Secretarial Committee
Dr. Ravindra Singh
Mr. Basant Tiwari
Mr. Ajeet Shrivastava
Mr. Tirath Tripathi
Mr. Vidhyanand Chaturvedi
Mr. Lal Ji Yadav
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ABOUT THE EDITOR
Prof. Indra Prasad Tripathi is a Pro-Vice-Chancellor & Dean
of Faculty of Science & Environment in Mahatma Gandhi
Chitrakoot Gramodaya University Chitrakoot and has been
teaching for 20 years. He obtained Ph.D. in 1992 from APS
University Rewa, India. He has published 48 papers in National
and International Journals. He is founder editor-in-chief of Merit
Research Journal of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Chief
editor The Science (An International Science Research Journal), editor Journal of Current
Research in Ayurvedic and Pharmaceutical Sciences and member in the advisory board
and editorial team of several National and Internation Journals.
Prof. Tripathi major field of interest are Inorganic Organometallic Chemistry,
Environmental & Bio-Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, Environmental Monitoring,
Industrial Chemistry and Occupational Health. He has conducted five research project
sponsored by UGC, MPCOST, M.P. Govt. etc. He has supervised 100 M.Sc.
Dissertations and 05 M.Phil and 15 Ph.D. students.
Prof. Tripathi has received several awards including Professor R. D. Desai 80th
Birthday Commemoration Award-2007 (Indian Chemical Society), Research Board of
Advisors (The American Biographical Institute), Fellowship Award BIOVED Fellowship
Award-2012 and Best Science Research Award-2012 (MP Council of Science &
Technology, Bhopal). He is founder President of Parivesh Vikash Avam Paryavaran
Samiti (1996-2013), Madhav Sewa Samiti (2005-08), M.P. Hindi Sahitya Sammelan
Chitrakoot (2005-08), Vice-president- Sanjeevani Parivar Sewa Sansthan (2005-11) and
Associated several National & International professional societies.
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Indra Tripathi