A checklist of coprophilous fungi and other fungi recorded on dung from Brazil FRANCISCO JUNIOR SIMÕES CALAÇA, NATHAN CARVALHO DA SILVA & SOLANGE XAVIER-SANTOS Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Unidade Universitária de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, BR 153 nº 3.105, Fazenda Barreiro do Meio 75132 903, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil. CORRESPONDENCE TO: calacafjs@gmail.com ABSTRACT — A review of the literature published between 1919 (the earliest known record) and 2013 has made it possible to confirm the occurrence of 209 species of coprophilous fungi (sensu lato) in Brazil, which are distributed in 259 records in 12 states of the Federation, with Pernambuco being the State most represented. The phylum most found was Ascomycota (117 species), followed by Zygomycota (54), Basidiomycota (25), Myxomycota (11), Oomycota (1) and Proteobacteria (1). KEY WORDS — Brazilian fungi, fimicolous fungi, diversity Introduction Coprophilous fungi are an important group of organisms from the Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota and also some myxomycetes, oomycetes and myxobacteria. They use feces of various animals, especially herbivores, as a substrate (Lundqvist 1972; Bell 1983; Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012). These fungi are an ecologically highly adapted group, capable of assimilating nutrients that are not used when food passes through the digestive tract of the animal, thus participating in decomposition processes and helping to recycle these nutrients in the environment (Harrower & Nagy 1979; Ávila, Chávez & García 2001; Krug, Benny & Keller 2004; Masunga et al. 2006; Richardson 2001a; Richardson 2003). The earliest documented record of coprophilous fungi in Brazil dates from 1919, when the mycologist and botanist Carlos Spegazzini (1858-1926) announced the occurrence of Psilocybe merdaria (Fr.) Ricken on Brazilian territory (specific substrate and location not given) (Spegazzini 1919; Katinas, Gutiérrez & Robles 2000). In the 1950s and 1960s, more coprophilous fungi were recorded in Brazil, especially due to the contributions of the mycologist Augusto Chaves Batista and his co-workers (Batista, Vital & Silva-Maia 1955; Batista et al. 1961a, b, c). Some more recent studies of Brazilian coprophilous fungi (sensu lato) are those of Trufem (1984); Viriato & Trufem (1985a, b); Richardson (2001b); Alves, Trufem & Milanez (2002); Wartchow et al. (2007); Viriato (2008); Santiago, Cavalcanti & Trufem (2008); Bezerra, Silva & Cavalcanti (2008); Melo, Santiago & Cavalcanti (2011); Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti (2012); Calaça & Xavier-Santos (2012); Calaça et al. (2013), as well as studies that mention occasional findings. The aim of this work was to contribute to the knowledge on the diversity and distribution of coprophilous fungi (sensu lato) and other fungi occurring in feces in Brazil, and to update the nomenclature of published records. Materials & Methods The present checklist was drawn up from a thorough review of the literature with records of fungi occurring on feces in Brazil, considering only articles published in indexed journals from 1900 to 2013. The records were compiled and the nomenclature updated in accordance with the Index Fungorum (IFP) (http://www.indexfungorum.org/). MYCOTAXON link page 128: 205 Expert reviewers:Gabriele Cacialli, Carlos Antonio Inácio, Michael J. Richardson Uploaded — september 2014 Calaça, Silva & Xavier-Santos The occurrence and distribution of the species in Brazilian states were recorded, and the states have been abbreviated thus: Federal District (DF), Espírito Santo (ES), Goiás (GO), Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Minas Gerais (MG), Paraná (PR), Pernambuco (PE), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Santa Catarina (SC), São Paulo (SP) and Sergipe (SE). The checklist is organized in alphabetical order of species, in families within their respective phylum, and divided into four groups: Fungi, including only fungi sensu stricto; Slime Molds, including Myxomycetes; and one species each of Chromista and Proteobacteria. When a taxon is not clearly established in terms of its taxonomic position, it is marked as incertae sedis. The distribution map of records indicates the location of the records. If the locality was not recorded, the state capital is marked as the record. Results and Discussion This work reveals the occurrence of 210 species of coprophilous or occurring in feces fungi in Brazil [251 records in 12 states of the Federation (DF, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SE and SP)], and 15 from unknown locations. These records constitute of strictly coprophilous species, like Podospora spp., Ascobolus spp., Sporormiella spp., as well as species considered fimicolous, occurring in dung of animals or other material contaminated with feces, like Chaetomium spp., Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., and other ‘anamorphic’ forms. Ascomycota, with 119 species, were the most frequent, followed by Zygomycota (54) Basidiomycota (24), Myxomycota (11), Oomycota (1) and Proteobacteria (1). Of the 251 confirmed occurrences the majority (130; 51,7%) were from Pernambuco. The state of Mato Grosso do Sul had the next highest number of occurrences, with 30 (11,9%), followed by São Paulo (26; 10,3%), Goiás (23; 9,1%), Rio Grande do Sul (16; 6,3%), Sergipe (9; 3,5%) and Minas Gerais (8; 3,1%). Together, the other states represent 13 occurrences (4,8%). These data show that despite the scarcity of studies, the diversity of coprophilous fungi in Brazil is high, even disregarding the fimicolous species (coprophilous sensu lato), when seen in the context of data presented by Richardson (2001a), who found 282 species when studying fecal substrates from locations in various countries worldwide. Furthermore, many of the species cited by him were also recorded in Brazil. However, considering the great diversity worldwide that is estimated for fungi, and noting that only 44% of Brazilian states were mentioned in records of coprophilous fungi (Figure 1), there is still much investigation to be done and doubtless many occurrences to be added to this richness. 2 A checklist of Coprophilous Fungi from Brazil Figure 1. Distribution of the records of coprophilous fungi in Brazil [Based at D-Maps.com (www.dmaps.com). Redpoints mark known locations. Black points indicate that there are unknown locations in the state]. Species recorded in Brazil are listed below, with the state in which they were recorded and reference. Coprophilous and other fungi recorded on dung in Brazil – a checklist Fungi Zygomycota Backusellaceae K. Voigt & P.M. Kirk Backusella lamprospora (Lendn.) Benny & R.K. Benj. BASIONYM: Mucor lamprosporus Lendn. LOCALITY: PE (Santiago et al. 2011). Choanephoraceae J. Schröt. Gilbertella persicaria (E.D. Eddy) Hesselt. BASIONYM: Choanephora persicaria E.D. Eddy LOCALITY: PE (Santiago et al. 2011). Cunninghamellaceae Naumov ex R.K. Benj. Cunninghamella blakesleeana Lendn. LOCALITY: PE (Santiago et al. 2011). 3 Calaça, Silva & Xavier-Santos Cunninghamella echinulata (Thaxt.) Thaxt. ex Blakeslee BASIONYM: Oedocephalum echinulatum Thaxt. LOCALITY: PE (Santiago et al. 2011). Cunninghamella phaeospora Boedijn LOCALITY: PE (Santiago et al. 2011). Dimargaritaceae R.K. Benj. Dimargaris bacillispora R. K. Benj. LOCALITY: PE (Santiago, Cavalcanti & Trufem 2009, Santiago et al. 2011). Dispira cornuta Tiegh. LOCALITY: PE (Viriato & Trufem 1985b). Lichtheimiaceae Kerst. Hoffm., Walther & K. Voigt Lichtheimia hyalospora (Saito) Kerst. Hoffm., Walther & K. Voigt BASIONYM: Tieghemella hyalospora Saito LOCALITY: PE [Santiago et al. 2011, as Lichtheimia blakesleeana (Lendn.) Kerst. Hoffm.]. Lichtheimia ramosa (Zopf) Vuill. BASIONYM: Mucor ramosus Lindt LOCALITY: SP [Trufem & Viriato 1985, as Absidia ramosa (Zopf) Lendn.]. Mucoraceae Dumort. Mucor circinelloides Tiegh. LOCALITY: SP (Trufem & Viriato 1985). PE [Santiago et al. 2011, Alves, Trufem & Milanez 2002, as Mucor circinelloides f. griseocyanus (Hagem) Schipper, Mucor circinelloides f. janssenii (Lendn.) Schipper and Mucor circinelloides f. lusitanicus (Bruderl.) Schipper]. Mucor fuscus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni BASIONYM: Ascophora fusca Berk. & M.A. Curtis LOCALITY: PE (Trufem & Viriato 1985, Santiago et al. 2011). Mucor genevensis Lendn. LOCALITY: PE (Alves, Trufem & Milanez 2002). Mucor guilliermondii Nadson & Filippov LOCALITY: PE (Santiago, Trufem & Cavalcanti 2008, Santiago et al. 2011). Mucor hiemalis Wehmer LOCALITY: PE (Alves, Trufem & Milanez 2002 and Santiago et al. 2011, both as M. hiemalis f. hiemalis Wehmer). Mucor luteus Linnem. ex Wrzosek LOCALITY: PE [Alves, Trufem & Milanez 2002, as Mucor hiemalis f. luteus (Linnem.) Schipper]. Mucor mousanensis Baijal & B.S. Mehrotra LOCALITY: SP (Trufem & Viriato 1985) and PE (Santiago et al. 2011). Mucor mucedo Fresen. LOCALITY: PE (Santiago et al. 2011); SP (Trufem 1984; Trufem & Viriato 1985). 4 A checklist of Coprophilous Fungi from Brazil Mucor piriformis A. Fisch. LOCALITY: SP (Trufem 1984). Mucor piriformis f. nanus M.H. Alves & Trufem LOCALITY: PE (Alves, Trufem & Milanez 2002). Mucor plumbeus Bonord. LOCALITY: SP (Trufem 1984). Mucor pyriformis f. pyriformis Scop. LOCALITY: PE (Alves, Trufem & Milanez 2002). Mucor racemosus Fresen. LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961c). Nomenclatural comment: Nomen illegitimum. Mucor racemosus f. chibinensis (Neophyt.) Schipper BASIONYM: Mucor chibinensis Neophyt. LOCALITY: PE (Alves, Trufem & Milanez 2002, Santiago et al. 2011). Mucor ramosissimus Samouts. LOCALITY: PE (Santiago et al. 2011). Mucor speciosus Oudem. LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961c). Mucor subtilissimus Oudem. LOCALITY: PE (Santiago et al. 2011). Nomenclatural comment: Nomen illegitimum. Mucor variosporus Schipper LOCALITY: PE (Alves, Trufem & Milanez 2002). Pilaira anomala (Ces.) J. Schröt. BASIONYM: Pilobolus anomalus Ces. LOCALITY: SP (Viriato & Trufem 1985a, Trufem 1984); PE (Santiago et al. 2011). Pilobolaceae Corda Pilobolus crystallinus (F.H. Wigg.)Tode BASIONYM: Hydrogera crystalline F.H. Wigg. LOCALITY: SP (Trufem 1984, Viriato & Trufem 1985a, Viriato 2008); GO (Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012); MS (Richardson 2001b); PE [Santiago, Cavalcanti & Trufem 2008, Santiago et al. 2011, as Pilobolus crystallinus var. crystallinus (F.H.Wigg) Tode and as P. crystallinus var. hyalosporus (Boedijn) F.M Hu & R.Y. Zheng]. Pilobolus kleinii Tiegh. LOCALITY: GO (Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012); SP [Trufem 1984 and Viriato & Trufem 1985a, b, (as Pilobolus heterosporus Palla), Viriato 2008]; PE [Santiago, Cavalcanti & Trufem 2008, Santiago et al. 2011 both as Pilobolus crystallinus var. kleinii (Tiegh.) R.Y. Zheng & G.Q. Chen.). 5 Calaça, Silva & Xavier-Santos Pilobolus lentiger Corda LOCALITY: PE (Santiago, Cavalcanti & Trufem 2008, Santiago et al. 2011, both as Pilobolus lentiger var. lentiger Corda; SP (Viriato & Trufem 1985a, Viriato 2008, both as Pilobolus borzianus Morini); MS [Richardson 2001b, as Pilobolus sphaerosporus (Grove) Palla]. Pilobolus longipes Tiegh. LOCALITY: SP (Trufem 1984, Viriato & Trufem 1985a, Viriato 2008); PE (Santiago et al. 2011). Pilobolus minutus Speg. LOCALITY: PE [Santiago, Cavalcanti & Trufem 2008, Santiago et al. 2011, as Pilobolus lentiger var. minutus (Speg.) R.Y. Zheng & G.Q. Chen]; SP (Viriato & Trufem 1985a, Viriato 2008, as Pilobolus morinii Sacc.). Pilobolus nanus Tiegh. LOCALITY: SP (Viriato 2008). Pilobolus oedipus Mont. LOCALITY: SP (Viriato 2008, Viriato & Trufem 1985a). Pilobolus pullus Massee LOCALITY: SP (Viriato & Trufem 1985a, Viriato 2008). Pilobolus roridus (Bolton) Pers. BASIONYM: Mucor roridus Bolton LOCALITY: PE [Santiago, Cavalcanti & Trufem 2008, Santiago et al. 2011, both as Pilobolus roridus var. roridus (Bolton) Pers.]. Pilobolus umbonatus Buller LOCALITY: PE [Santiago, Cavalcanti & Trufem 2008, Santiago et al. 2011, both as Pilobolus roridus var. umbonatus (Buller) F.M. Hu & R.Y. Zheng]. Phycomycetaceae Arx Phycomyces blakesleeanus Burgeff LOCALITY: SP (Trufem & Viriato 1985). Piptocephalidaceae J. Schröt Piptocephalis freseniana de Bary LOCALITY: SP (Trufem 1984, Viriato & Trufem 1985b, as Piptocephalis repens Tiegh. & G. Le Monn.). Piptocephalis lemonnieriana Vuill. LOCALITY: PE (Santiago et al. 2011). Piptocephalis lepidula (Marchal) P. Syd. LOCALITY: PE (Santiago et al. 2011). Syncephalis asymmetrica Tiegh. & G. Le Monn. LOCALITY: SP (Viriato & Trufem 1985b). Syncephalis clavata H.M. Ho & Benny LOCALITY: PE (Melo, Santiago & Cavalcanti 2011). 6 A checklist of Coprophilous Fungi from Brazil Syncephalis cornu Tiegh. & G. Le Monn. LOCALITY: PE (Santiago et al. 2011); SP (Trufem 1984, Viriato & Trufem 1985b). Syncephalis penicillata Indoh LOCALITY: SP (Viriato & Trufem 1985b). Syncephalis sphaerica Tiegh. LOCALITY: SP (Viriato & Trufem 1985b). Syncephalis tengi S. H. Ou LOCALITY: SP (Trufem 1984, Viriato & Trufem 1985b). Rhizopodaceae K. Schum. Rhizopus arrhizus A. Fisch. LOCALITY: PE (Santiago et al. 2011, as Rhizopus arrhizus var. arrhizus A. Fisch). Syncephalastraceae Naumov ex R.K. Benj. Circinella minor Lendn. LOCALITY: SP (Trufem & Viriato 1985). Circinella muscae (Sorokīn) Berl. & De Toni BASIONYM: Helicostylum muscae Sorokīn LOCALITY: PE (Trufem & Viriato 1985, Santiago et al. 2011). Circinella umbellata Tiegh. & G. Le Monn LOCALITY: PE (Trufem & Viriato 1985, Santiago et al. 2011). Syncephalastrum racemosum Cohn ex J.Schröt. LOCALITY: PE (Santiago et al. 2011) and SP (Viriato & Trufem 1985b, as Syncephalastrum verruculosum Misra). Thamnostylum piriforme (Bainier) Arx & H.P. Upadhyay BASIONYM: Helicostylum piriforme Bainier LOCALITY: PE (Santiago et al. 2011, Melo, Santiago & Cavalcanti 2011). Ascomycota Ascobolaceae Boud. ex Sacc. Ascobolus carletonii Boud. LOCALITY: RJ (Brummelen 1990). Ascobolus cuniculorum Bat. & Pontual LOCALITY: PE (Brummelen 1967). Ascobolus immersus Pers. LOCALITY: GO (Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012); RJ (Jahn 2000); MS (Richardson 2001b); RS (Brummelen 1967). 7 Calaça, Silva & Xavier-Santos Ascobolus laevisporus Speg. LOCALITY: RS (Brummelen 1967). Ascobolus moellerianus Henn. LOCALITY: SC (Brummelen 1967). Ascobolus notatus Bat. & A.F. Vital. LOCALITY: PE (Batista, Vital & Silva-Maia 1955). Ascobolus scatigenus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Brumm. BASIONYM: Peziza scatigena Berk. & M. A. Curtis LOCALITY: PE (Brummelen 1967). Ascobolus stercorarius (Bull.) J. Schröt. BASIONYM: Peziza stercoraria Bull. LOCALITY: GO (Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012, as Ascobolus furfuraceus Pers.). Saccobolus beckii Heimerl LOCALITY: GO (Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012). Saccobolus citrinus Boud. & Torrend LOCALITY: GO (Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012); MG (Lundqvist 1972); MS (Richardson 2001b); PE (Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012); RS (Jahn 2000, Brummelen 1967). Saccobolus depauperatus (Berk. & Broome) E.C. Hansen BASIONYM: Ascobolus depauperatus Berk. & Broome LOCALITY: MG (Jahn 2000); MS (Richardson 2001b). Saccobolus exiguus Bat. & Pontual LOCALITY: PE (Brummelen 1967). Saccobolus glaber (Pers.) Lambotte BASIONYM: Ascobolus glaber Pers. LOCALITY: MG (Brummelen 1967). Saccobolus infestans (Bat. & Pontual) Brumm. BASIONYM: Ascobolus infestans Bat. & Pontual LOCALITY: No details (Brummelen 1967). Saccobolus minimus Velen. LOCALITY: GO (Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012). Saccobolus saccoboloides (Seaver) Brumm. BASIONYM: Ascobolus saccoboloides Seaver LOCALITY: PE (Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012). Saccobolus truncatus Velen. LOCALITY: MS (Richardson 2001b). Saccobolus verrucisporus Brumm. LOCALITY: MS (Richardson 2001b). 8 A checklist of Coprophilous Fungi from Brazil Saccobolus versicolor (P. Karst.) P. Karst. BASIONYM: Ascobolus versicolor P. Karst. LOCALITY: MS (Richardson 2001b); PE (Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012). Ascodesmidaceae J. Schröt. Ascodesmis macrospora W. Obrist LOCALITY: PE (Obrist 1961). Ascodesmis nigricans Tiegh. LOCALITY: PE (Obrist 1961). Ascodesmis porcina Seaver LOCALITY: PE (Obrist 1961, Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012). Ascodesmis sphaerospora W. Obrist LOCALITY: PE (Obrist 1961). Bionectriaceae Samuels & Rossman Selinia africana R. S. Khan & J. C. Krug LOCALITY: MS (Richardson 2001b). Selinia pulchra (G. Winter) Sacc. BASIONYM: Hypocreopsis pulchra G. Winter LOCALITY: MS (Richardson 2001b). Chaetomiaceae G. Winter Chaetomium bostrychodes Zopf LOCALITY: PE (Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012). Chaetomium cochliodes Palliser LOCALITY: GO (Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012). Chaetomium funicola Cooke LOCALITY: PE (Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012). Chaetomium globosum Kunze LOCALITY: PE (Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012). Thielavia terrestris (Apinis) Malloch & Cain BASIONYM: Allescheria terrestris Apinis LOCALITY: PE (Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012). Davidiellaceae C.L. Schoch, Spatafora, Crous & Shoemaker Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link BASIONYM: Dematium herbarum Pers. LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961a). Dipodascaceae Engl. & E. Gilg Geotrichum candidum Link LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961c). 9 Calaça, Silva & Xavier-Santos Geotrichum membranogenes (C. Martins) C.W. Dodge BASIONYM: Zymonema pulmonalis-membranogenes C. Martins LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961c). Dothioraceae Theiss. & Syd. Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) G. Arnaud BASIONYM: Dematidium pullulans de Bary & Löwenthal LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961c). Humariaceae Velen. Cheilymenia granulata (Bull.) J. Moravec BASIONYM: Peziza granulata Bull. LOCALITY: GO (Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012). Incertae sedis Acremonium recifei (Leão & Lôbo) W. Gams BASIONYM: Cephalosporium recifei Leão & Lôbo LOCALITY: PE [Batista et al. 1961c, as Hyalopus recifei (Leão & Lôbo) Leão & M.A.J. Barbosa]. Candida albicans (C.P. Robin) Berkhout BASIONYM: Oidium albicans C.P. Robin LOCALITY: PE [Batista et al. 1961c, cited as Candida claussenii Lodder & Kreger-van Rij, as Candida genitalis Bat. & J.S. Silveira, as Candida intestinalis Bat. & J.S. Silveira and as Candida stellatoidea (C.P. Jones & D.S. Martin) Langeron & Guerra]. Candida catenulata Diddens & Lodder LOCALITY: PE [Batista et al. 1961c, as Candida brumptii (Langeron & Guerra) Langeron & Guerra]. Candida intermedia (Cif. & Ashford) Langeron& Guerra BASIONYM: Blastodendrion intermedium Cif. & Ashford LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961c). Candida melibiosica H.R. Buckley & Uden LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961c, as Candida parapsilosis var. intermedia Kreger-van Rij & Verona). Candida mesenterica (A. Geiger) Diddens & Lodder BASIONYM: Pseudomonilia mesenterica A. Geiger LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961c). Candida parapsilosis (Ashford) Langeron & Talice BASIONYM: Monilia parapsilosis Ashford LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961c). Candida sake (Saito & M. Ota) Uden & H. R. Buckley ex S. A. Mey. & Ahearn BASIONYM: Eutorulopsis sake Saito & M. Ota LOCALITY: PE [Batista et al. 1961c, as Candida tropicalis var. lambica (F.C. Harrison) Diddens & Lodder]. Candida solani Lodder & Kreger-van Rij LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961c). 10 A checklist of Coprophilous Fungi from Brazil Candida tropicalis (Castell.) Berkhout BASIONYM: Oidium tropicale Castell. LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961c). Candida vini (J.N. Vallot ex Desm.) Uden & H.R. Buckley ex S.A. Mey. & Ahearn BASIONYM: Mycoderma vini J.N. Vallot ex Desm. LOCALITY: PE [Batista et al. 1961c, as Candida mycoderma (Reess) Lodder & Kreger-van Rij]. Candida zeylanoides (Castell.) Langeron & Guerra BASIONYM: Monilia zeylanoides Castell. LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961c). Debaryomyces hansenii (Zopf.) Lodder & Kreger-van Rij BASIONYM: Saccharomyces hansenii Zopf LOCALITY: PE [Batista et al. 1961c, as Rhodotorula minor (Pollacci & Nann.) Krassiln.]. Geosmithia namyslowskii (K.M. Zalessky) Pitt. BASIONYM: Penicillium namyslowskii K.M. Zalessky LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961a, as Penicillium namyslowskii K.M. Zalessky). Gibellulopsis nigrescens (Pethybr.) Zare, W. Gams & Summerb. BASIONYM: Verticillium nigrescens Pethybr. LOCALITY: PE [Batista et al. 1961a, as Hyalopus serrae (Maffei) M.A.J. Barbosa]. Hyalopus keratoplasticum (T. Morik.) M.A.J. Barbosa BASIONYM: Cephalosporium keratoplasticum T. Morik. LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al 1961c). Hyalopus onychophilus (Vuill.) Aschieri BASIONYM: Allantospora onychophila Vuill. LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961c). Khuskia oryzae H.J. Huds. LOCALITY: PE [Batista et al. 1961a, as Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E.W. Mason]. Phomatospora minutissima (H. Crouan & P. Crouan) N. Lundq. BASIONYM: Sphaeria minutissima H. Crouan & P. Crouan LOCALITY: MS (Richardson 2001a, b). Schwanniomyces etchellsii (Kreger-van Rij) M. Suzuki & Kurtzman BASIONYM: Pichia etchellsii Kreger-van Rij LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961c, as Kloeckera faecalis Bat. & J.S. Silveira). Schwanniomyces occidentalis Klöcker LOCALITY: PE [Batista et al. 1961c, as Kloeckera jensenii (Klöcker) Janke]. Sphaeronaemella fimicola Marchal LOCALITY: PE (Melo, Bezerra& Cavalcanti 2012). Lasiosphaeriaceae Nannf. Bombardioidea serignanensis (Fabre) N. Lundq. BASIONYM: Hypocopra serignanensis Fabre LOCALITY: No details (Lundqvist 1972). 11 Calaça, Silva & Xavier-Santos Cercophora coprophila (Fr.) N. Lundq. BASIONYM: Sphaeria coprophila Fr. LOCALITY: SC and RS (Lundqvist 1972). Cercophora coronata (Cailleux) Udagawa & T. Muroi BASIONYM: Bombardia coronata Cailleux LOCALITY: RJ (Jahn 2000). Cercophora mirabilis Fuckel LOCALITY: RS (Jahn 2000, Lundqvist 1972); PE (Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012); MS (Richardson 2001b). Lasiosphaeria ovina (Pers.) Ces. & De Not. BASIONYM: Sphaeria ovina Pers. LOCALITY: GO (Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012). Philocopra coprophila Bat. & Pontual LOCALITY: No details (Lundqvist 1972). Podospora appendiculata (Auersw. ex Niessl) Niessl BASIONYM: Sordaria appendiculata Auersw. ex Niessl LOCALITY: No details (Mirza & Cain 1969). Podospora argentinensis (Speg.) J. H. Mirza & Cain BASIONYM: Sordaria argentinensis Speg. LOCALITY: MS (Richardson 2001b). Podospora brasiliensis Cain LOCALITY: PE (Cain 1962, Mirza & Cain 1969). Podospora communis (Speg.) Niessl BASIONYM: Hypocopra communis Speg. LOCALITY: MG (Jahn 2000); MS (Richardson 2001b); PE (Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012); No details (Mirza & Cain 1969). Podospora curvicolla (G. Winter) Niessl BASIONYM: Sordaria curvicolla G. Winter LOCALITY: PE (Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012); RJ (Jahn 2000); No details (Mirza & Cain 1969 and Lundqvist 1972). Podospora dolichopodalis J.H. Mirza & Cain LOCALITY: MG (Lundqvist 1973 and Jahn 2000). Podospora fimiseda (Ces. & De Not.) Niessl BASIONYM: Sordaria fimiseda Ces. & De Not. LOCALITY: RJ (Jahn 2000); RS (Lundqvist 1972). Podospora globosa (Massee & E.S. Salmon) Cain BASIONYM: Sordaria globosa Massee & E.S. Salmon. LOCALITY: PE (Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012). 12 A checklist of Coprophilous Fungi from Brazil Podospora immersa (R. Stratton) Cain BASIONYM: Pleurage immerse R. Stratton LOCALITY: No details (Jahn 2000); MG (Lundqvist 1973). Podospora inflatula Cain LOCALITY: MS (Richardson 2001b); RS (Cain 1962). Podospora longicaudata (Griffiths) Cain BASIONYM: Pleurage longicaudata Griffiths LOCALITY: RS (Mirza & Cain 1969); No details (Jahn 2000). Podospora longispora (Bat. & Pont.) N.Lundq. BASIONYM: Sordaria longispora Bat. & Pont. LOCALITY: PE (Lundqvist 1972). Podospora pauciseta (Ces.) Traverso BASIONYM: Sphaeria pauciseta Ces. LOCALITY: GO (Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012); MG (Lundqvist 1972); MS (Richardson 2001b); PE (Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012); RJ (Jahn 2000); No details (Mirza & Cain 1969), all records as Podospora anserina (Rabenh.) Niessl. Schizothecium conicum (Fuckel) N. Lundq. BASIONYM: Cercophora conica Fuckel LOCALITY: GO [Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012, as Podospora conica (Fuckel) A.E. Bell & Mahoney]; PE (Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012). Schizothecium curvuloides (Cain) N. Lundq. BASIONYM: Podospora curvuloides Cain LOCALITY: RS (Cain 1962, Mirza & Cain 1969). Schizothecium tetrasporum (G. Winter) N. Lundq. BASIONYM: Sordaria tetraspora G. Winter LOCALITY: GO (Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012, as Podospora tetraspora (G. Winter) Cain). Zygopleurage zygospora (Speg.) Boedijn BASIONYM: Sordaria zygospora Speg. LOCALITY: GO (Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012); MS (Richardson 2001b). Metschnikowiaceae T. Kamieński Metschnikowia reukaufii Pitt & M.W. Mill. LOCALITY: PE [Batista et al. 1961c, as Candida reukaufii (Grüss) Diddens & Lodder]. Microascaceae Luttr. ex Malloch Kernia retardata Udagawa & T. Muroi LOCALITY: GO (Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012). 13 Calaça, Silva & Xavier-Santos Lophotrichus bartlettii (Massee & E.S. Salmon) Malloch & Cain BASIONYM: Magnusia bartlettii Massee & E.S. Salmon LOCALITY: PE (Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012). Nectriaceae Tul. & C. Tul. Fusariumneocosmosporiellum O'Donnell & Geiser = Neocosmospora vasinfecta E. F. Sm. LOCALITY: DF (Calaça et al. 2013). Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Wollenw. BASIONYM: Lisea fujikuroi Sawada LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961a, as Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld.). Pezizaceae Dumort. Iodophanus carneus (Pers.) Korf BASIONYM: Ascobolus carneus Pers. LOCALITY: GO (Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012); MS (Richardson 2001b). Iodophanus testaceus (Moug.) Korf BASIONYM: Peziza testacea Moug. LOCALITY: SC (Brummelen 1967, as Ascobolus testaceus Henn.). Pichiaceae Zender Issatchenkia orientalis Kudryavtsev LOCALITY: PE [Batista et al. 1961c as Candida krusei (Castell.) Berkhout, as C. brumptii var. aethanolica Langeron & Guerra and as C. lobata Bat. & J.S. Silveira]. Pleosporaceae Nitschke Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn = Cochliobolus lunatus R.R. Nelson & F.A. Haasis LOCALITY: PE [Batista et al. 1961a, as Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn]. Saccharomycetaceae G. Winter Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex E.C. Hansen = Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961c, as Candida robusta Diddens & Lodder.). Kazachstania exigua (Reess ex E.C. Hansen) Kurtzman = Saccharomyces exiguusReess ex E.C. Hansen LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961c). Saccharomycodaceae Kudryavtsev Hansenia sporauvarum (Niehaus) Shehata BASIONYM: Kloeckera sporauvarum Niehaus LOCALITY: PE [Batista et al. 1961c, as Kloeckera apiculata (Reess) Janke]. 14 A checklist of Coprophilous Fungi from Brazil Saccharomycopsidaceae Arx & Van der Walt Endomycopsis mali (I.M. Lewis) Stell.-Dekk. BASIONYM: Endomyces mali C.E. Lewis LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961c). Sordariaceae G. Winter Gelasinospora retispora Cain LOCALITY: GO (Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012). Sordaria fimicola (Roberge ex Desm.) Ces. & De Not. BASIONYM: Sphaeria fimicola Roberge ex Desm. LOCALITY: GO (Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012); PE (Batista et al. 1961a, Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012); No details (Lundqvist 1972, Mori, Pereira & Vilela 2008). Sordaria humana (Fuckel) G.Winter BASIONYM: Sphaeria humana Fuckel. LOCALITY: No details (Lundqvist 1972). Sordaria lappae Potebnia LOCALITY: RS (Lundqvist 1972). Sordaria occidentalis Bat. & Pontual LOCALITY: PE and MG (Lundqvist 1972). Sporormiaceae Munk Sporormiella isomera S.I. Ahmed & Cain LOCALITY: PE (Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012). Sporormiella leporina (Niessl) S.I. Ahmed & Cain BASIONYM: Sporormia leporina Niessl LOCALITY: PE (Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012). Sporormiella megalospora (Auersw.) S.I. Ahmed & Cain BASIONYM: Sporormia megalospora Auersw. LOCALITY: MS (Richardson 2001b). Sporormiella minima (Auersw.) S.I. Ahmed & Cain BASIONYM: Sporormia minima Auersw. LOCALITY: GO (Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012); MS (Richardson 2001b); PE (Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012). Thelebolaceae Eckblad Coprotus lacteus (Cooke & W. Phillips) Kimbr. BASIONYM: Ascobolus lacteus Cooke & W. Phillips LOCALITY: MS (Richardson 2001b). Coprotus leucopocillum Kimbr., Luck-Allen & Cain LOCALITY: PE (Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012). 15 Calaça, Silva & Xavier-Santos Coprotus niveus (Fuckel) Kimbr., Luck-Allen & Cain BASIONYM: Ascobolus niveus Fuckel LOCALITY: PE (Melo, Bezerra & Cavalcanti 2012). Thelebolus polysporus (P. Karst.) Otani & Kanzawa BASIONYM: Pezizula polyspora P. Karst. LOCALITY: MS [Richardson 2001b, as Ryparobius polysporus (P. Karst.) Sacc.]. Trichocomaceae E. Fisch. Aspergillus flavus Link LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961a). Aspergillus fumigates Fresen. LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961a). Aspergillus japonicas Saito LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961a). Aspergillus niger Tiegh. LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961a). Aspergillus stellatus Curzi LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961a, as Aspergillus variecolor Thom & Raper). Aspergillus tamari Kita LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961a). Aspergillus ustus (Bainier) Thom & Church BASIONYM: Sterigmatocystis usta Bainier. LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961a). Aspergillus versicolor (Vuill.) Tirab. BASIONYM: Sterigmatocystis versicolor Vuill. LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961a). Penicillium citrinum Thom LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961a, c, as Penicillium steckii K.M. Zalessky). Penicillium glabrum (Wehmer) Westling BASIONYM: CitromycesglaberWehmer LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961a, as Penicillium frequentans Westling). Penicillium simplicissimum (Oudem.) Thom BASIONYM: Spicaria simplicissima Oudem. LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961a, as Penicillium janthinellum Biourge). Talaromyces funiculosus (Thom) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert BASIONYM: Penicillium funiculosum Thom LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961c, as Penicillium funiculosum Thom). Xylariaceae Tul. & C. Tul. Poronia oedipus (Mont.) Mont. BASIONYM: Sphaeria punctata var. oedipus Mont. LOCALITY: MS (Richardson 2001b). 16 A checklist of Coprophilous Fungi from Brazil Basidiomycota Agaricaceae Chevall. Cyathus stercoreus (Schwein.) De Toni BASIONYM: Nidularia stercorea Schwein. LOCALITY: MS (Richardson 2001b). Psathyrellaceae Vilgalys, Moncalvo & Redhead Coprinellus curtus (Kalchbr.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson BASIONYM: Coprinus curtus Kalchbr. LOCALITY: MS (Richardson 2001b, as Coprinus curtus Kalchbr). Coprinellus heptemerus (M. Lange & A.H. Sm.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson BASIONYM: Coprinus heptemerus M. Lange & A. H. Sm. LOCALITY: MS (Richardson 2001b, as Coprinus heptemerus M. Lange & A. H. Sm.). Coprinellus pellucidus (P. Karst.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo BASIONYM: Coprinus pellucidus P. Karst. LOCALITY: MS (Richardson 2001b, as Coprinus pellucidus P. Karst.). Coprinopsis cordispora (T. Gibbs) Watling & M.J. Richardson BASIONYM: Coprinus cordisporus T. Gibbs LOCALITY: GO (Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012, as Coprinus patouillardii Quél.); MS (Richardson 2001b, as Coprinus cordisporus T. Gibbs), Coprinopsis nivea (Pers.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo BASIONYM: Agaricus niveus Pers. LOCALITY: GO [Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012, as Coprinus niveus (Pers.) Fr.]. Coprinopsis radiata (Bolton) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo BASIONYM: Agaricus radiatus Bolton LOCALITY: MS [Richardson 2001b, as Coprinus radiatus (Bolton) Gray]. Coprinopsis stercorea (Fr.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo BASIONYM: Coprinus stercoreus Fr. LOCALITY: MS (Richardson 2001b, as Coprinus stercoreus Fr.). Parasola misera (P. Karst.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Hopple BASIONYM: Coprinus miser P. Karst. LOCALITY: GO (Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012, as Coprinus miser P. Karst.); PE (Alves & Cavalcanti 1996). Strophariaceae Singer & A.H. Sm. Psilocybe argentina (Speg.) Singer BASIONYM: Deconica argentina Speg. LOCALITY: PE (Wartchow et al. 2007); RJ (Guzmán 1983). Psilocybe caeruleoannulata Singer ex Guzmán LOCALITY: RS (Silva, Cortez & Silveira 2012). 17 Calaça, Silva & Xavier-Santos Psilocybe coprophila (Bull.) P. Kumm. BASIONYM: Agaricus coprophilus Bull. LOCALITY: PR (Stijve & Meijer 1993); RS [Cortez & Coelho 2004, Silva, Cortez & Silveira 2012, as Deconica coprophila (Bull.) P. Karst.]; No details (Guzmán 1983). Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer BASIONYM: Stropharia cubensis Earle LOCALITY: ES (Vinha 1988); PE (Wartchow et al. 2007); PR (Stijve & Meijer 1993); RS (Guzmán 1978, Cortez & Coelho 2004). Psilocybe merdaria (Fr.) Ricken BASIONYM: Agaricus merdarius Fr. LOCALITY: No details (Spegazzini 1919). Psilocybe pegleriana Guzmán LOCALITY: PE (Wartchow et al. 2007). Psilocybe subcubensis Guzmán LOCALITY: SP (Rosa et al. 2003). Protostropharia alcis (Kytöv.) Redhead, Thorn & Malloch = Stropharia alcis Kytöv. LOCALITY: RS (Cortez & Silveira 2008 as Stropharia alcis var. austrobrasiliensis Cortez & R.M. Silveira). Protostropharia semiglobata (Batsch) Redhead, Moncalvo & Vilgalys BASIONYM: Agaricus semiglobatus Batsch. LOCALITY: RS (Cortez & Coelho 2004, Cortez & Silveira 2008, as Stropharia semiglobata (Batsch) Quél.). Tremellaceae Fr. Cryptococcus curvatus (Diddens & Lodder) Golubev BASIONYM: Candida heveanensis var. curvata Diddens & Lodder. LOCALITY: PE [Batista et al. 1961c, as Candida curvata (Diddens & Lodder) Lodder & Kreger-van Rij.]. Trichosporonaceae Nann. Trichosporon pullulans (Lindner) Diddens & Lodder BASIONYM: Oidium pullulans Lindner LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961a). Incertae sedis Rhodotorula glutinis (Fresen.) F.C. Harrison BASIONYM: Cryptococcus glutinis Fresen. LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961a, c). Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (A. Jörg.) F.C. Harrison BASIONYM: Torula mucilaginosa A. Jörg. LOCALITY: PE [Batista et al. 1961c, as Rhodotorula rubra (Demme) Lodder]. Rhodotorula pallida Lodder LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961c). 18 A checklist of Coprophilous Fungi from Brazil Sporobolomyces roseus Kluyver & C.B. Niel LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961a). Slime Mold Myxomycota Arcyriaceae Rostaf. ex Cooke Arcyria cinerea (Bull.) Pers. BASIONYM: Trichia cinerea Bull. LOCALITY: SE (Bezerra, Silva & Cavalcanti 2008, Bezerra, Farias & Cavalcanti 2010). Cribrariaceae Corda Cribraria cancellata (Batsch) Nann-Bremek. BASIONYM: Mucor cancellatus Batsch LOCALITY: SE (Bezerra, Silva & Cavalcanti 2008). Cribraria microcarpa (Schrad.) Pers. BASIONYM: Dictydium microcarpum Schrad. LOCALITY: SE (Bezerra, Silva & Cavalcanti 2008). Cribraria violacea Rex LOCALITY: SE (Bezerra, Silva & Cavalcanti 2008). Liceaceae Chevall. Licea tenera E. Jahn LOCALITY: No details (Hagelstein 1944). Physaraceae Chevall. Physarum cinereum (Batsch) Pers. BASIONYM: Lycoperdon cinereum Batsch LOCALITY: SE (Bezerra, Silva & Cavalcanti 2008, Bezerra et al. 2008). Physarum roseum Berk. & Broome LOCALITY: SE (Bezerra, Silva & Cavalcanti 2008, Bezerra et al. 2008). Stemonitidaceae Fr. Comatricha mirabilis R. K. Benj. & Poitras LOCALITY: SE (Bezerra, Silva & Cavalcanti 2008, Tenório et al. 2009). Trichiaceae Chevall. Hemitrichia calyculata (Speg.) M. L. Farr BASIONYM: Hemiarcyria calyculata Speg. LOCALITY: PE (Silva & Cavalcanti 2012). Hemitrichia minor G. Lister LOCALITY: SE (Bezerra, Silva & Cavalcanti 2008, Bezerra, Farias & Cavalcanti 2010). 19 Calaça, Silva & Xavier-Santos Metatrichia vesparium (Batsch) Nann.-Bremek.ex G. W. Martin &Alexop. BASIONYM: Lycoperdon vesparium Batsch. LOCALITY: SE (Bezerra, Silva & Cavalcanti 2008; Bezerra, Farias & Cavalcanti 2010). Chromista Oomycota Pythiaceae J. Schröt. Globisporangium debaryanum (R. Hesse) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish. BASIONYM: Pythium debaryanum R. Hesse LOCALITY: PE (Batista et al. 1961a). Myxobacteria Proteobacteria Polyangiaceae Janh Chondromyces crocatus Berk. & M.A. Curtis LOCALITY: GO (Calaça & Xavier-Santos 2012). 20 A checklist of Coprophilous Fungi from Brazil Acknowledgments We are grateful to all those who contributed to this work, especially to François Valade, Francesco Doveri, Michael J. Richardson, Joop Van Der Lee, Sandra F. B. Trufem, André L. C. M. Azevedo Santiago, Michel Delpont and AirtonViriato, for granting us the bibliography. We thank CNPq and the Universidade Estadual de Goiás for the support that enabled us to carry out this study, and Jéssica Araújo, Kamila SoutoLeichtweis and Larissa Simões Calaça for constant help in revising it. We thank the reviewers, Michael J. Richardson, Carlos Antonio Inácio and Gabriele Cacialli, for their attention in the revision of the manuscript. Literature cited Alves MH, Cavalcanti MAQ. 1996. Coprinaceae en el campus de la Universidad Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil. Boletín Micológico 11(1-2): 33-40. Alves MH, Trufem SFB, Milanez AI. 2002. Táxons de Mucor Fresen. (Zygomycota) em fezes de herbívoros, Recife, PE, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 25(2): 147-160. Ávila AED, Chávez, AJP, García, LMU. 2001. Estudios Taxonómicos de Hongos Coprofílicos de la división Ascomicota (Clase Pirenomicetes) del estado Zulia, Venezuela. Revista Científica, FCV-LUZ, 11(3): 247-255. Batista AC, Vasconcelos CT, Fischman O, Oliveira-Silva J. 1961a. Flora Micótica intestinal de equinos e asininos no Recife. Instituto de Micologia n. 326. Batista AC, Vasconcelos CT, Fischman O, Staib F. 1961b. Fungos leveduriformes e filamentosos de fezes de bovinos, no Recife. Instituto de Micologia n. 325. Batista AC, Vasconcelos CT, Guedes MDC, Cunha PFL. 1961c. Fezes Humanas: Fungos assinalados no Recife. Instituto de Micologia n. 328. Batista AC, Vital AF, Silva-Maia H. 1955. Alguns Discomicetos recolhidos em Pernambuco. Anais da Sociedade de Biologia de Pernambuco. Instituto de Micologia n. 28. Bell A. 1983. Dung Fungi: an illustrated guide to coprophilous fungi in New Zealand.Victoria University Press. 4th Ed. Nova Zelândia. 188 pp. Bezerra MFA, Bezerra ACC, Nunes AT, Lado C, Cavalcanti LH. 2008. Mixobiota do Parque Nacional Serra de Itabaiana, SE, Brasil: Physarales. Acta Botânica Brasilica 22(4): 1044-1056. Bezerra MFA, Farias GR, Cavalcanti LH. 2010. Mixobiota do Parque Nacional Serra de Itabaiana, SE, Brasil: Trichiales. Acta Botânica Brasilica 24(2): 510-517. Bezerra MFA, Silva WMT, Cavalcanti LH. 2008. Coprophilous myxomycetes of Brazil: first report. Revista Mexicana de Micología 27: 29-37. Brummelen J. 1967. World Monograph of the genera Ascobolus and Saccobolus (Ascomycetes, Pezizales). Persoonia, supplement 1: 1-291. Brummelen J. 1990. Notes on cup fungi on two rare species of Ascobolus. Persoonia. 14(2): 203-208. Cain RF. 1962. Studies of Coprophilous Ascomycetes: VIII. New species of Podospora. Canadian Journal of Botany, 40: 447489. Calaça FJS, Silva NC, Hirooka Y, Xavier-Santos S. 2013. Neocosmospora vasinfecta (Nectriaceae) a new record as a fimicolous Ascomycota from Brazil. Mycosphere 4(5): 999-1004. Calaça FJS, Xavier-Santos, S. 2012. Fezes de Herbívoros: um microcosmo inexplorado da diversidade fúngica. Heringeriana 6(1): 52-55. Cortez VG, Coelho G. 2004. The Stropharioideae (Strophariaceae, Agaricales) from Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Mycotaxon 89: 355-378. Cortez VG, Silveira RMB. 2008. The agaric genus Stropharia (Strophariaceae, Agaricales) in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Fungal Diversity 32: 31-57. Guzmán G. 1983.The genus PsilocybeBeih.NovaHedwigia 74: 479 p. Guzmán G. 1978.The species of Psilocybe known from Central and South America. Mycotaxon 7: 225-255. Guzmán G, Cortez VG. 2004. The Neurotropic Psilocybe (Fr.) Kumm. (Agaricales, Strophariaceae) in Brazil: a revision of the known species, the first record of P. wrightii, and the synonymy of P. caeruleoannulata. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 6: 383-388. Hagelstein R.1944. The Mycetozoa of North America. Mineola, New York, apud Eliasson U, Lundqvist N. 1979. Fimicolous Myxomycetes. Botaniska Notiser132: 551-568. Harrower KM, Nagy LA. 1979. Effects of nutrients and water stress on growth and sporulation of Coprophilous Fungi. The British Mycological Society 72(3): 459-462. 21 Calaça, Silva & Xavier-Santos Jahn E. organized by Benkert D, Schmidt A, Unger H. 2000. Pyrenomyceten von DungkulturenausGebietenaußerhalbDeutschlands. Zeitschrift Für Mykologie 66(1): 79-94. Katinas L, Gutiérrez DG, Robles SST. 2000. Carlos Spegazzini (1858-1926): Travels and botanical work on vascular plants. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 87: 183-202. Krug JC, Benny GL, Keller, HW. 2004. Coprophilous Fungi. In: Mueller, GM, Bills G F, Foster MS. 2004 (Editors). Biodiversity of Fungi: Inventory and Monitoring Methods. Editora Elsevier Academic, London. Lundqvist N. 1972. Nordic Sordariaceae s. lat. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 20(1): 439 pp. Lundqvist N. 1973.Studia fungorumfimi I. New records of Podosporae, and a new species, P. papilionacea. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 67: 34-52. Masunga GS, Andresen Ø, Taylor, JE, Dhillion SS. 2006.Elephant dung decomposition and coprophilous fungi in two habitats of semi-arid Botswana. Mycological Research 110(10): 1214-1226. Melo RFR, Bezerra JL, Cavalcanti MAQ. 2012. Diversity of coprophilous ascomycetes from captive wild animals in Dois Irmãos State Park, Brazil. Nova Hedwigia 94(1-2): 153-162. Melo RFR, Santiago ALCMA, Cavalcanti MAQ. 2011. Syncephalis clavata (Zoopagales, Zygomycetes), a first record from the neotropics. Mycotaxon 116: 133–136. Mirza, JH & Cain, RF. 1969. Revision on the genus Podospora. Canadian Journal of Botany 47: 1999-2048. Mori L, Pereira MAQR, Vilela CR. 2008. Mapeamento cromossômico no fungo Sordaria fimicola. Revista Genética na Escola 3(1): 19-29. Obrist W. 1961. The genus Ascodesmis. Canadian Journal of Botany 39: 943-992. Richardson MJ.2001a. Diversity and occurrence of coprophilous fungi. Mycological Research 105(4): 387-402. Richardson MJ. 2001b. Coprophilous fungi from Brazil. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 44(3): 283-289. Richardson MJ.2003. Coprophilous Fungi. Field Mycology 4(2): 41-43. Rosa LH, Machado KMG, Jacob CC, Capelari M, Rosa CA, Zani CL. 2003. Screening of Brazilian Basidiomycetes for antimicrobial activity. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 98(7): 967-974. Santiago ALCMA, Cavalcanti MAQ, Trufem SFB. 2008. Pilobolus (Mucoraceae) from herbivore dung in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Mycotaxon104: 111-122. Santiago ALCMA, Cavalcanti MAQ, Trufem SFB. 2009. The first record of Dimargaris bacillispora (Dimargaritales) in South America. Mycotaxon 108: 201-204. Santiago ALCMA, Trufem SFB, Cavalcanti MAQ. 2008. Mucor guilliermondii (Mucorales): a rare species found in herbivore dung from Neotropics. Mycotaxon 106: 103-108. Santiago ALCMA, Trufem SFB, Malosso E, Santos PJP, Cavalcanti MAQ. 2011. Zygomycetes from herbivore dung in the Ecological Reserve of Dois Irmãos, Northeast, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 42: 89-95. Silva NA, Cavalcanti LH. 2012. Myxomycetes ocorrentes em áreas de caatinga e brejo de altitude no sertão de Pernambuco, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 26(4): 901-915. Silva PS, Cortez VG, Silveira RMB. 2012. Synopsis of the Strophariaceae (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) from Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Hoehnea 39(3): 479-487. Spegazzini C. 1919. Reliquiae mycologicae tropice. Boletim de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias 23: 365-609. Stijve T, & Meijer AAR. 1993. Macromycetes from the State of Paraná, Brazil. 4. The psychoactive species. Arquivos Biologia & Tecnología 36: 313-329. Tenório JG, Bezerra MFA, Costa AAA, Cavalcanti LH. 2009. Mixobiota do Parque Nacional Serra de Itabaiana, SE, Brasil: Stemonitales. Acta Botanica Brasilica 23(3): 644-656. Trufem SFB. 1984. Mucorales do estado de São Paulo: 4. Espécies Coprófilas. Rickia11: 53-64. Trufem SFB, Viriato A. 1985. Mucorales do estado de São Paulo: 6. Mucoraceae coprófilas. Rickia 12:113-123. Vinha PC. 1988. Fungos macroscópicos do estado do Espírito Santo depositados no Herbário da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Hoehnea15: 57-64. Viriato A. 2008. Pilobolus species found on herbivore dung from the São Paulo Zoological Park, Brazil.Acta Botanica Brasilica 22(3): 614-620. Viriato A, Trufem SFB. 1985a. Mucorales do estado de São Paulo: 5 - Pilobolaceae. Rickia 12: 77-88. Viriato A, Trufem SFB. 1985b. Mucorales do estado de São Paulo: 7 - Espécies Merosporangiadas. Rickia 12: 147-154. Wartchow F, Carvalho AS, Sousa MCA, Cortez VG. 2007. Some coprophilous Psilocybe (Strophariaceae) from Pernambuco state, Northeast, Brazil. S Sitientibus Série Ciências Biológicas 7(2): 150-153. 22