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Tene Tcheghebe et al.
REVIEW ARTICLE
12
PEER REVIEWED | OPEN ACCESS
Traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological
profiles, and toxicity of Enantia chlorantha (Oliver):
An overview
Olivier Tene Tcheghebe, Francis Ngouafong Tatong,
Armel Jackson Seukep
ABSTRACT
This article aims to provide a comprehensive
review on the traditional uses, phytochemical
and pharmacological profiles as well as the
toxicity of Enantia chlorantha (Oliver) We
have examined most of the publications on this
plant and focused our attention on the active
metabolites of its extracts which support its
traditional uses. Enantia chlorantha is reported
to be used in folkloric medicine for the treatment
of many diseases, such as malaria, aches,
wounds, boils, vomiting, yellow bitter, fever,
chills, sore, spleen in children, hepatitis, worms,
intestinal spasms, sexual asthenia, jaundice,
urinary tract infections, typhoid fever, leprosy
spots, tuberculosis, gastric and duodenal ulcers.
It can also serve as a haemostatic agent, and
as an uterine stimulant. Enantia chlorantha
stem bark has been scientifically studied for
its several pharmacological activities. These
include:
antimalarial,
antimicrobial
and
antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-Helicobacter
pylori, anticonvusion and anti-inflammatory,
analgesic and antipyretic, antiviral, gastro
Olivier Tene Tcheghebe1, Francis Ngouafong Tatong2,
Armel Jackson Seukep3
Affiliations: 1PhD, Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 812, University of Yaounde I;
2
Master degree, Chemistry Department, University of
Dschang, P.O Box 67 Dschang; West Region, Cameroon;
3
Master degree, Biochemistry Department, University of
Dschang, P.O Box 67Dschang; West Region, Cameroon.
Corresponding Author: Dr. Olivier Tene Tcheghebe, Dschang,
Cameroon, phone code: (237); E-mail: tetcholi@yahoo.com
Received: 05 September 2016
Accepted: 10 November 2016
Published: 06 December 2016
protective and enhancing male fertility. Some
bioactive constituents such as saponins,
flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, reducing sugar
and cardiac glycoside significantly present in the
plant extracts, support its multiple properties
and uses in traditional medicine. Moreover, it is
demonstrated that this plant extract can be safely
taken until a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight. We
sincerely hope that we have provided a data base
for proper evaluation of Enantia chlorantha
extracts which could lead to the discovery of new
and more effective drugs.
Keywords: Enantia chlorantha, Pharmacology,
Toxicity
How to cite this article
Tene Tcheghebe O, Ngouafong Tatong F, Seukep AJ.
Traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological
profiles, and toxicity of Enantia chlorantha (Oliver):
An overview. Edorium J Med 2016;3:12–18.
Article ID: 100004M05OT2016
*********
doi:10.5348/M05-2016-4-RA-2
INTRODUCTION
The African rainforest encompasses approximately
10 countries in west and central Africa, and is home to one
of the greatest global diversity of fauna and flora in the
world [1]. This flora comprises many plants of medicinal
value among them, there is Enantia chlorantha Oliver
(or Annickia chlorantha). Belonging to annonaceae
Edorium Journal of Medicine, Vol. 3; 2016.
Edorium J Med 2016;3:12–18.
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Tene Tcheghebe et al.
family, this plant is commonly known as African yellow
wood and is also called Awopa, Osu pupa or Dokitaigbo
(Yoruba), Osomolu (Ikale), Erumeru (Nigeria), Kakerim
(Boki), Erenba-vbogo (Benin) [2], yellow moambi
(English) and moambi jaune (French). It is an ornamental
tree which may grow up to 30 m high with dense foliage
and spreading crown [3]. The outer bark which is thin
and dark brown is fissured geometrically, while the inner
bark is brown above and pale cream beneath [4]. The
stem is fluted and aromatic while the elliptic leaves are
about 0.14–0.15 m long and 0.05–0.14 m broad [5]. The
leaves display up to 20 pairs of prominent lateral vein and
parallel secondary nerves. It is a dense forest tree found
in the east and south forest of Cameroon, south part of
Nigeria, Gabon, Angola and DRC. Enantia chlorantha
is common in Cameroon and is a medicinal tree mostly
used for the treatment of malaria and typhoid fever, but
also used against other ailments of the human body. The
bark, and in rare cases the leaves or the roots, are the
main parts used for medicinal purposes.
13
The stem bark of this plant has also been reported for
treating leprosy spots, as hemostatic agent, and as
uterine stimulant [13]. The bark of Enantia chlorantha
has several medicinal properties and has been used
by traditional medical practitioners in Nigeria for the
treatment of skin, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and as an
antimalarial [14]. The scientific classification of Enantia
chlorantha is given in (Table 1).
Table 1: Scientific Classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Order:
Magnoliales
Family:
Annonaceae
Genus:
Enantia
Species:
Chlorantha
Scientific name:
Enantia chlorantha
Oliver
Stem bark
images
Traditional uses
In the traditional medicine, this plant has been used
for a long time in many parts of the African continent
to treat various ailments of the human body. Many
ethnobotanical studies support this. According to Tsabang
et al. [6], a decoction of 500 g of stem bark in three liters
of water for 20 min is used to treat malaria symptoms,
aches, wounds, boils, vomiting, yellow bitter, fever, chills,
sore, spleen in children and hepatitis (take 250 mL of this
decoction orally, 3 times daily for 15 consecutives days),
or make a decoction of a mixture of 300 g of stem bark
of each of Enantia chlorantha, Rauvolfia vomitaria and
Fagara macrophylla and /or Nauclea latifolia in four
liters of water for 20 min (take 250 mL of this decoction
orally, three times daily for 10 consecutives days). The
stem bark decoction, taken orally, has also been reported
to treat intestinal worms, intestinal spasms, malaria
and sexual asthenia [7]. The same decoction is effective
against hepatitis, jaundice, urinary tract infections and
typhoid fever [8]. Root decoction is used for malaria,
jaundice and as antipyretic [9]. Dried stem bark is
used to treat malaria, hepatic disorders, tuberculosis
and ulcers [10]. Gill and Akinwunmi noted the use of
infusion of bark for the treatment of cough and wounds
in Nigeria [11]. JL Vennerstrom [12] reported the use of
the bark of this plant against malaria. In the southern
forest zone of Cameroon, Enantia chlorantha is also
used for the management of stomach problems, as well
as for the treatment of jaundice, tuberculosis, urinary
tract infections, malaria, hepatitis and some forms of
ulcer. In the western Cameroon, a mixture of Enantia
chlorantha bark, cut into small pieces, Citrus limonum
fruit also cut into small pieces with its peels and Allium
sativum bulb crushed is macerated in water for two days
and the resulting liquid taken twice daily to cure malaria.
Reported phytoconstituents
Enantia chlorantha contains many bioactive
compounds which justify its numerous medicinal
virtues. Dawodu et al. conducted a study aimed at
ascertaining the nutritive potential of this plant material
and its solvent extracts potential, with the objectives
to determine the proximate component and the
phytochemical constituents of Enantia chlorantha stem
bark in aqueous and ethanol extract [15]. The proximate
analysis revealed a high content of crude fibre (72.25%)
and a low ash content (2.48%) with other four compounds
present (crude protein 10.78%, carbohydrate 6.29%,
moisture 3.85% and crude fad 3.78%). Phytochemical
screening showed the presence of saponins, flavonoids,
alkaloids, phenols, reducing sugar and cardiac glycoside.
Alkaloids (146.22%) quantitatively were revealed higher
than the other constituents and flavonoids (7.63%)
least. Gbadamosi et al. [16] found the same six active
constituents in it proximate analysis and concluded
that this plant bark can be used as food supplement
in weaning food, due to its nutritive potential. The
phytochemical active constituents have been said to
be alkaloids-berberine, saponins and tannins. On a
phytochemical analysis of aqueous and ethanol extracts
of this plants stem bark, Adesokan et al. also showed the
presence of phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides
and saponins constituents [17].
Pharmacological activities
The research data indicate that Enantia chlorantha
possesses enormous pharmacological values which
Edorium Journal of Medicine, Vol. 3; 2016.
Edorium J Med 2016;3:12–18.
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Tene Tcheghebe et al.
support its various traditional uses for the management
of health problems. The following are most important.
Antimalarial activity
There are several reports on the antimalarial potential
of Enantia chlorantha. Antimalaria activities of Enantia
chlorantha and Rauwolfia vomitoria extracts were
carried out by Agbaje et al. in rodent’s malaria [18].
The antimalarial activities of the aqueous extracts of
Rauwolfia vomitoria and Enantia chlorantha, employed
separately and in combination in Plasmodium berghei
infected male albino mice were investigated. Results
showed that the prophylactic group, which received
the extract prior to challenge with malaria parasite,
recorded a suppression of infection compared with the
control but no total protection was offered in all the case
investigated. Enantia chlorantha extract like Rauwolfia
vomitoria extract was found to be efficient against
Plasmodium berghei as compared to the control group
were they recorded deaths from day-7, but combination
therapy produced a better result than either extract
used alone. Another study of three plants traditionally
used in the treatment of malaria in the south-eastern
part of Nigeria was investigated by Ogbanna et al. to
determine their efficacies as antimalarial compounds
[19]. Ethanolic extracts from the roots of Salacia nitida,
Nauclea latifolia and stem bark of Enantia chlorantha
(Oliv.) were assessed for antimalarial activity against
chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei in mice
using a 4-day suppressive test procedure. The extracts
had intrinsic antimalarial properties that were dose
dependent. The comparison analysis indicated that 250
mg/kg body weight of the root of S. nitida produced
71.15% suppression of parasitemia and the 500 mg/
kg body weight of the stem bark of E. chlorantha, roots
of S. nitida, N. latifolia and the three herbs combined,
produced 75.23, 73.28, 71.15 and 77.46%, respectively,
compared with chloroquine with 71.15% suppression. The
results were significant at p < 0.05 when compared to a
placebo and support the traditional use of these plants for
the treatment of malaria. Two other studies, conducted by
Kimbi et al. [20] and Vennrstrom et al. [20] respectively,
also revealed the presence of two alkaloids [12] in this
plant, possessing antimalarial properties.
Anticonvulsion and anti-inflammatory
activity
Agbaje et al. investigated the effect of boiled and
evaporated extracts of Enantia chlorantha in reversing
bicucculine-induced convulsions and carrageenaninduced inflammation in rodents [21]. The results showed
that, while the evaporated aqueous herbal drug increased
the latency of convulsion in all the treated animals, the
aqueous extract did not, behaving rather similar to the
control mice given distilled water. Enantia chlorantha
did not compare well with phenobarbitone (2.0–6.0 mg/
14
kg) which protected all the animals from seizure. On the
other hand, a dose dependent anti-inflammatory action
of evaporated extract of Enantia chlorantha (50.0–
250.0 mg/kg) in carrageenan induced inflammation was
obtained showing a better efficacy than the boiled aqueous
preparation and compared favorably with aspirin. Enantia
chlorantha showed statistically significant activity at doses
of 100 and 250 mg/kg, exhibiting 67% and 90% inhibition
respectively post six hours induction of inflammation.
No inhibition was observed in the control group. They
concluded that Enantia chlorantha, especially the
evaporated extract, exhibited significant anti-inflammatory
effect on carrageenan-induced inflammatory edema in
rats. They added that this effect is more gradual and more
sustained than a similar effect of aspirin.
Antiviral activity
Taiye et al. [22] conducted a study designed to
evaluate the antiviral effects of bark extract of Enantia
chlorantha on yellow fever virus (YFV) in vitro, using
Vero cell line, to determine the minimum tolerance dose
of these plants extract on Vero cells, and to justify in this
regard, the administration of this medicinal plant by the
traditional practitioners. This study showed that aqueous
extracts exhibit antiviral activities against yellow fever
virus. Enantia chlorantha resulted in inhibition of YFV
at MICs of 0.025 mg/mL. The result of the study revealed
that the water extract of this plant showed significant
antiviral activity. Based on this experimental evidence,
the authors suggested that the extracts were considered
effective against YFV as they completely inhibited the
infectivity of YFV as evident in complete absence of
cytopathic effects. These researchers added that, the
broad-spectrum antiviral activity of the plant extracts is
possible due to the identified alkaloids. Wafo et al. also
noted the antiviral activity of extracts from dried stem
bark of Enantia chlorantha [23].
Antioxidant activity
Olanlokun et al. [24] conducted a study in order
to determine the in vitro antioxidant activity of the
solvents (methanol, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl
acetate and water) extracted material from stem bark
of Enantia chlorantha, using models of DPPH(2,2diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity,
nitric oxide scavenging property, ferric reducing
property (FRAP) and hydroxyl radical scavenging
property. Methanol extract revealed the highest
flavonoids and phenolic contents followed by aqueous,
ethyl acetate, chloroform, n-hexane respectively. As
the phenolic and flavonoid contents rose, free radical
scavenging potential of the extracts was high. From
this result, we can suggest that this plant’s antioxidant
property justify its uses in the traditional medicine for
the management of malaria, cough and wounds which
are all stress related diseases.
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Tene Tcheghebe et al.
Antimicrobial and antibacterial activity
Nyong et al. [25] conducted a research work aimed to
determine the in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity
of an ointment formulated with a purified alkaloid
isolated from Enantia chlorantha, on rats infected
with fungi. The result showed the effectiveness of this
ointment against Trichophyton tonsurans and Candida
glabrata, while Trichophyton interdigitali and Candida
albicans was less sensitive. 50 mg/mL ointment had
even a better percentage inhibition than Tioconazole
cream 1%, used as reference drug. They concluded that
the alkaloid fraction of Enantia chlorantha stem bark
as well as the formulated ointment exhibited significant
in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities against different
species of candida, dermatophytes and plants fungi.
Another study conducted by Atukpawu and Ozoh [26]
on antimicrobial effects of Enantia chlorantha extracts
revealed that, the ethanolic one showed antimicrobial
activity on all the seven isolates tested (Staphylococcus
aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Enterococcus
faecalis, Shigella sonnei, Proteus vulgaris and Candida
albicans), with zones of inhibition in the range of 5 mm to
33 mm, and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
between 1.56 and 12.5 mg/mL. The antibacterial activity
of aqueous extracts of Enantia chlorantha stem bark was
also investigated by Adesokan et al. [27]. The zones of
inhibition on bacterial isolates (Staphylococcus aureus
and Bacillus substilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella
typhymurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were
proportional to the concentration of the plant extract.
Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to the
extract than gram-negative one. They suggested that
the identified alkaloid might be responsible of the
antibacterial activities. Atata et al. [28] and Moody et al.
[29] had also noted the antibacterial activity of this plant
extracts. Palmatine chloride and jatrorrhizine chloride
have also been identified as the major antimicrobial
constituent of the plant extracts [29].
Anti-helicobacter pylori activity
Tan et al. [30] studied the in vitro and in vivo antiHelicobacter/Campylobacter activity of aqueous extract
of Enantia chlorantha stem bark. The in vitro activity
was dose-dependent, and they recorded the same
antimicrobial parameters (MAQ = 0.63 mg; MIC = 0.39
mg/mL; MBC = 1.56 mg/mL; ET (100) = 8 h) for both
H. pylori and C. jejuni or C. coli. Antral mucus sample
cultures from mice treated with Enantia chlorantha
extract (500 and 1000 mg/kg for three days) did not yield
any growth. The results finally revealed that, apart from
its in vitro effects, Enantia chlorantha aqueous extract
also possesses in vivo antibiotic activity against H. pylori.
Analgesic and antipyretic activity
15
mice at doses of 1.0 and 5.0 g/kg resulted in elevation of
pain threshold. Enantia chlorantha extract was about
20 times less potent than morphine, a reference drug.
However, a dose of 15.0 g/kg given orally to rabbits
infected with Klebsiella sp was capable to relieve the
pyrogenic induced fever whereas no such effect was
mentioned in the control group that was given simple
water [4].
Gastroprotective activity
Siminialayi and Agbaje conducted a scientific study
to determine the gastroprotective effects of Enantia
chlorantha against induced- gastric ulcers in rats [14].
First of all gastric ulcers were induced by administering
1 ml of absolute ethanol and 30 mg/kg of indomethacin,
separately to two groups of rats. On the other side, two
other groups of rats were pretreated with the ethanol
extract (300 mg/kg) of Enantia chlorantha 30 minutes
before the ulcerogenic agents. After this, the ulcer
indices were compared. The results showed that rats
pretreated with extract before the administration of the
ulcerogenic agents were well protected. The inhibition
effect of extract against ethanol-induced ulcers was
most effective than indomethacin-induced ulcers. These
researchers suggested that the extract acts particularly as
a cytoprotective agent, but also by inhibiting the secretion
of gastric acid.
Enhance male fertility
Oyewopo et al. conducted a work aimed at
evaluating the effect of aqueous extract of stem bark of
Enantia chlorantha on the sperm parameters and the
histoarchitecture of the testicles of rats [31]. Some of this
rats (Group 1, 2 and 3) were successively treated with
lead (IV) oxide and Enantia chlorantha extract, while
negative control rats (group 4) received lead IV only.
Testicles histoarchitecture showed the spermatogonia as
well as the spermatids and spermatocytes that were quite
obvious in the rats treated with extract as compared with
those of group 4. The interstitial spaces were abnormally
widened and the leydig cells were destroyed in group 4
rats. The sperm quality (sperm count, mobility, viability
and progressivity) of group 1, 2 and 3 rats were very
good, while those of rats in group 4 were weak. They
finally suggested that in addition to enhance fertility, this
plant’s extract can play a protective and a regenerative
role against destroying agents when used as prophylactic.
Salman et al. [32] also showed that the extract of Enantia
chlorantha significantly increases sperm mobility and
viability in a dose-dependent manner, but they did not
notice any important increase in the sperm accounts.
Following the results obtained in these studies, we can
say that, low doses of this plant extracts could improve
sperm quality, hence male fertility.
Aqueous extract of the bark of Enantia chlorantha
administered intraperitoneally into healthy adult albino
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Tene Tcheghebe et al.
Reported toxicity
Enantia chlorantha is widely used in herbal medicine
for the treatment of several ailments of the human body.
However, its toxicity profiles are not well documented
[33]. Like other therapeutic agents, Enantia chlorantha
may not be devoid of side effects or toxicity in both human
and animal’s studies [34]. In order to verify this, Olamide
et al. conducted a study [35]. Ethanolic extract of stem
bark from this plant was then administered to rats and
some parameters (body weight changes, biochemical and
hematological parameters as well as histology of vital
organs like heart, kidneys and liver) measured. The results
showed that the therapeutic application of the extract of
Enantia chlorantha was quite safe at doses below 1000
mg/kg body weight. The obtained results suggest that
oral application of Enantia chlorantha may not produce
severe toxic effects at doses lower than 500 mg extract/kg
body weight. Tan et al. conducted a similar study aimed
to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity profiles of
the aqueous stem bark extract of Enantia chlorantha
using mice and rats [35]. The results showed that, the
extract of Enantia chlorantha is not toxic in acute intake
up to 5000 mg/kg, but can cause lungs, hepatic and
kidneys disorders following medium to long-term use
at doses greater than 500 mg/kg. Given the wide ethno
pharmacological applications of Enantia chlorantha,
the present toxicity results constitute safety information
that can be used in obtaining regulatory approval for its
commercialization [31].
Armel Jackson Seukep – Analysis and interpretation
of data, Revising it critically for important intellectual
content, Final approval of the version to be published
Guarantor
The corresponding author is the guarantor of submission.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declare no conflict of interest.
Copyright
© 2016 Olivier Tene Tcheghebe et al. This article is
distributed under the terms of Creative Commons
Attribution License which permits unrestricted use,
distribution and reproduction in any medium provided
the original author(s) and original publisher are properly
credited. Please see the copyright policy on the journal
website for more information.
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CONCLUSION
It is well known, nowadays, that more than 80% of
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various disorders of the human body. It is quite evident
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number of phytoconstituents which justify it traditional
uses for the management of various ailments, and prove
its pharmacological activities. More interesting yet, it has
been reported that its extracts can be safely taken to cure
diseases till doses as greater as 500 mg/kg.
5.
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9.
Author Contributions
Olivier Tene Tcheghebe – Substantial contributions to
conception and design, Acquisition of data, Analysis
and interpretation of data, Drafting the article, Revising
it critically for important intellectual content, Final
approval of the version to be published
Francis Ngouafong Tatong – Analysis and interpretation
of data, Revising it critically for important intellectual
content, Final approval of the version to be published
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Edorium Journal of Medicine, Vol. 3; 2016.
Edorium J Med 2016;3:12–18.
www.edoriumjournalofmedicine.com
Tene Tcheghebe et al.
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Article citation: Tene Tcheghebe O, Ngouafong Tatong F, Seukep AJ. Traditional uses, phytochemical and
pharmacological profiles, and toxicity of Enantia chlorantha (Oliver): An overview. Edorium J Med 2016;3:12–18.
Olivier Tene Tcheghebe (PhD), Faculty of science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.
He earned undergraduate degree and postgraduate degree from University of Yaounde I, Yaounde,
Cameroon). He has published ive research papers in national and international academic journals. His
research interests include coordination polymers based on tris(oxalato)metalate(III) anion, medicinal
plants activities against tropical diseases such as malaria, typhoid fever, lymphatic ilariasis gastric and
duodenal ulcers, and the treatment of cancers with natural products.
E-mail: tetcholi@yahoo.com
Francis Tatong Ngouafong (PhD Student), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon. He earned undergraduate degree from Department of
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon. He has published four
research papers in national and international academic journals. His research interest includes natural
products.
E-mail: francisngouafong@yahoo.com
Armel Jackson Seukep (PhD Student), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science,
University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon. He earned undergraduate degree from Department of
Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon and postgraduate degree
from Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon. He
has published 19 research papers in national and international academic journals and authored one
book. His research interests include antibacterial activities, anticancer activities, multidrug resistant
phenotypes (all these from natural products).
E-mail: seukepp@yahoo.fr
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Edorium Journal of Medicine, Vol. 3; 2016.