Mycologia Iranica 4(2): 103 – 120, 2017
Original Article
DOI: 10.22043/MI.2018.117293
Percentage distribution of foliicolous fungi of Maharashtra, India
with respect to their disease symptoms: a novel study
R. Dubey✉
A. D. Pandey
Botanical Survey of India, Western Regional
Centre, Pune, India
Abstract: Fungal spores are continuously deposited
on the leaf surfaces by wind impaction, sedimentation
and rain wash–out from the atmosphere and splash–
dispersal. They reside and act as asymptomatic
mutualists, benign commensals or latent pathogens. A
slight imbalance in this relation can lead to a
pathogenic phase of the fungi, resulting in a variety of
symptoms on leaves viz. discoloration, blight, sooty–
spots, shot– hole, tar spot, powdery mildew, black
mildews, downy mildews, rust, smuts, galls, sooty
moulds and so on. With a view of studying the
foliicolous fungi, a project entitled “Foliicolous fungi
of Maharashtra” was undertaken and various areas
were visited in different forest ecosystems of
Maharashtra. A total of 429 isolates belonging 336
fungal species and intra specific taxa recorded during
this study were categorized on the basis of foliage
symptoms caused by them. Out of the entire recorded
fungal taxa, 19.81% fungal species cause black
mildews; 5.83% fungal species belong to only
cercosporoid fungi causing leaf spots; 2.10% fungal
species incite powdery mildews; 10.96% cause sooty
molds; 1.63% incite anthracnose; 0.23% incite leaf
smut; 3.50% incite leaf rust infection; 19.35 % incite
leaf spots; 11.42% cause leaf blight/canker; 0.47%
fungal species incite tar spots; 1.86% incite wilt
diseases and the remaining 22.84% were found to be
associated with leaves as facultative parasites/
saprophytes/Hyperparasites. Therefore, above studies
were designed to characterize foliicolous fungi that
would further help in the conservation and
management of biological resources and also increase
the agriculture wealth of the nation.
Key words: Foliicolous fungi, symptoms, percentage
occurrence
Submitted 2 May 2017, accepted for publication 11 Dec. 2017
Corresponding Author E-mail: dr.rashmidubey@gmail.com
© 2017, Published by the Iranian Mycological Society
http://mi.iranjournals.ir
INTRODUCTION
India is endowed with diverse physiography,
vegetation, ecosystem and habitats having huge
potential for further explorations and utilization of its
untapped biological diversity. Fungal spores are
continuously deposited on the leaf surfaces by wind
impaction, sedimentation and rain wash–out from the
atmosphere and splash–dispersal. Though the leaf
surface has long been considered a hostile
environment for fungal colonists, it is a complex
biological system, where interesting interactions
occur between leaf and mycoflora intimately
associated with its leaf systems (Andrews & Harris
2000). Kinkel (1997) reported that a thin nutrient film
deposited from the atmosphere on the leaf surface
further facilitates the microbial colonization for
growing plants make new surfaces available for fungi.
Fungal colonists reside and act as asymptomatic
mutualists, benign commensals or latent pathogens.
Subsequent studies (Ruinen 1961, Dickinson 1965,
Dix & Webster 1995) suggested that an active
population of fungi exist on the surface of
physiologically active green leaves. A slight
imbalance in this relation can lead to pathogenic
phase of the fungi, resulting in a variety of symptoms
viz., leaf discoloration, blight, sooty spots, leafy shot–
hole, tar spot, powdery mildew, black mildews,
downy mildews, rust, smuts, galls, sooty moulds and
so on. Environmental changes in climate, CO2 levels,
UV radiation and air pollutants all affect the leaf
surface fungal populations which in turn can exhibit
altered growth and activity (Pugh & Buckley 1971).
These fungal diseases have become important as they
are dwindling country’s economy and contributing to
bio–deterioration or destruction of important plants
resulting in economic losses. The potential of
foliicolous fungi is not known much, from an
application point of view; however, they constitute a
fairly big group of micro–fungi.
Several excellent reviews emphasizing microbial
colonization of leaf surface or related topics have
appeared in recent years (Beattie & Lindow 1995,
Jacques & Morris 1995, Andrews & Harris 2000,
104
Hirano & Upper 2000, Lindow & Leveau 2002,
Lindow & Brandl 2003). A wide variety of fungi
colonize the leaf even before senescence. Hogg &
Hudson (1966) described the succession of fungi on
leaves of Fagus sylvatica. Hogg (1966) elucidated the
factors determining the natural succession of fungi on
Beech leaves. Studies on the phylloplane mycoflora
was conducted by Dickinson 1965 & 1967, Mishra &
Tewari 1969, Mishra & Srivastava 1971, Ruscoe
1971, Pugh & Mulder 1971, Mishra & Kanaujia
1974, Fokkema et al. 1975, Dickinson & Skidmore
1976, Mishra & Tewari 1976, Warren 1976, Eicker
1976, Collins & Hayes 1976, Kumar & Gupta 1976.
Foliicolous mycoflora of a variety of plants have
attracted the attention of plant pathologists with a
view to explore the ecological interactions between
the pathogenic and the saprophytic fungi with regard
to disease interactions (Newhook 1951, 1957, Last
1955, Wood & Tveit 1955, Last & Deighton 1965,
Leben 1965). Rare studies have also been carried out
on other aspects of foliicolous fungi, such as
Barlocher (1992) studied colonization of aquatic
mycoflora on the leaf surface. Abundance and
diversity of microfungi in the leaf litter of a lowland
rain forest in Costa Rica were conducted by Bills &
Polishook (1994). Foliicolous ascomycetes were well
documented by Hansford (1946) and Reynolds
(1978a, 1978b, 1979, 1982). Strangely, efforts to
culture and preserve the foliicolous fungi have so far
been very rare (Ellis 1971, 1976, Matsushima 1971a,
1971b, 1975, Hawksworth 2001). Hughes (1976)
collected and monographed many sooty moulds from
New Zealand. Reynolds (1971, 1978a, 1978b, 1979,
1982, 1983, 1985) reported on collections of sooty
moulds from the Neotropics. A detailed study of
Foliicolous leaf spot fungi was also conducted by
Braun (1999), Deighton (1959), Ellis (1971, 1976).
Ou (1985) gave a detail account of common foliar
parasites of grasses in tropical regions.
Foliicolous fungi have been fairly well docum–
ented from some parts of India, especially north–
eastern regions. Except for a few stray reports, there
has been no detailed document on these fungi, from
southern India. Significant hitherto contributors for
the study of foliicolous fungi of India are Prof. Kamal
and his students in north–eastern India including
Nepal (Kamal & Singh 1980, Kumar & Kamal 1979,
Rai & Kamal 1982, Kamal et al. 1985, Verma &
Kamal 1987a, 1987b, 1991). Diversity, distribution
and taxonomy of foliicolous fungi from Terai forests
of Uttar Pradesh, was recently accomplished by
Shambhu Kumar (2015) and Mall et al. (2013). A
respectable account of work on foliicolous fungi has
also been conducted in Central India by Rajak &
Pandey (1984) and Sahni (1964).
A highly regarded work has been conducted by
many workers in Western Ghats of India on
biodiversity, biological distribution and taxonomy of
micro–fungi (Bhat 1993, 2010, Bhat & Raghukumar
2000, D’Souza & Bhat 2002, Prabhugaonkar 2011,
Pratibha et al. 2010). Foliicolous fungi of Goa and its
Mycologia Iranica - Vol. 4, 2017
adjoining areas were studied by Jalmi (2006).
Thimmaiah et al. (2013) conducted a systematic
survey of the foliicolous fungi of Kodagu, Karnataka.
Foliicolous fungi of Kerala is well documented by
Hosagoudar and his students (Hosagaudar & Robin
2011). Hosagoudar & Biju (2013) studied “foliicolous
fungi of Silent Valley National Park”, Kerala, India.
In India, detailed morphological and cultural studies
of rusts were undertaken by Thirumalachar (1949),
Hosagoudar (1988) and Bagyanarayana and Braun
(1999). Maharashtra state of India is known to
possess many of the most diverse and unusual
habitats of the globe and thereby constitute a major
reservoir for the living organisms, be it plants,
animals or microorganisms. Sporadic studies on
foliicolous fungi, especially rust fungi, of
Maharashtra was presented by Chavan (1968, 1975),
Chavan & Bakare (1973), Chavan & Bhambure
(1975), Chavan & Kulkarni (1974), Kundalkar &
Patil (1980, 1981), Patil et al. (2011), Thite & Patil
(1975), Patil & Thirumalachar (1970), Patwardhan
(1964), Sathe (1965), Mundkar & Thirumalachar
(1945, 1952), Ajrekar & Parandekar (1931) and Patil
(1991). Studies on ascomycetes flora of Maharashtra
was conducted by Borse & Pawara (2007),
Chiplonkar (1970), Jadhav & Pawar (2009), Kalani
(1961), Kale & Kale (1970), Pande (1973, 1979 &
1981a), Rao (1970), Patil & Thite (1974) and
Ujjainkar (2003). Some reports on aquatic fungi of
Maharashtra are also available (Borse & Pawara
2007, Borse & Patil 2007, Borse et al. 2008,
Ghanwant & Reddy 2011, Nambiar & Raveendran
2011). Patil & Thite (1980, 1981) studied the fungi of
Mahabaleshwar. Studies on Myxomycetes of South–
West Maharashtra were conducted by Tembhure &
Nanir (2011). In Maharashtra, although serious
efforts were not made to document the foliicolous
fungi exclusively, but studies carried out earlier
revealed the distinct presence of fungi on leaves
(Pande 1981b, Parandekar 1964, Pande & Bansude
1980, Patil & Magdum 1979, Patwardhan, 1969,
Sawant & Papdiwal 2007, Patil & Pawar 1989, Singh
et al. 2011).
Thus, it is evident from the above–cited literature
that no systematic and serious studies of foliicolous
fungi have been undertaken in Maharashtra and only
sporadic reports are available. All these observations
motivated to look at the phylloplane as a distinct
micro–habitat for the study of leaf surface.
In the light of above, the present study was
designed to characterize foliicolous fungi of
Maharashtra that would further help in the
conservation and management of biological resources
and also increase the agricultural wealth of the nation.
The study involved a reconnaissance survey (2010–
2015) in the natural stands and forest plantations
throughout the Maharashtra State, encompassing
different types of forest ecosystems, viz., Southern
Indian moist deciduous forests, Western (montane)
subtropical hill forests, Montane subtropical forest,
Southern tropical dry deciduous forests, Open scrub
DUBEY AND PANDEY: Percentage distribution of foliicolous fungi of Maharashtra, India
forests, West coast semi–evergreen forests, Southern
tropical thorn forests, Garden plantation & City area.
Depending upon the appearance, the symptoms are
termed as discoloration, blight, sooty–spot, shot–hole,
tar spot, powdery mildew, black mildews, downy
mildews, rust, smuts and so on (Rangaswami, 1998).
Recent studies conducted on foliicolous fungi in
Maharashtra state of India have shown that high
diversity of fungi has been observed in plant–
associated microhabitats such as leaf surface.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In the present study, dicot, monocot, bryophytes
and pteridophytes plants were considered equally for
collecting foliicolous fungi. The samples included
live, senescing and moribund leaves with some kind
of infections. The leaves with infection were plucked
from herbaceous plants, bushes, climbers and tree
plants and brought to the laboratory in separate
collection bags. Each sample with a manifestation of
foliicolous fungi was sorted out. Infected samples
were brought to the laboratory in the aluminium foil
bags so that saprophytes may not attack them. Further
processing of infected samples was carried out by
microscopic studies by preparing the slides in a drop
of routine mounts (Lacto phenol, Cotton blue or
Lactofuschins) and glycerine separately following
different methods as hand sections, microtome
techniques. Fungi with sporulating structures were
observed under a compound microscope for detailed
diagnostic features which aided in their identification .
Fungal species belonging to Ascomycota were
identified from Dennis (1978). Hosagoudar (1996,
2008, 2013), as well as Hosagoudar (2012) were
consulted for the identification of Black mildew
fungi. Digital images were taken using Digital colour
CCD Camera (Nikon DS Fi1) attached to a Nikon
eclipse 50i microscope with interference optics.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of
some fungal specimens were also captured. All the
holotypes are maintained systematically in Botanical
Survey of India, Western Regional Centre Herbarium,
Pune and few new findings have been deposited in
Ajrekar Mycological Herbarium, Pune. Descriptions
of all new findings have been submitted to
Mycobank.
RESULTS
The results presented in this report are based on an
investigation carried out over a period of five and a
half years, from November, 2010 to March, 2016, on
the floristic foliicolous fungi associated with plants of
Maharashtra. All the major geographical regions and
forest types of Maharashtra were thoroughly explored
during this period. In the present study, fungi
occurring on leaves of angiosperm (both dicot and
monocot), gymnosperm and pteridophytic plant
species have been collected and studied in detail from
105
74 major localities of the State of Maharashtra. A
total of 188 genera of fungi are documented in this
study, of these 139 fungal genera are being
represented by single species. Another 49 genera are
represented by more than one species. Some fungi
were encountered after a period of 35 years or more
from India, viz. Conidiocarpus betle (Syd. P. Syd &
E.J. Butler) T. Bose, Asterina woodfordiae V. P.
Sahni, Cercospora blumeicola S. Das, Cercospora
careyae T. S. Ramakr & K. Ramakr., Meliola
diospyri Syd. & P. Syd. Helicomina costi M.A. Salam
& P.N. Rao was recorded after a period of 65 years
from India. During the study, it was examined that
different fungal species inflict various kinds of
symptoms over the leaf surface and cause the
deterioration of the whole plant, which include leaf
spots, leaf blotches, leaf blight/rot/canker, powdery
mildews, black mildews, leaf rust, leaf smut, sooty
moulds, tar spots, wilt etc. (Fig 1. and Fig 2.).
A total of 336 fungal species and intraspecific
taxa recorded were categorized on the basis of foliage
symptoms caused by them (Fig. 3). Out of the entire
recorded 429 isolates belonging to 336 fungal species
and intra specific taxa, 85 (19.81%) fungal species
cause black mildews; 25 (5.83%) cercosporoid fungi
cause leaf spots; 9 (2.10%) species cause powdery
mildews; 47 (10.96%) species cause sooty moulds; 7
(1.63 %) species cause anthracnose; 1 (0.23 %)
species causes leaf smut; 15 (3.50 %) species cause
leaf rust infection; 83 (19.35%) species cause leaf
spots; 49 (11.42%) species cause leaf blight/canker; 2
(0.47%) species cause tar spots; 8 (1.86%) species
cause wilt diseases and the remaining 98 (22.84%)
species are associated with leaves as facultative
parasites/saprophytes/Hyperparasites. It was also
noted that a single fungal species may cause more
than one symptom or it may be associated with other
fungal species over the leaf surface. The results show
that among obligate fungi, the black mildews which
constitute 85 species (19.81% of total) were found
extensively distributed in the different forest
ecosystems. Further, 98 fungal species inhabit the leaf
substratum in form of facultative parasite/
saprophytes/hyperparasite for their growth and
survival.
DISCUSSION
Floristic details and biological associations when
investigated systematically, as done in this study, lead
to a treasure of information getting unfolded before
us. It is something like nature revealing secrets before
us. It was examined that very low number of
foliicolus species have been reported earlier and not
the true number of foliicolous fungal species
occurring in Maharashtra, which reflects the small
study efforts made to map them. Although it was
assumed that the pleomorphic nature of fungi has
been found adding to the complexity of classification,
leaf diseases such as blights, wilt, rust, smuts,
cankers, leaf spots, etc on a number of economically
106
and medicinally important plants often result in a
huge economic loss. It was also observed that these
fungal diseases interfere in plant's natural metabolism
such as photosynthesis, respiration, uptake of water
Mycologia Iranica - Vol. 4, 2017
and minerals. Due to fungal diseases, many of these
unique gene sources of plants and the potential of
producing new drugs of great benefit to mankind may
be lost forever.
Fig. 1. Symptoms/diseases of foliicolous fungi. a. Leaf Spots; b. Leaf blights; c. Leaf discoloration; d. Black mildews; e.
Sooty molds; f. Gall formation; g. Gall formation by Exobasidiales; h. Gall formation by Graphiolales
DUBEY AND PANDEY: Percentage distribution of foliicolous fungi of Maharashtra, India
107
Fig. 2. Symptoms/diseases caused by foliicolous fung. i. Hypertrophy; j. Powdery mildews; k. Downy mildews; l. Rust
disease; m. Smut on grasses; n. Flyspeck fungi on leaf surface; o. Tar spots; p. Sooty spots formed by insects and fungal
association
108
Mycologia Iranica - Vol. 4, 2017
Fig. 3. Percentage and number of fungal isolates inciting various disease symptoms
Powdery Mildew
Sooty mold
Anthracnose
Smut
Rust
Leaf blights/rot/ canker
Tar spot
Wilt
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Acremoniula uniseptata Hüseyın, Selçuk & Akgül
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Acroconidiellina arecae (Berk. & Broome) M.B. Ellis
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
Aithaloderma viride L.R. Fraser
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.
Alternaria brassicicola (Schwein.) Wiltshire
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Alternaria chlamydospora Mouch.
-
-
-
-
-
-
Alternaria dianthicola Neerg.
Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze) Wiltshire (Index
Fungorum)
Amazonia elaeocarpi Hosag., D.K. Agarwal, H. Biju &
Archana
Amazonia syzygii Hosag.
Amerosporium polynematoides Speg.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
+
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Ampelomyces quisqualis Ces.
+
-
-
Ampullifera foliicola Deighton
-
-
Aphanofalx sp.
Ardhachandra cristaspora (Matsush.) Subram. & Sudha
Aschersonia aleyrodis Webber
Asperisporium pongamiae (Syd. & P. Syd.) Deighton
-
-
Asteridiella depokensis (Hansf.) Hansf.
+
Asteridiella malloticola (W. Yaman.) Hansf.
Asterina capparis Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler
Acrodictys balladynae (Hansf.) M.B. Ellis
Acrophialophora sp.
Asterina delicatula Syd., P. Syd. & Bal
Asterina henianii R.C. Verma, M.S. Tripathi & R.K.
Chaudhary
Asterina hydrocotyles Hosag. & C.K. Biju
Asterina jambolanae A.K. Kar & Maity
+
Parasitic/ Saprophytic/
Hyerparasiticsp (other leaf
inhabiting fungi)
Cercosporoid Fungi causing leaf spot
Acremoniula sarcinellae (Pat. & Har.) G. Arnaud ex
Deighton
Fungi
Leaf spot (besides cercosporoid
fungi)
Black Mildew
Table 1. List of foliicolous fungi causing various plant disease symptoms
-
-
+
-
+
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
DUBEY AND PANDEY: Percentage distribution of foliicolous fungi of Maharashtra, India
109
Table 1. Continued
Asterina jasmini Hansf.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Asterina jasminicola W. Yamam
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Asterina morellae Hosag., C.K. Biju & T.K. Abraham
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Asterina woodfordiae V.P. Sahni
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Asterina wrightiae Syd.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Asterina wrightii Berk. & M.A. Curtis
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Asterostomella state of Asterina jasmini Hansf
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Asterostomella state of Asterina jasminicola W. Yamam.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Asterostomula pavettae Hosag. & Sabeena
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Bahusandhika indica (Subram.) Subram.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Balladyna pavettae Boedijn
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Balladyna ugandensis Syd.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Balladyna vanderystii (Hansf.) Arx
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Balladyna velutina (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Höhn
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Beltrania mangiferae Munjal & J.N. Kapoor
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
Beltrania querna Harkn
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Beltrania rhombica Penz.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
Beltraniella spiralis Piroz. & S.D. Patil
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
Botryosporium longibrachiatum (Oudem.) Maire
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Botryosporium madrasense Raghuk.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Calonectria morganii Crous, Alfenas & M.J. Wingf.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
+
-
Camarosporium rubicola (Sacc.) Sacc.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
Camposporium sp.
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Capnodium coartatum Chomnunti & K.D. Hyde
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Capnodium sp. 1
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Capnodium sp. 2
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Capnodium sp. 3
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Capnodium sp. 4
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Catenularia cubensis Hol.-Jech.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Cercospora apii Fresen
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cercospora blumeicola S. Das
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cercospora careyae T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr.
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cercospora ricinella Sacc. & Berl.
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cercosporella thunbergiae Boedijn
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chaetomella acutiseta B. Sutton & A.K. Sarbhoy
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chaetospermum camelliae Agnihothr.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Chalara siamense Pinnoi
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
Chalara sp.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Chloridium indicum Subram.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
Ciliochorella mangiferae Syd.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Circinotrichum olivaceum (Speg.) Piroz
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Cirsosia vateriae Hosag.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cladosporium aecidiicola Thum.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Cladosporium colocasiae Sawada
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
+
-
110
Mycologia Iranica - Vol. 4, 2017
Table 1. Continued
Cladosporium gallicola B. Sutton
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Cladosporium oxysporum Berk. & M.A. Curtis
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
Cladosporium spongiosum Berk. & M.A. Curtis
Colletotrichum capsici (Syd. & P. Syd.) E.J. Butler &
Bisby
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Colletotrichum dematium (Pers.) Grove
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Briosi
& Cavara
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
Conidiocarpus betle (Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler) T. Bose
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Conidiocarpus koyanensis sp.nov.
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Coniella granati (Sacc.) Petr. & Syd.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
Coniothyrium eucalypticola B. Sutton.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
Coniothyrium palmarum Corda
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
Coremiella cubispora (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) M.B. Ellis
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) C.T. Wei
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
+
+
-
-
+
Corynespora torulosa (Syd.) Crous
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Craspedodidymum sp.
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cryptomyces sp.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Cryptophiale sp.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Cucurbidothis pityophila (J.C. Schmidt & Kunze) Petr.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Custingophora olivacea Stolk, Hennebert & Klopotek
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
Custingophora ratnagiriensis R. Dubey & Moonamb.
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Deightoniella jabalpurensis G.P. Agarwal & Hasija
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dendryphiella vinosa (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Reisinger
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Dendryphion comosum Wallr.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Dendryphion state of Pleospora papaveracea (De Not.)
Sacc.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Dictyoarthrinium sacchari (J.A. Stev.) Damon
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Dictyosporium elegans Corda
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Dictyosporium heptasporum (Garov.) Damon
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Dictyosporium subramanianii B. Sutton
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Didymella fabae G.J. Jellis & Punith.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
Diplococcium spicatum Grove
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
Diplodia sp.
Domingoella asterinarum Petr. & Cif.
Drechslera rostrata (Drechsler) M.J. Richardson & E.M.
Fraser
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
Drechslera papendorfii (Aa) M.B. Ellis
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
Echidnodella polyalthiae Hosag.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Epicoccum nigrum Link.
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Erysiphe prasadii (M.K. Bhatn. & K.L. Kothari) U.
Braun & S. Takam.
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Erysiphe tectonae (E.S. Salmon) U. Braun & S. Takam
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Excipularia narsapurensis Subram.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
Fusariella indica R.Y. Roy & B. Rai
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
DUBEY AND PANDEY: Percentage distribution of foliicolous fungi of Maharashtra, India
111
Table 1. Continued
Fusicoccum sp.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
Gibberella baccata (Wallr.) Sacc.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
Gibberella pulicaris (Kunze) Sacc.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
Gliocladium penicillioides Corda
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
+
Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
Gonatophragmium mayteni S.K. Singh, L.S. Yadav &
P.N. Singh
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Gonatophragmium mori (Sawada) Deighton
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Goosiomyces bambusicola Rashmi Dubey
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Graphiola phoenicis (Moug. ex Fr.) Poit.
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
Graphium sp.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Gyrothrix circinata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) S. Hughes
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
Hansfordiellopsis lichenicola (Bat. & H. Maia) Deighton
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Haplotrichum curtisii (Berk.) Hol.-Jech.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Harpographium fasiculatum (Sacc.) Sacc.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Harpographium sp.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Helicoceras celtidis (Biv.) Linder
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Helicomina costi M.A. Salam & P.N. Rao
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Helicomyces hyderabadensis P.Rag. Rao & D. Rao
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Helicosporium lumbricoides Sacc.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Hemibeltrania nectandrae (Bat. & H. Maia) Piroz.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Hermatomyces tucumanensis Speg.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Heteropatella lacera Fuckel
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Humicola fuscoatra Traaen
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Idriella lunata P.E. Nelson & S. Wilh
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Isthmospora spinosa F. Stevens
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Isthomospora state of Trichothyrium asterophorum
(Berk. & Broome) Höhn.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Khuskia oryzae H.J. Huds.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Kirschsteiniothelia atra (Corda) D. Hawksw.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Leptoxyphium glochidion H. Yang & K.D. Hyde
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Lichenoconium boreale (P. Karst.) Petr. & Syd.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Melanocarpus sp.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Meliola agrostistachydis Hosag. & G. Rajkumar
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola allophyli-serrulati Hosag. & T.K. Abraham
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola alstoniae Koord
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola bauhiniicola W. Yamam.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola buteae Hafiz Khan, Azmatullah & Kafi
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola careyae (F. Stevens) Hosag.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola carissae var. spinari Hosag.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola desmodii-triquetri Hosag. & Manojk.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola diospyri Syd. & P. Syd.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola eugeniae-jamboloidis var. amphigena, A.K. Kar
& Maity
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola eugeniae-stocksii Hosag.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
112
Mycologia Iranica - Vol. 4, 2017
Table 1. Continued
Meliola flemingiicola Hosag.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola garhwalensis S.L. Srivast. & Topal
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola hemidesmicola Hosag.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola holarrhenae Hansf. & Thirum.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola holigarnae F. Stevens
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola hyptidis Syd. & P. Syd.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola ixorae H.S. Yates
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola ixorae var. macrospora Hosag.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola ixorae-coccineae Hosag. & C.M. Pillai
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola jasminicola Henn.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola mangiferae Earle
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola melanoxylonis Hosag. & C.M. Pillai
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola memecyli Syd. & P. Syd.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola memecylicola Hansf.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola mitragynae Syd. & P. Syd.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola nothopegiae Hansf.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola pandanacearum Hosag. & T.K. Abraham
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola pongamiae Hosag. & T.K. Abraham
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola semecarpi-anacardii Hosag., Kaver., Raghu &
Goos
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola sp.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola tylophorae Hosag.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola tylophorae-indicae Hosag. & Manojk.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola unonicola Hosag. & T.K. Abraham
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliola ziziphi Hansf. & Thirum,
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Meliolina mollis (Berk. & Broome) Höhn
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Metulocladosporiella musae (E.W. Mason) Crous,
Schroers, J.Z. Groenew., U. Braun & K. Schub.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
Microsphaeropsis sarcinellae (V.P. Sahni) Morgan-Jones
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Mitteriella ziziphina Syd.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Monilochaetes laeensis (Matsush.) Réblová, W. Gams &
Seifert
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Monodictys paradoxa (Corda) S. Hughes
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
Monodictys putredinis (Wallr.) S. Hughes
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Monostichella indica B. Sutton
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Monostichella salicis (Westend.) Arx
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Moorella speciosa P.Rag. Rao & D. Rao
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Mycovellosiella solani-torvi (Gonz. Frag. & Cif.)
Deighton
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Myrothecium roridum Tode
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
Neopestalotiopsis asiatica (Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde)
Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
Nigrospora sacchari (Speg.) E.W. Mason
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E.W. Mason
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
Oidiopsis haplophylli (Magnus) Rulamort
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Oidium azadirachtae Narayanas. & K. Ramakr.
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Oidium caricae F. Noack
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
DUBEY AND PANDEY: Percentage distribution of foliicolous fungi of Maharashtra, India
113
Table 1. Continued
Olivea tectonae (Racib.) Thirum.
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
Passalora desmanthi (Ellis & Kellerm.) U. Braun
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Passalora leeae (Chidd.) U. Braun & Crous
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Penicillium atramentosum Thom
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
Penicillium notatum Westling
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
Periconia byssoides Pers
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
Periconia cambrensis E.W. Mason & M.B. Ellis
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
Periconia chandolensis Dubey sp.nov.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
+
Periconia cookei E.W. Mason & M.B. Ellis
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
Periconia lateralis Ellis & Everh.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
+
Periconia minutissima Corda
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Periconiella telopeae (Hansf.) M.B. Ellis
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Pestalotiopsis funerea (Desm.) Steyaert
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Pestalotiopsis guepinii (Desm.) Steyaert
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Pestalotiopsis inflexa Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
Pestalotiopsis linearis Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
Pestalotiopsis palustris Nag Raj
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
Phaeoisaria clematidis (Fuckel) S. Hughes
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Phaeotrichoconis sp.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Phialophora cyclaminis J.F.H. Beyma
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Philonectria sp.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
Phoma herbarum Cooke
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
Phoma multirostrata (P.N. Mathur, S.K. Menon &
Thirum.) Dorenb. & Boerema
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Phoma nebulosa (Pers.) Mont.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
Phoma tropica R. Schneid. & Boerema
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
Phragmospathula brachyspathula Mercado
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
+
Phyllachora sp.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
Phyllactinia bauhiniae Y.S. Paul
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Phyllactinia guttata (Wallr.) Lév.
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Phyllactinia sp.
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Physopella hiratsukae (Syd.) Cummins & Ramachar
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
Pileolaria sp.
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
Pirozynskiella solaninum (Sacc. & P. Syd.) S. Hughes
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Pithomyces bulbilus Satya
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) M.B. Ellis
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
Pithomyces ellisii V.G. Rao & Chary
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Pithomyces pavgii (V.R. Nath) M.E. Palm, E.L. Stewart
& Rossman
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
Pleurocytospora vestita Petr.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
Polytretophora calcarata Mercado
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Parapericoniella asterinae (Deighton) U. Braun,
Heuchert & K. Schub.
Paraphoma fimeti (Brunaud) Gruyter, Aveskamp &
Verkley
Peridiopsora mori (Barclay) K.V. Prasad, B.R.D. Yadav
& Sullia
Pestalotiopsis anacardii Kamil, T.P. Devi, N. Mathur,
O.P. Singh, P. Pandey, Prabhak. & V. Patil
114
Mycologia Iranica - Vol. 4, 2017
Table 1. Continued
Porrectotheca indicum sp.nov.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Prathigada sp.
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Prathigada terminaliae (Syd.) B. Sutton
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Prillieuxina polyalthiae Hosag. & T.K. Abraham
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Pseudocercospora griseola (Sacc.) Crous & U. Braun
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Pseudocercospora sp.
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Pseudocercospora vitis (Lév.) Speg.
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Pseudocochliobolus pallescens Tsuda & Ueyama
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
Pseudoseptoria stomaticola (Bäumler) B. Sutton
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
-
Puccinella graminicola (Burrill) Syd.
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
Puccinia aristidae Tracy
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
Puccinia imposita Arth.
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
Puccinia kraussiana Cooke
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
Puccinia longinqua Cummins
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
Puccinia oxalidis Dietel & Ellis
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
Puccinia phragmitis (Schumach.) Tul.
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
Pyriculariopsis sp.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
Questieriella strychni Hosag.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Ramularia pusilla Unger
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Ramularia vitis (Richon) U. Braun
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Ravenelia hobsoni Cooke.
Repetophragma ellisii (Piroz.) R.F. Castañeda, McKenzie
& K.D. Hyde
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Rhinocladium sp.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
Sarcinella cassiae-fistulae Hosag. & Shajivaz
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Sarcinella cryptolepidis A. Pande
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Sarocladium strictum (W. Gams) Summerb.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Schiffnerula celastri Hosag., Riju & Sabeena
+
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Pseudocercospora conyzae Sawada ex Goh & W.H.
Hsieh
Pseudocercospora eupatorii-formosanae (Sawada) J.M.
Yen
Sarcinella cryptostegiae N. Srivastava, S. Chandra & C.
Gupta
Sarcinella diospyri R.C. Rajak & Soni
Sarcinella gmelinae Hosag., Archana, Harish, Riju &
D.K. Agarwal
Sarcinella gymnosporiae Subhedar & Rao ex Hosag.
Sarcinella loranthacearum Hosag., Jac. Thomas & D.K.
Agarwal
Sarcinella sp.
Scolecostigmina fici-elasticae (J.N. Kapoor) U. Braun
syn. Stigmina fici-elasticae J.N. Kapoor
Scolecoxyphium sp.
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Septoria sp.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Sheathnema indicum Rashmi Dubey & Moonamb.
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Solicorynespora matheranensis R. Dubey & Moonamb.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
Sordaria fimicola (Roberge ex Desm.) Ces. & De Not.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Sphacelia sp.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Spiropes capensis (Thüm.) M.B. Ellis
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Spiropes effusus (Pat.) M.B. Ellis
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
DUBEY AND PANDEY: Percentage distribution of foliicolous fungi of Maharashtra, India
115
Table 1. Continued
Spiropes guareicola (F. Stevens) Cif.
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Spiropes japonicus (Henn.) M.B. Ellis
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Spiropes melanoplaca (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) M.B. Ellis
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Spiropes nothofagi M.B. Ellis
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Stachybotrys echinatus (Rivolta) G. Sm.
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Stachybotrys levispora (Subram.) Yong Wang bis, K.D.
Hyde, McKenzie, Y.L. Jiang & D.W. Li
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Stachybotrys sp.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Stauronema sacchari Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Stauronema spinificis Subhedar & V.G. Rao
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Stemphylium solani G.F. Weber
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Stenella araguata Syd.
Stachybotrys levisporus (Subram.) Yong Wang bis, K.D.
Hyde, McKenzie, Y.L. Jiang & D.W. Li
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Stigmina koyanensis Rashmi Dubey & S. Sengupta
Temerariomyces sp.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Tetraploa aristata Berk. & Broome
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Tetraploa ellisii Cooke
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Tharoopama livistonae Rashmi Dubey & Moonamb.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Thirumalacharia thanensis sp.nov.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
Torula herbarum f. quaternella Sacc.
Tretospora thitei Hosag., T.K. Abraham, N. Ahmad &
A.K. Sarbhoy
Trichoconiella padwickii (Ganguly) B.L. Jain
Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
+
+
Tripospermum acrobaticum F.B. Rocha & R.W. Barreto
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Tripospermum melghatense Rashmi Dubey
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Triposporium myrti Lind
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Tryblidiopycnis pinastri Höhn
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Ulocladium botrytis Preuss,
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Uncinula sp.
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Uredo sp.
Uromyces nassellae Cummins
Vamsapriya indica Gawas & Bhat
Vermiculariopsiella papayae Rashmi Dubey
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
+
-
Veronaeopsis simplex (Papendorf) Arzanlou & Crous
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) Viégas
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
Virgariella globigera (Sacc. & Ellis) S. Hughes
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
+
-
+
Vizella oleariae H.J. Swart
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
Volutella sp.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
Volutina concentrica Penz. & Sacc.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Wiesneriomyces laurinus (Tassi) P.M. Kirk
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Xepiculopsis graminea (Lib.) Nag Raj
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
Zasmidium rubiacearum (S. Chaudhary, N. Sharma &
Kamal) Kamal
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Zygosporium cocos Rashmi Dubey
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Zygosporium dilleni Rashmi Dubey
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
+
Zygosporium gibbum (Sacc., M. Rousseau & E. Bommer)
S. Hughes
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
+
+
116
Mycologia Iranica - Vol. 4, 2017
Table 1. Continued
Zygosporium majus Piroz.
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Zygosporium masonii S. Hughes
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Zygosporium minus S. Hughes
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Zygosporium oscheoides Mont.
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
85
25
9
47
7
1
15
83
49
2
8
98
Total
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors are thankful to the Director, Botanical
survey of India, for providing all facilities. They are
also grateful to the Head of the office, Botanical
Survey of India, Western Regional Centre, Pune, for
his kind support and encouragement. Ministry of
Environment and Forest, New Delhi, is thankfully
acknowledged for financial assistance.
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تحقیقات گیاه شناسی هندوستان ،مرکز منطقه ای غربی ،پونا ،هندوستان
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بازدید قرار گرفت .در مجموع 429 ،جدایه متعلق به 336گونه و درون گونه قارچی در طول این تحقیق به دست آمد که بر پایه
نشانه های برگی که ایجاد می کردند ،دسته بندی شدند .از همه آرایه های قارچی به دست آمده %19/81 ،از آرایه ها سبب دوده
ای شدن ) %5/83 ،(black mildewاز آرایه های که متعلق به قارچهای سرکوسپوروئید بودند ،سبب لکه برگی %2/10 ،از آرایه ها
سبب سفیدک پودری %10/96 ،از آرایه ها سبب کپک دوده ای %1/63 ،سبب آنتراکنوز %0/23 ،سبب سیاهک برگی %3/50 ،سبب
زنگ %19/35 ،سبب لکه برگی %11/42 ،سبب سوختگی/شانکر %0/47 ،سبب لکه قیری %1/86 ،سبب پژمردگی می شوند و معلوم
شد که %22/84باقیمانده به صورت پارازیت/ساپروفیت/هیپرپارازیت همراه برگ ها هستند .از اینرو ،مطالعه باال که برای تعیین
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تاریخ دریافت 1396/04/11 :تاریخ پذیرش1396/10/20 :