A Primer of Botanical Latin with Vocabulary Latin is one of two acceptable languages for describing new plants, and taxonomists must be able to translate earlier texts in Latin. Providing a simple explanation of Latin grammar along with an in-depth vocabulary, this is an indispensable guide for systematic botanists worldwide. All relevant parts of speech are discussed, with accompanying examples, as well as worked exercises for translating diagnoses and descriptions to and from Latin. Guidelines for forming specific epithets are also included. The authors cross-reference their grammar to Stearn’s Botanical Latin and to articles in the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants. The comprehensive vocabulary is enhanced with terms from recent glossaries for non-flowering plants – lichens, mosses, algae, fungi and ferns – making this an ideal resource for anyone looking to hone their understanding of Latin grammar and to translate botanical texts from the past 300 years. Emma Short worked for 5 years at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK, on the Index Kewensis database, before co-editing the Authors of Plant Names database with R. K. Brummitt. She has regularly checked Latin for Australian Systematic Botany, and has recently taught courses in Botanical Latin. Alex George is an Adjunct Associate Professor at the School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Perth. He was a botanist with the Western Australian Herbarium for 21 years, then Editor of the Flora of Australia for 12 years. He studied Latin to Tertiary level and has used it in describing some 400 new taxa, translating for others and editing. A Primer of Botanical Latin with Vocabulary Emma Short Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia Alex George (AM) Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107693753 © Cambridge University Press 2013 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2013 Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by the MPG Books Group A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data ISBN 978-1-107-69375-3 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. To my parents Tudor and Enid Powell, who encouraged the Latin, and Edward Mason who taught the botany: multae gratiae. (ES) To ‘Foureyes’, my Latin teacher at school (also known as Edward J. Price): gratias reddo; semper meminero. May the Roman gods be smiling upon you. (AG) Contents Preface page ix Acknowledgments x Introduction xi Part I Grammar 1 The noun 3 2 The adjective and the participle 21 3 The adverb 34 4 The preposition 36 5 The conjunction 38 6 The pronoun 40 7 The verb 47 8 Numerals, measurements 50 9 Prefixes and suffixes 57 10 Miscellany 59 Part II Exercises in translation 11 Exercises 67 12 Answers to the exercises 78 Part III Translating 13 Translating into Latin 14 Translating from Latin into English 91 103 Part IV Vocabulary References and further reading 335 Index 338 Preface This primer is based on short courses in botanical Latin run in Australia at the Northern Territory Herbarium, Darwin, and the Western Australian Herbarium, Perth. We presented these independently and, on discovering that we had similar approaches, decided to combine them as a book. Between 1 January 1935 and 31 December 2011 it was mandatory that new plant names be accompanied by a diagnosis or description in Latin. For nonfossil algae the period was 1 January 1958 to 31 December 2011, while for fossil plants published on or after 1 January 1996 either Latin or English could be used. From 1 January 2012, descriptions of all of these will be permissible in either Latin or English. Besides this, there will always remain a need for translating from Latin in order to understand the many botanical texts in this language. William Stearn’s wonderful Botanical Latin appeared in 1966 and has gone through many new impressions and editions, as well as a Chinese translation. It provides almost all one could require for translating to and from Latin, but a primer (in the sense of works such as Kennedy’s Shorter Latin Primer, providing the basic needs) may be useful for those who need to translate the more straightforward diagnoses and short descriptions now widely used when describing new taxa. Besides its concise approach, our work also differs from Stearn’s in including many more terms (especially from cryptogamic groups) in the vocabulary, while excluding many terms not used in descriptions. Acknowledgements Our gratitude goes to those who read and commented upon our manuscript, especially to Vivienne Kent, who worked her way through the book and taught herself botanical Latin in the process, to Katherine Challis, who checked for inconsistencies, Matthew Barrett who suggested some fruitful glossaries of fungi, and William Powell, who gave advice. A number of colleagues assisted with advice on terms to be included. To those who attended our courses, which provided the inspiration for Alex George’s course notes, and Emma Short’s Aide-mémoire, and who attended our classes faithfully in spite of the seemingly indigestible nature of Latin grammar, many thanks. We are grateful to the Northern Territory Herbarium for providing desk space for our working bees (Apis mellifera). Introduction Classical Latin – that used by the Romans – is fairly different in many respects from modern Latin, and from scientific Latin, in particular. In scientific Latin the basic grammar and syntax remain but much of the vocabulary is different – understandably, as many terms were unknown to the Romans. In particular, in botanical Latin we tend to omit most verbs, making a kind of telegraphic style, so avoiding one of the more difficult parts of the language. This primer aims to teach you the very basics of botanical Latin, so that when the time comes for you to compose your own first description or diagnosis, starting off will not be the drama you feared, as at least you will understand the basic workings of the language and the methods used in translation. Likewise, with this primer as a guide, you should be able to translate most botanical texts written in Latin. Bear in mind that early botanical Latin – say, until 1850 or later – is more akin to classical Latin, and so texts from that time will require wider knowledge of grammar, or assistance from a Latin scholar. In many examples in this book, we give the literal translation into English as well as the colloquial so that the differences between the two languages can be demonstrated. This means that the English may sometimes appear slightly unusual or stilted, as the word order will be a bit eccentric. Whereas classical Latin is a dead language, botanical Latin is very much alive and kicking and has evolved to include a goodly smattering of Greek words – which are then ‘forced’ into behaving as Latin words instead of being declined in a Greek way, which can cause wincing, groans and horror in the Classical establishment. The classical Latin alphabet comprised 23 letters, that is, the modern Latin alphabet minus ‘j’, ‘u’ and ‘w’. The letter ‘k’ was rarely used and ‘y’ appeared in few words, mainly of Greek origin. The letter ‘u’, which was pronounced as a vowel, was represented by ‘v’ and came into use when lower-case letters were developed much later. (Did you know that lower case letters didn’t exist when letters were first invented?) In botanical Latin we use the whole English alphabet. The letter ‘j’ represents the consonantal or classical ‘i’ and is pronounced like the ‘y’ in ‘yes’. Latin is a highly inflected language which means that not only do words change according to whether they are singular or plural, e.g. ‘flower’ and xii Introduction ‘flowers’ in English, but also the relationship of the word to the rest of the sentence, whether it is the subject or object, whether it is governed by a preposition, and so on, can be deduced from the ending of the word. In other words, the subject and object of a verb are not denoted by their positions relative to the verb within the sentence (in English, sentence construction is based upon subject, verb and object in that order), but the sense is incorporated into the nouns themselves, e.g. The boy picked the fruit Puer fructum carpit or fructum carpit puer or fructum puer carpit In each of the three Latin examples above, exactly the same words with therefore exactly the same meanings are used, although they are written in three different orders. Grammatically, the sentences are still the same, although the emphasis has been changed. If this is tried in English, however, the sentence is rapidly reduced to nonsense (unless the author is writing Romantic poetry: Alexander Pope ‘Pleasures the sex, as children birds, pursue, Still out of reach, yet never out of view …’) (Epistle II. To a Lady. Of the Characters of Women 1743). A few curiosities about Latin: • there is no article (the, a, an), and • there are no words for ‘yes’ and ‘no’ – instead you make a statement in the positive or negative. Why do botanists need Latin? A good explanation was given by Lack (2011), although it was published just before the XVI International Botanical Congress in Melbourne and thus with the future of botanical Latin uncertain. We set out the main reasons thus: 1. It is one of two languages allowed for describing new taxa under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (Melbourne Code, in preparation). See below for requirements from 1935 to 2011. 2. We need it in order to understand the many texts written in Latin, especially those without a translation into any other language. 3. Latin can help us to know plants if an epithet is descriptive and hence to apply that name; e.g. if our plant has white flowers then we can be reasonably sure that it is not a species with the epithet coccineus (scarlet). 4. It’s a great language and can help in understanding both English grammar and the origin of many words, not only English but also of other Romance languages. Why do botanists need Latin? 5. It now belongs to no country, so is impartial, and it enables a reader anywhere to understand a description or diagnosis, even if the accompanying text is in a language that they cannot read. Although it is no longer mandatory to provide a Latin description or diagnosis, it is important to understand the requirements that were in force previously. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code, McNeill et al., 2006) refers to Latin in four Articles – 23, 32, 36 and 60. Of these the most important is Article 36. Article 36.1 On or after 1 January 1935 a name of a new taxon (algal and all fossil taxa excepted) must, in order to be validly published, be accompanied by a Latin description or diagnosis or by a reference to a previously and effectively published Latin description or diagnosis. Article 36.2 In order to be validly published, a name of a new taxon of non-fossil algae published on or after 1 January 1958 must be accompanied by a Latin description or diagnosis or by a reference to a previously and effectively published Latin description or diagnosis. Article 36.3 In order to be validly published, a name of a new taxon of fossil plants published on or after 1 January 1996 must be accompanied by a Latin or English description or diagnosis or by a reference to a previously and effectively published Latin or English description or diagnosis. Recommendation 36A.1 Authors publishing names of new taxa of non-fossil plants should give or cite a full description in Latin in addition to the diagnosis. These rules ceased to be effective on 1 January 2012 but still apply to names published between the dates cited and 31 December 2011. At the Nomenclature Sessions of the XVIII International Botanical Congress held in Melbourne, Australia, in July 2011 a decision was taken to allow new taxa to be accompanied by a description in either Latin or English from 1 January 2012. The relevant Articles in the Melbourne Code will be 39, 43 and 44. Note that nowhere does the Code stipulate that a description or diagnosis must be correct Latin. Examples abound of errors, some so serious that the diagnosis or description is nonsensical. Article 23 of the Code explains how the names of species should be formed. Article 60 explains the orthography and gender of names. They can be formed using only letters of the modern Latin alphabet (which is the same as the English alphabet). xiii xiv Introduction It is worth reading the introductory parts of William Stearn’s Botanical Latin. You will find his text both instructive and entertaining. It’s even better, of course, to read the whole book, though it is not the kind of work that you read from cover to cover – rather, you refer to it for advice or information. In this Primer, references to Stearn’s Botanical Latin are to the 4th edition (1992 and later reprintings). Incidentally, the names of languages are usually written with an initial capital, hence it should always be Latin. A word of advice right now. If in doubt, look it up. don’t guess! Consulting a Latin dictionary or vocabulary When searching for a word in a Latin dictionary, remember that you have to look under the nominative singular for a noun, the masculine nominative singular for an adjective (and often for the comparative forms), and the first person indicative active of a verb. You will also see horizontal lines over many vowels; these are macrons and are placed there by modern editors to indicate pronunciation, an integral part of classical Latin. Botanists, however, leave them out, and a good diagnosis doesn’t depend upon rhythm and scansion! Overview We start with the parts of speech. Those that we normally require for botanical Latin are: • • • • • • • noun adjective adverb pronoun preposition conjunction verb. We have to know about declensions, i.e. declining nouns, adjectives and pronouns. There are five declensions. We have to know about comparison, i.e. comparing adjectives and adverbs. There are three degrees though, in practice, we think only of two – comparative and superlative. We have to know about gender, i.e. whether nouns are masculine, feminine or neuter. We have to know about number, i.e. singular and plural. Overview We have to know about conjugating verbs, i.e. distinguishing person, number, tense and voice. There are four conjugations. Like most languages, Latin has some irregularities with words that are treated differently from the rest. These topics are expanded in the following pages. Bear in mind that you do not have to learn everything by rote (as we were expected to do at school). The part of speech is always indicated in the dictionary or vocabulary, likewise the declension or conjugation, gender, etc. And books such as Stearn’s explain fully declensions, comparison of adjectives and conjugations. But clearly, the more you learn the better, as it will speed up your work. xv Part I Grammar 1 The noun (Stearn pp. 57–88) A noun is the name of a thing, person, place or quality, e.g. plant, Bentham, Australia, air, knowledge, beauty. A generic name is also a noun. A Latin noun has number (singular or plural) and gender (masculine, feminine or neuter). It is declined by changing the ending of the word in order to give different meanings and to show its relationship to other words in a sentence. These endings are called cases. There are five groups, or declensions, of nouns, called simply the First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Declensions. Nouns of each declension form their word endings (cases) in the same way when they are declined. The various endings are attached to the stem of the word, which is the ‘core’ or basic part of a word that remains the same when letters are added to give different cases. The stem of a noun is derived differently according to its declension. To decline a noun fully is to list its forms in all the cases, both singular and plural. Within a declension there are, for practical purposes, six cases, but for botanical Latin you need to know just five. Then, there are two numbers – singular when there is just one, and plural when there are two or more. The case endings are changed to indicate the plural form. Unfortunately, some case endings are used more than once with different meanings. The cases are (Stearn pp. 62–66) Nominative – used when the noun is the subject of a sentence (We use ‘sentence’ in the sense of a group of words terminated with a full stop; normally it includes a verb but botanical Latin commonly omits the verb in its telegraphic style.) Accusative – used when the noun is the object, either of a sentence or after a noun within a compound sentence. It is commonly used with a preposition. Genitive – indicates possession, the ‘of ’ case, e.g. the surface of a leaf, also given in English as the leaf ’s surface (the possessive ‘s’, not to be confused with’s showing one or more missing letters, as in ‘she’s right’. Dative – indicates ‘to’ or ‘for’ something, e.g. ‘A’ is related to [or similar to] ‘B’ (but not when some motion or action is involved, e.g. ‘joined to the stem’, when you use the accusative). It also indicates possession, e.g. mihi (literally ‘to me’, i.e. ‘mine’) and nobis (‘to us’, i.e. ‘ours’). 4 The noun Ablative – indicates ‘by’, ‘with’, ‘from’ or ‘in’ something, e.g. anther with apiculum, fruit with horns, written by Linnaeus. We now come to the declensions themselves. Where possible we use botanical terms as the examples and, for many of them, since you may have access to Stearn, different examples from his. The genders are denoted by m. (masculine), n. (neuter) and f. (feminine). First declension (Stearn pp. 66–68) When you look up the Latin for a noun, always check not only the declension number, but also the gender, especially if you are going to add further description of the noun, e.g. white petals. Usually the gender is indicated by the ending of the nominative case of a noun, but there are exceptions. Thus, nouns of the First Declension are usually feminine, but we also give the masculine agricola below. Example: macula (f.) a spot Case Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative macula maculam maculae maculae macula the/a spot (subject) the/a spot (object) of a spot to/for a spot by/with/from a spot Plural maculae maculas macularum maculis maculis the spots (subject) the spots (object) of the spots to/for the spots by/with/from the spots Example: agricola (m.) field-dweller Case Singular Nominative agricola Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative the/a field-dweller (subject) agricolam the/a field-dweller (object) agricolae of a field-dweller agricolae to/for a field-dweller agricola by/with/from a fielddweller Plural agricolae the field-dwellers (subject) agricolas the field-dwellers (object) agricolarum of the field-dwellers agricolis to/for the field-dwellers agricolis by/with/from the fielddwellers First declension (Stearn pp. 66–68) Note that the main part of the noun – in these examples ‘macul-’ and ‘agricol-’ – remains the same: this is called the stem (not to be confused with the stem of a plant, although it is the part of a noun to which other parts are attached). In nouns of the First Declension, the stem is usually the nominative of the noun less its final letter. Note also that some endings are the same for different cases. This is less of a problem when translating into Latin, since you determine the appropriate ending and use it. When translating from Latin, you can usually determine the case from the position of the word in the sentence and any associated words. Many names of genera ending in -a are declined like macula. You rarely need to decline them unless comparing one genus with another, e.g. Grevillea with Hakea, but you can avoid this by abbreviating them (G., H.), provided that your meaning is unambiguous. Likewise, many geographical names end in -a (e.g. Australia) and are also declined this way, though, again, you rarely need to do so, and almost never in the plural form. Feminine personal names such as Helena and Julia are declined in the First Declension. Words ending in -cola (which means inhabitant) are often used as specific epithets. Examples include saxicola (inhabitant of rocks), nivicola (inhabitant of snow), planticola (inhabitant of plants, for an epiphyte). When used as epithets, they are used as nouns in apposition and are of common gender, i.e. masculine, feminine or neuter, and so, regardless of the gender of a generic name, they are declined like agricola, above. Some nouns of Greek origin, ending in -e, are First Declension and have some different case endings. They are generally used only in the singular. Examples are pseudoraphe and generic names such as Aloe, Anemone, Michrochaete. Example: micropyle (f.) micropyle Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular micropyle micropylen micropyles micropylae micropyle micropyle (subject) micropyle (object) of a micropyle to/for a micropyle by/with/from a micropyle 5 6 The noun Second declension (Stearn pp. 68–71) To the Second Declension belong most nouns ending in -us, and also -um and -er. In those ending in -er the stem is also slightly modified once you leave the nominative singular. Nouns of this declension ending in -us are almost all masculine, exceptions being virus which is neuter, and the names of trees, which are commonly feminine; those ending in -um are neuter; and those ending in -er are either masculine or, occasionally, feminine. Thus, we need several examples to illustrate this declension. First, words ending in -us. Example: ramus (m.) a branch Case Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative ramus ramum rami ramo ramo the/a branch (subject) the/a branch (object) of a branch to/for a branch by/with/from a branch Plural rami ramos ramorum ramis ramis the branches (subject) the branches (object) of the branches to/for the branches by/with/from the branches Here the stem is ram-, i.e. you drop the last two letters, us. Most generic names ending in -us (e.g. Eriochilus, Sonchus) are declined this way, and most are masculine except those containing all or mostly trees, such as Eucalyptus, which are feminine (the Romans believed that every tree was the home of a female nymph or dryad). Most Latinised masculine personal names are also declined like ramus, e.g. Linnaeus. The Greek -anthos is declined in the same way as its more common Latin ending -anthus, i.e. apart from the nominative singular it’s like ramus. Next, words ending in -um. Example: rostrum (n.) a beak Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular rostrum rostrum rostri rostro rostro the/a beak (subject) the/a beak (object) of a beak to/for a beak by/with/from a beak Plural rostra rostra rostrorum rostris rostris the beaks (subject) the beaks (object) of the beaks to/for the beaks by/with/from the beaks Third declension (Stearn pp. 72–87) Like the last, the stem is formed by dropping the last two letters, thus rostr-. Here you have to remember that rostrum is neuter, hence the plural -a ending differs in meaning from the singular -a ending of nouns of the First Declension. Generic names ending in -um are all neuter and are declined this way, e.g. Crinum. So, also, are nouns and generic names taken from Greek and ending in -on (e.g. Abutilon), treating the -on ending as if it were -um. Then, words ending in -er. Here there is a complication because the stem is modified, but in botanical Latin you have to deal with very few, most -er nouns being in the Third Declension. Our example is liber (a book, inner bark), an important word to know in order to avoid confusion with the adjective liber (free), which we will meet later. To form the stem, the -er ending is changed to -r, giving libr-. Here sit a few generic names such as Cotoneaster and personal names such as Solander. Example: liber (m.) a book Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular liber librum libri libro libro the/a book (subject) the/a book (object) of a book to/for a book by/with/from a book Plural libri libros librorum libris libris the books (subject) the books (object) of the books to/for the books by/with/from the books Third declension (Stearn pp. 72–87) In the Third Declension we deal with nouns of all genders, with the nominative case ending in -al, -ar, -as, -ax, -e, -en, -er, -es, -ex, -i, -in, -is, -ix, -ma, -nx, -o, -on, -or, -os, -s (after a consonant), -us, -ut, -ux, -ys and -yx. You rarely have to deal with some of these, so we will not go further here with those ending in -i, -in and -ys. Here we have cases tyically ending in -em (accusative singular), -is (genitive singular), -i (dative singular), -e or -i (ablative singular), -es or -a (nominative and accusative plural), -um (genitive plural), and -ibus (dative and ablative plural). Note that in some, the nominative and accusative singular have the same ending, but in others these cases differ. In all nouns of the Third Declension, the nominative and accusative plural are the same. 7 8 The noun At this point, we have to confess a slight complication. Comparing the endings of the Third Declension above carefully with the tables of nouns over the next few pages, you will notice that some form the ablative singular with -i, and the nominative, accusative and genitive plural also with an extra -i. These are called i-stem nouns. They retain an -i at the end of their stem and are divided into two groups: neuter nouns that end in -al, -ar and -re, and masculine or feminine nouns, which are almost all monosyllabic, ending in -s or -x while having two consonants at the end of the genitive stem (e.g. dens, dentis, masculine, tooth, and nox, noctis, feminine, night). The extra -i- tends to feature in masculine and feminine i- stems in the genitive plural only, whereas in neuter nouns the i appears in the ablative singular, nominative, accusative and genitive plurals. Nouns ending in -al Botanical Latin words with this ending are few, but we include an example in case you have to use one. They are neuter. Example: animal (n.) an animal Case Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative animal animal animalis animali animali the/an animal (subject) the/an animal (object) of a animals animal to/for an animals by/with/from an animals Plural animalia animalia animalium animalibus animalibus the animals (subject) the animals (object) of the animals to/for the animals by/with/from the animals Nouns ending in -ar Example: par (n.) a pair Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular par par paris pari pari the/a pair (subject) the/a pair (object) of a pair to/for a pair by/with/from a pair Plural paria paria parium paribus paribus the pairs (subject) the pairs (object) of the pairs to/for the pairs by/with/from the pairs Further examples are calcar (a spur), nectar (nectar [not nectary, which is nectarium]). These are neuter. Third declension (Stearn pp. 72–87) Nouns ending in -as Case Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative varietas varietatem varietatis varietati varietate the/a variety (subject) the/a variety (object) of a variety to/for a variety by/with/from a variety Plural varietates varietates varietatum varietatibus varietatibus the varieties (subject) the varieties (object) of the varieties to/for the varieties by/with/from the varieties Sometimes a ‘t’ is inserted before the case endings, as in the example below, and at other times a ‘d’, so generic names such as Cycas form the genitive singular Cycadis. Example: varietas (f.) a variety Nouns ending in-ax Case Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Smilax Smilacem Smilacis Smilaci Smilace the/a Smilax (subject) the/a Smilax (object) of a Smilax to/for a Smilax by/with/from a Smilax Plural Smilaces Smilaces Smilacum Smilacibus Smilacibus the Smilaxes (subject) the Smilaxes (object) of the Smilaxes to/for the Smilaxes by/with/from the Smilaxes Botanical Latin words with this ending seem to be all genera, but we include an example in case you have to use one. Some are masculine, some feminine. Nouns ending in -e The stem is formed by removing the final ‘e’. These nouns are neuter. Example: vegetabile (n.) a plant Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular vegetabile vegetabile vegetabilis vegetabili vegetabili the/a plant (subject) the/a plant (object) of a plant to/for a plant by/with/from a plant Like vegetabile is mare (the sea). Plural vegetabilia vegetabilia vegetabilium vegetabilibus vegetabilibus the plants (subject) the plants (object) of the plants to/for the plants by/with/from the plants 9 10 The noun Nouns ending in -en The stem is the nominative form modified to legumin-. These nouns are all neuter. Example: legumen (n.) a pod Case Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative legumen legumen leguminis legumini legumine the/a pod (subject) the/a pod (object) of a pod to/for a pod by/with/from a pod Plural legumina legumina leguminum leguminibus leguminibus the pods (subject) the pods (object) of the pods to/for the pods by/with/from the pods Another example is cacumen (a peak, summit). Nouns ending in -er The stem is the nominative form. These are all neuter. Example: Papaver (n.) a genus of Papaveraceae Case Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Papaver Papaver Papaveris Papaveri Papavere the/a poppy (subject) the/a poppy (object) of a poppy to/for a poppy by/with/from a poppy Plural Papavera Papavera Papaverum Papaveribus Papaveribus the poppies (subject) the poppies (object) of the poppies to/for the poppies by/with/from the poppies Nouns ending in -es The stem is formed by dropping the -es and adding -it- These are either masculine or feminine. Example: caespes (m.) a tuft Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular caespes caespitem caespitis caespiti caespite the/a tuft (subject) the/a tuft (object) of a tuft to/for a tuft by/with/from a tuft Plural caespites caespites caespitum caespitibus caespitibus the tufts (subject) the tufts (object) of the tufts to/for the tufts by/with/from the tufts Third declension (Stearn pp. 72–87) So also stipes (a stipe). Note variation for paries (a wall) in retaining the ‘e’ for the stem, e.g. parietis. Nouns ending in -ex The stem is formed by dropping the -ex and adding -ic-. These are either masculine or feminine. Example: frutex (m.) a shrub Case Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative frutex fruticem fruticis frutici frutice the/a shrub (subject) the/a shrub (object) of a shrub to/for a shrub by/with/from a shrub Plural frutices frutices fruticum fruticibus fruticibus the shrubs (subject) the shrubs (object) of the shrubs to/for the shrubs by/with/from the shrubs Be careful not confuse frutex with the genitive, dative and ablative plural of fructus, a fruit, Fourth Declension). So also cortex. Generic names declined thus include Atriplex, Carex and Vitex. Nouns ending in -is This is the standard declension for a noun ending in -is, i.e. the stem drops the ‘is’ from the nominative. These nouns are masculine or feminine. Example: axis (m.) an axis Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular axis axem axis axi axe the/an axis (subject) the/an axis (object) of an axis to/for an axis by/with an axis Plural axes axes axium axibus axibus the axes (subject) the axes (object) of the axes to/for the axes by/with the axes Some -is nouns have a different stem, inserting ‘d’ after the ‘i’, as in the following example, epidermis. The stem replaces the final ‘s’ of the nominative form with ‘d’. Another example is rhachis, although this can also be declined 11 12 The noun like axis. Of similar formation but with ‘n’ or ‘t’ instead of ‘d’ are some genera, e.g. Stenactis (Genitive Stenactinis), Eleocharis (Genitive Eleocharitis). Example: epidermis (f.) epidermis Case Singular Nominative epidermis Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative the/an epidermis (subject) epidermidem the/an epidermis (object) epidermidis of an epidermis epidermidi to/for an epidermis epidermide by/with/from an epidermis Plural epidermides the epidermises (subject) epidermides the epidermises (object) epidermidum of the epidermises epidermidibus to/for the epidermises epidermidibus by/with/from the epidermises A commonly used word derived from Greek is basis (base), which we decline in all its anomalous glory below. basis (f.) base Case Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative basis basim/basin/basem basis/baseos base basi/base Plural the/a/ base (subject) the/a base (object) of the base to/for the base by/with/from the base bases bases basium basibus basibus the bases (subject) the bases (object) of the bases to/for the bases by/with/from the bases Similarly declined is anthesis. Nouns ending in -ix The stem is formed by replacing the ‘x’ with ‘c’. Other examples are cicatrix (a scar), filix (a fern) and radix (a root). These nouns are all feminine. Example: spadix (f.) a spadix Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular spadix spadicem spadicis spadici spadice the/a spadix (subject) the/a spadix (object) of a spadix to/for a spadix by/with/from a spadix Plural spadices spadices spadicum spadicibus spadicibus the spadices (subject) the spadices (object) of the spadices to/for the spadices by/with/from the spadices Third declension (Stearn pp. 72–87) Another example is nix (f.) snow, the stem of which is formed slightly differently, the ‘x’ being replaced by ‘v’. Case Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative nix nivem nivis nivi nive Plural the snow (subject) the snow (object) of the snow to/for the snow by/with/from the snow nives nives nivum nivibus nivibus the snow (subject) the snow (object) of the snow to/for the snow by/with/from the snow Nouns ending in -ma The stem is formed by adding ‘t’ to the nominative case. Other examples are stigma (a stigma) and rhizoma (a rhizome). They are derived from Greek and all are neuter. Example: trichoma (n.) a trichome, hair Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular trichoma trichoma trichomatis trichomati trichomate the/a hair (subject) the/a hair (object) of a hair to/for a hair by/with a hair Plural trichomata trichomata trichomatum trichomatibus trichomatibus the hairs (subject) the hairs (object) of the hairs to/for the hairs by/with the hairs Noun ending in -nx There’s only one, phalanx (f.) a bundle, with the stem formed by removing ‘x’ from the nominative case and adding ‘g’. Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular phalanx phalangem phalangis phalangi phalange the/a bundle (subject) the/a bundle (object) of a bundle to/for a bundle by/with a bundle Plural phalanges phalanges phalangium phalangibus phalangibus the bundles (subject) the bundles (object) of the bundles to/for the bundles by/with the bundles 13 14 The noun Nouns ending in -o In most, the stem is formed by adding ‘n’ to the nominative form, but in some the ‘o’ is dropped first. In caro (flesh), the stem is just car-, hence the genitive is carnis, ablative carne etc. Some have the genitive singular form -inis (e.g. margo), others -onis (e.g. mucro). Most of these nouns are feminine, but some are masculine. Example: stolo (m.) a stolon Case Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative stolo stolonem stolonis stoloni stolone the/a stolon (subject) the/a stolon (object) of a stolon to/for a stolon by/with a stolon Plural stolones stolones stolonum stolonibus stolonibus the stolons (subject) the stolons (object) of the stolons to/for the stolons by/with the stolons Example: margo (m. or f.) a margin Case Singular Nominative margo Accusative marginem Genitive Dative Ablative marginis margini margine the/a margin (subject) the/a margin (object) of a margin to/for a margin by/with a margin Plural margines margines marginum marginibus marginibus the margins (subject) the margins (object) of the margins to/for the margins by/with the margins Nouns ending in -on There are two forms. In some the stem is the same as the nominative singular. These are either masculine or feminine. In others (generic names) the stem is formed by adding ‘t’ to the nominative singular. Some genera ending in -on are masculine (e.g. Leontopodon), some are feminine (e.g. Cotyledon) and others neuter (e.g. Lycopersicon). If you are unsure, then you should probably refer to the International Plant Names Index, and see what other botanists have done. Third declension (Stearn pp. 72–87) Example: cotyledon (f.) a cotyledon Case Singular Nominative cotyledon Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative the/a cotyledon (subject) cotyledonem the/a cotyledon (object) cotyledonis of a cotyledon cotyledoni to/for a cotyledon cotyledone by/with a cotyledon Plural cotyledones the cotyledons (subject) cotyledones the cotyledons (object) cotyledonum of the cotyledons cotyledonibus to/for the cotyledons cotyledonibus by/with the cotyledons Example: Erigeron (m.) a genus of Asteraceae Case Singular Nominative Erigeron the/an Erigeron (subject) Accusative Erigerontem the/an Erigeron (object) Genitive Erigerontis of an Erigeron Dative Erigeronti to/for an Erigeron Ablative Erigeronte by/with an Erigeron Plural Erigerontes the Erigerons (subject) Erigerontes the Erigerons (object) Erigerontum of the Erigerons Erigerontibus to/for the Erigerons Erigerontibus by/with the Erigerons Nouns ending in -or The stem is the same as the nominative form. Some are masculine, some feminine. Similarly declined are color (a colour), auctor (an author) and the genus Mucor. Example: odor (m.) a scent Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular odor odorem odoris odori odore the/a scent (subject) the/a scent (object) of a scent to/for a scent by/with a scent Plural odores odores odorum odoribus odoribus the scents (subject) the scents (object) of the scents to/for the scents by/with the scents 15 16 The noun Nouns ending in -os To form the stem, the ‘s’ of the nominative is replaced by ‘r’. These are masculine. Example: flos (m.) a flower Case Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative flos florem floris flori flore the/a flower (subject) the/a flower (object) of a flower to/for a flower by/with/from a flower Plural flores flores florum floribus floribus the flowers (subject) the flowers (object) of the flowers to/for the flowers by/with/from the flowers Nouns ending in -s after a consonant (usually ‘b’, ‘m’, ‘n’, ‘p’ or ‘r’) The stem is formed by replacing the ‘s’ of the nominative singular with ‘t’ or ‘d’. Note that, in this group, the genitive plural has an ‘i’. Other examples are frons, Genitive frondis (a frond) [but note also frons, Genitive frontis (the front, forehead)], glans, Genitive glandis (a gland). Some are masculine, some feminine. Example: dens (m.) a tooth Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular dens dentem dentis denti dente the/a tooth (subject) the/a tooth (object) of a tooth to/for a tooth by/with/from a tooth Plural dentes dentes dentium dentibus dentibus the teeth (subject) the teeth (object) of the teeth to/for the teeth by/with/from the teeth Nouns ending in -us Yes, just to confuse you (and us!) there are nouns in the Third Declension ending in -us, the common ending in the Second and Fourth Declensions. Those in the Third Declension are neuter. Generally they are declined like nouns ending in -er. Like genus (given below) are latus (a side), litus (littus), Genitive litoris (a shore, bank). Note that the generic name Pinus may be either Second or Fourth Declension. Third declension (Stearn pp. 72–87) Example: genus (n.) a genus Case Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative genus genus generis generi genere the/a genus (subject) the/a genus (object) of a genus to/for a genus by/with/from a genus Plural genera genera generum generibus generibus the genera (subject) the genera (object) of the genera to/for the genera by/with/from the genera Nouns ending in -ut There are very few of these, but if you are describing a plant with heads then you may use caput (rather than capitulum which is really a diminutive form and Second Declension). The accusative singular repeats the nominative and then the stem replaces -ut with -it. Nominative and accusative plural end in ‘a’. These are neuter. Example: caput (n.) head Case Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative caput caput capitis capiti capite the/a head (subject) the/a head (object) of a head to/for a head by/with/from a head Plural capita capita capitum capitibus capitibus the heads (subject) the heads (object) of the heads to/for the heads by/with/from the heads Nouns ending in -ux For the stem, the ‘x’ is replaced with ‘c’. Example: nux (f.) a nut Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular nux nucem nucis nuci nuce the/a nut (subject) the/a nut (object) of a nut to/for a nut by/with/from a nut Plural nuces nuces nucum nucibus nucibus the nuts (subject) the nuts (object) of the nuts to/for the nuts by/with/from the nuts 17 18 The noun Nouns ending in -ys These are Greek words, in botany found only in compound generic names. Our example is botrys for which we adopt botryd- as the stem. Some names such as Hypopitys simply drop the ‘s’ to form the stem, to which the standard Third Declension endings are added. Example: botrys (m.) a cluster of grapes Case Singular Nominative botrys Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative the/a cluster of grapes (subject) botrydem the/a cluster of grapes (object) botrydis of a cluster of grapes botrydi to/for a cluster of grapes botryde by/with/from a cluster of grapes Plural botrydes the clusters of grapes (subject) botrydes the clusters of grapes (object) botrydum of the clusters of grapes botrydibus to/for the clusters of grapes botrydibus by/with/from the clusters of grapes Nouns ending in -yx Again, there are few of these, but they include calyx. For the stem the ‘x’ is replaced with ‘c’. Example: calyx (m.) a calyx Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular calyx calycem calycis calyci calyce the/a calyx (subject) the/a calyx (object) of a calyx to/for a calyx by/with/from a calyx Plural calyces calyces calycum calycibus calycibus the calyxes (subject) the calyxes (object) of the calyxes to/for the calyxes by/with/from the calyxes Fourth declension (Stearn pp. 87–88) In this declension the nouns have a stem ending in ‘u’. The nominative singular ends in either ‘us’ (masculine or feminine) or just ‘u’ (all neuter). Fifth declension (Stearn p. 88) Nouns ending in -us The stem drops the ‘us’. Fructus (a fruit) is a noun that we warned about earlier – do not confuse some cases (especially dative and ablative plural) with fruticibus (from frutex, a shrub). Note, too, that the nominative and genitive singular and the nominative and accusative plural all end in ‘us’. Like fructus are habitus (habit) and lacus (a lake). Example: fructus (m.) a fruit Case Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative fructus fructum fructus fructui fructu the/a fruit (subject) the/a fruit (object) of a fruit to/for a fruit by/with/from a fruit Plural fructus fructus fructuum fructibus fructibus the fruits (subject) the fruits (object) of the fruits to/for the fruits by/with/from the fruits Nouns ending in -u Example: cornu (n.) a horn The stem is the same as the nominative singular. Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular cornu cornu cornus cornui cornu the/a horn (subject) the/a horn (object) of a horn to/for a horn by/with/from a horn Plural cornua cornua cornuum cornuibus cornuibus the horns (subject) the horns (object) of the horns to/for the horns by/with/from the horns Fifth declension (Stearn p. 88) Few nouns of this declension are used in botanical Latin, though two are taxonomic ranks – species and series (and variants thereof such as subspecies). All end in -es and drop the ‘s’ to form the stem. Like species is superficies (a surface). 19 20 The noun Example: species (f.) a species Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular species speciem speciei speciei specie the/a species (subject) the/a species (object) of a species to/for a species by/with/from a species Plural species species specierum speciebus speciebus the species (subject) the species (object) of the species to/for the species by/with/from the species 2 The adjective and the participle (Stearn pp. 89–102) An adjective qualifies or adds meaning to a noun or pronoun by expressing a quality, e.g. a red flower, a prostrate shrub, a sweet scent, small spores, larger fronds. A Latin adjective must be declined so that its case, gender and number agree with those of the noun being qualified. A participle is a part of a verb that can have the same function as an adjective, e.g. a climbing plant. It may be either a present participle (indicating something current) or a past participle (indicating something that has happened). In English the present participle is usually indicated by the ending ‘-ing’ (e.g. climbing, narrowing), and the past participle by the ending ‘-ed’ (e.g. rolled, folded). Past participles may have other endings, e.g. torn, seen. Most descriptive specific epithets are either adjectives or adjectival in form, that is they describe an attribute of the plant. Sometimes we use a noun as an epithet and it is said to be in apposition since it is not necessarily explaining or qualifying the generic name and does not have to agree with it in number or gender. Unless it is indeclinable, however, its case does agree. This is important when it comes to writing diagnoses and both generic name and epithet may have to be in the dative or genitive, e.g. Nymphaea lotus (dative Nymphaeae loto), Asclepias fruticosa (genitive Asclepiadis fruticosae). An example of an indeclinable epithet is Ipomoea nil; in other words, this is the only form of the word that exists; likewise Eucalyptus wandoo (an indigenous word). Thus, whenever the generic name is changed, as may occur in a diagnosis, the epithets nil and wandoo remain the same. Epithets commemorating people are either singular or plural nouns in the genitive form (clementii, wittwerorum) or adjectival (hookerianum). These do not change when the generic name is declined. Adjectives and participles must both be declined so that the case, gender and number agree with those of the noun being qualified. The cases are the same as for nouns, and most are placed in just two main groups for declension. These are called simply Group A and Group B. There is a third, small Group, C, for adjectives derived from Greek words. In Groups B and C, some words are declined in the same way in the masculine and feminine and so are combined in some examples below – see bicolor, elegans and schoenoides. As with nouns, there is a stem, which is the 22 The adjective and the participle ‘core’ or basic part of an adjective that remains unaltered even as the endings change for the different cases. In botanical Latin, an adjective is always placed after the noun that it qualifies, except occasionally for emphasis. In the tables below the abbreviations Masculine, Feminine and Neuter indicate masculine, feminine and neuter. In Group A (Stearn pp. 90–92) are those adjectives and participles with the nominative singular ending in -us (masculine), -a (feminine) or -um (neuter), or in -er (masculine), -ra (feminine) or -rum (neuter). Example: hirsutus (hirsute). The stem is formed by dropping -us from the nominative singular. Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter hirsutus hirsutum hirsuti hirsuto hirsuto hirsuti hirsutos hirsutorum hirsutis hirsutis hirsutae hirsutas hirsutarum hirsutis hirsutis hirsuta hirsuta hirsutorum hirsutis hirsutis hirsuta hirsutam hirsutae hirsutae hirsute hirsutum hirsutum hirsuti hirsuto hirsuto Example: liber (free) [not to be confused with the noun liber, book, inner bark of a tree]. The stem is the same as the nominative masculine singular. Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter liber liberum liberi libero libero libera liberam liberae liberae libera liberum liberum liberi libero libero liberi liberos liberorum liberis liberis liberae liberas liberarum liberis liberis libera libera liberorum liberis liberis But some adjectives in -er are declined differently, the stem being formed by dropping the -er. The adjective and the participle Example: integer (entire). Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter integer integrum integri integro integro integri integros integrorum integris integris integrae integras integrarum integris integris integra integra integrorum integris integris integra integram integrae integrae integra integrum integrum integri integro integro In Group B (Stearn pp. 92–95) are adjectives and participles with the nominative singular ending in -is (masculine and feminine), -e (neuter), -er (masculine), -ris (feminine) and -re (neuter), and those ending in -or, -x, -ens and -ans in which the nominative singular is the same for all three genders. Note also that the ablative singular -i and genitive plural -ium are back; in other words, Group B adjectives are declined in the same way as i-stem nouns. Example: laevis (smooth). Note that the masculine and feminine are the same. Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine, Feminine Neuter Masculine, Feminine Neuter laevis laevem laevis laevi laevi laeve laeve laevis laevi laevi laeves laeves laevium laevibus laevibus laevia laevia laevium laevibus laevibus Example: acer (sharp, pungent). Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter acer acrem acris acri acri acris acrem acris acri acri acre acre acris acri acri acres acres (acris) acrium acribus acribus acres acres (acris) acrium acribus acribus acria acria acrium acribus acribus 23 24 The adjective and the participle Example: simplex (simple). Similar is tenax (tough) but with ‘a’ instead of ‘i’ in the stem. Note that the masculine and feminine are the same. Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine, Feminine Neuter Masculine, Feminine Neuter simplex simplicem simplicis simplici simplici simplex simplex simplicis simplici simplici simplices simplices simplicium simplicibus simplicibus simplicia simplicia simplicium simplicibus simplicibus Example: bicolor (two-coloured), for which the whole nominative acts as the stem. Note that masculine and feminine are the same. Like bicolor is dispar (unlike, unequal). Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine, Feminine Neuter Masculine, Feminine Neuter bicolor bicolorem bicoloris bicolori bicolori bicolor bicolor bicoloris bicolori bicolori bicolores bicolores bicolorium bicoloribus bicoloribus bicoloria bicoloria bicolorium bicoloribus bicoloribus Example: elegans (elegant), with the ‘s’ replaced by ‘t’ to form the stem. Note that the ablative singular usually ends in ‘i’ but may end in ‘e’ (and that masculine and feminine are the same). Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine, Feminine Neuter Masculine, Feminine Neuter elegans elegantem elegantis eleganti eleganti (-e) elegans elegans elegantis eleganti eleganti (-e) elegantes elegantes elegantium elegantibus elegantibus elegantia elegantia elegantium elegantibus elegantibus The adjective and the participle Example: teres (terete), also with the ‘s’ replaced by ‘t’ to form the stem. Similar to teres is iners, inertem. Note that masculine and feminine are the same. Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine, Feminine Neuter Masculine, Feminine Neuter teres teretem teretis tereti tereti teres teres teretis tereti tereti teretes teretes teretium teretibus teretibus teretia teretia teretium teretibus teretibus Group C adjectives are all derived from the Greek (Stearn pp. 95–96). Those ending in -us are declined as Group A adjectives. Those ending in -oides and -odes are similar to Group B adjectives. As with some Group B adjectives, in these the masculine and feminine are always the same (in both singular and plural), hence are combined in the second example. Example (like Group A): arachnoideus (spidery). Singular Masculine Nominative arachnoideus Plural Feminine Neuter Masculine arachnoidea arachnoideum arachnoidei Feminine Neuter arachnoideae arachnoidea arachnoideas arachnoidea Accusative arachnoideum arachnoideam arachnoideum arachnoideos Genitive arachnoidei arachnoideae arachnoidei Dative arachnoideo arachnoideae arachnoideo arachnoideis arachnoideis arachnoideis Ablative arachnoideo arachnoidea arachnoideis arachnoideis arachnoideis arachnoideo arachnoideorum arachnoidearum arachnoideorum Example (like Group B): schoenoides (like Schoenus). Like schoenoides are adjectives ending in -odes (e.g. euodes, physodes). Note that the ablative singular always ends in ‘e’, and there is no ‘i’ in the genitive plural or in the neuter nominative and accusative plural. Note that masculine and feminine are the same. 25 26 The adjective and the participle Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine, Feminine Neuter Masculine, Feminine Neuter schoenoides schoenoidem schoenoidis schoenoidi schoenoide schoenoides schoenoides schoenoidum schoenoidibus schoenoidibus schoenoides schoenoides schoenoidis schoenoidi schoenoide schoenoida schoenoida schoenoidum schoenoidibus schoenoidibus Compound adjectives You may want to use one adjective to qualify another, e.g. ‘stellate-pubescent’, ‘greenish-white’. When using this form in Latin, the ending of the first adjective is modified to end in ‘o’ if it is group A, in ‘i’ if it is group B or C. They are sometimes joined by a hyphen. The first adjective of the pair is not declined, only the second. Do not use this form to show a range from one to another – for this use the word ‘to’ (‘oblong to elliptic’) or an en rule (‘oblong–elliptic’), but the latter could be mis-interpreted by the reader as a hyphen. If it is either one state or another (i.e. no gradation), then use ‘or’, e.g. ‘pubescent or glabrous’. In some instances it is better to use an adverb, e.g. ‘narrowly oblong’ rather than ‘narrow-oblong’, ‘prominently ridged’. If you use a string of adjectives, they should be separated by commas except after the last before the noun they qualify, e.g. ‘short, sparse, stellate hairs’. Examples Greyish brown: using the Group A adjective griseus, -a, -um, removing the ending and replacing it with a linking ‘o’, and then adding the relevant part of brunneus, -a, -um (another Group A adjective) gives griseobrunneus, -a, -um. Dark purple, atropurpureus, -a, -um, is formed from ater, atra, atrum meaning dull black and purpureus, -a, -um meaning purple. Yellowish-green, flavovirens, -entis, is formed from flavus, -a, -um, and virens (part. B, meaning ‘being green’). Complex adjectives (termed compounds by Stearn pp. 94, 95, 96–97) These consist of two words joined together, commonly the second a noun but the whole functioning as an adjective. The first part remains unchanged when the word is declined, and the second part is declined more or less as though it Complex adjectives (termed compounds by Stearn pp. 94, 95, 96–97) were a noun. There are two forms, some being declined like adjectives of Group B with different endings for masculine/feminine and neuter, the others having just a single declension regardless of gender. Examples of the former are brevipes (having a short foot) and longicuspis (having a long cusp). Also given below is an example of a compound adjective derived from a noun (genitive singular) and the rather useful suffix -fer (derived from the verb fero, I bear), the whole then being declined like a Group A adjective. Other adjectives like this are nucifer (bearing nuts), aculeifer (bearing needles or points) and florifer (bearing flowers). Example: brevipes (short-footed) Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine, Feminine Neuter Masculine, Feminine Neuter brevipes brevipedem brevipedis brevipedi brevipedi brevipes brevipes brevipedis brevipedi brevipedi brevipedes brevipedes brevipedum brevipedibus brevipedibus brevipedia brevipedia brevipedum brevipedibus brevipedibus In other compound adjectives, the noun shows no difference between the genders and, again, the whole functions as an adjective. Thus, there is just a single declension, i.e. no sex change but still with singular and plural. Examples are inops (without support, i.e. weak) and brachystachys (having a short spike). Virtually all are formed from nouns of the Third Declension and so are declined in the same way. Example: inops (weak) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural inops inopem inopis inopi inope inopes inopes inopum inopibus inopibus 27 28 The adjective and the participle Example: brachystylis (with a short style) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural brachystylis brachystylidem brachystylidis brachystylidi brachystylide brachystylides brachystylides brachystylidum brachystylidibus brachystylidibus Example: gemmifer (bearing buds) Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter gemmifer gemmiferum gemmiferi gemmifero gemmifero gemmifera gemmiferam gemmiferae gemmiferae gemmifera gemmiferum gemmiferum gemmiferi gemmifero gemmifero gemmiferi gemmiferos gemmiferorum gemmiferis gemmiferis gemmiferae gemmiferas gemmiferarum gemmiferis gemmiferis gemmifera gemmifera gemmiferorum gemmiferis gemmiferis Comparison of adjectives (Stearn pp. 97–99) An adjective may be modified in its form to indicate a stronger intensity of the quality concerned. This is called the comparison of adjectives. There are three states of adjectives – positive (or normal), comparative (a first degree of increase in intensity) and superlative (the most or greatest increase). Examples in English include hard, harder, hardest; good, better, best; long, longer, longest. With some English words, the comparative is expressed by placing ‘more’ before the adjective, e.g. ‘more useful’. The superlative may also be expressed in English by ‘very’ or ‘most’, thus hairy, hairier, hairiest or very/most hairy. Latin adjectives may be modified in exactly the same way, usually by adding different endings to the stem of the positive form. Typically, the comparative adds -ior (masculine, feminine) and -ius (neuter) to the stem of the adjective, and the superlative adds -issimus (masculine), -issima (feminine) or -issimum (neuter); thus hirsutus -a -um, hirsutior or hirsutius, hirsutissimus -a -um. Formation of comparatives To form a comparative, take the stem of the main state of the adjective (the positive) and add -ior for the masculine or feminine and -ius for the neuter. Formation of superlatives Taking the Group A adjective crassus (thick): the stem is crass-. Now add -ior to the stem to form the masculine or feminine (crassior), or add -ius to form the neuter (crassius). Now decline these like standard Group B adjectives, but note that the dative and ablative singular end in -i and -e respectively, and in the nominative and accusative plural the -i is omitted, as follows: Adjectives ending in -eus, -ius, -uus form comparatives using the comparative (magis) and superlative (maxime), parts of the irregular adverb magnopere (see p. 00), as follows: Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine, Feminine Neuter Masculine, Feminine Neuter crassior crassiorem crassioris crassiori crassiore crassius crassius crassioris crassiori crassiore crassiores crassiores crassiorum crassioribus crassioribus crassiora crassiora crassiorum crassioribus crassioribus roseus, red; magis roseus, redder, more red; maxime roseus, reddest, very red. Formation of superlatives This form of the adjective is used to express longest, shortest, narrowest, very hairy, very thin, very shiny, etc. Again, the stem of the positive is taken and to it, if the complete word ends in us or is, you add -issimus, -issima or -issimum; hence brevis, short, brevissimus, -a, -um, very short or shortest. If, however, the full word ends in -er, then -errimus, -errima or -errimum is added to the stem; hence pulcher beautiful, pulcherrimus, -a, -um, very beautiful or most beautiful. Example of a superlative: tenuissimus (very slender) from tenuis. Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter tenuissimus tenuissimum tenuissimi tenuissimo tenuissimo tenuissima tenuissimam tenuissimae tenuissimae tenuissima tenuissimum tenuissimum tenuissimi tenuissimo tenuissimo tenuissimi tenuissimos tenuissimorum tenuissimis tenuissimis tenuissimae tenuissimas tenuissimarum tenuissimis tenuissimis tenuissima tenuissima tenuissimorum tenuissimis tenuissimis 29 30 The adjective and the participle Example: similis (like). Like similis are dissimilis (dissimilar), facilis (easy), difficilis (difficult), gracilis (slender), humilis (low). Note that similis and dissimilis require the noun that they refer to to be in either the genitive or dative. Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter simillimus simillimum simillimi simillimo simillimo simillima simillimam simillimae simillimae simillima simillimum simillimum simillimi simillimo simillimo simillimi simillimos simillimorum simillimis simillimis simillimae simillimas simillimarum simillimis simillimis simillima simillima simillimorum simillimis simillimis Example: pulcherrimus formed from pulcher (pretty). Other adjectives forming their superlatives in the same way are: acer (sharp, bitter) and celer (swift). Singular Masculine Nominative pulcherrimus Plural Feminine Neuter Masculine pulcherrima pulcherrimum pulcherrimi Feminine Neuter pulcherrimae pulcherrima pulcherrimas pulcherrima Accusative pulcherrimum pulcherrimam pulcherrimum pulcherrimos Genitive pulcherrimi pulcherrimae pulcherrimi Dative pulcherrimo pulcherrimae pulcherrimo pulcherrimis pulcherrimis pulcherrimis Ablative pulcherrimo pulcherrima pulcherrimis pulcherrimis pulcherrimis pulcherrimo pulcherrimorum pulcherrimarum pulcherrimorum Irregular forms A number of adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative and superlative. Two that are widely misused are parvior (and parvissimus) for the comparative and superlative of parvus (small). There are no such words in Latin, the correct forms being minor (smaller) and minimus (smallest or very small). Others that you are likely to use are: The participle (Stearn pp. 89–90) externus (outside), exterior (m., f.), exterius (n). (both outer), extremus (outermost) inferus (below, lower), inferior (m., f), inferius (n) (both lower), infimus (lowest) magnus (great), major (m., f.), majus (n.) (greater), maximus (greatest) multus (much, great), multi (many, m.) multae (f.), multa (n.); plus (in sing. only, more), plures (m., f.), plura (n.) (pl., more numerous); plurimi (m.), plurimae (f.), plurima (n.) (pl., most) Comparative forms are declined like the Second Declension if they end in -us, -a, or -um; and like the Third Declension of they end in -or or -ius. Note that there is no comparative of some adjectives that already denote an absolute state, e.g. sessile, evergreen. Quam Finally, to complete this section on adjectives, we must look at the adverb quam (than), as it is frequently used with comparative adjectives. Nouns being compared take the same case before and after quam, for example: tuba corollae longior quam calyx the tube of the corolla longer than the calyx margines foliorum magis rosei quam laminae margins of the leaves redder than the blades In these examples the nouns being compared (underlined) are in the same case (nominative). Sometimes the nouns are in the ablative: vexillo maculosiore quam ala with the standard with more spots than the wing When a comparison involves two adjectives, both are given as comparatives and both are in the same case, for example: folia longiora quam latiora leaves longer than wide The participle (Stearn pp. 89–90) Participles are formed from verbs but function as adjectives and are declined like adjectives. There are two kinds – the present and the past participle. As the adjective implies, the present participle is used when describing a trait that is present or is happening now (even if it means on a herbarium 31 32 The adjective and the participle specimen), e.g. tegens (covering), decrescens (growing smaller). They all end in -ans or -ens and are declined like adjectives of the same ending in Group B. They are formed by taking the stem of a verb and adding -ans to verbs of the First Conjugation (thus habitans from habitare, to inhabit) and ens to the stem of the other declensions (thus rumpens from rumpere, to burst). Example: repens (creeping). Note that masculine and feminine are the same. Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine, Feminine Neuter Masculine, Feminine Neuter repens repentem repentis repenti repenti (-e) repens repens repentis repenti repenti (-e) repentes repentes repentium repentibus repentibus repentia repentia repentium repentibus repentibus Note that the ablative singular may end in ‘i’ or ‘e’. A past participle describes something that has already happened, e.g. insertus (inserted), angustatus (narrowed). They all end in -us and are declined like adjectives of Group A. Their formation is more complex than that of a present participle and we will not discuss it here. Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter angustatus angustatum angustati angustato angustato angustata angustatam angustatae angustatae angustata angustatum angustatum angustati angustato angustato angustati angustatos angustatorum angustatis angustatis angustatae angustatas angustatarum angustatis angustatis angustata angustata angustatorum angustatis angustatis Examples folia pilis glandulosis dispersis leaves with hairs glandular scattered, or leaves with scattered glandular hairs frutex ramis patentibus shrub with spreading branches herba odorata caulibus repentibus perfumed herb with creeping stems calyx corollam longitudine aequans the calyx equalling the corolla in length Notes Notes When a single adjective is used to qualify two nouns of different gender, it is given the gender of the noun that is closer to it in the sentence. When a single adjective is used to qualify two nouns of different number (i.e. singular or plural), it is given the number of the noun that is closer to it in the sentence. Although participles are treated like adjectives, they are in fact verbs, so it is better for them to be placed at the end of the sentence or clause, which is where verbs appear in classical Latin. The adjectival form -cola (inhabiting) is a noun in apposition and, regardless of the gender of the generic name, is declined like agricola (p. 00). The endings -fer and -ger (carrying, bearing) are already masculine singular so should not be given the ending -us, but they take -a and -um for the feminine and neuter singular. Examples are Gyrostemon racemiger (a Gyrostemon bearing racemes); Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera (‘a cabbage bearing buds’ or Brussels’ sprout). 33 3 The adverb (Stearn pp. 103–106) An adverb qualifies a verb, adjective, participle, or sometimes another adverb, e.g. narrowly, never, transversely. It can give a more accurate or refined meaning to such a word when placed next to it, e.g. ‘grows commonly’, ‘narrowed abruptly’, ‘slightly scabrid’, ‘pungent, sometimes prominently’, ‘rarely minutely mucronate’. Many are formed from adjectives. In English, an adverb formed from an adjective is typically indicated by the ‘-ly’ ending. In Latin it is formed in several ways. With adjectives of Group A you add -e to the stem, e.g. dense from densus to form ‘densely’, and with those of Group B you add -ter or -iter, e.g. prominenter from prominens to form ‘prominently’, irregulariter from irregularis, ‘irregularly’. Adverbs are not declined, nor do they change with gender or number. Examples minute hirsutus minutely hairy foliis minute hirsutis with leaves minutely hairy fructus lateraliter complanatus fruit laterally flattened Many words are adverbs in their own right. Some examples are saepe (often), mox (soon), saltem (at least), iterum (again, a second time), deinde (thereafter). Stearn has a list of Latin adverbs on pp 104–106. Be mindful of several adverbs that differ in just the final letter and have different meanings: certe (at least), certo (certainly) rare (thinly), raro (seldom) crebre (closely, compactly), crebro (repeatedly) As with adjectives there is comparison of adverbs. The comparative is formed by adding ‘-ius’ (accusative singular neuter) to the stem, e.g. densius (more densely). The superlative is formed by changing the ending of the nominative singular superlative adjective from ‘-us’ to ‘-e’, e.g. angustissime (very narrowly). The good news is that, like ordinary adverbs, the comparative and superlative forms are not declined. The adverb Examples Species A foliis minute hirsutis Species B foliis minutius hirsutis Species C foliis minutissime hirsutis Species A with minutely hairy leaves Species B with more minutely hairy leaves Species C with very minutely hairy leaves Some adverbs have irregular comparison: bene well magnopere much male badly multum much paulum a little prope near melius better magis more peius worse plus more minus less propius nearer optime best maxime greatest, most pessime worst plurimum most minime least proxime nearest Note that magis means more in degree and plus more in quantity. 35 4 The preposition (Stearn pp. 125–127) A preposition is a part of speech that expresses a relation between a noun or pronoun (as the object in a sentence or phrase) and another word. Examples in English are ‘in’, ‘into’, ‘to’, ‘before’, ‘from’, ‘near’, ‘within’, ‘above’. There are quite a few, and a number of English prepositions are translated into Latin using the same word, e.g. inter can mean ‘amid’, ‘among’ or ‘between’. There are also compound prepositions consisting of two or three words in English that are represented by one or two words in Latin. Examples are ‘except for’ (praeter), ‘next to’ (juxta), ‘out of ’ (a, ab, ex) and ‘up to’ (usque ad) In Latin, a preposition governs the case of the noun or pronoun that follows it. Some take the accusative, others the ablative (see below). In the Vocabulary we indicate the case taken by each. A few take either, depending on the meaning. Those used in botanical Latin in this context are in, subter and super. A general rule is that when some motion into or towards is meant they take the accusative, but when the motion is from or out of they take the ablative. It is usually the ablative when a fixed state is meant: stamina in disco inserta stamens inserted on a disc in margine folii on the margin of the leaf in epidermum radicis hospitis penetrans penetrating [into] the epidermis of the root of the host A very few prepositions take the genitive. One that seems rare in botanical Latin but which would be useful is tenus (up to, down to, as far as), that may take the genitive or ablative and is always placed after the noun or pronoun that it governs: arbor cortice rugoso rami primi tenus tree with rough bark up to the first branch In general, a preposition is placed before the noun that it governs, but versus (towards) goes afterwards: herba praeter folia glabra herb glabrous except leaves stylo apicem versus glanduloso with the style glandular towards the apex Prepositions with ablative It is usually unnecessary to include the words ‘by’, ‘from’ or ‘with’ in Latin, since they are already indicated by the ablative case, e.g. foliis (with leaves), but sometimes it is needed or required for clarity, e.g. folliculi ab latere visi applanati (follicles seen from the side flattened, better in English as ‘follicles flattened in side view’). Prepositions with accusative ad to, at, towards ante before circum around extra outside inter between, ob because of post after subter below, beneath trans across among versus towards. Examples: infra corollam below the corolla inter nodos between the nodes folia praeter margines viridia leaves bright green except for the margins petala nectariis prope bases petals with nectaries close to their bases. Prepositions with ablative a, ab from, cum with de concerning e, ex from, out of by pro for, on behalf of sine without subter beneath, below super upon Examples: in marginibus foliorum on the margins of the leaves subter silva fagarum habitat it lives beneath beech wood (literally ‘a wood of beech’) planta sine chlorophyllo plant without chlorophyll … sed ab eo differt but it differs from it a Ranunculo acri differt it differs from Ranunculus acris A and ab both mean ‘from’ or ‘by’, but a is used before a consonant and ab before a vowel. 37 5 The conjunction (Stearn pp. 128–129) A conjunction is a word used to connect words, phrases, clauses and sentences. Those most commonly used are ‘and’ (et, atque), ‘or’ (ant, vel) and ‘but’ (sed). Some may be used in pairs, but in Latin the same word is repeated; these we have ‘both … and’ (et … et), ‘either … or’ (vel … vel), ‘neither … nor’ (nec … nec). Several may consist of two or three words in English, e.g. ‘and also’ (atque, ac), ‘or if ’, ‘or else’ (seu, sive), ‘so that’ (ut). In general, where two nouns are joined by a conjunction, the second takes the same number and case as the first. Unlike prepositions, conjunctions have no control over the grammar. The conjunction ‘and’ may also be shown by adding -que to the end of the last word of a phrase or clause: folia et flores or folia floresque leaves and flowers and in place of vel, -ve may be added; folia vel flores or folia floresve leaves or flowers The conjunctions et, nec and vel may be used in pairs to give emphasis (in English ‘both … and’, ‘neither … nor’, ‘either … or’); et sepala et petala flava both sepals and petals yellow nec flores nec fructus visi neither flowers nor fruit seen folia pilis vel simplicibus vel glandulosis leaves with either simple or glandular hairs With ut (‘so that’, ‘in order that’), a complication arises since it is followed by a verb in the subjunctive, a difficult area of Latin grammar that is best avoided in botany. It is simpler to write the description in such a way that you don’t have to use it. Further examples folia vel glabra vel minute hirsuta leaves either glabrous or minutely hirsute Further examples folia marginibus albis et undulatis leaves with margins white and undulating pileus cremeus in juventute sed in maturitate brunneus cap cream when young [literally: in youth], but in maturity brown folium pagina adaxiali glabra licet abaxiali cum indumento leaf with upper surface glabrous although the lower with an indumentum. 39 6 The pronoun (Stearn pp. 118–124) A pronoun indicates a person, thing, place, or quality without specifically naming it, e.g. I, you, they, it, the same, that, another. It is also used to replace a noun and so avoid the need to repeat it. In botanical Latin, you will almost never use the personal pronouns I, you, he, she, we and they, but you will probably want to use others. Commonly used are the personal pronoun is (it); the demonstrative ones hic (this, these) and ille (that, those); the possessive one suus (its, their); the relative one quod (which); and the definitive one idem (the same). Two pronoun-like words (called pronoun-adjectives or determiners) are alius and alter. The first means ‘another’ or ‘other’ and is used when more than two items are being discussed. It is also used when contrasting items: ‘one …, the other …’, plural ‘some …, others …’. aliae plantae prostratae, aliae erectae some plants prostrate, others erect The second is used when just two items are under discussion: stamina 2, inaequalia, alterum 5 mm longum, alterum 10 mm longum stamens 2, unequal, one 5 mm long, the other 10 mm long A pronoun takes the same number and gender of the noun that it is replacing or referring to, but its case comes from the context in which it is used. Pronouns must be declined like nouns and the important ones are set out below. Incidentally, if you are trying to learn declensions such as pronouns and adjectives, the usual way is to recite each case across the genders, first in the singular, then in the plural, e.g. is, ea, id; eum, eam, id; eius, eius, eius … ei, eae, ea; …. Personal pronouns Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular ego me mei mihi me I me mine to/for me by/with/from me tu te tui tibi te you (subject) you (object) yours to/for you by/with/from you The determinative pronoun Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural nos nos nostrum nobis nobis we us ours to/for us by/with/from us vos vos vestrum vobis vobis you (subject) you (object) yours to/for you by/with/from you Possessive pronouns These are treated like adjectives, and behave like them. The pronoun agrees with the item that is ‘possessed’ in number, gender and case. Singular Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter meus meum mei meo meo mea meam meae meae mea meum meum mei meo meo mei meos meorum meis meis meae meas mearum meis meis mea mea meorum meis meis The determinative pronoun is (he), ea (she), id (it) Singular Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter is eum ejus (eius) ei eo ea eam ejus (eius) ei ea id id ejus (eius) ei eo ei eos eorum eis eis eae eas earum eis eis ea ea eorum eis eis 41 42 The pronoun sed ab eis haec Pinus distincta but from them this Pinus [is] distinct boletus nemoralis, is in silvis fagorum habitat a woodland mushroom, it lives in beech woods [literally, in woods of beeches] The demonstrative pronoun (also used as pronoun adjectives) hic (this) Singular Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter hic hunc hujus (huius) huic hoc haec hanc hujus (huius) huic hac hoc hoc hujus (huius) huic hoc hi hos horum his his hae has harum his his haec haec horum his his hae species septem simillimae these seven species [are] very similar sed ab his hoc Fucus distinctus but this Fucus [is] distinct from these ille (that) Singular Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter ille illum illius illi illo illa illam illius illi illa illud illud illius illi illo illi illos illorum illis illis illae illas illarum illis illis illa illa illorum illis illis corolla ab illa speciei alius differt the corolla differs from that of the other species [singular]. The words ‘former’ and ‘latter’ are translated by ille and hic respectively. Think of ille (that) as referring to the one that is farther away in the sentence and hic the closer: The relative pronoun stamina et staminodia alternantia, illa 10 mm longa, haec 5 mm longa stamens and staminodes alternating, the former 10 mm long, the latter 5 mm long The intensive pronoun ipse (himself), ipsa (herself), (ipsum) itself Singular Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter ipse ipsum ipsius ipsi ipso ipsa ipsam ipsius ipsi ipsa ipsum ipsum ipsius ipsi ipso ipsi ipsos ipsorum ipsis ipsis ipsae ipsas ipsarum ipsis ipsis ipsa ipsa ipsorum ipsis ipsis characteres a me ipso haud observati characters by me myself not observed [Stearn p. 122] The relative pronoun qui (who, which) Singular Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter qui quem cuius (cujus) cui quo quae quam cuius (cujus) cui qua quod quod cuius (cujus) cui quo qui quos quorum quibus quibus quae quas quarum quibus quibus quae quae quorum quibus quibus specierum alterarum similis a quibus in calyce hirsutissimo differt similar to the other species [plural] from which it differs in the very hairy calyx. 43 44 The pronoun The definitive pronoun idem (the same); formed from is with -dem as a kind of suffix, so you decline the ‘i’ like is (with a few modifications) while dem remains unchanged. Singular Case Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative idem Accusative eundem Genitive ejusdem (eiusdem) Dative eidem Ablative eodem eadem eandem ejusdem (eiusdem) eidem eadem idem idem ejusdem (eiusdem) eidem eodem eidem eaedem eadem eosdem easdem eadem eorundem earundem eorundem isdem isdem isdem isdem isdem isdem in eadem specie color floris variat in the same species the colour of the flower varies flores masculi et feminei in planta eadem occurrunt male and female flowers occur on the same plant Indefinite pronouns aliquis (someone, something) Singular Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter aliquis aliquem alicuius alicui aliquo aliqua aliquam alicuius alicui aliqua aliquid aliquid alicuius alicui aliquo aliqui aliquos aliquorum aliquibus aliquibus aliquae aliquas aliquarum aliquibus aliquibus aliquae aliquae aliquorum aliquibus aliquibus Pronoun-adjectives quidam (a certain, some) Singular Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter quidam quendam cuiusdam cuidam quodam quidam quosdam quorundam quibusdam quibusdam quaedam quasdam quarundam quibusdam quibusdam quaedam quaedam quorundam quibusdam quibusdam quaedam quandam cuiusdam cuidam quadam quoddam quoddam cuiusdam cuidam quodam quisque (each, everyone) Singular Case Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative quisque Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative quemque cuiusque cuique quoque quaeque quidque or quodque quamque quidque cuiusque cuiusque cuique cuique quaeque quoque Masculine Feminine Neuter quique quaeque quaeque quosque quorumque quibusque quibusque quasque quarumque quibusque quibusque quaeque quorumque quibusque quibusque Pronoun-adjectives alius (other, another) Singular Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter alius alium alius alii alio alia aliam alius alii alia aliud aliud alius alii alio alii alios aliorum aliis aliis aliae alias aliarum aliis aliis alia alia aliorum aliis aliis 45 46 The pronoun alter (the other, one of two, the second) Singular Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter alter alterum alterius alteri altero altera alteram alterius alteri altera alterum alterum alterius alteri altero alteri alteros alterorum alteris alteris alterae alteras alterarum alteris alteris altera altera alterorum alteris alteris 7 The verb (Stearn pp. 130–139) ‘Botanists manage verbs best by avoiding them altogether’ (Stearn p. 130) A verb is a doing word, i.e. it denotes an action. The most important aspects of verbs are person (I, you, he, she, it, we, they), number (singular, plural), voice (active, passive), tense (present, past, future, etc.), and mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative). In Latin, each of these attributes is indicated by a single form of the verb, e.g. lego (I collect), legunt (they collect), legitur (it is collected), legistis (you have collected), lege! (collect!), lexerim (I might have collected). The basic part of a verb is called the stem, and the letters after it tell you the rest. If you must know, the verb finite (i.e. limited by person and number) has three persons, two numbers, six tenses and three moods, while the verb infinite (not so limited) has infinitives, three participles, the gerund and gerundive and two supines. And there are two voices. And, on top of that, there are conjugations, four of them, plus – you guessed it – irregular, defective and what are called impersonal verbs. Fortunately, there is no need to learn these in detail, since those verbs used nowadays are mostly third person singular, as set out below. Botanical diagnoses and descriptions can be written without verbs since, in our telegraphic style, we commonly use participles that are declined as adjectives, e.g. instead of ‘It grows in swamps’ we say ‘growing in swamps’. It was a different matter in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries when Latin was spoken as an international language and botanical texts were sometimes written wholly in the language. You need knowledge of verbs in order to understand these (or find a friendly Latin scholar to translate for you – but remember that such a person, while erudite, may have no understanding of botany and hence may struggle with the terminology). So it is useful to have at least a little knowledge of this complex area of grammar and syntax. For modern work you can manage with just a few verbs such as the commonly used differt (it differs) and distinguitur (it is distinguished). 48 The verb In classical Latin the verb is always placed at the end of a sentence or clause. This rule is best also followed in botanical Latin, but need not be adhered to strictly. To elaborate just briefly on the main features of a verb: Person refers to the subject of the verb, i.e. first, second, third. Thus, for the first person there is ‘I’ (singular) and ‘we’ (plural), for second person ‘you’ (both singular and plural), and for third person ‘he’, ‘she’ or it' (all singular) and ‘they’ (plural). Number indicates whether one or more than one person forms the subject. Tense tells us about the timing of the action – the tenses most commonly used are present, past (or perfect) and future. The voice of a verb may be active or passive. In the active voice it tells us what the subject is doing (e.g. I saw it), while in the passive voice it indicates something being done to the subject (e.g. It was seen). If the verb is followed by a preposition, remember to check if the following noun should be in the accusative or ablative. The verbs most commonly used in Latin diagnoses and descriptions are all third person and usually singular, as follows: differt it differs … [‘it’ usually referring to a new taxon being described]; followed by a preposition: from in English, in Latin a or ab; also present participle differens (differing) followed by the same prepositions distinguitur it is distinguished …; followed by a preposition: from in English, in Latin a or ab accedit it approaches [i.e. resembles] … [then a qua followed by differt or distinguitur]; preposition none in English, in Latin ad or none comparatur it is compared … followed by a preposition: with in English, in Latin use the ablative case caret, deest it lacks … followed by the characters or states that are lacking Others sometimes used are: crescit it grows …; also the present participle crescens (growing) habitat it grows or lives …; also the present participle habitans (living) invenitur it is found … occurrit it occurs …; also the present participle occurrens (occurring) These all take a preposition such as in, on, around, near etc. in English, in Latin in, ad, circa, prope. Remember that other expressions such as ‘resembling …’, ‘similar to …’ are translated with participles or adjectives. Apart from the above, a verb that you may use is sum (I am) from esse (to be), or one of its compounds. Here is the first person present tense: The verb sum I am es you are (singular) est he, she or it is sumus we are estis you are (plural) sunt they are And, of course, we all use ‘determinavit’ slips, the verb meaning ‘he or she (the person annotating the slip) determined’ [the specimen]; likewise ‘confirmavit’, ‘he or she confirmed’ [a determination already made]. These and other Latin verbs are commonly abbreviated: ‘conf.’ from confirmavit (he or she confirmed) ‘del.’ from delineavit (he or she drew) (used on plates) ‘det.’ from determinavit (he or she determined) ‘emend.’ from emendavit (he or she amended) ‘leg.’ from legit (he or she collected); also the past participle lectum (collected [by]), neuter singular, if it refers to a specimen (Latin specimen) or lecta, feminine singular, if it refers to a collection (Latin collectio) ‘pinx.’ from pinxit (he or she painted) (used on plates) ‘sculpt.’ from sculpsit (he or she engraved) (used on plates). In early works the abbreviations ‘v.v.’ and ‘v.s.’ were often used. These are from ‘vidi vivam’ (I saw [the plant] living) or visa viva (seen alive, nominative/ ablative), and vidi siccam (I saw it dried) or visa sicca (seen dried, nominative/ ablative). A little-used part of a verb is the gerundive, which is an adjective derived from a passive verb and denotes something that must or should be done, e.g. distinguendus from distinguere (it must be distinguished), and rejiciendus from rejicere (it must be rejected). As the gerundive is an adjective, it agrees with its noun in number, gender and case. There is also the gerund which is a neuter noun formed from a verb, but it is almost never used in botanical Latin. Unlike those of other languages, Latin verbs are listed in a dictionary not by the infinitive (to live, to grow), but by the first person singular of the present indicative active (a real mouthful, but if you want to look up the correct part of the verb you want, you need to know this, as tables of Latin verbs can look quite daunting). In other words, you look up sum (I am), not esse (to be), or cresco (I grow), not crescere (to grow). 49 8 Numerals, measurements (Stearn pp. 107–117) Like us, the Romans had both words and numerals for numbers, and had both cardinal numbers – answering the question ‘How many?’ (one, two…) – and ordinal numbers, answering the question ‘Which one in a series?’ (first, second…). A third set of numerals is the distributive adjectives answering the question ‘How many each?’ (one each, two each…). Roman numerals were in the form I, II, II, IV, V… X… C…. Hindu-Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, 5… 10… 100…) were developed in India in about the sixth century AD and arrived in Europe via the Arabs of North Africa during the Middle Ages. In Latin, only the first three cardinal numerals – unus (1), duo (2), tres (3) – are declined (like adjectives). The others remain the same whatever the case and gender of the noun they are qualifying. In botanical descriptions it is easiest to avoid the words altogether by using numerals – and it saves space. This may be done regardless of the gender, number and case of the noun they are associated with. Cardinal numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 30 40 50 unus duo tres quattuor, quatuor quinque sex septem octo novem decem triginta quadraginta quinquaginta 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 100 1000 undecim duodecim tredecim quatuordecim quindecim sedecim septemdecim duodeviginti undeviginti viginti centum mille Cardinal numbers unus one, singular only Singular Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Masculine Feminine Neuter unus unum unius uni uno una unam unius uni una unum unum unius uni uno duo two, plural only Singular Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Masculine Feminine Neuter duo duos duorum duobus duobus dua duas duarum duabus duabus duo duo duorum duobus duobus tres three, plural only Singular Case Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Masculine Feminine Neuter tres tres trium tribus tribus tres tres trium tribus tribus tria tria trium tribus tribus Examples: bractea una (Nominative sing. feminine) one bract bractae duae (Nominative pl. feminine) two bracts folia duo (Nominative pl. neuter) two leaves 51 52 Numerals, measurements folia tria (Nominative pl. neuter) three leaves fructu uno (Ablative sing. masculine) with one fruit ovulis tribus (Ablative pl. neuter) with three ovules You may want to use general terms such as few (paucus), many (multus), none (nullus), numerous (numerosus), solitary (solitarius, unicus). These are all treated and declined as adjectives of Group A to agree in gender, number and case with the noun they qualify, e.g. sporocarpia pauca (sporocarps few), cocci multi (cocci many), flos unicus (flower solitary). Ordinal numbers These are primus (first), secundus (second), tertius (third) and so on and they are all declined like longus, -a, -um. The Latin for 13th to 17th consists of two words (tertius decimus etc.), and both words must be declined. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 30th 50th 1000th primus secundus tertius quartus quintus sextus septimus octavus nonus decimus tricensimus quinquagensimus millensimus 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 40th 100th undecimus duodecimus tertius decimus quartus decimus quintus decimus sextus decimus septimus decimus duodevicensimus undevicensimus vicensimus quadragensimus centensimus, centesimus primus (first, singular only) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Masculine Feminine Neuter primus primum primi primo primo prima primam primae primae prima primum primum primi primo primo Ordinal numbers septimus (seventh) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Masculine septimus septimum septimi septimo septimo Feminine septima septimam septimae septimae septima Neuter septimum septimum septimi septimo septimo Examples capitulum primum flosculis femineis factum first capitulum formed with female florets only stratum secundum cellularum elongatum second layer of cells elongate. Distributive numerals These tell us the number of parts present in each of a set of features, e.g. folia verticillata, in quoque verticillo quaterna vel quina (leaves whorled, in each whorl four or five). Those up to 12 are: singuli one each bini two each terni three each quaterni four each quini five each seni six each septeni seven each octoni eight each noveni nine each deni ten each undeni eleven each duo deni twelve each They are declined like plural adjectives of Group A. Example: octoni Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Masculine Feminine Neuter octoni octonos octonorum octonis octonis octonae octonas octonarum octonis octonis octona octona octonorum octonis octonis 53 54 Numerals, measurements folia verticillata septeni vel octoni leaves in whorls, seven or eight in each fructus fasciculati seni vel septeni fruit [plural] in clusters, six or seven in each Numerical adverbs There are also several numerical adverbs (ordinal) that indicate how many times something happens, e.g. leaves twice pinnate. Those most commonly required are: semel once bis twice ter thrice quater four times quinquies, quinquiens five times sexies, sexiens six times septies, septiens seven times octies, octiens eight times nonies, noniens nine times decies, deciens ten times Examples non plus quam semel not more than once plus quam quinquies more than five times folia longiora quam latiora quater leaves four times longer than wide species bis non semel per annum florens species flowering twice, not once, per year Although they are rarely used in modern Latin, it is useful to know the units (nouns) that were commonly used in early botanical descriptions: capillus a hair’s width (c. 0.18 mm) digitus the length of the index finger (c. 5.3 cm) (but in classical usage was about 2.5 cm) linea a line (c. 2.25 mm) orgya (adj. orgyalis) the distance between the tips of the middle fingers when the arms are outstretched (c. 1.95 m) palmus (adj. palmaris) the width of the four fingers closed together (c. 8 cm) pes (adj. pedalis) a foot (c. 32.5 cm) pollex (adj. pollicaris) the length of the upper joint of the thumb (c. 2.7 cm) unguis (adj. uncialis) the length of a finger nail (c. 1.35 cm) On relative length (Stearn pp. 114–117) On relative length (Stearn pp. 114–117) You may want to express the size of an organ relative to another in the same taxon, or to the same organ in another taxon, or compare two aspects of the same organ. This is where the comparison of adjectives and adverbs often comes in. In such an expression the object is put into the accusative case or, when the comparative form is used, into the ablative. Usually no numerals are involved, e.g. folia ad costam dimidia parte divisa leaves divided half-way to midrib (literally ‘by a half part’) Remember that ‘half’ may be either a noun (Latin dimidium) or an adjective (Latin dimidius). lobi calycis minus profunde divisi lobes of the calyx less deeply divided petala sepala aequantia petals equalling [as long as] sepals staminodia staminibus dimidio longiora staminodes half as long as stamens (literally ‘longer by half’) or you can say staminodia staminibus 2-plo breviora (‘stamens shorter by half than the staminodes’) inflorescentia foliis duplo longiora inflorescence twice as long as leaves pistillum triente longitudinis exsertum pistil exserted for one-third its length foliola duplo longiora quam latiora leaflets twice as long as wide folliculi 4- vel 5-plo longiori quam latiori follicles 4 or 5 times as long as wide folia ratione longitudinis:latitudinis 6–8; or you could say foliorum ratio longitudinis:latitudinis 6–8 ratio of length:width of leaves 6–8 Fractions such as 3/4 are best left as numerals. To express angles: sub angulo 35º oriens (or exoriens) arising at an angle of 35º ad angulum 70º patens spreading at an angle of 70º Characters or states of the taxon being compared are usually included in parentheses: Ad speciem X affinis sed …, seminibus minoribus, 2.5–3 mm longis (in specie X 4.5–6 mm), … differt Affinity to species X but differs in …, seeds smaller, 2.5–3 mm long (in species X 4.5–6 mm) 55 56 Numerals, measurements Useful participles and adverbs are: aequans equalling (¼ as long as) superans exceeding haud not at all fere almost multo much paulo a little plus minusve more or less (or use ±) vix scarcely Finally, when describing relative lengths, the word ‘quam’ can be used, and this is discussed on p. 00. 9 Prefixes and suffixes A prefix or suffix is a part of a word that often cannot stand on its own, but which alters the meaning of the noun or adjective to which it is added. A prefix is attached to the front of the stem, and the suffix to the end. An example in English is the suffix ‘-ly’ which, when added to the adjective ‘quick’, converts it into the adverb ‘quickly’; another suffix is ‘-ment’ which, when added to the verb ‘enjoy’, produces the noun ‘enjoyment’. ‘Dis-‘ is an example of a prefix and alters nouns and verbs, sometimes dramatically, e.g. disfigure, disinterest, dislike; another is ‘un-’ giving us words such as unhappy, uncluttered and unclean. Botanical Latin, similarly, uses prefixes and suffixes, of both Latin and Greek origin, although a Greek prefix or suffix should be added only to a Greek stem, and a Latin prefix or suffix only to a Latin stem. Some prefixes can exist on their own and can be used separately, such as the prepositions circum, around (circumsessilis), super, above (superficies), and trans, across (transectio), whereas others, such as eu- (eucarpic) and re- (reflexus), cannot. Taking the word punctum, meaning ‘dot’, the stem is punct- to which can be added several suffixes to produce the different meanings: punctatus dotted punctiformis dot-like punctatio dotting impunctatus not dotted; in this case both a suffix and a prefix have been added. Similarly, taking albus (white) we can form: albidus whitish albens whitened albescens becoming white, and we can add re- to form words such as: reflexus bent back on itself reduncus bent backwards refluxus back flow, ebb 58 Prefixes and suffixes with, finally, a few Greek: endolithicus growing within stone hypogaeus below ground anemonoides similar to an anemone hyalinus like glass ¼ transparent petraeus growing among, belonging to rocks For a further discussion, Stearn (pp. 293–302) goes into the matter thoroughly and gives Latin and Greek prefixes as well as substantival, adverbial and adjectival suffixes, again in both Latin and Greek. We have included many prefixes and suffixes in the Vocabulary but generally have omitted adverbial suffixes since users will never (or rarely) need to use them, although many adverbs listed include such a suffix. 10 Miscellany Time You may wish to express time, e.g. the time when a flower opens or the fruit matures, or the season of flowering. To express a time at which something happens (date, time of day, season etc.), we use the ablative, e.g. hieme (in winter), nocte (at night). The time within which something happens is also shown by the ablative: semina mensibus duobus [2] maturescentia seed ripening within 2 months And the time during which something happens is shown by the accusative: planta annuos quinque [5] vivens plant living for 5 years Some useful expressions are: in alabastro in bud in maturitate at maturity in juventute in youth, at a young state ad anthesin/anthesem at flowering time post anthesin/anthesem after the flower opens Habitat (Stearn pp. 197–200) A plant’s habitat is usually included in a Latin description only if it is significant in distinguishing the taxon from a closely related one, e.g. growing on dry hills in contrast to one that grows in swamps. The common relevant verbs are: habitat it lives crescit it grows occurrit it occurs incolit it inhabits 60 Miscellany The ecological terms are usually to be found in a vocabulary. When translated they are preceded by a preposition, either in followed by the terms in the ablative, or ad followed by the accusative; thus: in glareosis in gravelly places ad basim montium at or towards the base of hills Geography (Stearn pp. 201–228) When constructing a diagnosis or description, you will rarely translate geographical terms – either general such as river, or proper such as Australia – but you may want to translate them from Latin in older works. If you do use them, however, you find the Latin word in the vocabulary and use the appropriate preposition such as: in flumine by the river in montibus on mountains in Australia in Australia Stearn has a list of the Latin equivalents of geographical proper names on pp. 210–227; see also Roman Life and Culture, pp. 11–19 in Collins Latin Dictionary plus Grammar (1997). For names not listed in these, there are numerous websites listing places (especially European ones) in their Latin form, and antique maps sometimes include Latin names. New country names are best left in their original form and hence not declined, although a translation may be possible. We were asked to translate Lesser Sunda Islands, which was not listed in Latin in any paper or electronic resource, and settled on Insulae Minores Sundae (literally, Lesser Islands of Sunda) in the nominative which became Insulis Minoribus Sundae in the ablative, ‘Sundae’ remaining in the genitive. Colour Although Stearn has a very useful (and entertaining) chapter on colour terms (pp. 229–251), they are not discussed here since, grammatically, they are adjectives and handled in the same way as described above. Note that it is usually unnecessary to include the word ‘colour’ since this is plain from the colour term itself (i.e. ‘petals white’ is sufficient, not ‘petals white in colour’). Many colour terms are given in the Vocabulary, mainly under the basic colours such as brown, green, red. Punctuation (Stearn pp. 194–196) Symbols and abbreviations Symbols and abbreviations (Stearn pp. 350–358) are simply used as they are, in both English and Latin. Just bear in mind that, if an abbreviation is a verb (e.g. hab., habitat) or preposition (e.g. c., circa), an accompanying word (if necessary with a preposition) will have to be translated in the correct case, e.g. hab. in glareosis (it lives in gravelly soil). Punctuation (Stearn pp. 194–196) The Romans used no punctuation as we know it today. A full stop (also called a period) ends a sentence. It also ends an abbreviation, but not a contraction (which retains the first and last letters of the word, e.g. dr for doctor). A comma is used between adjectives except the last before the noun. It also separates clauses or phrases (used in place of ‘and’, ‘or’, ‘but’). It may be needed for unambiguity, e.g. tea, bread and butter, and cake. It may be used in place of brackets (and make sure that the second one is included). It should never be used to separate sentences!! A semicolon separates clauses of equal importance that could stand as separate sentences; it is useful for indicating separate items, especially if they themselves include commas. A colon separates two clauses, the second of which expresses an effect or result of the first. It is also used to introduce examples. Never add a hyphen or dash after a colon. An often mis-used punctuation mark is the hyphen. Correctly, it is used to break a word at the end of a line and between two words that, by common usage, are not fully joined but must be linked. It should not be used to indicate a range (a substitute for the word ‘to’), such as between figures, or between shapes that grade from one to another. In these places the correct mark is the longer en rule or en dash. Thus, write 5–10 mm, not 5-10 mm; oblong–elliptic (when the intended meaning is oblong to elliptic). But use ‘or’, not an en dash, between consecutive whole numbers when describing the number of parts, since you don’t have intermediate fractions. Thus, 3 or 4 petals, not 3–4 petals; but 3–5 petals is correct when there are 3, 4 or 5. Longer again than the en dash is the em rule or em dash, which can be used – instead of the comma or parentheses – to mark off a phrase or clause within a sentence, or to set off a final explanatory statement. You will rarely, if ever, use an em rule in botanical Latin. Neither rule should have spaces between it and the adjacent words. 61 62 Miscellany Forming specific epithets The process of forming specific epithets is governed by the rules laid out in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (soon to be International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants), and we recommend that, before you embark on this process, you read Article 60 and all its recommendations (A–H). Stearn also discussed the subject in Chapter XX. It is a good idea to explain the etymology or derivation of your new name as suggested in Recommendation 60H of the Code. It can avoid confusion later on! Suffice it to say, epithets can be formed from morphological characteristics, from place names and localities, in honour of people (dead or alive), from the names of other genera, even in an arbitrary way. They can be nouns in apposition, in which case they do not have to agree in gender with the generic name, or they can be adjectives that must agree. The best way to determine the gender of a genus is to look at the names of other species in that genus and see what other botanists have done, but again we have to preach caution here as a noun in apposition might resemble a masculine adjective. A case that springs to mind is Eucalyptus globulus (which confused one of the authors, newly arrived in Australia), where Eucalyptus is feminine and globulus looks masculine, but is a noun meaning ‘little ball’. By referring to a list of species, you will see that, for example, Eucalyptus miniata, E. caesia and E. marginata are obviously feminine, so any epithet chosen by you will also have to be feminine. Geographical epithets may be in the genitive and derived from a country or locality, such as Crotalaria (f.) novae-hollandiae [of New Holland ¼ Australia], Adenanthos cygnorum [of the swans ¼ Swan River, Australia]. Alternatively, they may be adjectival in form and end in -ensis, -(i)anus, -inus or -icus and agree in gender (given in parentheses in the following examples) with the generic name. Examples include: Citrus (m.) sinensis, Gyrocarpus (m.) americanus, Laburnum (n.) alpinum, Lecanora (f.) queenslandica, Dillenia (f.) indica. Some epithets are, in fact, other generic names as is the case with the following: Moraea sisyrhinchium, Nymphaea lotus, Frangula rhamnus. These are nouns in apposition so do not agree in number and gender, although their case (nominative) does. Double-barrelled (compound) epithets are allowed, but care must be taken in use of the hyphen (see Article 60.9 of the Code). Examples are Macrozamia pauli-guilielmi (after Paul Wilhelm), Scandix pecten-veneris (Venus’s comb, already a genitive, so is not declined with the generic name), Silene (f.) coelirosa (literally, pink of the sky), Neottia nidus-avis (bird’s nest), Melaleuca Forming specific epithets dorrien-smithii (after the Dorrien-Smith family), Amyema cycnei-sinus (Bay of Cygnet, i.e. Cygnet Bay; sinus is a noun in apposition), Impatiens noli-tangere (formed from two verbs meaning ‘do not touch’). Morphological characteristics of the taxon are commonly used: Ranunculus (m.) acris, Fucus (m.) saccharinus, Chondrus (m.) crispus, Amphinidium (n.) operculatum, Asplenium (n.) gracillimum, Trichoglossum (n.) hirsutum, Usnea (f.) scabrida, Coltricia (f.) cinnamomea and Mittenia (f.) plumula. To indicate that a feature is borne by the species, use an adjective ending in fer or -ger (with Latin words) or -phorus (with Greek words): Racopilum (n.) cuspidigerum (bearing cusps), Metopium (n.) toxiferum (bearing poison), Gyrostemon (m.) racemiger (bearing racemes), Marsilia (f.) costulifera (bearing costules), Caulerpa (f.) corynephora (bearing clubs). For a plant that resembles another or has a feature recalling an object, the suffix -odes, or -oides is commonly used: Amanita phalloides (resembling Phallus), Tillandsia usneoides (resembling Usnea), Polypodium phymatodes (resembling a tumour). Epithets named after people are usually either genitive (singular or plural) or adjectival. Examples of genitives include Cochlospermum (n.) fraseri (literally Cochlospermum of [Charles] Fraser) and Verticordia (f.) brownii (Verticordia of [Robert] Brown). The plural is used if more than one person is commemorated, e.g. Darwinia wittwerorum (Darwinia of [Ernst and Magda] Wittwer). The use of -i or -ii at the end of the epithet depends on the previous letters: a stem ending in -er takes -i, but the others take -ii (all mentioned in the Code). These genitives are based on men’s names, but if the person after whom the plant is named is a woman then the genitive has the feminine ending -ae, e.g. Conospermum (n.) eatoniae (named for Alice Eaton). There are variations on this depending on whether the plant was named after two men, two women or after a man and a woman, but again, we refer you to Article 60 of the Code. In a diagnosis where the generic name may have to be translated into the genitive or dative, an epithet in the genitive remains unchanged as it still means, for example, ‘of Fraser’. Examples of adjectival epithets formed from a person’s name are Banksia (f.) hookeriana (literally meaning the Hookerian Banksia), Convolvulus (m.) hookerianus and Asplenium (n.) hookerianum. Note that the adjectival ending agrees in gender with the generic name. When considering an epithet, bear in mind that our Vocabulary contains mainly terms used for describing plants. There are many other useful words. Particularly useful for providing an appropriate word is Brown (1956), who listed words for all scientific disciplines. 63 Part II Exercises in translation 11 Exercises It’s time to be brave and get to grips with translating. Below are exercises, with answers starting on p. 00. These are also useful if you are running a course in botanical Latin. In exercises where several Latin words are available and correct, we give just one. The vital point is that the word you choose has the correct ending, in case, gender and number. Where necessary, consult the Vocabulary for the declension and gender of a noun and for the group of an adjective. Don’t guess. One example that comes to mind – and we have seen this several times – is the word folia (Second Declension Nominative, Accusative n. pl.), which looks like a First Declension Nominative f.sing. noun, and then errors such as foliae, and folias suddenly appear in the description! A few compound adjectives are listed in the Vocabulary, but others you will have to construct. You may find it useful to revise the relevant section in the grammar before doing these. 1. Declining 1.1. Declining nouns and adjectives (answers on p. 00) State the declension and gender of each of the following nouns and then decline in full – singular and plural: ampulla (bladder), sorus (sorus), velum (veil), Quercus (oak), superficies (surface), frons (frond), sipho (tube), lemma (lemma). Now translate and decline the following nouns with their adjectives in full (all cases, singular and plural): yellow corolla(s) (use luteus, -a, -um) yellow stamen(s) yellow style(s) stipe(s) slender, red (use gracilis, -e and ruber, -a, -um) pileus (pilei) stinking (use foetens), gelatinous 68 Exercises rhizome(s) fibrous, creeping (use repens) anther(s) versatile, brown (use brunneus, -a, -um) 1.2. Taxonomic ranks (answers on p. 00) Translate in the nominative: new new new new new new new new new species subspecies variety form genus subgenus section series name 1.3. Exercises in the nominative (answers on p. 00) Give the number and gender of the following nouns in the nominative, then add the correct form of the given adjectives: herb annual perennial slender robust creeping prostrate decumbent suckering floating shrub (use frutex) erect suckering robust much-branched tree evergreen deciduous mature stem terete angular glabrous red villous 1. Declining stems winged smooth hirsute flattened dark purple stipules minute setaceous triangular leaf-like membranous spinescent absent leaf sessile petiolate spreading (use patens) appressed decurved simple pinnate terete lanceolate orbicular fusiform flat channelled obtuse emarginate acute pungent entire serrate glabrous hirsute leaves alternate opposite whorled rosetted basal cauline imbricate inflorescence axillary globose racemose loose umbellate subtended inflorescences terminal cauliflorous spicate paniculate bract lanceolate persistent bracts caducous amplexicaul overlapping many flower very small fragrant pedicellate unisexual 69 70 Exercises flowers axillary pedicellate nodding calyx five-lobed ribbed papery sepals imbricate enlarged succulent reflexed glandular corolla tubular bilabiate zygomorphic spurred glandular glabrous petals free unequal concave dentate shiny glabrous stamens incurved caducous united exserted numerous anthers versatile basifixed bilocular apiculate sessile filament terete flat bearded cream filaments smooth warty thread-like fleshy pistil simple elongated bifurcate geniculate 1. Declining gynoecium fleshy rudimentary style straight short filiform much-branched ovary inferior superior stipitate glabrous bilocular stigma capitate three-lobed feathery small decurrent orange stigmas clavate linear sticky dry fruit dehiscent drupaceous fusiform beaked seed globose flat angular winged arillate brown stipe purple swollen upright striate rough pitted obese club-shaped bulbous caps umbonate foetid liquefying domed gelatinous silky flexuous viscid excentric gills buff sinuate free decurrent crowded forked adnate thallus coiled constricted narrow strap-like thick mucilaginous monoecious/monoicous leafy dark red 71 72 Exercises 1.4. Exercises in the accusative (answers on p. 00) Translate, giving the declension, gender and number of the nouns underlined: corolla pink tubular hairy bell-shaped petals reflexed red overlapping spreading thallus dry entire warty pitted furrowed curled rigid spores black powdery sticky similar reddening before anthesis towards the top at the base to the tip stamens united in bundles corolla equalling bracts 1.5. Exercises in the genitive (answers on p. 00) Translate: margins of the leaves [leaf margins] tube of corolla upper surface of leaf canal of alar cell surface of the valves mass of spores grain of pollen flesh of receptacles base of stipe [with] face of valve similar [s. Neuter] to Agaricus [Masculine] similar [s. Masculine] to Delessaria sinuosa flesh of stipe drying 1.6. Exercises in the dative (answers on p. 00) Translate: Dryandra meganotia is similar to Dryandra armata This genus is similar to Nitophyllum This genus is similar to Cladonia 2. Adjectives 1.7. Exercises in the ablative (answers on p. 00) Translate: with petals equalling sepals in length leaves glossy with papery margins low shrub with spreading branches erect herb with basal rosette pileus red with remnants of volva visible leaf variegated with three veins flowers blue at maturity frond crimson with calcareous white crust cap with flexuose margins surface with scattered, irregular pink spots seed ridged, black, with terminal tuft of bristles frond glossy, with naked sori fruit circumscissile, with numerous ridges margin undulating, with many sharp teeth 2. Adjectives 2.1. Positive (absolute) adjectives (answers on p. 00) 2.1.1. State whether the following adjectives are Group A or Group B and then decline fully, i.e. masculine, feminine and neuter, singular and plural: roseus, rosea, roseum (rosy pink) incolor, incolor, incolore (colourless) 2.1.2. Give the: singular neuter nominative of foetidus (smelly) plural feminine accusative of rostriformis (beak-shaped) singular masculine genitive of affinis (related) singular masculine accusative of plicatus (folded) plural neuter ablative of planus (flat) plural masculine accusative of acer (bitter) plural feminine nominative of umbelliformis (umbel-shaped) singular masculine dative of inermis (unarmed: without prickles, spines or thorns) plural feminine genitive of purpureus (reddish purple) singular feminine nominative of niger (black) 73 74 Exercises plural neuter dative of tenax (tough) singular neuter genitive of iners (sluggish, stagnant) plural neuter accusative of gracilis (slender) singular neuter nominative of simplex (simple) 2.1.3. Translate: ovate-lanceolate greyish-white thick-walled depressed-ovoid bearing glands (glandular) 2.2. Comparative adjectives (answers on p. 00) 2.2.1. Translate: with wider leaves longer, narrower petals with more hirsute follicles shorter staminodes species with taller habit with paler margins with pinker petals branches more slender 2.3 Superlative adjectives (answers on p. 00) 2.3.1. Translate: very slender stems the tallest variety leaves with very dense indumentum very long, narrow fruit stalk upright, very swollen at base frond very thick, strap-like 2.4. Comparisons (answers on p. 00) 2.4.1. Translate: sepals longer than petals with petals longer than sepals 4. Adverbs with fruit (singular) wider than long standard petal longer than wide the corolla tube longer than the calyx with the calyx shorter than the corolla tube the keel equals the standard in length 3. Participles (answers on p. 00) 3.1. Decline in full for the gender cited (all cases, singular and plural): scattered: dispersus (feminine) straggling: effusus (masculine) spreading: patens (neuter) reddening: rufescens (masculine) 3.2. Translate the following: linking spine leaves narrowed with creeping stems hairs scattered sparsely with cells arranged in palisade lobes arising from base sori developed in dense clusters with spores laterally compressed 4. Adverbs 4.1 Positive (absolute) adverbs (answers on p. 00) 4.1.1. Translate the following adjectives, state whether they are Group A or Group B, and then form their associated adverbs: irregular weak acute narrow easy thick slender strong 75 76 Exercises 4.1.2. Translate the following: leaves red, irregularly dentate, slightly papery pileus with flesh easily bruised, foetid with leaf margins slightly undulating thallus densely branched 4.2. Comparative and superlative adverbs (answers on p. 00) 4.2.1. Translate: with stems more densely hairy tips of sepals tapering more narrowly the species with most distinctly fleshy leaves the tip of the frond very tightly rolled with yellow, very strongly perfumed flowers with the flesh of the pileus more easily bruised thallus very deeply dissected, leathery spores more prominently verrucose species mostly riparian 5. Conjunctions (answers on p. 00) 5.1. Translate: flowers nodding with the corolla either white or pink upper surface of leaf smooth but lower hairy both leaves and stems pale glands more or less regularly scattered neither frond nor stipe with a calcareous crust both stipe and pileus fibrous 6. Pronouns (answers on p. 00) 6.1. Translate: this species differs from the others these varieties similar the three upper petals longer than the others two stamens long, the others are short [it is] similar to this species but differing from it 7. Verbs (answers on p. 00) sepals and petals 10–15 mm long, the former pale green, papery, the latter dark red, spotted 7. Verbs (answers on p. 00) 7.1. Translate: this species grows on dry, rocky hillsides it lives on the banks of damp, shaded streams it occurs in cultivated fields these species differ from the others in this genus it is found on the edge of melting snow 77 12 Answers to the Exercises 1. Declining 1.1. Declining nouns and adjectives ampulla First Declension feminine Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative ampulla ampullam ampullae ampullae ampulla ampullae ampullas ampullarum ampullis ampullis sorus Second Declension masculine Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative sorus sorum sori soro soro sori soros sororum soris soris velum Second Declension neuter Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative velum velum veli velo velo vela vela velorum velis velis Quercus Fourth Declension feminine Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Quercus Quercum Quercus Quercui Quercu Quercus Quercus Quercuum Quercibus Quercibus 1. Declining superficies Fifth Declension feminine Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative superficies superficiem superficiei superficiei superficie superficies superficies superficierum superficiebus superficiebus frons Third Declension feminine Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative frons frondem frondis frondi fronde frondes frondes frondium frondibus frondibus sipho Third Declension masculine Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative sipho siphonem siphonis siphoni siphone siphones siphones siphonum siphonibus siphonibus lemma Third Declension neuter Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative lemma lemma lemmatis lemmati lemmate corolla lutea corollam luteam corollae luteae corollae luteae corolla lutea lemmata lemmata lemmatum lemmatibus lemmatibus corollae luteae corollas luteas corollarum lutearum corollis luteis corollis luteis 79 80 Answers to the Exercises Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative stamen luteum staminem luteum staminis lutei stamina luteo stamine luteo stamina lutea stamina lutea staminum luteorum staminibus luteis staminibus luteis Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative stylus luteus stylum luteum styli lutei stylo luteo stylo luteo styli lutei stylos luteos stylorum luteorum stylis luteis stylis luteis Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative stipes gracilis, ruber stipitem gracilem, rubrum stipitis gracilis, rubri stipiti gracili, rubro stipite gracili, rubro stipites graciles, rubri stipites graciles, rubros stipitum gracilum, rubrorum stipitibus gracilibus, rubris stipitibus gracilibus, rubris Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative pileus foetens, gelatinosus pileum foetentem, gelatinosum pilei foetentis, gelatinosi pileo foetenti, gelatinoso pileo foetenti, gelatinoso pilei foetentes, gelatinosi pileos foetentes, gelatinosos pileorum foetentium, gelatinosorum pileis foetentibus, gelatinosis pileis foetentibus, gelatinosis Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative rhizoma fibrosum, repens rhizoma fibrosum, repens rhizomatis fibrosi, repentis rhizomati fibroso, repenti rhizomate fibroso, repenti rhizomata fibrosa, repentia rhizomata fibrosa, repentia rhizomatum fibrosorum, repentium rhizomatibus fibrosis, repentibus rhizomatibus fibrosis, repentibus Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative anthera versatilis, brunnea antheram versatilem, brunneam antherae versatilis, brunneis antherae versatili, brunneae anthera versatili, brunnea antherae versatiles, brunneae antheras versatiles, brunneas antherarum versatilium, brunnearum antheris versatilibus, brunneis antheris versatilibus, brunneis 1. Declining 1.2. Taxonomic ranks Species nova, subspecies nova, varietas nova, forma nova, genus novum, subgenus novum, sectio nova, series nova, nomen novum. 1.3. Exercises in the nominative herba (Feminine sing.) annua perennis gracilis robusta repens prostrata decumbens surculescens natans frutex (Masculine sing.) erectus surculescens robustus ramosissimus arbor (Feminine sing.) sempervirens decidua matura (or adulta) caulis (Masculine sing.) teres angulatus glaber ruber villosus caules (Masculine pl.) alati laeves hirsuti complanati (or applanati) atropurpurei stipulae (Feminine pl.) minutae setaceae triangulares foliaciae (or foliiformes) membranaceae spinescentes absentes folium (Neuter sing.) sessile petiolatum patens adpressum (or appressum) decurvatum (or decurvum) simplex pinnatum terete lanceolatum orbiculare fusiforme planatum canaliculatum obtusum emarginatum acutum pungens integrum serratum glabrum hirsutum folia (Neuter pl.) alterna opposita verticillata rosularia basalia caulina imbricata inflorescentia (Feminine sing.) axillaris globosa racemosa laxa umbellata subtenta inflorescentiae (Feminine pl.) terminales cauliflorae spicatae paniculatae bractea (Feminine sing.) lanceolata persistens (or perdurans) bracteae (Feminine pl.) caducae amplexicaules imbricatae multae flos (Masculine sing.) parvulus (or pusillus) fragrans pedicellatus unisexualis flores (Masculine pl.) axillares pedicellati nutantes calyx (Masculine sing.) 5-lobatus costatus papyraceus sepala (Neuter pl.) imbricata amplificata (or ampliata) succulenta (or carnosa) reflexa glandulosa corolla (Feminine sing.) tubularis bilabiata zygomorpha calcarata glandulosa glabra petala (Neuter pl.) libera inaequalia concava dentata nitentia glabra stamina (Neuter pl.) incurvata caduca unita exserta numerosa antherae (Feminine pl.) versatiles basifixae biloculares apiculatae sessiles filamentum (Neuter sing.) teres planum barbatum cremeum filamenta (Neuter pl.) laevia filiformia verrucosa carnosa 81 82 Answers to the Exercises pistillum (Neuter sing.) simplex elongatum bifurcatum geniculatum gynoecium (Neuter sing.) carnosum rudimentale stylus (Masculine sing.) rectus brevis filiformis ramosissimus ovarium (Neuter sing.) inferius superius stipitatum glabrum biloculare stigma (Neuter sing.) capitatum 3-lobatum plumosum parvum decurrens aurantiacum stigmata (Neuter pl.) clavata linearia glutinosa sicca fructus (Masculine sing.) dehiscens drupaceus fusiformis rostratus semen (Neuter sing.) globosum planatum angulatum (or angulare) alatum arillatum brunneum stipes (Masculine sing.) purpureus tumidus erectus striatus rugosus foveatus (or alveolatus) obesus claviformis (or clavatus) bulbosus pilei (Masculine pl.) umbonati foetidi deliquescentes tholiformes gelatinosi sericei flexuosi viscidi excentrici lamellae (Feminine pl.) bubalinae sinuatae liberae decurrentes aggregatae (or confertae) furcatae adnatae thallus (Masculine sing.) helicus constrictus angustus ligulatus crassus mucilaginus monoecius (or monoicus) frondosus (or foliosus) atroruber 1.4. Exercises in the accusative corollam (First Declension Feminine sing.) roseam tubularem hirsutam campanulatam petala (Second Declension Neuter pl.) reflexa rubra imbricata patentia thallum (Second Declension Masculine sing.) siccum integrum verrucosum foveatum sulcatum crispum rigentem sporas (First Declension Feminine pl.) nigras farinaceas (or pulveraceas) viscidas similares erubescentes ante anthesin ad basem ad apicem stamina in fasciculos conflata corolla bracteas aequans 1.5. Exercises in the genitive margines foliorum tuba corollae 1. Declining pagina supera folii (or superficies folii) canalis cellulae alaris superficies valvarum massa sporarum granum pollinis caro receptaculorum basis stipitis pagina valvae Agarici simile Delessariae sinuosae similis caro stipitis arescens 1.6. Exercises in the dative Dryandra meganotia Dryandrae armatae similis Hoc genus Nitophyllo simile Hoc genus Cladoniae simile 1.7. Exercises in the ablative petalis in longitudine sepala aequantibus folia nitida (or polita) marginibus papyraceis (or chartaceis) frutex humilis ramis patentibus (or expansis) herba erecta rosula basali pileus ruber vestigiis volvae visibilibus folium variegatum nervis (or venis) tribus flores in maturitate caerulei frons coccinea crusta calcarea alba pileus marginibus flexuosis pagina maculis irregularibus roseis sparsis (or dispersis) semen porcatum, nigrum, caespite setarum terminali frons nitida, soris nudis fructus circumscissilis, cristis (or porcis) numerosis margo undulata (or undulatus) dentibus multis acutis [margo may be feminine or masculine] 83 84 Answers to the Exercises 2. Adjectives 2.1. Positive (absolute) adjectives 2.1.1. Group A roseus roseum rosei roseo roseo rosea roseam roseae roseae rosea roseum roseum rosei roseo roseo rosei roseos roseorum roseis roseis roseae roseas rosearum roseis roseis rosea rosea roseorum roseis roseis Group B incolor incolorem incoloris incolori incolori incolor incolorem incoloris incolori incolori incolor incolor incoloris incolori incolori incolores incolores incolorium incoloribus incoloribus incolores incolores incolorium incoloribus incoloribus incoloria incoloria incolorium incoloribus incoloribus 2.1.2. foetidum rostriformes affinis plicatum planis acres umbelliformes inermi purpurearum 2. Adjectives nigra tenacibus inertis gracilia simplex 2.1.3. ovato-lanceolatus, -a, -um griseoalbus, -a, -um crasso-parietalis, -is, -e depresso-ovoideus, -a, -um glandifer, glandifera, glandiferum, or glandulifer, -a, -um 2.2. Comparative adjectives 2.2.1. foliis latioribus petala longiora, angustiora folliculi hirsutiores staminodia breviora species habitu altiore marginibus pallidioribus petalis magis roseis rami graciliores 2.3. Superlative adjectives 2.3.1. caules gracillimi varietas altissima (or elatissima) folia indumento densissimo fructus longissimus, angustus stipes erectus, basi tumidissimus frons crassissima, ligulata 2.4. Comparisons 2.4.1. sepala longiora quam petala petalis longioribus quam sepalis fructu longiore quam latiore 85 86 Answers to the Exercises vexillum longius quam latius tuba corollae longior quam calyx [longior agrees with tuba, not corollae] calyce breviore quam tuba corollae [tuba looks the same in Nominative and Ablative] carina in longitudine vexillum aequans 3. Participles 3.1. dispersa dispersam dispersae dispersae dispersa dispersae dispersas dispersarum dispersis dispersis effusus effusum effusi effuso effuso effusi effusos effusorum effusis effusis patens patens patentis patenti patenti patentia patentia patentium patentibus patentibus rufescens rufescentem rufescentis rufescenti rufescenti rufescentes rufescentes rufescentium rufescentibus rufescentibus 4. Adverbs 3.2. spina iungens folia angustata caulibus repentibus (or reptantibus) pili sparsim dispersi (or adspersi) cellulis in vallo dispositis lobi e basi orientes (or exorientes) sori in fasciculis densis evolutis sporis lateraliter compressis 4. Adverbs 4.1. Positive (absolute) adverbs 4.1.1. irregularis (Group B): irregulariter pallidus (Group A): pallide; or dilutus (Group A): dilute; or exiguus (Group A): exigue acutus (Group A): acute angustus (Group A): anguste facilis (Group B): facile crassus (Group A): crasse gracilis (Group B): graciliter fortis (Group B): fortiter; or validus Group A: valide 4.1.2. folia rubra, irregulariter dentata, leniter (or parum) papyracea pileus carne faciliter contusa, foetida [note that participle contusa agrees with carne] marginibus foliorum leviter undulatis thallus dense ramosus 4.2. Comparative and superlative adverbs 4.2.1. caulibus densius hirsutis apices sepalorum angustius contracti species foliis distinctissime carnosis apex frondis ar[c]tissime involutus 87 88 Answers to the Exercises floribus flavis, fortissime fragrantibus carne pilei facilius contusa thallus profundissime dissectus coriaceus sporae magis manifeste verrucosae [prominens, which seems the obvious choice, is a participle and has no adverbial form] species plerumque riparia 5. Conjunctions 5.1. flores nutantes corolla vel alba vel rosea pagina supera (or superna) folii laevis sed infera (or inferna) pilosa et folia et caules pallidi glandes plus minusve regulatim dispersae (or adspersae) neque frons neque stipes crusta calcarea (or nec… nec…) et stipes et pileus fibrosi 6. Pronouns 6.1. haec species ab aliis differt haec varietates similares petala supera quam alia tria longiora stamina duo longa, alia brevia huius speciei similis sed ab ea differt (or huic) speciei similis sed ab ea differt sepala et petala 10–15 mm longa, illa pallido-viridia papyracea, haec atrorubra, maculata (or punctata) 7. Verbs 7.1. haec species in collibus aridis, petrosis crescit in ripis humidis rivulorum umbrosorum habitat in agris cultis occurrit hae species ab aliis in hoc genere differunt ad marginem nivis deliquescentis invenitur Part III Translating 13 Translating into Latin Some tips It’s good practice to get into the way of a standard sequence for describing the organs. A sound one was developed by the Flora of Australia Editorial Committee and refined through the experience of preparing volumes of the Flora of Australia (Flora of Australia Guide for Contributors, ABRS, 3rd edn 1993, p. 8). The same format was adopted for the Species Plantarum Project (Orchard, 1999). Within organs, it is best to follow the sequence of attributes: position, number, overall shape, apex, base, length, breadth, indumentum, venation, texture. There may be no need to include all attributes, e.g. those common to all species of a genus, or not relevant to a particular organ. For leaves, the lamina is usually described before the petiole and stipules; for stamens, the filaments before the anthers; for the pistil, the ovary before the style and stigma. Avoid unnecessary articles (the, a, an). Use a short or plain-English word rather than a long or technical one of the same meaning, e.g. warty (not verrucose), funnel-shaped (not infundibuliform), jointed (not articulate). You want the reader to understand what you are saying, not close the book. Likewise, use ‘standard’ botanical Latin rather than try to be erudite by using a classical word, e.g. porca (adj. porcatus) or crista (adj. cristatus) for ridge(d), not columen which, when declined, can look like a misspelling of column. Avoid unnecessary words, e.g. ‘leaves lanceolate with entire margins’ may be written as ‘leaves lanceolate, entire’; ‘altogether glabrous’ is a tautology. Be aware of terms that have both a general and a particular meaning, e.g. pubescence (a useful general term for hair-covering is indumentum, or just say ‘hairy’). Note that an author’s name within a description or diagnosis is cited in the same way in both English and Latin, that is, it is not translated. Notes to help in translation (1) Keep it simple. Don’t make the task harder than it already is. Several simple clauses or phrases are preferable to one convoluted one, and are 92 Translating into Latin (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) easier for you to deal with. Use numerals instead of words. If you have difficulty translating English into Latin, see if you can amend the English in order to make the translation simpler but without losing the meaning. Write out the English well spaced and with lots of space between lines. Write in all your workings immediately below the English, in pencil, as you will probably be correcting and re-correcting this stage. When writing descriptions or diagnoses, keep a vocabulary for each. It saves repeated reference to the dictionary and you can add extra notes to this sheet too, so when you come to check it later, all the words you require are there in front of you, along with jottings regarding your choice of words, and so on. Work out the cases: main characters in nominative, lesser characters (usually found on the main ones) in ablative. Underline the subordinate clauses. Mark in possessives, e.g. calyx tube [literally: tube of calyx], to be put in genitive. Highlight the prepositions. Determine the case of a noun that goes with any preposition; write it in. Determine which adjectives go with which noun. Be very exact at this stage, and label them if you wish. Write in the number, gender and case. Write the nouns beneath the English in pencil; note their Declensions so that, when you refer back to your work later, you can pick it up where you left off. Write in the stem of each adjective and what Group it is. Referring to its noun in number, gender and case, work out the ending, and put it in. By writing in the stems of the adjectives only (and not the masculine form as it is in the vocabulary or dictionary), you have to think about each and every word as you come to it. Many errors are made when brains become numb and the author forgets to change the adjectival ending from the nominative masculine singular to another part. Do you need comparatives? superlatives? adverbs?, etc. Work out the appropriate endings and insert them all in pencil, with the Latin words below the English. This will take some time and maybe several sessions if you feel that your brain is about to pop! Keep checking ‘number, gender, case’ like a robot; this is where many errors occur. When your Latin seems to be as perfect as you can make it, re-write it and sort out the word order as you do so. In general, adjectives come after their nouns, and verbs and participles come at the end of their Abbreviations clauses or sentences. In classical Latin, the Romans tended to ‘paint pictures’ with their words. Aim for this. (16) At this point, leave the whole lot for a week or so, the longer the better. Then look at your neat version and try to translate it back into English (remember: number, gender, case!!) – and any errors should stand out. Sort out the errors by starting each word afresh, and then check your original version to see where you went wrong. You may want to skip this phase, but try not to. Tired translators make numerous mistakes, and leaving it for a week or so means that you approach it with a fresh mind. Parsing To get into the swing of translating and to get into the practice of using the tables in this book, try a little parsing, that is, describing grammatically the parts of speech of words (e.g. noun) and groups of words (e.g. phrase). This used to be part of English lessons, but since teaching grammar is out of vogue it’s not often done. It can seem boring, but is a really good way of getting to grips with what you do or don’t know, and what you do or don’t understand. It is also a good way to revise Latin after a spell of not using it for a while. Take a few sentences in a description or a diagnosis, and, for each word, say what it is, e.g. folia (leaves) can be either nominative or accusative neuter plural Second Declension noun. Haec (this, these) can be nominative, singular, feminine, or nominative or accusative, plural, neuter pronoun. By the time you have done this for a description, you really begin to see how the language works. Abbreviations Use of abbreviations avoids the need to decline and saves space. Besides numerals and units (mm, cm etc.), some that you may want to use are: c. (circa) about diam. (diametro) in diameter excl. (exclusus) excluded incl. (inclusus) included The symbols ♀ and ♂ may be used instead of the words for female ( femineus) and male (masculus). We now give an example of a description followed by two diagnoses. 93 94 Translating into Latin The description Translation of a description adapted from George Bentham’s Handbook of the British Flora Notes about the English The main phrases of the description below are in bold; the secondary (subordinate) phrases are left in light type. A few words have been paraphrased and appear in square brackets in the relevant places. Do this when a simple phrase already exists, you can’t find a word in the dictionary, or the English could be simplified. For example, in his Vocabulary Stearn doesn’t give a word for ‘notched’ (but you could use ‘emarginate’), although there is the noun incisura, hence there is some re-phrasing. Perennial or occasionally annual [plant] with shortly creeping rootstock, and erect or ascending stems, either glabrous or slightly downy, rarely more than 30 cm tall. Leaves opposite, ovate, coarsely toothed, glabrous, with some reddening along the main vein. Peduncles axillary, 5 cm long or more [at least 5 cm long], with a single, showy [prominent, large] yellow flower. Calyx tubular with 5 prominent angles and 5 short teeth. Corolla with a broad tube, the inside of which is white with a few dark purple spots, and with 5 flat lobes arranged in two lips; the upper lip 2-lobed [and] sometimes erect, the lower one spreading and 3-lobed, with the central lobe often notched [with notch]; lobes bright yellow with sometimes a large reddishpurple spot. Stamens 4, equal to the corolla tube in length. Fruit a capsule with 5 lobes, densely packed with seeds, opening into 2 valves. Seeds very small, with rough surface, black. Found [lives] on the banks of streams and in moist, shady places The following abbreviations are used: abl. ablative, acc. accusative, adj. adjective, adv. adverb, comp. comparative, conj. conjunction, decl. declension, f. feminine, gen. genitive, ind. indicative, m masculine, n. neuter, nom. nominative, part. participle, pl. plural, prep. preposition, sing. singular, sub. subordinate Notes about the Latin in order of appearance. (1) In the description above, the word ‘with’ indicates the start of a subordinate clause. It is not translated as such, but is part of the meaning of the ablative case. (2) One can become somewhat confused by the words tube, tuba and tubus. Tuba (Nominative sing.), tubae (Genitive sing.), f., trumpet, refers to the straight-sided Roman war-trumpet, and conical or trumpet-shaped floral parts! The masculine tubus (Nominative sing.), tubi (Genitive sing.), tube, refers to parallel-sided tubes or pipes. Plant Planta noun 1 s. f. Nominative perennial perennis adj.B s. f. Nominative or vel conj. occasionally interdum adv. annual annua adj.A s. f. Nominative with (1) rootstock caudice noun 3 s.m. Ablative and et conj. erect erectis adj.A pl. m. Ablative or aut conj. ascending ascendentibus adj.B pl. m. Ablative or vel conj. slightly leviter adv. downy pubescentibus adj.A pl. m. Ablative rarely rare adv. Leaves Folia noun 2 pl. n. Nominative opposite opposita adj.A pl. n. Nominative ovate ovata adj.A pl. n. Nominative reddening rufescente part.B along secus prep. (þAccusative) or more plus minusve comp.adverbs with -ve suffix ¼ ‘or’ shortly breviter adv. creeping repente part.B s. m. Ablative stems caulibus noun 3 pl. m. Ablative either vel conj. glabrous glabris adj.A pl. m. Ablative more plus comp. adv. than quam adv. 30 cm 30 cm tall. [in height] in altitudine alta? noun 3 s. f. Ablative coarsely grosse adv. toothed dentata adj.A pl. n. Nominative glabrous glabra adj.A pl. n. Nominative with some nonullus adv. the main vein. costam noun 1 s. f. Accusative Axillary Axillares adj.B pl. m. Nominative peduncles pedunculi noun 2 pl. m. Nominative 5cm 5 cm long longi adj.A pl. m. Nominative with single unica adj.A s. m. Ablative showy magnifica adj.A s. m. Ablative yellow canarina adj.A s. m. Ablative flower. flore noun 3 s. m. Ablative Calyx Calyx noun 3 s. m. Nominative start sub. clause start sub. clause Start sub. clause with 5 5 numeral prominent prominentibus part.B pl. m. Ablative angles angulis noun 2 pl. m. Ablative and et conj. Corolla Corolla noun 1 s. f. Nominative with a broad lata adj.A s. f. Nominative tube (2) tuba noun 1 s. f. Nominative the inside interior (3) adv. is white alba adj.A s. f. Nominative with a few paucis adj.A pl. f. Ablative dark purple atropurpureis adj.A pl. f. Ablative spots maculis noun 1 pl. f. Ablative and et conj. 5 5 numeral flat planis adj.A pl. m. Ablative lobes lobis noun 2 pl. m. Ablative arranged dispositis part.A pl. m. Ablative in (5) in þAblative two duobus num. decl. lips labiis noun 2 pl. n. Ablative the upper superum adj.A s. n. Nominative lip labium 2-lobed bilobatum adj.A s. n. Nominative and sometimes interdum adv. erect erectum adj.A s. n. Nominative the lower inferum adj.A s. n. Nominative one pron. s. n. Nominative spreading patens part.B s. n. Nominative and (6) et conj. 3-lobed trilobatum adj.A s. n. Nominative the central centrali adj.B s. m. Ablative lobe lobo noun 2 s. m. Ablative often saepe adv. with notch; incisura noun 1 s. f. Ablative lobes lobi noun 2 pl. m. Nominative bright canarini adj.A pl. m. Nominative yellow tubular tubularis adj.B s. m. Nominative start sub. clause teeth. dentibus noun 3 pl. m. Ablative with start sub. clause start sub. clause 5 5 numeral pars noun 3 s. f. Nominative short brevibus adj.B pl. m. Ablative of which (4) cujus pron. s. f. Genitive with sometimes a large spot. Stamens 4 equal magna adj.A s. f. Ablative reddishpurple purpurea adj.A s. f. Ablative start sub. clause interdum adv. macula noun 1 s. f. Ablative Stamina noun 3 pl. n. Nominative 4 numeral aequantia part.B pl. n. Nominative þ Accusative corolla corollae noun 1 s. f. Genitive tube tubam noun 1 s. f. Accusative in length in longitudine noun 3 s. f.a bl. Fruit Fructus noun 4 s. m. Nominative a capsule capsula noun 1 s. f. Nominative with 5 5 numeral lobes, lobis noun 2 pl. m. Nominative densely dense adv. packed impletus part.A s. m. Nominative with seeds seminibus noun 3 pl. n. Ablative opening aperiens part.B s. m. Nominative into in prep. þ Accusative 2 duas num. decl. valves. valvas noun 1 pl. f. Accusative Seeds very small diff from descr? minutissima sup. adj. pl. n. Nominative black. Lives on the banks of streams nigra adj.A pl. n. Nominative with rough surface rugosa adj. A pl. n. Nominative habitat 3rd pers. pres. ind. act. in prep. þ Ablative ripis noun 1 pl. f. Ablative rivulorum noun 2 pl. f. Ablative moist humidis adj.A pl. m. Ablative shady umbrosis adj.A pl. m. Ablative places locis noun 2 pl. m. Ablative to the (7) semina noun 3 pl. n. Nominative and et conj. start sub. clause 98 Translating into Latin (3) ‘Interior’ is translated using the phrase ‘interior part’. (4) ‘of which’: when selecting the correct pronoun, remember to choose the one with the correct meaning, in this case, qui, quae, quod. The word tuba is feminine so you need part of quae, it is singular, and it means ‘of which’ so you need the genitive. i.e. feminine, singular, genitive ‘cujus’. (5) in with accusative implies motion towards or into something, whereas when used with the ablative motion is not involved. (6) et is used to join two items of equal ‘weight’; in this case it connects two adjectives. As it is not necessary to the sentence, it is probably better to leave it out. (7) ‘to the’: this is indicated by the use of the accusative and so is not translated independently. This may now be written in the correct Latin format, with the sentences and clauses numbered for ease of reference in the ‘Notes’ below: (1) Planta perennis vel interdum annua, (2) caudice breviter repente et caulibus erectis aut ascendentibus, vel glabris vel leviter pubescentibus, rare plus quam 30 cm alta. (3) Folia opposita, ovata, grosse dentata, glabra secus costam nonullus rufescente. (4) Pedunculi axillares, saltem 5 cm longi, flore unica magnifica canarina. (5) Calyx tubularis angulis 5 prominentibus et dentibus 5 brevibus. (6) Corollae tuba lata, cujus pars interior alba maculis paucis atropurpureis, et lobis planis 5 in labiis duobus dispositis; labium superum bilobatum interdum erectum, inferum trilobatum et patens lobo centrali saepe incisura; (7) lobi canarini, interdum macula magna purpurea. (8) Stamina 4, tubam corollae in longitudine aequantia. (9) Fructus capsula lobis 5, seminibus dense impletus, in duas valvas aperiens. (10) Semina minutissima, rugosa, nigra. (11) In ripis rivulorum et locis humidis umbrosis habitat. Notes: In (2) use aut for the first ‘or’, otherwise vel … vel … vel will appear in the same sentence meaning ‘either … or … or’. In (6), as this sentence is about the corolla the word corollae comes first, even though it is in the genitive case and is translated together with tuba as ‘the tube of the corolla’. Remember that it is case that confers meaning on a noun, not its position in the sentence. In (8), aequantia is the participle of the verb and so requires an object in the accusative. The object in this case is tubam, while corollae remains in the genitive because its relationship with ‘the tube’ hasn’t changed. How to start a diagnosis In (9) we have two nouns in apposition – fructus is masculine and capsula is feminine and, even though they are closely associated, no change in ending is made. The diagnosis A diagnosis (Stearn p. 143) is a short account of the characters that distinguish an organism. It may be a statement, or a comparison with a presumed related organism (or organisms). All taxonomic ranks may be described this way, and the characters chosen should be appropriate for the rank. A character common to all taxa in a family or genus, for example, should not be included in a diagnosis for one in a lower rank. How to start a diagnosis If possible, compare it to its closest relative: Affinity/Related to [taxon] from which it differs by … [Taxon name in dative] affinis, a qua … differt. Note that the pronoun ‘which’ refers to the rank of the taxon cited (e.g. ‘from which species’); thus, if it is a rank below subgenus (section, species, subspecies etc.) it is feminine, qua; if the taxon is a genus or subgenus (neuter) then it is quo (see p. 00). Affinity/Related to [taxon] but it differs by … [Taxon name in dative] affinis, sed … differt. Affinity/Related to [taxon] from which it is distinguished by … [Taxon name in dative] affinis, a qua … distinguitur. As above, note that the pronoun ‘which’ refers to the rank of the taxon cited, thus if it is a rank below subgenus (section, species, subspecies etc.) it is feminine, qua; if the taxon is a genus or subgenus (neuter) then it is quo. Affinity/Related to [taxon] but it is distinguished by … [Taxon name in dative] affinis, sed … distinguitur. In this context always use ‘affinis’ in full, not the abbreviation ‘aff.’ commonly used in other text. Similar to [taxon] but it differs by … [Taxon name in dative] similis, sed … differt. From [taxon] it is distinguished by … Ab [taxon name in ablative] … distinguitur. From all other species it differs … Ab speciebus aliis omnibus … differt. 99 100 Translating into Latin From [taxon] it is distinguished by the following combination of characters: … [may then continue in nominative] Ab [taxon name in ablative] turma sequenti characterum distinguitur: … If it appears to have no close relative, you may say: A very distinctive species in its … Species bene distincta [continue in ablative] …… You may be comparing it with more than one taxon and then (in the Latin) must use the plural form of ‘which’. Affinity to [taxon] and [taxon] from which it differs by … [Taxon name in dative] et [taxon name in dative] affinis, a quibus … differt. In order to avoid possible confusion or ambiguity, it is good practice to give the name of the taxon being compared in full, with its author. With the forms ‘affinity/related to’ and ‘similar to’, the name of the taxon being compared goes into the genitive or dative case (both generic and specific names). When using ‘from …’, the name goes into the ablative. In declining the names remember that the genus is a noun (with a gender) and the epithet usually an adjective (but some may be nouns in apposition). Commemorative epithets such as stuartii and wittwerorum are nouns in the genitive and should be left in that case. Geographical epithets such as leseurensis and hamersleyensis are adjectival and should be declined. If you don’t wish to (or can’t) relate the new taxon to another, you may have just a diagnosis with the main terms in the nominative. You can have part of a diagnosis in the ablative and part in the nominative, e.g. Differs from other varieties [of taxon name] in the more slender, decumbent stems and slightly smaller flowers. Sepals 2–2.2 mm long. Lamina of petals 1.7–1.8 mm long, 1.6–1.9 mm wide. In the above English diagnosis, the parts to be translated into the nominative are in bold, those to be in the ablative have been left light, with the taxon name in the genitive. In the third sentence, ‘of petals’ will be in the genitive Here are two worked diagnoses, i.e. set out as suggested above. Calothamnus roseus Affinity to Calothamnus rupestris Schauer, from which it differs in the generally longer leaves (25–45 mm long), the hypanthium with reflexed indumentum, the staminal bundles pink, the shorter pistil (20–25 mm long), and the larger fruit (13–16 mm long). How to start a diagnosis Note: abbreviations used to explain the translation are the same as those used in translating the description on p. 00. Affinity affinis adj. B s. m. Nominative to ad prep. (þ Accusative) Calothamnus Calothamnum noun 2 s. m. Accusative which qua pron. s. m. Ablative it differs in differt verb, 3rd pers. s. ind. act. longer longioribus adj. B comp. pl. n. Ablative leaves foliis noun 2 pl. n. Ablative (25–45 mm (25–45 mm with reflexed reflexo adj. A s. n. Ablative indumentum, the indumento, noun 2 s. n. Ablative pink, roseis, adj. A pl. m. Ablative the shorter breviore adj. B comp. s. n. Ablative pistil (20–25 mm long) pistillo (20–25 mm longo) adj. A s. n. noun 2 s. Ablative n. Ablative and et conj. the larger majore adj. comp. s. m. Ablative fruit fructu noun 4 s. m. Ablative start of Ablative phrase rupestris Schauer rupestrem Schauer adj. B s. f. Accusative the long), the longis), adj. A pl. n. Ablative staminal staminalibus adj. B pl. m. Ablative from a prep. (þ Ablative) generally plerumque adv. hypanthium hypanthio noun 2 s. n. Ablative bundles fasciculis noun 2 pl. m. abl (13–16 mm long). (13–16 mm longo). adj. A s. m. Ablative This is now written out correctly as follows, with the verb at the end: Ad Calothamnum rupestrem Schauer affinis, a qua foliis plerumque longioribus (25–45 mm longis), hypanthio indumento reflexo, fasciculis staminalibus roseis, pistillo breviore (20–25 mm longo), et fructu majore (13–16 mm longo), differt. The following is an example in a different style, with the subordinate phrases in the nominative and ablative. 101 102 Translating into Latin Differs Differt verb from a prep. (Ablative) Calothamnus Calothamno noun 2 s. m. Ablative borealis boreali adj. B s. f. Ablative Hawkeswood subsp. Hawkeswood subsp. borealis boreali adj. B s. m. Ablative as ut adv. follows: sequente: part. s. Ablative leaves folia noun 2 pl. n. Nominative narrowly anguste adv. linear linearia adj. B pl. n. Nominative but sed conj. thick, crassa, adj. 2 pl. n. Nominative usually plerumque adv. 1.5–2 mm 1.5–2 mm wide, lata, adj. A pl. n. Nominative with persistent persistente part. B s. n. Ablative indumentum; indumento; noun 2 s. n. Ablative fruit fructus noun 2 s. n. Nominative 8–10 mm 8–10 mm the sepals sepalis noun 2 n. pl. Ablative from a prep. (þ Ablative) persistent persistentibus part. B n. pl. Ablative Calothamnus Calothamno noun 2 s. m. Ablative as ut pote adv. phrase Differs Differt verb borealis boreali adj. B s. f. Ablative start of Ablative phrase long, longus, adj. A s. m Nominative with woody lignosis adj. A pl. m. Ablative Hawkeswood Hawkeswood lobes. lobis. noun A s. m. Ablative subsp. subsp. start of Ablative phrase Calothamnus borealis subsp. cinereus Differs from Calothamnus borealis Hawkeswood subsp. borealis as follows: leaves narrowly linear but thick, usually 1.5–2 mm wide, with persistent indumentum; fruit 8–10 mm long, with the sepals persistent as woody lobes. This is now written out correctly as follows, with the verb at the end of the first clause: Ab Calothamno boreali Hawkeswood subsp. boreali ut sequente differt: folia anguste linearia, crassa, plerumque 1.5–2 mm lata, indumento persistente; fructus 10 mm longus, sepalis persistentibus ut pote lobis lignosis. 14 Translating from Latin into English The key steps are: • work out the part of speech of each word, i.e. is it a noun, adjective, adverb, pronoun, verb? • for a noun, find its Declension, gender and case • for an adjective, determine which noun it is associated with. This process is called parsing, i.e. describing a word or series of words grammatically (see above, p. 00). If you are unfamiliar with Latin, there is no alternative, to begin with, to looking up each word in the vocabulary. There is no problem with a noun or adjective in the nominative singular, since this is the case under which they are listed. If the word is in another case, you will usually find it by looking it up as it is spelt in the description, since the stem (even if you don’t recognise it as such) will lead you to the correct word. In our Vocabulary we have tried to anticipate the difficulty of those words that change their form markedly when declined, and have listed the latter, with a cross-reference to the nominative singular entry. Remember that, in Latin it is usual for adjectives to follow the noun they describe, and that a verb (even as a participle) goes at the end of its phrase, clause or sentence. When determining which words are associated, look at the punctuation. Words without intervening punctuation such as a comma are usually closely associated. A comma indicates that the following word is associated with the immediately preceding noun. A semicolon indicates a break in the flow and is usually followed by a noun introducing the next character being described. And a full stop indicates the end of a sentence. It may help to write down your translation in the same order as the text and then make it into more natural-sounding English. A difficulty that cannot be resolved by any manual is an error in the Latin. It’s a common problem and may involve a typographical error, wrong determination of the gender or case ending, or even the wrong word to start with. At worst (horror!), it may not even be a Latin word! 104 Translating from Latin into English Finally, when you think you have completed it, read your translation and try to picture the plant. Does the description make sense? Let’s dissect the following example, breaking the text into individual words and looking them up in the vocabulary. For this exercise the punctuation associated with each word is included. At the end of each word, the cumulative meaning associated with the character being described is given. Melaleuca acerosa Schauer foliis confertis, alternis, linearibus subteretibusve, brevipetiolatis, pungentibus, glabris, nitidis; capitulis paucifloris; hypanthio obconico, pubescente; calycis phyllis membranaceis, truncatis, ciliolatis, corolla quadruplo brevioribus; phalangibus oligandris, unguibus elongatis corolla triente longioribus. Frutex 2–4-pedalis, erectus, inferne simplex, superne ramosus, ramis erectis, ramulis foliisque novellis pilosis. Folia crassiuscula, acerosa, subtus biseriatim punctata, subrecurva, 4–6 lin. longa, semilineam lata, laete viridia. Flores parvi, flavi. Fructus pisiformes, 3–6 coacervati, fusco-cinerei, laeves, hypanthio ad orificium subcontracto. (C.Lehmann (ed.), Plantae Preissianae 1: 137, 1844. Hambarg: Meissner.) In the first paragraph the subject is the plant’s name, and the subsequent text describes it in one long ‘sentence’. foliis the most similar word is folium, a neuter noun of the Second Declension; checking this declension we find that the -is ending is either dative or ablative plural, and since the dative is almost never used when describing the main characters we can assume that our word is ablative; meaning ‘with leaves’, confertis, the only matching word is confertus, a participle of Group A; the -is ending is either dative or ablative plural for each gender, but the word is associated with foliis so it must be the latter; meaning ‘crowded’, i.e. ‘with leaves crowded, alternis, matching word alternus, an adjective of Group A, in either dative or ablative plural, preceded by a comma so it is associated with foliis; meaning ‘alternate’, i.e. ‘with leaves crowded, alternate,’ linearibus matching word linearis, an adjective of Group B; the -ibus ending is either dative or ablative plural of any gender; again, the preceding comma indicates association with foliis; meaning ‘linear’, i.e. ‘with leaves crowded, alternate, linear’; note that there is no comma after linearibus, indicating a link with the following word, subteretibusve, there is no equivalent word in the vocabulary, but note that there is a prefix sub- meaning ‘almost or somewhat’; then, looking up the next part of our word we find teres, an adjective of Translating from Latin into English Group B with the stem tereti- and the same ending as the preceding word; but the word ends in -ve’ which we find is a suffix meaning ‘or’; hence the whole word means ‘or subterete’, i.e. ‘with leaves crowded, alternate, linear or subterete,’ brevipetiolatis, in the vocabulary we find not the whole word, but just brevis (adjective, Group B) meaning ‘short’; this indicates that there are two adjectives linked, so we then find petiolatus (adjective, Group A with ablative plural ending) meaning ‘petiolate’ so we can deduce that the leaves are short- (or shortly) petiolate, i.e. ‘with leaves crowded, alternate, linear or subterete, shortly petiolate,’ pungentibus, the words of the diagnosis are still separated by commas indicating that they refer back to foliis; here the only possibility is pungens, an adjective of Group B, with ablative plural ending; meaning ‘pungent’, i.e. ‘with leaves crowded, alternate, linear or subterete, shortly petiolate, pungent,’ glabris, this is slightly tricky, since the only appropriate word in the vocabulary is glaber, an adjective of Group A, but in its stem the ‘e’ is dropped, hence glabris is ablative plural; meaning ‘glabrous’, i.e. ‘with leaves crowded, alternate, linear or subterete, shortly petiolate, pungent, glabrous,’ nitidis; note that is is the final word of the initial string since it is follwed by a semicolon; the vocabulary leads us to nitens and nitidus, and we clearly have the second, an adjective of Group A, again ablative plural; meaning ‘shining’, i.e. ‘with leaves crowded, alternate, linear or subterete, shortly petiolate, pungent, glabrous, shining;’ capitulis following a semicolon, this is starting a new phrase; the most similar word is capitulum, a neuter noun of the Second Declension; the -is ending is either dative or ablative plural; we have decided (at foliis, above) that the main words (characters) in the description are in the ablative; meaning ‘with heads’, paucifloris; going to paucus we find that pauci- is the first part of a compound meaning ‘few-’, -floris is less easy since it could be derived from either -florus or flos, but a check of the declension of flos shows that it has no part with this case ending, hence this must be from -florus, an adjectival suffix of Group A, ablative plural; meaning ‘-flowered’, i.e. ‘with few-flowered heads;’ hypanthio this is preceded by a semicolon so is the start of a new phrase, describing a new character; the word is clearly from hypanthium, a 105 106 Translating from Latin into English neuter noun of the Second Declension, ablative singular; meaning ‘with hypanthium’, obconico, there is no equivalent word in the vocabulary, but note that there is a prefix ob- meaning ‘inversed, reversed’; then, looking up the next part of our word we find conicus, an adjective of Group A, ablative singular agreeing with hypanthio; meaning ‘inversed conical’or obconical, i.e. ‘with hypanthium obconical,’ pubescente; matching word pubescens (not pubescentia which has no case ending in -e), an adjective of Group B, ablative singular agreeing with hypanthio; meaning ‘pubescent’, i.e. ‘with hypanthium obconical, pubescent;’; it’s followed by a semicolon marking the end of the attributes of the hypanthium calycis the most similar word is calyx – the words starting with calyc- are too long; masculine noun of the Third Declension, genitive singular; meaning ‘of the calyx’ indicating that the following word(s) will describe some feature of it phyllis matching word phyllum, neuter noun of the Second Declension, ablative plural (again, extrapolated from foliis at the start); meaning ‘with leaves’ or, as here, ‘a leaf-like part’ ¼ ‘sepal’, i.e. ‘with sepals of calyx’ membranaceis, matching word membranaceus, an adjective of Group A, ablative plural and hence associated with ‘phyllis’; meaning ‘membranous’, i.e. ‘with sepals of calyx membranous,’ truncatis, matching word truncatus, an adjective of Group A, ablative plural; meaning ‘truncate’, i.e. ‘with the sepals of the calyx membranous, truncate,’ ciliolatis, matching word ciliolatus, an adjective of Group A, ablative plural; meaning ‘ciliolate’, i.e. ‘with sepals of calyx membranous, truncate, ciliolate,’ corolla matching word corolla, feminine noun of the First Declension, here singular but what case? Not nominative since it is in the middle of the ‘sentence’, thus it must be ablative but ‘by’ or ‘with a corolla’ doesn’t make sense here – it’s necessary to look at the following word(s) quadruplo matching word quadruplo, an adverb so it must be qualifying something; meaning ‘four-fold’ ¼ four times, to be taken with the preceding and following words brevioribus; the ‘ior’ in the word tells us that this is a comparative adjective, so its normal form is a shorter word: matching word Translating from Latin into English brevis, an adjective of Group B, ablative plural of the comparative; meaning ‘with shorter’; so going back to the previous words we can see that it agrees in case and number with the noun ‘phyllis’ (sepals) which, therefore, are being described as shorter than something; the only other noun within the phrase is ‘corolla’, which thus must be in the ablative; ignoring the adjectives immediately after ‘phyllis’ for the moment, we see that the sepals are being described as ‘shorter than the corolla’, and we can then see that they are shorter ‘quadruplo’, by ‘four-fold’ or ‘four times’, which is best expressed in English as ‘a quarter’; thus, the sepals are a quarter the length of the corolla, and the whole phrase is ‘with sepals of calyx membranous, truncate, ciliolate, a quarter the length of the corolla;’ phalangibus follows a semicolon so is starting a new phrase; the most similar word is phalanx, a feminine noun of the Third Declension, ablative plural; meaning ‘with [staminal] bundles’ oligandris, there is no matching word but there is a prefix olig- (meaning ‘few’), so we look up ‘andris’ and find the suffix -andrus (meaning ‘male’, here referring to the anthers), adjectival, Second Declension, ablative plural, i.e. ‘with staminal bundles having few anthers,’ unguibus the most similar word is unguis, masculine noun of the Third Declension, ablative plural; meaning ‘with claws’, i.e. ‘with staminal bundles having few anthers, with claws’ elongatis matching word elongatus, an adjective of Group A, ablative plural, meaning ‘elongate’ and linked to ‘unguibus’ since there is no comma between, i.e. ‘with staminal bundles having few anthers, with claws elongate’ corolla with this and the two following words we have a situation similar to ‘corolla … brevioribus’ in the previous character, but with a noun instead of an adverb triente the most similar word is triens, a masculine noun of the Third Declension, ablative singular, meaning ‘by a third’, to be taken with the preceding and following words longioribus. the ‘ior’ in the word tells us that this is a comparative adjective, so its normal form is shorter: matching word longus, an adjective of Group A, ablative plural of the comparative; we can see that it agrees in case and number with the noun ‘phalangibus’ which, therefore, are being described as longer than something; the only other noun within the phrase is ‘corolla’, which thus must be in the ablative; again, ignoring the adjectives immediately after 107 108 Translating from Latin into English ‘phalangibus’ for the moment, we see that the bundles are being described as ‘longer than the corolla’, and we can then see that they are longer ‘triente’, by a third; thus the final clause of the description is ‘with staminal bundles having few anthers, with claws elongate, longer than the corolla by a third.’ The second paragraph follows a different format, using shorter ‘sentences’. Frutex matching word frutex, a masculine noun of the Third Declension, nominative singular and the subject of the sentence; meaning ‘A shrub’ 2–4-pedalis, two numerals joined by an en dash and linked by a hyphen to the word pedalis, an adjective of Group B in the nominative singular, meaning ‘a foot long [or high]’ and thus describing the plant; it is singular in Latin to agree with Frutex but becomes plural in English when the numerals are included; i.e. ‘A shrub 2–4 feet high,’ erectus, matching word erectus, an adjective of Group A, nominative singular and thus agreeing with Frutex, meaning ‘erect’; i.e. ‘A shrub 2–4 feet high, erect,’ inferne the most similar word is inferior which leads to inferne, an adverb meaning ‘below’; since there is no comma it is linked to the following word simplex, matching word simplex, an adjective of Group B, nominative singular, meaning ‘simple’, agreeing with Frutex, linked with the previous word giving ‘below simple’, better as ‘simple below,’; i.e. ‘A shrub 2–4 feet high, erect, simple below,’ superne matching word superne, an adverb meaning ‘upwards’ and, with no comma, linked to the following word ramosus, matching word ramosus, an adjective of Group A, nominative singular, meaning ‘branched’, agreeing with Frutex, linked with the previous word giving ‘upwards branched’ or ‘branched upwards’; i.e. ‘A shrub 2–4 feet high, erect, simple below, branched upwards,’ ramis matching word ramus, a masculine noun of the Second Declension, ablative plural meaning ‘with branches’; since it is preceded by a comma it is linked to Frutex and continues its description; i.e. ‘A shrub 2–4 feet high, erect, simple below, branched upwards, with branches’ erectis, matching word erectus, an adjective of Group A, ablative plural meaning ‘erect’ and with no intervening comma linked with the preceding word ramis; i.e. ‘A shrub 2–4 feet high, erect, simple below, branched upwards, with branches erect,’ Translating from Latin into English ramulis matching word ramulus, a masculine noun of the Second Declension, ablative plural meaning ‘with branchlets’ and starting a new phrase; i.e. ‘A shrub 2–4 feet high, erect, simple below, branched upwards, with branches erect, with branchlets’ foliisque firstly, the matching word is folium, a neuter noun of the Second Declension, ablative plural meaning ‘with leaves’ plus the conjunctival suffix -que meaning ‘and’, hence linking it with the preceding ramulis; i.e. ‘A shrub 2–4 feet high, erect, simple below, branched upwards, with branches erect, with branchlets and leaves’ novellis matching word novellus, an adjective of Group A, ablative plural, meaning ‘new’ and, with no intervening comma, describing the two preceding words; i.e. ‘A shrub 2–4 feet high, erect, simple below, branched upwards, with branches erect, with new branchlets and leaves’ pilosis. matching word pilosus, an adjective of Group A, ablative plural, meaning ‘pilose’ and also describing the branchlets and leaves; followed by a period this ends the first sentence; i.e. ‘A shrub 2–4 feet high, erect, simple below, branched upwards, with branches erect, with new branchlets and leaves pilose.’ Folia following a period this starts a new sentence; matching word folium, a neuter noun of the Second Declension, nominative plural, meaning ‘Leaves’ crassiuscula, matching word crassiusculus, an adjective of Group A, neuter plural agreeing with the subject Folia, meaning ‘moderately thick’; i.e. ‘Leaves moderately thick,’ acerosa, matching word acerosus, an adjective of Group A, neuter nominative plural agreeing with the subject Folia, meaning ‘needle-shaped’; i.e. ‘Leaves moderately thick, needle-shaped,’ subtus matching word subtus, an adverb meaning ‘below, beneath’; since there is no comma it is linked to the following words biseriatim matching word biseriate giving biseriatus, the ending -im indicating the abverbial form, meaning ‘biseriately’; with no comma before or after it is linked with subtus and punctata punctata, matching word punctatus, an adjective of Group A, neuter nominative plural agreeing with the subject Folia, meaning ‘dotted’ and qualified by the preceding two adverbs; i.e. ‘Leaves moderately thick, needle-shaped, dotted below biseriately,’ subrecurva, sub is here a prefix meaning ‘somewhat’, qualifying the main matching word recurvus, an adjective of Group A, neuter 109 110 Translating from Latin into English nominative plural agreeing with the subject Folia, meaning ‘somewhat recurved’; i.e. ‘Leaves moderately thick, needle-shaped, dotted below biseriately, somewhat recurved,’ 4–6 lin. two numerals joined by an en dash and associated with an abbreviation of linea, a noun meaning ‘line’, an early measurement (here understood as plural because of the numerals); with no following comma it is linked to the next word longa, matching word longus, an adjective of Group A, neuter nominative plural meaning ‘long’; i.e. ‘Leaves moderately thick, needleshaped, dotted below biseriately, somewhat recurved, 4–6 lines long,’ semilineam here we find semi-, a prefix meaning ‘half ’, joined with lineam, matching word linea (here in full), a feminine noun of the First Declension, accusative singular, together meaning ‘half a line’, and linked to the following word lata, matching word latus, an adjective of Group A, neuter nominative plural meaning ‘wide’, i.e. ‘half a line wide’; altgether we have ‘Leaves moderately thick, needle-shaped, dotted below biseriately, somewhat recurved, 4–6 lines long, half a line wide,’ laete matching word laete, an adverb meaning ‘lightly’ or ‘brightly’, linked to the following word viridia. matching word viridis, an adjective of Group B, neuter nominative plural, meaning ‘green’; followed by a period, this ends the sentence; ‘Leaves moderately thick, needle-shaped, dotted below biseriately, somewhat recurved, 4–6 lines long, half a line wide, light[ly] green.’ Flores following a period, this starts a new sentence; slightly tricky since there are other words starting with flore- but the appropriate word is flos, a masculine noun of the Third Declension, nominative (being the subject of the sentence) plural, meaning ‘Flowers’ parvi, matching word parvus, an adjective of Group A, masculine nominative plural to agree with Flores, meaning ‘small’; i.e. ‘Flowers small,’ flavi. matching word flavus, an adjective of Group A, masculine nominative plural, meaning ‘yellow’; followed by a period this ends the sentence; i.e. ‘Flowers small, yellow.’ Fructus following a period this starts a new sentence; matching word fructus, a masculine noun of the Fourth Declension meaning ‘fruit’; the -us ending can be nominative or genitive singular, or Translating from Latin into English nominative or accusative plural, but since it starts the sentence is likely to be nominative; the following adjectives provide the answer (in English, too, ‘fruit’ may be singular or plural) pisiformes, matching word pisinus leading us to pisiformis, an adjective of Group B, nominative or accusative plural, meaning ‘pea-shaped’; i.e. ‘Fruit pea-shaped,’ 3–6 coacervati, two numerals joined by an en dash and associated with the following word which has the prefix co- (‘together with’) and the matching word acervatus, an adjective of Group A meaning ‘heaped’ but here ‘grouped’, and here the case and number of the previous words is confirmed since this is nominative plural; i.e. ‘Fruit pea-shaped, grouped 3–6 together,’ fusco-cinerei, first we find the matching word fuscus, an adjective of Group A meaning ‘dark’, joined with (and qualifying) cinereus, another adjective of Group A meaning ‘ash grey’ to form a compound adjective, nominative plural (from the ending of cinerei), together meaning ‘dark ash grey’; i.e. ‘Fruit pea-shaped, grouped 3–6 together, dark ash grey,’ laeves, matching word laevis, an adjective of Group B, nominative (as we now know) plural meaning ‘smooth’; i.e. ‘Fruit pea-shaped, grouped 3–6 together, dark ash grey, smooth,’ hypanthio matching word hypanthium, neuter noun of the Second Declension, ablative singular, meaning ‘with the hypanthium’; and with no following comma this is associated with the following words ad matching word ad, a preposition taking the accusative case, meaning ‘to’ or ‘at’, referring on to the following word orificium matching word orificium, a neuter noun of the Second Declension, here singular and accusative since it follows the preposition ad, meaning ‘orifice’; with no comma it is associated with the following word subcontracto. sub is here a prefix meaning ‘somewhat’, qualifying the main matching word contractus, an adjective of Group A, ablative singular and hence describing hypanthio, meaning ‘contracted’; followed by a period this ends the sentence; i.e. ‘with the hypanthium somewhat contracted to or at the orifice.’ This is now added to the previous description of the fruit: ‘Fruit peashaped, grouped 3–6 together, dark ash grey, smooth, with the hypanthium somewhat contracted to or at the orifice.’ 111 Part IV Vocabulary When searching for a Latin word in this vocabulary, remember that you have to look under the nominative singular for a noun and under the masculine nominative singular for an adjective (and for its comparative and superlative forms). To save space, we have kept the length of entries to a minimum and not included definitions. Hence, the Vocabulary should be used in conjunction with glossaries, several of which are listed in the bibliography, and Stearn’s Botanical Latin. Where Latin and English words of the same meaning are the same or so similar that they would appear side by side, they are listed once, under either the English or the Latin term. The Latin may be recognised by the part of speech given immediately afterwards, in brackets. Closely related terms (e.g. aequalis, aequans; alternate, alternately) are grouped in one entry. Entries are included for many prefixes and suffixes. We indicate whether these are of Greek or Latin origin, since they should be associated with words of the same language when new epithets or terms are coined. We also indicate whether the associated word is a noun or verb (it’s rarely an adjective). Note that the declension and gender are not given for prefixes, since these are joined to a following word, but they are for suffixes since these terminate a compound word. Numbers for nouns refer to the Declension. Letters for adjectives and participles refer to the Group. The plus sign (þ) indicates the case to be used for a following word. Cross-references ‘[see p. 00]’ are given after all words and closely related words that are given in full in the grammar, e.g. both frutex and suffrutex are cross-referenced to the table declining frutex. Explanatory terms and notes are set in italic and included within square brackets, e.g. dark [colour] atratus (part. A); dark [gloomy, shaded] tenebrosus (adj. A) kidney-shaped reniformis (adj. B) [flat object], nephroideus (adj. A) [solid object]. Abbreviations and contractions: abl. ablative, acc. accusative, act. active, adj. adjective, adv. adverb or adverbial, app. apposition, c. common [gender], 114 Vocabulary comp. compound, compar. comparative, conj. conjunction, dat. dative, def. definitive, decl. declined dem. demonstrative, determ. determinative, distr. distributive, Eng. English, esp. especially, f. feminine, gen. genitive, ger. gerundive, Gk Greek, ind. indicative, indecl. indeclinable, indef. indefinite, Lat. Latin, lit. literally, m. masculine, n. neuter, nom. nominative, num. number/ numerical, ord. ordinal, p. page, part. participle, pass. passive, pers. person, phr. phrase, pl. plural, possess. possessive, pref. prefix, prep. preposition, pres. present, pron. pronoun or pronominal, q.v. quod vide (which see), rel. relative, sing. singular, suff. suffix, sup. superlative, usu. usually. Vocabulary A a, ab (prep. þ Ablative) away from, out of, by, from [see p. 00]; also pref. in Lat. comp. a-, an- (pref. in Gk comp.) without, not, less abaxial abaxialis (adj. B); abaxial side dorsum (noun n. 2) abbreviatus (adj. A) shortened aberrans (part. B) aberrant abhorrens (part. B) differing from abhymenialis (adj. B) abhymenial, opposite the hymenium abiens (part. B) departing, changing suddenly to, leaving off -abilis (Lat. suff., adj. B, with verb as stem) indicates ability abnormal abnormalis, abnormis (both adj. B); anomalus, atypicus, monstruosus, monstrosus (all adj. A); abnormally abnormaliter (adv.) abode sedes (noun f. 3), habitatio (noun f. 3) abortion abortio (noun f. 3), abortus (noun m. 4); aborted, abortive abortivus (adj. A). See also tabescens about circa (adv.), circiter (adv.), de (prep. þ Ablative), fere (adv.), quasi (adv.); about (pref. in Gk comp.) periabove super (prep. þ Accusative, rarely Ablative), supra (prep. þ Accusative), insuper (prep. þ Ablative, rarely Accusative); (pref. in Gk comp.) hyper-; from above desuper (adv.), insuper (adv.), superne (adv.) above-ground supraterraneus (adj. A) abrumpens breaking off (part. B) abrupt abruptus (adj. A); abruptly abrupte (adv.) abscissus (part. A) cut off, steep absconditus (part. A) hidden absence absentia (noun f. 1); absent absens (part. B), carens (part. B) absorbing bibulus (adj. A); absorbing again resorptus (part. A) absque (prep. þ Ablative) without abstriction abstrictio (noun f. 3) abundant abundus, amplus, largus (all adj. A), abundans (part. B); abundantly abundanter (adv.), copiose (adv.) ac (conj.) and 115 116 Vocabulary acanth-, acantho- (in Gk comp.) spiny, prickly acanthophyllus (adj. A) acanthophyll acanthophysis acanthophysis (noun f. 3) acarodomatium (noun n. 2) acarodomatium acaulescens (part. B), acaulis (adj. B) stemless accedens (part. B þ Dative, or with ad þ Accusative) approaching, resembling accessorius (adj. A) accessory accidental fortuitus (adj. A); accidentally fortuito (adv.) acclivis (adj. B) sloping upwards accompanied concomitatus (part. A þ Ablative), comitatus (adj. A þ Ablative) according to teste; fide; secundum (all prep.) accordingly ergo (adv.) accrescent accrescens (part. B), auctus (part. A), increscens (part. B) accretus (part. A) grown together accumbens (part. B) accumbent accurate, accuratim (adv.) accurately; accuratus (part. A) careful, exact [but for persons use diligens, part. B] -aceae (suff., adj. A, Nominative f. pl.) added to genitive stem of name of the type genus, or the full name if the genitive cannot be determined, to form the name of a family acer (adj. B), acerbus (adj. A) bitter, sharp [to taste] acerosus (adj. A) needle-shaped acervatus (part. A) heaped, piled; acervulatus (part. A) in small piles; acervus (noun m. 2) pile; acervulus (noun m. 2) small pile; acervatim (adv.) in heaps acetabuliformis (adj. B) saucer-shaped -aceus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) resembling achenium (achaenium) (noun n. 2) achene achlamydeus (adj. A) achlamydeous achromaticus, achromus (both adj. A) colourless acicularis (adj. B) acicular, needle-pointed aciculatus (adj. A) having very fine irregular streaks acid acidum (noun n. 2); acidus (adj. A) Vocabulary acies (noun f. 5) a sharp edge, angle aciformis (adj. B) needle-like acorn glans (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; acorn cup cupula (noun f. 1) acranthus (adj. A) with terminal flowers acrid acer (adj. B) acrocarpus (adj. A) with terminal fruit acrodromus (adj. A) acrodrome [veining] acrogenus (adj. A) borne or growing at apex acropetus (adj. A) acropetal acrophyllus (noun m. 2) adult lamina on high portions of some climbing ferns acropleurogenous acropleurogenus (adj. A) acroscopicus (adj. A) facing apex across dia- (pref. in Gk comp.) acrostichoid acrostichoideus (adj. A) acrotonic acrotonicus (adj. A) acta (noun n. 2, pl.) reports, transactions actino- (pref. in Gk comp.) raylike, radiating out actinodromous actinodromus (adj. A) actinomorphus (adj. A) actinomorphic, regular active agilis (adj. B) aculeatus (adj. A) prickly; aculeus (noun m. 2) a prickle -aculum (Lat. suff., noun n. 2, with verb as stem) indicates means of action acumen (noun n. 3) acumen acuminatus (part. A) acuminate acus (noun f. 4) husk acutangularis (adj. B), acutangulatus (adj. A), acutangulus (adj. A) sharp-angled acutus (adj. A) acute; acute (adv.) acutely; acutatus (adj. A) forming a sharp angle; acutiusculus (adj. A) slightly acute; also acuti- in Lat. comp. ad (prep. þ Accusative) to, at, near to [place at which]; ad huc (adv.) hitherto adamantinus (adj. A) hard as steel adaxialis (adj. B) adaxial added adjectus (part. A); added to auctus (part. A) 117 118 Vocabulary ademptus (part. A) taken away from aden- (in Gk comp.) glandadest (verb 3rd pers. sing. ind. act.) it is present adhering adhaerens (part. B þ Dative); adligans, alligans (both part. B þ Accusative); haerens (part. B þ Dative) adhibitus (part. A) used adhuc, ad huc (adv.) hitherto, until now, as yet adjectus (part. A) added adjoining contiguus (adj. A), confinis (adj. B usu. þ Dative) adligans, alligans (part. B) clasping, adhering to admodum (adv.) fully, wholly, much, essentially admonens (part. B) suggesting adnascens (part. B) growing upon or to adnatus (part. A) adnate adnexus, annexus (part. A) adnexed adpressus, appressus (part. A) appressed adscendens (part. B) ascending adspersus, aspersus (part. A) scattered adsunt (verb. 3rd pers. pl. ind. act.) they are present adulescens (part. B) not yet mature adult adultus (part. A), maturus (adj. A) adumbratio (noun f. 3) outline, sketch aduncus (adj. A) hooked advectus (part. A) carried, brought adventitious adventitius (adj. A) adversum (adv. or prep. þ Accusative) opposite to, against; adversus (part. A) turned towards aecidium (noun n. 2) aecidium aeciospora (noun f. 1) aeciospore aecium (noun n. 2) aecium aeger (adj. A) diseased aegre (adv.) with difficulty, scarcely; aegerrime (sup. adv.) with very great difficulty aegrotus (adj. A) diseased aemulans (part. B), aemulus (adj. A) rivalling, emulating Vocabulary aeneus (adj. A) bronze aequabilis (adj. B) uniform, consistent aequalis (adj. B) equal; aequans (part. B) equalling; aequabiliter (adv.) equally, evenly; aequaliter (adv.) equally, evenly; aeque (adv.) equally; aequi- (in comp.) equal, even aequator (noun m. 3) equator; aequatorius (adj. A) equatorial aequatus (part. A) even, levelled aequidistans (adj. B) equidistant aequilaterus (adj. A) equal-sided aequilongus (adj. A) of the same length aequimagnus (adj. A) of equal size aequus (adj. A) equal aerenchyma (noun n. 3) aerenchyma aerial aerius (adj. A) aerobic aerobius (adj. A) aerophore aerophorum (noun n. 2) aerugineus, aeruginosus (both adj. A) verdigris aestas (noun f. 3) summer; aestivalis (adj. B), aestivus (adj. A) pertaining to summer aestivation aestivatio, praefloratio (both noun f. 3) aestualis (adj. B) tidal aestuans (part. B) moving to and fro, oscillating aestuarium (noun n. 2) estuary aestus (noun m. 4) tide aetas (noun f. 3) age aethalium (noun n. 2) aethalium -aeus (Gk suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates sense of belonging affectus (part. A) affected (by) affinis (adj. B) allied to; affinitas (noun f. 3) affinity, relationship affixus (part. A) attached to, fastened to, fixed to after post (adv. or prep.), postea (adv.); immediately after subinde (adv.) afternoon, opening in the postmeridianus (adj. A) again denuo, iterum (both adv.); re- (pref. in Lat. comp.); ana(pref. in Gk comp.); again and again etiam atque etiam, iterum atque iterum 119 120 Vocabulary against adversum (adv. or prep. þ Accusative), contra (adv. or prep. þ Accusative); also re- (pref. in Lat. comp.); anti-, cat-, cata- (pref. in Gk comp.) agamicus, agamus (both adj. A) asexual agar (noun m. 2, Genitive sing. agari) agar age aetas (noun f. 3); aged vetus (adj. B, Genitive veteris); old age vetustas (noun f. 3); of great age longaevus (adj. A); of the same age coaetaneus (adj. A) ager (noun m. 2) field, district agger (noun m. 3) mound, earth rampart or bank agglomeratus (part. A) collected into a head agglutinatus, adglutinatus (part. A) glued to, adhering as if glued aggregatus (part. A) clustered, grouped agilis (adj. B) active, agile -ago (Lat. suff., noun f. 3, with noun as stem) indicates resemblance or connection agrarius (adj. A) relating to the land agreeable gratus (adj. A) agreeing congruens (part. B), conveniens (part. B), consentaneus (adj. A); all þ Dative or with cum þ Ablative agrestis (adj. B) relating to fields agricola (noun c. 1) field-dweller [see p. 00] agrosto- (in Gk comp.) grass-; agrostologia (noun f. 1) the study of grasses air chamber cavernula (noun f. 1) aeria (adj. A) air pore pneumathodium (noun n. 2); or porus (noun m. 2) aerifer (adj. B) akinetum (noun n. 2) akinete, non-motile spore ala (noun f. 1) wing alabastrum (noun n. 2) flower bud alar cell cellula (noun f. 1) alaris (adj. B) alaris (adj. B) axillary alatus (adj. A) winged albens (part. B) whitened; albescens (part. B) becoming white; albidus (adj. A) whitish; albus (adj. A) white (esp. dull) albumen (noun n. 3) albumen; albuminatus (adj. A) having albumen; albuminosus (adj. A) having copious albumen Vocabulary alcalinus (adj. A) alkaline alcohol alcohol (noun n. 3); alcoholic or producing alcohol alcoholicus (adj. A) -ales (suff., adj. B, Nominative f. pl.) added to stem of name of the type family to form name of an order aletus (adj. A) alete, of a spore formed alone aleurioconidium (noun n. 2) aleurioconidium aleuriospora (noun f. 2) aleuriospore alga (noun f. 1) alga; pertaining to an alga algaceus (adj. A), algensis (adj. B); plant body of an alga phycoma (noun n. 3); thread of alga filum (noun n. 2); relating to algae (in Gk comp.) phycoalgidus (adj. A) cold alibi (adv.) elsewhere alicubi (adv.) anywhere alicunde (adv.) from elsewhere alienus (adj. A) alien, foreign, not related aliformis (adj. B) wing-shaped alike similaris, conformis (both adj. B) alio modo (adv. phrase) differently aliquam (adv.) somehow; aliquamdiu (adv.), aliquantisper (adv.) for a while; aliquando (adv.) at some time, sometimes; aliquanto (adv.) somewhat, rather; aliquantum (adv.) somewhat, considerably aliqui, aliquae, aliquod (adj., decl. like qui, see p. 00) some; aliquot (adv.) somewhat (with numbers); aliquot (indecl. number) some, several aliquis, aliqua, aliquod (indef. pron.) someone, something [see p. 00] aliquoties (adv.) several times -alis (Lat. suff., adj. B, with noun as stem) usu. in Lat. comp., meaning belonging to, similar to aliter (adv.) otherwise, differently alius, alia, aliud (adj. A) another, other [of several] [see p. 00]; alius … alius … the one … the other … alive vivens (part. B), vivus (adj. A) alkaline alcalinus (adj. A) all omnis (adj. B), totus (adj. A) allantoideus (adj. A) sausage-shaped allatus (part. A) brought 121 122 Vocabulary alliaceus (adj. A) like onion or garlic allied to affinis (adj. B); closely allied fraternus (adj. A) alligans see adligans allo- (pref. in Gk comp.) other, another allochrous (adj. A) changing from one colour to another allopatric allopatricus (adj. A) alluring illecebrosus (adj. A) alluvio (noun f. 3) alluvial land almost fere, paene, propemodo, quasi (all adv.); sub- (pref.) alone solus (adj. A); solum (adv.) along secus (prep. þ Accusative); along with cum (prep. þ Ablative) alpha-spore alphaspora (noun f. 1) alpinus (adj. A) alpine also etiam (adv.) alte (adv.) high up, deeply alter (adj. A) other [of two], second; also alter, altera, alterum (pron.) the other [see p. 00] altered mutatus, transmutatus (both part. A) alternate alternus (adj. A); alternately alternatim (adv.), alterne (adv.); alternating alternans (part. B); alternation alternatio (noun f. 3); alternative alternativus (adj. A) although etsi (conj.), quamquam (conj.) altitudo (noun f. 3) altitude, depth altogether omnino (adv.) altum (noun n. 2) a height, depth; altus (adj. A) high, tall alutaceus (adj. A) pale brown, leather-coloured alveiformis (adj. B) trough-shaped alveola (noun f. 1) a cavity, alveoli, pore; alveolaris (adj. B), alveolatus (adj. A) pitted, alveolate, honeycombed; alveolus (noun m. 2) a small cavity always semper (adv.); almost always persaepe (adv.) amabilis (adj. B) pleasing amanitoideus (adj. A) Amanita-like amans (part. B) loving; amat (verb, amo, to love) it loves, it likes amarus (adj. A) bitter Vocabulary amb-, ambi- (pref.) around amber-coloured sucinacius (adj. A); succineus (adj. A) ambiens (part. B) surrounding ambiguus (adj. A) doubtful, uncertain ambitus (noun m. 4) circumference, outline ambly- (in Gk comp.) blunt, obtuse ambo (num. adj.) both together ambustus (part. B) burned amentaceus (adj. A) like a catkin; amentum (noun n. 2) a catkin amerospora (noun f. 1) amerospore amethysteus (adj. A), amethystinus (adj. A) amethyst, violet ammo- (in Gk comp.) sandamnis (noun m. 3) a torrent amoeba (noun f. 1) amoeba; amoeboid amoeboideus (adj. A) amoene (adv.) beautifully; amoenus (adj. A) pleasing, beautiful among inter (prep. þ Accusative); met-, meta- (pref. in Gk comp.) amorphus (adj. A) shapeless, of indefinite shape amotus (part. A) removed, withdrawn amphi-, ampho- (pref. in Gk comp.) around, double, on both sides amphicarpicus (adj. A) amphicarpic amphigastrium (noun n. 2) amphigastrium amphigenous amphigenus (adj. A) amphispore amphispora (noun f. 1) amphistomaticus (adj. A) amphistomatic amphithecium (noun n. 2) amphithecium amphitropus (adj. A) amphitropous ample amplus (adj. A); amply ample, abunde (both adv.) amplectens (part. B) clasping, embracing amplexicaulis (adj. B) stem-clasping, amplexicaul amplexifolius (adj. A) with leaves clasping stem amplexus (adj. A) clasping, encircling ampliatus, amplificatus (both part. A) enlarged, increased, magnified amplificatio (noun f. 3) enlargement amplus (adj. A) ample, abundant, great 123 124 Vocabulary ampulla (noun f. 1) flask-like bladder; ampullaceus (adj. A), ampullaris (adj. B), ampulliformis (adj. B) flask-shaped amygdalinus (adj. A) almond-like amyloideus (adj. A) starch-like, amyloid, staining blue, purple or reddish in iodine amylum (noun n. 2) starch; amylaceus (adj. A) starchy; amyloideus (adj. A) starch-like an (conj.) or, perhaps [indicates doubt] an- (pref. in Gk comp. before a vowel) without, lacking ana- (pref. in Gk comp.) upwards, back, again anadromus (adj. A) anadromous analysis analysis (noun f. 3), explicatio (noun f. 3) anamorphus (adj. A) asexual stage characterised by the production of conidia anandrus (adj. A) lacking stamens anantherus (adj. A) antherless anastomosans (part. B) anastomosing; anastomosis (noun f. 3) a network of joined veins or hyphae anatomia (noun f. 1) anatomy anatropus (adj. A) anatropous anceps (adj. B), ancipitius (adj. A) two-edged ancistrus (adj. A) barbed with small hooks and et, necnon, neque non (all conj.); also ac and atque before consonants; also shown by adding the suff.-que to a noun when closely related to previous word andro-, -andrus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) male androecium (noun n. 2) androecium androgynus (adj. A) androgynous androphorum (noun n. 2) androphore androspora (noun f. 1) androspore; androsporangium (noun n. 2) androsporangium anemo- (in Gk comp.) pertaining to the wind; but note anemonoides, like Anemone -aneus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates resemblance or source material anfractuosus (adj. A) sinuous, gently zigzag anfractus (part. A) winding, bending, crooked Vocabulary angle angulus (noun m. 2); [sharp] acies (noun f. 5); angled angulatus (part. A), angularis (adj. B); -angled (in Lat. comp.) -angulus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) -gonus (adj. A); sharp-angled acutangularis (adj. B), acutangulatus (adj. A), acutangulus (adj. A), acutatus (adj. A); strongly angled angulosus (adj. A) anguilliformis (adj. B) worm- or eel-like angularis (adj. B), angulatus (adj. A) angled; see angle angulus (noun m. 2) angle q.v. angustatus (part. A) narrowed [see p. 00]; angustus (adj. A) narrow; anguste (adv.) narrowly; angusti- (in Lat. comp.) narrow animal animal (noun n. 3) [see p. 00]; animalcule animalculum (noun n. 2) anisatus (adj. A) scented or flavoured like aniseed; anisodorus (adj. A) scented like aniseed aniso- (pref. in Gk comp.) unequal, uneven anisogameta (noun f. 1) a type of motile gamete anisomorphus (adj. A) anisomorphic anisophyllus (adj. A) [of mosses and ferns] anisophyllous anisotomus (adj. A) branching unequally with main axis and smaller side branches anisovalvatus (adj. A) when both valves of sporangium are unequal in size annellophorum (noun n. 2) annellophore annexus (part. A) adnexed anniculus (adj. A) a year old annotinus (adj. A) of or belonging to last year annual annuus (adj. A); annually quotannis (adv.) annularis (adj. B) ring-shaped, annular; annulatim (adv.) arranged in a ring; annulatus (adj. A) marked with rings, bordered by raised rings or bands; annuliformis (adj. B) ring-shaped; annulus (noun m. 2) an annulus or ring annulatio (noun f. 3) annulation, formed like or in a ring, often pigmented annulus annulus (noun m. 2), gyroma (noun n. 3), gyrus (noun m. 2) annus (noun m. 2) a year; annuus (adj. A) annual anomalus (adj. A) abnormal another, other alius (adj. A); allo- (pref. in Gk comp.) ant formica (noun f. 1); pertaining to ants formicarius (adj. A); full of ants formicosus (adj. A); pertaining to ants (in Gk comp.) myrme-, myrmec-, myrmeco-; ant plant planta formicosa (noun f. 1 þ adj.) 125 126 Vocabulary ant-, anti- (pref. in Gk comp.) against, opposite to antapex (noun f. 3) antapex, in diatoms posteriormost part of cell body excl. spines etc. ante (prep. þ Accusative; also pref. in Lat. comp.) before, in front of antea (adv.) previously, before, formerly antecedens (part. B) preceding, in space þ Accusative, in time þ Dative anterior anticus (adj. A) anteris (noun f. 3) buttress anthela (noun f. 1) anthela anther anthera (noun f. 1); anther-bearing antherifer (adj. A); locule of anther sacculus (noun m. 2) antheridium androecium (noun n. 2) antheridiophore antheridiophorum (noun n. 2) antheridium antheridium (noun n. 2) antherifer (adj. A) anther-bearing antherless anantherus (adj. A) antherozoid antherozoideus (noun m. 2) anthesis (noun f. 3) anthesis, time of flowering [see p. 00] anthocarpium (noun n. 2) anthocarp anthodium (noun n. 2) head [in Asteraceae] anthoecium anthoecium (noun n. 2) anthophorum (noun n. 2) anthophore anthracinus (adj. A) coal black anti- (pref. in Gk comp.) against, opposite to antice (adv.) in front; anticus (adj. A) anterior, at the front, turned away from the axis anticlinalis (adj. B) anticlinal anti-clockwise antihelicte (adv.) anticus (adj. A) anterior antidromus (adj. A) antidromous antihelicte (adv.) anti-clockwise, dextrorse antiligula (noun f. 1) antiligule antipetalus (adj. A) antipetalous antisepalus (adj. A) antisepalous antitropus (adj. A) antitropal Vocabulary antrorsus (adj. A) antrorse anularis, anulus see annularis, annulus -anus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) belonging to, esp. to form an epithet from a place or personal name anvil-shaped incudiformis (adj. B) any ullus (adj. A); anywhere alicubi, ubicumque (both adv.); at any time aliquando (adv.) ap-, apo- (pref. in Gk comp.) from, away, downwards apart seorsum (adv. þ Ablative); distans (part. B) aperiens (part. B) opening apertus (adj. A) open; aperturatus (adj. A) having pores; apertura (noun f. 1) an opening [hole]; apertio (noun f. 3) opening [unfolding, e.g. of a flower] apetalus (adj. A) without petals apex apex (noun m. 3); borne at apex acrogenus (adj. A); facing apex acroscopicus (adj. A) apex stillans (noun m. 3 þ part. B) drip tip aphanoplasmodium (noun n. 2) aphanoplasmodium aphyllus (adj. A) without leaves apical apicalis (adj. B) apicifixus (adj. A) attached by the apex; apiculatus (adj. A) apiculate, with a short point; apiculum (noun n. 2) apiculum aplanospora (noun f. 1) aplanospore apo- (pref. in Gk comp.) from, away from, out of, free apoblastus (noun m. 2) apoblast [a vigorous shoot after pruning] apocarpus (adj. A) apocarpous apodus (adj. A) sessile apogamus (adj. A) apogamous apomictus (adj. A) apomictic apophysis (noun f. 3) apophysis; apophysate apophysatus (adj. A) apothecium apothecium (noun n. 2); having apothecia lecideinus (adj. A) apotropus (adj. A) apotropous apparatus (noun m. 4) apparatus apparens (part. B) appearing apparently apparenter (adv.), ut videtur [lit., as it appears] 127 128 Vocabulary appearance, general facies (noun f. 5), aspectus (noun m. 4) appearing apparens, sistens (both part. B) appendiculatus (adj. A) appendiculate appendix (noun f. 3) appendix, appendage applanatus (adj. A) flattened, horizontally extended apple-green pomaceo-viridis (adj. B) applicitus (part. A) lying upon or close to appositus (part. A) placed against, side by side with appressus, adpressus (part. A) appressed apprime (adv.) especially approaching accedens (part. B þ Dative, or with ad þ Accusative) approbavit (verb, 3rd pers. sing. perf.) he or she has approved or confirmed [name on herbarium sheet] appropriate aptus (part. A) approved probatus (part. A) approximately circa, circum, quasi (all adv.) approximatus (part. A) near each other, more or less apricot-coloured armeniacus (adj. A) apricum (noun n. 2) an open, sunny place; apricus (adj. A) uncovered, growing in the sun aptatus, aptus (both part. A) suitable, fit for, appropriate apud (prep. þ Accusative) with, near, in the works of aqua (noun f. 1) water; aquae (noun f. 1, pl.) medicinal springs; aquaticus (adj. A), aquatilis (adj. B) aquatic, growing in water; aqueus (adj. A) clear as water; aquosum (noun n. 2) a watery place; aquosus (adj. A) watery arachnoideus, araneosus (both adj. A) cobwebby arbor (noun f. 3) tree; arborescens (part. B) becoming tree-like; arboretum (noun n. 2) arboretum; arboreus (adj. A) tree-like; arboricola (adj. A) living in a tree; arbuscula (noun f. 1) a small tree; arbustum (noun n. 2) a shrub arc arcus (noun m. 4) arch fornix (noun m. 3); arched arcuatus (adj. A); arched inwards recavus (adj. A); having an arch-like structure fornicatus (adj. A); archedly arcuatim (adv.) Vocabulary arche- (pref. in Gk comp.) primitive, original archegoniophore archegoniophorum (noun n. 2) archegonium archegonium (noun n. 2) archi- (pref. in Gk comp.) chief archicarp archicarpus (noun m. 2) archipelago archipelagus (noun n. 2) arcte, arte (adv.) closely, tightly arctic arcticus (adj. A) arctus, artus (adj. A) close, confined, tight arcuatus (part. A) curved like a bow, arched; arcuatim (adv.) archedly; arcus (noun m. 4) curve, arc ardella (noun f. 1) ardella ardesiacus (adj. A) slate-coloured area area (noun f. 1) arefactus (part. A) dried arena (noun f. 1) sand, sandy place; arenaceus (adj. A) sandy; arenarius (adj. A) growing in sand, sandy; arenosum (noun n. 2) sandy place; arenosus (adj. A) very sandy arenosaxum (noun n. 2) sandstone areola (noun f. 1) areole; areolatus (adj. A) areolate; areolatio (noun f. 3) areolation arescens (part. B) becoming dry argenteus (adj. A) silvery argilla (noun f. 1) clay; argillaceus (adj. A) clayey, growing in clay; argillosus (adj. A) full of clay argute (adv.) sharply; argutus (adj. A) sharp, sharp-toothed argyr- (in Gk comp.) silveraridus (adj. A) dry [habitat] aril arillus (noun m. 2); arillate arillatus (adj. A) arillode arillodium (noun n. 2) -aris (Lat. suff., adj. B, with noun as stem) belonging to, resembling, used esp. with nouns ending in l or r arisen from ortus, exortus (both part. A); arising oriens, exoriens, nascens, surgens (all part. B); arising from exoriens (part. B), enascens (part. B) arista (noun f. 1) arista, awn; aristatus (adj. A) aristate, awned 129 130 Vocabulary -arius (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun or numeral as stem) indicates possession or connection arm brachium (noun n. 2); arm-length brachialis (adj. B) armatus (part. A) equipped, armed armeniacus (adj. A) apricot-coloured armillarioideus (adj. A) Armillaria-like armoured thecatus (adj. A) aromatic aromaticus (adj. A) around circa, circum (both adv., or prep. þ Accusative); (pref. in Lat. comp.) amb-, ambi-, circum-; (pref. in Gk comp.) amphi-, periarranged dispositus, ordinatus, digestus (all part. A) arrangement collocatio, dispositio (both noun f. 3); arrangement of leaves phyllotaxis (noun f. 3) or dispositio (noun f. 3) foliorum (noun n. 2 Genitive pl., remains unchanged if dispositio is declined) arrectus (adj. A) erect, directed upwards at angle of less than 30º arrhizus (adj. A) without roots arrow-headed sagittatus (adj. A) arte (adv.) closely, tightly arthro- (in Gk comp.) jointed arthroconidium (noun n. 2) arthroconidium arthrodontus (adj. A) arthrodontous arthrospore arthrospora (noun f. 1) articulatus (part. A) articulate, jointed; articulus (noun m. 2) joint or segment between nodes artificial artifactus (adj. A), artificialis (adj. B), artificiosus (adj. A), factitius (adj. A) arvalis (adj. B), arvensis (adj. B) pertaining to fields or cultivated land; arvum (noun n. 2) cultivated land as [in like manner] atque (conj.); as [in comparison of size] quam (adv.); as far as tenus (prep. þ Ablative); as in ut (conj. þ in þ Dative); as if velut (adv.); as yet adhuc (adv.); just as pro (prep. þ Ablative) ascending adscendens, ascendens (part. B) -ascens (Lat. suff., part. B, with noun or adj. as stem) indicates a process of becoming, or not fully reached ascidiatus (adj. A) ascidiate Vocabulary ascidium (noun n. 2) pitcher ascocarp ascocarpus (noun m. 2) ascogenus (adj. A) ascogenous ascogonium (noun n. 2) ascogonium ascohymenialis (adj. B) having asci and paraphyses arranged as a hymenium ascolocularis (adj. B) having asci in cavities ascoma (noun n. 3) ascoma ascospore ascospora (noun f. 1) ascus ascus (noun m. 2) ascyphous ascyphosus (adj. A) asepalus (adj. A) asepalous aseptatus (adj. A) without septa asexual agamicus, agamus (both adj. A), asexualis (adj. B) aspectabilis (adj. B) visible, worthy of notice aspectus (noun m. 4) general appearance asper (adj. A) rough to touch, uneven, harsh asperatus (adj. A) rough with points or short stiff hairs; asperitas (noun f. 3) roughness aspergilliformis (adj. B) brush-shaped aspersus, adspersus (both part. A) scattered asperulus (adj. A) slightly rough aspiciens (part. B) facing forward aspicilioideus (adj. A) aspicilioid asservatus (part. A) preserved, kept assimilating assumens, assimilans (both part. B) associated consociatus (part. A), concomitatus (adj. A); association consortio (noun f. 3), consortium (noun n. 2) assumens (part. B) taking up, assimilating assurgens (part. B) rising upwards aster (noun m. 3) star, starwort -aster (noun m. 2), -astra (noun f. 1), -astrum (noun n. 2) (all Lat. suff., with noun as stem) denoting some likeness or inferiority, also a diminutive sense asterinus (adj. A) aster-violet 131 132 Vocabulary astero-, astro- (in Gk comp.) stellate, starry astictus (adj. A) without spots astomous astomus (adj. A) astrictus (part. A) tight, drawn together astylus (adj. A) without a style asymmetricus (adj. A) asymmetric, irregular; asymmetrice (adv.) asymmetrically at (conj.) but, yet at [at which, place where] ad (prep. þ Accusative); in (prep. þ Ablative) at last demum, denique (both adv.) at least saltem, quidem (both adv.) at length demum, denique (both adv.) at present nunc (adv.) ater (adj. A) black [esp. dull] athecatus (adj. A) unarmoured -aticus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates place of growth -atilis (Lat. suff., adj. B, with noun as stem) indicates place of growth atomatus (adj. A) sprinkled with small particles atque (conj.) and atrans (adj. B) darkening atratus (part. A) blackened, dark atri-, atro- (in Lat. comp.) darkatrovirens (adj. B) deep green attached to affixus (part. A) attacking invadens (part. B); attacked invasus (part. A) attaining attingens (part. B) attamen (adv.) nevertheless attenuate attenuatus (part. A) attingens (part. B) attaining, reaching attractive illecebrosus (adj. A) -atus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates possession or likeness; also (Lat. suff., part. A, with noun) denotes something completed atypicus (adj. A) atypical, abnormal auctor (noun m. or f. 3) author, writer [see p. 00] Vocabulary auctus (part. A) enlarged, added to, accrescent, magnified augmen (noun n. 3), augmentum (noun n. 2) growth, increase aulac- (in Gk comp.) furrow aurantiacus (adj. A) orange auratus (adj. A) flecked with gold aureus (adj. A) golden; aureolinus (adj. A) aureolin yellow; aurei-, aureo-, auri- (in Lat. comp.) golden auricle auricula (noun f. 1); auriculate auriculatus, auritus (both adj. A) auriformis (adj. A) ear-shaped aurum (noun n. 2) gold australis (adj. B) southern aut (conj.) or aut-, auto- (pref. in Gk comp.) self autem (conj.) but, however authentic authenticus, genuinus, verus (all adj. A) author auctor (noun m. or f. 3) [see p. 00] autoicus (adj. A) autoecious, autoicous autophragm autophragma (noun n. 3) autumn autumnus (noun m. 2); autumnal autumnalis (adj. B) auxiliary auxiliaris (adj. B) auxospore auxospora (noun f. 1) available suppetens (part. B) avellaneus (adj. A) hazel [colour], nut brown avenis (adj. B), avenius (adj. A) veinless, without visible veins avenue [of trees] ambulacrum (noun n. 2) aversus (part. A) turned backward, on the back away from a, ab (prep. þ Ablative; also pref.); (pref. in Lat. comp.) di-, dis-, (pref. in Gk comp.) ap-, apoawl-shaped subulatus (adj. A), lesiniformis (adj. B) awn arista (noun f. 1); awned aristatus (adj. A); awnless muticus (adj. A) axe-shaped dolabriformis (adj. B) axil axilla (noun f. 1); axillary axillaris (adj. B), alaris (adj. B); placed above an axil superaxillaris, supra-axillaris (both adj. B) axis axis (noun m. 3) [see p. 00]; axialis (adj. B) axial, along the axis azonatus, azonus (both adj. A) without zones 133 134 Vocabulary azureus (adj. A) azure, deep blue azygospore azygospora (noun f. 1) B bacca berry (noun f. 1); baccans becoming juicy and berry-like (part. B) baccarium (noun n. 2) aggregate fruit made of attached drupelets baccatus berry-like, pulpy (adj. A) baccifer bearing berries (adj. A); bacciformis shaped like a berry (adj. B) bacillaris, bacilliformis, baculiformis (all adj. B) rod-shaped, rod-like back dorsum (noun n. 2); turned backward, on the back aversus (part. A); backwards recessim, retro (both adv.); curved or bent backwards reduncus (adj. A); back- (pref. in Lat. comp.) re-, retro-, (pref. in Gk comp.) noto-, opistho-; backwards and forwards ultro citroque, ultro et citro (adv.) bacterium (noun n. 2) bacterium bactrosporous bactrosporus (adj. A) baculatus (adj. A) baculate [of a spore] bad malus (adj. A), dys- (pref. in Gk comp.); very bad pessimus (adj. A); badly male (adv.) [see p. 00] badius (adj. A) bay, red-brown, dull brown, chocolate brown bald calvus (adj. A); becoming bald calvescens (part. B); made bald calvatus (adj. A), calvifactus (part. A) ballistoconidium (noun n. 2) forcibly discharged conidium ballistospora (noun f. 1) ballistospore balsameus (adj. A) balsamic, with resinous smell balteiformis (adj. B) belt-shaped band taenia (noun f. 1), (in Gk comp.) -desma (noun f. 3); banded fasciatus (adj. A); band-shaped vittiformis (adj. B), taeniatus (adj. A), fasciarius (adj. A); band-like (in Gk comp.) taeni-, taeniobank [of earth] agger (noun m. 3), crepido (noun f. 3) bank [of river] ripa (noun f. 1); pertaining to banks riparius (adj. A) banner-petal vexillum (noun n. 2) bar [cross beam] transtrum (noun n. 2) Vocabulary barb hamus (noun m. 2), uncus (noun m. 2), hamulus (noun m. 2) barba (noun f. 1) beard; barbatus (adj. A) bearded; barbellatus (adj. A) with short, stiff hairs barbed, with small hooks ancistrus (adj. A), hamatus (adj. A), uncinatus (adj. A), glochideus (adj. A) bare nudus (adj. A) barely vix (adv.) bark cortex (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; with bark peeling off decorticans (part. B); with bark peeled off decorticatus (part. A); without bark ecorticatus (adj. A); inner bark liber (noun m. 2) barrel dolium (noun n. 2); barrel-shaped cupiformis, doliiformis, orculiformis (all adj. B); like a small barrel cupelliformis (adj. B) barren sterilis (adj. B) bary- (in Gk comp.) heavy basal basalis, basilaris (both adj. B) basally basaliter (adv.) base basis (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; attached at base basifixus (adj. A) basic basicus (adj. A) basidioma (noun n. 3) basidioma basidiospore basidiospora (noun f. 1); basidiosporous basidiosporus (adj. A) basidium basidium (noun n. 2) basifixus (adj. A) attached at base basilaris (adj. B) basal basin pelvis (noun f. 3) basin-shaped crateriformis, lebetiformis, pelviformis (all adj. B) basipetalous basipetalus (adj. A) basiramifer (adj. A) branches borne from base basis (noun f. 3) base [see p. 00] basiscopicus (adj. A) directed towards base bathyphyllum (noun n. 2) basal lamina in some high-climbing ferns beach litus, littus (both noun n. 3) [see p. 00] beak rostrum (noun n. 2) [see p. 00]; beaked rostratus (adj. A); slightly beaked rostellatus (adj. A); having a beak (in Gk comp.) rhynch-, rhyncho-, (in Lat. comp.) rostri-, -rostrus (adj. A) 135 136 Vocabulary bean-shaped fabiformis, phaseoliformis (both adj. B) beard barba (noun f. 1), pogon (noun m. 3); bearded barbatus (adj. A); beardless imberbis (adj. B) bearing ferens (part. B þ Accusative), gerens (part. B þ Accusative); praeditus (part. A. þ Ablative); instructus (part. A þ Ablative) beautiful amoenus, concinnus, formosus, pulcher, venustus (all adj. A); (in Gk comp.) calli-, calobeautifully amoene (adv.), pulchre (adv.) because of ob (prep. þ Accusative), propter (prep. þ Accusative) becoming (in Lat. comp.) -ascens, -escens (both part. B) bed lectus (noun m. 2) beetroot-coloured betinus (adj. A) before [in place] ante (prep. þ Accusative); [in time] antea (adv.), antequam (conj.); (pref. in Lat. comp.) prae-, (pref. in Gk comp.) pro-, proso-, prosthobeginning initium (noun n. 2), nascens (part. B) behind post (prep. þ Accusative), opistho- (pref. in Gk comp.) bell- campani- (in Lat. comp.), codon- (in Gk comp.) bell-shaped campanulatus (adj. A), campaniformis (adj. B) belonging pertinens (part. B) below inferne (adv.), infernus (adj. A), inferus (adj. A), infra (adv. and prep. þ Accusative), sub (prep. þ Ablative), subter (prep. þ Ablative); (pref. in Gk comp.) cat-, cata-, cato-, hyp-, hypobelow-ground hypogaeus, subterraneus (both adj. A) belt-shaped balteiformis (adj. B) bend flexus (noun m. 4); bent flexus (part. A); bent downwards or forwards declinatus (part. A), [ from the horizontal] inclinatus (part. A); bent inwards inflexus, introflexus, uncatus (all adj. A); sharply bent infractus (part. A); bent upon itself intortus (part. A); (in Gk comp.) campo-, campso-, campto-, campylobending anfractus (part. A) bene (adv.) well [see p. 00] beneath sub (prep. þ Accusative or Ablative), subter (prep. þ Ablative) benthicus (adj. A) benthic berry bacca (noun f. 1); berried baccatus (adj. A); berry-bearing baccifer (adj. B); becoming berry-like baccans (adj. B) Vocabulary berry-shaped bacciformis (adj. B) beside juxta (adv. or prep. þ Accusative), para- (pref. in Gk comp.) besides extra (prep. þ Accusative) betinus (adj. A) beetroot-coloured better melior (adj. compar.), melius (adv.) between inter (prep. þ Accusative); placed between interjectus, interpositus (both part. A); (pref. in Lat. comp.) di-, disbeyond extra (prep. þ Accusative), ultra (adv.), ulterius (adv.); (pref. in Gk comp.) hyperbi- (pref. in Lat. comp.) twobiatorinus (adj. A) biatorine, having lecideine-type apothecia bibulus (adj. A) absorbing moisture biconjugatus (adj. A) twice-conjugate bicuspidatus (adj. A) bicuspid biennial biennis (adj. B) bifariam (adv.), bifarius (adj. A) in two rows biflagellatus (adj. A) biflagellate bifurcatus (adj. A) bifurcate bifusiformis (adj. B) bifusiform big grandis (adj. B), magnus ( adj. A); (in Lat. comp.) grandi-, magni-; (in Gk comp.) macro-, mega-, megalo-; very big giganteus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) megistobigeminatus (adj. A) twice-conjugate bijugatus (adj. A) bijugate bilabiate bilabiatus (adj. A) bilateralis (adj. B) bilateral -bilis (Lat. suff., adj. B, with verb as stem) indicates ability bilocularis (adj. B) bilocular binarius (adj. A) binary binatim (adv. ) in pairs; binatus (adj. A) paired, twinned [as of leaflets] binding together colligans (part. B) bini (num. adj. distr. pl.) two each bipartitio (noun f. 3) splitting into two bipinnatus (adj. A) bipinnate bis (num. adv.) twice 137 138 Vocabulary biscoctiformis (adj. B) slightly rounded-oblong with slight constriction in middle bisculptus (part. A) with two different elements in ornamentation biseriate biseriatus (adj. A) bisexualis (adj. B) bisexual, hermaphrodite bistratose bistratus (adj. A), distromaticus (adj. A) bistre sepiaceus (adj. A) bit frustum (noun n. 2) bitter acerbus, acidus, amarus (all adj. A), acer (adj. B); (in Gk comp.) picrobitunicatus (adj. A) with two distinct walls -bius (Gk suff., adj. A) -living black ater (adj. A) [dull], niger (adj. A) [glossy]; coal black anthracinus (adj. A); ebony black ebeneus (adj. A); becoming black nigrescens (part. B); blackened atratus, denigratus, nigrifactus (all part. A); blackening denigricans (part. B); blackish nigricans (part. B); black as pitch piceus (adj. A); black- (in Lat. comp.) atri-, atro-, nigr-, (in Gk comp.) mel-, mela-, melanobladder vesica (noun f. 1), ampulla (noun f. 1), (in Gk comp.) physo-; bladder-like or having bladders utricularis (adj. B), utriculatus, utriculosus (both adj. A); covered with small bladders vesiculosus (adj. A) blade lamina (noun f. 1); blade-like laminaris, laminiformis (both adj. B) blast-, blasto- (in Gk comp.) shootblastidium blastidium (noun n. 2) blastoconidium (noun n. 2) conidium formed by blastic conidiogenesis blastospore blastospora (noun f. 1) blephari-, blepharid-, blepharo- (in Gk comp.) fringed with hairs or cilia blepharoplast blepharoplastus (noun m. 2) blight robigo (noun f. 3) blistered bullatus (adj. A); covered with small blisters vesiculosus (adj. A) blister-shaped pustuliformis (adj. B) blood-coloured haematicus, haematochrous (both adj. A) bloom [waxy, whitish, powdery covering] pruina (noun f. 1) blotch macula (noun f. 1) [see p. 00]; blotched maculatus (part. A) blown out inflatus, sufflatus (both part. A) Vocabulary blue lazulinus (adj. A); cobalt blue cobaltinus (adj. A); deep blue azureus (adj. A), cyaneus (adj. A); gentian blue gentianus (adj. A); greyish blue nubilus (adj. A); heavenly blue caelestis (adj. B); hyacinth blue hyacinthinus (adj. A); indigo blue indigoticus (adj. A); lavender blue caesius (adj. A); sky blue caelestis (adj. B); brilliant skyblue caeruleus (adj. A); slate blue lazulino-ardesiacus (adj. A); Venice-blue venetus (adj. A); becoming blue cyanescens (part. B); becoming sky blue caerulescens (part. B); staining blue amyloideus (adj. A); blue- (in Lat. comp.) caesio-, (in Gk comp.) cyan-, cyanoblunt obtusus (adj. A); ambly- (in Gk comp.); blunted obtusatus (part. A) boat navicula (noun f. 1); boat-shaped navicularis, naviculiformis, cymbiformis (all adj. B) body corpus (noun n. 3) bog palus (noun f. 3); peat-bog turbarium (noun n. 2); boggy uliginosus (adj. A) bole truncus (noun m. 2) bombycinus (adj. A) silky bone os, Genitive sing. ossis (noun n. 3) bonus (adj. A) good bony osseus (adj. A); bone-shaped ossiformis (adj. B) book liber (noun m. 2) [see p. 00] border margo (noun m. or f. 3) [see p. 00]; bordered marginatus (adj. A), praetextus (part. A), (in Gk comp.) lomato-; bordering on conterminus (adj. A, þ Dative or Genitive) borealis (adj. B) northern born natus, genitus (both part. A); born within innatus (part. A þ Dative, or with ‘in’ þ Ablative) borne portatus (part. A) boss umbo (noun m. 3); bossed umbonatus (adj. A) bostryx (noun m. 3) bostryx, helicoid cyme botanic, botanical botanicus (adj. A); botanist botanicus (noun m. 2); botany botanica (noun f. 1), phytologia (noun f. 1) both … and … et … et … both sides, on utrinque, utrinsecus (both adv.); amphi- (pref. in Gk comp.). both together ambo (num. adj.) 139 140 Vocabulary bothr- (in Gk comp.) pit bothryospermus (adj.A.) with pitted seeds botryoideus (adj. A) grape-like [in a cluster]; -botrys (noun m. 3, in Gk comp.), botry- (in Gk comp.) bunch, raceme bottom fundus (noun m. 2) botuliformis (adj. B) sausage-shaped boundary finis (noun f. 3); limes (noun m. 3) bounded definitus, limitatus (both part. A) bowed arcuatus (adj. A) bowl cratera (noun f. 1), crater (noun m. 3); bowl-shaped crateriformis (adj. B) brachialis (adj. B) as long as an arm [approx. 2 feet, 70 cm] brachiatus (adj. A) having branches with arms brachium (noun n. 2) arm brachy- (in Gk comp.) short brachyblastus (noun m. 2) short shoot, spur brackish salsugineus, salsuginosus (both adj. A) bract bractea (noun f. 1); bracteate bracteatus (adj. A) bracteolate bracteolatus (adj. A); bracteole bracteola (noun f. 1) brain-like cerebriformis (adj. B) bran-like furfuraceus (adj. A) branch ramus (noun m. 2); bearing branches ramifer (adj. A); branched ramosus (adj. A); very branched ramosissimus (adj. A sup.); belonging to a branch ramealis (adj. B), rameus (adj. A); branching ramificatio (noun f. 3), ramificans (part. B); clad(Gk pref.),-cladus (adj. A, in Gk comp.); 2-branched [e.g. hairs] dibrachiatus (adj. A); branched- (in Lat. comp.) ramibranchlet ramulus (noun m. 2) breadth longitudo (noun f. 3) breaking frangens (part. B); breaking apart rumpens (part. B); breaking forth erumpens, prorumpens (both part. B); breaking off abrumpens, disrumpens (both part. B); breaking open refringens (part. B) brevi- (in Lat. comp.) shortbreviarium (noun n. 2) summary brevis (adj. B) short; brevissimus (adj. A sup.) very short; breviter (adv.) shortly Vocabulary brevipes (adj. B) short-footed [see. p.00] brevitas (noun f. 3) shortness brick-red latericius, lateritius, testaceus (all adj. A) bridge pons (noun m. 3), ponticulus (noun m. 2) bright clarus (adj. A), vividus (adj. A); brightly clare, laete, splendide, vivide (all adv.); bright-coloured fulgens (part. B), fulgidus (part. A); bright (in Gk comp.) lamprobringing forth edens, efferens, gignens, pariens (all part. B) bristle seta (noun f. 1); bristle-bearing setifer (adj. A); bristle-like setaceus (adj. A); bristle-shaped setiformis (adj. B); bristly setosus (adj. A), echinatus (adj. A), hispidus (adj. A), horricomis (adj. B), intonsus (adj. A); -bristle (in Gk comp.) -chaeta, -chaete (both noun f. 1) brittle fragilis (adj. B), friabilis (adj. B); brittleness fragilitas (noun f. 3) broad latus (adj. A); broadly late (adv.); very broadly perlate (adv.); broad (in Lat. comp.) lati-, (in Gk comp.) platy-; broad-leaved frondosus (adj. A) broken fractus, ruptus (both part. A); broken off disruptus, effractus (both part. A); broken through perruptus (part. A); broken in pieces diffractus (part. A); abruptly broken off succisus (part. A) bronze aeneus (adj. A) brook rivus (noun m. 2); pertaining to brooks rivalis (adj. B); brooklet rivulus (noun m. 2) broom-like [fastigiately] scoparie (adv.), [like a brush] scopiformis (adj. B), scopulatus (adj. A) brought [from] advectus (part. A); allatus (part. A), usu. with ex brown brunneus (adj. A); bay badius (adj. A); buff bubalinus (adj. A); chestnut brown castaneus (adj. A); chocolate brown badius (adj. A); dark brown fuscus, pullatus (both adj. A); deep reddish-brown spadiceus (adj. A); dirty brown luridus (adj. A); fawn hinnuleus (adj. A); light reddish-brown cinnamomeus (adj. A); nut brown avellaneus (adj. A); pale brown alutaceus (adj. A); brownish brunneolus, infuscatus (both adj. A) bruise contusum (noun n. 2); bruised contusus, sugillatus, tritus (all part. A) brumalis (adj. B) wintery brunneolus (adj. A) brownish brush-shaped aspergilliformis (adj. B), penicillatus (adj. A) 141 142 Vocabulary bryo- (in Gk comp.) relating to mosses bryophytum (noun n. 2) bryophyte bubalinus (adj. A) buff bubble bulla (noun f. 1); bubble-like bulliformis (adj. B) buccinatus, buccinatorius (both adj. A) trumpet-shaped [somewhat curved] bud gemma (noun f. 1); bud (of a flower) alabastrum (noun n. 2); budbearing gemmatus (adj. A), gemmifera (adj. B), gemmiparus (adj. A); budding gemmatio (noun f. 3); bud-like gemmiformis (adj. B); budding off pullulans (part. B) buff bubalinus (adj. A) bulb bulbus (noun m. 2); bulb-shaped bulbiformis (adj. B) bulbil, bulblet bulbilus (noun m. 2) bulbotuber (noun n. 3) [in early authors] corm bulbous bulbosus (adj. A) bulge protuberatio (noun f. 3); bulging protuberans, tumescens (both part. B) bulla (noun f. 1) bubble; bullatus (adj. A) blistered; bulliformis (adj. B) bubble-like bunch [like grapes] (in Gk comp.) botry-, -botrys (noun m. 3) bundle fascis (noun m. 3), fasciculus (noun m. 2), also phalanx (noun f. 3); bundle -desma (noun f. 1, in Gk comp.) -bundus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with verb as stem) indicates something in progress, or completed bung obturamentum (noun n. 2) buried defossus, infossus, obrutus (all part. A) burned ambustus, ustulatus (both part. A) burr lappa (noun f. 1); burr-like lappaceus (adj. A) bursicule bursicula (noun f. 1) bursting rumpens (part. B); bursting elastically dissiliens (part. B); bursting forth eruptio (noun f. 3), also prorumpens (part. B) bush frutex (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; bushy fruticosus (adj. A), dumalis (adj. B); of bushy habit dumosus (adj. A); becoming bushy frutescens (part. B) but at (conj.), autem (conj.), sed (conj.); but for praeter (prep. þ Accusative) buttery butyraceus (adj. A) Vocabulary button-like globuliformis (adj. B) buttress anteris (noun f. 3) butyraceus (adj. A) buttery by [by whom or which something is done] a, ab (prep. þ Ablative), per (prep. þ Accusative), also expressed by Ablative without prep.; [near] ad (prep. þ Accusative); [along] secundum (prep. þ Accusative) byssaceus, byssinus, byssoideus (all adj. A) cobwebby, cottony, with fine threads C cacumen (noun n. 3) peak, very top [see p. 00] cadens (part. B) falling caducus (adj. A) falling, dropping early, caducous caelestis (adj. B) heavenly blue caelum (noun n. 2) the sky caeoma (noun n. 3) caeoma caeruleo-griseus (adj. A) sky grey caerulescens (part. B) becoming sky blue; caeruleus (adj. A) brilliant sky-blue caesariatus (adj. A) hairy caesio- (in Lat. comp.) blue; caesius (adj. A) lavender blue caespes (noun m. 3) tuft, turf, sward [see p. 00]; caespitulus (noun m. 2) little tuft; caespiticius (adj. A) turf-like; caespitosus, cespitosus (both adj. A) growing in tufts caeterum (adv.) otherwise calathidium, calathium (both noun n. 2) capitulum [in Asteraceae]; calathiformis (adj. B), calathinus (adj. A) cup-shaped calcar (noun n. 3) spur, hollow appendage on calyx or corolla [see p. 00]; calcaratus (adj. A) spurred; calcariformis (adj. B) spur-like calcareus (adj. A) calcareous, chalky, limy calceiformis (adj. B), calceolatus (adj. A) slipper-like calcificatio (noun f. 3) calcification; calcium (noun n. 2) calcium calculation ratio (noun f. 3) caldarium (noun n. 2) hot-house 143 144 Vocabulary calendulinus (adj. A) marigold orange calidus (adj. A) hot, warm calli- (in Gk comp.) beautiful callifer (adj. A), callosus (adj. A) callose; callus (noun m. 2) callus calm tranquillus (adj. A) calo- (in Gk comp.) beautiful calvatus (adj. A) bald; calvescens becoming bald (part. B); calvifactus (part. A) made bald calvus (adj. A) bald calx (noun f. 3) lime calyciformis (adj. B) calyx-like; calycinus (adj. A) belonging to the calyx calyculus (noun m. 2) epicalyx; calyculatus (adj. A) with a calyculus -calymma (noun n. 3, in Gk comp.) covering, veil calyptra calyptra (noun f. 1); calyptratus (adj. A) having a calyptra; calyptriformis (adj. B) shaped like a conical cap calyx calyx (noun m. 3) [see p. 00]; within the calyx intracalycinus (adj. A) cambium cambium (noun n. 2) campani- (in Lat. comp.) bellcampanulatus (adj. A), campaniformis (adj. B) bell-shaped campanulinus (adj. A) campanula violet campanuloides (adj. B) resembling a campanula campester (adj. B), campestris (adj. B) pertaining to fields and plains campo-, campso-, campto-, camplyo- (in Gk comp.) bent camptodromus (adj. A) camptodrome campylidia (noun n. 2, pl.) campylidia campylotropus (adj. A) campylotropous canaliculatus (adj. A) grooved, channelled; canalis (noun m. 3) groove, channel canarinus (adj. A) canary yellow cancellatus (adj. A) latticed candelabriformis (adj. B) candelabriform candidus (adj. A) pure, glossy white; candidans (part. B) becoming white cane harundo (noun f. 3) [grass reed], virga (noun f. 1) [rod] caneolithus (noun m. 2) caneolith canescens (part. B) canescent, becoming grey Vocabulary canino- (in Lat. comp.) pertaining to dogs canker robigo (noun f. 3), cancer (noun m. 2) canopy canopeum (noun n. 2) canus (adj. A) grey cap calyptra (noun f. 1), operculum (noun n. 2), pileus (noun m. 2), pyxidium (noun n. 2) cap-shaped pileatus (adj. A) cape [Geography] caput (noun n. 3) [see p. 00] caperatus (adj. A) wrinkled capiens (part. B) containing capillaceus (adj. A), capillaris (adj. B), capilliformis (adj. B) capillary-like, hair-like capillitium capillitium (noun n. 2) capillus (adj. A) hair, hair’s breadth capitatus (adj. A) with a rounded head or tip, capitate capitulum (noun n. 2) head; [in Asteraceae] anthodium (noun n. 2), calathidium (noun n. 2) calathium (noun n. 2); capit-, capiti(in Lat. comp.) headcapreolus (noun m. 2) tendril capsicinus (adj. A) capsicum red capsularis (adj. B) capsular capsule capsula (noun f. 1) capucinus (adj. A) nasturtium red caput (noun n. 3) head, cape [Geography] [see p. 00] carbo (noun m. 3) carbon, charcoal carbonaceus (adj. A) brittle and black carbonarius (adj. A) pertaining to coal carbonas (noun m.3) carbonate cardia-, cardio- (in Gk comp.) heartcardinalis (adj. B) cardinal red careful accuratus (adj. A) but use diligens for persons; carefully diligenter (adv.) careless neglectim, negligenter (both adv.) carens (part. B) lacking, absent caries (noun f. 3) decay 145 146 Vocabulary carina (noun f. 1) keel; carinalis (adj. B) belonging to the keel; carinatus (adj. A) with a keel, keeled cariosus (adj. A) rotten, decayed, decomposed carmesinus (adj. A) crimson carmine carminus, carmineus, coccineus, carmesinus (all adj. A) carneus (adj. A) flesh-coloured carnosulus (adj. A) slightly fleshy; carnosus (adj. A) succulent, fleshy caro (noun f. 3) flesh, substance [see p. 00] carp-, carpo- (in Gk comp.) relating to the fruit carpel carpellum, carpidium (both noun n. 2) carpicus (adj. A) relating to the fruit carpidium (noun n. 2) carpel carpocephalum carpocephalum (noun n. 2) carpogonial carpogonialis (adj. B); carpogonium carpogonium (noun n. 2); carpogonium-bearing carpogonifer (adj. A) carpophorum (noun n. 2) carpophore carpospora (noun f. 1) carpospore carposporangium (noun n. 2) carposporangium carposporophytum (noun n. 2) carposporophyte carpotetrasporangium (noun n. 2) carposporangium containing 4 carpospores -carpus (noun m. 2), -carpa (noun f. 1), -carpium (noun n. 2, in Gk comp.) -fruit, -fruited carried portatus (part. A), vectus (part. A); carried [ from] advectus (part. A) usu. with ex carrot-red daucinus (adj. A); carrot-shaped dauciformis (adj. B) carrying ferens (part. B þ Accusative); gerens (part. B þ Accusative); (in Lat. comp.) -fer , -ger (both adj. A); (in Gk comp.) -phorus (adj. A) cartilaginous cartilagineus (adj. A); like cartilage chondroideus (adj. A) caruncula (noun f. 1) caruncle; carunculatus (adj. A) carunculate caryo- (in Gk comp.) nut-, nucleuscaryopsis caryopsis (noun f. 3) -case [container] (in Gk comp.) -theca (noun f. 1) cask-shaped cupiformis, doliiformis, orculiformis (all adj. B); like a small cask cupelliformis (adj. B) Vocabulary cassideus (adj. A) helmet-shaped cassis (noun f. 3) helmet cassus (adj. A þ Genitive or Ablative) empty cast off exutus (part. A), exuviatus (adj. A), rejectus (part. A) castaneus (adj. A) chestnut brown castratus (adj. A) castrated, emasculated cat-, cata- (pref. in Gk comp.) against, along, below catadromus (adj. A) catadromous catalogue catalogus (noun m. 2), index (noun m. 3) cataphyll cataphyllum (noun n. 2) cataract cataracta (noun f. 1) catathecium catathecium (noun n. 2) catena (noun f. 1) chain; catenatus (adj. A) linked as in a chain; catenulatus (adj. A) in short chains caterva (noun f. 1) crowd, group; catervatim (adv.) in groups, crowdedly catilliformis (adj. B) saucer-shaped; catillus (noun m. 2) plate [platter], saucer catkin amentum (noun n. 2); like a catkin amentaceus, julaceus (both adj. A) cato- (pref. in Gk comp.) downwards, below caudatus (adj. A) with a tail-like appendage caudex (noun m. 3) rootstock caudicle caudicula (noun f. 1) cauliflorus (adj. A) cauliflorous caulis (noun m. 3) stem; caulinus (adj. A) cauline caulonema (noun n. 3) caulonema caulorhiza (noun f. 1) rootstock causing efficiens (part. B) cautes (noun f. 3) pointed rock cave caverna, spelunca (both noun f. 1) cavernosus (adj. A) full of cavities cavernula (noun f. 1) aeria (adj. A) air chamber cavitas (noun f. 3) cavity 147 148 Vocabulary cavity alveola (noun f. 1), cavum (noun n. 2), cavitas (noun f. 3); small cavity alveolus (noun m. 2); full of cavities cavernosus (adj. A) cavum (noun n. 2) hole cavus (adj. A) hollow ceasing desinens (part. B) cecidiophorus (adj. A) gall-bearing celans (part. B) hiding, concealing; celatus (part. A) hidden, concealed celeriter (adv.) quickly cell cellula (noun f. 1); within a cell intracellularis (adj. B); cellular cellulosus (adj. A) -celled -cellularis (adj. B, in Lat. comp.) cellula (noun f. 1) alaris (adj. B) alar cell cellulosa (noun f. 1) cellulose -cellus, -cillus, -culus (Lat. suff., adj. A) indicates diminutive form celsus (adj. A) high, lofty centensimus (adj. A) a hundredth centi- (in Lat. comp.) hundred-; centiens, centies (both adv.) hundred-fold centimetre centimetrum (noun n. 2) central centralis (adj. B), medius (adj. A) centralium centralium (noun n. 2) centre centrum (noun n. 2) centrifugus (adj. A) developing from centre outwards centripetus (adj. A) developing from outside towards centre centrum (noun n. 2) centrum, centre centum (num. adj. indecl.) hundred cephal-, cephalo- (in Gk comp.) head; -cephalus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) -headed cephalium (noun n. 2) cephalium cephalodium cephalodium (noun n. 2) -ceps (adj. B, in Lat. comp.) -headed cera (noun f. 1) wax -ceras, -ceros (both noun n. 3, in Gk comp.) -horn, horny projection cerasinus (adj. A) cherry-red cerato- (in Gk comp.) horned- Vocabulary cerebriformis (adj. B) brain-like in appearance cereus (adj. A) waxy, dull yellow cernuus (adj. A) drooping, descending certainly certe, nempe, nimirum (all adv.) certus (adj. A) definite, settled, specified cespitosus (adj. A) growing in tufts (see caespitosus) cetera, ceteroquin, ceterum (all adv.) otherwise; ceterus (adj. A) the other [the rest] -chaeta, -chaete (noun f. 1, in Gk comp.) bristle, long hair chaffy paleaceus (adj. A) chain catena (noun f. 1); chained catenatus (adj. A); chain-like cateniformis (adj. B) chalaza chalaza (noun f. 1) chalky calcareus, cretaceus (both adj. A) [use also for chalk-white] chalybeus (adj. A) steel grey chamae- (in Gk comp.) lowly, creeping chamber cubiculum (noun n. 2); chambered locellatus (adj. A) changeable inconstans, mutabilis (both adj. B); changed mutatus, transmutatus, transformatus (all part. A); changing suddenly to abiens (part. B) channel canalis (noun m. 3), [strait] fretum (noun n. 2), fretus (noun m. 4); channelled canaliculatus (adj. A) character character (noun m. 3) characteristic proprius (adj. A); characteristically proprie (adv.) chartaceus (adj. A) papery cheil-, cheilo- (in Gk comp.) lip cheilocystidium cheilocystidium (noun n. 2) chequered, checkered tessellatus (adj. A) cherry-red cerasinus (adj. A) chestnut brown castaneus (adj. A) chiastobasidium (noun n. 2) chiastobasidium chief primarius (adj. A), archi- (pref. in Gk comp.); chiefly imprimis (adv.) -chilus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) lipped chion- (in Gk comp.) snow 149 150 Vocabulary chiton (noun m. 2) chitin; also -chiton (noun m. 3, in Gk comp.) covering, tunic chlamyd- (in Gk comp.) cloaked, wearing a cloak chlamydocyst chlamydocystis (noun f. 3) chlamydospora (noun f. 1) chlamydospore chlamys (noun f. 3) mantle, cloak chlor-, chloro- (in Gk comp.) greenchloride chloridum (noun n. 2); chlorine chlorinum (noun n. 2) chlorinus (adj. A) yellow-green chloronema (noun n. 3) chloronema chlorophyll chlorophyllum (noun n. 2); chlorophyllose chlorophyllosus (adj. A) chloroplast chloroplastus (noun m. 2) chocolate brown badius (adj. A) chondroideus (adj. A) chondroid, like cartilage chorate [in diatoms] choratus (adj. A) chori- (pref. in Gk comp.) separate, free chosen lectus, excerptus (both part. A) chrom-, chromato- (in Gk comp.) relating to colour chromatophore chromatophorum, phaeophorum (both noun n. 2) chromatropic chromatropicus (adj. A) chromosome chromosoma (noun f. 1) -chromus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) relating to colour chrys-, chryso- (in Gk comp.) goldenchrysocystidium (noun n. 2) cystidium that turns yellow in alkali solution cibarius (adj. A) relating to food cibus (noun m. 2) food cicatricatus (adj. A) scarred; cicatricosus (adj. A) covered in scars; cicatrix (noun f. 3) scar [see p. 00] -cidus (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) killing ciliate ciliatus (adj. A); ciliated (in Gk comp.) blephari-, blepharid-, blepharocilium cilium (noun n. 2) -cillus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with adj. as stem) indicates diminutive form cincinnus cincinnus (noun m. 2) Vocabulary cinctus (part. A) encircled, girdled cinereus, cineraceus (both adj. A) ash grey; cinerascens (part. B) becoming ash grey cingens (part. B) encircling, girdling cingulum (noun n. 2) cingulum, girdle cinnabarinus (adj. A) vermilion cinnameus (adj. A) smelling of cinnamon; cinnamomeus (adj. A) light reddish brown; cinnamominus (adj. A) relating to cinnamon circa, circum (both adv., or prep. þ Accusative) about circinatus (adj. A) coiled inwards circiter (adv., or prep. þ Accusative) about circle orbis (noun m. 3), gyrus (noun m. 2); coiled into a circle cyclicus (adj. A); rolled up circularly cyclicalis (adj. B); almost circular rotundus (adj. A); circular (in Gk comp.) cyclo-. See also ring circum- (pref. in Lat. comp.) around circumcinctus (part. A) surrounded circumcirca (adv.) all around circumdatus (part. A) encircled; circumdans (part. B) encircling, girdling circumference ambitus (noun m. 4), circumferentia (noun f. 1), circumscriptio (noun f. 3), peripheria (noun f. 1) circumnexus (part. A) wrapped around, surrounding circumscissilis (adj. B), circumscissus (part. A) circumscissile circumscriptio (noun f. 3) circumference, outline cirratus, cirrosus (all adj. A) having tendrils; cirrifer (adj. A) bearing tendril(s); cirriformis (adj. B) tendril-like; cirrus (noun m. 2) tendril cis (prep. þ Accusative) on this side; cis- [in geographical comp.] on this side of, e.g. cisalpinus cisterna (noun f. 1) cistern, reservoir [esp. underground] cito (adv.) quickly, soon citrinus (adj. A) lemon yellow; citriformis (adj. B) lemon-shaped; citriodorus (adj. A) lemon-scented city urbs (noun f. 3) clad-, -cladus (adj. A) (in Gk comp.) branch, shoot cladocarpus (adj. A) cladocarpous cladode cladodium (noun n. 2) 151 152 Vocabulary cladophyll cladophyllum (noun n. 2) clamp colligatio (noun f. 3), zygodesma (noun n. 3); clamp connection fibula (noun f. 1); provided with clamps fibulatus (adj. A); bearing clamps fibuliger (adj. A) clandestinus (adj. A) concealed, hidden clare (adv.) brightly, clearly; clarus (adj. A) bright clasping adligans, alligans, amplectens, complectens (all part. B), amplexus (adj. A) class classis (noun f. 3) clathratus (adj. A) latticed clausus (part. A) closed clava (noun f. 1) club; clavatus (adj. A) clavate, club-shaped; claviformis (adj. B) clavate clavi- (pref. in Lat. comp.) clubclavis (noun f. 3) key (to species etc.) clavula (noun f. 1) a small club clavus (noun m. 2) peg claw unguis (noun m. 3); clawed unguiculatus (adj. A) clay argilla (noun f. 1); clayey, growing in clay, clay-coloured argillaceus (adj. A); full of clay argillosus (adj. A) clear liquidus, pellucidus, hyalinus, lucidus, translucidus (all adj. A), translucens (part. B); clearly clare, evidenter, manifeste, perspicue, plane (all adv.) cleft fissura (noun f. 1); fissus (part. A); cleft (in Gk comp.) schist-, schisto-, schiz-, schizocleistocarpus (adj. A) cleistocarpous cleistogamus (adj. A) cleistogamous cleistothecium (noun n. 2) cleistothecium -clema (noun n. 3), -clemus (adj. A) (in Gk comp.) shoot, branch, twig cliff scopulus (noun m. 2), praeruptum (noun n. 2) climbing scandens (part. B) clinandrium (noun n. 2) clinandrium clinging adhaerens, haerens, cohaerens (all part. B) clitocybioideus (adj. A) Clitocybe-like clivus (noun m. 2) hillside Vocabulary cloak chlamys (noun f. 3); cloaked (in Gk comp.) chlamydclockwise helicte (adv.) clone clon (noun m. 3); clonal clonalis (adj. B) close arctus, artus (both adj. A); (in Gk comp.) pycn-, pycno-; closed clausus (part. A), inapertus (adj. A), impervius (adj. A), reconditus (part. A); closed up occlusus (part. A); closely arcte, arte (both adv.); close together approximatus (part. A), confertus (part. A), creber (adj. A) clothed vestitus (part. A); clothed with indutus (part. A þ Ablative); clothed with withered parts induviatus (adj. A) cloud nubes (noun f. 3); clouded nebulosus (adj. A); cloudy nubilus (adj. A) club clava (noun f. 1); a small club clavula (noun f. 1); club-shaped clavatus (adj. A), claviformis (adj. B); club- (in Lat. comp.) clavi-; (in Gk comp.) coryne-, coryno-, rhopaloclump caespes (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; clumped caespitosus (adj. A) cluster fasciculus (noun m. 2), consocies (noun f. 3); clustered aggregatus (part. A), fasciculatus (adj. A); clustered as in a sphere conglomeratus (part. A) clypeatus (adj. A) shaped like a circular shield; clypeus (noun m. 2) shieldlike stromatic growth co- (before vowels, h), col- (before l), com- (before b, m, p), con(before c, d, f, g, j, n, qu, s, t, v), cor- (before r) (pref. in Lat. comp.) together with coacervatus (part. A) heaped together, crowded coactus (part. A) felted coadnatus (part. A) united, fused coaetaneus, coetanus (adj. A) of the same age, at the same time coalescens (part. B) coming together by growth; coalitus (part. A) united by growth coal-like carbonaceus (adj. A); pertaining to coal carbonarius (adj. A) coarctatus (part. A) pressed together coarse grossus (adj. A); coarsely grosse (adv.) coast ora, maritima (both noun f. 1) coaxial coaxialis (adj. B) cobaltinus (adj. A) cobalt cobwebby arachnoideus, araneosus, byssaceus, byssoideus (all adj. A) 153 154 Vocabulary coccineus (adj. A) crimson coccoideus (adj. A) coccoid coccolith coccolithus (noun m. 2) coccosphere coccoglobus (noun m. 2) coccus coccus (noun m. 2) cochleariformis, cochlearis (both adj. B) spoon-like; also, when one item or segment encloses the others cochleatus (adj. A) coiled like a snail’s shell codon- (in Gk comp.) bellcoelo- (in Gk comp.) hollowed coelospermus (adj. A) hollow-seeded coenobium (noun n. 2) colony coenocyte coenocytum (noun n. 2); coenocytic coenocyticus (adj. A) coenosorus (noun m. 2) fused sorus cognatus (adj. A) related cognitus (part. A) known, understood cohaerens (part. B) clinging together, cohering; cohaerentia (noun f. 1) coherence cohort cohors (noun f. 3) coil gyrus (noun m. 2), spira (noun f. 1); coiled helicus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) helic-; coiled inwards circinatus (adj. A) -cola -dweller (suff. in comp., treated as noun in app. & of common gender, i.e. m., f. or n., so, regardless of the gender of a generic name, is declined like agricola [see p. 00]; when adj., declined as Group A) colboid colboideus (adj. A) cold frigidus, gelidus, algidus (all adj. A) collapsed collapsus (part. A); collapsing collabens (part. B) collar collum (noun n. 2); collared collariatus (adj. A), collaris (adj. B) collateralis (adj. B) being side by side collected lectus (part. A); collection collectio (noun f. 3), collectanea (noun n. 2, p1.); collector collector (noun m. 3) collective collectivus (adj. A) collenchymatous collenchymatosus (adj. A) colliculosus (adj. A) colliculose colligans (part. B) binding together; colligatus (part. A) joined together; colligatio (noun f. 3) a ligature, clamp Vocabulary collinus (adj. A) pertaining to hills; collis (noun m. 3) a hill collocatio (noun f. 3) arrangement collum (noun n. 2) neck, collar collybioideus (adj. A) Collybia-like colony colonia (noun f. 1), coenobium (noun n. 2); colonial colonialis (adj. B) colour color (noun m. 3) [see p. 00]; coloured coloratus, fucatus (both part. A); -coloured -color (adj. B, in Gk comp); changing colour allochrous (adj. A), versicolor (adj. B) [see p. 00]; of a different colour discolor (adj. B) [see p. 00]; uniform in colour concolor (adj. B) [see p. 00], concolorans (part. B), concolorus (adj. A); many-coloured (in Gk comp.) poecil-, poecilocolourless achromaticus (adj. A), achromus (adj. A), diaphanus [almost transparent] (adj. A), incolor (adj. B) [see p. 00], incoloratus (adj. A) colpus colpus (noun m. 2) colubrinus (adj. A) serpent-like columella columella (noun f. 1) column columna (noun f. 1); columnar columnaris (adj. B); column (in Gk comp.) -stela, -stele (noun f. 1) coma (noun f. 1) coma, tuft; comalis (adj. B) relating to a coma comb pecten (noun m. 3); comb-like pectinatus (adj. A); comb(in Lat. comp.) pectini-, (in Gk comp.) cten-, ctenocomestibilis (adj. B) edible combinatio (noun f. 3) a combination, joining; combinatus (part. A) combined, united coming forth egrediens, oriens, prodiens, proveniens (all part. B) comitatus (adj. A þ Ablative) accompanied commiscens (part. B) intermingling commissure commissura (noun f. 1); commissural commissuralis (adj. B) commixtus (part. A) intermingled commode (adv.) conveniently, aptly common [shared] communis (adj. B), [widespread] vulgaris (adj. B), [widespread] pervagatus (part. A), [very common] pervulgatus (part. A); commonly plerumque (adv.); in common communiter, conjunctim (both adv.) 155 156 Vocabulary comosus (adj. A) having a tuft of hairs compact compactus (part. A); compactly confertim, spisse (both adv.) compaginatus (part. A) packed closely, one over the other comparable comparandus (adj. A) comparate (adv.) comparatively, relatively comparison comparatio (noun f. 3) complanatus (part. A) flattened; complanus (adj. A) on the same plane, level complectens (part. B) clasping, enfolding complens (part. B) filling complete [whole] totus (adj. A), [ filled ] completus (part. A); completed effectus (part. A); completely perfecte (adv.); completely (in Gk comp.) eucomplex complexus (part. A), tortuosus (adj. A) complicatus (part. A) folded upon itself compluriens, compluries (both adv.) several times composed of constatus (part. A) compositus (part. A) compound, made up [of ] compound compositus (part. A) compressed contractus (part. A) compressus (part. A) flattened [usu. laterally] concatenatus (part. A) linked, connected concave concavus (adj. A) concealed absconditus, celatus, occultus, reconditus, tectus (all part. A), clandestinus (adj. A) concentric concentricus (adj. A) conceptacle conceptaculum (noun n. 2) concerning de (prep. þ Ablative) conchatus (adj. A), conchiformis (adj. B) shell-shaped; conchifer (adj. A) shell-bearing concinnus (adj. A) neat, beautiful concolor (adj. B) [see p. 00], concolorans (part. B), concolorus (adj. A) uniform in colour, of the same colour concomitatus (part. A þ Ablative) accompanied, associated concretus (part. A) grown together, also thickened, hardened Vocabulary condensatus (part. A) condensed [e.g. an inflorescence] condition status (noun m. 4); habitus (part. A) conditus (part. A) stored conduplicatus (part. A) conduplicate condyle condylus (noun m. 2) cone [of a conifer] strobilus (noun m. 2), [solid figure] conus (noun m. 2); cone-shaped conicus, conoideus (both adj. A); cone-like strobiliformis (adj. B), strobilaceus (adj. A), strobilinus (adj. A); cone-bearing conifer (adj. A) conferruminatus (part. A) fused together confertus (part. A) close together, crowded, dense; confertim (adv.) compactly, densely confervaceus, confervoideus (both adj. A) composed of loose filaments like Conferva confestim (adv.) immediately [quickly] confined to limitatus (part. A with ad þ Accusative) confinis (adj. B usu. þ Dative) adjoining confirmavit (verb, 3rd pers. sing. act. perf.; abbreviation conf.) he or she confirmed [a determination] conflatus (part. A) melded together, united confluens (part. B) confluent, running together conformatio (noun f. 3) shape, form conformis (adj. B) alike, agreeing closely, the same shape as confused confusus (part. A) congener (noun m. 2) member of same genus; congenericus (adj. A) congeneric congestus (part. A) crowded together conglobatus (part. A) pressed together conglomeratus (part. A) clustered e.g. as in a sphere conglutinatus (part. A) glued together congruens (part. B þ Dative or with cum þ Ablative) agreeing with conicus (adj. A), conoideus (adj. A) cone-shaped, conical; conice (adv.) conically; conifer (adj. A) cone-bearing conidiogenus (adj. A) producing conidia conidiolum (noun n. 2) secondary conidium 157 158 Vocabulary conidioma (noun n. 3) structure bearing conidia conidiophore conidiophorum (noun n. 2); without conidiophores histogenus (adj. A) conidiosporangium (noun n. 2) conidiosporangium conidium (noun n. 2) conidium conifer (adj. A) cone-bearing coniocyst coniocysta (noun f. 1) conjugation conjugatio (noun f. 3), copulatio (noun f. 3); conjugating conjungens (part. B) conjugatus, conjunctus (both part. A) joined, connected conjunctio (noun f. 3) union, fusion connatus (part. A) joined, connate, fused, united connected concatenatus, conjunctus, connexus, consociatus (all part. A); connecting jungens (part. B) connective connectivum (noun n. 2) connexus (part. A) connected connivens (part. B) connivent, converging conoideus (adj. A) almost conical consentaneus (adj. A þ Dative or with cum þ Ablative) agreeing with consequently itaque (adv.) conservatus (part. A) preserved, conserved considerably aliquantum (adv.) consimilis (adj. B þ Dative or Genitive) similar in all respects, equal consistent aequabilis (adj. B) consistentia (noun f. 1) texture, consistency consisting of constans (part. B, þ ex and Ablative) consociatus (part. A) associated, connected, united; consocies (noun f. 3) cluster consortio (noun f. 3), consortium (noun n. 2) association conspecificus (adj. A) conspecific conspectus (noun m. 4) survey, conspectus conspersus (part. A) sprinkled conspicuus (adj. A) conspicuous, striking; conspicue (adv.) conspicuously constans (part. B, þ ex and Ablative) consisting of constantly constanter, perpetuo (both adv.) Vocabulary constatus (part. A) composed of constipatus (part. A) crowded closely together constricted constrictus (part. A); constriction constrictio (noun f. 3), strictura (noun f. 1); with a constriction isthmoideus (adj. A) constructed constructus, contextus, exstructus, fabricatus (all part. A) consuete (adv.) customarily contained contentus (part. A); containing capiens, continens (both part. B) contaminatus (part. A) impure, polluted, contaminated contents contentum (noun n. 2) contentus (part. A) contained conterminus (adj. A, þ Dative or Genitive) bordering on contextus (part. A) woven together, constructed; also (noun m. 4) hyphal mass in pileus contiguus (adj. A usu. þ Dative) adjoining continens (part. B) containing continentalis (adj. B) continental continuus (adj. A) continuous, uninterrupted, non-septate contorted contortus (part. A) contortuplicatus (adj. A) entangled, intricate contra (adv. or prep. þ Accusative) against, opposite to; also pref. in Lat. comp. contractile contractilis (adj. B); contractile vacuole vacuola (noun f. 1) contractilis (adj. B) contractus (part. A) contracted, narrowed, compressed contrarius (adj. A) contrary, in an opposite direction contrary il- (pref. in Lat. comp. before l), im- (before b, m, p), in- (before vowels, most consonants) contrary, on the immo (adv.) contributing contribuens, donans (both part. A) contusum (noun n. 2) bruise; contusus (part. A) bruised conus (noun m. 2) cone [solid figure] convariety convarietas (noun f. 3) [see p. 00] conveniens (part. B þ Dative or with cum þ Ablative) agreeing conveniently commode (adv.) converging connivens (part. B) 159 160 Vocabulary conversus (part. A) reversed convexus (adj. A) convex convolutus (part. A) convolute, rolled together copiose (adv.) abundantly coppery cupreus, cuprinus (both adj. A) coprophilus (adj. A) dung-loving [growing on dung]; copro- (in Gk comp.) pertaining to dung copula (noun f. 1) the intercalary band of a diatom copulatio (noun f. 3) conjugation [of cells] coralliformis (adj. B) coral-like [in form]; coralloides (adj. B) of coral, corallike; corallinus (adj. A) coral red corculum (noun n. 2) plumule cord [slender rope] funiculus (noun m. 2) cordatus (adj. A) cordate; cordiformis (adj. B) heart-shaped; cordi- (in Lat. comp.) heartcoriaceus (adj. A) coriaceous, leathery; corium (noun n. 2) rind, covering cork suber (noun n. 3); corky suberosus (adj. A) corm cormus (noun m. 2); bulbotuber [in early authors] (noun n. 3) corner angulus (noun m. 2) corneus (adj. A) horny, hard but not brittle cornflower blue cyaninus, cyaneus (both adj. A) corniculatus (adj. A) having small horn-like appendage; corniculum (noun n. 2) a small horn-like appendage cornu (noun n. 4) horn, spur [see p. 00]; cornutus (adj. A) horned; cornuatus (adj. A) horn-shaped; -cornis, -cornu (both adj. B, in Lat. comp.), -cornutus (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) -horned; corni- (in Lat comp.) horned corolla (noun f. 1) corolla; corollaceus (adj. A) corolla-like; corollatus (adj. A) having a corolla; corolliflorus (adj. A) having calyx, corolla and ovary inserted on a disc and stamens inserted on corolla; corollinus (adj. A) belonging to or inserted on corolla; epicorollinus (adj. A) inserted on corolla corona (noun f. 1) corona; coroniformis (adj. B) having the form of a corona; coronans (part. B) crowning; coronatus (part. A) crowned; coronarius (adj. A) of a wreath, coronary coronule coronula (noun f. 1) Vocabulary corpus (noun n. 3) body corpuscule corpusculum (noun n. 2) correction emendatio (noun f. 3); corrected emendatus (part. A); correctly rite (adv.) corresponding to congruens (part. B), consentaneus (adj. A) corrugatus (part. A) corrugated, crumpled cortex (noun m. 3) bark, cortex [see p. 00]; corticalis (adj. B), corticeus (adj. A) cortical; corticatus (adj. A) covered with bark or a cortex, [in lichens] having outer layer made up of compacted hyphae corticola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of bark cortina (noun f. 1) cortina; cortinatus (adj. A) cortinate corymb corymbus (noun m. 2); corymbose corymbosus (adj. A); corymbosely corymbose cosmopolitanus (adj. A) world-wide costa (noun f. 1) midrib, rib; costalis (adj. B) relating to the midrib; costatus (adj. A) ribbed with one or more primary veins or ridges costapalmatus (adj. A) costapalmate costula (noun f. 1) costule cottony byssaceus, byssinus, byssoideus, gossypinus (all adj. A) cotyledon cotyledon (noun f. 3) [see p. 00] countless innumerus (adj. A), innumerabilis (adj. B); pref. in Gk comp., myri-, myriocovered tectus, obtectus, obductus, velatus (all part. A); (in Gk comp.) crypt-, crypto-; a covering corium (noun n. 2), tegmen (noun n. 3), tegmentum (noun n. 2); covering tegens, obtegens, obducens (all part. B); (in Gk comp.) -calymma (noun n. 3, in Gk comp.); covered over with obsitus (part. A); -cover (in Gk comp.) -theca (noun f. 1) coxal coxalis (adj. B) crack rima, fissura (both noun f. 1); cracked rimosus (adj. A); minutely cracked rimulosus (adj. A) craspedromus (adj. A) craspedromus [veining] crassus (adj. A) thick; crasse (adv.) thickly; crassiusculus (adj. A) moderately thick; crassities (noun f. 5) thickness crater (noun m. 3) bowl; crateriformis (adj. B) basin-shaped, bowl-shaped craticula craticula (noun f. 1) 161 162 Vocabulary cream [colour] cremeus (adj. A), cremicolor (adj. B) [see p. 00], [ivory] eburneus (adj. A) creber (adj. A) close together, frequent; crebiter, crebro (both adv.) often, repeatedly creeping repens [see p. 00], reptans, serpens (all part. B); (in Gk comp.) chamaecremeus (adj. A), cremicolor (adj. B) cream [colour] [see p. 00] cremocarp cremocarpium (noun n. 2) crenatus (adj. A) crenate, scalloped; crenulatus (adj. A) crenulate crepido (noun f. 3) a bank [of soil, rocks] crescens (part. B) growing, increasing, inhabiting crescent-shaped lunaris (adj. B), lunatus (adj. A) crest crista (noun f. 1); (pref. in Gk comp.) loph-, lophio-, lopho-; crested cristatus (adj. A) cretaceus (adj. A) chalky, chalk-white crevice rima, fissura (both noun f. 1) cribratus, cribrosus (both adj. A) sieve-like, much perforated cribrum (noun n. 2) cribrum crimson carmesinus, coccineus, kermesinus (all adj. A) crinis (noun m. 3) the hair; crinitus (adj. A) with tufts of long, weak hairs crispatus (part. A), crispus (adj. A) crisped, irregularly wavy crista (noun f. 1) crest; cristatus (adj. A) crested croceus (adj. A) saffron yellow crooked anfractus (part. A) cross crux (noun f. 3); cross-shaped cruciatus (adj. A); cross-wise cruciatim (adv.) cross-beam transtrum (noun n. 2) cross-wall septum (noun n. 2) crowd caterva, turba (both noun f. 1); crowded aggregatus, coacervatus, coarctatus, confertus (all part. A), creber (adj. A), [surrounded] stipatus (part. A); crowded closely together congestus, conglomeratus, constipatus (all part. A); crowdedly catervatim, confertim, crebro (all adv.) crown corona (noun f. 1); crowning coronans (part. B); crowned coronatus (part. A) Vocabulary cruciatus (adj. A) cross-shaped; cruciatim (adv.) cross-wise crudus (adj. A) raw, uncooked, unripe crumbling fatiscens (part. B) crumpled corrugatus (part. A) crushed obtritus (part. A) crusta (noun f. 1) crust, upper surface of pileus or thallus; crustaceus (adj. A) hard, thin and brittle, crustaceous crustosus (adj. A) crustose, crust-like crux (noun f. 3) cross; cruciatus (adj. A) cross-shaped; cruciatim (adv.) cross-wise crypt-, crypto- (in Gk comp.) covered, hidden cryptocotularis (adj. B) germination in which cotyledons remain enclosed in seed cryptogamicus, cryptogamus (both adj. A) cryptogamic cryptolecanorinus (adj. A) with inapparent thalline margin cryptosome cryptosoma (noun n. 3) crystal crystallum (noun n. 2); crystalline crystallinus (adj. A) cten-, cteno-, -ctenium (noun n. 2) (in Gk comp.) comb -ctonus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) killing cubical cubicus (adj. A), cubiformis (adj. B); more or less cubical tessularis (adj. B) cubiculum (noun n. 2) chamber cucullatus (adj. A) hooded; cucullus (noun m. 2) hood cujus (Genitive sing. of qui) of which, of whose; cujusvis (m.), cujavis (f.), cujumvis (n.) of anyone culm culmus (noun m. 2) cultivated cultus (part. A); cultivated land arvum (noun n. 2); cultivated land, pertaining to arvalis, arvensis (both adj. B); cultivar cultivarietas (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; cultigen cultigenum (noun n. 2); cultivation cultura (noun f. 1) culture cultura (noun f. 1) cultratus (adj. A) cultrate; cultriformis (adj. B) cultriform -culus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with adj.) indicates diminutive form cum (prep. þ Ablative) along with; also as conj., when, while, whereas cumulatus (part. A) heaped; cumulus (noun m. 2) a heap, pile 163 164 Vocabulary -cundus (Lat. suff., adj. A) indicates a tendency cuneate cuneatus (adj. A), cuneiformis (adj. B) cuniculus cuniculus (noun m. 2) cup cupula (noun f. 1) e.g. of an acorn; cup- (in Gk or Lat. comp.) calath-, cotyl-, cyath-, cymbio-, scyph-; (in Lat. comp.) acetabul-, pocul-; (in Gk comp.) peli-, scyph-, scyphi-, scyphocupelliformis (adj. B) like a small cask cupiformis (adj. B) barrel-or cask-shaped cupola-shaped cupuliformis (adj. B) cupreus, cuprinus (both adj. A) coppery cup-shaped cupulatus, calathinus (both adj. A), calathiformis, cyathiformis, poculiformis (all adj. B) cupule cupula (noun f. 1) curled crispus, crispatus (both adj. A) cursus (noun m. 4) direction curtus (adj. A) short curve arcus (noun m. 4), curvamen (noun n. 2); curve- (in Lat. comp.) cuvi-, (in Gk comp.) cyrto-; curved curvus (adj. A), curvatus, arcuatus (both part. A); curvature curvatura (noun f. 1); curved downwards or forwards declinatus (part. A); curved inwards incurvatus, incurvus (both adj. A); curved in one direction homotropus (adj. A) cushion pulvinus (noun m. 2); cushion-shaped pulvinatus (adj. A), pulviniformis (adj. B) cusp cuspis (noun f. 3); cuspidate cuspidatus (adj. A) customarily consuete (adv.) cut scissus (part. A); cut to midrib sectus (part. A); cut deeply incisus (part. A); cut more than half-way to midrib partitus (part. A); cut half-way or less to midrib fissus (part. A); cut off abscissus (part. A); cut into insculptus (part. A); cut out excisus, exsectus (both part. A); a cut incisura (noun f. 1) cuticle cuticula (noun f. 1), cutis (noun f. 3); cuticular cuticularis (adj. B) cyaneus, cyaninus (both adj. A) deep or cornflower blue; cyanescens (part. B) becoming blue; cyan-, cyano- (in Gk comp.) blue cyanobacterium (noun n. 2) cyanobacterium cyanobiont cyanobion (noun m. 3; stem-onti-) cyath- (in Gk & Lat. comp.) cup-; cyathiformis (adj. B) cup-shaped Vocabulary cyathium (noun n. 2) cyathium cyclicus (adj. A) coiled into a circle; cyclicalis (adj. B) rolled up circularly; cyclo- (in Gk comp.) circular; -cyclus (adj. A, in Lat. & Gk comp.) whorled cygneus (adj. A) curved like neck of swan cylinder cylindrus (noun m. 2); cylindrical cylindraceus, cylindricus, cylindratus (all adj. A); cylindrically cylindrice (adv.) cymba (noun f. 1) woody spathe cymbiformis (adj. B) boat-shaped cyme cyma (noun f. 1); cymose cymosus (adj. A) cyphella (noun f. 1) cyphella cypsela cypsela (noun f. 1) cyst cysta (noun f. 1); (in Gk comp.) cysto-, -cystis (noun f. 3) cystidiole cystidiola (noun f. 1) cystidium cystidium (noun n. 2), setula (noun f. 1) cystocarp cystocarpium (noun n. 2) cystolith cystolithus (noun m. 2), furunculus (noun m. 2) cystosorus (noun m. 2) cystosorus cystospore cystospora (noun f. 1) cyto- (in Gk comp.) relating to the cell; cytologia (noun f. 1) cytology; cytoplasma (noun f. 3) cytoplasm D dacryoideus (adj. A) tear-or pear-shaped, dacryoid dactyl dactylus (noun m. 2); dactylinus, dactyloideus (both adj. A) divided into finger-like structures; dactyl- (in Gk & Lat. comp.) fingerdagger-shaped pugioniformis (adj. B) damage laesio (noun f. 3); damaged laesus (adj. A) damp humectus, humidus, udus (all adj. A), (in Gk comp.) hygro-; dampened humectatus, humefactus (both part. A) dark [colour] atratus (part. A); dark [gloomy, shaded] tenebrosus (adj. A); darkened fuscatus (adj. A); darkening atrans, fuscans (both adj. B); dark- (in Lat. comp.) atri-, atro-, (in Gk comp.) phae-, phaeo-; very dark (in Gk comp.) mel-, mela-, melanodasy- (in Gk comp.) shaggy 165 166 Vocabulary data (noun n. 2, pl.) data [sing. datum] date-coloured spadiceus (ad. A) datus (part. A) given dauciformis (adj. B) carrot-shaped; daucinus (adj. A) carrot-red daughter filia (noun f. 1); daughter cell cellula (noun f. 1) filialis (adj. B) day dies (noun m. 5); of day-time diurnus (adj. A); every day, daily quotidianus (adj. A) de (prep. þ Ablative) about, concerning de- (pref. in Lat. comp.) downwards, outwards dead mortuus, emortuus, defunctus (all part. A); (in Gk comp.) necrodeadly funestus (adj. A), lethalis (adj. B) dealbatus (part. A) covered with white powder debilis (adj. B) weak deca- (in Gk comp.) tendecalvatus (adj. A) become glabrous decay caries (noun f. 3); decayed cariosus (adj. A), putrefactus (part. A); decaying putrescens (part. B) deceased mortuus, defunctus, emortuus (all part. A) decem (num. adj. indecl.) ten; decem- (in Lat. comp.) tendeceptive fallax (adj. B) decidedly valde, perspicue (both adv.) deciduous deciduus, caducus (both adj. A) deciens, decies (num. adv.) ten times, tenfold decimus (ord. num., adj. A) tenth decipiens (part. B) deceiving [used of a taxon closely resembling another] declinatus (part. A) bent or curved downwards or forwards declivis (adj. B) sloping downwards; declivitas (noun f. 3) slope declivituber (noun n. 2) dropper, sinker [in orchids, tulips etc.] decolor (adj. B) faded [see p. 00] decomposed cariosus (adj. A), putrefactus (part. A), putridus (adj. A) decorated ornatus, decoratus (both part. A) decorticans (part. B) with bark peeling off; decorticatus (part. A) with bark peeled off; lacking cortex decrescens (part. B) decreasing, diminishing Vocabulary decumbens (part. B) decumbent, prostrate with the tip turned upwards decurrent decurrens (part. B), decursivus (adj. A) decurved decurvus, decurvatus (both adj. A) decussatus (adj. A) decussate deep profundus (adj. A); deeply alte, penitus, profunde (all adv.), [of colours] saturate (adv.) deest (verb 1st pers. sing. ind. act.) it is lacking defective defectivus, imperfectus, mancus (all adj. A) deficiens (part. B) lacking, wanting definite [Eng.] certus (adj. A) definite (adv.) definitely, precisely; definitus (part. A) bounded, definite definite in outline or number determinatus (part. A) deflexus (part. A) deflected, turned downwards defloratus (adj. A) having flowers fallen defoliatus (adj. A) having leaves fallen; defoliatio (noun f. 3) leaf-fall deformis (adj. B) misshapen defossus (part. A) buried defunctus (part. A) deceased dehiscence dehiscentia (noun f. 1); dehiscent, dehiscing dehiscens (part. B); dehiscing irregularly ruptilis (adj. B) dein, deinde (both adv.) then, thereafter deinceps (adv.) successively dejectus (part. A) fallen [lit. thrown down] delapsus (part. A) fallen away [naturally] delectus (noun m. 4) a selection delicate subtilis, tenuis (both adj. B), tenellus (adj. A); delicately subtiliter (adv.) delineatio (noun f. 3) drawing; delineatus (part. A) drawn [illustrated] deliquescens (part. B) deliquescent, melting deltate deltatus (adj. A), triangularis (adj. B); deltoid deltoideus (adj. A) dematiaceus (adj. A) dematiaceous, darkly pigmented dematoid dematoideus (adj. A) demersus (part. A) submerged deminuens (part. B) diminishing; deminutus (part. A) diminished, diminutive 167 168 Vocabulary demissus (part. A) low, drooping demptus (part. A) subtracted demum (adv.) at length, at last dendr-, dendro-, -dendron (noun n. 2) (in Gk comp.) tree; dendriticus, dendroideus, dendromorphus (all adj. A) tree-like dendrophysis (noun f. 3) dendrophysis, irregularly branched cystidium denigratus (part. A) blackened; denigricans (part. B) blackening deni (num. adj. distr., pl.) ten each denique (adv.) at length, finally dens (noun m. 3) tooth, prong [see p. 00] dense densus, spissus (both adj. A), confertus (part. A), (in Gk comp.) pycn-, pycno-; densely confertim, spisse (both adv.) dentatus (part. A) dentate, toothed; denticulatus (adj. A) denticulate; denti- (in Lat. comp.) toothdenudatus (part. A) denuded, stripped denuo (adv.) again deorsum (adv.) downwards departing abiens (part. B) depauperatus (adj. A) depauperate, reduced dependens (part. B), dependulus (adj, A) hanging, suspended depending secundum (prep. þ Accusative) depictus (part. A) painted deplanatus (part. A) levelled depression depressio (noun f. 3); covered with depressions lacunosus (adj. A); depression in lichen thallus lacuna (noun f. 1) depressus (part. A) pressed down, sunken depth altum (noun n. 2), altitudo (noun f. 3), profunditas (noun f. 3) depulsus (part. A) driven away, dislodged, expelled derasus (part. A) smoothed or shaved off derived from oriundus (ger. adj. A) derma (noun n. 3) skin; dermato- (in Gk. comp.) skindermatocystidium dermatocystidium (noun n. 2) descaled desquamatus (part. A) descended from ortus (part. A), oriundus (adj. A þ ab) Vocabulary descending descendens (part. B), cernuus (adj. A), declinatus (adj. A), deflexus (part. A), nutans (part. B) described descriptus (part. A); description descriptio (noun f. 3) desert desertum (noun n. 2); desert- (in Lat. comp.) deserti-, (in Gk comp.) eremdeserticola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of desert desiccatus (part. A) dried up designated designatus (part. A) desinens (part. B) ending, stopping -desma (in Gk comp.) either noun n. 3, band, or noun f. 1, bundle desquamatus (part. A) descaled, peeled off destitutus (part. A) lacking desunt (verb, 3rd pers. pl., pres.) they are lacking desuper (adv.) from above det. see determinavit detached separatus (part. A) detectus (part. A) discovered detergendus (ger. adj. A) easily removed determinatus (part. A) definite in outline or number determinavit (verb, 3rd pers. sing. act. perf.; abbreviation det.) he or she determined [identified] detersile detersilis (adj. B) [of a villous covering that can be removed so that the surface becomes bare] detersus (part. A) wiped clean detrusus (part. A) pushed down or into deuter- (in Gk comp.) second deuteroconidium deuteroconidium (noun n. 2) developed evolutus, effectus (both part. A) devexus (adj. A) steep, sloping devoid of carens (part. B), cassus (adj. A þ Genitive or Ablative), expers (adj. B þ Genitive or Ablative) dewy roridus (adj. A) dexter (adj. A) to the right, on the right-hand side dextrinoideus (adj. A) staining yellowish or reddish-brown in iodine dextrorse antihelicte (adv.) 169 170 Vocabulary dextrose dextrosum (noun n. 2) di- (in Gk comp.) twodi-, dis- (pref. in Lat. comp.) away from, between dia- (pref. in Gk comp.) across, through diagnosis diagnosis (noun f. 3); diagnostic diagnosticus (adj. A) diagonally diagonaliter (adv.) diallagous [changing from one colour to another and back] diallagus (adj. A) dialy- (in Gk comp.) separated diameter diameter (noun m. 2) diaphanus (adj. A) diaphanous, colourless and almost transparent diaphragm diaphragma (noun n. 3) diarthrodactylus (adj. A) with each ultimate ray 2-celled [in Charophyta] diaspora (noun f. 1) diaspore diatom diatoma (noun f. 1) dibrachiatus (adj. A) 2-branched (hairs) dicha-, dicho- (pref. in Gk comp.) in two dichasium dichasium (noun n. 2) dichotomus (adj. A) dichotomous; dichotome (adv.) dichotomously diclinus (adj. A) with antheridium and oogonium on different hyphae dictyo- (in Gk comp.) netdictyospora (noun f. 1) dictyospore dictyostela (noun f. 1) dictyostele didymospora (noun f. 1) didymospore didymus (adj. A) didymous, in pairs; [in mycology] 2-celled didynamus (adj. A) didynamous dies (noun m. 5) day different dissimilis (adj. B þ Dative or Genitive), diversus (part. A), (in Gk comp.) hetero-; differing from ahorrens, differens, discrepans, divergens (all part. B); differently aliter (adv.), alio modo (adv. phrase) differt (verb 3rd pers. sing. pres.) it differs (from) [see p. 00] difficult difficilis (adj. B), dys- (pref. in Gk comp.); difficulty, with aegre, difficile, difficiliter, difficulter (all adv.) diffluens (part. B) dissolving difformis (adj. B) irregularly/unevenly/differently formed diffractus (part. A) broken in pieces, shattered Vocabulary diffusus (part. A) diffuse digestus (part. A) arranged in order digitatus (adj. A) digitate digitiformis (adj. B) finger-like dilabens (part. B) falling away dilatatus (part. A) widened, expanded; dilatatio (noun f. 3) a swelling, widening dilutus (part. A) diluted, thin, weak, light; dilute (adv.) slightly, weakly, faintly dimension dimensio (noun f. 3) dimidiatus (part. A) dimidiate; dimidium (noun n. 2) half; dimidio (adv.) by half; dimidius (adj. A) half diminishing deminuens, decrescens, imminuens, minuens (all part. B); diminished diminutus (part. A) diminutus (part. A) diminished dimissus (part. A) discharged dimiticus (adj. A) dimitic, having two kinds of hyphae dimorphus (adj. A) having two forms dingy sordidus (adj. A) dioecious, dioicous dioecius (adj. A); [in bryology] dioicus (adj. A); gynodioecious gynodioecius (adj. A) diplecolobeus (adj. A) with cotyledons incurved and twice folded transversely diplo- (in Gk comp.) doublydiploid diploideus (adj. A) diplolepidus (adj. A) diplolepidous, with two rows of teeth direction cursus (noun m. 4); directio (noun f. 3); in all directions quaquaversum (adv.); of no particular direction, in several directions vagus (adj. A) directus (part. A) going straight or direct disappearing evanescens (part. B), evanidus (adj. A) disc discus (noun m. 2); disc-like disciformis (adj. B), discoideus (adj. A), discoidalis (adj. B); disc floret flosculus (noun m. 2) disci (noun Genitive sing., remains unchanged if flosculus is declined) discedens (part. B) separating, dividing discernible distinguibilis (adj. B) 171 172 Vocabulary discharged dimissus, emissus (both part. A); discharging emittens (part. B) disciformis (adj. B), discoideus (adj. A), discoidalis (adj. B) disc-like discocarp discocarpus (noun m. 2) discolith discolithus (noun m. 2) discolor (adj. B) of a different colour [see p. 00] discovered detectus, inventus (both part. A) discrepans (part. B) differing from discretus (part. A) separated, set apart; discretim (adv.) separately disease morbus (noun m. 2); diseased aeger, aegrotus, morbidus, morbosus (all adj. A) dish-shaped patelliformis (adj. B) disintegrating fatiscens (part. B) disjunctus (part. A) separate, distinct; disjuncte, disjunctim (both adv.) separately dislodged depulsus (part. A) disordered asymmetricus, inordinatus (both adj. A); disorderly inordinate, inordinatim, inordinaliter (all adv.) dispar (adj. B) unlike, unequal disparatus (part. A) separated disperse, dispersim (both adv.) dispersedly, here and there; dispersio (noun f. 3) dispersion, scattering; dispersus (part. A) scattered dispersing spargens (part. B) displaying ostendens, praebens (both part. B) displicatus (part. A) scattered dispora (noun f. 1) one of the spores from a 2-spored basidium dispositus (part. A) arranged, grouped; dispositio (noun f. 3) arrangement disrumpens (part. B) breaking off, bursting; disruptus (part. A) broken off dissectus (part. A) dissected, deeply divided dissepimentum (noun n. 2) dissepiment, partition dissiliens (part. B) bursting elastically dissimilis (adj. B þ Dative or Genitive) different, dissimilar dissitus (adj. A) well-spaced, scattered; dissiti- (in Lat. comp.) remote, apart dissocians (part. B) dissociating dissolutus (part. A) dissolved Vocabulary dissolving diffluens, dissolvens (both part. B) distalis (adj. B) distal; distaliter (adv.) distally distant distans (part. B), semotus (part. A) distentus (part. A) distended distichus (adj. A) distichous distinct disjunctus (part. A), distinctus (part. A), [on its own] proprius (adj. A); distinctly plane (adv.) distinguendus (ger. of verb distinguo, adj. A) it must be distinguished (used in diagnoses) distinguibilis (adj. B) discernible, distinguishable distributed distributus (part. A); distribution distributio (noun f. 3) district ager (noun m. 2) distromaticus (adj. A) bistratose disturbed turbatus (part. A) distylus (adj. A) distylous ditch fossa (noun f. 1), scrobis (noun m. 3) dithecate dithecatus (adj. A) diu (adv.) a long time; diuscule, diutule (both adv.) a little while; diutius (adv.) a very long time; diutinus, diuturnus (both adj. A) long-lasting diurnus (adj. A) of day-time divaricatus (part. A) divaricate divergens (part. B) diverging, differing from diversus (part. A) different; diverse (adv.) differently, diversely; diversi(in Lat. comp.) diverse, varied dives (adj. B) plentiful, rich divided divisus (part. A); dividing discedens, dividens (both part. B); deeply divided dissectus (part. A); divisible partibilis (adj. B); division divisio (noun f. 3); without divisions inarticulatus (adj. A) divulgatus (part. A) widespread divulsus (part. A) torn apart dodrans (noun m. 3) three-quarters dolabriformis (adj. B) dolabriform dolich-, dolicho- (in Gk comp.) longdoliiformis (adj. B) barrel-shaped domatium (noun n. 2) domatium 173 174 Vocabulary dome tholus (noun m. 2); dome-shaped tholiformis (adj. B) dominans (part. B) dominant donans (part. A) contributing, giving; donatus (part. A) given donec (adv.) while, until dormiens (part. B) sleeping, resting dorsal dorsalis, dorsualis (both adj. B), (in Gk comp.) noto-; dorsally dorsaliter (adv.); dorsifixed dorsifixus (adj. A) dorsiventralis (adj. B) dorsiventral dorsum (noun n. 2) the back, abaxial side dot punctum (noun n. 2); dotted punctatus, stictus (both adj. A), (in Gk comp.) stict-, sticto-; dot-like punctiformis (adj. B); dotting punctatio (noun f. 3); not dotted impunctatus (part. A) double duplex (adj. B), [as in double flower] multiplex (adj. B); doubled duplicatus, geminatus (both adj. A); doubly duplo (adv.); doubly- (in Lat. comp.) duplicato-, (in Gk comp.) diplodoubtful ambiguus, dubius, incertus (all adj. A); doubtfully dubie (adv.); without doubt sine dubio; doubt dubitatio (noun f. 3) downward deorsum (adv.); de- (pref. in Lat. comp.); ap-, apo-, cato- (pref. in Gk comp.) downy pubescens (part. B), pubens (adj. B) -doxa (noun f. 1), -doxus (adj. A) (in Gk comp.) glory, splendour dragging trahens (part. B) drawing delineatio (noun f. 3); drawn [illustrated] delineatus (part. A) drawn out extensus, productus, extractus (all part. A) dredged subductus, prolatus (both part. A) drepan- (in Gk comp.) curved like a sickle dried exsiccatus, desiccatus, siccatus, arefactus (all part. A); dried up desiccatus (part. A) drip tip apex stillans (noun m. 3 þ part. B) driven [pushed] away depulsus (part. A) drooping cernuus (adj. A), demissus (part. A) drop gutta (noun f. 1); droplet guttula (noun f. 1) dropper [also sinker, in orchids, tulips etc.] declivituber (noun n. 2) dropping (early) caducus (adj. A) drum-shaped tympaniformis (adj. B) Vocabulary drupaceus (adj. A) drupaceous, drupe-like; drupa (noun f. 1) drupe; drupeola (noun f. 1) drupelet dry [habitat] aridus, [object] siccus (both adj. A); becoming dry arescens (part. B) dubius (adj. A) doubtful; dubie (adv.) doubtfully; dubitatio (noun f. 3) doubt; sine dubio without doubt duct vas (noun n. 3) dulcis (adj. B) sweet, pleasant, [of water] fresh dull hebes (adj. B), obscure (adv.); dull-coloured [sad] tristis (adj. B), [dusky] obscurus (adj. A), [dingy] sordidus (adj. A) dum (adv.) while, now dumalis (adj. B) bushy; dumosus (adj. A) of bushy habit; dumus (noun m. 2) thorn-bush; dumetum (noun n. 2) thorn scrub, thicket dumtaxat (adv.) exactly dune thinium (noun n. 2) dung stercus (noun n. 3), fimus (noun m. 2); dung-loving [growing on dung] coprophilus (adj. A), fimicola (noun c. 1); pertaining to dung stercorarius (adj. A), (in Lat. comp.) fimi-, sterc-, sterco-, (in Gk comp.) apopato-, copro-, ontho-, scato-, scybalo-; stinking like dung stercoreus (adj. A) duo (adj. num.) two [see p. 00] duplex (adj. B) double; duplicatus (adj. A) doubled; duplo (adv.) doubly; duplicato- (in Lat. comp.) doubly duration duratio (noun f. 3), longiturnitas (noun f. 3) during per (prep. þ Accusative), [at the time of ] tempore (noun. n. 3, Ablative sing. þ Genitive), [period of time] inter (prep. þ Accusative) duritia (noun f. 1) hardness durus (adj. A) hard; duriusculus (adj. A) somewhat hard dusky furvus, obscurus (both adj. A) dwarf nanus, pumilus, pygmaeus (all adj. A); dwarf (in Gk comp.) nan-, nann-, nan-, nanno-dweller -cola (suff. in comp., treated as noun in app. & of common gender, i.e. m., f. or n., so, regardless of the gender of a generic name, is declined like agricola [see p. 00]); (in Gk comp.) -geton (noun m. 3) dying off emoriens (part. B) dys- (pref. in Gk comp.) bad, difficult 175 176 Vocabulary E e (prep. þ Ablative) from, out of [= ex] e- (pref. in Lat. comp. but not before a vowel, h, t and q, rarely before p, s, when ex- is used) without, lacking ea (determ. pron., f.) she [see p. 00] each [of two] uterque (pron., m.), utraque (f.), utrumque (n); each [of more than two] unusquisque (compar. pron., m), unaquaeque (f.) unumquidque (n.); each and every [= all] omnis (adj. B); on/in each in quoque/quaque (prep., prep. þ noun in Ablative); each, everyone quisque (pron. m.), quaeque (f.), quodque (n.) eadem (def. pron. f.) the same [see p. 00] ear auricula (noun f. 1), [of cereal] spica (noun f. 1); eared auriculatus (adj. A); ear-shaped auriformis (adj. A) early praecox (adj. A), mature (adv.) earth [soil] humus (noun f. 2), solum (noun n. 2), terra (noun f. 1) easily facile (adv.); easy facilis (adj. B) east oriens (noun m. 3); eastern orientalis (adj. B) eaten away exesus (part. B) ebeneus (adj. A) ebony black eburneus (adj. A) ivory [colour] ecarinatus (adj. A) without a keel eccentricus [excentricus] (adj. A) eccentric [off-centre] echinatus (adj. A) bristly, echinate; echinulatus (adj. A) echinulate eciliatus (adj. A) without cilia ecorticatus (adj. A) without bark, without cortex ect-, ecto- (pref. in Gk comp.) on the outside, outwards ectoascus (noun m. 2) ectoascus ectomycorrhiza (noun f. 1) ectomycorrhiza ectophragma (noun n. 3) ectophragm ectosporium (noun n. 2) ectosporium, hardly visible spore wall outside the perisporium ectostroma (noun n. 3) ectostroma ectotheca (noun f. 1) ectotheca ectotunica (noun f. 1) outer wall of bitunicate ascus Vocabulary edens (part. B) bringing or putting forth edentatus (adj. A) without teeth edge [e.g. of a leaf, field] margo (noun m. or f. 3) edge [sharp] acies (noun f. 5); two-edged anceps (adj. B), ancipitius (adj. A) edible edibilis, edulis, comestibilis (all adj. B), esculentus (adj. A) eel-like anguilliformis (adj. B) effaced obliteratus (part. A) effectus (part. A) developed, completed efferens (part. B) bringing forth efficiens (part. B) causing, effecting, presenting, making effiguratus (adj. A) without definite form or figure efflorescentia (noun f. 1) period of opening of flower effractus (part. A) broken off effusus (part. A) widely spreading, straggling [in habit], indeterminate egg ovum (noun n. 2); egg- (in Lat. comp.) oviegg-yolk yellow vitellinus (adj. A) eglandulosus, eglandulatus (both adj. A) non-glandular, without glands egrediens (part. B) coming forth egregius (adj. A) excellent; egregie (adv.) excellently eguttulatus (adj. A) lacking oil-like globules or guttules eight octo (num. adj. indecl.); eighth octavus (ord. num., adj. A); eight each octoni (num. adj. distr. pl.) [see p. 00]; eight times octies, octiens (both num. adv.); eight- (in Lat. & Gk comp.) octoeither alteruter (adj. A, m.), alterutra (f.), alterutrum (n.); either … or vel … vel ejected ejectus, expulsus (both part. A) ejectosome ejectosoma (noun n. 3) ejusdem (pron., Genitive) of the same elaboratus (part. A) elaborate elaiosome elaiosoma (noun n. 3) elapho- (in Gk comp.) fawn elasticus (adj. A) elastic elater elater (noun m. 3) elatus (adj. A) tall 177 178 Vocabulary elegans (adj. B) elegant [see p. 00]; eleganter (adv.) elegantly element [a part of something] membrum (noun n. 2) eleuther- (in Gk comp.) free elevated elevatus (part. A); elevation elevatio (noun f. 3) eleventh undecimus (adj. A); eleven times undeciens, undecies (both adv.) eligulatus (adj. A) eligulate, without a ligule elimbatus (adj. A) without differentiated marginal cells ellipsoid ellipsoideus (adj. A), ellipsoidalis (adj. B) elliptic ellipticus (adj. A) -ellus (Lat. suff., adj. A) used to form a diminutive, in colour a pale tint elongated elongatus (adj. A), productus, prolatus (both part. A) elsewhere alibi (adv.); from elsewhere alicunde (adv.) elytron (in Gk comp.) a covering em- (before b and p), en- (pref. in Gk comp.) within, in emarcidus (adj. A) withered emarginatus (part. A) emarginate, notched emasculated castratus (adj. A) embracing amplectens, complectens (part. B), fovens (part. B) embryo (noun m. 3) embryo; embryonalis (adj. B) pertaining to an embryo; embryonatus (adj. A) having an embryo embryotega (noun f. 1) embryotega emendatus (part. A) corrected; emendatio (noun f. 3) a correction, amendment emerald-green smaragdinus (adj. A) emergens (part. B) emerging emersus (part. A) raised up, brought forth emeticus (adj. A) emetic eminens (part. B) standing out, eminent; eminentia (noun f. 1) projection, protuberance emissus (part. A) discharged; emittens (part. B) discharging emoriens (part. B) dying off emortuus (part. B) dead empty cassus (adj. A þ Genitive or Ablative), inanis (adj. B); also cavus (adj. A) [hollow], evacuatus (part. A) [emptied]; empty space vacuus (noun n. 2) Vocabulary emulating aemulans (part. B), aemulus (adj. A) emulsivus (adj. A) milk-like in consistency en-, em- (before b and p) (pref. in Gk comp.) within, in enantio- (in Gk comp.) opposite enascens (part. B) arising from enatus (part. A) issuing from encircled cinctus (part. A), circumdatus (part. A); encircling amplexus (adj. A), cingens (part. B), circumdans (part. B) enclosed inclusus (part. A); enclosing includens (part. B) encrusted incrustatus (part. A); encrusting incrustans (part. B) encysted incystatus (adj. A) end extremum (noun n. 2), extremitas (noun f. 3), finis (noun f. 3); ending desinens (part. B); ending in desinens (part. B, with in þ Accusative), terminatus (part. B, with in þ Accusative); ended terminatus (part. A, þ Ablative); in the end [finally] demum, tandem (both adv.) end-, endo- (pref. in Gk comp.) within, inside endemic endemicus (adj. A) endexine endexinium (noun n. 2) endo- (pref. in Gk comp.) within, inside endobasidium endobasidium (noun n. 2) endocarpus (adj. A) with the mature hymenium covered endoconidium endoconidium (noun n. 2) endogenus (adj. A) endogenous endolithicus (adj. A) endolithic, growing within rock endomycorrhiza (noun f. 1) endomycorrhiza endoparasitic endoparasiticus (adj. A) endoperidium (noun n. 2) endoperidium endophloeodes (adj. C), endophloeodicus (adj. A) endophloeodal, growing in cork layer of bark endophragm endophragma (noun n. 3) endophyticus (adj. A) endophytic, growing within tissue endosperm endospermium (noun n. 2) endospore endosporium (noun n. 2) endosubstraticus (adj. A) endosubstratic, growing within the substrate 179 180 Vocabulary endosymbiont endosymbion (noun m. 3; stem-onti-) endotheca (noun f. 1) endotheca endothecium endothecium (noun n. 2) endozoicus (adj. A) endozoic, growing within an animal; endozoophyticus (adj. A) growing within or among zoophytes enecans (part. B) killing enervis (adj. B), enervius (adj. A) without nerves enfolding complectens, fovens (both part. B) engraved scultpus, insculptus, sculpturatus (all part. A) enim (conj.) truly, for enlarged ampliatus (part. A), [made wider] amplificatus (part. A), [enlarged by growth] auctus (part. A), [spread out] dilatatus (part. A), [growing with age] accrescens (part. B); enlarging excrescens (part. B) [usu. abnormally]; enlargement amplificatio (noun f. 3); abnormally enlarged in places varicosus (adj. A) ennea- (in Gk comp.) nineenodis (adj. B) without nodes ensatus (adj. A), ensiformis (adj. B) sword-shaped; ensifolius (adj. A) sword-leaved -ensis (Lat. suff., adj. B, with noun as stem) indicates place of origin ensnaring illaquens (part. B) entangled contortuplicatus (adj. A), implexus, implicatus, implicitus, intricatus (all part. A) entering ingrediens, iniens (both part. B) entire integer (adj. A) [see p. 00], (in Lat. comp.) integri-; entirely omnino (adv.) ento- (pref. in Gk comp.) within, inside entomo- (in Gk comp.) insectentwined nexus (part. A) enumerated enumeratus, noncupatus (both part. A); enumeration enumeratio, recensio (both noun f. 3) envelope involucrum (noun n. 2); enveloped involutus (part. A); enveloping involvens (part. B) ephemeral ephemerus (adj. A), fugax (adj. B) ephippioideus, ephippiomorphus (both adj. A) saddle-shaped epi- (pref. in Gk comp.) upon, over, added to (ep- before vowels, h) Vocabulary epicalyx epicalyx (noun m. 3) [see p. 00], calyiculus (noun m. 2) epicarp epicarpium (noun n. 2) epicingulum epicingulum (noun n. 2) epicormicus (adj. A) epicormic epicorollinus (adj. A) inserted on corolla epicortex (noun m. 3) [see p. 00] epicortex epicotyl internodium (noun n. 2), epicotylum (noun n. 2); epicotylous epicotylus (adj. A) epicutis epicutis (noun f. 3) epicyst epicysta (noun f. 1) epidermis epidermis (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; epidermal epidermalis (adj. B), epidermicus (adj. A); beneath the epidermis hypodermicus (adj. A) epidermoideus (adj. A) epidermis-like epigaeus (adj. A) epigeal epigenus (adj. A) epigenous epigynicus, epigynus (both adj. A) epigynous epihymenium (noun n. 2) upper layer of hymenium epilithicus (adj. A) epilithic epimatium (noun n. 2) [in conifers esp. Podocarpaceae] epimatium epipetalus (adj. A) epipetalous epiphloeodes (adj. C), epiphloeodicus (adj. A) growing on surface of bark or wood epiphragm epiphragma (noun n. 3), tympanum (noun n. 2) epiphyllus (adj. A) epiphyllous epiphyticus (adj. A) epiphytic epipsamma (noun f. 1) epipsamma episepalus (adj. A) episepalous episporium (noun n. 2) epispore; episporiatus (adj. A) having an epispore epitepalus (adj. A) epitepalous epithallus (noun m. 2) epithallus; epithallialis (adj. B) epithallial epitheca (noun f. 1) epitheca epithecium (noun n. 2) epithecium epitunica (noun f. 1) epitunica 181 182 Vocabulary epitype epitypus (noun m. 2) epivalva (noun f. 1) epivalve epizoophyticus (adj. A) growing on zoophytes equal aequalis (adj. B), aequus (adj. A), parilis (adj. B), [very like] consimilis (adj. B þ Dative or Genitive); (in comp.) aequi-; equalling aequans (part. B þ Accusative); equally aeque, aequaliter, pariter (all adv.); (in Gk comp.) isoequal-sided aequilaterus (adj. A) equator aequator (noun m. 3); equatorial aequatorius (adj. A) equidistant aequidistans (adj. B) equinus (adj. A) pertaining to horses; equus (noun m. 2) horse equitans (part. B) equitant erasus (part. A) scraped off erect erectus, arrectus (part. A), (in Gk comp.) orth-, ortho-; almost erect erectiusculus (adj. A) erecto-patens (adj. B) spreading at angle of about 45º erem- (in Gk comp.) desert-, solitary erga (prep. þ Accusative) in relation to, opposite to ergo (adv.) accordingly, therefore ericetum (noun n. 2) heath, moor erigens (part. B) rising, raising itself erio- (in Gk comp.) woollyeroded exesus (part. B) erosus (part. A) erose erraticus (adj. A) wandering to and fro erratum (noun n. 2) mistake error erratum (noun n. 2), error (noun m. 3); errore (adv.) incorrectly erubescens (part. B) reddening, rose erumpens (part. B) breaking forth, erumpent eruptio (noun f. 3) bursting forth, eruption; eruptione (Ablative sing. of eruptio) explosively erythrinus (adj. A) red; erythro- (in Gk comp.) redescaping evadens, elabiens (both part. B) -escens (Lat. suff., part. B) indicates a process of becoming, or not fully reached Vocabulary esculentus (adj. A) edible eseptatus (adj. A) not septate esorediatus (adj. A) esorediate especially apprime, praecipue, praesertim (all adv.) essential essentialis (adj. B); essentially admodum [fully], quasi [almost], revera [in fact] (all adv.) estriatus (adj. A) not striate -estris (Lat. suff., adj. B, with noun as stem) indicates place of growth estuary aestuarium (noun n. 2) et (conj.) and etiam (conj.) and also; etiam atque etiam again and again etsi (conj.) although -etum (Lat. suff., noun n. 2) indicates domination by a particular plant, e.g. pinetum eu- (pref. in Gk comp.) well, completely eucarpic eucarpicus (adj. A) euphyllum (noun n. 2) true leaf; euphylloideus (adj. A) resembling foliage leaves -eus (Lat. suff, adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates resemblance in quality -eus (Gk suff, adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates belonging eusporangiatus (adj. A) eusporangiate eutopicus (adj. A) twining from left to right evacuatus (part. A) emptied evadens (part. B) escaping, going out evanescens (part. B), evanidus (adj. A) disappearing; evanidinervius (adj. A) having nerves that disappear before reaching the margin evelatus (adj. A) without a veil even (adv.) etiam (adv.) even [uniform] aequus (adj. A), [made even] aequatus (part. A), [ flat] planus (adj. A); (in comp.) aequi-; evenly aequaliter, aequabiliter (both adv.) evening vesper (noun m. 2 or 3); of evening vespertinus (adj. A) evenly aequaliter, aequabiliter (both adv.) eventually demum, denique, tandem (all adv.) ever [at any time] aliquando (adv.); [always] semper (adv.) evergreen sempervirens (part. B) 183 184 Vocabulary eversus (part. A) everted, turned inside out every omnis (adj. B), quot (adj. indecl.) every one [each] quisque (pron. m.), quaeque (f.), quodque (n.) [see p. 00] everyway quoquoversus, omnino (both adv.) everywhere ubique, passim (both adv.) evident evidens (adj. B), manifestus (adj. A), perspicuus (adj. A), visibilis (adj. B); evidently evidenter (adv.) evolutus (part. A) developed evulgatus (part. A) published ex, e (prep. þ Ablative) from, out of, away from; use ex before vowels, ex or e before consonants; magna ex parte to a great degree ex- (pref., in Lat. comp. before a vowel, h, p, q, s, t; see e-) without, lacking exact accuratus (part. A), exactus (part. A) [used for numbers]; use diligens for persons; exactly accurate, diligenter, dumtaxat (all adv.) exalbescens (part. B) becoming white; exalbidus (adj. A) whitish exaltatus (part. A) raised high, tall exalted fastigatus (part. A) example exemplum (noun n. 2) exannulatus (adj. A) lacking an annulus exaratus (part. A) furrowed, grooved, hollowed out exasperatus (part. A) covered with short, hard points excavatus (part. A) hollowed out excedens (part. B) exceeding, rising above exceedingly admodum, valde, magnopere [see p. 00], summopere (all adv.); pel-, per- (pref. in Lat. comp.) excellent egregius, optimus (both adj. A); excellently egregie, optime, eximie (all adv.) excelsus (part. A) high, lofty; excelsum (noun n. 2) a very high place excentricus [eccentricus] (adj. A) eccentric, off-centre except for praeter (prep. þ Accusative); excepting, excepted exceptus (part. A) excerptus (part. A) chosen, taken out of excessively nimis, eximie (both adv.) exciple excipulum (noun n. 2); proper exciple excipulum proprium (adj. A); thalline exciple excipulum thallinum (adj. A) Vocabulary excisus (part. A) cut out exclusively solum, nonnisi, omnino (all adv.) exclusus (part. A) excluded excrescens (part. B) growing out, enlarging [usu. abnormally] excretus (part. A) fully grown excurrens (part. B) excurrent excussus (part. A) shaken off, plucked out exemplum (noun n. 2) example, specimen exesus (part. B) eaten away, irregularly eroded exfoliation exfoliatio (noun f. 3) exhibiting exhibitens, ostendens, praebens (all part. B) exiens (part. B) going forth, springing up exiguus (adj. A) weak, feeble exiliens (part. B) springing out exilis (adj. B) slender, small, thin eximie (adv.) excellently, excessively exindusiatus (adj. A) lacking an indusium exinium (noun n. 2) exine exo- (in Gk comp.) outward, outside exobasidialis (adj. B) exobasidial exocarp exocarpium (noun n. 2) exogenus (adj. A) exogenous exoletus (part. A) fully grown, mature exoperidium (noun n. 2) exoperidium exoriens (part. B) arising, coming out (with ex þ Ablative); exortus (part. A) sprung from, arisen from exospore exosporium (noun n. 2) exothecium exothecium (noun n. 2) exotic exoticus (adj. A) expanded dilatatus (part. A) expansio (noun f. 3) expansion; expansus (part. A) expanded, spread out expelled depulsus (part. A) expers (adj. B þ Genitive or Ablative) without, devoid of explanation explicatio (noun f. 3) 185 186 Vocabulary explanatus (part. A) flattened, outspread, explained explicatio (noun f. 3) explanation, analysis exploding explodens (part. B); explosively eruptione (Ablative sing. of eruptio) exposed expositus (part. A), [open] apertus (adj. A), [bare, naked] nudus (adj. A) expressus (part. A) prominent expulsus (part. A) ejected exscapus (adj. A) without a scape exsculptus (part. A) pitted wth small depressions exsectus (part. A) cut out exserted exsertus (part. A), protrudens (part. B), protrusus (adj. A) exsiccatus (part. A) dried up; exsiccatum (noun n. 2) a dried [herbarium] specimen; exsiccata (noun f. 1) exsiccata, a set of dried specimens [usu. with labels] exstans (part. B) projecting exstipulate exstipulatus, estipulatus (both adj. A) exstructus (part. A) constructed, put together exsuccus (adj. A) without sap or juice exsudans (part. B) exuding; exudatum (noun n. 2) exudate exsulcus (adj. A) without furrows exsurgens (part. B) rising out of extans (part. B) jutting or standing out extended extensus, productus, prolongatus, provectus (all part. A); extending extensus (part. A); extension extensio (noun f. 3) extensus (part. A) extended, stretched out; extense (adv.) extensively, at length exter (adj. A) on the outside; externus (adj. A) outward, external; extus (adv.) on the outside external externus (adj. A) extimus (adj.) the outermost extine extina (noun f. 1) extra (prep. þ Accusative; also pref. in Lat. comp.) beyond, besides, apart from; extra (adv.) on the outside; extraneus (adj. A) extraneous, strange, not related Vocabulary extractus (part. A) drawn out extremely maxime, magnopere (adv.) [see p. 00] extremum (noun n. 2), extremitas (noun f. 3) end; extremus (adj. A) outermost, last, farthest; ad extremum (adv. phr.) finally extrinsecus (adv.) outwardly, from or on the outside extrorsus (adv.) extrorsely, towards the outside extrusome extrusoma (noun n. 3) extrusus (part. A) pushed out extus (adv.) outside exudate exudatum (noun n. 2); exuding exudans (part. B) exutus (part. A), exuviatus (adj. A) cast off, shed, skinned eye ocellus, oculus (both noun m. 2); (in Gk comp.) omma-, -ophthalmus (adj. A); eye-spot stigma (noun n. 3) [see p. 00]; with naked eye oculo nudo (adv. phr.) F fabiformis (adj. B) bean-shaped fabrica (noun. f. 1) structure; fabricatus (part. A) constructed face superficies (noun f. 5) [see p. 00]; facial facialis (adj. B) faciens (part. B) producing, making facies (noun f. 5) general appearance facies (noun f. 5) valvaris (adj. B), facies frontalis (adj. B) (decl. together) valve view facile (adv.) easily; facilis (adj. B) easy facing aspiciens, spectans (both part. B) fact res (noun f. 3); in fact revera (adv.) factitius (adj. A) artificial factus (part. A) made, done, formed facultative facultativus (part. A) faded decolor (adj. B) [see p. 00] faecal faecalis (adj. B); faeces faeces (noun f. 3, pl.) faint dilutus (part. A); faintly dilute (adv.) fairly satis (adv.) falcatus (adj. A) falcate; falciformis (adj. B) sickle-shaped 187 188 Vocabulary fall [shedding] lapsus (noun m. 4); fallen dejectus (part. A), caducus (adj. A); fallen away [naturally] delapsus (part. A); falling cadens (part. B); falling away dilabens (part. B) fallax (adj. B) deceptive, fallacious false falsus, nothus (both adj. A); falsely false (adv.); false- (in Gk comp.) noth-, notho-, pseudofamily familia (noun f. 1); to form name of a family add suff. -aceae (Nominative pl., adj. A) to genitive stem of name of the type genus, or the full name if the genitive cannot be determined fan-shaped flabellatus (adj. A), flabelliformis (adj. B) far off procul, longe, longinquo (all adv.); as far as tenus (prep. þ Ablative) farciminiformis (adj. B) sausage-shaped farctus (part. A) filled, stuffed -fariam (adv., in Lat. comp.) -ranked, in a row farina (noun f. 1) powdery covering; farinaceus (adj. A) starchy; farinosus (adj. A) covered in powder, mealy; [of soredia] like grains of flour -farius (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) -ranked farthest ultimus (adj. A), extremus (adj. A) fartilis (adj. B) stuffed, full fasciarius (adj. A) band-shaped; fasciatus (adj. A) banded, fasciated fascicle fasciculus (noun m. 2) fascis (noun m. 3) bundle, fasciculus (noun m. 2) fascicle, little bundle; fasciculatus (adj. A) clustered fastened to affixus (part. A) fastigatus (part. A) exalted fastigiate fastigiatus (adj. A); fastigiately scoparie (adv.) fat [adj.] pinguis (adj. B), obesus (adj. A) fat [noun] sebum (noun n. 2), pingue (noun n. 3) fatal funestus (adj. A) fathom orgya (noun f. 1), hexapodium (noun n. 2) fatiscens (part. B) crumbling, disintegrating fauces (noun f. 3, pl.) [classical Lat.] throat, gorge [including landform] faux (noun f. 3, sing.) [botanical Lat.] throat or gorge of calyx or corolla faveolatus (adj. A) finely honeycombed; favosus (adj. A) honeycombed fawn hinnuleus (adj. A); (in Gk comp.) elapho- Vocabulary feathery plumosus (adj. A) feature proprietas (noun f. 3) fecundatio (noun f. 3) fertilisation; fecundus (adj. A) fertile, fruitful feeble exiguus (adj. A) felted coactus (part. A), panniformis (adj. B), pannosus (adj. A) female femineus, foemineus (both adj. A); or use symbol ♀; (in Gk comp.) thelyfenestra (noun f. 1) window; fenestratus (adj. A), fenestralis (adj. B) windowed; fenestrellatus (adj. A) with little windows -fer (Lat. suff., adj. A) carrying, bearing ferax (adj. B) fruitful, fertile fere (adv.) about, almost ferens (part. B þ Accusative) bearing, carrying fermentation-causing zymogenus (adj. A) fermentatio (noun f. 3) fermentation fermentum (noun n. 2) yeast fern filix (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; fern-like filicinus (adj. A) ferox (adj. B) fierce ferreus (adj. A) iron ferrugineus (adj. A) rusty-red; ferruginescens (part. B) becoming rusty-red ferrum (noun n. 2) iron fertile fertilis (adj. B), fecundus (adj. A), foecundus (adj. A) fertilisation fecundatio (noun f. 3) ferus (adj. A) wild few paucus (adj. A); a few aliquot (num indecl.); very few perpaucus (adj. A); few- (in Lat. comp.) pauci-, (in Gk comp.) olig-, oligo-; fewer (in Gk comp.) mei-, meiofibre fibra (noun f. 1); fibril fibrilla (noun f. 1) fibrosus (adj. A) fibrous; fibrillosus (adj. A) covered in fine fibres fibula (noun f. 1) clamp-connection; fibulatus (adj. A) provided with clamps; fibuliger (adj. A) bearing clamps fici- (in Lat. comp.) relating to figs ficulneus (adj. A) of a fig tree fiddle-shaped panduratus (adj. A), panduriformis (adj. B) fide (prep.) according to 189 190 Vocabulary field ager (noun m. 2); relating to fields agrestis (adj. B); relating to open fields, plains campestris (adj. B) fierce ferox (adj. B) fiery-red flammeus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) pyr-, pyrofifth quintus (ord. num., adj. A) fig ficus (noun f. 4, but has been m. or f. and in Declension 2 or 4 from ancient times); fig- (in Lat. comp.) ficifigura (noun f. 1) shape; figuratus (part. A) of definite shape filament filamentum (noun n. 2); filamentous byssaceus, byssinus, byssoideus (all adj. A); relating to filament (in Gk comp.) nemato-,-nema (noun n. 3) fili- (in Lat. comp.) relating to threads filia (noun f. 1) daughter filic- (in Lat. comp) relating to ferns filiformis (adj. B) filiform, thread-like filius (noun m. 2) son filix (noun f. 3) fern [see p. 00]; filicinus (adj. A) fern-like; filled completus, farctus, impletus, plenus, refertus, repletus (all part. A), fartilis (adj. B); filling complens, implens (both part. B) filum (noun n. 2) thread of alga fimbri- (in Lat. comp.) fimbriatefimbria (noun f. 1) fringe; fimbriatus (adj. A) fimbriate, fringed fimus (noun m. 2) dung; fimecarius (adj. A) growing on dung; fimicola (adj. A) dung-loving [growing on dung]; fimi- (in Lat. comp.) pertaining to dung final ultimus (adj. A); finally demum, denique, extremum, postremo, tandem (all adv.) findens (part. B) tearing, splitting fine tenuis (adj. B); finely subtiliter, tenuiter (both adv.) fingens (part. B) representing finger dactylus (noun m. 2); finger-like digitiformis (adj. B); divided into finger-like structures dactylinus, dactyloideus (both adj. A); finger(in Gk & Lat. comp.) dactylfinis (noun f. 3) end, boundary finished terminatus (part. A) Vocabulary firm firmus (adj. A); firmly firme solide (both adv.) first primus (ord. num., adj. A) [see p. 00], (in Gk comp.) proto-; firstly primitus (adv.), primo (adv.), primum (adv.) fish piscis (noun m. 3); fish-pond piscina (noun f. 1) fissilis (adj. B) easily split; fissio (noun f. 3) fission; fissi- (in Lat. comp) splitfissitunicatus (adj. A) fissitunicate fissura (noun f. 1) crack, crevice; fissus (part. A) cleft, cut half-way or less to midrib fissured fissuratus (adj. A) fistulosus (adj. A) fistular fit [suitable, appropriate] aptus, aptatus (both part. A) fitted together interordinatus (adj. A) five quinque (num. adj. indecl.); five each quini (num. adj. distr. pl.); five times quinquiens, quinquies (both num. adv.); fifth quintus (adj. A); five- (in Gk comp.) pentafixed fixus (part. A); fixed to affixus (part. A) flabellatus (adj. A), flabelliformis (adj. B) fan-shaped flaccid flaccidus, laxus (both adj. A) flagellum (noun n. 2) flagellum; flagellar flagellaris (adj. B); flagelliform flagelliformis (adj. B) flammeus (adj. A) flame-coloured, fiery-red flask-shaped ampullaceus (adj. A), ampullaris (adj. B), ampulliformis (adj. B), lageniformis (adj. B); flask-like bladder ampulla (noun f. 1) flat planus (adj. A); flattened applanatus (adj. A), explanatus (part. A), [in one plane] complanatus (part. A), [laterally] compressus (part. A); flattened from above depressus (part. A); flattened horizontally tabularis (adj. B); fairly flat planiusculus (adj. A) flavescens (part. B) yellowing; flavidus (adj. A) pale yellow; flavovirens (adj. B) yellowish green; flavus (adj. A) paler yellow than luteus flavour gustus (noun m. 4) flesh caro (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; flesh-coloured carneus (adj. A), incarnatus (part. A); fleshy carnosus, succulentus (both adj. A); slightly fleshy carnosulus (adj. A); fleshy and oily oleagineus, oleaginosus (both adj. A); flesh-, fleshy- (in Gk comp.) sarc-, sarcoflexibilis, flexilis (both adj. B) flexible flexuosus (adj. A) flexuose, zigzag; flexus (part. A) bent 191 192 Vocabulary flimmer mastigonema (noun n. 3) floating natans, fluitans (both part. B) floccosus (adj. A) floccose; [in algae] appearing like matted, woolly hair flooded inundatus (part. A) floor solum (noun n. 2) flora flora (noun f. 1) floralis (adj. B) relating to the flower florens (part. B) flowering; florescentia (noun f. 1) flowering period floret flosculus (noun m. 2); disc floret flosculus disci (noun Genitive sing., remains unchanged if flosculus is declined); ray floret flosculus radii (noun Genitive sing., remains unchanged if flosculus is declined) floribundus (adj. A) flowering profusely floricane floricanna (noun f. 1) [flowering shoots in second year] florifer, floriger (both adj. A) bearing flowers; floridus, florosus, florulentus (all adj. A) flowering profusely florilegium (noun n. 2) florilegium [collection of paintings of flowers]; florula (noun f. 1) small flora -florus (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) -flowered flos (noun m. 3) flower [see p. 00]; flosculus (noun m. 2) floret flour farina (noun m. 1); floury farinaceus (adj. A); covered in flour or meal farinosus (adj. A) flourishing vigens (part. B) flow fluxus (noun m. 4); flowing profluens (part. B) flower flos (noun m. 3) [see p. 00]; with terminal flowers acranthus (adj. A); flowers fallen defloratus (part. A); relating to the flower floralis (adj. B); flowering florens (part. B); flowering profusely floridus, florosus, florulentus (all adj. A); bearing flowers florifer, floriger (both adj. A) flower bud alabastrum (noun n. 2) flowering time anthesis (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; period of opening of flower efflorescentia (noun f. 1); having a single flowering period hapaxanthus (adj. A); later than the flowers [e.g. leaves] hysteranthus (adj. A) flowing perfluens (part. B) fluitans (part. B) floating, swimming flumen (noun n. 3) river, stream; fluminalis (adj. B), flumineus (adj. A) referring to rivers Vocabulary fluted striatus (adj. A) fluviaticus (adj. A), fluviatilis (adj. B) pertaining to rivers fluvius (noun m. 2) river [rarely used] fluxus (noun m. 4) flow foaming spumeus, spumosus (both adj. A) focicola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of burned places fodder pabulum (noun n. 2) foecundus (adj. A) fruitful, fertile foedus (adj. A) foul; foedatus (part. A) fouled, stained foemineus (adj. A) female foetens (part. B), foetidus (adj. A), foetulentus (adj. A) foetid, stinking fold plica (noun f. 1); folded plicatus (part. A); folded upon itself complicatus (part. A); having folds (in Gk comp.) ptychofoliaceus (adj. A) leaf-like; folianeus (adj. A) taking the place of a leaf; foliaris (adj. B) relating to the leaf; foliatus (adj. A) having leaves; -foliatus,-folius (both adj. A, in Lat. comp.) -leaved; foliifer (adj. A) leaf-bearing; foliiformis (adj. B) leaf-like; foliosus (adj. A) leafy, full of leaves foliolum (noun n. 2) leaflet; -foliolatus (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) -leafletted folium (noun n. 2) leaf follicle folliculus (noun m. 2) following sequens (part. B), secundus (adj. A), secundum (prep. þ Accusative), post (prep. þ Accusative) fons (noun m. 3) spring, fountain; fontanus (adj. A), fontinalis (adj. B) growing by or in springs food cibus (noun m. 2), alimentum (noun n. 2), nutrimentum (noun n. 2), pabulum (noun n. 2); relating to food cibarius (adj. A) foot pes (noun m. 3) for enim (conj.), per (prep. þ Accusative), pro- (pref. in Lat. comp.) foramen (noun n. 3) opening, aperture foratus (adj. A) full of holes, holed ford vadum (noun n. 2) foreign alienus, exoticus, peregrinus (all adj. A) forest sylva or silva (noun f. 1); pertaining to forests sylvaticus (adj. A), sylvestris (adj. B); growing in forest sylvicola (noun c. 1) 193 194 Vocabulary fork furca (noun f. 1); forked furcatus (adj. A) form forma (noun f. 1), conformatio (noun f. 3); formed factus (part. A); formed irregularly/unevenly/differently difformis (adj. B); having two forms dimorphus (adj. A); without definite form effiguratus (adj. A) formans (part. B) making former [the] ille (dem. pron. m); formerly antea, olim, pridem, quondam (all adv.) formica (noun f. 1) ant; formicarium (noun n. 2) swelling on plant inhabited by ants; formicarius (adj. A) pertaining to ants; formicosus (adj. A) full of ants; planta formicosa (noun f. 1 þ adj.) ant plant -formis (adj. B, in Lat. comp.) -shaped,-like formosus (adj. A) beautiful fornix (noun m. 3) arch; fornicatus (adj. A) having an arch-like structure fors, forsan (both adv.) perhaps fortasse (adv.) maybe, perhaps, probably; forte (adv.) by accident, perhaps fortis (adj. B) strong, vigorous; fortiter (adv.) strongly, vigorously fortuitus (adj. A) accidental; fortuito (adv.) accidentally, at random forward facing aspiciens (part. B) forwards prorsum, prorsus (both adv.) fossa (noun f. 1) ditch; fossula (noun f. 1) little furrow foul foedus (adj. A); fouled foedatus (part. A), inquinatus (part. A) found inventus, repertus (both part. A) foundation fundamentum (noun n. 2) fountain fons (noun m. 3) four quattuor, quatuor (num. adj. indecl.); four each quaterni (num. adj. distr. pl.); fourth quartus (ord. num., adj. A); four times quater (num. adv.); four-fold quadratim (adv.), quadruplo (adv.), quadruplus (adj. A); four- (in Lat. comp.) quadr-, quadri-, (in Gk comp.) tetrafovea (noun f. 1) small pit; foveatus (adj. A) pitted; foveolatus (adj. A) minutely pitted fovens (part. B) embracing, enfolding fractiflexus (adj. A) zigzag fractus (part. A) broken fragilis (adj. B) fragile, brittle; fragilitas (noun f. 3) brittleness fragmentum (noun n. 2) a fragment Vocabulary fragrans (part. B) fragrant frangens (part. B) breaking fraternus (adj. A) closely allied freckled lentiginosus (adj. A) free liber (adj. A) [see p. 00], discretus (part. A); (in Gk comp.) apo-, chori-, eleuther-; freely libere (adv.), [abundantly] copiose (adv.); set free liberatus (part. A) frequent creber (adj. A), frequens (part. B); frequently saepe, plerumque, increbre (all adv.) fresh vivus, novus (both adj. A), [of water] dulcis (adj. B) fretum (noun n. 2), fretus (noun m. 4) strait, channel friabilis (adj. B) brittle, fragile frigidarium (noun n. 2) cool greenhouse, orangery; frigidus (adj. A) cold fringe fimbria (noun f. 1); fringed fimbriatus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) lomato-, thysanofrom a, ab (prep. þ Ablative, also pref. in Lat. comp.), ex (prep. þ Ablative); (pref. in Gk comp.) ap-, apofrond frons (noun f. 3) [see p. 00] frondescentia (noun f. 1) unfurling of leaves frondosus (adj. A) leaf-like, very leafy, [sometimes] broad-leaved frondula (noun f. 1) division of a pinnate frond front frons (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; in front of ante (adv.), antice (adv.), pro(pref. in Gk comp.); at the front anticus (adj. A); in front (pref. in Lat. comp.) prae-, (pref. in Gk comp.) proso-, prosthofroth spuma (noun f. 1); frothy spumeus (adj. A) frozen gelatus (adj. A), glacialis (adj. B) fructiculus (noun m. 2) single fruiting carpel fructifer (adj. A) fruit-bearing; fructificans (part. B) fruiting; fructificatio (noun f. 3) fructification [as used by Linnaeus] fructus (noun m. 4) fruit; fructuosus (adj. A) fruitful frugifer (adj. A) fruit-bearing fruit fructus (noun m. 4) [see p. 00]; fruit-body fructificatio (noun f. 3); fruiting fructificans (part. B); fruiting inflorescence infructescentia (noun f. 1) fruit- (in Gk comp.) carp-, carpo-; -fruit (in Gk comp.) -carpa (noun f. 1), -carpus (noun m. 2), carpium (noun n. 2) 195 196 Vocabulary fruitful fecundus (adj. A), foecundus (adj. A), ferax (adj. B), fructuosus (adj. A); not fruitful infecundus (adj. A) frustillum (noun n. 2) small piece, scrap; frustum (noun n. 2) bit, piece frustule frustulum (noun n. 2) frutex (noun m. 3) bush, shrub [see p. 00]; frutescens, fruticans (both part. B) becoming shrubby, bushy; fruticosus (adj. A) shrubby, bushy; fruticulus (noun m. 2) shrublet fucatus (part. A) painted, coloured fuchsinus (adj. A) fuchsia pink fugax (adj. B) ephemeral, fugacious fulciens, fulcrans (both part. B) supporting; fulcratus (part. A) supported fulcrum (noun n. 2) prop, support [as used by Linnaeus] fulgens (part. B), fulgidus (adj. A) shining, brightly coloured fuligineus (adj. A) sooty; fuliginosus (adj. A) full of soot, sooty; fuligo (noun f. 3) soot full plenus (adj. A), repletus (part. A), farctus (part. A), fartilis (adj. B), onustus (adj. A); full of complanus (adj. A þ Dative); praegnans (adj. B) full-grown adultus (adj. A) fully admodum, plene, perfecte (all adv.) fultoportulum fultoportulum (noun n. 2) fultus (part. A) supported fulvus (adj. A) tawny; fulvidus (adj. A) somewhat tawny; fulvescens (part. B) becoming tawny; fulvi-, fulvo- (in Lat. comp.) tawnyfumeus, fumidus, fumosus (all adj. A) smoky funalis (adj. B) rope-like functioning fungens (part. B) fundamentum (noun n. 2) foundation fundus (noun m. 2) bottom funestus (adj. A) deadly, fatal fungal fungalis (adj. B) fungens (part. B) functioning fungiformis, fungilliformis (both adj. B) mushroom-shaped fungosus (adj. A) spongy fungus fungus (noun m. 2); fungal, fungus-, -fungus (in Gk comp.) myc-, mycel-, myceto-, myco-, -myces (adj. C); fungal colony plagula (noun f. 1) Vocabulary funicle funiculus (noun m. 2) funicularis, funiformis (both adj. B) rope-like; funiculosus (adj. A) in rope-like bundles; funiculus (noun m. 2) cord, slender rope; funis (noun m. 3) rope funnel-shaped infundibuliformis, infundibularis (both adj. B); narrowly funnel-shaped trombiformis (adj. B) furca (noun f. 1) fork; furcatus (adj. A) forked furfuraceus (adj. A) furfuraceous furnished instructus (part. A) furrow sulcus (noun m. 2), vallecula (noun f. 1); furrowed sulcatus, valleculatus, exaratus (all part. A); (in Gk comp.) aulac-; not furrowed exsulcus (adj. A); little furrow fossula (noun f. 1); having long, narrow furrows lirellinus (adj. A) furunculus (noun m. 2) cystolith, rapheid, sclereid furvus (adj. A) dusky, almost black fuscus (adj. A) brown; fuscans (adj. B) darkening; fuscatus (adj. A) darkened; fusco-, fusci- (in Lat. comp.) dark, dark brown fused coadnatus, conferruminatus, connatus (all part. A); fusing conjungens (part. B) fusiformis (adj. B) fusiform, spindle-shaped fusion conjunction (noun f. 3); fusion cell cellula (noun f. 1) conjunctionis (noun Genitive sing., remains unchanged if cellula is declined) future futurus (part. A) G gal-, gala-, galacto- (in Gk comp.) milk, milky [refers to both colour and latex] galactose galactosum (noun n. 2) galbinus (adj. A) greenish yellow galbulus galbulus (noun m. 2) galea (noun f. 1) helmet; galeatus (adj. A) having a helmet; galeiformis (adj. B) helmet-shaped galericulatus (adj. A) having a small helmet-like cap gall galla (noun f. 1); gall-bearing cecidiophorus (adj. A) gametangium gametangium (noun n. 2) 197 198 Vocabulary gamete gameta (noun f. 1); motile gamete planogameta (noun f. 1), spermatozoideus (noun m. 2); zoogamete zoogameta (noun f. 1) gametoecium gametoecium (noun n. 2) gametogenesis gametogenesis (noun f. 3) gametophytum (noun n. 2) gametophyte gamo- (in Gk comp.) united gamopetalus sympetalus (adj. A) gangliiformis (adj. B) knot-like; ganglion (noun n. 2) knot, swelling [esp. on stem]; ganglioneus (adj. A) with knot-like swellings gaping hians, ringens (both part. B) garden hortus (noun m. 2); pertaining to or raised in a garden hortensis (adj. B); gardener hortulanus (noun m. 2) garlic [resembling] alliaceus (adj. A) gaseous gaseosus (adj. A) gasterospore gasterospora (noun f. 1) gathered lectus (part. A) gelatina (noun f. 1) jelly gelatinous gelatinosus (adj. A) gelatinum (noun n. 2) gelatin gelatinus (adj. A) jelly-like gelatus (adj. A) frozen gelidus (adj. A) [very] cold gelineus (adj. A) jelly-like gemellus, geminus (both adj. A) paired, twin-born; geminatus (adj. A) doubled gemma (noun f. 1) bud; gemmatus, gemmifer, gemmiparus (all adj. A) bud-bearing; gemmatio (noun f. 3) budding; gemmiformis (adj. B) bud-like; -gemmis (adj. B, in Lat. comp.), -gemmius (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) -budded gemma cup scyphulus (noun m. 2) gemmula (noun f. 1) ovule; gemmulifer (adj. A) ovule-bearing general generalis, universalis (both adj. B); generally generatim, generaliter, plerumque, universe (all adv.) generation generatio (noun f. 3) generative genitalis (adj. B); generative hyphae hyphae genitales (noun f. 1, pl. þ adj.) Vocabulary generic genericus (adj. A) generitypus (noun m. 2) generitype, type of a generic name genetic geneticus (adj. A); genetically genetice (adv.) -geneus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) of a certain kind geniculatus (adj. A) geniculate; geniculum (noun n. 2) node, joint; [in coralline red algae] the uncalcified ‘joint’ region genitalia (noun n. 2, pl.) sexual organs, stamens and pistil; genitalis (adj. B) generative genitus (part. A) born of, arising from gentianus (adj. A) gentian blue gently leniter (adv.) genuflexus (adj. A) bent like a knee genuinus (adj. A) authentic, genuine genus genus (noun n. 3) [see p. 00] -genus (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) born or produced in a certain place or condition geocarpus (adj. A) geocarpic geographical geographicus (adj. A) geophytum (noun n. 2) geophyte geotropus (adj. A) geotropic -ger (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) bearing, carrying gerens (part. B þ Accusative) bearing, carrying germen (noun n. 3) ovary germinalis (adj. B) germ-e.g. cellula germinalis, germ cell germinating germinans (part. B); germination germinatio (noun f. 3) gerontogeus (adj. A) pertaining to the Old World -geton (noun m. 3, in Gk comp.) neighbour, dweller gibbosus, gibbus (both adj. A) gibbous; gibberosus (adj. A) prominently humped; gibba (noun f. 1) a hump giganteus (adj. A) giant, gigantic; gigas (noun m. 3) a giant; giga-, gigant(in Gk comp.) giant gignens (part. B) bringing forth gill lamella (noun f. 1) gilvus (adj. A) dull yellow girdle cingulum (noun n. 2); girdled cinctus (part. A); girdling cingens (part. B) 199 200 Vocabulary girdle band [in diatoms] copula (noun f. 1) girdle scar cicatrix cingens (noun f. 3, part. B) given datus, donatus (both part. A); giving donans (part. B); giving forth edens, emittens (both part. B) glabrous glaber, glabellus (both adj. A); glabrate glabratus (adj. A); glabrescent glabrescens (part. B); become glabrous decalvatus (adj. A); glabrous state glabritia (noun f. 1); glabrous- (in Lat. comp.) glabri-, (in Gk comp.) psiloglacialis (adj. B) frozen, glacial; glacies (noun f. 5) ice gland (secretory) glans (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; for a unicellular or very small gland use glandula (noun f. 1); gland-bearing, glandular glandifer, glandulifer, glandulosus (all adj. A); gland- (in Gk comp.) aden-; nonglandular, without glands eglandulosus, eglandulatus (both adj. A) glans (noun f. 3) gland, acorn [see p. 00] glara (noun f. 1) scree glarea (noun f. 1) gravel, shingle; glareosus (adj. A) pertaining to gravel; glareosum (noun n. 2) gravelly place glass vitrum (noun n. 2); glassy vitreus (adj. A) glasshouse caldarium [hot], tepidarium [warm], frigidarium [cold], hibernaculum [for winter] (all noun n. 2) glaucous glaucus (adj. A); glaucescent glaucescens (part. B); glaucescence glaucedo (noun f. 3); glauc- (in Lat. comp.) glauci-, (in Gk comp.) glaucogleaming fulgens, micans, nitens (all part. B), fulgidus, nitidus, lucidus (all adj. A) gleba gleba (noun f. 1) glebosus (adj. A) lumpy, full of clods glebula glebula (noun f. 1); glebulosus (adj. A) glebulose gleocystidium gloeocystidium (noun n. 2) glistening lucens (part. B) globosus (adj. A) globose; globularis (adj. B), globulifer (adj. A), globulosus (adj. A) globular, globule-bearing; globuliformis (adj. B) button-like; glob-, globi- (in Lat. comp.) globose; globulus (noun m. 2) globule; globus (noun m. 2) globe, sphere glochid glochin (noun f. 3, decl. like cotyledon, p. 00); glochidiate glochideus, glochidiatus (both adj. A) Vocabulary gloeo- (in Gk comp.) glue-, sticky; gloeocarpus (adj. A) having fruit covered in mucus; gloeocystidium (noun n. 2) gleocystidium glome glomus (noun n. 3) glomerulus (noun m. 2) glomerule; glomeratus (part. A) gathered tightly together; glomerulatus (adj. A) having glomerules gloomy tenebrosus (adj. A) glory (in Gk comp.) -doxa,-doxus (adj. A) glosso-, -glossus (adj. A) (in Gk comp.) tongue-, -tongued glossy nitidus, politus (both adj. A), inunctus (part. A); glossiness nitor (noun m. 3) glucose glucosum (noun n. 2) glue glutinium (noun n. 2); glued to agglutinatus, adglutinatus (both part. A); glued together conglutinatus (part. A) glume gluma (noun f. 1), tegmen (noun n. 3), tegmentum (noun n. 2); glumaceous glumaceus (adj. A) glutinous glutinosus, viscidus (both adj. A) glyco- (in Gk comp.) sweet-tasting or-scented glypto- (in Gk comp.) cut into going forth exiens (part. B) gold aurum (noun n. 2); golden aureus (adj. A); flecked with gold auratus (adj. A); golden- (in Gk comp.) chrys-, chryso-, (in Lat. comp.) aurei-, aureo-, aurigomphus (noun m. 2) peg; gompho- (in Gk comp.) nail-gone, -gonium (noun n. 2, in Gk comp.) reproductive organs gongylodes (adj. C) knob-like goni-, gonia-,-gonus (adj. A) (in Gk comp.) angle,-angled gonidium gonidium (noun n. 2) gonimoblast gonimoblastus (noun m. 2) goniocyst goniocysta (noun f. 1) goniosporous goniosporus (adj. A) good bonus (adj. A) gorge [throat and landform] faux (noun f. 3, sing.) [in botanical Lat.]; fauces (noun f. 3, pl.) [in classical Lat.] gossypinus (adj. A) cottony gourd-shaped sicyoideus (adj. A) 201 202 Vocabulary graceful venustus (adj. A) gracilis (adj. B) slender, thin gradatim (adv.) gradually, progressively gradually gradatim, paulatim, sensim (all adv.) graft [scion] insitum (noun n. 2); grafted insiticius, insititius (both adj. A) grain granum (noun n. 2) gralliformis (adj. B) stilt-like gramen (noun n. 3) grass; gramineus (adj. A) grass-like; graminifolius (adj. A) grass-leaved; gramini- (in Lat. comp.) grassgrammatus (adj. A) striped with raised lines grandis (adj. B) big; grandi- (in Lat. comp.) largegraniticus (adj. A) granitic granular, granulate, granulose granularis (adj. B), granulatus (adj. A), granulosus (adj. A); granule granulum (noun n. 2) granum (noun n. 2) grain, kernel grape uva (noun f. 1); grape-like [in a cluster] botryoideus, uvarius (both adj. A), uviformis (adj. B), (in Gk comp.) botry-, -botrys (noun m. 3); grapebearing uvifer (adj. A) grapevine, pertaining to viti- (in Lat. comp.) grasping prehendens (part. B), prehensilis (adj. B) grass gramen (noun n. 3); grass-like gramineus (adj. A); grass-leaved graminifolius (adj. A); grass- (in Lat. comp.) gramini-, (in Gk comp.) agrostogratus (adj. A) agreeable gravel glarea (noun f. 1); gravelly place glareosum (noun n. 2); pertaining to gravel glareosus (adj. A) graveolens (adj. B) strong-scented, smelling unpleasantly graveyard sepulcretum (noun n. 2) gravis (adj. B) heavy greasy sebosus (adj. A), unctus (part. A) great magnus, amplus (both adj. A); greatly magnopere, multum (both adv.) [see p. 00]; as great as tantus quantus (adj. A, decl. together) green viridis (adj. B); bluish green venetus (adj. A); deep green atrovirens, perviridis (both adj. B); emerald-green smaragdinus (adj. A); grass green herbidus (adj. A); jade green iadinus (adj. A); leek green Vocabulary porraceus, prasinus (both adj. A); malachite green malachiteus (adj. A); olive green olivaceus, pausiacus (both adj. A); pea green pisinus (adj. A); sea green glaucus (adj. A); viridian viridianus (adj. A); yellowgreen flavovirens (adj. B), chlorinus (adj. A); greenish virellus, viridulus (both adj. A); becoming green virens (part. B); green- (in Lat. comp.) viridi-, (in Gk comp.) chlor-, chlorogreenhouse caldarium [hot], tepidarium [warm], frigidarium [cold], hibernaculum [for winter] (all noun n. 2) gregarius (adj. A) gregarious; gregatim (adv.) in clusters grex (noun m. or f. 3) grex, group of species or hybrids grey canus, cineraceus, griseus, schistaceus (all adj. A); ash grey cinereus (adj. A); dull [bluish] grey lividus (adj. A); leaden grey molybdeus (adj. A); mouse-grey murinus (adj. A); pearl grey griseus (adj. A); sky grey caeruleo-griseus (adj. A); slate-grey schistaceus (adj. A); smoke-grey fumosus, fumeus (both adj. A); steel grey chalybeus (adj. A); greyish cinerascens (part. B), ravidus (adj. A); greyish white (usu. of hair) canus (adj. A); greyish-yellow fulvus, ravus (both adj. A); becoming ash grey cinerascens (part. B); becoming grey canescens (part. B); grey(in Lat. comp.) cano-, cinereo-, (in Gk comp.) polio-, spod-, spodo-, tephrogriseus (adj. A) pearl grey groove canalis (noun m. 3), sulcus (noun m. 2); grooved canaliculatus (adj. A), exaratus (part. A), sulcatus (adj. A); having fine, wavy grooves rivulosus (adj. A) grossus (adj. A) coarse; grosse (adv.) coarsely ground terra (noun f. 1); on the ground humifusus (adj. A); lying on the ground incubaceus (adj. A) group caterva (noun f. 1), turma (noun f. 1); grouped aggregatus, dispositus (both part. A); in groups catervatim (adv.) grow crescere (verb); it grows crescit (verb 3rd pers. sing.); growing crescens (part. B); growing out [usu. abnormally] excrescens (part. B); growing upon or to adnascens (part. B); fully grown excretus, exoletus (both part. A); grown together accretus (part. A), coalescens (part. B), concretus (part. A); growing first [opposite of serotinus] primotinus (adj. A) growth augmen (noun n. 3), augmentum (noun n. 2); united by growth coalitus (part. A) 203 204 Vocabulary grumosus (adj. A) grumose, grumous grumulus (noun m. 2) small hill gullet gula (noun f. 1) gum gummi (noun f. indecl.); gummy gummosus (adj. A) gustus (noun m. 4) taste, flavour gutta (noun f. 1) drop, speck; guttatus (adj. A) spotted; guttula (noun f. 1) droplet; guttulatus (adj. A) guttulate, having or appearing to have small droplets of oil or resin gymno- (in Gk comp.) naked; gymnocarpus (adj. A) having a naked fruit gymnostomaticus (adj. A) gymnostomous gyn-, gyno- (in Gk comp.) female, pertaining to female organs gynandrium (noun n. 2) gynandrium gynobasic gynobasicus (adj. A) gynodioecius (adj. A) gynodioecious gynodynamous gynodynamus, gynodynamicus (both adj. A) gynoecium gynoecium (noun n. 2); gynophore gynophorum (noun n. 2); gynostegium gynostegium (noun n. 2) gynomonoecius (adj. A) gynomonoecious gypseus (adj. A) gypsum-like; gypsum (noun n. 2) gypsum gyroma (noun n. 3) annulus [of fern] gyrosus (adj. A) curved backwards and forwards in turn, spiral gyrus (noun m. 2) circle, ring, annulus; [in diatoms] coil H habitat (verb. sing. pres.) it lives; habitans (part. B) inhabiting; habitatio (noun f. 3) place of growth, abode habitus (noun m. 4) habit, appearance [see p. 00]; also habitus (part. A) well-conditioned hac (adv.) here, in this place hactenus (adv.) until now haec (dem. pron. f.) this, she, these [see p. 00] haematicus (adj. A), haematinus (adj. A), haematochrous (adj. A), haematodes (adj. B) all ¼ blood-coloured; haematiticus (adj. A) brownish red; haematochroma (noun n. 3) haematochrome; haem-, haemat- (in Gk comp.) blood-red Vocabulary haerens (part. B þ Dative) adhering, clinging hair pilus (noun m. 2), trichoma (noun n. 3) [see p. 00]; hair’s breadth capillus (adj. A); hair-like capillaceus (adj. A), capillaris (adj. B), capilliformis (adj. B), piliformis (adj. B), trichoideus (adj. A); long-hairy caesariatus (adj. A); hair covering indumentum (noun n. 2), hirsuties (noun f. 5), crinis (noun m. 3), pubes (noun f. 3), pubescentia (noun f. 1); bearing hairs pilifer (adj. B); hairy hirtus (adj. A); (in Lat. comp.) pubi-, (in Gk comp.) lasi-, lasio-. [See also specific terms for hairy, e.g. hirsutus, pubescens etc.] half dimidium (noun n. 2); half dimidius (adj. A); by half dimidio (adv.); half- (pref. in Lat. comp.) semi-, (pref. in Gk comp.) hemi-; halved dimidiatus (part. A) halo- (in Gk comp.) salt halonatus (adj. A) halonate halophilic halophilus (adj. A) halved dimidiatus (part. A) hama- (pref. in Gk comp.) together with hamathecium hamathecium (noun n. 2) hamatus (adj. A) barbed, hooked at apex; hamosus (adj. A) hooked; hamulatus, hamulosus (both adj. A) having small hooks; hamus (noun m. 2) barb, hook; hamulus (noun m. 2) small barb or hook hanging dependens, pendens (both part. B), pendulus, pendulinus, dependulus (all adj. A) hapalo- (in Gk comp.) softhapaxanthus (adj. A) having a single flowering period, monocarpic haplo- (in Gk comp.) single-; haplostephanus (adj. A) [in Charophyta] having one circle of stipulodes at base of each whorl of branchlets; haplostichus (adj. A) with a single row haploid haploideus (adj. A) haplolepidus (adj. A) haplolepidous hapteron hapteron (noun n. 2) haptonema haptonema (noun n. 3) hard durus (adj. A); somewhat hard duriusculus (adj. A); hard as steel adamantinus (adj. A); hard but not brittle corneus (adj. A); hardness duritia (noun f. 1); hardened concretus, induratus (both part. A); hardening indurescens (part. B); hard (in Gk comp.) scler-, sclero- 205 206 Vocabulary hardly vix, aegre (both adv.) harmful noxius (adj. A); harmless innoxius (adj. A) harsh (to touch) asper (adj. A) harundo (noun f. 3) cane [grass reed] hastatus (adj. A) hastate; hastilis (adj. B) spear-shaped; hasti- (in Lat. comp.) spearhastula (noun f. 1) [in palmate leaf] hastula haud, haudquaquam (both adv.) not at all, by no means haustorium haustorium (noun n. 2) hazel (colour) avellaneus (adj. A) head capitulum (noun n. 2), caput (noun n. 3) [see p. 00], [in Asteraceae] anthodium (noun n. 2); head- (in Lat. comp.) capit-, capiti-, (in Gk comp.) cephal-, cephalo-; -headed (in Lat. comp.) -ceps (adj. B), (in Gk comp.) -cephalus (adj. A); with a rounded head or tip capitatus (adj. A) heap acervus, cumulus (both noun m. 2); small heap acervulus (noun m. 2); heaped acervatus, cumulatus (both part. A), acervatim (adv.); in small heaps acervulatus (part. A) heart cor (noun n. 2); heart-shaped cordatus (adj. A), cordiformis (adj. B); heart- (in Lat. comp.) cordi-, (in Gk comp.) cardia-, cardioheath ericetum (noun n. 2) heavy gravis (adj. B), ponderosus (adj. A); (in Gk comp.) baryhebdomalis (adj. B) weekly; hebdomas (noun f. 3) week hebes (adj. B) dull hebetatus (part. A) dimmed, matt [made dull] hecat-, hecato- (in Gk comp.) hundredhedge sepes, saepes (noun f. 3) hedy- (in Gk comp.) sweet height altum (noun n. 2), altitudo (noun f. 3) heleo-, helo- (in Gk comp.) marsh helicospore helicospora (noun f. 1) helicte (adv.) clockwise helictoglossa helictoglossa (noun f. 1) helicus (adj. A), helic- (in Gk comp.) coiled, spirally twisted helio- (in Gk comp.) sunheliotrope [colour] heliotropinus (adj. A) Vocabulary helladolith helladolithus (noun m. 2) helmet cassis (noun f. 3), galea (noun f. 1); helmet-shaped cassideus (adj. A), galeiformis (adj. B ); having a helmet galeatus (adj. A); having a small helmet-like cap galericulatus (adj. A) helvus (adj. A) light bay, pale red hemi- (pref. in Gk comp.) halfhemiangiocarpicus (adj. A) of a sporocarp opening before quite mature hemiparasiticus (adj. A) hemiparasitic hemisaprophyticus (adj. A) hemisaprophytic hemisphere hemisphaerium (noun n. 2) hence hinc, igitur, quamobrem (all adv.) hepaticus (adj. A) liver-coloured hepta- (in Gk comp.) sevenherb herba (noun f. 1); herbaceous herbaceus (adj. A) herbarium herbarium (noun n. 2); herbarium specimen exsiccatum (noun n. 2) herbidus (adj. A) grass green herbula (noun f. 1) a small herb here hic, hac (both adv.); here and there disperse, dispersim, passim, hic illic (all adv.) hermaphrodite hermaphroditus, teleianthus, perfectus (all adj. A), bisexualis (adj. B) hetero- (in Gk comp.) different, other heterobasidium (noun n. 2) heterobasidium, basidium showing septation heterocyst heterocysta (noun f. 1) heteroecious heteroicus (adj. A) heterogeneous heterogeneus (adj. A) heterolepidous heterolepidus (adj. A) heteromerous heteromerus (adj. A) heteromorphic heteromorphus (adj. A) heterosporous heterosporus (adj. A) heterostylous heterostylus (adj. A) heterothallic heterothallicus (adj. A) heterovalvate heterovalvatus (adj. A) hexa- (in Gk comp.) six 207 208 Vocabulary hexagonal hexagonus (adj. A), sexangularis (adj. B) hexapodium (noun n. 2) fathom hians (part. B) gaping hibernaculum (noun n. 2) glasshouse, winter bud; hibernus (adj. A) pertaining to winter hic (dem. pron. m.) this, he [see p. 00] hic (adv.) here; hic illic (adv.) here and there hidden absconditus, celatus, occultus, opertus (all part. A); (in Gk comp.) crypt-, cryptohiding celans, occultans (both part. B) hiems (noun f. 3) winter; hiemalis, hyemalis (adj. B) wintry, of winter high altus (adj. A), celsus (adj. A), elatus (part. A), excelsus (part. A), exaltatus (part. A); highly [greatly] maxime (adv.), [in height] alte (adv.); high up alte (adv.); a very high place excelsum (noun n. 2); higher superior (adj. compar.); highest summus, supremus (both adj. A) hilaris (adj. B) of the hilum hill collis (noun m. 3); pertaining to hills collinus (adj. A) hillock grumulus (noun m. 2) hillside clivus (noun m. 2) hilum hilum (noun n. 2); of the hilum hilaris (adj. B) himanto- (in Gk comp.) strap-shaped hinc (adv.) from this place or time, hence hinnuleus (adj. A) fawn [colour] hippocrepicus (adj. A), hippocrepiformis (adj. B) horseshoe-shaped hirsutus (adj. A) hirsute [see p. 00]; hirsuties (noun f. 5) rough hair-covering hirtus (adj. A) hairy; hirti- (in Lat. comp.) hairy hispidus (adj. A) hispid, bristly histogenus (adj. A) without conidiophores historia (noun f. 1) history, narrative hitherto ad huc (adv.) hoary incanus (adj. A) hoc (dem. pron. n.) it [see p. 00] hodie (adv.) today, at present; hodiernus (adj. A) relating to the present time holdfast hapteron (noun n. 2), tenaculum (noun n. 2); holdfast cell cellula (noun f. 1) hapteroidea (adj. A), tenaculum (noun n. 2) Vocabulary holding tenens (part. B), [keeping hold of] retinens (part. B), [containing] continens (part. B), [clinging] haerens (part. B) hole cavum (noun n. 2), foramen (noun n. 3); holed foratus, perforatus (both part. A), porosus (adj. A) hollow cavitas (noun f. 3); cavus (adj. A); hollowed out excavatus, exaratus (both part. A); hollowed coelo- (in Gk comp.); hollow with closed ends fistulosus (adj. A); hollow seeded coelospermus (adj. A) holo- (in Gk comp.) whole, entire holobasidium holobasidium (noun n. 2) holocarpic holocarpicus (adj. A) holococcolith holococcolithus (noun m. 2) holosaprophytic holosaprophyticus (adj. A) holotype holotypus (noun m. 2) homo-, homoeo-, homoio- (in Gk comp.) like, of the same kind homoeomorphus (adj. A) [in Charophyta] having similar fertile and sterile whorls homogeneus (adj. A) homogeneous homogonium (noun n. 2) homogonium homoiomerus (adj. A) homoiomerous homomallus (adj. A) homomallus homonym homonymum (noun n. 2) homosporous homosporus (adj. A) homothallic homothallicus (adj. A) homotropus (adj. A) homotropal honey mel (noun n. 3); honeycombed alveolatus (adj. B), favosus (adj. A); finely honeycombed faveolatus (adj. A); honey-coloured melleus (adj. A); pertaining to honey mellitus (adj. A) hood cucullus (noun m. 2); hooded cucullatus (adj. A) hook hamus, uncus (both noun m. 2); small hook hamulus (noun m. 2); hook-shaped unciformis (adj. B); hooked aduncus, hamatus, hamosus, uncatus (all adj. A); barbed with small hooks ancistrus, hamulatus, hamulosus (all adj. A) horizontal horizontalis (adj. B); horizontally horizontaliter (adv.) hormogon hormogonium (noun n. 2) horn cornu (noun n. 4) [see p. 00]; horned cornutus (adj. A); horn-shaped cornuatus (adj. A); having small horn-like appendage 209 210 Vocabulary corniculatus (adj. A); small horn-like appendage corniculum (noun n. 2); -horn (in Gk comp.) -ceras,-ceros (both noun n. 3), (in Lat. comp.) -cornu,-cornis (both adj. B),-cornutus (adj. A); horned-(in Lat. comp.) corni-, (in Gk comp.) cerato-; horny corneus (adj. A) hornotinus (adj. A) of the present year, this year’s horricomis (adj. B) bristly, shaggy; horridus (adj. A) prickly, very rough horse equus (noun m. 2); pertaining to horses equinus (adj. A) horseshoe-shaped hippocrepicus (adj. A), hippocrepiformis (adj. B) hortus (noun m. 2) garden; hortensis (adj. B) pertaining to or raised in a garden; hortulanus (noun m. 2) gardener host [of parasite] hospes (noun m. 2); host plant nutrix (noun f. 3) hot calidus (adj. A); hot-bed pulvillum (noun n. 2); hot-house caldarium (noun n. 2); hot springs thermae (noun f. 1, pl.) however autem (conj.) huc, ad (adv.) hitherto huge ingens (adj. B) humectus (adj. A) moist; humectatus, humefactus (both part. A) moistened humerus (noun m. 2) shoulder humidus (adj. A) moist, damp humilis (adj. B) low, low-growing hump gibba (noun f. 1); prominently humped gibberosus (adj. A) humus (noun f. 2) the earth, soil; humi (adv. formed from humus) on the ground; humifusus (adj. A) procumbent hundred centum (num. indecl.); hundredth centensimus (adj. A); hundred(in Lat. comp.) centi-, (in Gk comp.) hecat-, hecato-; hundred-fold centiens, centies (both adv.) husk acus (noun f. 4) hyacinthinus (adj. A) hyacinth blue, violet; hyacinthoides (adj. B) hyacinthlike hyalinus (adj. A) clear, hyaline hyalocysta (noun f. 1) hyalocyst hyaloderma (noun n. 3) hyalodermis [see p. 00] hyalosporous hyalosporus (adj. A) hybrid [noun] hybrida (noun f. 1), [adj.] hybridus, hybridogenus (both adj. A) Vocabulary hydathode hydathodus (noun f. 2) hydro- (in Gk comp.) water hydrochloric hydrochloricus, muriaticus (both adj. A) hydrome hydroma (noun n. 3) hyemalis, hiemalis (adj. B) wintry, of winter hygro- (in Gk comp.) damp, moist; hygrometricus, hygroscopicus (both adj. A) hygroscopic; hygrophanus (adj, A) hygrophanous hymen- (in Gk comp.) membrane, membranous hymenium hymenium (noun n. 2) hymenophore hymenophorum (noun n. 2) hyp-, hypo- (pref. in Gk comp.) below, under hypanthium hypanthium (noun n. 2) hyper- (pref. in Gk comp.) above, beyond, over hyperboreus (adj. A) of the far north hypha hypha (noun f. 1); full of hyphae hyphosus (adj. A); hyphal mass in pileus contextus (noun m. 4) hyphidium hyphidium (noun n. 2) hyphophore hyphophorum (noun n. 2) hyphopodium hyphopodium (noun n. 2) hyphosus (adj. A) full of hyphae hypnospore hypnospora (noun f. 1) hypnozygote hypnozygota (noun f. 1) hypo- (in Gk comp.) below, under hypocingulum hypocingulum (noun n. 2) hypocotyl hypocotylum, internodium (both noun n. 2), hypocotylus, (noun m. 2); hypocotylary hypocotylus (adj. A) hypocrateriformis (adj. B), hypocraterimorphus (adj. A) hypocrateriform, salverform hypocyst hypocysta (noun f. 1) hypoderm hypoderma (noun n. 3) hypodermicus (adj. A) beneath the epidermis [see p. 00] hypogaeus (adj. A) hypogeal, below-ground, underground hypogonium hypogonium (noun n. 2) hypogynus (adj. A) hypogynous 211 212 Vocabulary hypophloeodes (adj. C), hypophloeodicus (adj. A) hypophloeodal, growing in the bark hypophyllus (adj. A) hypophyllous hypophysis (noun f. 3) hypophysis hypostomatic hypostomaticus (adj. A) hypothallus (noun m. 2) hypothallus; hypothallinus (adj. A) relating to the hypothallus hypotheca hypotheca (noun f. 1) hypothecium hypothecium (noun n. 2) hypovalve hypovalva (noun f. 1) hypsophyllinus (adj. A) hypsophyllary, bracteal; hypsophyllum (noun n. 2) hypsophyll hysteranthus (adj. A) after or later than the flowers [e.g. leaves] hysterinus, hysterioideus (both adj. A), hysteriformis (adj. B) hysterine hysterogenus (adj. A) produced late [e.g. after the flowers] hysterothecioideus (adj. A) hysterothecioid hysterothecium (noun n. 2) hysterothecium I iadinus (adj. A) jade green iam, more commonly jam (adv.) now ibi (adv.) there, then ibidem (adv.) in the same place -ibilis (Lat. suff., adj. B, with verb as stem) indicates ability -icans (Lat. suff., part. B, based on verb from noun) indicates process of resembling closely ice glacies (noun f. 5) -icius (Lat. suff., adj. A, with verb as stem) indicates a completed action icon (noun f. 3) illustration, plate icosandrus (adj. A) having 20 stamens ictericus, icterinus (adj. A) jaundice yellow -icus (Gk suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates sense of belonging id (determ. pron. n.) it [see p. 00] idem (def. pron. m., n.) the same [see p. 00] Vocabulary ideo (adv.) therefore -idus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with adj., noun or verb as stem) indicates something in progress -ies (Lat. suff., noun f. 5, with verb as stem) indicates something formed or made if si (conj.) igitur (adv.) therefore ignescens (adj. B) bright red; igneus (adj. A) fire-red; ignivomus (adj. A) volcanic ignotus (adj. A) unknown il- (pref. in Lat. comp. before l) in, into, contrary -ilis (Lat. suff., adj. B, with verb as stem) indicates ability or quality illa (adv.) in that direction illa [dem. pron. f.] that, she [see p. 00] illaquens (part. B) ensnaring ille [dem. pron. m.] that, he [see p. 00] illecebrosus (adj. A) attractive, alluring illegitimus (adj. A) unlawful illic (adv.) there, in that place illinc (adv.) thence, from that place illinitus (part. A) smeared illud (dem. pron. n.) that, it [see p. 00] -illus (Lat. suff., adj. A) indicates diminutive form, cf. -cellus illustrated illustratus (part. A); illustration icon, imago, illustratio (all noun f. 3); tabula (noun f. 1) im- (pref. in Lat. comp. before b, m, p) in, into, contrary imago (noun f. 3) likeness, illustration imbecilis (adj. B), imbecillus (adj. A) weak, feeble imbedded inclusus (part. A with in þ Ablative) imberbis (adj. B) not bearded imbricate imbricatus (part. A), imbricans (part. B) imbutus (part. A) tinged, stained imitating mentiens, simulans (both part. B) immaculatus (adj. A) unspotted, unstained 213 214 Vocabulary immarginatus (adj. A) without a distinct margin, border or rim immature immaturus, crudus (both adj. A) immediately [at once] statim (adv.), [quickly] confestim (adv.), [the nearest or next] proxime (adv.) immensus (adj. A) immense, vast immersio (noun f. 3) immersion; immersus (part. A) submerged, imbedded, immersed imminens (part. B) overhanging imminuens (part. B) diminishing immixtus (part. A) intermixed, mingled immo (adv.) on the contrary, by no means immobile immobilis (adj. B), fixus (part. A), immotus (adj. A) immutabilis (adj. B), immutatus (adj. A) unaltered, unchanged impar (adj. B) unequal, uneven; impariter (adv.) unequally imparipinnate imparipinnatus (adj. A) impeditus (part. A) hindered, thus not completely formed impellucidus (adj. A) opaque impendens (part. B) overhanging impenetrable impenetrabilis (adj. A) imperfect imperfectus, mancus, mendosus (all adj. A), inchoatus (part. A) imperforatus (part. A) not perforated impervius (adj. A) closed, impassable implens (part. B) filling; impletus (part. A) filled implexus, implicatus, implicitus (all part. A) entangled, interwoven, matted impolitus (adj. A) matt, not polished impositus (part. A) laid or placed upon impressus (part. A) impressed, pressed into; impressi- (in Lat. comp.) impressed, sunken imprimis (adv. ) chiefly, in the first place impunctatus (part. A) not punctate impure contaminatus (part. A) imum (noun n. 2) lowest part; imus (adj. A) lowest in (prep.) in, into, within, among, at, on, during; used with acc. when meaning motion or growth towards something, used with abl. when meaning rest; also in- (pref. in Lat. comp. before vowels, most consonants) in, contrary Vocabulary inactive iners (adj. B) [see p. 00] -inae (suff., adj. A, Nominative pl. f.) added to stem of name of type genus to form name of a subtribe inaequabilis, inaequalis (both adj. B) unequal; inaequaliter (adv.) unequally; inaequi- (in Lat. comp.) unequal, uneven; inaequilaterus (adj. A) unequal-sided inamyloideus (adj. A) not amyloid inanis (adj. B) empty inapertus (adj. A) closed inarticulatus (adj. A) without divisions incanus (adj. A) hoary incarnatus (part. A) flesh-coloured incertus (adj. A) doubtful inch pollex (noun m. 3), uncia (noun f. 1); inch long pollicaris, uncialis (both adj. A) inchoatus (part. A) incomplete, imperfect, rudimentary incidens (part. B) meeting incisifolius (adj. A) having deeply cut leaves incision incisura (noun f. 1); incised deeply incisus (part. A) inclinatus (part. A) leaning, bent down [from the horizontal] inclusus (part. A) included, enclosed; also imbedded (with in þ Ablative); includens (part. B) enclosing, including incognitus (adj. A) unknown incola (noun c. 1) inhabitant; incolens (part. B) inhabiting incolor (adj. B) [see p. 00], incoloratus (adj. A) colourless incomparabilis (adj. B) incomparable, unequalled incomplete incompletus, inchoatus, imperfectus (all adj. A) inconspicuous inconspicuus (adj. A) inconstans (adj. B) changeable, not constant incorrect mendosus (adj. A); incorrectly errore, mendose, perperam (all adv.) incrassatus (part. A) thickened increase augmen (noun n. 3), augmentum (noun n. 2), incrementum (noun n. 2); increasing crescens (part. B); increased ampliatus, auctus (both part. A) 215 216 Vocabulary increbre (adv.) frequently incrementum (noun n. 2) increase, increment increscens (part. B) accrescent incrusted incrustatus (part. A); incrusting incrustans (part. B) incubus (adj. A) incubous incudiformis (adj. B) anvil-shaped incultus (adj. A) untilled, not cultivated, wild; incultum (noun n. 2) waste land incumbens (part. B) incumbent incurrens (part. B) over-running incurved incurvatus, incurvus (both adj. A), infractus (part. A) incystatus (adj. A) encysted inde (adv.) thence, after that indefinite indefinitus (adj. A) indehicens (adj. B) indehiscent indented indentatus (adj. A) indescriptus (adj. A) undescribed indeterminate indeterminatus (adj. A) index (noun m. 3) catalogue, list, index indicatio (noun f. 3) indication; indicatus (part. A) showed, pointed out, revealed indigenous indigenus (adj. A) indigo indicum (noun n. 2); indigo-coloured indigoticus (adj. A) indirectly indirecte (adv.) indiscriminately promiscue, passim (both adv.) indistinctus (adj. A) indistinct, unclear indistinguishable haud distinctus (part. A), simillimus (adj. A, sup.) [i.e. very similar] individual individuum (noun n. 2); singulus (adj. A); individually singulatim, singulariter (both adv.) indivisus (adj. A) undivided indumentum (noun n. 2) indumentum induplicatus (adj. A) induplicate induratus (part. A) hardened; indurescens (part. B) hardening indusium indusium, tegumentum (both noun n. 2); indusiate indusiatus (adj. A) Vocabulary indutus (part. A þ Ablative) clothed with induviae (noun f. 1, pl.) persistent parts [e.g. shrivelled corolla]; induviatus (adj. A) clothed with withered parts -ineae (suff., adj. A, Nominative f. pl.) added to stem of name of type family to form name of a suborder inermis (adj. B) unarmed, without spines or stings iners (adj. B) inactive, inert, stagnant [see p. 00] -ineus (Gk suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates a material or colour infectus (part. A) infected, spoiled infecundus (adj. A) not fruitful inferior (adj. compar.) lower; inferne (adv.) below, beneath; infernus (adj. A), inferus (adj. A) lower infestans (part. B) infesting, attacking infestus (adj. A) troublesome, becoming weedy infime (adv.) at the base; infimum (noun n. 2) lowest part, bottom; infimus (adj. A) lowest inflatus (part. A) blown out, inflated inflexus (adj. A) bent inwards, inflexed inflorescence inflorescentia (noun f. 1) infossus (part. A) buried, sunken infra (adv., also prep. þ Accusative) below, on the underside; also pref. in Lat. comp. infractus (part. A) incurved, sharply bent inframedianus (adj. A) slightly below the middle infraterminalis (adj. B) below the apex infrequent infrequens (adj. B); infrequently infrequenter, rarius, interdum, sparse (all adv.) infrons (adj. B) leafless infructescentia (noun f. 1) infructescence, fruiting inflorescence infundibuliformis, infundibularis (both adj. B) funnel-shaped infundibulum see helictoglossa infuscatus (adj. A) brownish ingens (adj. B) huge ingratus (adj. A) unpleasant ingrediens, iniens (both part. B) entering 217 218 Vocabulary inhabitant incola (noun c., 1); inhabiting habitans, incolens, crescens, proveniens, vigens (all part. B), indigenus (adj.A); the following are all nouns of common gender, declined like agricola [see p. 00] inhabitant of … bark corticola, … burned places focicola, … deserts deserticola, … mountains monticola, … plants planticola, … plum trees prunicola, … river banks rivicola, … rocky places rupicola, saxicola, … snow nivicola, … woods silvicola iniens (part. B) entering initial initium (noun n. 2); primus (adj. A) initium (noun n. 2) beginning, initial injurious noxius (adj. A); injury noxa (noun f. 1) inland mediterraneus (adj. A) inluminans (part. B) luminescent innatus (part. A þ Dative or with ‘in’ þ Ablative) borne within; in lichens, sunken, immersed inner interior (adj. compar.); innermost intimus (adj. A) innocuus, innoxius (both adj. A) harmless innominatus (adj. A) unnamed innovans (part. B) renewing innovation innovatio (noun f. 3) innoxius (adj. A) harmless innumerus (adj. A), innumerabilis (adj. B) countless inodorus (adj. A) scentless inoperculatus (adj. A) without a lid or operculum inordinatio (noun f. 3) Voigtii (noun Genitive sing., remains unchanged if inordinatio is declined) Voigt fault inordinatus (adj. A) irregular, not ordered; inordinate, inordinatim, inordinaliter (all adv.) disorderly, irregularly inquilinus (adj. A) naturalised, introduced inquinatus (part. A) fouled, polluted, stained insculptus (part. A) engraved, cut into insect insectum (noun n. 2); insect- (in Lat. comp.) insecti-, (in Gk comp.) entomoinserted insertus, intrusus (both part. A), affixus (adj. A); insertion insertio (noun f. 3) Vocabulary inside [noun] pars (noun f. 3) interior (adj. B); also [adj.] internus, penitus (both adj. A); on the inside, inwardly intra, intus, intrinsecus, interius, introrsum, penitus (all adv.); lying on the inside intrarius (adj. A); (in Gk comp.) end-, endo-; turned inside out eversus (part. A) insidens (part. B þ Dative) sitting on, situated on insignis (adj. B) outstanding, distinguished by; insigniter (adv.) remarkably, notably insimul (adv.) at the same time insipidus (adj. A) tasteless, insipid insitum (noun n. 2) graft [scion]; insiticius, insititius (both adj. A) grafted inspersus (part. A) sprinkled upon inspissatus (part. A) thickened instead of vice (adv. þ Genitive), ad invicem (adv. phr.) ; pro- (pref. in Lat. comp.) instructus (part. A þ Ablative) bearing, furnished insuetus (adj. A) unusual, strange insula (noun f. 1) island; insularis (adj. B) insular insuper (prep. þ Accusative, rarely Ablative) above; also (adv.) from above integer (adj. A) entire [see p. 00]; integerrimus (adj. A sup.) quite entire; integri- (in Lat. comp.) entire integument integumentum (noun n. 2) intensely intense, valde (both adv.) inter (prep. þ Accusative) among, between, during; also pref. in Lat. comp.; interaneus (adj. A) inward, internal intercalary intercalaris (adj. B); intercalary band [in diatoms] copula (noun f. 1) interceptus (part. A) intercepted, interrupted intercurrens (part. B) running between interdum (adv.) infrequently, sometimes interea (adv.) meanwhile intergeniculum (noun n. 2) intergeniculum interim, ad (adv. phr.) meanwhile interior (adj. compar.) inner; interius (adv.) on the inside, inwardly interjacens (part. B) intervening interjectus (part. A) placed between 219 220 Vocabulary intermediate intermedius (adj. A), [passing from one to another] transitorius (adj. A) intermingled commixtus (part. A); intermingling commiscens (part. B) intermixed immixtus (part. A) internal interaneus, internus (both adj. A); internally interne (adv.) internodium (noun n. 2) hypocotyl, internode internus (adj. A) internal, inward; interne (adv.) inwardly, internally interordinatus (adj. A) fitted together interpetiolar interpetiolaris (adj. B) interpositus (part. A) placed between, interposed interrupted interruptus (part. A); interruptedly interrupte (adv.) interspersus (adj. A) interspersed, strewn interstitium (noun n. 2) interstice, space between interstria interstria (noun f. 1) interthecial interthecialis (adj. B) interval intervallum, spatium (both noun n. 2) intervening interjacens (part. B) interwoven implexus, implicatus, implicitus (all part. A) intimus (adj. A) innermost; intime (adv.) inwardly, internally intinium (noun n. 2) intine, inner layer of spore into in, intra (both prep. þ Accusative) intonsus (adj. A) shaggy, bristly intortus (part. A) twisted, bent upon itself intra (adv., pref. in Lat. comp.) on the inside, inwardly; also (prep. þ Accusative) within, into, during intracalycinus (adj. A) intracalycine, within the calyx intracellularis (adj. B) within a cell intramarginalis (adj. B) intramarginal, within and near the margin intrarius (adj. A) lying on the inside, turned towards the axis intrastaminalis (adj. B) intrastaminal, within the stamens intricate contortuplicatus (adj. A), intricatus (part. A); intricately intricate (adv.) intrinsecus (adv.) on the inside, inwardly intro (adv.) inwardly [indicates motion]; also pref. in Lat. comp. introduced inquilinus (adj. A), introductus (part. A); introduced into intromissus (part. A with in þ Accusative) Vocabulary introflexus (adj. A) bent inwards intromissus (part. A with in þ Accusative) introduced into introrsum (adv.) on the inside, inwardly introrsus (adj. A) introrse intrusus (part. A) inserted intumescens (part. B) swelling up intus (adv.) on the inside, inwardly inunctus (adj. A) shining, glossy inundatus (part. A) flooded -inus (Gk or Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates possession or resemblance invadens (part. B) invading, attacking; invasus (part. A) invaded, attacked inventus (part. A) discovered, found inverse, inversum (both adv.) upside down; inversus (part. A) turned about or upside down invicem (adv.) in turn, alternately, one after another; ad invicem instead of invisible invisibilis (adj. B) involucre involucrum (noun n. 2); involucral involucralis (adj. B); involucrate involucratus (adj. A); involucel involucellum (noun n. 2); involucral scale tegula (noun f. 1) involucrellum involucrellum (noun n. 2) involutus (part. A) involute, rolled inwards, enveloped; involvens (part. B) enveloping inward internus (adj. A); inwardly interne, intime, intrinsecum, introrsum (all adv.); [indicating motion] intro (adv.) -io (Lat. suff., noun f. 3, with verb as stem) indicates a result, usually abstract iodine iodum (noun n. 2); iodide iodidum (noun n. 2); iodate iodas (noun m. 3); iodised iodatus, iodisatus (both adj. A) ion-, iono- (in Gk comp.) violet-coloured ipse, ipsa, ipsum (pron.) himself, herself, itself [see p. 00] iridescens (part. B) iridescent iron ferrum (noun n. 2); also ferreus (adj. A) irregular asymmetricus, inordinatus, zygomorphicus (all adj. A), irregularis (adj. B); irregularly asymmetrice, inordinate, inordinatim, inordinaliter, irregulariter (all adv.) irriguus (adj. A) well-watered, soaked 221 222 Vocabulary irritabilis (adj. B) sensitive [to a stimulus] is (determ. pron. m.) it [see p. 00] isabellinus (adj. A) isabella, soiled tawny yellow ischno- (in Gk comp.) thin, slender isidium isidium (noun n. 2); isidiatus (adj. A) with isidia; isidioideus (adj. A) having the form of an isidium island insula (noun f. 1); pertaining to islands insularis (adj. B), (in Gk comp.) nesoiso- (in Gk comp.) equal, like isobilateralis (adj. B) isobilateral isodiametrus (adj. A) isodiametrical isogamete isogameta (noun f. 1) isolated sejunctus, segregatus (both part. A) isomerus (adj. A) isomerous isophyllus (adj. A) isophyllous; [in mosses and ferns] stem and branch leaves all the same isostichus (adj. A) isostichous isosyntype isosyntypus (noun m. 2) isotomic isotomicus (adj. A) isotomous isotomus (adj. A) isotype isotypus (noun m. 2) isovalvate isovalvatus (adj. A) issuing from enatus (part. A) isthmus isthmus (noun m. 2); isthmoid isthmoideus (adj. A) it is [m.], ea [f.], id [n.] (pron.) [see p. 00]; ille [m.], illa [f.], illud [n.] (dem. pron.) [see p. 00]; when the subject of a verb, ‘it’ is part of that word and is not translated separately, e.g. differt, it differs ita (adv.) so, thus; itaque (adv.) consequently, therefore iter (noun n. 3) journey iterum (adv.) again, a second time; iterum atque iterum again and again -iticus (Gk suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates fitness for something itidem (adv.) likewise itself, of sui (pron., m., n.), suae (f.) -itius (Lat. suff., adj. A, with verb as stem) indicates a completed action Vocabulary -ius (Gk or Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates resemblance or connection ivory [colour] eburneus (adj. A) -ivus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun or verb as stem) indicates ability to do something -izans (Lat. suff., part. B, with noun as stem) indicates forming or becoming like J jam, iam (adv.) now jamdudum (adv.) long ago jelly gelatina (noun f. 1); jelly-like gelatinus, gelineus, tremelloideus, tremellosus (all adj. A) jodum (noun n. 2) iodine q.v. join [union] junctura (noun f. 1); joined colligatus, conflatus, connatus, conjunctus, conjugatus, consociatus, junctus (all part. A), sy-, syl-, sym-, syn-, sys- (all pref. in Gk comp.); joining jungens (part. B); joined together colligatus (part. A) joint articulus (noun m. 2), geniculum (noun n. 2), junctura (noun f.1); jointed articulatus (part. A); joint (segment) articulus (noun m. 2); arthro- (in Gk comp.) jointly conjuncte (adv.) journey iter (noun n. 3) juba (noun f. 1) [in grasses] a panicle jugatus (part. A) yoked together in pairs jugum (noun n. 2) yoke, collar juice succus (noun m. 2); juicy succidus, succosus (both adj. A) juiceless exsuccus (adj. A) julaceus (adj. A) julaceous, catkin-like, bearing catkins junceus (adj. A) rush-like; juncetum (noun n. 2) rushy place; juncosus (adj. A) full of rushes; juncifolius (adj. A) rush-leaved junctio (noun f. 3) connection, union junctus (part. A) joined, united; junctura (noun f. 1) join, joint, union jungens (part. B) joining, linking just admodum, modo (both adv.); just as sicut (adv.) juste (adv.) rightly, justly; justus (adj. A) rightful, just 223 224 Vocabulary jutting out projectus (part. A), procurrens (part. B), extans (part. B) juvenilis, juvenis (both adj. B) young, juvenile juventus (noun f. 3) youth juxta (adv., also prep. þ Accusative) next to, near, beside K kalium (noun n. 2) potassium keel carina (noun f. 1); belonging to the keel carinalis (adj. B); with a keel carinatus (adj. A); without a keel ecarinatus (adj. A) keiki [in orchids] corisca (noun f. 1) kept asservatus, conservatus (both part. A) kermesinus (adj. A) crimson kernel nucleus (noun m. 2), granum (noun n. 2); having a kernel nucleatus (adj. A) key [to species etc.] clavis (noun f. 3), [fruit] samara (noun f. 1) kidney-shaped [flat object] reniformis (adj. B), [solid object] nephroideus (adj. A); kidney- (in Gk comp.) nephrokilling enecans (part. B), funestus (adj. A); (in Lat. comp.) -cidus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) -ctonus (adj. A) kind: what kind or sort? qualis (pron. adj., decl. like laevis, see p. 00) kingdom regnum (noun n. 2) kleptochloroplast kleptochloroplastus (noun m. 2) knee, bent like geniculatus, genuflexus (both adj. A) knife-like, knife-shaped cultriformis (adj. B) knobbed torulosus (adj. A); knobby nodosus (adj. A); knob-like gongylodes (adj. C) knot [swelling esp. on stem] ganglion (noun n. 2); knot-like gangliiformis (adj. B); with knot-like swellings ganglioneus (adj. A) known cognitus (part. A) L labellum labellum (noun n. 2) labiatus (adj. A) lipped labidus (adj. A), labilis (adj. B) slippery Vocabulary labium (noun n. 2) labium, lower lip of corolla; labiosus (adj. A) largelipped; labriformis (adj. B) lip-shaped lac (noun n. 3) milky juice laccatus (adj. A) appearing varnished lacerate lacerus (adj. A), laceratus (part. A) lachno- (in Gk comp.) woolly lacinia (noun f. 1) lacinia; laciniatus (adj. A) laciniate; laciniifolius (adj. A) laciniate-leaved; laciniosus (adj. A) very laciniate; lacinula (noun f. 1) small or fine lacinia lacking carens, deficiens (both part. B), destitutus, demptus (both part. A), nullus (adj. A); it is lacking deest (verb, 1st pers. sing., pres.); they are lacking desunt (verb, 3rd pers. pl., pres.); lacking (in Gk comp. before a vowel) anlacrimiformis (adj. B) shaped like a tear drop lactaneus, lacteus, lactineus (all adj. A) milky-white; lactarius (adj. A) milky; lactifer (adj. A) milk-producing; lacti- (in Lat. comp.) milk, milky [refers to either colour or latex] lactose lactosum (noun n. 2) lacuna (noun f. 1) lacuna, airspace [in tissue], depression [in lichen thallus], also a pond; lacunosus (adj. A) covered with depressions lacus (noun m. 4) lake [see p. 00]; lacuster (adj. A), lacustris (adj. B) of lakes ladder-like scalariformis, scalaris (both adj. B) laden onustus (adj. A) laesio (noun f. 3) damage, injury; laesus (adj. A) damaged laesura (noun f. 1) [in some ferns] a ridge around the apertural slit laete (adv.) brightly, lightly laevis, levis (both adj. B) smooth [see p. 00]; laevigatus, levigatus (both adj. A) smooth, smoothed laevulosus (adj. A) laevulose lageniformis (adj. B) flask-shaped lake lacus (noun m. 4) [see p. 00]; of lakes lacuster (adj. A), lacustris (adj. B) lamella (noun f. 1) thin plate of tissue, gill; lamellaris (adj. B), lamellatus (adj. A), lamellosus (adj. A) lamellate; lamellula (noun f. 1) lamellule lamina (noun f. 1) blade; laminaris, laminiformis (both adj. B) blade-like lampro- (in Gk comp.) bright, shining 225 226 Vocabulary lana (noun f. 1) wool; lanatus, lanosus (both adj. A) woolly lanceolate lanceolatus (adj. A), (in Lat. comp.) lanciland terra (noun f. 1); also terrestris (adj. B); land, relating to agrarius (adj. A) laneus (adj. A) wool-like languescens (part. B) wilting, withering lani- (in Lat. comp.) woolly lanosus (adj. A) woolly lanuginosus (adj. A) woolly lapidolithus (noun m. 2) lapidolith lapidosus (adj. A) stony; lapideus (adj. A) stone-hard, made of stone; lapidescens (part. B) becoming stone-hard; lapidulus (noun m. 2) small stone, pebble. See also saxum lapis (noun m. 3) stone lappa (noun f. 1) burr; lappaceus (adj. A) burr-like lapsus (noun m. 4) fall [shedding] laqueus (noun m. 2) snare, noose large grandis (adj. B), magnus (adj. A); (in Lat. comp.) grandi-, magni-; (in Gk comp.) macro-, mega-, megalo-; very large giganteus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) megistolargus (adj. A) abundant, plentiful lasi-, lasio- (in Gk comp.) hairy, woolly last extremus, postremus, ultimus (all adj. A); at last demum, denique, ad postremum (all adv.); lastly demum (adv.) late (adv.) broadly, widely late serotinus (adj. A); produced late [e.g. after the flowers] hysterogenus (adj. A) later postea, posterius (both adv.), [at last] demum, tandem (both adv.), [following after] posterior (comp. adj.) lateral lateralis (adj. B), (in Gk comp.) pleur-, pleuro-; laterally lateraliter (adv.) lateri- (in Lat. comp.) lateral to, at the side latericius, lateritius (both adj. A) brick-red latex latex (noun m. 3) lati- (in Lat. comp.) broad, wide latinus (adj. A) Latin Vocabulary latitudo (noun f. 3) breadth, width latrorsus (adj. A) latrorse latter [the] hic (dem. pron. m) latticed cancellatus, clathratus (both adj. A) latus (adj. A) broad; late (adv.) broadly; perlate (adv.) very broad latus (noun n. 3) side [see p. 00] lavandulaceus, lavandulus (both adj. A) lavender-violet laxus (adj. A) loose; laxe (adv.) loosely; laxi- (in Lat. comp.) loose layer stratum (noun n. 2); in distinct layers stratosus (adj. A); having layers tabulatus (adj. A); -layered (in Lat. comp.) -stratus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) -stromaticus adj. A) lazulinus (adj. A) blue lead plumbum (noun n. 2); leaden plumbeus (adj. A); leaden grey molybdeus (adj. A) leaf folium, phyllum (both noun n. 2); leaf-like foliaceus (adj. A); relating to a leaf foliaris (adj. B); with leaves foliatus (adj. A); -leaved (in Lat. comp.) -foliatus,-folius (both adj. A), (in Gk comp.) -phyllus (adj. A); leaf-bearing foliifer, foliatus (both adj. A); leaf-like foliiformis (adj. B); leafy, full of leaves foliosus, foliaceus, frondosus (all adj. A); unfolding of leaves frondescentia (noun f. 1); with leaves clasping stem amplexifolius (adj. A); without leaves aphyllus (adj. A); having leaves fallen defoliatus (adj. A); relating to leaves (in Gk comp.) phyll-; taking the place of a leaf folianeus (adj. A) leaf-fall defoliatio (noun f. 3) leafless aphyllus (adj. A), infrons (adj. B) leaflet foliolum (noun n. 2); -leafletted-foliolatus (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) leaf-like foliiformis (adj. B), frondosus (adj. A) leaf sheath vagina (noun f. 1) folii (noun Genitive sing., remains unchanged if vagina is declined) leaning inclinatus (part. A) least minimus (adj. A); at least minimum, saltem, quidem (all adv.), ut minimum (adv. phr.) leather-coloured alutaceus (adj. A) leathery coriaceus (adj. A) -leaved (in Lat. comp.) -folius,-foliatus, (in Gk comp.) -phyllus (all adj. A) leaving linquens (part. B); leaving off abiens (part. B) 227 228 Vocabulary lebetiformis (adj. B) basin-shaped lecanorinus (adj. A) lecanorine lecideinus (adj. A) lecidine, having apothecia lectotype lectotypus (noun m. 2) lectus (noun m. 2) bed lectus (part. A) collected, chosen, gathered leek green porraceus, prasinus (both adj. A) left, to the in sinistrum (adv. phr.) left behind relictus (part. A) legumen (noun n. 3) legume, pod [see p. 00]; leguminaceus (adj. A) having the character of a legume; leguminosus (adj. A) legume-bearing lei-, leio-, (in Gk comp.) smooth lemma lemma (noun n. 3) lemon-scented citriodorus (adj. A); lemon-shaped citriformis, limoniformis (both adj. B); lemon yellow citrinus (adj. A) length longitudo (noun f. 3); lengthened protentus (part. A), elongatus (adj. A); lengthwise, longitudinally longitrorsum (adv.), longitudinaliter (adv.), in longitudinem (adv. phr.); equal in length aequilongus (adj. A) length, at demum, denique (both adv.) lenis (adj. B) soft; leniter (adv.) softly leniter (adv.) gently, mildly lens lens (noun f. 3); lens-shaped lenticularis, lentiformis (both adj. B); under a lens sub lente (adv. phr.) lenticularis (adj. B) lens-shaped lentiginosus (adj. A) freckled lentus (adj. A) pliant, sluggish, viscous lepidotus (adj. A) covered with small scales; lepido- (in Gk comp.) scale-, scalylepiotoid lepiotoideus (adj. A) leprosus (adj. A) scurfy on the surface lept-, lepto- (in Gk comp.) slender, thin, narrow leptosporangiatus (adj. A) leptosporangiate lesiniformis (adj. B) awl-shaped lesion laesio (noun f. 3) Vocabulary less minor (adj. B, compar. of parvus); also minus (adv.); (in Gk comp.) mei-, meiolethalis (adj. B) lethal, deadly leuc-, leuco- (in Gk comp.) white-[with colour terms indicates pale tone] leucocysta (noun f. 1) leucocyst leucosporous leucosporus (adj. A) level planus (adj. A); levelled aequatus, deplanatus (both part. A); on the same level complanus (adj. A) levis see laevis leviter (adv.) lightly liane liana (noun f. 1) liber (adj. A; Genitive sing. liberi) free [see p. 00]; liberatus (part. A) set free, released; libere (adv.) freely liber (noun m. 2; Genitive sing. libri) book, inner bark of tree [see p. 00] lichen lichen (noun m. 3) lid operculum, pyxidium (both noun n. 2); lidded operculatus, pyxidatus (both adj. A) life vita (noun f. 1) ligature colligatio (noun f. 3) light [illumination] lux (noun f. 3); light-loving photophilus (adj. A) light [pale] dilutus (part. A), pallidus (adj. A); lightly laete, leviter, modice, tenuiter (all adv.) lignum (noun n. 2) wood; ligneus, lignosus (both adj. A) woody; lignescens (adj. B) becoming woody; lignatilis (adj. B) growing on wood ligule ligula (noun f. 1); ligulate ligulatus (adj. A), loratus (adj. A), loriformis (adj. B) liguliflorus (adj. A) having a head of only ligulate florets like [similar] similis (adj. B þ Dative or Genitive), parilis (adj. B); (in Gk comp.) homo-, homoeo-, homoio-, iso-; likeness similitudo (noun f. 3); -like (in Lat. comp.) -formis (adj. A) likewise item, itidem, similiter (all adv.), necnon, neque non (conj.) lilacinus (adj. A) lilac [colour] liliaceus (adj. A) lily-like limb limbus (noun m. 2) limbidium limbidium (noun n. 2) 229 230 Vocabulary lime calx (noun f. 3); limy calcareus (adj. A) limes (noun m. 3) boundary limestone saxum (noun n. 2) calcareum (adj. A) limi- (in Lat. comp.) mudlimitatus (part. A with ad þ Accusative) bounded, bordered, confined to limoniformis (adj. B) shaped like a lemon limosus (adj. A) muddy, growing in muddy place limpidus (adj. A) clear, transparent limus (noun m. 2) mud line, in a single unifariam (adv.), unifarius (adj. A) linea (noun f. 1) line [measurement] linear linearis (adj. B) linearifolius (adj. A) linear-leaved lineatus, lineolatus (both adj. A) marked by fine parallel lines lineola (noun f. 1) [in some diatoms] a line on the surface of the valve lingua (noun f. 1) tongue, also language; linguiformis (adj. B), lingulatus (adj. A) tongue-shaped linifolius (adj. A) flax-leaved linked concatenatus (part. A); linking jungens (part. B) linquens (part. B) leaving, departing from lip labium (noun n. 2); lipped labiatus (adj. A); (in Gk comp.) -chilus,cheilus (both adj. A), cheil-, cheilo-; large-lipped labiosus (adj. A); lipshaped labriformis (adj. B); lower lip [of corolla] labium (noun n. 2) liquidum (noun n. 2) liquid; liquescens (part. B) becoming liquid, liquefying liquidus (adj. A) clear lirella (noun f. 1) lirella; lirellatus (adj. A) having lirella; lirellinus (adj. A) having long, narrow furrows lith-, litho- (in Gk comp.) stone-; -lithus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) -stone lithophyticus (adj. A) growing on rock litoralis see littoralis little parvus, minutus (both adj. A), paulum (adv.); very little minimus, perpaucus (both adj. A); extremely little minutissimus (adj. A); by a little paulo, paullo (both adv.) littoralis, litoralis (both adj. B), littoreus (adj. A) pertaining to the seashore littus, litus (noun n. 3) seashore, beach, bank [see p. 00] Vocabulary liver-coloured hepaticus (adj. A) lividus (adj. A) dull [bluish] grey living vivens (part. B), vivus (adj. A); (in Gk comp.) -bius (adj. A); in living state in statu vivo; it lives habitat (verb 3rd pers. sing. pres.) lobe lobus (noun m. 2); lobed lobatus (adj. A), (in Lat. comp.) -lobus (adj. A) lobule lobulus (noun m. 2); lobulatus (adj. A) having small lobes localis (adj. B) local locality locus (noun m. 2) located locatus (part. A) locellatus (adj. A) chambered, locellate; locellus (noun m. 2) locellus loculus (noun m. 2) loculus, locule; locularis (adj. B), loculatus (adj. A) having locules or cavities; loculicide (adv.) loculicidally; loculicidus (adj. A) loculicide; loculosus (adj. A) having locules or cavities locus (noun m. 2) locality, place lodicule lodicula [in grasses], squamula, squamella, squamellula (all noun f. 1) lofty celsus, excelsus (both adj. A), exaltatus (part. A) lomato- (in Gk comp.) fringed, bordered lomentum (noun n. 2) loment; lomentaceus (adj. A) bearing or resembling a loment long longus (adj. A); moderately long longiusculus (adj. A); a long time diu (adv.); a very long time diutius (adv.); long-lasting diutinus, diuturnus (both adj. A); long- (in Lat. comp.) longi-, (in Gk comp.) dolich-, dolicho-; long ago jamdudum (adv.); long-lived longaevus (adj. A) longaevus (adj. A) of great age longe (adv.) for a long time, far off, lengthwise longinquo (adv.) far off longitrorsum (adv.) lengthwise longitudo (noun f. 3) length; longitudinalis (adj. B) longitudinal; longitudinaliter (adv.), in longitudinem (adv. phr.) lengthwise, longitudinally longiturnitas (noun f. 3) duration longiusculus (adj. A) moderately long loose [not crowded] laxus (adj. A), [free] liber (adj. A) [see p. 00], [not clinging together] incohaerens (part. B); loosely (adv.) laxe lopadolithus (noun m. 2) lopadolith 231 232 Vocabulary loph-, lophio-, lopho- (in Gk comp.) crest-, crestedloratus (adj. A), loriformis (adj. B) ligulate, strap-shaped lorica lorica (noun f. 1); loricate loricatus (adj. A) lovely venustus (adj. A) loving amans (part. B), (in Gk comp.) -philus (adj. A); it loves amat (1st pers. sing., verb amo) low, low-growing humilis (adj. B), demissus (part. A); lowly chaemae(in Gk comp.); lower infernus, inferus (both adj. A), inferior (adj. compar.); lowest imus, infimus (both adj. A); lowest part imum, infimum (both noun n. 2) lubricus (adj. A) smooth and slippery, lubricous lucens (part. B) glistening; lucidus (adj. A) shining, clear, transparent lumbricalis, lumbriciformis (both adj. B) worm-shaped lumen (noun. n. 3) lumen luminescent inluminans (part. B) lumpy glebosus (adj. A) lunaris (adj. B), lunatus (adj. A), lunulatus (adj. A) lunate, crescent-shaped luridus (adj. A) dirty brown, drab yellow lutarius (adj. A), lutensis (adj. B) living on or in mud luteus (adj. A) deep or golden yellow; luteolus (adj. A) pale yellow, yellowish; lutescens (adj. B) becoming yellow lutum (noun n. 2) mud lux (noun f. 3) light [illumination] luxuriant luxurians (part. B) lying upon or close to applicitus (part. A) lyrate lyratus (adj. A) M macer, macilentus (adj. A) meagre macr-, macro- (in Gk comp.) large, long macroconidium macroconidium (noun n. 2) macrocysta (noun f. 1) macrocyst macronema (noun n. 3) macronema macrospora (noun f. 1) macrospore, megaspore; macrosporangium (noun n. 2) macrosporangium, megasporangium Vocabulary macula (noun f. 1) blotch, spot, mesh of a network [see p. 00]; maculatus (part. A) blotched, spotted; maculiformis (adj. B) spot-shaped; maculosus (adj. A) full of spots made factus (part. A); making faciens (part. B); made up of constatus (part. A with e or ex þ Ablative) madefactus (part. A) moistened, soaked; madidus (adj. A) moist, wet mador (noun m. 3) moisture magenteus (adj. A) magenta magis (adv.) more [to a greater degree] magni- (in Lat. comp.) large magnification magnificatio (noun f. 3); magnified amplificatus, auctus (both part. A); to indicate how much, use e.g. × 10, × 50 magnitudo (noun f. 3) size magnopere (adv.) exceedingly, greatly [see p. 00] magnus ( adj. A) big, large; magni- (in Lat. comp.) large main principalis (adj. B); mainly praecipue (adv.) major (adj., comp. of magnus) greater making efficiens, faciens, formans (all part. B) malachiteus (adj. A) malachite green male mas (adj. B), masculus (adj. A), masculinus (adj. A); or use symbol ♂; (in Gk comp.) andro-, -andrus (adj. A) malus (adj. A) bad; male (adv.) badly [see p. 00] malvinus (adj. A), malvicolor (adj. B) mauve [see p. 00] mamilla (noun f. 1) nipple, teat, small protuberance; mamillatus (adj. A) mamillate; mamilliformis, mammiformis (both adj. B) nipple-shaped mancus (adj. A) imperfect, defective mandarinus (adj. A) mandarin-red manens (part. B) remaining, staying manifestus (adj. A) evident, obvious; manifeste (adv.) clearly, obviously manner modus (noun m. 2) manocyst manocystis (noun f. 3) manoxylic manoxylon (adj. C) mantle chlamys (noun f. 3); mantled (in Gk comp.) chlamydmanubrium (noun n. 2) manubrium 233 234 Vocabulary many multus, numerosus (both adj. A); very many perplurimus (adv.); as many as quot, tot quot (both adj. indecl.); many- (in Lat. comp.) mult-, multi-, plur-, (in Gk comp.) polymarble marmor (noun n. 3); marbled marmoratus (adj. A); like marble, growing on marble marmoreus (adj. A) marcescens (part. B) withering but not falling off; marcidus (adj. A) withered mare (noun n. 3) the sea [see p. 00] margaritaceus, margaritatus (both adj. A) pearly, pearl-like margin margo (noun m. or f. 3) [see p. 00]; marginal marginalis (adj. B); margined marginatus (adj. A); -margined (in Lat. comp.) -marginatus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) -craspedus (adj. A); margining marginans (part. B); without differentiated marginal cells elimbatus (adj. A); attached by the margin palaceus (adj. A) marginicidalis (adj. B) marginicidal marinus (adj. A) marine, growing in the sea maritimus (adj. A) growing by the sea; maritima (noun f. 1) coast mark nota (noun f. 1), signum (noun n. 2); marked notatus, signatus (both part. A); markedly valde (adv.); a small mark notula (noun f. 1) marmor (noun n. 3) marble; marmoratus (adj. A) marbled, irregularly striped or veined; marmoreus (adj. A) like marble, growing on marble marroninus (adj. A) maroon marsh palus (noun f. 3); (in Gk comp.) heleo-, helo-; marshy palustris (adj. B), uliginosus (adj. A); pertaining to marshes (in Lat. comp.) paludmarsupiatus (adj. A) pouched; marsupiiformis (adj. B) pouch-shaped, pocket-like; marsupium (noun n. 2) pouch, pocket mas (adj. B, also n. 3, both with stem mar-), masculus (adj. A), masculinus (adj. A) male massa (noun f. 1) a mass, lump massed acervulatus (adj. A) massula (noun f. 1) group of microspores enclosed in hardened mucilage mastigonema (noun n. 3) mastigoneme, flimmer, tinsel mastoideus (adj. A) nipple-like mat teges (noun f. 3) matricalis (adj. B) maternal, within the ovary matrix matrix (noun f. 3) Vocabulary matt [made dull] hebetatus (part. A), [unpolished] impolitus (adj. A), [shaded] opacus (adj. A) matted implicitus, implexus (both adj. A) mattress, like a xylostromatoideus (adj. A) maturatio (noun f. 3) ripening; maturescens (part. B) ripening; maturitas (noun f. 3) ripeness, maturity; in maturitate at maturity; maturus (adj. A) ripe mature (adv.) early mature [ripe, adult] adultus (adj. A), exoletus (part. A), maturus (adj. A); not yet mature, adulescens (part. B) matutinus (adj. A) of the morning mauve malvinus (adj. A), malvicolor (adj. B) [see p. 00] maxime (adv.) extremely, greatly; maximus (adj. A, superl. of magnus); ut maximum (adv. phr.) greatest [at most] maybe fortasse (adv.) mazaedium (noun n. 2) mazedium meadow pratum (noun n. 2); pertaining to meadows pratensis (adj. B), (in Gk comp.) nomomeagre macer, macilentus (both adj. A) mealy farinosus (adj. A) means [ability] ops (noun f. 3) meanwhile interea (adv.), ad interim (adv. phr.) measured mensus (part. A); measuring metiens (part. B) medianus (adj. A) middle; medianum (noun n. 2) the middle; medi(in Lat. comp.) middlemedicinal medicinalis, officinalis (both adj. B), medicus (adj. A) medifixus (adj. A) attached at or by the middle mediostratum (noun n. 2) mediostratum mediterraneus (adj. A) inland, also Mediterranean medium (noun n. 2) the middle; medius (adj. A) central, mid medivalvis (adj. B) attached to middle of valve medulla (noun f. 1) medulla, pith; medullosus (adj. A) medullary, pithy meeting conveniens, incidens (both part. B þ Accusative) mega-, megalo- (in Gk comp.) large megasporangium megasporangium (noun n. 2) 235 236 Vocabulary megaspore megaspora, macrospora (both noun f. 1) megasporocarpa (noun f. 1), megasporocarpus (noun m. 2), megasporocarpium (noun n. 2) megasporocarp megisto- (in Gk comp.) very large mei-, meio- (in Gk comp.) less, smaller, fewer meiosporangium meiosporangium (noun n. 2) mel (noun n. 3) honey; melleus (adj. A) honey-coloured mel-, melan-, melano- (in Gk comp.) black, very dark melior (adj. compar.), melius (adv.) better melleus (adj. A) honey-coloured; mellitus (adj. A) pertaining to honey melting deliquescens (part. B) membrane membrana (noun f. 1), (in Gk comp.) hymen-; membranous membranaceus (adj. A); membrane-bearing membranifer (adj. A) membrum (noun n. 2) member, element [a part of something] meniscatus (adj. A) crescent-shaped meniscoideus (adj. A) thin, convex mensis (noun m. 3) month; menstruus (adj. A) monthly, lasting a month mensus (part. A) measured mentiens (part. B) imitating merging transiens, commiscens (both part. B) mericarp mericarpium (noun n. 2) meridionalis (adj. B) south, southern meristem meristema (noun n. 3) merosporangium merosporangium (noun n. 2) -merus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) refers to parts or their numbers mesh macula (noun f. 1) [see p. 00] meso- (in Gk comp.) middlemesocarp mesocarpium (noun n. 2) mesonervus (noun m. 2) main vein of frond mesoperidium (noun n. 2) mesoperidium mesospore mesospora (noun f. 1) met-, meta- (pref. in Gk comp.) among, associated with, changed, substituted for Vocabulary metallic metallicus (adj. A) metiens (part. B) measuring metre metrum (noun n. 2), meter (noun m. 2); a metre long metralis (adj. B) metula metula (noun f. 1) metuloid metuloida (noun f. 1) micaceus (adj. A) covered with glistening particles, growing on mica micans (part. B) gleaming and slightly metallic micro- (in Gk comp.) small microconidium microconidium (noun n. 2) microcyst microcystis (noun f. 3) microphylline [with minute leaflets or leafy scales] microphyllinus (adj. A) micropyle micropyle (noun f. 1) [see p. 00] microscope microscopium (noun n. 2); microscopic microscopicus (adj. A) microsporangium microsporangium (noun n. 2) microspore microspora (noun f. 1) microsporocarp microsporocarpa (noun f. 1), microsporocarpus (noun m. 2), microsporocarpium (noun n. 2) mid medius (adj. A) middle medianus, medius (both adj. A); the middle medianum, medium (both noun n. 2); attached at or by the middle medifixus (adj. A); middle- (in Lat. comp.) medi-, (in Gk comp.) mesomidrib costa (noun f. 1); relating to the midrib costalis (adj. B) mihi (pron. Dative) to me [indicates responsibility or authority] mild mitis (adj. A); mildly leniter (adv.) mildew robigo (noun f. 3) milk [juice] lac (noun n. 3), latex (noun m. 3); milky [juice] lacteus, lactarius (both adj. A); milk-white [colour] lactaneus, lacteus, lactineus (all adj. A), lacticolor (adj. B) [see p. 00]; milk-producing lactifer (adj. A); milk-, milky [refers to both colour and latex] (in Lat. comp.) lacti-, (in Gk comp.) gal-, gala-, galacto-; milk-like [in consistency] emulsivus (adj. A) mille (num. adj. indecl.) thousand mimosinus (adj. A) mimosa-yellow mingled immixtus, mistus, mixtus (all part. A), miscellus, misturatus (both adj. A) 237 238 Vocabulary miniatus (adj. A) flame-scarlet minimus (adj. A) least, very small; minimum (adv.), ut minimum (adv. phr.) at least; minime (adv.) very little, least; minimopere (adv.) not at all minor,-us (comp. adj., from parvus) smaller, lesser minuens (part. B) diminishing minus (comp. adj. n., from parvus) smaller; also adv., less minutus (adj. A) little; minute (adv.) minutely, finely; minutissimus (adj. A) extremely little miscellus (adj. A) mixed mischoblastiomorpha mischoblastiomorpha (noun f. 1) misshapen deformis (adj. B) mistake erratum (noun n. 2) mistus (part. A), misturatus (adj. A) mingled, mixed mitis (adj. A) mild, soft mitosporangium mitosporangium (noun n. 2) mitratus (adj. A) mitre-like, having a mitre mixed see mingled mixomorpha (noun f. 1) mixomorph mobile mobilis (adj. B) moderately moderate, modice, parce (all adv.), bono modo (adv. phr.) modo (adv.) just modus (noun m. 2) manner, way of happening moist humectus, humidus, madidus, uvidus (all adj. A), (in Gk comp.) hygro-; moistened humectatus, humefactus, madefactus (all part. A); moisture mador (noun m. 3); moisture-absorbing bibulus (adj. A) molecule molecula (noun f. 1); molecular molecularis (adj. B) mollis (adj. B) soft; molliusculus (adj. A) somewhat soft; molliter (adv.) softly molybdeus (adj. A) leaden grey mon-, mono- (in Gk comp.) onemonas (noun f. 3, stem monad-) unit moniliformis (adj. B) moniliform monocarpic monocarpus, monocarpicus, monocarpaeus, monotocus, hapaxanthus (all adj. A) Vocabulary monochasial monochasialis (adj. A); monochasium monochasium (noun n. 2) monocotyledon monocotyledon (noun m. 3) monoecious monoecius, monoicus (both adj. A); gynomonoecious gynomonoecius (adj. A) monolete monoletus (adj. A) monomitic monomiticus (adj. A) monomorphic monomorphus (adj. A) monophyllus (adj. A) [in lichens] monophyllous monopodium monopodium (noun n. 2); monopodial monopodialis (adj. B) monosiphonius (adj. A) monosiphonous monotocus (adj. A) producing offspring once mons (noun m. 3) mountain monstruosus, monstrosus (adj. A) monstrous, abnormal montanus (adj. A) montane month mensis (noun m. 3); monthly, lasting a month menstruus (adj. A) monti- (in Lat. comp.) mountainmonticola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of mountains montosus (adj. A) mountainous moor ericetum (noun n. 2) morbidus, morbosus (both adj. A) diseased; morbus (noun m. 2) disease morchelliformis (adj. B) morel-shaped more plus (adj., comp. of multus), [in quantity] plus (adv.), [in degree] magis (adv.); may also be expressed by comp. of adj. [see p. 00]; more than ultra (adv.), plus quam; more or less approximatus (part. A), plus minusve (adv. phr.); little more than quasi (adv.); more than usual (in Gk comp.) pleiomorning, of the matutinus (adj. A) morphology morphologia (noun f. 1) -morphus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) -shaped mosaic mosaicus (adj. A) moschatus (adj. A) musk-scented moss muscus (noun m. 2); mossy, moss-like muscosus (adj. A); moss(in Gk comp.) bryo-, -bryon,-bryum (noun n. 2) most plurimus (adj. A); (in Gk comp.) pleisto- 239 240 Vocabulary mostly [generally] plerumque (adv.), [commonly] vulgo (adv.), [at most] ut maximum (adv. phr.), [for the most part] pro parte maxima motile mobilis (adj. B), movens (part. B); motus (noun m. 4) movement mottled colubrinus (adj. A) mouldy mucidus, mucedinosus (both adj. A) mound [of earth] agger (noun m. 3), tumulus (noun m. 2) mounded acervatus, cumulatus (both adj. A) mountain mons (noun m. 3); montane montanus (adj. A); mountainous montosus (adj. A); mountain- (in Lat. comp.) monti-, (in Gk comp.) oreomouth os (noun n. 3; stem or-), ostium (noun n. 2) movement motus (noun m. 4) movens (part. B) motile, moving mox (adv.) soon much multus (adj. A), also [in comparisons] multum [see p. 00], multo (both adv.), also za- (pref. in Gk comp.); much as tanquam (adv.); much more … than multo magis (adv.) … quam; not much vix, paulo (both adv.), non nihil (adv. phr.); too much nimis (adv.) mucidus, mucedinosus (both adj. A) mouldy muciger (adj. A) mucus-bearing or-producing mucilage mucus (noun m. 2); mucilaginous mucilaginus, mucosus (both adj. A); mucus- (in Gk comp.) myx-, myxomucocysta (noun f. 1) vesicle secreting mucus-like material mucro mucro (noun m. 3) mucronate mucronatus (adj. A) [see p. 00] mucus (noun m. 2) slime; mucosus (adj. A) slimy, mucilaginous mud limus (noun m. 2), lutum (noun n. 2); muddy, growing in muddy place limosus (adj. A); mud- (in Lat. comp.) limi-; living on or in mud lutarius (adj. A), lutensis (adj. B) mult-, multi- (in Lat. comp.) manymultifariam (adv.) in many rows; multifarius (adj. A) many-rowed multiplex (adj. B) having many parts of the same kind together, as a double flower multiplication multiplicatio (noun f. 3); multiplied multiplicatus, auctus (both part. A) multiseptatus (adj. A) with many septa Vocabulary multo (adv.) by much, much; multum (adv.) greatly, much [see p. 00]; multus (adj. A) many, much; multo magis (adv. phr.) … quam much more … than; mult-, multi- (in Lat. comp.) many-; multoties (adv.) many times munitus (part. A) provided with [fortified by] muralis (adj. B) of or on walls muriaticus (adj. A) hydrochloric muricatus (adj. A) muricate muriformis (adj. B) muriform [appearing wall-like] murinus (adj. A) mouse-grey murus (noun m. 2) wall, low ridge muscosus (adj. A) mossy, moss-like; muscus (noun m. 2) moss mushroom-shaped fungiformis, fungilliformis (both adj. B) musk-scented moschatus (adj. A) mutabilis (adj. B) changeable, variable [esp. of colour]; mutatus (part. A) altered, changed mutatio (noun f. 3) mutation muticus (adj. A) blunt, awnless mutilatus (part. A) mutilated mutue, mutuo (both adv.) mutually, reciprocally myc-, mycel-, myceto-, myco-, -myces (in Gk comp.) fungal, fungus-, -fungus mycelial mycelialis (adj. B); mycelium mycelium (noun n. 2), tela (noun f. 1); mycology mycologia (noun f. 1) mycenoideus (adj. A) Mycena-like mycobiont mycobion (noun m. 3; stem-onti-) mycorrhiza (noun f. 1) mycorrhiza; mycorrhizalis (adj. B) mycorrhizal myri-, myrio- (pref. in Gk comp.) countless, very many myriosporous myriosporus (adj. A) myrme-, myrmec-, myrmeco- (in Gk comp.) pertaining to ants myx-, myxo- (in Gk comp.) slimy, slime-, mucus- N nail- [bolt] (in Gk comp.) gomphonaked nudus (adj. A); somewhat naked nudiusculus (adj. A); having a naked fruit gymnocarpus (adj. A); naked- (in Gk comp.) gymno- 241 242 Vocabulary name nomen (noun n. 3); named nominatus (adj. A) namely nempe, scilicet (both adv.), id est [= i.e.] nan-, nann-, nano-, nanno- (in Gk comp.) dwarf nanus (adj. A) dwarf napiformis (adj. B) turnip-shaped narcotic narcoticus (adj. A) narrow angustus (adj. A); narrowed angustatus [see p. 00], contractus (both part. A); narrowing descrescens (part. B); narrowly anguste (adv.); very narrow perangustus (adj. A); very narrowly peranguste (adv.); narrow- (in Lat. comp.) angusti-, (in Gk comp.) lept-, leptonascens (part. B) arising, beginning natalis (adj. B) natal, pertaining to birth natans (part. B) floating native indigenus, nativus (both adj. A) natural naturalis (adj. B); naturally naturaliter (adv.) naturalised inquilinus (adj. A) natus (part. A) born naucorioideus (adj. A) Naucoria-like navel-like umbilicatus (adj. A), umbiliciformis (adj. B) navicula (noun f. 1) boat; navicularis, naviculiformis (both adj. B) boat-shaped ne (adv. & conj.) no, not near apud (prep. þ Accusative), prope (adv. or prep. þ Accusative) [see p. 00], pros- (pref. in Gk comp.); near to ad (prep. þ Accusative), juxta (adv. or prep. þ Accusative); nearness vicinia (noun f. 1), vicinitas (noun f. 3) neat concinnus (adj. A) nebulosus (adj. A) clouded nec, neque (both adv. & conj.) not, and not; nec … nec, neque … neque neither … nor; nec … et, neque … et not only … but also; necnon, neque non (both conj.) and also, likewise neck collum (noun n. 2) -necked (in Lat. comp.) -collis (adj. B) necridium necridium (noun n. 2) Vocabulary necrosis (noun f. 3) necrosis, death [usu. of a specific part of a tissue]; necro- (in Gk comp.) dead; necrotroph necrotrophus (noun m. 2) nectar nectar (noun n. 3) [see p. 00]; nectary nectarium (noun n. 2); nectar-bearing nectarifer, nectarifluus, nectareus (all adj. A); nectary (in Gk comp.) -stagma (noun n. 3) needle-like acicularis, aciformis (both adj. B), acerosus (adj. A) neighbouring vicinus, propinquus (both adj. A); neighbour (in Gk comp.) geton (noun m. 3); neighbourhood vicinia (noun f. 1), vicinitas (noun f. 3) neither see nec -nema (in Gk comp., noun n. 3) thread, staminal filament; nemato(in Gk comp.) thread-like nemathecium nemathecium (noun n. 2) nematocyst nematocysta (noun f. 1) nematodontous nematodontus (adj. A) nemoralis (adj. B), nemorosus (adj. A) pertaining to woods; nemus (noun n. 3) woodland grove nempe (adv.) certainly, namely neo- (in Gk comp.) newneotype neotypus (noun m. 2) nephroideus (adj. A) kidney-shaped [solid object]; nephro- (in Gk comp.) kidneyneque see nec nervatura (noun f. 1) veining; nervalis (adj. B) situated on a nerve nerve nervus (noun m. 2); nerved nervatus, nervosus (both adj. A); without nerves enervis (adj. B), enervius (adj. A), nullinervius (adj. A); having nerves that disappear before reaching the margin evanidinervius (adj. A); nerve- (in Lat. comp.) nervi-, (in Gk comp.) neuro-; -nerved (in Lat. comp.) -nervis (adj. B),-nervius (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) -neurus (adj. A); nervation nervatio, venatio (both noun f. 3) nervisequens (adj. B) following the nerves neso- (in Gk comp.) pertaining to islands nestling, nesting in nidulans (part. B) net rete (noun n. 3), (in Lat. comp.) reti-, (in Gk comp.) dictyo-; netlike, netted reticulatus (adj. A) 243 244 Vocabulary network plexus (noun m. 4), reticulum (noun n. 2); network of joined veins or hyphae anastomosis (noun f. 3); irregularly forming a network, anastomosans (part. B); neuro-, -neurus (adj. A) (in Gk comp.) nerved neuter neuter (adj. A) never nunquam, haud (both adv.), nullo modo, nec unquam (both adv. phr.) nevertheless attamen, nihilominus, tamen (all adv.) new novus (adj. A); new- (in Lat. comp.) novi-, novo-, (in Gk comp.) neonext proximus (adj. A þ Dative), secundus (adj. A); next to juxta (prep. þ Accusative) nexus (adj. A) tied together, entwined; also (noun m. 4) a fastening, synthesis nidulans (part. B) lying in a cavity, embedded in pulp, nestling in niger (adj. A) glossy black; nigrescens (part. B) becoming black; nigrifactus (part. A) blackened; nigricans (part. B) blackish night nox ( noun f. 3); at night nocte, noctu (both adv.); belonging to night nocturnus (adj. A); pertaining to night (in Gk comp.) nyctnihil, nil (both noun n. indecl.), nihilum (noun n. 2) nothing; nihil (adv.) by no means; nihilominus (adv.) nevertheless nimbospore nimbospora (noun f. 1) nimirum (adv. ) certainly nimis (adv.) excessively, too much nine novem (num. adj. indecl.); nine each novenus (adv.), noveni (distr. num., adj. A, pl.); nine times novies, noviens (both adv.); ninth nonus (ord. num., adj. A); nine- (in Lat. comp.) noven-, novem-, (in Gk comp.) enneanipple mamilla, papilla (both noun f. 1); nipple-shaped mamilliformis, mammiformis (both adj. B); nipple-like mastoideus (adj. A); having small nipple-like protuberances mamillatus (adj. A); nipple(in Gk comp.) thelenisi (adv.) unless; nisi si (adv. phr.) except if; nisi ut (adv. phr.) except that nitens (part. B), nitidus (adj. A) shining, gleaming; nitor (noun m. 3) glossiness, sheen nivalis (adj. B) snowy, snow-like; niveus (adj. A) snow-white; nivescens (part. B) becoming snow-white; nivosus (adj. A) full of snow nivicola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of snow Vocabulary nix (noun f. 3) snow [see p. 00] no ne (adv. þ conj.) nobis (pron. Dative) to us, to me [indicates responsibility or authority] nocturnus (adj. A) nocturnal; noctiflorus (adj. A) night-flowering nodding nutans (part. B) node geniculum (noun n. 2); without nodes enodis (adj. B) nodosus (adj. A) knobby, nodular nodule nodulosus (noun m. 3); nodule-bearing nodulifer (adj. A); nodule-like noduliformis (adj. B) nodus (noun m. 2) node nomen (noun n. 3) name; nominatus (adj. A) named; nomenclatura (noun f. 1) nomenclature nomo- (in Gk comp.) pertaining to meadows noncupatus (part. A) enumerated non (adv.) not; also pref. in Lat. comp.; nonnihil (adv.) not much; non vero (adv. phr.) truly not; nonnisi (adv.) only; non fere (adv. phr.) scarcely nondum (adv.) not yet none nullus (adj. A) nonnihil (adv.) somewhat [not much] nonnumquam (adv.) sometimes nonus (ord. num., adj. A) ninth nor neque (conj.) see nec normal normalis (adj. B) north septentrio (noun m. 3); northern borealis, septentrionalis (both adj. B); of the far north hyperboreus (adj. A) not non, nihil (both adv.), nullo modo (adv. phr.), ne (adv. þ conj.); not at all nihil (adv., used only with a verb), haud; not, and not nec, neque (both adv. & conj.); not only … but also nec … et, neque … et; not yet nondum (adv.) nota (noun f. 1) feature, mark; notatus (part. A) marked notable insignis, notabilis (both adj. B); notably insigniter (adv.) notch incisura (noun f. 1); notched emarginatus (adj. A) noth-, notho- (in Gk comp.) falsenothing nihil, nil (both noun n. indecl.), nihilum (noun n. 2) 245 246 Vocabulary nothomorpha (noun f. 1) nothomorph nothospecies (noun f. 5) nothospecies [see p. 00] nothus (adj. A) false nǒto- (in Gk comp.) south-, southern; also nōto- (in Gk comp.) dorsal, backnotula (noun f. 1) a small mark, note or article novellus (adj. A) young novem (num. adj. indecl.) nine; noveni (distr. num., adj. A pl.) nine each; novies, noviens (both adv.) nine times; noven-, novem- (in Lat. comp.) ninenovitates (noun f. 3, pl.) new things novus (adj. A) fresh, new now dum, jam, iam, nunc (all adv.) nowhere nullibi, nusquam (both adv.) noxa (noun f. 1) injury; noxius (adj. A) injurious, harmful nubes (noun f. 3) cloud; nubilus (adj. A) cloudy, greyish blue nubilis (adj. B) ready for pollination nuciformis (adj. B) nut-shaped; nucifer (adj. A) nut-bearing; nucatus (adj. A) nut brown nucleatus (adj. A) having a nucleus, kernel or stone nucleomorpha (noun f. 1) vestigial nucleus nucleus nucleus (noun m. 2) nucula (noun f. 1) nutlet nudus (adj. A) bare, naked; nudiusculus (adj. A) somewhat naked nullibi (adv.) nowhere nullinervius (adj. A) nerveless nullo modo (adv. phr.) never, by no means nullus (adj. A) none, lacking number numerus (noun m. 2) numerous numerosus, multus, plurimus (all adj. A) nunc (adv.) at present, now nunquam (adv.) never nuper (adv.) recently nusquam (adv.) nowhere Vocabulary nut nux (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; nut-shaped nuciformis, pyreniformis (both adj. B); nut-bearing nucifer (adj. A); nut- (in Gk comp.) caryonutans (part. B) nodding nutlet nucula (noun f. 1) nutrimentum (noun n. 2) food; nutricius (adj. A), nutriens (part. B), nutritorius (adj. A) nourishing nutrix (noun f. 3) host plant nux (noun f. 3) nut [see p. 00] nyct- (in Gk comp.) pertaining to night O ob (prep. þ Accusative) because of ob- (pref. in Lat. comp.) inversed-, reversedobductus (part. A) covered; obducens (part. B) covering obese obesus (adj. A) oblatus (adj. A) oblate obligate obligatus (part. A) oblique obliquus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) plagio-; obliquely oblique (adv.) obliteratus (part. A) effaced, cancelled oblitus (part. A) smeared oblong oblongus (adj. A); broadly oblong late oblongus (adv., adj. A); narrowly oblong anguste oblongus (adv., adj. A) obrutus (part. A) buried obscurus (adj. A) dull, dusky; obscure (adv.) dull observation observatio (noun f. 3) observed observatus (part. A); observed through a lens sub lente (adv. phr.) observatus (part. A). See also magnification obsitus (part. A) covered over with obsoletus (adj. A) rudimentary or absent obstructus (part. A) obstructed, blocked obtectus (part. A) covered; obtegens (part. B) covering obtritus (part. A) crushed obturamentum (noun n. 2) bung, stopper 247 248 Vocabulary obturatus (adj. A) blunt, obtuse obtuse (in Gk comp.) amblyobtusus (adj. A) obtuse, blunt; obtusatus (part. A) blunted; obtusiuscule (adv.) obtusely; obtusangulus (adj. A) obtuse-angled obvallatus (part. A) surrounded with a wall or rampart obversus (part. A) turned towards or in opposite way obvious manifestus (adj. A); obviously manifeste, manifesto (both adv.) obvolutus (part. A) wrapped around [e.g. overlapping margins] occasionally subinde (adv.) occidentalis (adj. B) western occlusus (part. A) closed up occultus (part. A) concealed, hidden; occultans (part. B) hiding occupied occupatus (part. A); occupying occupans (part. B) occurring [present] occurrens (part. B), praesens (adj. B), [sited here and there] dispositus (part. A), [found] repertus (part. A) occurs, it occurrit (verb 3rd pers. sing. ind. act.) oceanus (noun m. 2) ocean; oceanicus (adj. A) pertaining to the ocean ocellulus (noun m. 2) minute ocellus ocellus (noun m. 2) eye [also used for a distinct zone at mouth or centre of a corolla, e.g. legumes]; also, in diatoms, lichens, liverworts ocellus; ocellatus (adj. A) having bi-coloured spots; oculo nudo (adv. phr.) with naked eye ochraceus (adj. A) ochre-yellow ocrea ocrea, ochrea (both noun f. 1) octo (num. adj. indecl.) eight; octavus (ord. num., adj. A) eighth; octiens, octies (both num. adv.) eight times; octoni (num. adj. distr. pl.) eight each; octo- (in Lat. & Gk comp.) eightoculus (noun m. 2) eye odd-pinnate imparipinnatus (adj. A) -odes see-oides odon-, odont-, odonto- (in Gk comp.) tooth-, toothed; likewise -odon (noun m. 3, stem odont-), -odontus (adj. A) -tooth, toothed odor (noun m. 3) odour, smell [see p. 00]; odorus, odorifer (both adj. A), odoratus (part. A) having a smell; inodorus (adj. A) without odour Vocabulary oecium (noun n. 2, in Gk comp.) -house,-room oedo- (in Gk comp.) swollen of usu. expressed by genitive case officinalis (adj. B) medicinal offset propagulum (noun n. 2) often saepe (adv.); very often persaepe, plerumque, saepissime (all adv.) -oideae (suff., adj. A, Nominative f. pl.) added to stem of name of type genus to form name of a subfamily -oides (adj. B), -odes (adj. B), -oideus (adj. A) (all Gk or Lat. suff., with noun as stem) like, resembling oidium oidium (noun n. 2) oil oleum (noun n. 2); oily, with oil drops oleosus, oleaceus (both adj. A) old vetus (adj. B); old age senectus (noun f. 3); growing old senescens (part. B); see age oleaceus (adj. A) oily oleagineus, oleaginosus (both adj. A) fleshy and oily olens (part. B) smelling, odorous -olentus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates abundance or fulness oleraceus (adj. A) pertaining to kitchen garden oleum (noun n. 2) oil; oleosus, oleaceus (both adj. A) oily olidus (adj. A) emitting a smell olig-, oligo- (in Gk comp.) fewolim (adv.) formerly olivaceus (adj. A) olive green olliformis (adj. A) pot-shaped omissus (part. A) left out omma- (in Gk comp.) eye omnis (adj. B) all, every; omnino (adv.) altogether, entirely, everyway, exclusively; omnifariam, omnilateraliter (both adv.) on all sides on [to indicate position] in (prep. þ Ablative), [to indicate position above or over] super (prep. þ Ablative) once semel (num. adv.); once more iterum (adv.) onco- (in Gk comp.) swollen one unus (num. adj. A) [see p. 00], [unique] unicus (adj. A), [solitary] singularis (adj. B), [one each] singuli (num. distr. adj. pl.); one- (in Lat. comp.) uni-, (in Gk comp.) mon-, mono-; one-sided secundus (adj. A) 249 250 Vocabulary onion [-like] alliaceus (adj. A) only modo, nonnisi, solum, tantum (all adv.); also unicus, unus, solus (all adj. A), singularis (adj. B) onustus (adj. A) full, laden oogonium oogonium (noun n. 2) oosphaera (noun f. 1) oosphere oosporangium oosporangium (noun n. 2) oospore oospora (noun f. 1) opacum (noun n. 2) shady place opacus (adj. A) dull, darkened opaque impellucidus (adj. A) open apertus, reclusus (both adj. A); opening aperiens, dehiscens (both part. B); an opening [hole] apertura (noun f. 1), foramen (noun n. 3), orificium (noun n. 2); -opening (in Gk comp.) -pyle (noun f. 1); opening [unfolding] apertio (noun f. 3); period of opening of flower efflorescentia (noun f. 1) operculatus (adj. A) having a lid, operculate; operculum (noun n. 2) cap, lid opertus (part. A) hidden ophio- (in Gk comp.) snake-like -ophthalmus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) eye opposite oppositus (adj. A); opposite to adversum (adv. or prep. þ Accusative), contra (adv. or prep. þ Accusative); in an opposite direction contrarius (adj. A); opposite (in Gk comp.) enantioops (noun f. 3) means, ability, support optime (adv.) excellently opus (noun n. 3) work [including published], labour; opusculum (noun n. 2) a little work [published] or vel, aut, seu, sive (all conj.), an (conj., indicating doubt),-ve (conj. suff.) ora (noun f. 1) coast orange aurantiacus, armeniacus, calendulinus, croceus, tangerinus (all adj. A); marigold orange calendulinus (adj. A) orbicular orbicularis (adj. B), orbiculatus (adj. A) orbis (noun m. 3) circle, also the world orchideus (adj. A) orchid-like orculiformis (adj. B) cask-shaped, barrel-shaped Vocabulary order ordo (noun m. 3); to form name of an order add suff. -ales (Nominative pl., adj. B) to stem of name of the type family ordinatio (noun f. 3) arrangement, pattern ordinatus (part. A) arranged; ordinate, ordinatim (both adv.) in good order, regularly oreo-, ores- (in Gk comp.) mountainorgan organum (noun n. 3) orgya (noun f. 1) fathom [measurement] oriens (noun m. 3) east; also oriens (part. B) arising; orientalis (adj. B) eastern orificium (noun n. 2) an opening, orifice origin origo (noun f. 3); original originalis (adj. B), originarius (adj. A), (pref. in Gk comp.) arche-, protooriundus (ger. adj. A þ ab or ex) derived or descended from -orius (Lat. suff., adj. A, with verb as stem) indicates capability or function ornatus (part. A) decorated ornith- (in Gk comp.) pertaining to birds orth-, ortho- (in Gk comp.) straight, erect orthostichus (adj. A) orthostichous orthotropus (adj. A) orthotropal ortus (part. A) descended or arisen from os (noun n. 3; Genitive sing. oris) mouth os (noun. n. 3; Genitive sing. ossis) bone oscillating aestuans, oscillans (both part. B) oscillatorius (adj. A) able to swing -osis (Gk suff., noun f. 3) used in mycology to coin names of diseases osm- (in Gk comp.) scented; -osma (noun f. 1) (in Gk comp.) scent osseus (adj. A) bony; ossiformis (adj. B) bone-shaped ostendens (part. B) displaying osteolithus (noun m. 2) osteolith ostiole ostiolum (noun n. 2); ostiolar ostiolaris (adj. B); false ostiole pseudo-ostiolum (noun n. 2) ostium (noun n. 2) mouth, entrance -osus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates abundance or marked development 251 252 Vocabulary otarium otarium (noun n. 2) [in diatoms] one of a pair of membranous costae other [of two] alter (adj. A), [among several] alius, alia, aliud (adj. A), [different] diversus (adj. A), [the rest] ceterus (adj. A); the one … the other … alius … alius …; other (in Gk comp.) allo-, heterootherwise aliter [differently], caeterum, ceterum, cetera, ceteroquin (all adv.) -otus (Gk suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates resemblance or possession outer exterior (adj. compar.), externus (adj. A); outermost extimus (adj.) outline adumbratio (noun f. 3); ambitus (noun m. 4); circumscriptio (noun f. 3) out of a, ab (prep. þ Ablative), ex (prep. þ Ablative); (in Gk comp.) apooutside extra, extus (both adv.); on the outside exter (adj. A), extus (adv.); outward, external externus (adj. A); from or on the outside extrinsecus (adv.); outermost extremus (adj. A); towards the outside extrorsus (adv.) outspread explanatus (part. A) outward, outside (pref. in Gk comp.) ect-, ecto-, exooutwardly extrinsecus (adv.) outwards de- (pref. in Lat. comp.) ovalis (adj. B) oval ovary ovarium (noun n. 2) ovate ovatus (adj. A); angular-ovate trullatus (adj. A), trulliformis (adj. B) over super, supra (both adv. or prep þ Accusative); also [= more than] plus quam (adv. phr.); (in Gk comp.) hyperoverall ubique (adv.) overhanging imminens, impendens, superpendens (all part. B) overlapping imbricatus, superpositus (both part. A) over-running incurrens (part. B) overspread obductus, obtectus (both part. A) over-topped superatus (part. A); over-topping superans, excedens (both part. B) ovi- (in Lat. comp.) eggovoid ovoideus (adj. A) ovule ovulum (noun n. 2), gemmula (noun f. 1); ovulate ovulatus (adj. A); ovule-bearing gemmulifer (adj. A) Vocabulary ovum (noun n. 2) egg; oviformis (adj. B) egg-shaped owing to propter (prep. þ Accusative) own, its suus, proprius (both adj. A) oxy- (in Gk comp.) sharp, pointed P pachy- (in Gk comp.) thick-, stoutpachycaulis (adj. B) pachycaul pachydermus, pachydermicus (both adj. A) thick-skinned packed [touching] contiguus (adj. A), [stuffed] farctus (part. A), [filled up] impletus (part. A) paene (adv.) almost, nearly pagina (noun f. 1) surface; also page painted depictus, fucatus, pictus (all part. A) pair par (noun n. 3); in pairs binatim, (adv.), didymus (adj. A), [yoked together] jugatus (part. A); paired binatus, gemellus, geminus, geminatus (all adj. A), (in Lat. comp.) -jugus (adj. A) palaceus (adj. A) attached by the margin palaemoneus (adj. A) shrimp-red palaeo- (in Gk comp.) ancient palate palatum (noun n. 2) pale pallidus (adj. A), dilutus (part. A), pallens (part. B); becoming pale pallescens (part. B); palely pallide, dilute (both adv.) palea palea (noun f. 1) paleaceus (adj. A) chaffy, chaff-like in texture paleatus (adj. A) clothed in scales palisade vallum (noun n. 2); palisade-like vallaris (adj. B) pallens (part. B) pale; pallescens (part. B) becoming pale; pallidus (adj. A) light, pale; pallide (adv.) palely palma (noun f. 1) palm [tree], also palm of hand; palmaris (adj. B) width of palm of hand (c. 8 cm) palmatus (adj. A) palmate; palmatim (adv.) palmately palus (noun f. 3) bog, marsh, swamp; palustris (adj. B) marshy, swampy; palud- (in Lat. comp.) pertaining to marshes 253 254 Vocabulary pan- (in Gk comp.) all panduratus (adj. A), panduriformis (adj. B) fiddle-shaped panicle panicula (noun f. 1), [in grasses] juba (noun f. 1); paniculate paniculatus (adj. A); panicle-like paniculiformis (adj. B); paniculately paniculatim (adv.) panniformis (adj. B), pannosus (adj. A) felted, appearing felt-like pantropicus (adj. A) pantropical papaverinus (adj. A) poppy-red papery papyraceus, chartaceus (both adj. A) papilionaceus (adj. A) papilionaceous, butterfly-like papilla (noun f. 1) nipple; papillatus (adj. A) papillate; papilliformis (adj. B) nipple-like; papillosus (adj. A) papillose pappus pappus (noun m. 2) [tuft of hairs etc. on fruit of Asteraceae and Valerianaceae]; coma (noun f. 1) [tuft of hairs on a seed] papula (noun f. 1) pustule; papulosus (adj. A) pustular papulospora (noun f. 1) papulospore papyraceus (adj. A) papery par (noun n. 3) pair [see p. 00] para- (pref. in Gk comp.) beside, compared to parabolicus (adj. A) parabolical paracapillitium (noun n. 2) paracapillitium paracingulum (noun n. 2) paracingulum parallel parallelus (ad. A); parallel-nerved parallelinervius, paralleloneurus, parallelivenius (all adj. A); in a parallel way parallele (adv.) paramylon paramylon (noun n. 2) paranema paranema (noun n. 3) paraphyllium paraphyllium (noun n. 2) paraphysis paraphysis (noun f. 3); paraphysoid network reticulum (noun n. 2) paraphysium (noun f. 3 Genitive pl., remains unchanged if reticulum is declined) paraplectenchyma (noun n. 3) tissue consisting of isodiametric cells parasite parasitus (noun m. 2); parasitic parasiticus (adj. A) parasulcus parasulcus (noun n. 2) parasymbiont parasymbion (noun m. 3; stem-onti-) parathecium parathecium (noun n. 2) Vocabulary paratype paratypus (noun m. 2) parce (adv.) moderately; parcus (adj. A) sparing, moderate parenchyma parenchyma (noun n. 3); parenchymatous parenchymatus, parenchymaticus (both adj. A) parent parens (noun m. or f. 3); parental parentalis (adj. B) pariens (part. B) bringing forth paries (noun m. 3) wall [see p. 00]; parietalis (adj. B) parietal parilis (adj. B) equal, like paripinnatus (adj. A) paripinnate pariter (adv.) equally paroecius, paroicus (both adj. A) paroecious part pars (noun f. 3) partectum partectum (noun n. 2) parthenocarpicus (adj. A) parthenocarpic partial partialis (adj. B) partibilis (adj. B) divisible, easily separated particle particula (noun f. 1); sprinkled with small particles atomatus (adj. A); covered with glistening particles micaceus (adj. A) particular peculiaris (adj. B) partim (adv.) in part partition dissepimentum, disseptum, septum (all noun n. 2) partitus (part. A) cut more than half-way to midrib, partite partly partim (adv.) parum (adv.) too little, not enough parumper (adv.) for a short time parvus (adj. A) small; parvulus (adj. A) very small; parvitas (noun f. 3) smallness passim (adv.) everywhere, indiscriminately passing into transiens, confluens, decrescens (all part. B); passing over transitivus (adj. A) patella (adj. A) patella; patelliformis (adj. B) dish-shaped patens (part. B) spreading; patenter (adv.) patently pateriformis (adj. B) saucer-shaped patho- (in Gk comp.) relating to suffering and disease. 255 256 Vocabulary pattern ordinatio (noun f. 3) patulus (part. A) spreading paucus (adj. A) few; pauci- (in Lat. comp.) fewpaulatim (adv.) gradually paulisper (adv.) for a short time paulo, paullo (adv.) by a little, not much paulum (adv.) a little [see p. 00] pausiacus (adj. A) olive-green pea pisum (noun n. 2); pea-green pisinus (adj. A); pea-shaped pisiformis (adj. B) peach-coloured persicinus (adj. A) peak cacumen (noun n. 3) [see p. 00] pear-shaped pyriformis (adj. B), dacryoideus (adj. A) pearly, pearl-like margaritaceus, margaritatus, perlarius (all adj. A) peaty turfosus (adj. A); peaty moor turfosum (noun n. 2); peat-bog turbarium (noun n. 2) pebble lapidulus (noun m. 2) pecten (noun m. 3) comb; pectinatus (adj. A) comb-like; pectinatim (adv.) in the form of a comb; pectini- (in Lat. comp.) combpeculiaris (adj. B) special, particular pedalis (adj. B) a foot long pedatus (adj. A) pedate; pedati- (in Lat. comp.) pedately pedicellus (noun m. 2) pedicel; pedicellaris (adj. B), pedicellatus (adj. A) pedicellate pedunculus (noun m. 2) peduncle; peduncularis (adj. B), peduculatus (adj. A) pedunculate peeled off desquamatus (part. A) peg clavus, gomphus (both noun m. 2) pel-, per- (pref. in Lat. comp.) very, extra pelagicus (adj. A) pertaining to the sea pellicle pellicula (noun f. 1) pellis (noun f. 3) skin pellucidus (adj. A) clear, translucent but not hyaline peltate peltatus (adj. A), peltiformis (adj. B) pelviformis (adj. B) basin-shaped pelvis (noun f. 3) basin, bowl Vocabulary pendens (part. B), pendulus, pendulinus (both adj. A) hanging penetrans (part. B), penetralis (adj. B) penetrating penicillatus (adj. A), penicilliformis (adj. B) penicillate, also pencil-like; penicillum (noun n. 2) shaped like a tuft of hairs peninsula peninsula (noun f. 1) penitus (adj. A) inward, inner; also (adv.) deeply, inwardly penninervis (adj. B), pennivenius (adj. A) pinnately nerved penta- (in Gk comp.) fivepepo (noun m. 3) fruit [of Cucurbitaceae] per (prep. þ Accusative) during, for, through; per- (in Lat. comp.) through, very, completely peragrans (part. B) traversing perangustus (adj. A) very narrow; peranguste (adv.) very narrowly perceptible perceptibilis (adj. B) percurrens (part. B) percurrent perdurans (part. B) persistent peregrinus (adj. A) foreign perennial perennis (adj. B); perennating perennans (part. B) perfect [flowers] hermaphroditus, perfectus, teleianthus (all adj. A), bisexualis (adj. B) perfecte (adv.) fully, completely perfluens (part. B) flowing perfoliate perfoliatus (adj. A) perforated perforatus, pertusus (both part. A); much perforated cribratus, cribrosus (both adj. A); not perforated imperforatus (part. A) perfume see scent perhaps fortasse, forte, forsan, fors (all adv.); also perhaps an (conj.) perhiemans (part. B) persisting through winter peri- (pref. in Gk comp.) about, around perianth perianthium (noun n. 2) periaxial periaxialis (adj. B) pericarp pericarpium (noun n. 2) perichaetium perichaetium (noun n. 2); perichaetial perichaetialis (adj. B) periclinal periclinalis (adj. B) 257 258 Vocabulary periderm periderma (noun f. 1) peridiole peridiolum (noun n. 2) peridium peridium (noun n. 2) perigon perigonium (noun n. 2); perigonial perigonialis (adj. B) perigynium perigynium (noun n. 2); perigynous perigynus (adj. A) perinium (noun n. 2) outer spore wall period periodus (noun f. 2) peripheria (noun f. 1) circumference; periphericus (adj. A), peripheralis (adj. B) peripheral; peripheraliter (adv.) peripherally periphragm periphragma (noun n. 3) periphysis periphysis (noun f. 3) periphysoid periphysoideus (adj. A) periplast periplastus (noun m. 2) periplekton periplecton (noun n. 2) perisporium (noun n. 2) perispore peristome peristomium (noun n. 2) perithecium perithecium (noun n. 2); perithecial perithecialis (adj. B) peritropus (adj. A) peritropal perlarius (adj. A) pearly perlate (adv.) very broadly permanens (part. B) persistent, lasting perpaucus (adj. A) very few, very little perpendicular perpendicularis (adj. B) [indicates downwards; for erect use erectus etc.] perplurimus (adv.) very many perruptus (part. A) broken through persaepe (adv.) almost always persicinus (adj. A) peach-coloured persistent perdurans, persistens, permanens, remanens (all part. B) personate personatus (adj. A) perspicuus (adj. A) evident; perspicue (adv.) clearly, decidedly pertenuis (adj. B) very thin pertinens (part. B) belonging pertusus (part. A) perforated perule, perular scale perula (noun f. 1); perulate perulatus (adj. A) Vocabulary pervagatus (part. A) widespread, common pervalvaris (adj. A) pervalvar, transapical perviridis (adj. B) deep green pervulgatus (part. A) very common pes (noun m. 3) foot petal petalum (noun n. 2); petal-like petalinus, petaloideus (both adj. A); without petals apetalus (adj. A) petiole petiolus (noun m. 2); petiolate petiolatus (adj. A); borne on petiole petiolaris (adj. B) petiolule petiolulus (noun m. 2); petiolulate petiolulatus (adj. A) petra (noun f. 1) rock; petraeus (adj. A) growing among rocks; petrensis (adj. B) found among rocks; petrosa (noun n. 2, pl.) rocky places; petrosus (adj. A) full of rocks phae-, phaeo- (in Gk comp.) darkphaeophorum (noun n. 2) chromatophore phalanx (noun f. 3) bundle [usu. stamens united by filaments] phanero- (in Gk comp.) visible, easily seen phaneropore phaneroporus (noun m. 2); phaneroporous phaneroporosus (adj. A) phaseoliformis (adj. B) bean-shaped phialid phialis (noun f. 3) phialospore phialospora (noun f. 1) -philus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) loving phlebo- (in Gk comp.) vein-; -phlebius (adj. A, in Gk comp.) -veined -phloius (adj. A, in Gk comp.) -bark[ed] phoeniceus (adj. A) scarlet -phorus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) bearing, carrying; -phorum (noun n. 2, in Gk comp.) carrier [the support for another organ] photobiont photobion (noun m. 3; stem-onti-) photophilus (adj. A) light-or sun-loving -phragma (noun n. 3, in Gk comp.) -partition phragmospore phragmospora (noun f. 1) phyco- (in Gk comp.) relating to algae phycobiont phycobion (noun m. 3; stem-onti-) phycoma (noun n. 3) plant body of an alga phyll- (in Gk comp.) relating to leaves 259 260 Vocabulary phyllary phyllarium (noun n. 2), tegula (noun f. 1) phyllidium (noun n. 2) phyllidium phylloclade phyllocladium (noun n. 2) phyllode phyllodium (noun n. 2) phyllodioicus (adj. A) phyllodioecious phyllopodium phyllopodium (noun n. 2) phyllotaxis phyllotaxis (noun f. 3) phyllum (noun n. 2) leaf -phyllus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) -leaved phymatodeus (adj. A) warty, verrucose physo- (in Gk comp.) bladdery phyt- (in Gk comp.) relating to plants -phyton, -phytum (both noun n. 2, in Gk comp.) -plant piceus (adj. A) black as pitch picro- (in Gk comp.) bitter pictus (part. A) painted pigment-spot stigma (noun n. 3) pigmentum (noun n. 2) pigment; pigmentifer (adj. B) pigmented; pigmentosus (adj. A) well-coloured pile acervus, cumulus (both noun m. 2); small pile acervulus (noun m. 2); piled acervatus, cumulatus (both part. A); in small piles acervulatus (part. A) pileipellis (noun f. 3) pileipellis pileus (noun m. 2) cap [in mycology]; pileatus (adj. A) cap-shaped, having a cap; pileolus (noun m. 2) a small pileus pilocystidium pilocystidium (noun n. 2) pilus (noun m. 2) hair; pilosus (adj. A) pilose; pilifer (adj. B) bearing hairs; piliformis (adj. B) hair-like pingue (noun n. 3) fat; pinguis (adj. B) fat pink roseus, persicinus, phloginus, pudorinus, rubellus, carneus (all adj. A), erubescens (adj. B); fuchsia pink fuchsinus (adj. A) pinna (noun f. 1) pinna, primary division of a compound leaf; pinnate pinnatus (adj. A); pinnately pinnatim (adv.); pinnately nerved penninervis (adj. B), pennivenius (adj. B); pinnatifid pinnatifidus (adj. A); pinnatilobed pinnatilobatus (adj. A); pinnatipartite pinnatipartitus (adj. A); pinnatisect pinnatisectus (adj. A) Vocabulary pinnule pinnula (noun f. 1) piscina (noun f. 1) fish-pond; piscis (noun m. 3) fish pisinus (adj. A) pea green; pisum (noun n. 2) pea; pisiformis (adj. B) pea-shaped pistil pistillum (noun n. 2), gynoecium (noun n. 2); pistillate pistillatus (adj. A) pit fovea, lacuna (both noun f. 1); pitted alveolatus, foveatus (both adj. A), (in Gk comp.) bothr-; minutely pitted foveolatus (adj. A), scrobicularis (adj. B), scrobiculatus (adj. A); pitted wth small depressions exsculptus (part. A) pitcher ascidium (noun n. 2) pith medulla (noun f. 1); pithy medullosus (adj. A) place locus (noun m. 2); placed positus, dispositus, locatus, collocatus (all part. A); in the same place ibidem (adv.); placed between interjectus, interpositus (both part. A); placed upon superpositus (part. A) placenta placenta (noun f. 1); placentation placentatio (noun f. 3) placentiformis (adj. B) round and flat placodioidus (adj. A) placodioid placodiomorpha (noun f. 1) placodiomorph plagio- (in Gk comp.) oblique plagula (noun f. 1) fungal colony plain campus (noun m. 2), planum (noun n. 2), planities (noun f. 5); relating to plains, open fields campestris, campester (both adj. B) plane (adv.) clearly, distinctly planities (noun f. 5) plain, flat surface planiusculus (adj. A) fairly flat plankton plancton (noun n. 2); planktonic planctonicus (adj. A) plano-compressus (adj. A) compressed, with opposite flat sides planogameta (noun f. 1) motile gamete, zoogamete planospora (noun f. 1 ) planospore, zoospore planozygota (noun f. 1) motile zygote plant planta (noun f. 1), vegetabile (noun n. 3) [see p. 00] ; -plant (in Gk comp.) -phyton,-phytum (both noun n. 2); relating to plants (in Gk comp.) phytplanted sativus (adj. A) planticola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of plants 261 262 Vocabulary plantula (noun f. 1) seedling planus (adj. A) even, flat, level; planum (noun n. 2) level ground, plain plasmodiocarp plasmodiocarpium (noun n. 2); plasmodiocarpous plasmodiocarpus (adj. A) plasmodium plasmodium (noun n. 2) plate [illustration] tabula (noun f. 1), icon (noun f. 3) plate [platter] catillus (noun m. 2) platy- (in Gk comp.) broad pleasant dulcis (adj. B); pleasing amabilis (adj. B) pleated plicatus (adj. A); see fold plectenchyma plectenchyma (noun n. 3) pleio- (in Gk comp.) more than usual pleiosporous pleisporus (adj. A) pleisto- (in Gk comp.) most plentiful dives (adj. B), largus (adj. A) plenus (adj. A) full plerumque (adv.) commonly, frequently pleur-, pleuro- (in Gk comp.) lateral or ribbed pleura (noun f. 1) [in diatoms] pleura pleuridium pleuridium (noun n. 2) pleurocarpus (adj. A) pleurocarpous pleurotoideus (adj. A) Pleurotus-like plexus (noun m. 4) network pliant flexibilis (adj. B), lentus (adj. A) plica (noun f. 1) fold; plicatus (adj. A) folded, pleated plucked out avulsus, excussus (both part. A) plum-coloured prunicolor (adj. B) [see p. 00], pruninus (adj. A) plumbeus (adj. A) leaden-grey plumosus (adj. A) plumose, feathery plumule corculum (noun n. 2), plumula (noun f. 1) plur- (in Lat. comp.) several-, manypluries (adv.) often plurilocularis (adj. B) plurilocular plurimum (adv.) very much Vocabulary plurimus (adj. A) most plurivorous plurivorus (adj. A) plus (adj., comp. of multus, with quam or Ablative) more, also (adv.) more [in quantity]; plusminusve (adv.) approximately, roughly, more or less pluteotoideus (adj. A) Pluteus-like pneumathodium (noun n. 2) air pore pneumaticus (adj. A) relating to air pneumatophorum (noun n. 2) pneumatophore pocket marsupium (noun n. 2); pocketed marsupiatus (adj. A); pocketshaped marsupiiformis (adj. B) poculiformis (adj. B) cup-shaped pod [in Fabaceae] legumen (noun n. 3) [see p. 00], [in Brassicaceae] siliqua (noun f. 1) pod-, podo-, -podus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) foot podetium podetium (noun n. 2) poecil-, poecilo- (in Gk comp.) many-coloured, variegated pogon (noun m. 3) beard point punctum (noun n. 2); pointed acutus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) oxy-; pointless [blunt] muticus (adj. A); covered with fine points spiculatus (adj. A) pointed out indicatus (part. A) poisonous venenatus, venenosus, toxicarius, virosus (all adj. A) polar polaris (adj. B) polarilocular polarilocularis (adj. B) polio- (in Gk comp.) greypolished nitidus, laevigatus (both adj. A), rasilis (adj. B); not polished impolitus (adj. A) politus (adj. A) shining, glossy pollen pollen (noun n. 3); pollen grain granum or granulum (both noun n. 2) pollinis (noun n. 3 Genitive sing., remains unchanged if granum/ granulum is declined); pertaining to pollen pollinaris (adj. B), pollinicus (adj. A); pollen-bearing pollinifer (adj. A); ready for pollination nubilis (adj. B) pollen presenter [e.g. in Proteaceae] praebitor (noun m. 3) pollinis (noun n. 3 Genitive sing., remains unchanged if praebitor is declined) 263 264 Vocabulary pollex (noun m. 3) inch; pollicaris (adj. A) an inch long pollinium pollinium (noun n. 2) polluted contaminatus, inquinatus (both part. A) poly- (in Gk comp.) manypolyarthrodactylus (adj. A) [in Charaphyta] polyarthrodactyl polycarpic polycarpicus (adj. A) polygamous polygamus (adj. A) polygynus (adj. A) having many pistils polymorphus (adj. A) polymorphic, of variable form polyphyllous polyphyllus (adj. A) polyploid polyploideus (adj. A) polysetose polysetosus (adj. A) polysiphonous polysiphonius (adj. A) polystichus (adj. A) in many rows or series polytomic polytomicus (adj. A) pomaceo-viridis (adj. B) apple-green pome pomum (noun n. 2) pond stagnum (noun n. 2), lacuna (noun f. 1); belonging to ponds stagnalis, stagnatalis (both adj. B) ponderosus (adj. A) heavy pons (noun m. 3) bridge; ponticulus (noun m. 2) little bridge porandrus (adj. A) having anthers opening by pores porca (noun f. 1) ridge [as between furrows]; porcatus (adj. B) ridged pore alveola (noun f. 1), porus (noun m. 2), spiramentum (noun n. 2); opening by pores poricidalis (adj. B); having pores porosus (adj. A); porate poratus (adj. A) porellus porellus (noun m. 2) porosus (adj. A) having pores or small holes porphyreus (adj. A) purple; porphyr-, porphyro- (in Gk comp.) purple porraceus (adj. A) leek green porrectus (adj. A) stretched outwards and forwards portula portula (noun f. 1) portatus (part. A) borne, carried porus (noun m. 2) air pore Vocabulary position positio (noun f. 3), situs (noun m. 4); positioned [placed] positus (part. A) possibly [by chance] forte (adv.), [perhaps] fortasse (adv.) post (adv., also prep. þ Accusative, pref. in Lat. comp.), postea (adv.) after, behind, following posterior (comp. adj.) later posterior [at the back] posticus (adj. A); posteriorly postice (adv.) posterius (adv.) later, afterwards postice (adv.) at the back; posticus (adj. A) at the back, posterior postmeridianus (adj. A) opening in the afternoon postremus (adj. A) last; postremo (adv.) finally, at last; ad postremum (adv.) at last potassium kalium (noun n. 2) potius (adv.) rather, preferably pot-shaped olliformis (adj. A) pouch marsupium (noun n. 2), saccus (noun m. 2); pouched marsupiatus, saccatus (both adj. A); pouch-shaped marsupiiformis, scrotiformis (both adj. B) powder pulvis (noun f. 3), farina (noun f. 1); powdery farinaceus, pulveraceus, pulvereus (all adj. A); powdery covering farina (noun f. 1); covered in powder farinosus, pulveratus, pulverulentus (all adj. A) prae- (pref. in Lat. comp.) before, in front praebens (part. B) displaying, showing praebitor (noun m. 3) pollinis (noun n. 3 Genitive sing., remains unchanged if praebitor is declined) pollen presenter [e.g. in Proteaceae] praecedens (part. B) preceding praecipue (adv.) especially, mainly praeclusus (part. A) closed praecox (adj. A) early, precocious praeditus (part. A. þ Ablative) bearing, possessed of praefloratio (noun f. 3) aestivation praefoliatio (noun f. 3) vernation praegnans (adj. B) pregnant, swollen with, full of praelongus (adj. A) tall 265 266 Vocabulary praemorsus (adj. A) praemorse, as though bitten off praeruptum (noun n. 2) cliff praesens (adj. B) present; praesentia (noun f. 1) presence praesertim (adv.) especially praeter (prep. þ Accusative) but for, except for praeteritus (part. A) past and gone praetextus (part. A) bordered, fringed prasinus (adj. A) leek green pratum (noun n. 2) meadow; pratensis (adj. B) pertaining to meadows preceding antecedens (part. B), in space with Accusative, in time with Dative; praecedens (part. B) precisely accurate, definite (both adv.) prehendens (part. B), prehensilis (adj. B) grasping present praesens, suppetens (both adj. B); presence praesentia, presentia (both noun f. 1) presenter, pollen [e.g. in Proteaceae] praebitor (noun m. 3) pollinis (noun n. 3 Genitive sing., remains unchanged if praebitor is declined) present time, at the hodie, jam, nunc (all adv.); relating to the present time hodiernus (adj. A) preserved asservatus, conservatus, servatus (all part. A) pressed together conglobatus (part. A) previously antea (adv.) prickle aculeus (noun m. 2); prickly aculeatus (adj. A), horricomis (adj. B); with copious prickles senticosus (adj. A) pridem (adv.) formerly, long ago primarius (adj. A) chief, primary primitive arche- (pref. in Gk comp.) primo (adv.), primum (adv.), primus (ord. num., adj. A) first; primitus (adv.) firstly primordialis (adj. B) primordial, first-formed primordium primordium (noun n. 2) primotinus (adj. A) growing first [opposite of serotinus] primum (adv.) firstly; primus (adj. A) first, initial principalis (adj. B) main prion- (in Gk comp.) saw- Vocabulary prior, prius (adj. compar.) previous pro (prep. þ Ablative) before, just as; pro- (pref. in Lat. comp.) for, instead of, (pref. in Gk comp.) before, in front of probably fortasse, probabiliter, verosimiliter (all adv.) probatus (part. A) approved proboscideus (adj. A) with snout-like projection proboscis (noun f. 3) [in diatoms] proboscis procarp procarpium (noun n. 2); procarpic procarpicus (adj. A) procerus (adj. A) very tall process processus (noun m. 4) procreans (part. B) bringing forth, producing procul (adv.) far off procumbent humifusus (adj. A), procumbens (part. B) procurrens (part. B) jutting out, projecting, extending prodiens (part. B) coming forth producing efferens, faciens, procreans, producens, pariens (all part. B) productus (part. A) drawn out, extended profluens (part. B) flowing profundus (adj. A) deep; profunde (adv.) deeply; profunditas (noun f. 3) depth profuse (adv.) profusely; profusus (adj. A) profuse, extended progressively gradatim (adv.) projecting exstans, procurrens, eminens (all part. B), projectus (part. A); projection eminentia, projectura (both noun f. 1) projectus (part. A) jutting out prolatus (part. A) elongated, drawn out [hence also, dredged] proles (noun f. 3) group of related taxa, progeny, race prolifer, prolificus (both adj. A), prolificans (part. B) proliferating, producing offsets as progeny prolongatus (part. A) extended prominens (part. B) standing out prominent expressus (part. A), prominens (part. B); prominently manifeste (adv.) prominulus (adj. A) slightly raised promiscue (adv.) promiscuously, indiscriminately; promiscuus (adj. A) promiscuous, indiscriminate 267 268 Vocabulary promycelium promycelium (noun n. 2) prong dens (noun m. 3); three-pronged trinacriformis (adj. B) prop root radix (noun f. 3) gralliformis (adj. B) (decl. together) propagatio (noun f. 3) propagation propagulum (noun n. 2) offset, propagule prope (adv. or prep. þ Accusative) near [see p. 00]; propemodo (adv.) almost prophyll prophyllum (noun n. 2) propinquus (adj. A) neighbouring, near proportion proportio (noun f. 3); proportionally proportione (adv.) proprie (adv.) specially, characteristically; proprius (adj. A) special, one’s own, characteristic proprietas (noun f. 3) feature proprius (adj. A) distinct, characteristic propter (prep. þ Accusative) because of, owing to propullulans (adj. B) budding, shooting prora (noun f. 1) prora, mammilose projection; proratus (adj. A) prorate; prorulatus (adj. A) prorulate prorsum (adv.) forwards, directly; prorsus (adv.) exactly, also (adj. A) straightforward prorumpens (part. B) breaking forth, bursting through pros- (pref. in Gk comp.) near, in addition prosenchyma prosenchyma (noun n. 3); prosenchymatous prosenchymatus (adj. A) proso-, prostho- (pref. in Gk comp.) to the front, before prosoplectenchyma prosoplectenchyma (noun n. 3) prostrate prostratus, pronus, supinus (all adj. A) protandrus (adj. A) protandrous protected servatus (part. A) protentus (part. A) lengthened proteranthus (adj. A) before the flowers proterogynus (adj. A) protogynous prothallus prothallus (noun m. 2) protinus (adv.) [in position] forwards, [in time] from the start proto- (in Gk comp.) first, original Vocabulary protogynous protogynus (adj. A) protonema protonema (noun n. 3) protoplasm protoplasma (noun f. 1); protoplasmic protoplasmicus (adj. A) protoplast protoplastus (noun m. 2) protostele protostela (noun f. 1) protractus (part. A) drawn out, lengthened protrudens (part. B), protrusus (adj. A) exserted protuberance eminentia (noun f. 1), protuberatio (noun f. 3) protuberatio (noun f. 3) bulge, protuberance; protuberans (part. B) bulging provectus (part. A) extended proveniens (part. B) coming forth, inhabiting proximalis (adj. B) proximal, nearest the axis proximus (adj. A þ Dative) nearest, next; proxime (adv.) immediately, very near pruina (noun f. 1) waxy whitish powdery bloom; pruinosus, pruinatus (both adj. A) pruinose prunicola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of plum trees prunicolor (adj. B) [see p. 00], pruninus (adj. A) plum-coloured pruriens (part. B) causing itching or stinging psammo- (in Gk comp.) sandpseudo- (in Gk comp.) false-[resembling but not the same] pseudoautoicus (adj. A) pseudoautoicous pseudobulb pseudobulbus (noun m. 2) pseudocarpium (noun n. 2) pseudocarp pseudocellus pseudocellus (noun m. 2) pseudocilium pseudocilium (noun n. 2) pseudocyphella pseudocyphella (noun f. 1) pseudoelater pseudoelater (noun m. 3) pseudolateralis (adj. B) terminal but appearing lateral pseudolobate pseudolobatus (adj. A) pseudonodulus pseudonodulus (noun m. 2) pseudoparenchyma pseudoparenchyma (noun n. 3); pseudoparenchymatous pseudoparenchymatus, pseudoparenchymaticus (both adj. A) pseudoperianth pseudoperianthium (noun n. 2) 269 270 Vocabulary pseudopodium pseudopodium (noun n. 2) pseudoraphe pseudoraphe (noun f. 3) pseudoseptum pseudoseptum (noun n. 2) pseudospore pseudospora (noun f. 1) pseudostroma pseudostroma (noun n. 3) pseudosulcus pseudosulcus (noun m. 2) pseudothalline pseudothallinus (adj. A) psil-, psilo- (in Gk comp.) glabrous, smooth pter-, pterygo- (in Gk comp.) wing-, winged ptycho- (in Gk comp.) having folds, pleats, deep grooves pubescens (part. B), pubens (adj. B) downy; puberulus (adj. A) minutely pubescent; pubes (noun f. 3), pubescentia (noun f. 1) hairiness; pubi(in Lat. comp.) softly hairy published evulgatus (part. A) pudorinus (adj. A) pink pugioniformis (adj. B) dagger-shaped pulchellus (adj. A) beautiful and small pulcher (adj. A) beautiful; pulchre (adv.) beautifully pullatus (adj. A) dark brown pullulans (part. B) budding off pulp pulpa (noun f. 1); pulpy pulposus (adj. A) pulveraceus, pulvereus (both adj. A) powdery; pulveratus, pulverulentus (both adj. A) covered in powder pulvillum (noun n. 2) hot-bed pulvinus (noun m. 2) cushion; pulvinatus (adj. A), pulviniformis (adj. B) cushion-shaped pulvis (noun f. 3) powder pumilus (adj. A) dwarf punctum (noun n. 2) dot, point; punctatus (adj. A) dotted; punctiformis (adj. B) dot-like; punctatio (noun f. 3) dotting; puncticulatus, puncticulosus (both adj. A) minutely dotted; punctulum (noun n. 2) a minute dot; punctulatus (adj. A) minutely dotted pungens (part. B) pungent, sharply pointed puniceus (adj. A) crimson pure purus, laetus (both adj. A) Vocabulary purple purpureus (adj. A); dark purple atropurpureus (adj. A); campanula violet campanulinus (adj. A); lavender purple lavandulaceus, lavandulus (both adj. A); lilac purple lilacinus (adj. A); livid purple livido-purpureus (adj. A); mauve malvinus (adj. A), malvicolor (adj. B) [see p. 00]; tyrian purple tyrius (adj. A); violet purple amethysteus, amethystinus, hyacinthinus, ianthinus, violaceus (all adj. A); winecoloured vinosus (adj. A); purplish purpurascens (part. B); purple(in Lat. comp.) purpureo-, (in Gk comp.) porphyr-, porphyropurus (adj. A) pure, clean -pus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) -footed pushed down or into detrusus (part. A); pushed out extrusus (part. A) pusillus (adj. A) very small pustule papula, pustula (both noun f. 1); pustular, pustulate papulosus, pustulatus (both adj. A) pustuliformis (adj. B) blister-shaped putamen (noun n. 3) stone of a drupe putidus (adj. A) smelling unpleasantly putrefactus (part. A), putridus (adj. A) decayed, rotten; putrescens (part. B) decaying putting forth edens (part. B) pycn-, pycno- (in Gk comp.) close, dense pycnidiospore pycnidiospora (noun f. 1) pycnidium pycnidium (noun n. 2) pycniospore pycniospora (noun f. 1) pycnium pycnium (noun n. 2) pycnoconidium pycnoconidium (noun n. 2) pygmaeus (adj. A) dwarf -pyle (noun f. 1, in Gk comp.) -opening pyr-, pyro- (in Gk comp.) fire-, fiery [red or yellow] pyramidalis (adj. B) pyramidal pyrene pyrena (noun f. 1) pyrenocarpous pyrenocarpus (adj. A) pyrenoid pyrenoides (noun f. 3) pyriformis (adj. B) pear-shaped pyrrh-, pyrrho- (in Gk comp.) fire-red, ruddy 271 272 Vocabulary pythmen pythmen (noun m. 3); bearing pythmen pythmenophorus (adj. A) pyxidatus (adj. A) having a lid or pixidium; pyxidium (noun n. 2) covering, lid, cap pyxis pyxis (noun f. 3) Q quadr-, quadri- (in Lat. comp.) fourquadrans (noun m. 3) a quarter, a fourth quadratim (adv.) four-fold quadratus (part. A) squared quadriflagellatus (adj. A) having 4 flagella quadruplo (adv.) four-fold; quadruplus (adj. A) four-fold quae (rel. pron. f.) who, which [see p. 00] quaedam (indef. pron. f.) a certain (sing.), some (pl.) [see p. 00] qualis (pron. adj. B) what kind of?, such as quam (adv.) as, than [in comparison of size, see p. 00] quamobrem (adv.) hence quamquam (conj.) although, though quandoque (adv.) sometimes quaquaversum (adv.) on all sides, in all directions quarciticus (adj. A) quartz or quartz-like quarter quadrans (noun m. 3) quartus (ord. num. adj. A) a fourth, fourth quartz, quartz-like quarciticus (adj. A) quasi (adv.) as if, about, almost, little more than quattuor, quatuor (num. adj. indecl.) four; quaterni (num. adj. distr. pl.) four each; quartus (adj. A) a fourth; quater (num. adv.) four times; quaternatim (adv.) in fours -que (conj. suff.) and qui (rel. pron. m) who, which [see p. 00] quickly celeriter, cito, prompte (all adv.) quidam (indef. pron. m.) a certain (sing.), some (pl.) [see p. 00] quidem (adv.) at least quiescens (part. B), quietus (adj. A) resting Vocabulary quietus (adj. A) quiet quincuncialis (adj. B) quincuncial quinqu-, quinque-, quinqui- (in Lat. comp.) fivequinque (num. adj. indecl.) five; quini (num. adj. distr. pl.) five each; quinquiens, quinquies (num. adv.), five times; quintuplex (adj. B) five-fold; quintus (ord. num., adj. A) fifth; quinarius, quinatus (both adj. A) consisting of five quisque (pron. m.), quaeque (f.), quodque (n.) each, everyone quite admodum, omnino, plane, sat, satis (all adv.) quoad (adv.) as to quod (rel. pron. n) which [see p. 00] quoddam (indef. pron. n.) a certain (sing.), some (pl.) [see p. 00] quondam (adv.) formerly quoquoversus (adv.) everyway quot (adj. indecl.) as many as, every quotannis (adv.) annually quotidianus (adj. A) daily quum (conj.) when R race [strain, form] proles (noun f. 3) racemus (noun m. 2) raceme; racemosus (adj. A) racemose; racemifer, racemiger (adj. B) bearing a raceme; racemi- (in Lat. comp.) raceme-like rach-, rhach- (in Gk comp.) referring to a main axis rachilla rhachilla, rhacheola (both noun f. 1) rachis rhachis (noun f. 3) [see p. 00] radial radialis (adj. B) radians (part. B) radiating radiatiformis (adj. B) [in Asteraceae] having outer florets larger than inner but not ligulate radiatim (adv.) in a radiating manner radiatus (part. A) radiate radicalis (adj. B) radical, basal 273 274 Vocabulary radicans (part. B) rooting; radicatus (part. A) having roots radicella (noun f. 1) rootlet; radicellosus (adj. A) covered in rootlets radicle radicula (noun f. 1) radicosus (adj. A) having many roots radiospermus (adj. A) of radially symmetrical seeds radius (noun m. 2) ray, [in Asteraceae] an outer ligulate floret radix (noun f. 3) root [see p. 00]; radix gralliformis (adj. B) (decl. together) prop root radula radula (noun f. 1) radulans (adj. B) rasping, scabrous ragged laceratus (adj. A) raised elevatus (part. A), prominens (part. B); slightly raised prominulus (adj. A) ramealis (adj. B), rameus (adj. A) belonging to a branch; rameanus (adj. A) taking the place of a branch, e.g. a thorn or tendril ramentum (noun n. 2) a thin membranous or chaffy scale; ramentaceus (adj. A) covered with ramenta rami- (in Lat. comp.) branchedramoconidium ramoconidium (noun n. 2) ramulus (noun m. 2) branchlet; ramulosus (adj. A) bearing branchlets; ramulinus (adj. A) belonging to a branch; ramunculus (noun m. 2) twig ramus (noun m. 2) branch [see p. 00]; ramifer (adj. A) bearing branches; ramosus (adj. A) branched; ramosissimus (adj. A sup.) very branched; ramificatio (noun f. 3) branching; ramificans (part. B) branching random, at fortuito, temere, temeriter (all adv.) ranging [spread over] extensus (part. A), [varying] varians (part. B) -ranked (in Lat. comp.) -farius,-seriatus,-ordinatus (all adj. A); (in Gk comp.) -stichus (adj. A) ranunculinus (adj. A) buttercup yellow raphe raphe (noun f. 3); raphe valve raphovalva (noun f. 1) rapheid furunculus (noun m. 2) raphid raphis (noun f. 3) rapiformis (adj. B) turnip-shaped rarus (adj. A) scattered, rare; rare (adv.) far apart, sparsely; rarenter, rarius, raro (all adv.) rarely, infrequently; rarior (comp. adj.) rarer, rather rare Vocabulary rasilis (adj. B) polished, smoothed, scraped rasp-like radulans (adj. B), radulifer (adj. A) rather [preferable] potius, [sooner] citius, [a little] paulo, [considerably] aliquantum (all adv.) ratio (noun f. 3) reckoning, calculation, relation, condition ravidus (adj. A) greyish; ravus (adj. A) tawny, greyish-yellow ray radius (noun m. 2); ray floret flosculus (noun m. 2) radii (noun m. 2 Genitive sing., remains unchanged if flosculus is declined) re- (pref. in Lat. comp.) back, against, again reaching attingens (part. B) rear posterior (comp. adj.), posticus (adj. A) recavus (adj. A) arched inward, concave receding recedens (part. B) recens (adj. B) young, fresh, recent recensio (noun f. 3) enumeration recently nuper (adv.) receptacle receptaculum (noun n. 2), thalamus (noun m. 2) recessim (adv.) back, backwards reciprocally mutue, mutuo (both adv.) reckoning ratio (noun f. 3) reclinatus (part. A) turned or bent down on another part reclusus (adj. A) open reconditus (part. A) concealed, hidden rectangle rectangulum (noun n. 2); rectangular rectangularis, oblongus (both adj. A) rectangulatus, rectangulus (both adj. A) right-angled recte (adv.) correctly rectus (adj. A) straight, upright; rectiusculus (adj. A) fairly straight; rectinervis (adj. B), rectinervius (adj. A) straight-nerved; recti- (in Lat. comp.) straight, upright recurvatus, recurvus (both part. A) recurved red ruber, erythrinus (both adj. A); blood red sanguineus (adj. A), sanguinolentus (adj. A), haematicus (adj. A), haematinus (adj. A), haematochrous (adj. A), haematodes (adj. B); (in Lat. comp.) sanguineo-; (in Gk comp.) haem-, haemat-; brick red latericius, 275 276 Vocabulary lateritius, testaceus (all adj. A); bright red ignescens (adj. B), phoeniceus (adj. A); capsicum red capsicinus (adj. A); cardinal red cardinalis (adj. B); carmine carminus, carmineus, coccineus (all adj. A); carrot red daucinus (adj. A); cherry red cerasinus (adj. A); coral red corallinus (adj. A); crimson carmesinus, kermesinus, puniceus (all adj. A); fiery red flammeus (adj. A); fire red igneus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) pyrrh-, pyrrho-; flame-scarlet miniatus (adj. A); nasturtium red capucinus, tropaeolinus (both adj. A); pale red helvus (adj. A); poppy red papaverinus (adj. A); dark reddish-brown hepaticus (adj. A); reddish-orange rutilans (part. B), rutilus (adj. A); ruby-red rubineus (adj. A); ruddy rubicundus (adj. A); rusty-red ferrugineus (adj. A); becoming rusty-red ferruginescens (part. B); scarlet phoeniceus (adj. A); shrimp-red palaemoneus (adj. A); vermilion cinnabarinus (adj. A); reddening erubescens (part. B); reddish rubellus, rufus (both adj. A), rubens (part. B); red- (in Lat. comp.) rubri-, rubro-, (in Gk comp.) erythroredactus (part. A) reduced, diminished redivivus (adj. A) revived from a dried state redolens (part. B) producing scent reduced deminutus (part. A), depauperatus (adj. A), redactus (part. A), reductus (part. A) reduncus (adj. A) curved or bent backwards refertus (part. A) filled up reflexus (part. A) reflexed refractive refractivus (adj. A) refractus (part. A) bent or curved back abruptly and strongly refringens (part. B) breaking open regma (noun n. 1) regma regnum (noun n. 2) kingdom regular actinomorphus (adj. A); regularly ordinate, ordinatim, regulariter, regulatim (all adv.) rejectus (part. A) cast off; rejiciendus (ger. of verb rejicio, adj. A) to be or that must be rejected related affinis (adj. B), cognatus (adj. A); related to affinis (adj. B); in relation to de (prep. þ Ablative), erga (prep. þ Accusative); relationship affinitas (noun f. 3) relatively comparate, relative (both adv.) Vocabulary released liberatus (part. A) relictus (part. A) left behind reliquus (adj. A) remaining remaining manens (part. B) remanens (part. B) persisting remarkable insignis, notabilis (both adj. B); remarkably insigniter (adv.) remnant vestigium (noun n. 2) remotus (adj. A) scattered, remote; remotiusculus (adj. A) somewhat scattered removed amotus, demotus, divulsus, excussus, repurgatus, detursus (all part. A); easily removed detergendus (ger. adj. A) renewing innovans (part. B) reniformis (adj. B) kidney-shaped [flat object] renovatio (noun f. 3) renewal shoot repandus (adj. A) repand repeatedly crebiter, crebro, repetite (all adv.) repens (part. B) creeping [see p. 00] repertus (part. A) found repletus (part. A) full, filled out replicatus (adj. A) turned or folded back upon itself with the parts coming together; in Algae, with annular ingrowth of transverse walls of filaments replum replum (noun n. 2) reports acta (noun n. 2, pl.) representing fingens (part. B) reproduction reproductio (noun f. 3); reproductive reproductivus (adj. A) reptans (part. B) creeping repullulans (part. B) sprouting again repurgatus (part. A) cleaned, removed resembling accedens (part. B þ Dative, or with ad þ Accusative), simulans (part. B); -aceus,-inus (both Lat. suff., adj. A); resemblance similitudo (noun f. 3) reservoir cisterna (noun f. 1) residuus (adj. A) left behind, residual resiliens (part. B) springing back 277 278 Vocabulary resine resina (noun f. 1); resine-producing resinifer (adj. A); resinous resinosus (adj. A) resorptus (part. A) absorbing again resting dormiens, quiescens (both part. B), quietus (adj. A) restricted restrictus (part. A) resupinatus (part. A) resupinate; resupinus (adj. A) bent back or backwards retaining retinens (part. B); retained retentus (part. A) rete (noun n. 3) net, network; reti- (pref. in Lat. comp.) netretentus (part. A) retained reticulatus (adj. A) reticulate; reticulum (noun n. 2) network; retiformis (adj. B) net-like; reticulate, reticulatim (both adv.) reticulately retinaculum retinaculum (noun n. 2) retinens (part. B) retaining, holding retinervis (adj. B), retinervius (adj. A) reticulately nerved retort cell cellula (noun f. 1) lageniformis (adj. B) poro apicali [these remain unchanged when first two words are declined] retortus (part. A) twisted or bent back retractus (part. A) drawn back retro (adv.) back, backwards; also retro- (pref. in Lat. comp.) back, behind retrorsum, retrorsus (both adv.) retrorse, turned backwards retusus (part. A) retuse revealed detectus, indicatus (both part. A), manifestus (adj. A) revera (adv.) essentially, in fact reversed conversus, reversus (both part. A) revived [from a dried state] redivivus (adj. A) revolubilis (adj. B) able to be rolled back; revolutivus (adj. A) [in vernation] having the edges of facing leaves rolled back revolutus (adj. A) revolute, rolled back rhachilla, rhacheola see rachilla rhachis see rachis rhaphe see raphe rhaphid see raphid rheo- (in Gk comp.) pertaining to running water rhipidium rhipidium (noun n. 2) Vocabulary rhiz-, rhizi- (in Gk comp.) pertaining to roots or root-like organs rhizina (noun f. 1) rhizine rhizoautoicus (adj. A) rhizoautoicous rhizohypha rhizohypha (noun f. 1) rhizoid rhizoideum (noun n. 2) rhizoma (noun n. 3) rhizome [see p. 00]; rhizomatosus (adj. A) having a well-developed rhizome rhizomorph rhizomorpha (noun f. 1) rhizophore rhizophorum (noun n. 2) rhodo- (in Gk comp.) rose-, rosy red rhombic rhombeus, rhombicus (both adj. A), rhombiformis (adj. B) rhopalo- (in Gk comp.) clubrhynch-, rhyncho- (in Gk comp.) having a beak rhyti-, rhytido- (in Gk comp.) wrinkled rib costa [usu. midrib], stria (both noun f. 1); ribbed costatus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) pleur-, pleuroribbon taenia (noun f. 1) rica rica (noun f. 1) rich dives (adj. B); richly ample, copiose (both adv.) ridge [crest] crista (noun f. 1), [back] dorsum (noun n. 2), [yoke] jugum (noun n. 2), [between furrows] porca (noun f. 1); ridged porcatus (adj. A) rigens (part. B) stiff; rigescens (part. B) becoming stiff right [straight, correct] rectus (part. A), [on the right-hand side] dexter (adj. A); rightly juste (adv.), recte (adv.); to the right dextrorsum (adv.); rightful justus (adj. A) rigid rigidus (adj. A), rigens (part. B); rigidly rigide (adv.); somewhat rigid rigidulus, rigidiusculus (both adj. A) rima (noun f. 1) crack, crevice, slit; rimosus (adj. A) cracked; rimulosus (adj. A) minutely cracked; rimiformis (adj. B) shaped like a cleft or crack rimoportula (noun f. 1) in diatoms, labiate process rind corium (noun n. 2) ring annulus, gyrus (both noun m. 2); ring-shaped annularis, annuliformis (both adj. B); arranged in a ring annulatim (adv.); ringed, marked with or bordered by raised rings annulatus (adj. A) 279 280 Vocabulary ringens (part. B) gaping ripa (noun f. 1) bank [of stream, river]; riparius (adj. B) inhabiting river banks, riparian ripe maturus (adj. A); ripening maturatio (noun f. 3); ripening maturescens (part. B); ripeness maturitas (noun f. 3) rising above excedens (part. B); rising out of exsurgens (part. B); rising upwards assurgens (part. B); rising, raising itself erigens (part. B) rite (adv.) correctly rivalis (adj. B) pertaining to brooks, small streams rivalling aemulans (part. B), aemulus (adj. A) river flumen (noun n. 3), fluvius (noun m. 2) [rarely used]; pertaining to rivers fluviaticus (adj. A), fluviatilis (adj. B); river bank ripa (noun f. 1) rivicola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of river banks rivularis (adj. B) pertaining to brooks rivulosus (adj. A) having fine, wavy grooves rivulus (noun m. 2) brooklet; rivus (noun m. 2) brook, small stream robigo (noun f. 3) canker, rust, mildew robust robustus, validus (both adj. A) rock petra (noun f. 1), rupes (noun f. 3), cautes (noun f. 3), saxum (noun n. 2), scopulus (noun m. 2); rocky petrosus (adj. A), rupestris (adj. B), saxosus (adj. A), scopulosus (adj. A); growing among rocks petraeus (adj. A); found among rocks petrensis (adj. B); full of rocks petrosus (adj. A); rocky places petrosa (noun n. 2, pl.); rock- (in Lat. comp.) rupi-, saxi-; (in Gk comp.) litho-, petro-. See also stone rod virga (noun f. 1); rod-shaped, rod-like bacillaris, bacilliformis, baculiformis (all adj. B) rolled back revolutus (part. A); rolled inwards involutus (part. A); rolled together convolutus (part. A); rolled up volutus (part. A) roof tectum (noun n. 2) root radix (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; rooting radicans (part. B); having roots radicatus (part. A); having many roots radicosus (adj. A); without roots arrhizus (adj. A); pertaining to roots (in Gk comp.) rhiz-, rhizi-; root, stilt or prop radix gralliformis (adj. B) (decl. together) rootlet radicella (noun f. 1); covered in rootlets radicellosus (adj. A) rootstock caudex (noun m. 3), caulorhiza (noun f. 1) Vocabulary rope funis (noun m. 3); rope-like funalis, funicularis, funiformis (all adj. B); in rope-like bundles funiculosus (adj. A); slender rope, cord funiculus (noun m. 2) roridus (adj. A) dewy rosaceus (adj. A) like the flower of a single [i.e. not double] rose rose erubescens (part. B), roseus (adj. A); rose- (in Lat. comp.) rosei-, roseo-, (in Gk comp.) rhod-, rhodorosette rosula (noun f. 1); rosetted rosularis (adj. B), rosulatus (adj. A), rosulans (adj. B) rostellatus (adj. A) slightly beaked; rostellum (noun n. 2) rostellum rostratus (adj. A) beaked; rostrum (noun n. 2) beak [see p. 00]; rostriformis (adj. B) beak-like; rostri-,-rostrus (adj. A) (in Lat. comp.) beak-, -beaked rosula (noun f. 1) rosette; rosulans (adj. B), rosulatus (adj. A) rosetted rotatus (adj. A) rotate, wheel-shaped rotten cariosus, putrefactus, putridus (all adj. A), putrescens (part. B) rotundatus (part. A) rounded; rotundus (adj. A) almost circular rough [to touch] asper, scaber (both adj. A), [unused, wild] rudis (adj. B); rough [with points or short stiff hairs] asperatus (adj. A); slightly rough asperulus (adj. A); very rough horridus (adj. A); roughness asperitas (noun f. 3); rough (in Gk comp.) trachyroughly [more or less] plusminusve (adv.) round [in outline] rotundus, orbiculatus (both adj. A), circularis (adj. B); rounded rotundatus (part. A); rounded off tornatus (part. A); with rounded head capitatus (adj. A) row series (noun f. 5) [see p. 00]; in rows serialis (adj. B), seriatus (adj. A), seriatim (adv.); with a single row haplostichus (adj. A); in a single row unifariam (adv.), unifarius (adj. A); having equal rows isostichus (adj. A); in many rows multifariam (adv.); many-rowed multifarius (adj. A); in two opposite rows distichus (adj. A); in three rows tristichus, triplostichus (both adj. A) rubbed [bruised] tritus (part. A) ruber (adj. B) red; rubellus, rubidus (both adj. A), rubens (part. B) reddish; rubescens (part. B) becoming red; rubicundus (adj. A) red, ruddy; rubiginosus (adj. A) rusty-red; rubineus (adj. A) ruby-red; rubr-, rubro- (in Lat. comp.) redruderalis (adj. B) growing among rubbish 281 282 Vocabulary rudiment rudimentum (noun n. 2); rudimentary rudimentalis (adj. B), rudimentarius (adj. A), inchoatus (part. A), obsoletus (adj. A) rudis (adj. B) wild, unused, rough rufus (adj. A) reddish ruga (noun f. 1) wrinkle, fold; rugosus, rugatus (both adj. A) rugose, wrinkled; rugulosus (adj. A) somewhat wrinkled; rugiformis (adj. B) wrinkle-like ruminatus (adj. A) ruminate rumpens (part. B) breaking apart, bursting runcinatus (adj. A) runcinate runner [stolon] stolo (noun m. 3), [long, with terminal leaves] sarmentum (noun n. 2), flagellum (noun n. 2) running [over something] currens (part. B), [water] profluens (part. B); running between intercurrens (part. B); running together confluens (part. B) rupes (noun f. 3) rock; rupestris (adj. B) rocky; rupi- (in Lat. comp.) rockrupicola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of rocky places ruptilis (adj. B) dehiscing irregularly rupturing rumpens (part. B) ruptus (part. A) broken ruralis (adj. B) rural, of the country rush-like junceus (adj. A); rush-leaved juncifolius (adj. A); rushy place juncetum (noun n. 2); full of rushes juncosus (adj. A) russet russus (adj. A) rust robigo (noun f. 3) rusticanus (adj. A) rural, of the country rusty-red ferrugineus, rubiginosus (both adj. A); becoming rusty-red ferruginescens (part. B) rutilans (part. B), rutilus (adj. A) reddish-orange S sabulo (noun m. 3) coarse sand; sabulosum (noun n. 2) a sandy place; sabulosus (adj. A) sandy, growing in sandy place saccharum (noun n. 2) sugar; saccharatus (adj. A) sugary, appearing sugarcoated; saccharinus (adj. A) sugary; saccharifer (adj. B) sugar-bearing; saccharosum (noun n. 2) saccharose Vocabulary sacculus (noun m. 2) a small sac, locule of anther; sacculifer (adj. B) having a sacculus saccus (noun m. 2) pouch; saccatus (adj. A) saccate, pouched; sacciformis (adj. B) bag-or sac-shaped saddle ephippium (noun n. 2), sella (noun f. 1); saddle-shaped ephippioideus, ephippiomorphus (both adj. A), selliformis (adj. B) saepe (adv.) often, frequently; saepiuscule (adv.) rather often; saepissime (adv.) very often saffron yellow croceus, crocatus (both adj. A) sagittatus (adj. A), saggitalis (adj. B), saggitiformis (adj. B) saggitate, arrowheaded salignus (adj. A) willowy; salicinus (adj. A) relating to willows saline salsus, salinus (both adj. A) salmoneus (adj. A) salmon-pink salsugineus (adj. A), salsuginosus (adj. A) brackish place salt sal (noun m. 3); salty, salted salinus (adj. A), salsus (part. A); salt(in Gk comp.) hal-, hali-, halosaltem (adv.) at least salverform hypocrateriformis (adj. B), hypocraterimorphus (adj. A) samara samara (noun f. 1) same idem (pron.) [m., n.], eadem [f.] [see p. 00] same time, at the simul sample exemplum (noun n. 2) sand arena (noun f. 1), sabulo (noun m. 3); sandy place arenosum, sabulosum (both noun n. 2); sandy arenarius, arenaceus, sabulosus (all adj. A); very sandy arenosus (adj. A); growing in sand arenarius (adj. A); sand- (in Lat. comp.) areni-, (in Gk comp.) ammo-, psammosandal-shaped soleiformis (adj. B) sandstone arenosaxum (noun n. 2) sanguineus, sanguinolentus (both adj. A), sanguineo- (in Lat. comp.) blood-red sap succus (noun m. 2); without sap exsuccus (adj. A) saponaceus, saponarius (both adj. A) soapy sapor (noun m. 3) taste saprophytic saprophyticus (adj. A) 283 284 Vocabulary sarc-, sarco- (in Gk comp.) flesh-, fleshysarcocarp sarcocarpium (noun n. 2) sarcotesta (noun f. 1) sarcotesta sarmentum (noun n. 2) long runner; sarmentosus (adj. A) producing long runners sat (adv.), satis (adv.) enough, fairly, quite sativus (adj. A) sown, planted saturate (adv.) deeply [of colours] saucer catillus (noun m. 2); saucer-shaped acetabuliformis, catilliformis, patelliformis, pateriformis (all adj. B) sausage-shaped allantoideus (adj. A), botuliformis (adj. B), farciminiformis (adj. B) savannah savanna (noun f. 1) saw- (in Gk comp.) prionsawdust scobis (noun f. 3) saw-edged serratus (adj. A) saxatilis (adj. B), saxicola (noun c. 1) growing among rocks saxum (noun n. 2) rock, stone; saxosa (noun n. 2, pl.) rocky places; saxi(in Lat. comp.) rock-. See also lapis, rock, stone scaber (adj. A) scabrous, rough; scaberulus, scabrellus (both adj. A) minutely scabrous; scabridus (adj. A) somewhat scabrous; scabridiusculus (adj. A) minutely scabrous; scabrosus (adj. A; distinctly scabrous; scabri- (in Lat. comp.) scabrous, rough scalariformis, scalaris (both adj. B) ladder-like scale squama (noun f. 1); scaly squamatus, squamosus, lepidotus (all adj. A); clothed in scales paleatus, scutellatus (both adj. A); scale-, scaly- (in Gk comp.) lepidoscalloped crenatus (adj. A) scalpelliformis (adj. B) shaped like a scalpel scalpratus (adj. A) having a sharp or cutting edge scalpturatus (adj. A) scratched scaly see scale scandens (part. B) climbing scanty parcus, rarus (both adj. A) scap-, scapi- (in Lat. comp.) relating to a scape Vocabulary scape scapus (noun m. 2); without a scape exscapus (adj. A) scar cicatrix (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; scarred cicatricatus (adj. A); covered in scars cicatricosus (adj. A) scarcely aegre, vix (both adv.); scarce (in Gk comp.) span-, spanoscarious scariosus (adj. A) scarlet scarlatinus (adj. A); cf. cinnabarinus, coccineus, miniatus (all adj. A) scarred cicatricatus (adj. A) scatens (part. B þ Ablative) teeming with, abounding with scattered adspersus, aspersus, dispersus, displicatus, sparsus (all part. A), dissitus, remotus (both adj. A), distans (part. B); somewhat scattered remotiusculus (adj. A); scattering spargens (part. B); a scattering dispersio (noun f. 3) scaturiginus (adj. A) relating to springs of water; scaturigo (noun f. 3) spring [of water] sceletus (noun m. 2) skeleton scent odor, olor, fetor (all noun m. 3) [see p. 00], (in Gk comp.) -osma; scented odorus, odorifer (both adj. A), odoratus (part. A), olens (part. B), (in Gk comp.) osm-; producing scent redolens (part. B); strongscented graveolens (adj. B); sweetly scented fragrans, suaveolens (both adj. B); scentless inodorus (adj. A). See also smell schist-, schisto- (in Gk comp.) split, cleft schistaceus (adj. A) relating to schistaceous rock, slate-grey schiz-, schizo- (in Gk comp.) split, cleft schizidium (noun n. 2) schizidium schizocarp schizocarpium (noun n. 2) sciaphilus (adj. A) shade-loving scilicet (adv.) namely, evidently scintillans (part. B) sparkling scissus (part. A) cut, torn; scissura (noun f. 1) a split, cleft scler-, sclero- (in Gk comp.) hard scleranthium scleranthium (noun n. 2) sclereid furunculus (noun m. 2) sclerenchyma sclerenchyma (noun n. 3) scleroideus, scleroticus (both adj. A) sclerotic, hard or stony in texture sclerotium sclerotium (noun n. 2) 285 286 Vocabulary scobis (noun f. 3) sawdust; scobiculatus (adj. A), scobiformis (adj. B) appearing like sawdust scolecospore scolecospora (noun f. 1) scoparie (adv.) fastigiately, broom-like scopatus (adj. A) densely covered with bristly hairs; scopiformis (adj. B), scopulatus (adj. A) like a broom or brush scopulus (noun m. 2) cliff scorpioid scorpiodeus (adj. A), scorpioides (adj. B) scraped rasilis (adj. B); scraped off erasus (part. A) scratched scalpturatus (adj. A) scree glara (noun f. 1) scrobis (noun m. 3) ditch; scrobiculus (noun m. 2) pit, depression; scrobicularis (adj. B), scrobiculatus (adj. A) minutely pitted scrotiformis (adj. B) pouch-shaped scrupose scruposus (adj. A) sculptus, sculpturatus (both part. A) engraved scum spuma (noun f. 1) scurfy furfuraceus, leprosus (both adj. A) scutatus (adj. A), scutiformis (adj. B) shield-shaped scutellatus (adj. A) covered in small plates or scales scutellum scutellum (noun n. 2) scutula scutula (noun f. 1) scyph-, scyphi-, scypho- (in Gk comp.) cupscyphifer (adj. A) bearing scyphi (cups) scyphulus (noun m. 2) gemma cup scyphus scyphus (noun m. 2), scypha (noun f. 1) sea mare (noun n. 3) [see p. 00]; growing in the sea marinus (adj. A); growing by the sea maritimus (adj. A); pertaining to the sea pelagicus (adj. A) sea-green thalassicus (adj. A) seashore littus, litus (noun n. 3) [see p. 00]; pertaining to the seashore littoralis, litoralis (both adj. B), littoreus (adj. A) season tempus (noun n. 4) seated upon insidens (part. B þ Dative) Vocabulary seaweed alga (noun f. 1); pertaining to a seaweed algaceus (adj. A), algensis (adj. B) sebaceus (adj. A) tallowy; sebosus (adj. A) greasy; sebum (noun n. 2) fat; sebifer (adj. A) bearing wax secedens (part. B) splitting apart secernens (part. B) secreting, separating off second secundus (ord. num., adj. A), alter (adj. A) secondary secundarius (adj. A), partialis (adj. B) secreting secernens (part. B); secretion secretio (noun f. 3); secretory secretorius (adj. A) sectilis (adj. B) cut into small pieces section sectio (noun f. 3) sectus (part. A) cut to base or midrib secundum (prep. þ Accusative) according to, depending on, following secundus (adj. A) following, next; also second, secund secus (prep. þ Accusative) along, on; -secus (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) -side sed (conj.) but sedentarius (adj. A) sedentary, stationary sedes (noun f. 3) abode sediment sedimentation (noun n. 2) seed semen (noun n. 3); seed-bearing seminifer, seminiger (both adj. A); -seeded (in Lat. comp.) -seminalis (adj. B), (in Gk comp.) -spermus (adj. A) seed coat [outer] testa (noun f. 1), [inner] tegmen, tegumen (noun n. 3) seedling plantula (noun f. 1) seen visus, spectatus (both part. A) segment segmentum (noun n. 2); segmented segmentatus (adj. A) segregatus (part. A) isolated, separated sejunctus (part. A) isolated; sejunctim (adv.) separately seldom raro (adv.) selected lectus, selectus (both part. A); selection delectus (noun m. 4) self aut, auto- (in Gk comp.) sella (noun f. 1) saddle; sellaeformis, selliformis (both adj. B) saddle-shaped semel (num. adv.) once 287 288 Vocabulary semen (noun n. 3) seed; seminifer, seminiger (both adj. A) seed-bearing; -seminalis (adj. B) (in Lat. comp.) -seeded semi- (pref. in Lat. comp.) halfsemotus (part. A) distant, far removed semper (adv.) always sempervirens (part. B) evergreen senatus (adj. A) sienna senectus (noun f. 3) old age; senescens (part. B) growing old seni (num. adj. distrib. pl) six each sense sensus q.v. sensim (adv.) gradually sensitive [to a stimulus] irritabilis (adj. B), sensitivus (adj. A); sensitive glandular hair tentaculum (noun n. 2) sensus (noun m. 4) opinion, view, sense; sensu (Ablative sing.) in the sense or opinion of [person]; sensu lato (Ablative sing.) in a broad sense; sensu stricto (Ablative sing.) in a narrow sense senticosus (adj. A) with copious thorns or prickles seorsus (adj. A) separate; seorsim, seorsum (adv. þ Ablative) apart, separately sepal sepalum (noun n. 2); sepaline sepalinus (adj. A); sepaloid sepaloideus (adj. A); -sepalled (in Gk & Lat. comp.) -sepalus (adj. A.) separabilis (adj. B) separable separate, separated discretus, disjunctus, disparatus, divulsus, segregatus, sejunctus (all part. A), seorsus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) chori-, dialy-; easily separated partibilis (adj. B); separating discedens, secedens (both part. B); separately discretim, disjuncte, disjunctim, sejunctim, seorsum (all adv.); separation separatio (noun f. 3) separatus (part. A) detached sepes, saepes (noun f. 3) hedge; sepiarius (adj. A) growing in or used for hedges sepiaceus (adj. A) bistre, sepia sepimentum (noun n. 2) partition sept-, septem-, septen- (in Lat. comp.) seven septatus (adj. A) septate; septalis (adj. B) belonging to a septum; septatio (noun f. 3) septation Vocabulary septem (num. adj. indecl.) seven septeni (num. adj. distrib. pl.) seven each septentrio (noun m. 3) north; septentrionalis (adj. B) northern septicidal septicidalis (adj. B); septifragal septifragus (adj. A) septies, septiens (num. adv.) seven times septimus (ord. num., adj. A) seventh [see p. 00] septum (noun n. 2) cross-wall, septum; having transverse septa tabulatus (adj. A); without septa, non-septate aseptatus, eseptatus, continuus (all adj. A) sepulcretum (noun n. 2) graveyard; sepulcralis (adj. B) of a tomb sequens (part. B) following serialis (adj. B), seriatus (adj. A) arranged in rows; seriatim (adv.) in rows, serially sericeus (adj. A) silky series series (noun f. 5) [see p. 00] sero (adv.) late; serotinus (adj. A) late in coming serpens (part. B) creeping serpentinus (adj. A) serpentine, snake-like, or growing in serpentine rock serpent-like colubrinus (adj. A) serratus (adj. A) serrate, saw-edged; serratura (noun f. 1) serration, toothing serus (adj. A) late servatus (part. A) preserved, protected sesqui- (in Lat. comp.) one and a half sessile sessilis (adj. B), apodus (adj. A); (in Lat. comp.) sessil-, sessiliseta (noun f. 1) bristle; setaceus (adj. A) bristle-like; setifer (adj. A) bristlebearing; setiformis (adj. B) bristle-shaped; setosus (adj. A) bristly; setulosus (adj. A) minutely setose setula (noun f. 1) a cystidium, hair-like appendage seu (conj.) or seven septem (num. adj., indecl.); seventh septimus (ord. num., adj. A) [see p. 00]; seven each septeni (num. adj. distrib. pl); seven times septies, septiens (both num. adv.); seven- (in Lat. comp.) sept-, septem-, septen-, (in Gk comp.) heptaseveral aliquot (indecl. number), plures (adj. B, pl.); several- (in Lat. comp.) plur-; several times aliquoties (adv.) 289 290 Vocabulary sex [male, female] sexus (noun m. 4) sex (num. adj. indecl.) six; sexies, sexiens (both num. adv.) six times sex- (in Lat. comp.) sixsexangularis (adj. B) hexagonal sextus (num. ord., adj. A) sixth sexualis (adj. B) sexual; sexualiter (adv.) sexually; sexual organs genitalia (noun n. 2, pl.) shade umbra (noun f. 1); shady umbrosus (adj. A); shady place opacum (noun n. 2); shade-loving sciaphilus (adj. A) shaggy horricomis (adj. B), intonsus (adj. A) shaken off excussus (part. A) shallow vadum (noun n. 2), vadosus (adj. A) or non altus, non profundus (both adj. A) shape figura, forma (both noun f. 1), conformatio (noun f. 3); of definite shape figuratus (part. A); same shape as conformis (adj. B); of different shapes versiformis (adj. B); shaped factus (part. A); -shaped (in Lat. comp.) -formis (adj. B), (in Gk comp.) -morphus (adj. A) sharp [pointed] acutus (adj. A), [bitter] acer (adj. B), [sour] amarus (adj. A), [distinct] argutus (adj. A); sharply acute, [distinctly] argute (both adv.); sharp-toothed argutus (adj. A); sharp (in Gk comp.) oxyshattered diffractus (part. A) sheath vagina (noun f. 1); sheathed vaginatus (adj. A); sheathing vaginans (part. B); sheath, leaf vagina (noun f. 1) folii (noun n. 2, Genitive sing., remains unchanged if vagina is declined) shed exutus (part. A), exuviatus (adj. A) sheen nitor (noun m. 3) shell-bearing conchifer (adj. A); shell-shaped conchatus (adj. A), conchiformis (adj. B) shield-shaped [circular] clypeatus, scutatus (both adj. A), scutiformis (adj. B) shingle [pebbles] glarea (noun f. 1); seashore shingle glarea maritima (noun f. 1, adj. A); river shingle glarea fluviatilis (noun f. 1, adj. A) shining, shiny fulgens, nitens (both part. B), fulgidus (part. A), lucidus (adj. A), nitidus (adj. A); (in Gk comp.) lamproshoot surculus (noun m. 2); shooting propullulans (adj. B); vigorous shoot [after pruning] apoblastus (noun m. 2); renewal shoot renovatio Vocabulary (noun f. 3); short shoot brachyblastus (noun m. 2); shoot- (in Gk comp.) blast-, blasto-, clad-; -shoot (in Gk comp.) -cladus (adj. A) shore litus, littus (noun n. 3) [see p. 00]; of the shore litoralis, littoralis (adj. B) short brevis (adj. B), curtus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) brachy-, (in Lat. comp.) brevi-; very short brevissimus (adj. A sup.); shortly breviter (adv.); shortness brevitas (noun f. 3); shortened abbreviatus (adj. A); shortfooted brevipes (adj. B) shoulder humerus (noun m. 2); shouldered humeratus (adj. A) showed indicatus (part. A); showing praebens (part. B) shrimp-red palaemoneus (adj. A) shrub arbustum (noun n. 2), frutex (noun f. 3) [see p. 00]; becoming shrubby frutescens, fruticans (both part. B); shrubby fruticosus (adj. A); shrublet fruticulus (noun m. 2) sic (adv.) thus siccus (adj. A) dry [state]; siccatus (part. A) dried up; siccatas (noun f. 3) dryness, dried state sick aeger (adj. A) sickle-shaped falcatus (adj. A), falciformis (adj. B), (in Gk comp.) drepansicut (adv.) just as sicyoideus (adj. A) gourd-shaped side latus (noun n. 3) [see p. 00]; on this side cis (prep. þ Accusative), also in geographical compounds e.g. cisalpinus; side by side with appositus (part. A); being side by side collateralis (adj. B); on all sides undique, omnifariam, omnilateraliter, quaquaversum (all adv.) sienna senatus (adj. A) sieve-like cribratus, cribrosus (both adj. A) sight, at first primo aspectu (adv. phr.) sigillatim (adv.) markedly; sigillatus (adj. A) sigillate, marked with small impressions sigmoideus (adj. A) sigmoid signum (noun n. 2) mark; signatus (part. A) marked siliceus (adj. A) siliceous silicule silicula (noun f. 1) siliqua siliqua (noun f. 1) 291 292 Vocabulary silky sericeus, bombycinus (both adj. A) silva see sylva silvery argenteus (adj. A); silver- (in Gk comp.) argyrsilvicola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of woods similar in all respects consimilis (adj. B þ Dative or Genitive) similaris (adj. B) alike, similar similis (adj. B þ Dative or Genitive) similar to, like; similitudo (noun f. 3) likeness, resemblance; similiter (adv.) in like manner simplex (adj. B) simple, single [as in single flower], undivided [see p. 00]; simplici- (in Lat. comp.) simple-; simpliciter (adv.) simply, plainly simul (adv.) at the same time simulans (part. B) imitating, resembling simultaneus (adj. A) at the same time sine (prep. þ Ablative) without single solus (adj. A), [as in single flower] simplex (adj. B); single(in Gk comp.) haplo-, (in Lat. comp.) unisingulus (adj. A) individual; singulatim, singulariter (both adv.) individually, separately; singularis (adj. B) single [solitary]; singuli (num. distr. adj. pl.) one each sinister (adj. A) on the left; sinistrorsum (adv.) towards the left; in sinistrum (adv. phr.) to the left sinker see dropper sinuate sinuatus (adj. A); faintly sinuate sinuolatus (adj. A); sinuous anfractuosus (adj. A); very sinuous sinuosus (adj. A) sinus (noun m. 4) sinus, bay sipho (noun m. 3) siphon [of alga]; siphoneus (adj. A) having elongated tubes or non-septate filaments; siphon-, siphono-,-siphonius (adj. A) (in Gk comp.) relating to tube or pipe sistens (part. B) standing, appearing, supporting sitting on, situated on insidens (part. B þ Dative) situated situs, positus (both part. A) situation [place] locus (noun m. 2), [position] situs (noun m. 4) situs (noun m. 4) position situs (part. A) placed, left sive (conj.) or Vocabulary six sex (num. adj. indecl.); six each seni (num. adj. distrib. pl.); six times sexies, sexiens (both num. adv.), (in Lat. comp.) sex-, (in Gk comp.) hexasixth sextus (ord. num., adj. A) size amplitudo, magnitudo (both noun f. 3), statura (noun f. 1) skeleton sceletus (noun m. 2) sketch adumbratio, delineatio (both noun f. 3) skin pellis (noun f. 3); skinned exutus (part. A), exuviatus (adj. A), recutitus (adj. A) sky caelum (noun n. 2); sky blue caelestis (adj. B) slanting obliquus (adj. A) slate-coloured ardesiacus (adj. A); slate-blue lazulino-ardesiacus (adj. A) slaty schistaceus slender gracilis, exilis, tenuis (all adj. B); (in Gk comp.) ischno-, lept-, leptoslight exiguus (adj. A); slightly [lightly] leviter (adv.), [a little] parum (adv.), [mildly] leniter (adv.), [weakly] dilute (adv.) slime mucus (noun m. 2); slimy mucosus (adj. A); slimy, slime- (in Gk comp.) myx-, myxoslipper-shaped calceiformis (adj. B), calceolatus (adj. A) slippery labidus (adj. A), labilis (adj. B); smooth and slippery lubricus (adj. A) slit rima (noun f. 1) slope [of a hill] clivus (noun m. 2), declivitas (noun f. 3); sloping devexus (adj. A); sloping downwards declivis (adj. B); sloping upwards acclivis (adj. B) slow tardus (adj. A); slowly tarde, lente (both adv.) sluggish lentus (adj. A) small parvus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) tyttho-; smaller minus (comp. adj. n.), (in Gk comp.) mei-, meio-; very small pusillus, parvulus, perparvus (all adj. A); smallness parvitas (noun f. 3) smaragdinus (adj. A) emerald-green smeared illinitus, oblitus (both part. A) smell odor, olor, fetor (all noun m. 3) [see p. 00]; having a smell odorus, odorifer (both adj. A), odoratus (part. A); emitting a smell olens (part. B), olidus (adj. A); smelling pleasantly suaveolens (adj. B), fragrans (part. B), aromaticus (adj. A); smelling unpleasantly foetidus, putidus, 293 294 Vocabulary stercoreus (all adj. A), graveolens (adj. B); without smell inodorus (adj. A) smoky fumeus, fumidus, fumosus (all adj. A); smoke-grey fumosus, fumeus (both adj. A) smooth laevis, levis (both adj. B) [see p. 00]; smooth, smoothed laevigatus, levigatus (both adj. A); smoothed off derasus (part. A), rasilis (adj. B); smooth (in Gk comp.) lei-, leio-, psil-, psilo-; smooth and slippery lubricus (adj. A) snail’s shell, coiled like cochleatus (adj. A) snake-like serpentinus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) ophiosnout rostrum (noun n. 2) [see p. 00] snow nix (noun f. 3); snowy, snow-like nivalis (adj. B); snowwhite candidus, niveus (both adj. A), nivalis (adj. B); becoming snowwhite nivescens (part. B); full of snow nivosus (adj. A); snowy (in Gk comp.) chion-, chionoso [thus, with adj.] ita (adv.), [thus, with verb] sic (adv.), [therefore] ergo soaked irriguus, madidus (both adj. A), madefactus (part. A) soapy saponaceus, saponarius (both adj. A) sobol soboles (noun f. 3); sobolifer (adj. A) sobol-bearing sodium sodium (noun n. 2) soft [to touch] mollis, mitis, lenis (all adj. B), [in colour] lenis (adj. B), [in taste] mitis (adj. B); softly molliter, leniter (both adv.); somewhat soft molliusculus (adj. A); soft- (in Gk comp.) hapalosoil humus (noun f. 2), solum (noun n. 2); lumpy soil glebosus (adj. A) soleiformis, solaeformis (both adj. B) sandal-shaped solely solum, tantum (both adv.) solenostela (noun f. 1) solenostele solid solidus (adj. A) solide (adv.) firmly solidinervis (adj. B), solidinervius (adj. A) having undivided nerves running from base to apex solitarius (adj. A) alone, solitary solitus (adj. A) usual, customary sollemniter (adv.) customarily solstitialis (adj. B) pertaining to summer Vocabulary solubilis (adj. B) separating into parts solum (noun n. 2) soil, floor solum (adv.) exclusively, only solus (adj. A) alone, single solution solutio (noun f. 3) solutus (part. A) set free, not adhering soma (noun m. 3, in Gk comp.) body somatic somaticus (adj. A) some aliqui, aliqua, aliquod (adj., decl. like qui, see p. 00); somewhat [with numbers] aliquot (adv.); some, several aliquot [indecl. num.] somehow aliquam (adv.); sometimes aliquando, interdum, nonnumquam, quandoque (all adv.); somewhat aliquanto, aliquantum, nonnihil (all adv.) son filius (noun m. 2) soon cito, mox, jam (all adv.) soot fuligo (noun f. 3); sooty fuligineus (adj. A); sooty, full of soot fuliginosus (adj. A) soralium soralium (noun n. 2) sordidus (adj. A) dingy, soiled soredium (noun n. 2) sorede, soredium; sorediatus (adj. A) with soredia; esorediatus (adj. A) lacking soredia sorocarp sorocarpium (noun n. 2) sorophore sorophorum (noun n. 2) sort: what sort? qualis (pron. adj., decl. like laevis, see p. 00) sorus sorus (noun m. 2); sorus-bearing sorifer (adj. A) -sorus (adj. A, in Lat. & Gk comp.) pertaining to a sorus sour see bitter source origo (noun f. 3) south meridies (noun m. 5); southern australis, meridionalis (both adj. B), (in Lat. comp.) austro-, (in Gk comp.) nŏtosown sativus (adj. A), seminatus (part. A) space spatium (noun n. 2); spaced [arranged] dispositus (part. A), [scattered] dispersus (part. A); well-spaced dissitus (adj. A); spacious spatiosus (adj. A) spadiceus (adj. A) brown, date-coloured 295 296 Vocabulary spadix spadix (noun m. or f. 3) [see p. 00] span-, spano- (in Gk comp.) few, scarce spargens (part. B) dispersing sparing parcus (adj. A); sparingly parce (adv.) sparkling scintillans (part. B) sparse (English) sparsus (adj. A); sparsely sparsim (adv.) sparse (adv.) infrequently; sparsim (adv.) sparsely; sparsus (part. A) scattered, sparse spatha (noun f. 1) spathe; spathaceus (adj. A) spathe-like, having a spathe; spathiformis (adj. B) spathe-like; woody spathe cymba (noun f. 1) spathilla spathilla (noun f. 1) spathulatus, spatulatus (adj. A) spathulate; spathuli-, spatuli(in Lat. comp.) spathulate spatium (noun n. 2) interval, space; spatiosus (adj. A) of great extent spear-shaped hastilis (adj. B); spear- (in Lat. comp.) hastispecial peculiaris, specialis (both adj. B), proprius (adj. A) species species (noun f. 5) [see p. 00]; specific specificus (adj. A); specifically specifice (adv.) specified certus (adj. A) specimen specimen (noun n. 3), exemplum (noun n. 2) speciosus (adj. A) showy speck gutta (noun f. 1); speckled see macula, sphacelatus spectans (part. B) facing spectatus (part. A) seen speedily [quickly] cito (adv.), [immediately] confestim spelunca (noun f. 1) cave -sperma (noun n. 3, in Gk comp.) seed; -spermus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) seeded spermagonium spermogonium (noun n. 2) spermatangium (noun n. 2) spermatangium; spermatangialis (adj. B) spermatangial spermatium (noun n. 2) spermatium spermatozoideus (noun m. 2) motile gamete spermogonium (noun n. 2) spermagonium, structure producing spermatia Vocabulary sphacelatus (adj. A) having brown or blackish speckling sphaericus (adj. A) globose, spherical; sphaero- (in Gk comp.) globose, spherical sphaerocysta (noun f. 1) sphaerocyst, globose cell sphaeroideus (adj. A) globose but somewhat flattened at poles sphaeropedunculatus (adj. A) with cystidium swollen spherically at the tip and narrowing into an elongated stalk sphalma (noun n. 3) error, mistake sphen-, spheno- (in Gk comp.) wedgesphere globus (noun m. 2) spica (noun f. 1) spike; spicatus (adj. A) spicate; spicifer (adj. A) spikebearing; spiciformis (adj. B) resembling a spike spicula (noun f. 1) spikelet spiculatus (adj. A) covered with fine points spiculum (noun n. 2) spicule spike spica (noun f. 1) q.v.; relating to a spike (in Gk comp.) stachy-, stachyo-, -stachys (noun f. 3, stem stachyd-),-stachyus (adj. A) spikelet spicula (noun f. 1) spindle-shaped fusiformis (adj. B) spine spina (noun f. 1); spiny spineus, spinosus (both adj. A); spine-bearing spinifer (adj. A); spine-cell spinula (noun f. 1); spine-like spiniformis (adj. B); spinescent spinescens (part. B); spinule spinula (noun f. 1); spinulose spinulosus (adj. A); without spines inermis (adj. B) spira (noun f. 1) coil spiral gyrosus (adj. A), spiralis (adj. B); spiralling terebrans (part. B); spirally spiratim, spiraliter (both adv.); spirally twisted torsivus, helicus (both adj. A), (in Gk comp.) helicspissus (adj. A) dense, close together; spisse (adv.) compactly, densely; spissescens (part. B) becoming thick splash-cup scyphulus (noun m. 2) splendens (part. B) shining, brilliant; splendide (adv.) brightly splendour (in Gk comp.) -doxa (noun f. 1),-doxus (adj. A) splitting findens (part. B); splitting apart findens, secedens (both part. B); a split fissura, scissura (both noun f. 1); split fissus (adj. A), fissilis (adj. B), (in Gk comp.) schist-, schisto-, schiz-, schizospod-, spodo- (in Gk comp.) grey- 297 298 Vocabulary spongy fungosus, spongiosus (both adj. A) spontaneus (adj. A) growing wild naturally spoon-shaped cochleariformis, cochlearis (both adj. B) sporadic sporadicus (adj. A) sporangiatus (adj. A) producing spores sporangium (noun n. 2) sporangium; sporangiospora (noun f. 1) sporangiospore; sporangifer (adj. A) sporangium-bearing; sporangiolum (noun n. 2) small sporangium; sporangiophorum (noun n. 2) stalk of a sporangium spore spora (noun f. 1); spore-bearing sporifer, sporophorus (both adj. A); producing spores sporogenus (adj. A); -spored (in comp.) -sporus (adj. A); spore, non-motile akinetum (noun n. 2) sporidiole sporidiolum (noun n. 2) sporidium sporidium (noun n. 2) sporocarp sporocarpium (noun n. 2) sporoclade sporocladium (noun n. 2) sporocyst sporocysta (noun f. 1) sporodochidium sporodochidium (noun n. 2) sporodochium sporodochium (noun n. 2) sporogenus (adj. A) producing spores sporophore sporophorum (noun n. 2) sporophydium sporophydium (noun n. 2) sporophyll sporophyllum (noun n. 2) sporophyte sporophytum (noun n. 2) sporostegium sporostegium (noun n. 2) sporothecium sporothecium (noun n. 2) sporulation sporulatio (noun f. 3); sporulating sporulatus (part. A) spot [blotch] macula (noun f. 1) [see p. 00], [prick] punctum (noun n. 2), [drop] gutta (noun f. 1); spotted maculatus, punctatus, guttatus (all adj. A); (in Gk comp.) balio-, sticto-; full of spots maculosus (adj. A); without spots astictus (adj. A), immaculatus (part. A); spot-shaped maculiformis (adj. B) spreading [outstretched] effusus, expansus (all part. A), patens (part. B), patulus (adj. A), [extending] extendens, procurrens (both part. B); widely spreading [in habit] effusus (part. A); outspread explanatus (part. A) Vocabulary spring [season] ver (noun n. 3); of springtime vernalis (adj. B), vernus (adj. A) spring [water] fons (noun m. 3), scaturigo (noun f. 3); growing by or in springs fontanus (adj. A), fontinalis (adj. B), scaturiginus (adj. A) springing out exiliens (part. B); springing up exiens (part. B); springing back resiliens (part. B) sprinkled conspersus, adspersus (both part. A); sprinkled upon inspersus (part. A) sprout [a shoot] surculus (noun m. 2); sprouting again repullulans (part. B) spuma (noun f. 1) froth, scum; spumeus, spumosus (both adj. A) foaming, frothy spur brachyblastus (noun m. 2), calcar (noun n. 3) [see p. 00], cornu (noun n. 4) [see p. 00]; spurred calcaratus (adj. A); spur-like calcariformis (adj. B) squama (noun f. 1) scale; squamatus, squamosus (both adj. A) scaly; squamiformis (adj. B) shaped like a scale; squamulosus (adj. A) minutely scaly; squamula (noun f. 1) in grasses lodicule, in lichens small lobe of thallus; squamella, squamellula (both noun f. 1) in grasses lodicule, in daisies subdivision of pappus square quadratus (adj. A), also (part. A) = squared squarrosus (adj. A) squarrose stachy-, stachyo-, -stachys (noun f. 3, stem stachyd-), -stachyus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) relating to a spike -stagma (noun n. 3, in Gk comp.) nectary stagnant stagnans (part. B), iners (adj. B) [see p. 00] stagnum (noun n. 2) pond; stagnalis, stagnatalis (both adj. B) belonging to ponds, growing in standing water stain labes (noun f. 3); stained [by dyeing] coloratus (adj. A), fucatus, imbutus, tinctus (all part. A), [by soiling] foedatus, inquinatus (both part. A) stalagmospore stalagmospora (noun f. 1) stalk [of leaf] petiolus (noun m. 2), [of frond or agaric] stipes (noun m. 3) [see p. 00], [of inflorescence] pedunculus (noun m. 2), [of flower] pedicellus (noun m. 2), [of moss capsule] seta (noun f. 1); stalkless sessilis (adj. B), apodus (adj. A) stamen stamen (noun n. 3); stamens [as a group] androecium (noun n. 2); without stamens anandrus (adj. A); stamens and pistil together 299 300 Vocabulary genitalia (noun n. 2, pl.); within the stamens intrastaminalis (adj. B); relating to filament (in Gk comp.) -nema (noun n. 3); -stamened (in Lat. comp.) -stamineus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) -andrus (adj. A),-stemon (noun n. 3, stem stemon-) staminalis, staminaris, staminealis (all adj. B), stamineus (adj. A) staminal; staminatus (adj. A) having stamens, staminate; staminifer (adj. A) stamen-bearing staminode staminodium (noun n. 2) staminosus (adj. A) having very prominent stamens standard (petal) vexillum (noun n. 2) standing sistens (part. B); standing out extans, prominens (both part. B) stans (part. B) standing upright star astrum (noun n. 2), stella (noun f. 1) starch amylum (noun n. 2); starch-like amyloideus (adj. A); starchy amylaceus (adj. A), farinaceus (adj. A); not starchy inamyloideus (adj. A) starry stellatus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) astero-, astrostarwort aster (noun m. 3) state [position, condition] status (noun m. 4) statim (adv.) immediately, at once stationary sedentarius (adj. A) statura (noun f. 1) stature, size status (noun m. 4) condition; in statu vivo in a living state stauros stauros (noun m. 2) staying [remaining] manens (part. B) steel grey chalybeus (adj. A) steep abscissus (part. A), devexus (adj. A) steg-, stegan- (in Gk comp.) roof-, roofed -stela, -stele (noun f. 1, in Gk comp.) column stella (noun f. 1) star; stellaris (adj. B), stellatus (adj. A) stellate; stellatim (adv.) stellately; stellinervis (adj. B) stellately nerved stellate astero-, astro- (in Gk comp.) stem caulis (noun m. 3); pertaining to the stem caulinus (adj. A); stemclasping amplexicaulis (adj. B); stemless acaulescens, acaulis (both adj. B); -stemmed (in Gk & Lat. comp.) -caulis (adj. B) Vocabulary -stemma (noun n. 3, in Gk comp.) garland, wreath -stemon (noun n. 3, in Gk comp., stem stemon-) -stamen steppe steppa (noun f. 1) stercus (noun n. 3) dung; stercorarius (adj. A) pertaining to dung; sterc-, sterco- (in Lat. comp.) pertaining to dung; stercoreus (adj. A) stinking like dung stereid stereida (noun f. 1) sterigma sterigma (noun n. 3) sterile sterilis (adj. B); sterility sterilitas (noun f. 3); sterilised sterilifactus, sterilisatus (both adj. A) sternum (noun n. 2) in diatoms, central area of raphe stichid stichidium (noun n. 2) stichobasidium stichobasidium (noun n. 2) -stichus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) in a row or line sticky glutinosus, viscidus (both adj. A) stictus (adj. A) dotted; stict-, sticto- (in Gk comp.) spotted, dotted stiff rigidus (adj. A), rigens (part. B); becoming stiff rigescens (part. B) stigma (noun n. 3) stigma, eye-spot [see p. 00]; stigmaticus (adj. A) stigmatic; stigmatifer (adj. A) stigma-bearing; stigmatiformis (adj. B), stigmatoideus (adj. A) shaped or appearing like a stigma; stigmatosus (adj. A) having a well-developed or conspicuous stigma stigmatocyst stigmatocysta (noun f. 1) stigmatopod stigmatopodium (noun n. 2) stilbeus (adj. A), stilbiformis (adj. B), stilboideus (adj. A) stilboid still quietus, tranquillus (both adj. A) stilt-like gralliformis (adj. B) stilt root radix (noun f. 3) gralliformis (adj. B) (decl. together) stimulus (noun m. 2) sting; stimulans (part. B) stinging; stimulosus (adj. A) having many stings sting stimulus (noun m. 2); stinging stimulans, urens (both part. B); without stings inermis (adj. B) stinking foetens (adj. B), foetidus (adj. A), [rotten] putidus (adj. A), [like dung] stercoreus (adj. A) stipatus (part. A) crowded [surrounded] stipe stipes (noun m. 3) [see p. 00]; stipitatus (adj. A) stipitate 301 302 Vocabulary stipella (noun f. 1) stipel; stipellatus (adj. A) having stipels stipitipellis (noun f. 3) stipitipellis stipule stipula (noun f. 1); stipularis (adj. A), stipulaceus (adj. A) stipulaceous or of the stipules; stipulaneus (adj. A) taking the place of stipules; stipulifer (adj. A) stipule-bearing; stipuliformis (adj. B) shaped like a stipule stipulode stipulodium (noun n. 2) stirps (noun f. 3) plant, stock, race stolo (noun m. 3) runner, stolon; stoloniformis (adj. B) resembling a stolon; stoloniformiter (adv.) like a stolon stoma, stomate stoma (noun n. 3); stomata-bearing stomatophorus (adj. A) stomatopodium (noun n. 2) stomatopodium stomium (noun n. 2) stomium stone [of a drupe] putamen (noun n. 3) stone [rock] lapis (noun m. 3), saxum (noun n. 2); stony lapidosus, saxosus (both adj. A); stone-hard, made of stone lapideus (adj. A); becoming stone-hard lapidescens (part. B); small stone lapidulus (noun m. 2); stony ground saxa (noun n. 2, pl.) stone- (in Gk comp.) lith-, litho-. See also rock stopper obturamentum (noun n. 2) stopping desinens (part. B) stored conditus (part. A) stout [thick] crassus (adj. A), [strong] validus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) pachystraggling effusus (part. A) straight rectus, strictus (both adj. A); fairly straight rectiusculus (adj. A); going straight directus (part. A); straight-nerved rectinervis (adj. B), rectinervius (adj. A); straight (in Lat. comp.) recti-, (in Gk comp.) orth-, orthostraightforward prorsus (adj. A) strait fretum (noun n. 2), fretus (noun m. 4) stramineus (adj. A) straw-coloured strand [shoreline] littus (noun n. 3), [thread] filum (noun n. 2) strange [unusual] insuetus (adj. A), [wonderful] mirus (adj. A), [foreign] peregrinus (adj. A) strap-shaped ligulatus, loratus (both adj. A), loriformis (adj. B); (in Gk comp.) himanto- Vocabulary stratum (noun n. 2) layer; stratosus (adj. A) in distinct layers; -stratus (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) -layered straw-coloured stramineus (adj. A) streak [e.g. of colour] virga (noun f. 1); streaked virgatus (adj. A); having very fine, irregular streaks aciculatus (adj. A) stream flumen (noun n. 3), rivulus (noun m. 2); referring to streams fluminalis (adj. B), flumineus (adj. A) stretched out porrectus (part. A) stria (noun f. 1) streak, groove, line, in cryptogams rib; striatus (adj. A) striate, fluted; not striate estriatus (adj. A) strictura (noun f. 1) constriction strictus (adj. A) straight, upright striga (noun f. 1) striga [a short, stiff hair]; strigosus (adj. A) strigose striking conspicuus (adj. A) striola (noun f. 1) fine linear marking; striolatus (adj. A) striolate stripe [of colour] virga (noun f. 1); striped [with longitudinal lines, banded] vittatus (adj. A), [fasciated] fasciatus (adj. A), [with raised lines] grammatus (adj. A); irregularly striped marmoratus (adj. A) stripped denudatus (part. A) strobilus (noun m. 2) cone; strobiliformis (adj. B), strobilaceus (adj. A), strobilinus (adj. A) cone-like, strobilaceous stroma (noun n. 3) stroma; -stromaticus (adj. A, in Gk comp.) -layered strombuliformis (adj. B) twisted in a long cone strong fortis (adj. B), validus (adj. A); strongly fortiter, valde (both adv.) strophiole strophiolum (noun n. 2) structure structura (noun f. 1) struma (noun f. 1) a swelling, tumour; strumosus (adj. A) having a swelling; strumulosus (adj. A) having a small swelling strut tigillum (noun n. 2) stuffed farctus (part. A), fartilis (adj. B) stuppeus, stupposus (both adj. A) tow-like, covered with tow-like hairs style stylus (noun m. 2) q.v. styliductus (noun m. 3) stylar canal stylodium (noun n. 2) stylodium stylogonidium (noun n. 2) stylogonidium 303 304 Vocabulary stylopodium (noun n. 2) stylopod stylospore stylospora (noun f. 1) stylostegium (noun n. 2) stylostegium stylus (noun m. 2) style; stylatus (adj. A) having a style; stylaris (adj. B) relating to a style; stylifer (adj. A) bearing a style; styliformis (adj. B) shaped like a style; stylinus (adj. A) belonging to a style; systylus (adj. A) having several styles united into one organ; astylus (adj. A) without a style suaveolens (adj. B) fragrant, sweetly scented; suavis (adj. B) pleasant, sweet sub (prep.) under, below: with Ablative to indicate position below, beneath, or time at which something happens; with Accusative to indicate action below or towards something or approaching the time when something happens sub- (pref. in Lat. comp. before vowels, most consonants) almost, somewhat; before c use suc-, before f use suf-, before g use sugsubaestualis (adj. B) subtidal subductus (part. A) dredged, pulled up subepilithicus (adj. A) [of a crustose lichen] midway between epilithic and endolithic suber (noun n. 3) cork; subereus, suberosus (both adj. A) corky [but note next entry] sub-erosus (adj. A) somewhat erose subfamily subfamilia (noun f. 1); to form name of a subfamily add -oideae (Nominative f. pl., adj. A) to stem of name of type genus subgenus subgenus (noun n. 3) [see p. 00] subgleba (noun f. 1) subgleba, tissue that supports the gleba subhymenium (noun n. 2) subhymenium, generative tissue subtending the hymenium subicle subiculum (noun n. 2) subinde (adv.) occasionally or immediately after subito (adv.) suddenly subjectus (part. A) placed below, lying beneath sub lente (adv. phr.) under a lens sublittoralis (adj. B) below the littoral zone submarinus (adj. A) under the sea submerged demersus, immersus, submersus (all part. A) Vocabulary submuriformis (adj. B) submuriform suborder subordo (noun m. 3); to form name of a suborder add -ales (Nominative f. pl., adj. B) to stem of name of type family subpseudopodium (noun n. 2) fine extension on leading edge of pseudopodium subsection subsectio (noun f. 3) subseries subseries (noun f. 5) [see p. 00] subsidiarius (adj. A) subsidiary subspecies subspecies (noun f. 5) [see p. 00] substance substantia (noun f. 1), contextus (noun m. 4), [flesh] caro (noun f. 3) [see p. 00] substrate substratum (noun n. 2) subtended subtentus, suffultus (both part. A) subter (adv.) below, underneath; also (prep. þ Accusative or Ablative) below, beneath subterraneus (adj. A) below-ground, underground subtidal subaestualis (adj. B) subtilis (adj. B) delicate, fine; subtiliter (adv.) finely, delicately subtracted demptus (part. A) subtribe subtribus (noun f. 4); to form name of a subtribe add -inae (suff., adj. A, Nominative f. pl.) to stem of name of type genus subtus (adv.) below, beneath subula (noun f. 1) fine sharp point; subulatus (adj. A), subuliformis (adj. B) subulate, awl-shaped; subuli- (in Lat. comp.) subulatesubvexus (adj. A) sloping upwards successive successivus (adj. A); successively successive, deinceps, invicem (all adv.) succidus (adj. A) juicy succineus (adj. A) amber-coloured succisus (part. A) abruptly broken off succosus (adj. A) full of juice succubus (adj. A) succubous succulent carnosus, succulentus (both adj. A) succus (noun m. 2) sap, juice; succidus, succosus (both adj. A) juicy sucker surculus (noun m. 2) 305 306 Vocabulary suddenly subito, abrupte (both adv.) sufflatus (part. A) blown out, inflated suffrutex (noun m. 3) undershrub [see p. 00]; suffrutescens (adj. B) slightly woody; sufruticosus (adj. A) somewhat woody suffultus (part. A) subtended, supported suffusus (part. A) tinged sugar saccharum (noun n. 2); sugary saccharinus (adj. A); sugary, appearing sugar-coated saccharatus (adj. A); sugar-bearing saccharifer (adj. B) sugillatus (part. A) bruised sui (pron.) of itself suitable aptus (part. A), idoneus (adj. A) sulcus (noun m. 2) furrow, groove; sulcatus (part. A) furrowed, grooved; sulcinervis (adj. B), sulcinervius (adj. A) with nerves in grooves sulphur yellow sulphureus (adj. A) summary breviarium (noun n. 2) summer aestas (noun f. 3); pertaining to summer aestivalis (adj. B), aestivus (adj. A), solstitialis (adj. B) summopere (adv.) exceedingly summum (noun n. 2) the top; summus (adj. A) uppermost, highest sun sol (noun m. 3); growing in the sun apricus (adj. A); sun-loving photophilus (adj. A); an open, sunny place apricum (noun n. 2); sun- (in Gk comp.) heliosunken [pressed down] depressus, [pressed into] impressus (part. A), [sunken] immersus (part. A), [buried] infossus (part. A); (in Lat. comp.) impressisuper (prep. þ Accusative, rarely Ablative) over [extending over]; also pref. in Lat. comp. superatus (part. A) over-topped; superans (part. B) over-topping superaxillaris, supra-axillaris (both adj. B) placed above an axil superficialis (adj. B) occuring on upper surface; superficies (noun f. 5) upper surface [see p. 00] superficiaris (adj. B) on the surface superimpositus (part. A) overlapping, placed upon superior (adj. compar.) higher, upper, former superior [e.g. ovary] superus (adj. A) superjectus (part. A) lying above Vocabulary superne (adv.) from above, upwards superpendens (part. B) overhanging superpositus (part. A) overlapping, placed upon superus (ad. A) upper, higher supervolute supervolutivus (adj. A) supinus (adj. A) bent backwards, prostrate suppetens (part. B) available, at hand support ops (noun f. 3) [aid]; supporting fulciens, fulcrans, sistens, sustinens (all part. B); supported fulcratus, fultus, suffultus (all part. A). supra (prep. þ Accusative, adv.) above, over; also pref. in Lat. comp. supraterraneus (adj. A) above-ground supremus (adj. A) highest sur- (in Lat. comp.) almost, somewhat surculus (noun m. 2) shoot, sucker surface pagina (noun f. 1); on the surface superficiaris (adj. B); upper surface superficies (noun f. 5) [see p. 00]; occurring on upper surface superficialis (adj. B) surgens (part. B) arising surrounded circumcinctus, circumnexus (both part. A); surrounding ambiens, cingens (both part. B) sursum (adv.) upwards survey conspectus (noun m. 4) suspended dependens (part. B), suspensus (part. A) sustinens (part. B) supporting, upholding suture sutura (noun f. 1); sutural suturalis (adj. B) suus (adj. A, possess. pron.) its own, their swamp palus (noun f. 3); swampy palustris (adj. B) sward caespes (noun m. 3) [see p. 00] sweet dulcis, suavis (both adj. B); (in Gk comp.) hedy-; sweet-tasting or-scented (in Gk comp.) glycoswelling tumor (noun m. 3); swelling up intumescens, tumescens, tumens (all part. B) swimming fluitans (part. B) swing, able to oscillatorius (adj. A); swinging oscillans (part. B); swinging to and fro vacillans (part. B) 307 308 Vocabulary swollen tumidus (adj. A); swollen with praegnans (adj. B); swollen (in Gk comp.) onco-, oedosword-shaped ensatus, gladiatus (both adj. A), ensiformis (adj. B); sword-leaved ensifolius (adj. A); sword-like xiphoideus, (in Gk comp.) xiph-, xiphosy- (pref. in Gk comp. before s) with, together syconium syconium (noun n. 2) syl- (pref. in Gk comp. before l) with, together sylva, silva (noun f. 1) forest, wood; sylvaticus (adj. A), sylvestris (adj. B) pertaining to forest or wood; sylvicola (noun c. 1) inhabitant of forest or wood sym- (pref. in Gk comp. before b, m and p) with, together symbiont symbion (noun m. 3; stem-onti-) symbiosis (noun f. 3) symbiosis symmetrical symmetricus (adj. A); not symmetrical asymmetricus (adj. A) sympatric sympatricus (adj. A) sympetalus (adj. A) gamopetalous sympodial sympodialis (adj. B) sympodule sympodula (noun f. 1) syn-, sys- (pref. in Gk comp. before r) with, together; see also sy-, syl-, symsynandrium synandrium (noun n. 2) synangium synangium (noun n. 2) synantherus, synanthericus (both adj. A) with anthers cohering in a ring or tube synanthus, synanthius (both adj. A) produced at same time as flowers syncarp syncarpium (noun n. 2); syncarpous syncarpus (adj. A) syngenesus (adj. A) with anthers united in a ring or tube synnema synnema (noun n. 3) synoecium synoecium (noun n. 2) synoicus (adj. A) synoicous synonym synonymum (noun n. 2); synonymy synonymia (noun f. 1) syntype syntypus (noun m. 2) sys- (pref. in Gk comp. before s) with, together systema (noun n. 3) system, a whole with several parts systylus (adj. A) having several styles united into one organ Vocabulary T tabacinus (adj. A) pale brown tabescens (part. B) wasting away; tabidus (part. A) wasted away, stunted, hence aborted tabula (noun f. 1) plate, illustration tabularis (adj. B) flattened horizontally tabulatus (adj. A) having layers or transverse septa tactilis (adj. B) sensitive to touch taenia (noun f. 1) ribbon, band; taeniatus (adj. A), taeniformis (adj. B) band-shaped; taenianus (adj. A) long and flattened [like a tapeworm]; taeni-, taenio- (in Gk and Lat. comp.) band-like, strap-shaped tail cauda (noun f. 1); with a tail caudatus (adj. A); tail-, -tailed (in Gk. comp.) uro-, -urus (adj. A) taken away from ademptus, demptus (both part. A); taken out of excerptus (part. A); taking up [assimilating] assumens (part. B) tall altus, celsus, elatus, excelsus, praelongus (all adj. A); very tall procerus (adj. A) tam (adv.) so far, equally tamen (adv.) nevertheless tandem (adv.) eventually, at length, finally tangential tangentialis (adj. B) tangerinus (adj. A) orange tangled implexus, implicatus, implicitus (all part. A) tanquam (adv.) much as tantum (adv.) only, merely tantus quantus (both adj. A, decl. together) as great as tapering [narrowed] angustatus (part. A) [see p. 00], [drawn together] contractus (part. A), [growing less] decrescens (part. B), deminutus (part. A), [lengthened] protractus (part. A) tap-root radix (noun f. 3) [see p. 00] tardus (adj. A) slow; tarde (adv.) slowly taste gustus (noun m. 4), sapor (noun m. 3); tasteless insipidus (adj. A) tatareus (adj. A) with thick, rough, crumbling surface 309 310 Vocabulary tawny fulvus, ravus (both adj. A); becoming tawny fulvescens (part. B); somewhat tawny fulvidus (adj. A); tawny- (in Lat. comp.) fulvi-, fulvotaxon taxon (noun n. 2) tearing findens (part. B) tear-shaped lacrimiformis (adj. B), dacryoideus (adj. A) tectum (noun n. 2) roof tectus (part. A) concealed, hidden, covered tegens (part. B) covering, concealing teges (noun f. 3) mat tegmen (noun n. 3), tegmentum (noun n. 2) covering, also glume [in grasses] tegula (noun f. 1) phyllary, involucral scale tegumen (noun n. 3) [outer] seed coat tegumentum (noun n. 2) indusium tela (noun f. 1) web, mycelium teleianthus (adj. A) hermaphrodite teleutospore teleutospora (noun f. 1) teliospore teliospora (noun f. 1) telium telium (noun n. 2) telmat- (in Gk comp.) pertaining to damp or wet sites temere, temeriter (both adv.) at random temperate temperatus (part. A) tempus (noun n. 3) time; tempore (noun. n. 3, Ablative sing. þ Genitive) during [at the time of] ten decem (num. adj. indecl.); ten each deni (num. distr. adj. pl.); ten times, tenfold deciens, decies (num. adv.); ten- (in Lat. comp.) decem-, (in Gk comp.) decatenaculum (noun n. 2) tenacle, holdfast tenax (adj. B) holding fast, tough [see p. 00] tendril capreolus, cirrus (both noun m. 2); having tendrils cirratus, cirrosus (both adj. A); bearing tendril(s) cirrifer (adj. A); tendrillike cirriformis (adj. B) tenebrosus (adj. A) dark, gloomy tenellus (adj. A) delicate tenens (part. B) holding tentaculum (noun n. 2) sensitive glandular hair Vocabulary tenth decimus (ord. num., adj. A) tenuis (adj. B) delicate, fine, slender; tenuitas (noun f. 3) thinness; tenuiter (adv.) finely, lightly; tenui- (in Lat. comp.) slender, thin tenus (prep. þ Ablative) as far as tepal tepalum (noun n. 2); tepaline tepalinus (adj. A) tephro- (in Gk comp.) greyter (num. adv.) three times, trebly terebrans (part. B) drilling, spiralling teres (adj. B) terete; tereti- (in Lat. comp.) teretetergeminatus, tergeminus (both adj. A) tergeminate terminal terminalis (adj. B), apicalis (adj. B); terminated terminatus (part. A); terminating terminans (part. B); having terminal flowers acranthus (adj. A); having terminal fruit acrocarpus (adj. A) ternarius (adj. A) consisting of threes; ternatus (adj. A) ternate; ternatopinnatus (adj. A) ternately pinnate; terni (num. distr. adj. pl.) three each; terni- (in Lat. comp.) threeterra (noun f. 1) earth, land, soil; terrestris (adj. B) of the land terreus (adj. A) earth-coloured [brownish] tertiary tertiarius (adj. A) tertius (ord. num., adj. A) third tessellatus (adj. A) chequered, tessellate tessularis (adj. B) more or less cubical testa (noun f. 1) [outer] seed coat testaceus (adj. A) brick-red teste (prep.) according to testiculatus (adj. A) testiculate tetra- (in Gk comp.) four-; tetradidymus (adj. A) having four pairs; tetradynamus (adj. A) tetradynamous; tetradymus (adj. A) having four cells; tetraploideus (adj. A) tetraploid tetrad tetras (noun f. 3) tetrahedral tetraedricus, tetraedrus (both adj. A), tetrahedralis (adj. B) tetrasporangium (noun n. 2) tetrasporangium; tetraspore tetraspora (noun f. 1); tetrasporangial tetrasporangialis (adj. B) tetraspore tetraspora (noun f. 1) tetrasporophyton, tetrasporophytum (both noun n. 2) tetrasporophyte 311 312 Vocabulary textilis (adj. B) woven textura (noun f. 1) tissue texture consistentia (noun f. 1) thalamium thalamium (noun n. 2) thalamus (noun m. 2) receptacle, torus; thalamiflorus (adj. A) thalamifloral thalassicus (adj. A) sea-green thalloconidium (noun n. 2) thalloconidium thallospore thallospora (noun f. 1) thallus (noun m. 2) thallus; thalliformis (adj. B) like a thallus; thallinus (adj. A), thallodialis (adj. B), thallodicus (adj. A) thalline; thallodes, thalloides (both adj. B) like a thallus than quam (adv.) that ut (conj.) [used with subjunctive verb] the there is no equivalent in Latin; it’s included within a noun theca theca (noun f. 1) -theca (noun f. 1, in Gk comp.) -cover,-case thecatus (adj. A) thecate, armoured thecium thecium (noun n. 2) their suus (possess. pron.) thele- (in Gk comp.) nipplethely- (in Gk comp.) female then dein, deinde, ibi, tum (all adv.) thence illinc, inde (both adv.) there ibi, illic (both adv.) thereafter dein, deinde (adv.) therefore ergo, ideo, igitur, itaque (all adv.) thermae (noun f. 1, pl.) warm or hot springs; thermalis (adj. B) relating to warm water thick crassus (adj. A), [closely packed] densus (adj. A); thickened concretus, incrassatus, inspissatus (all part. A); thickly crasse (adv.); moderately thick crassiusculus (adj. A); thickening spissescens (part. B); thick-skinned pachydermus, pachydermicus (both adj. A); thick(in Gk comp.) pachythicket dumetum (noun n. 2) thickness crassities (noun f. 5) Vocabulary thick-skinned pachydermus, pachydermicus (both adj. A) thin [slender] gracilis, tenuis (both adj. B), [diluted] dilutus (part. A), [meagre] exilis (adj. B); thinness tenuitas (noun f. 3); very thin pertenuis (adj. B); thinly tenuiter, rare (both adv.); thin (in Lat. comp.) tenui-, (in Gk comp.) ischno-, lept-, leptothinium (noun n. 2) dune third tertius (ord. num., adj. A), triens (noun m. 3) this hic, haec, hoc (dem. pron.) [see p. 00] tholus (noun m. 2) dome; tholiformis (adj. B) dome-shaped thorn spina (noun f. 1); thorny spinosus (adj. A); with copious thorns senticosus (adj. A); thorn-bush dumus (noun m. 2); thorn scrub dumetum (noun n. 2) though quamquam (conj.) thread filum (noun n. 2); thread-like filiformis (adj. B); relating to threads (in Lat. comp.) fili-, (in Gk comp.) -nema (noun n. 3), nematothree tres, tres, tria (num. adj. B) [see p. 00] three- (in Lat. & Gk comp.) tri-; consisting of threes ternarius (adj. A); three each terni (num. distr. adj. pl.); three-quarters dodrans (noun m. 3); three times ter (num. adv.) -thrix (noun f. 3, in Gk comp.) hair throat [botanical Lat.] faux (noun f. 3, sing.), [classical Lat.] fauces (noun f. 3, pl.) through per (prep. þ Accusative); through (pref. in Lat. comp.) per-, (pref. in Gk comp.) diathroughout omnino, penitus, ubique (all adv.) thus ita, sic (both adv.) thylacoid thylacoides (noun f. 3) thyriothecium thyriothecium (noun n. 2) thyrse thyrsus (noun m. 2); thyrsoid, thyrse-like thyrsiformis (adj. B), thyrsoideus (adj. A) thysano- (in Gk comp.) fringetide aestus (noun m. 4); tidal aestualis (adj. B) tight [drawn together] arctus, artus (both adj. A), astrictus (part. A); tightly arcte, arte (both adv.) tigillatus (adj. A) tigillate 313 314 Vocabulary tigillum [strut] tigillum (noun n. 2) tigrinus (adj. A) tiger-like, spotted tiller telgor (noun f. 3) time tempus (noun n. 3); a long time diu (adv.); at any time aliquando (adv.); at any one time unquam (adv.); at the same time coaetaneus (adj. A), simul (adv.), una (adv.); for a short time parumper, paulisper (both adv.) times use adv. ending-plo or-ies; many times multoties (adv.); several times compluriens, compluries, pluries (all adv.) tinctus (part. A) stained, dyed, tinged tinged imbutus, suffusus, tinctus (all part. A); tingeing tingens (part. B) tinsel see mastigonema tiny minutus (adj. A) tip apex (noun m. 3) tissue contextus (noun m. 4), textura (noun f. 1) to ad (prep. þ Accusative), [towards] versus (prep. þ Accusative) tofus (noun m. 2) tufa together [at the same time] simul, una (adv.), [together with] cum (prep. þ Ablative); melded together conflatus (part. A); together with hama-, sy-, syl-, sym-, syn-, sys- (all pref. in Gk comp.) tomentum tomentum (noun n. 2); tomentose tomentosus (adj. A); minutely tomentose tomentellus, tomentulosus (both adj. A) tongue lingua (noun f. 1); tongue-shaped linguiformis (adj. B), lingulatus (adj. A); -tongued (in Lat. comp.) -linguis (adj. B), (in Gk comp.) glossus (adj. A) tonsus (part. A) shaven [become glabrous] tooth dens (noun m. 3) [see p. 00]; toothed dentatus (adj. A); tooth(in Lat. comp.) denti-, (in Gk comp.) odon-, odont-, odonto-; -tooth, toothed (in Lat. comp.) -dens (noun m. 3),-dentatus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) -odon (noun m. 3, stem odont-),-odontus (adj. A); without teeth edentatus, edentulus (both adj. A) top vertex (noun m. 3) tophaceus (adj. A) tufa-like tophulus tophulus (noun m. 2) topmost summus (adj. A) topotype topotypus (noun m. 2) Vocabulary top-shaped turbinatus (adj. A) torn laceratus, lacerus (both part. A); torn apart divulsus (part. A) tornatus (part. A) rounded off torosus (adj. A) torose torquatus (adj. A) having a twisted collar torrent amnis, torrens (both noun m. 3) torsivus (adj. A) spirally twisted tortilis (adj. B) liable to twist; tortuosus (adj. A) complex or bent in various directions; tortus (part. A) twisted; torti- (in Lat. comp.) twisted torulosus (adj. A) torulose torus thalamus, torus (both noun m. 2) tot (indecl. adj.) so many totus (adj. A) all, whole touch tactus (noun m. 4); touching contiguus (adj. A), contingens (part. B); touch, sensitive to tactilis (adj. B) tough tenax (adj. B) [see p. 00] tow-like stuppeus, stupposus (both adj. A) towards versus (prep. þ Accusative) tower-shaped turriformis (adj. B) toxicarius (adj. A) poisonous trabecula trabecula (noun f. 1); trabeculate trabeculatus (adj. A); trabeculose trabeculosus (adj. A) trace vestigium (noun n. 2) trachy- (in Gk comp.) rough trahens (part. B) dragging, trailing trailing [creeping] serpens (part. B) trailing [dragging] trahens (part. B) trama trama (noun f. 1) tranquillus (adj. A) calm, still trans (prep. þ Accusative) across; also pref. in Lat. comp. transapical pervalvaris (adj. A) transection transectio (noun f. 3) transeptatus (adj. A) transeptate transferred translatus (part. A) 315 316 Vocabulary transformatus, transmutatus (both part. A) changed, altered transiens (part. B) merging, passing into transition transitus (noun m. 4) transitivus (adj. A) passing over; transitorius (adj. A) intermediate [passing from one to another]; transitus (noun m. 4) transition translatus (part. A) transferred translucens (part. B), translucidus (adj. A) translucent, clear transmitted transmissus (part. A) transmutatus (part. A) changed transparent diaphanus, hyalinus, lucidus, pellucidus, translucidus (all adj. A), translucens (part. B) transtrum (noun n. 2) bar, cross-beam transverse transversalis (adj. B), transversarius (adj. A), transversus (adj. A); transversely transverse, transversim, transversaliter (all adv.) trap [e.g. in Utricularia] vesica (noun f. 1), [a snare, noose] laqueus (noun m. 2) trapezialis (adj. B), trapeziformis (adj. B), trapezoideus (adj. A) trapeziform trapping illaquens (part. B) traversing peragrans (part. B) treble triplus (adj. A); trebly ter, tripliciter (both adv.) tree arbor (noun f. 3); tree (in Gk comp.) dendr-, dendro-, -dendron; becoming tree-like arborescens (part. B); tree-like arboreus, dendromorphus (both adj. A), [of hairs] dendriticus, dendroideus (both adj. A); living in a tree arboricola (adj. A); a small tree arbuscula (noun f. 1) trellis-like [in form] cancellatus, clathratus (both adj. A) trembling tremulus (adj. A) tremelloideus, tremellosus (both adj. A) jelly-like, gelatinous tremulus (adj. A) trembling tres, tres, tria (num. adj. B) three [see p. 00] tri- (in Lat. & Gk comp.) threetriandrus (adj. A) triandrous triangle triangulum (noun n. 2); triangular triangularis (adj. B), triangulatus, triangulus, deltatus (all adj. A); triangular in cross-section [triquetrous] triqueter (adj. A) Vocabulary tribe tribus (noun f. 4); to form name of a tribe add suff. -eae (Nominative pl. f., adj. A) to stem of name of type genus; to form name of a subtribe add -inae (suff., adj. A, Nominative pl. f.) to stem of name of type genus tribuliformis (adj. B) tribuliform trichoblast trichoblastus (noun m. 2) trichocysta (noun f. 1) trichocyst trichogyne trichogyne (noun f. 3), trichogyna (noun f. 1) trichoideus (adj. A) hair-like; trich-, tricho- (in Gk comp) hairy, hair-like tricholomoideus (adj. A) Tricholoma-like trichome trichoma (noun n. 3) [see p. 00] trichophore trichophorum (noun n. 2) trichotomous trichotomus (adj. A) triens (noun m. 3) a third trifariam (adv.), trifarius (adj. A) arranged in three ranks trigone trigona (noun f. 1) trigonus (adj. A) trigonous, having three angles with plane faces between trihilatus (adj. A) with three apertures or pores trilete triletus (adj. A) trimerus (adj. A) trimerous trimiticus (adj. A) trimitic trinacriformis (adj. B) three-pronged triple triplex (adj. B), triplus (adj. A); triply tripliciter (adv.); triple(in Lat. comp.) triplitriplicato- (in Lat. comp.) threefold triploideus (adj. A) triploid triplostichus (adj. A) in or having three rows triquetrous triqueter (adj. A) tristichus (adj. A) in or having three rows tristis (adj. B) dull-coloured [sad] tritus (part. A) rubbed, bruised trochlearis, trochleiformis (both adj. B) shaped like a pulley wheel trocho- (in Gk comp.) wheel-like trombiformis (adj. B) narrowly funnel-shaped tropaeolinus (adj. A) nasturtium red 317 318 Vocabulary tropical tropicus (adj. A) trough-shaped trullatus (adj. A), trulliformis (adj. B) trowel-shaped alveiformis (adj. B) true genuinus, verus (both adj. A); truly enim (conj.) trullatus (adj. A), trulliformis (adj. B) trullate, angular-ovate trumpet-shaped [straight] tubatus (adj. A), tubaeformis (adj. B); [somewhat curved] buccinatus, buccinatorius (both adj. A) truncatus (part. A) truncate trunk truncus (noun m. 2) tuba (noun f. 1) trumpet [conical]; tubatus (adj. A), tubaeformis (adj. B) trumpet-shaped [straight] tube tubus (noun m. 2), sipho (noun m. 3); tubular tubularis (adj. B), tubulosus (adj. A); tube-like tubiformis (adj. B); having elongated tubes siphoneus (adj. A); relating to tube (in Gk comp.) siphon-, siphono-, siphonius (adj. A) tuber tuber (noun n. 3); tuberans, tuberascens (both part. B) becoming swollen or tuberous tuberculum (noun n. 2) tubercle; tubercularis (adj. B) having tubercles; tuberculatus (adj. A) tuberculate; tuberculiformis (adj. B) tuberclelike tuberifer (adj. A) tuber-bearing; tuberosus (adj. A) producing tubers or swollen into a tuber tuberoid tuberoideum (noun n. 2) tubiformis (adj. B) tube-like; tubiflorus, tubuliflorus (both adj. A) having tubular flowers tubularis (adj. B), tubulosus (adj. A) tubular tubulus (noun m. 2) tubule; tubuliformis (adj. B) like a tubule tubus (noun m. 2) tube [with parallel sides] tufa tofus (noun m. 2); tufa-like tofaceus (adj. A) tuft caespes (noun m. 3) [see p. 00]; little tuft caespitulus (noun m. 2); growing in tufts caespitosus, cespitosus (both adj. A); having a tuft of hairs comosus (adj. A); tuft of hairs penicillum (noun n. 2); shaped like a tuft of hairs penicillatus (adj. A), penicilliformis (adj. B) tum (adv.) then, at that time tumens (part. B) swelling, swollen; tumescens (part. B) bulging, swelling Vocabulary tumidus (adj. A) swollen tumor (noun m. 3) swelling, tumour tumulus (noun m. 2) mound [of earth] tunc (adv.) then, immediately tundra tundra (noun f. 1) tunic (in Gk comp.) -chiton (noun m. 2) tunica (noun f. 1) tunic; tunicatus (adj. A) tunicate or having a thin separable covering turbarium (noun n. 2) peat-bog turbatus (part. A) disturbed turbinatus (adj. A) top-shaped, turbinate turf caespes (noun m. 3) [see p. 00]; turf-like caespiticius (adj. A) turfosus (adj. A) peaty; turfosum (noun n. 2) peaty moor; turbarium (noun n. 2) peat-bog turgidus (adj. A) turgid, inflated turion turio (noun m. 3) turma (noun f. 1) group turn anfractus (noun m. 4) turn, in invicem (adv.) turned aside or downwards deflectus, deflexus (both part. A); turned towards versus (adv. usu. þ Accusative), adversus, obversus (both part. A); turned upside down inversus (part. A); turned in the direction of versum (adv.); in turn invicem (adv.) turning [indicates a process or change of state] expressed by part. ending in ascens or -escens, e.g. cinerascens, becoming grey turnip-shaped napiformis, rapiformis (both adj. B) turriformis (adj. B) tower-shaped; turritus (adj. A) turreted twice bis (num. adv.); twice-congugate conjugatus (adj. A), bigeminatus (adj. A) twig ramunculus (noun m. 2) twining volubilis (adj. B) [if toward the left þ sinistrorsum, if toward the right þ dextrorsum, both adv.]; twining from left to right eutopicus (adj. A) twinned binatus, didymus, gemellus, geminus, geminatus (all adj. A) twist convoluta, spira (both noun f. 1); twisted intortus, tortus, torquatus, torsivus (all adj. A), tortilis (adj. B); twisted spirally helicus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) helic- 319 320 Vocabulary two duo, dua, duo (num. adj.) [see p. 00] two- (pref. in Lat. comp.) bi-, (pref. in Gk comp.) di-, dicha-, dicho-; two each bini (distrib. num., adj. A, pl.) two-edged anceps, ancipitius (both adj. B) tylo- (pref. in Gk comp.) with knobs or projections tympanum (noun n. 2) epiphragm; tympaniformis (adj. B) drum-shaped type typus (noun m. 2); holotype holotypus (noun m. 2); so also epitypus, isosyntypus, isotypus, lectotypus, neotypus, paratypus, syntypus, topotypus (all noun m. 2); generitype generitypus (noun m. 2) typical typicus (adj. A); typically typice (adv.) tyrius (adj. A) tyrian purple tyttho- (in Gk comp.) small U ubi (adv.) where, when ubicumque (adv.) anywhere, where, wherever ubique (adv.) everywhere, overall, throughout udus (adj. A) damp -ulentus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates abundance or fullness uliginosus (adj. A) boggy, marshy ullus (adj. A) any, anyone ulterior (adj. compar.) farther; ultimus (adj. A) farthest, final, last; ulterius (adv.) beyond, farther on; ultime (adv.) extremely ultimately ad extremum, ad finem, extremum (adv.), postremo (adv.) ultra (adv.) beyond, farther ultro citroque, ultro et citro (both adv. phr.) to and fro, backwards and forwards -ulus (Lat. suff., adj. A) with adj. indicates diminutive form; with verb indicates action umbel umbella (noun f. 1); umbellate umbellatus (adj. A); umbel-like umbelliformis (adj. B) umbellula (noun f. 1) partial umbel or the ultimate umbel in a compound umbel; umbellulatus (adj. A) having partial umbels umber umbrinus (adj. A) Vocabulary umbilicatus (adj. A), umbiliciformis (adj. B) navel-like umbilicus umbilicus (noun m. 2) umbo (noun m. 3) boss, umbo; umbonatus (adj. A) bossed, umbonate umbra (noun f. 1) shade umbraculiformis (adj. B) umbrella-shaped umbraculum umbraculum (noun n. 2) umbrinus (adj. A) umber umbrosus (adj. A) shady un- negative Eng. pref., expressed in Lat. by pref. in- (or im- before b, m and p), and e- or ex- before vowels; also by haud or non una (adv.) at the same time unaltered immutatus (adj. A) unarmed inermis (adj. B) unarmoured athecatus (adj. A) unbroken [entire] integer (adj. A) [see p. 00] uncatus (adj. A) hooked, bent inwards uncertain incertus, dubius, ambiguus (all adj. A) unchangeable immutabilis (adj. B); unchanged immutatus (adj. A) uncia (noun f. 1) an inch; uncialis (adj. A) an inch long unciformis (adj. B) hook-shaped; uncinatus (adj. A) uncinate, hooked; uncinus (noun m. 2) barb unclear indistinctus (adj. A) uncommon rarus (adj. A); uncommonly raro (adv.) unctulus, unctuosus (both adj. A); appearing greasy but not actually so unctus (part. A) greasy uncultivated incultus (adj. A) uncus (noun m. 2) barb, hook; uncatus (adj. A) hooked; uncinatus (adj. A) barbed, hooked; unciformis (adj. B) hook-shaped undatus (adj. A) wavy; undatim (adv.) in a wavy manner unde (adv.) whence undecided incertus (adj. A) undeciens, undecies (both adv.) eleven times; undecimus (adj. A) an eleventh under sub q.v. (prep. þ Ablative or Accusative); (in Gk comp.) hyp-, hypo- 321 322 Vocabulary under a lens [observed] sub lente (adv. phr.) [observatus, part. A] undergoing subiens (part. B) underground subterraneus, hypogaeus (both adj. A) underneath infra (adv. & prep. þ Accusative), subter (adv. & prep. þ Ablative or Accusative), subtus (adv.) undershrub suffrutex (noun m. 3) [see p. 00] undescribed indescriptus (adj. A) undeveloped immaturus (adj. A) undique (adv.) on all sides undivided indivisus (adj. A), simplex (adj. B) [see p. 00] undulate undulatus, undatus (both adj. A) undulato-striatus (adj. A) with wavy raised lines unequal dispar, impar, inaequabilis, inaequalis (all adj. B); (in Lat. comp.) inaequi-, (in Gk comp.) aniso-; unequally impariter, inaequaliter (both adv.); unequal-sided inaequilaterus (adj. A) uneven impar, inaequalis (both adj. B), [to touch] asper (adj. A); (in Gk comp.) anisounguis (noun m.3) a claw; unguicularis (adj. B), unguiculatus (adj. A) clawed ungulatus (adj. A), unguliformis (adj. B) hoof-shaped, clawed uni- (in Lat. comp.) oneunicus (adj. A) unique unifariam (adv.), unifarius (adj. A) in a line or row uniflagellatus (adj. A) uniflagellate uniform aequabilis, uniformis (both adj. B); uniformly aeque, aequabiliter (both adv.) unilateral unilateralis (adj. B) uninterrupted continuus (adj. A) union junctio, conjunctio, copulatio (all noun f. 3) uniseriatus (adj. A) in one row unisexual unisexualis (adj. B) unistratose unistratosus (adj. A) unit monas (noun f. 3) united coadnatus, conflatus, connatus, consociatus, unitus (all part. A); (in Gk comp.) gamo- Vocabulary unitunicatus (adj. A) unitunicate universalis (adj. B) general; universe (adv.) generally; in universum (adv. phr.) as a whole universal veil velum (noun n. 2) universale (adj. B n.) (decl. together) unknown ignotus, incognitus (both adj. A) unlawful illegitimus (adj. A) unless nisi (adv.) unlike dispar (adj. B), dissimilis (adj. B þ Dative or Genitive), diversus (part. A) unnamed innominatus (adj. A) unpleasant ingratus (adj. A) unpolished impolitus (adj. A) unquam (adv.) at any one time unripe immaturus, crudus (both adj, A) unspotted astictus, immaculatus (both adj. A) unstained immaculatus (adj. A) until dum (conj.), donec (adv.), ad (prep. þ Accusative) untilled incultus (adj. A) unus, una, unum (adj. num. sing.) one unusquisque (compar. pron., m.), unaquaeque (f.), unumquidque (n.) each [of more than two] unusual insuetus, insolitus, egregius (all adj. A), infrequens, singularis (both adj. B); unusually insolenter, raro (both adv.) up to usque ad (prep. þ Accusative) upholding sustinens (part. B) upon [on top] super (prep. þ Accusative), [concerning] de (prep. þ Ablative) upper superus, supernus (both adj. A), [compar.] superior (adj. A); uppermost summus, supremus (both adj. A); on upper side supra (adv.) upright erectus, rectus (both adj. A), verticalis (adj. B); standing upright stans (part. B); fairly upright rectiusculus (adj. A); upright (in Lat. comp.) recti-, (in Gk comp.) orth-, orthoupside down inverse, inversum (both adv.); turned upside down inversus (part. A) upwards sursum (adv.); (in Gk comp.) [with sense of increasing] anaurceolatus (adj. A) pitcher-shaped, urceolate 323 324 Vocabulary uredinium uredinium (noun n. 2); uredinoid uredinoideus (adj. A) urediospore urediospora (noun f. 1) uredium uredium (noun n. 2) uredosorus uredosorus (noun m. 2) uredospore uredospora, urediniospora (noun f. 1) urens (part. B) stinging urna (noun f. 1) urn, [in bryology] spore-bearing part of capsule; urniformis (adj. B) urn-shaped uro-, -urus (adj. A) (in Gk. comp.) tail-, -tailed usitatus (part. A) usual, ordinary usneic usneicus (adj. A) usque (prep. usu. with ad þ Accusative) up to, as far as ustidium (noun n. 2) ustidium ustulatus (part. A) burned usual usitatus, solitus (both part. A), usualis (adj. B); usually plerumque, vulgo (both adv.) ut (conj. with in þ Dative) as, so that; also (adv.) how, in what manner uterque (pron., m.), utraque (f.), utrumque (n) each [of two] utricle utriculus (noun m. 2) utricularis (adj. B), utriculatus, utriculosus (both adj. A) bladder-like or having bladders utriformis (adj. B) bag-like, bladder-like utrinque, utrinsecus (both adv.) on both sides utroque (adv.) to both sides, in both directions -utus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with noun as stem) indicates possession -uus (Lat. suff., adj. A, with verb as stem) indicates possible or completed action uva (noun f. 1) grape; uviformis, uvarius (adj. A) grape-like [in a cluster]; uvifer (adj. A) grape-bearing uvidus (adj. A) moist, humid V vaccinus (adj. A) dun [colour] vacillans (part. B) swinging to and fro Vocabulary vacuole vacuola (noun f. 1) vacuum (noun n. 2) empty space; vacuus (adj. A) empty vadosus (adj. A) [of water] shallow; vadum (noun n. 2) shallow place, ford vagans (part. B) wandering vage (adv.) here and there, far and wide vagina (noun f. 1) sheath; vaginalis (adj. B) relating to a sheath; vaginans (part. B) sheathing; vaginatus (adj. A) sheathed; vagina (noun f. 1) folii (noun Genitive sing., remains unchanged if vagina is declined) leaf sheath vaginervis (adj. B), vaginervius (adj. A) with nerves in no order vaginule vaginula (noun f. 1) vagus (adj. A) of no particular direction, in several directions valde (adv.) exceedingly, intensely, markedly, decidedly validus (adj. A) robust, strong vallaris (adj. B) palisade-like vallecula (noun f. 1) furrow; valleculatus (part. A) furrowed valley vallis (noun f. 3) vallum (noun n. 2) palisade; vallaris (adj. B) palisade-like valve valva (noun f. 1); valvate valvatus, valvaceus (both adj. A), valvaris (adj. B); -valved (in comp.) -valvis (adj. B) valve-view facies (noun f. 5) valvaris (adj. B), facies frontalis (adj. B) (in both, decl. together) valvocopula (noun f. 1) valvocopula valvule valvula (noun f. 1) vanishing evanescens (part. B), evanidus (adj. A) variable variabilis (adj. B), varius (adj. A), [of colour] mutabilis (adj. B); variably varie (adv.); varying varians (part. B); variation variatio (noun f. 3) varicosus (adj. A) abnormally enlarged in places varie (adv.) variously, diversely variegated variegatus (part. A), (in Gk comp.) poecil-, poecilovariety varietas (noun f. 3) [see p. 00] variole variola (noun f. 1) various varius (adj. A); variously varie, diverse (both adv.) varnished laccatus, vernicosus (both adj. A) 325 326 Vocabulary varying varians (part. B) vas (noun n. 3) vessel, duct vascular vascularis (adj. B) vase-shaped urceolatus (adj. A) -ve indecl. suff. meaning or (an alternative to using vel) vectus (part. A) carried vegetabile (noun n. 3) plant [see p. 00] vegetabilis (adj. B) belonging or related to plants vegetatio (noun f. 3) vegetation vegetus (adj. A) vigorous veil velum (noun n. 2), (in Gk comp.) -calymma (noun n. 3) vein vena (noun f. 1); veinlet venula (noun f. 1); veining nervatura (noun f. 1), venatio (noun f. 3); irregularly veined marmoratus (adj. A); veinless avenis (adj. B), avenius (adj. A); vein- (in Gk comp.) phlebo-; -veined (in Gk comp.) -phlebius (adj. A) vel (conj.) or velamen (noun n. 3) covering, cover; velatus (part. A) covered, partly concealed, [in mycology] with a veil vellus (noun n. 3) fleece, wool velum (noun n. 2) [in fungi] veil, [in diatoms, dinoflagellates] velum velut (adv.) as if, just as velutinus (adj. A) velvety velvetum (noun n. 2) velvet vena (noun f. 1) vein venenatus, venenosus (both adj. A) poisonous venetus (adj. A) bluish green venosus (adj. A) having many branched veins venter (noun m. 3) expanded base of archegonium, ventral surface ventralis (adj. B) ventral; ventraliter (adv.) ventrally ventricosus (adj. A) swollen especially to one side venula (noun f. 1) veinlet venustus (adj. A) beautiful, graceful ver (noun n. 3) spring [season]; vernalis (adj. B), vernus (adj. A) vernal, of springtime verdigris aerugineus, aeruginosus (both adj. A) Vocabulary vere (adv.) truly, exactly vergens (part. B) trending towards verisimiliter (adv.) probably vermicularis, vermiliformis (both adj. B) worm-shaped; vermiculus (noun m. 2) small worm vermilion cinnabarinus (adj. A) vernalis (adj. B) vernal vernation vernatio, praefoliatio (both noun f. 3) vernicosus (adj. A) varnished vernus (adj. A) vernal vero (adv.) truly, exactly veronicinus (adj. A) veronica-violet verosimiliter (adv.) probably verruca (noun f. 1) wart; verrucatus, verrucosus (both adj. A) warty; verruciformis (adj. B) shaped like a wart; verrucula (noun f. 1) small wart; verruculosus (adj. A) covered with small warts verrucose phymatodeus, verrucosus (both adj. A) versatilis (adj. B) versatile versicolor (adj. B) changing colour, variously coloured [see p. 00] versiformis (adj. B) of different shapes versum (adv.) turned in the direction of versus (prep. þ Accusative) towards vertex (noun m. 3) top, highest point verticalis (adj. B) erect verticillaster (noun m. 2) verticillaster verticillatus (adj. A) verticillate; verticillate, verticillatim (both adv.) verticillately; verticillus (noun m. 2) whorl verus (adj. A) authentic very expressed by a sup. adj., or by placing maxime [extremely], valde [strongly] or minime [least] before an adj., or by adding per- as pref. to adj.; (pref. in Lat. comp.) pel-, per-, (pref. in Gk comp.) zavesica (noun f. 1) vesicle, bladder; vesicarius (adj. A) bladder-like, inflated vesicula (noun f. 1) vesicle, small bladder; vesicularis (adj. B), vesiculatus (adj. A) ;bladder-like; vesiculosus (adj. A) covered with small bladders or blisters vespertinus (adj. A) belonging to evening 327 328 Vocabulary vessel vas (noun n. 3) vestibulum (noun n. 2) vestibulum, entrance to gullet furrow vestigialis (adj. B) vestigial; vestigium (noun n. 2) vestige, trace, remnant vestitus (part. A) clothed veternus, vetustus (both adj. A), vetus (adj. B) aged; vetustas (noun f. 3) old age vexillaris (adj. B) vexillary; vexillum (noun n. 2) standard or banner petal vibratile vibratorius (adj. A) vicarious vicarius (adj. A) vice (adv. þ Genitive) instead of vicinus (adj. A) neighbouring; vicinia (noun f. 1), vicinitas (noun f. 3) nearness, neighbourhood videtur (3rd pers. sing. pres. pass. of verb video) it seems; ut videtur (adv. clause) apparently view apsectus (noun m. 4) vigens (part. B) flourishing, inhabiting vigorous fortis (adj. B), vegetus (adj. A); vigorously fortiter (adv.) villosus (adj. A) villous, villose viminalis (adj. B) having shoots suitable for weaving; vimineus (adj. A) having long, flexible shoots vinaceus, vinosus (both adj. A), vinicolor (adj. B) wine-coloured, purplishred [see p. 00] violet amethysteus, amethystinus, hyacinthinus, ianthinus, violaceus (all adj. A); (in Lat. comp.) violaceo-, (in Gk comp.) ion-, iono-; aster violet asterinus (adj. A); lavender violet lavandulaceus, lavandulus (both adj. A); dark violet atroviolaceus (adj. A) virellus (adj. A) greenish; virens (part. B) becoming green virga (noun f. 1) rod, slender twig, cane, stripe; virgatus (adj. A) with long, slender twigs or streaked, striped virgineus (adj. A) pure white viridis (adj. B) green; viridulus (adj. A) greenish; viridescens (part. B) becoming green; viridianus (adj. A) viridian green; green- (in Lat. comp.) viridivirinus (adj. A) relating to a virus virosus (adj. A) poisonous virus virus (noun n. 2); relating to a virus virinus (adj. A) viscid viscidus (adj. A) Vocabulary viscous lentus (adj. A) visible visibilis (part. B), [evident] manifestus (adj. A), aspectabilis (adj. B), (in Gk comp.) phanerovisus (part. A) seen vita (noun f. 1) life vitamin vitaminum (noun n. 2) vitellinus (adj. A) egg-yolk yellow viti- (in Lat. comp.) pertaining to the grapevine vitrum (noun n. 2) glass; vitreus (adj. A) glassy vitta (noun f. 1) [in Apiaceae, diatoms, liverworts] vitta, band; vittatus (adj. A) banded; vittiformis (adj. B) band-shaped vivens (part. B), vivus (adj. A) alive, living vivide (adv.) brightly; vividus (adj. A) bright viviparus (adj. A) viviparous vivus (adj. A) living, fresh vix (adv.) barely, hardly, not much Voigt fault inordinatio (noun f. 3) Voigtii (noun Genitive sing., remains unchanged if inordinatio is declined) volcanic ignivomus, volcanicus, vulcanicus, vulcanius (all adj. A) volubilis (adj. B) twining volutus (part. A) rolled up volva volva (noun f. 1); volvatus (adj. A) having a volva -vorus (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) devouring, feeding upon vulcanicus, vulcanius (both adj. A) volcanic vulgaris (adj. B), vulgatus (adj. A) common [widespread] vulgo (adv.) commonly vulnus (noun n. 3) wound; vulneratus (part. A) wounded; -vulnerus (adj. A, in Lat. comp.) -wounded vulviformis (adj. B) vulviform W wall paries (noun m. 3) [see p. 00]; of or on walls muralis, parietalis (both adj. B); surrounded with a wall obvallatus (part. A); pertaining to walls parietinus (adj. A) 329 330 Vocabulary wandering vagans (part. B), vagus (adj. A) wanting [lacking] carens, deficiens (both part. B) warm calidus, tepidus (both adj. A) wart verruca (noun f. 1); warty verrucatus, verrucosus, phymatodeus (all adj. A); wart-like verruciformis (adj. B); small wart verrucula (noun f. 1); covered with small warts verruculosus (adj. A) waste land incultum (noun n. 2) wasting away tabescens (part. B), tabidus (adj. A) water aqua (noun f. 1), (in Gk comp.) hydro-; growing in water aquaticus (adj. A), aquatilis (adj. B); clear as water aqueus (adj. A); a watery place aquosum (noun n. 2); watery aquosus (adj. A); medicinal waters aquae (noun f. 1, pl.); well-watered irriguus (adj. A) waterfall cataracta (noun f. 1) wavy sinuatus, undulatus, undatus (all adj. A); in a wavy manner undatim (adv.) wax cera (noun f. 1); waxy [in texture] ceraceus (adj. A), [in colour] cereus (adj. A) weak debilis, exilis, imbecilis (all adj. B), exiguus, imbecillus, infirmus (all adj. A), [in colour] dilutus (part. A), pallidus (adj. A); weakly infirme (adv.), [mildly] leniter (adv.), [of colours] pallide, dilute (both adv.) web tela (noun f. 1) wedge-shaped cuneatus (adj. A), cuneiformis (adj. B), (in Gk comp.) sphenoweed no Latin equivalent; use phrase such as planta inutilis (a useless plant); becoming weedy infestus (adj. A) weekly hebdomalis (adj. B); week hebdomas (noun f. 3) well bene (adv.) [see p. 00]; well- (in Gk comp.) euwestern occidentalis (adj. B) wet humidus, madidus, udus, uvidus (all adj. A); wetted madefactus (part. A), madidus (adj. A) wheel-shaped rotatus (adj. A); wheel-like (in Gk comp.) trochowhen quum (conj.), ubi (adv.) whence unde (adv.) where ubi (adv.); wherever ubicumque (adv.) which qui (rel. pron.) while donec, dum (both adv.); a litle while diuscule, diutule (both adv.) Vocabulary whip-like flagelliformis (adj. B) white [esp. dull] albus (adj. A); chalk white cretaceus (adj. A); greyish white [usu. of hair] canus (adj. A); ivory white eburneus (adj. A); milk white lacteus, lactaneus, lactineus (all adj. A); pure white virgineus (adj. A); pure, glossy white candidus (adj. A); snow white niveus (adj. A); whitish albidus (adj. A); whitened albens (part. B), dealbatus (part. A); becoming white albescens, exalbescens, albicans, candidans, nivescens (all part. B); white- (in Lat. comp.) albi-, albo-, (in Gk comp.) leuc-, leucowhole totum (noun n. 2), omnis (adj. B), totus (adj. A), (in Gk comp.) holo-; wholly admodum, omnino (both adv.); as a whole in universum (adv. phr.) whorl verticillus (noun m. 2); whorled verticillatus (adj. A), verticillaris (adj. B), (in Lat. & Gk. comp.) -cyclus (adj. A); in a whorled manner verticillate, verticillatim (both adv.) wide latus (adj. A); widely late (adv.); wide (in Lat. comp.) lati-, (in Gk comp.) platy-; widened dilatatus (part. A); a widening dilatatio (noun f. 3) widespread divulgatus, pervagatus (both part. A) width latitudo (noun f. 3) wild ferus, incultus (both adj. A); growing wild naturally spontaneus (adj. A) willowy salignus (adj. A); relating to willows salicinus (adj. A) wilting languescens (part. B) wind ventus (noun m. 2); wind (pertaining to, in Gk comp.) anemowinding sinuosus, tortuosus (both adj. A), anfractus (part. A) window fenestra (noun f. 1); windowed fenestratus (adj. A), fenestralis (adj. B); with little windows fenestrellatus (adj. A) wine-coloured vinaceus, vinosus (both adj. A), vinicolor (adj. B) [see p. 00] wing ala (noun f. 1); winged alatus (adj. A); wing-shaped aliformis (adj. B); wing-, winged (in Lat. comp.) alato-, (in Gk comp.) pter-, pterygo-, pterus (adj. A) winter hiems (noun f. 3); wintry brumalis, hiemalis (both adj. B); pertaining to winter hibernus (adj. A); persisting through winter perhiemans (part. B) winterbud hibernaculum (noun n. 2) wiped clean detersus (part. A) wire-like filo metallico similis (adj. phr., only similis, adj. B, to be decl.) 331 332 Vocabulary with usu. expressed by Ablative case [see p. 00]; also cum [together with] (prep. þ Ablative), or habens [having] (part. B) withdrawn amotus (part. A) withered emarcidus, marcidus (both adj. A); withering languescens (part. B); withering but not falling off marcescens (part. B); withered but persistent parts induviae (noun f. 1, pl.) within intra (adv., also prep. þ Accusative), intus (adv.), interius (adv.), (as pref. in Gk comp.) end-, endo-, entowithout [lacking] absque (prep. þ Ablative), expers (adj. B þ Genitive or Ablative), sine (prep. þ Ablative), (as pref. in Gk comp.) a- (before a consonant), an- (before a vowel) without [outside] extra (adv., also prep. þ Accusative), extus (adv.) wonderful mirus (adj. A); wonderfully mire, mirimodis (both adv.) wood [timber] lignum (noun n. 2); wooden, woody ligneus, lignosus (both adj. A); becoming woody lignescens (adj. B); growing on wood lignatilis (adj. B); wood-loving [e.g. saprophyte] xylophilus (adj. A); like a wooden bed xylostromatoideus (adj. A) wood [woodland] silva, sylva (both noun f. 1), nemus (noun n. 3); pertaining to woods or forests nemoralis (adj. B), nemorosus (adj. A), sylvaticus (adj. A), sylvestris (adj. B); inhabitant of woods or forests sylvicola (noun c. 1) woody, relating to wood [timber] (in Gk comp.) xyl-, xylo-, -xylon (noun n. 3, stem xylon-) wool lana (noun f. 1), vellus (noun n. 3); woolly lanatus, lanosus, lanuginosus (all adj. A), (in Lat. comp.) lani-, lanos-, (in Gk comp.) erio-, lachno-, lasi-, lasio-; wool-like laneus (adj. A) world orbis (noun m. 3); world-wide cosmopolitanus (adj. A) worm-like [in shape] anguilliformis (adj. B); worm-shaped lumbricalis, lumbriciformis, vermicularis, vermiliformis (all adj. B); small worm vermiculus (noun m. 2) wound vulnus (noun n. 3); wounded vulneratus (part. A); -wounded (in Lat. comp.) -vulnerus (adj. A) woven textilis (adj. B); woven together contextus (part. A) wrapped around circumnexus, obvolutus (both part. A) wreath corona (noun f. 1), sertum (noun n. 2) wrinkle ruga (noun f. 1); wrinkled rugosus, rugatus, caperatus, corrugatus (all adj. A), (in Gk comp.) rhyti-, rhytido-; somewhat wrinkled rugulosus (adj. A); wrinkle-like rugiformis (adj. B) Vocabulary writer auctor (noun m. or f. 3) [see p. 00] wrong falsus (adj. A); wrongly false, male (both adv.) [see p. 00] X xanth-, xantho- (in Gk comp.) yellow xerampelinus (adj. A) dull red mixed with brown xero- (in Gk comp.) dry xiphoideus (adj. A) sword-like; xiph-, xipho- (in Gk comp.) sword-like xyl-, xylo-, -xylon (noun n. 3, stem xylon-), -xylum (noun n. 2, in Gk comp.) woody, relating to wood xylem xylema (noun n. 3) xylophilus (adj. A) wood-loving [e.g. saprophyte] xylopodium xylopodium (noun n. 2) xylostromatoideus (adj. A) like a wooden bed or mattress Y year annus (noun m. 2); yearly annus (adj. A); a year old anniculus (adj. A); of or belonging to last year annotinus (adj. A), praeteritus (part. A); of the present year hornotinus (adj. A) yeast fermentum (noun n. 2) yellow flavus (adj. A); aureolin yellow aureolinus (adj. A); buttercup yellow ranunculinus (adj. A); canary yellow canarinus (adj. A); deep or golden yellow luteus (adj. A); drab yellow luridus (adj. A); dull yellow cereus, gilvus (both adj. A); egg-yolk yellow vitellinus (adj. A); greenish yellow galbanus (adj. A); greyish-yellow ravus (adj. A); jaundice yellow ictericus, icterinus (adj. A); mimosa yellow mimosinus (adj. A); ochre-yellow ochraceus (adj. A); pale yellow flavidus, flavus, luteolus (all adj. A); saffron croceus (adj. A); soiled tawny yellow isabellinus (adj. A); sulphur yellow sulphureus (adj. A); yellowing flavescens, lutescens (both part. B); yellowish luteolus (adj. A); yellow (in Lat. comp.) flav-, flavi-, luteo-, (in Gk comp.) chrys-, chryso-, xanth-, xanthoyet [however] tamen, [although] quanquam, [but then] at, [furthermore] etiam (all conj.), [but yet] attamen (adv.) yoked jugatus (adj. A), jugalis (adj. B), (in Gk comp.) -zugus (adj. A), zygo- 333 334 Vocabulary young juvenilis, juvenis (both adj. B), novellus (adj. A), recens (adj. B); younger junior (compar. adj. B); youthful juvenilis (adj. B), primaevus, immaturus (both adj. A) youth juventus (noun f. 3); in youth in juventute (adv. phr.) Z za- (pref. in Gk comp.) much, very zebrinus (adj. A) striped with white or yellow zigzag fractiflexus (adj. A), valde flexuosus (adv. þ adj. A); gently zigzag anfractuosus (adj. A) zinc zincum (noun n. 2) zone zona (noun f. 1); zoned zonatus (adj. A); in a zoned manner zonatim (adv.); without zones azonatus, azonus (both adj. A) zoo- (in Gk comp.) pertaining to animals zoogamete zoogameta (noun f. 1) zooidangium (noun n. 2) zooidangium zoosporangium (noun n. 2) sporangium that produces zoospores zoospore planospora (noun f. 1) zygo- (in Gk comp.) joined, yoked zygodesma (noun n. 3) clamp zygomorphic zygomorphus, zygomorphicus (both adj. A) zygospore zygospora (noun f. 1) zygote zygota (noun f. 1); motile zygote planozygota (noun f. 1) zymogenus (adj. A) causing fermentation References Brown, R. W. (1956, reprinted 1978). Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. Collins Latin Dictionary plus Grammar (1997). [London?]: HarperCollins Publishers. Kennedy, B. H., revised by J. W. Bartram (1931). The Shorter Latin Primer, new edn. London, New York etc.: Longmans, Green and Co. Stearn, W. T. (1992). Botanical Latin, 4th edn. Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles. Further reading Anonymous (1993). Flora of Australia Guide for Contributors, 3rd edn. Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study. Beentje, H. (2010). The Kew Plant Glossary: An Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms. Kew, Richmond: Royal Botanic Gardens. Bon, M. (1987). The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-western Europe. London, etc.: Domino Books, Hodder & Stoughton. Cash, E. K. (1965). A Mycological English–Latin Glossary. New York: New York Botanical Garden in coll aboration with Mycological Society of America. Eichler, H j. (1977). Guidelines for the Preparation of Botanical Taxonomic Papers. [Canberra]: CSIRO. Fowler, H. W. (ed.) (1996). The New Fowler’s Modern English Usage, 3rd edn, ed. R. W. Burchfield. Oxford: Clarendon Press. George, A. S. (ed.) (1992). Flora of Australia, vol. 54, Lichens – Introduction Lecanorales 1, Canberra: AGPS Press. Gilbertson, R. L. and Ryvarden, L. (1986). North American Polypores, vol. 1. Oslo: Fungiflora. Grgurinovic, C. A. (1996). Glossary. In Fungi of Australia vol. 1A, Introduction– Classification, ed. A. E. Orchard. Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study & Melbourne: CSIRO, pp 341–378. Gray, M. D. and Jenkins, T., edited by C. McEvoy and F. Dale (1934). Latin for Today: Book Two. London: Ginn and Co. Hallegraeff, G. M., Bolch, C. J. S., Hill, D. R. A. et al. (2010). Algae of Australia: Phytoplankton of Temperate Coastal Waters. Canberra: ABRS & Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. 336 References and Further reading Hewson, H. J. (1988). Plant Indumentum: A Handbook of Terminology, Australian Flora and Fauna Series no. 9. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. Hickey, M. and King, C. (2000). The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Huisman, J. M. (2000). Marine Plants of Australia. Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press & Canberra Australian Biological Resources Study. Jones, P. V. and Sidwell, K. C. (1986). Reading Latin: Grammar, Vocabulary and Exercises. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kirk, P. M., Cannon, P. F., Minter, D. W. et al. (2008). Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi, 10th edn. Wallingford: CAB International & Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing. Kraft, G. (2007). Algae of Australia, Marine Benthic Algae of Lord Howe Island and the Southern Great Barrier Reef, 1. Green Algae. Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study & Melbourne: CSIRO. Kraft, G. (2009). Algae of Australia, Marine Benthic Algae of Lord Howe Island and the Southern Great Barrier Reef, 2. Brown Algae. Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study & Melbourne: CSIRO. Lack, H. Walter (2011). Botanical Latin today. Chapter 10. In Monographic Plant Systematics: Fundamental Assessment of Plant Biodiversity, ed. T. F. Stuessy and H. Walter Lack. Regnum Vegetabile 153, Ruggell: A.R.G.Gantner Verlag K.G., pp. 179–190. Largent, D. (1977). How to Identify Mushrooms to Genus I: Macroscopic Features, 2nd edn, Eureka, California: Mad River Press. Lewis, C. T. (1891, new impression 1982). An Elementary Latin Dictionary with brief Helps for Latin Readers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lewis, C. T. and Short, C. (1879, reprinted many times). A Latin Dictionary founded on Andrews’ Edition of Freund’s Latin Dictionary revised, enlarged and in great part rewritten. London: Oxford University Press. McNeill, J. et al. (2006). International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code) adopted by the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria, July 2005. Ruggell, Lichtenstein: A.R.G. Ganter Verlag. Orchard, A. E. (ed.) (1998). Flora of Australia, vol. 48, Ferns, Gymnosperms and Allied Groups. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing & Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study. Orchard, A. E. (1999). Species Plantarum Flora of the World: Introduction to the Series. Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study. Peters, P. (1995). The Cambridge Australian English Style Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Philips, R. (1981). Mushrooms and other Fungi of Great Britain and Europe. London: Pan Books Ltd. Radcliffe-Smith, A. (1998). Three-language List of Botanical Name Components. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. References and Further reading Ramsay, H. P. (2006). Glossary. In Flora of Australia, vol. 51, Mosses 1, ed. P. M. McCarthy. Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study & Melbourne: CSIRO, pp. 413–429. Raven, P. H., Evert, R. F. and Curtis, H. (1981). Biology of Plants, 3rd edn. New York: Worth Publishers Inc. Ross, R., Cox, E. J., Karayeva, N. I. et al. (1979). An Amended Terminology for the Siliceous Components of the Diatom Cell, Nova Hedwigia Beiheft 64, pp 513–533. Simpson, D. P. (1959). Cassell’s New Latin–English English–Latin Dictionary, & later edns. London: Cassell & Co. Ltd. 337 Index Terms in the Vocabulary are not included here since they are in alphabetical order there. Many are cross-referenced to the text. abbreviations, 61, 93 verbs, 49 ablative case, 4 accusative case, 3 adjective. See also declension, adjectives comparative, 28, 30 comparison of, 28–29, 55 complex, 26 compound, 26–27 declining, 21 definition, 21 Group A, 22 Group B, 23 Group C, 25 qualifying two nouns, 33 superlative, 29 adverb, 26, 31 comparison of, 35, 55 definition, 34 numerical, 54 alphabet, xi angles, to express, 55 apposition, noun in, 5, 21, 33, 62, 99 cardinal numerals, 50–51 cases (of nouns, adjectives), 3 Codes, botanical, xii, xiii -cola (words ending in), 5, 33 colour, 60 comparative adjective, 28, 30 comparing parts, 55 comparison adjectives, 29, 55 adverbs, 35, 55 compound adjective, 26 conjugations, xv conjunction, definition, 38 dative case, 3 declension, 3 declension, adjectives, 21 complex, 26 compound, 26 Group A, 21 Group B, 21, 24 Group C, 21, 25 declension, nouns First, 4–5 Second, 6 Third, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16 Fourth, 18 Fifth, 19 description from Bentham, 94 hints for writing, 91–92 diagnosis, 99–100 examples in Calothamnus, 100 dictionary (Latin), using, xiv, 4, 49 distributive numerals, 53 ecological terms, 60 em dash or rule, 61 en dash or rule, 26, 61 epithet forming, 21, 62–63 in translation, 21, 100 -fer (words ending in), 27, 33, 63 former … latter, 42 fractions, 55 gender, xiv, 4, 33, 62, 67 genitive case, 3 geographical terms, 60 -ger (words ending in), 33, 63 Index gerundive, 49 Greek words, xi, 5, 12, 18, 21, 25, 57–58, 63 habitat, describing, 59 hyphen, 61 International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code), xiii International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (Melbourne Code), xii i-stem nouns, 8 Latin alphabet, xi botanical, xi classical, xi dictionary, using, xiv, 4, 49 liber, avoid confusing, 7, 22 prefix, definition, 57 preposition, 36 definition, 36 with verb, 48 pronoun definition, 40 definitive, 44 demonstrative, 42 determinative, 41 indefinite, 44 intensive, 43 personal, 40 possessive, 41 relative, 43 pronoun–adjective, 45 punctuation, 61, 103 quam, 31 -que, 38 relative length, 55 nominative case, 3 noun. See also declension, nouns definition, 3 early size units, 54 in apposition, 5, 21, 33, 62, 99 i-stem, 8 number, 67 number (of a noun), xiv, 3 number (of an adjective), xiv, 21 numbers, 50 numerals, 50 cardinal, 50–51 distributive, 53 ordinal, 52 numerical adverbs, 54 ordinal numerals, 52 parsing, 93, 103 participle declining, 21, 32 definition, 21, 31 Group A, 22 Group B, 23 parts of speech, xiv size units, early, 54 specific epithet forming, 21, 62–63 in translation, 21, 100 Stearn’s Botanical Latin, xiv stem (of a noun), 3 suffix, definition, 57 superlative adjective, 29 symbols, 61 time, expressing, 59 translation English to Latin, example from Bentham, 94 English to Latin, procedure, 92 Latin to English, example of Melaleuca, 104 Latin to English, procedure, 103 verb, 47–49 abbreviations, 49 definition, 47 habitat description, 59 preposition with, 48 339